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I thee not, O Love! wherefore Torment me with advances rude? I've shunned thee as a dangerous power, And Pallas only have I sued.

Not but I know thy witching spell, The richest gift to mortals known; But soon I learned to know too well. Oft where thou art, there peace has flown

Nor must the toiler, who would fight Through strife and care his rugged way Aspire to e'en thy blandest light, For such burns not thy genial ray.

Thus, Love, I tried to close my breast To all the whisperings of thy tongue. Or, forced at length by thy behest, Woo'd Fancy's pictured scenes among.

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 them by name before anything else. Thus the remark of an eloquent writer is generally true, who says "our mountains and rivers still murmur the voices of races long extirpated." "There is hardly (says Dr. Taylor ) throughout the whole of England a river name which is not Celtic," i.e. British.

As the Briton here looked from the hill-side, down upon the valley beneath him, two of the chief objects to catch his eye would be the streams which watered it, and which there, as they do still, united their forces. They would then also, probably, form a larger feature in the prospect than they do at the present day, for the local beds of gravel deposit would seem to indicate that these streams were formerly of considerably greater volume, watering a wider area, and probably having ramifications which formed shoals and islands. The particular names by which the Briton designated the two main streams confirm this supposition. In the one coming from the more distant wolds, he saw a stream bright and clear, meandering through the meadows which it fertilized, and this he named the "Bain," that word being Celtic for "bright" or "clear," a characteristic which still belongs to its waters, as the brewers of Horncastle assure us. In the other stream, which runs a shorter and more rapid course, he saw a more turbid current, and to it he gave the name "Waring," which is the Celtic "garw" or "gerwin," meaning "rough." Each of these names, then, we may regard as what the poet Horace calls "nomen præsente notâ productum," they are as good as coin stamped in the mint of a Cunobelin, or a Caradoc, bearing his "image and superscription," and after some 17 centuries of change, they are in circulation still. So long as Horncastle is watered by the Bain and the Waring she will bear the brand of the British sway, once paramount in her valley.

These river names, however, are not the only relics of the Britons found in Horncastle. Two British urns were unearthed about 50 years ago, where is now the garden of the present vicarage, and another was found in the parish of Thornton, about a mile from the town, when the railway was being made in 1856. The latter the present writer has seen, although it is now unfortunately lost.

These Britons were a pastoral race, as Cæsar, their conqueror, tells us, not cultivating much corn, but having large flocks and herds, living on the milk and flesh of their live stock, and clad in the skins of these, or of other animals taken in the chase. The well-watered pastures of the Bain valley would afford excellent grazing for their cattle, while the extensive forests of

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48 Then Romeo's tale I sometimes told, And gentle Hinda oft have sought. But most with hapless Petrarch rolled The strain that aids the wooer naught. Not satisfied, you still pursue, You haunt my pathways and my home; Then if you must this soul subdue, First yield this prayer wherewith I come

Grant that the maid who leads my heart May all thy richest gifts enjoy; Nathless my vows no joy impart. May Chloris' bliss meet no alloy.

Grant that the aged may blessings shower; Grant that the young may guard from ill; While maidens, curbed fell envy's power, May own her charms the brightest still.

Grant her amid the good to shine; Grant her each earthly bliss to share; And make, O Love! for thou'rt divine— Oh! make her Heaven's darling care!

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49 TO * * * *

When from the moulding hand complete Man sprung to being, soul and mind, With varying qualities replete, With passions fierce or instinct kind.

Each impulse then to him was given, All motives then did springing grow, To shape his course or rough or even. To guide his steps or high or low.

First in the garden of the soul Ambition, soaring bird, took wing; Hers was a flight to mock control. And past all curbing bounds to spring.

Next love of fame a home here found— On high she looked with steady gaze; Her pride to make a world resound. And win, for aye, unrivalled praise.

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The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Fleece, Golden

FLEECE, Golden, in Grecian mythology the fleece of gold taken from the ram on which Phrixus and Helle escaped from being sacrificed. See ; ../Golden Fleece, Capture of the.


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 The patriot flame did next relume, With heavenliest light, the dreary void; By this is nerved the soul to doom, For thee the good and brave have died.

And love of wealth, and love of lore, And various promptings striving still— Thoughts, feelings, instincts, wondrous store, Disturbed the breast or swayed the will.

Then pitying Mercy saw the storm That raged untamed man's breast within. And bounteous sent a radiant form To calm the wild tumultuous din.

'Rayed in all loveliness and grace An angel did this comer prove; Her blithesome form, her lightsome face, And smile benign proclaimed her Love.

Thus, thus dear * * * *, every thought Alternate sways my fancy free; But still returning care o'erwrought That fancy clings, dear girl, to thee.

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 "I have since sketched her profile"


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fair maid who, the first of May, Goes to the fields at break of day, And washes in dew from the hawthorn-tree, Will ever after handsome be.

a leg, wag a leg, when will you gang?" "At midsummer, mother, when the days are lang."

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The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Fleece, Order of the Golden

FLEECE, Order of the Golden, a military order instituted by Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, at Bruges, 10 Jan. 1429, on the occasion of his marriage with the Portuguese princess Isabella. The order now belongs to both Austria and Spain. See .


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" boy, Willy boy, where are you going? I will go with you, if that I may." I'm going to the meadow to see them a-mowing, I'm going to help them to make the hay."

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Author:Charles Gabriel le Clerc

Works

 * The Compleat Surgeon (Eng. Tr. 1696)

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, song, the days are long, The woodcock and the sparrow; The little dog has burnt his tail, And he shall be whipped to-morrow

As the days grow longer The storms grow stronger.

the days begin to lengthen Then the cold begins to strengthen

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The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Fleet

FLEET, an appellation sometimes used in place of the more common word creek; an inlet or arm of the sea, as North-fleet, etc.; more specifically the name of a tidal stream, contributary to the Thames. In olden times it was partially navigable. It gradually degenerated into an open sewer and changed its name from Fleet River to Fleet Ditch. In modern times it has been covered up, but still forms part of London's sewerage system. The origin of its name is disputed, being by some ascribed to the swiftness of its current, and claimed by others to have been derived from the word float. Originally it was called the River of Wells. Its source is in Hampstead Heath. See.

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 the district around would provide them with the recreations of the chase, which also helped to make them the skilled warriors which the Romans found them to be. Much of these forests remained even down to comparatively recent times, and very large trees have been dug up, black with age, in fields within four or five miles of Horncastle, within very recent years, which the present writer has seen.

Such were some of the earlier inhabitants of this locality, leaving their undoubted traces behind them, but no "local habitation" with a name; for that we are first indebted to the Romans, who, after finding the Briton a foe not unworthy of his steel, ultimately subjugated him and found him not an inapt pupil in Roman arts and civilization. Of the aptitude of the Briton to learn from his conquerors we have evidence in the fact, mentioned by the Roman writer Eumenius, that when the Emperor Constantius wished to rebuild the town Augustodunum (now Antun) in Gaul, about the end of the 3rd century, he employed workmen chiefly from Britain, such was the change effected in our "rude forefathers" in 250 years.

We may sum up our remarks on the Britons by saying that in them we have ancestors of whom we have no occasion to be ashamed. They had a christian church more than 300 years before St. Augustine visited our shores. They yet survive in the sturdy fisher folk of Brittany; in those stout miners of Cornwall, who in the famed Botallack mine have bored under the ocean bed, the name Cornwall itself being Welsh (i.e. British) for corner land; in the people who occupy the fastnesses of the Welsh mountains, as well as in the Gaels of the Scottish Highlands and the Erse of Ireland. Their very speech is blended with our own. Does the country labourer go to the Horncastle tailor to buy coat and breeches? His British forefather, though clad chiefly in skins, called his upper garment his "cotta," his nether covering his "brages," scotice "breeks." Brewer, Introduction to Beauties of England, p. 42.

The headquarters of the Roman forces in our own part of Britain were at York, where more than one Roman Emperor lived and died, but Lindum, now Lincoln, was an important station. About A.D. 71 Petillius Cerealis was appointed governor of the province by the Emperor Vespasian, he was succeeded by Julius Frontinus, both being able generals. From A.D. 78 to 85 that admirable soldier and administrator, Julius Agricola, over-ran the whole


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 of the north as far as the Grampians, establishing forts in all directions, and doubtless during these and the immediately succeeding years, a network of such stations would be constructed in our own country, connected by those splendid highways which the Romans carried, by the forced labour of the natives, through the length and breadth of their vast empire.

Coins of nearly all the Roman Emperors have been found at Horncastle; one was brought to the present writer in the 1st year of the 20th century, bearing the superscription of the Emperor Severus, who died at York A.D,D. [sic] 211.

NOTE ON ANCIENT COINS FOUND AT HORNCASTLE.

The following list of Roman and other coins found at Horncastle, has been supplied by the Rev. J. A. Penny, Vicar of Wispington, who has them in his own possession. Consular, denarius, silver. Œs grave, or Roman as, heavy brass. Augustus, quinarius (half denarius). B.C. 27—A.D. 14. Claudius, brass, of three different sizes. A.D. 41-54. Vespasian, denarius, silver A.D. 69-79. Domitian, brass. A.D. 81-96. Nerva, brass. A.D. 96-98. Trajan, brass, of two sizes. A.D. 98-117. Hadrian, brass. A.D. 117-138. Antoninus Pius, denarius, silver. A.D. 138-161. Faustina I., his wife, brass Lucius Verus, brass. AA. [sic] D. 161-169. Marcus Aurelius, brass. AA. [sic] D. 161-180. Faustina II., his wife, brass. Caracalla, denarius, silver. A.D. 211-217. Julia Sæmias, mother of Emperor Heliogabalus, denarius, silver. A.D. 218-222. Gordian III., denarius, silver. A.D. 238-244. Philip I., brass. A.D. 244-249. Hostilian, denarius, silver. A.D. 249-251. Gallienus, brass. A.D. 253-268 Salomia, his wife, brass. Victorinus, brass (Emperor in West). A.D. 253-260. (10 varieties). Marius, brass (Emperor in West). AA. [sic] D. 267. Claudius II. (or Gothicus), brass. A.D. 268-270. Tetricus I., brass (Emperor in Gaul). A.D. 270-273. Tetricus II., brass (Emperor in Gaul). A.D. 270-274. Probus, brass. A.D. 276-282. Diocletian, copper, a new kind of coin named a "follis." A.D. 284-305. Maximian, copper, a "follis." A.D. 286-305. Alectus, brass (Emperor in Britain). A.D. 293-296. Constantius Chlorus, brass. A.D. 305-306. Maxentius, copper, a "follisfollis. [sic]" AA. [sic] D. 306-312. Constantine the Great, brass. A.D. 306-337. Crispus, brass. A.D. 326. Magnentius, brass (Emperor in Gaul and Britain). A.D. 350-353. Constantine II., brass (struck in London). A.D. 337-340. Constans, brass. A.D. 337-350. Constantius II., brass. A.D. 337-361. Valens, brass. A.D. 364-378. Gratian, brass. A.D. 375-383. Theodosius I., brass. A.D. 379-395. Arcadius, brass (Emperor in East). A.D. 395-408. Honorius, brass (Emperor in West). A.D. 395-423. Byzantine coin, bronze, date not known exactly but later than Honorius, so showing that the Romans held Horncastle against Saxon invaders.


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The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Fleet Marriages

FLEET MARRIAGES, irregular and clandestine marriages performed by imprisoned clergymen in Fleet prison, London, after 1696, when by Act of Parliament a penalty of £100 was imposed on any clergyman who celebrated a marriage otherwise than by banns or license. To the imprisoned clergymen in the Fleet prison such a law had no terrors for they had neither liberty, money nor credit. Marriages had been performed in the prison and vicinity from 1613 onward, but it was only after the passage of the act referred to that they became clandestine. The great expense of the public ceremony was the impelling motive of these clandestine marriages and many tavern-keepers near the prison kept a room fitted as a chapel for their performance. The scandals and abuses incident to such a system became so great that they became the object of special legislation in 1753, when an act was passed, which required, under pain of nullity, that banns should be published according to the rubric or a license obtained, and that, in either case, the

marriage should be solemnized in church. This effectually put an end to clandestine marriages in England, and thereafter couples were obliged to travel to Gretna Green. The original records of such marriages, celebrated between 1686 and 1774, are called Fleet books or Fleet registers. They are now kept at Somerset House, London. Consult Ashton, J., ‘The Fleet, its River, Prison and Marriages’ (London 1888); Burn, J. S., ‘The Fleet Registers, etc.’ (London 1833).


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The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Fleet Prison

FLEET PRISON, or FLEET, a historic prison in London, so called from its situation by the side of the ../Fleet/ (q.v.). In it were confined debtors, bankrupts and persons committed for contempt of the courts of chancery, exchequer and common pleas. It existed from the 12th century until its abolition in 1846. During its long existence it housed temporarily many prominent persons, amongst whom may be mentioned William Penn, who was there in 1707. A vivid description of its life, customs and abuses may be read in Dickens' ‘Pickwick Papers.’ Perhaps the most outstanding of the last were the so-called “../Fleet Marriages/” (q.v.).


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Talk:The Life of Captain Matthew Flinders, R.N./Appendix C

Flinders named Chappell Island after Miss Ann Chappelle. Flinders first used the name Chappelle Island.


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The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Fleet Street

FLEET STREET, London, one of London's historic highways. It derives its name from the Fleet River (q.v.). It extends from Ludgate Hill to Temple Bar at the east end of the Strand. As early as the 13th century it seems to have been known as Fleet Bridge street and in the early part of the 14th century it began to be mentioned frequently by its present name, spelled, of course, in accordance with the customs of those days. The west part of the street was destroyed by the great fire that devastated such a large part of London in the 17th century. For many years Fleet street was especially noted for its taverns and coffeehouses. Many notable persons of literary and political fame used to frequent these, and a few have survived to this day, in name at least. Three old London churches must also be mentioned as belonging to the Fleet street region: Temple Church, Saint Dunstan's and Saint Bride's. Fleet street witnessed throughout its long career many notable processions. Coronations, funerals, etc., never failed to pass through it. Famous men in large numbers had frequently close relations with Fleet street, either by living there or in one of its many side streets, or by being regular frequenters of its taverns. Amongst these should be mentioned especially Ben Jonson, Milton, Izaak Walton, Dryden, Dr. Johnson, Burke, Goldsmith and Lamb. In the 18th and 19th centuries Fleet street became the home of publishers of books, magazines and newspapers, after having housed quite a number of printers and booksellers in the two preceding centuries. Among these should be noted the famous publishing house of Murray, Gentleman's Magazine, Punch, Daily Telegraph, Daily News, Standard, Daily Chronicle, etc. Hardly a foreign or provincial newspaper, possessing London offices, is located elsewhere than in Fleet street and, though some of the big London dailies are located in some other part of London, Fleet street of to-day is still the journalistic street of London. In this connection should also be mentioned two volumes of poetry by John Davidson, bearing the title ‘Fleet

Street Eclogues’ (London 1893 and 1896) and describing life from the point of view of a journalist. Consult Baker, H. B., ‘Stories of the Streets of London’ (London 1899); Bell, W. G., ‘Fleet Street in Seven Centuries’ (London 1912); Besant, Sir W., ‘London in the 18th Century’ (London 1902); Id., ‘London in the Time of the Tudors’ (London 1904); Id., ‘Mediæval London’ (London 1906); Id., ‘London in the 19th Century’ (London 1909); Id., ‘London City’ (London 1910); Id., ‘London North of the Thames’ (London 1911); Chancellor, E. B., ‘The Annals of Fleet Street, etc.’ (London 1912) ; Fitzgerald, P., ‘Dr. Johnson and the Fleet Street Taverns’ (in Gentleman's Magazine, U. S., Vol. XXVI, p. 305, London 1881); Hutchings, W. W., ‘London Town Past and Present’ (2 vols., London 1909); Hutton, L., ‘Literary Landmarks of London’ (New York 1897); Jesse, J. H., ‘London and its Celebrities’ (2 vols., London 1850); Lang, E. M., ‘Literary London’ (London 1906); Lemon, M., ‘Up and Down the London Streets’ (London 1867); Smith, J. T., ‘An Antiquarian Ramble in the Streets of London’ (2 vols., London 1846); Taylor, G. R. S., ‘An Historical Guide to London’ (London 1911); Welch, C, ‘Modern History of the City of London’ (London 1896); Wheatley, H. B., ‘ London, Past and Present’ (3 vols., London 1891).


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 "The chart . . . was brought and spread out"


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 scenes as imagination cannot well conceive, or poetry of herself depict. He would show us the rude forester, as, passing from his farmstead to the swamp, flying from the marauder, he became, in time, the adroit partisan, under the ablest leaders. How the necessity, ever present, and usually in the aspect of a pressing danger, brought out all the resources of a natural art, and taught him in a thousand stratagems. How he grew, in time, to be as stealthy as the fox, and as subtle as the serpent. How he grew, in time, to practise all the arts of all the natural inhabitants of swamp and thicket: to imitate the cry of the bird, the stealth of the beast, the speed of the eagle, the fierce valour of the tiger! How to snare and circumvent the foe! How, imbedding himself in the covering leaves and branches of the thick-limbed tree, he would lie in wait till the fall of evening; then, dropping suddenly upon the shoulders of the sentry as he paced beneath, would drive the keen knife into his heart, before he could yet recover from his panic. How he would burrow in the hollow of the miry ditch, and crawling, Indian fashion, into the trench, wait patiently until the soldier came into the moonlight, when the silver drop at his rifle's muzzle fell with fatal accuracy upon his button, or his breastplate, and the sharp sudden crack which followed almost invariably announced the victim's long sleep of death. And a thousand legends besides would he teach us, making them live to our eyes, and work like passion in our souls, of which tradition and history speak but faintly, and of the arts and valour by which our partisans grew enabled to neutralize the superiority of European force and tactics. Often and again have they lain close to the gushing spring, and silent in the bush, like the tiger in his jungle, awaiting until the foragers had squatted around it for the enjoyment of their midday meal; then, rushing forth with a fierce halloo, seizing upon the stacked arms, and beating down the surprised but daring soldiers who might rise up to defend them. And this sort of warfare, small though it may appear, was at last triumphant. The successes of the patriots, during the whole period of the revolutionary contest in the south, were almost entirely the result of the rapid, unexpected movement—the sudden stroke made by the little troop, familiar with its ground, knowing its object, and melting away at the approach of a superior enemy,

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 like so many dusky shadows, secure in the thousand swamp recesses which surrounded them. Nor did they rely always on stratagem in the prosecution of their enterprises. There were gleams of chivalry thrown athwart this sombre waste of strife and bloodshed, worthy of the middle ages. Bold and graceful riders, with fine horses, ready in all cases, fierce in onset, and reckless in valour, the southern cavalry had an early renown. The audacity with which they drove through the forest, through broad rivers, such as the Santee, by day and by night, in the face of the enemy, whether in flight or in assault the same, makes their achievements as worthy of romance as those of a Bayard or Bernardo. Thousands of instances are recorded of that individual gallantry—that gallantry, stimulated by courage, warmed by enthusiasm, and refined by courtesy—which gives the only credentials of true chivalry. Such, among the many, was the rescue of the prisoners, by Jasper and Newton; the restoration of the flagstaff to Fort Moultrie, in the hottest fire, by the former; and the manner in which he got his death-wound at Savannah, in carrying off the colours which had been intrusted to him. Such were many of the rash achievements of Sumter and Laurens, and such was the daring of the brave Conyers, who daily challenged his enemy in the face of the hostile army. These were all partisan warriors, and such were their characteristics. Let us now return to the adventures we have undertaken to relate, borrowing freely from George Dennison, and relate the deeds which distinguish the lives of others, less known, but not unworthy to be ranked honourably among the bravest.

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Rh 20. Speech of Governor Jonathan Trumbull at the Opening of the Special Session of the Legislature, February 23, 1809.

Gentlemen of the Council, Mr. Speaker, and Gentlemen of the House of Representatives.

Impressed with the importance of the communications which I have now to lay before you—prompted also by the concurrent petitions of a number of the citizens of this State, conveyed to me with their resolutions adopted in their several town meetings, convoked for the purpose; and having had under my own consideration, the very alarming crisis of our national affairs, arising from a variety of measures adopted and contemplated by our national legislature, more especially from the permanency of the embargo, with the means resorted to for its more rigorous enforcement, and particularly the late law of Congress, passed on the 9th day of January last, containing many very extraordinary, not to say unconstitutional provisions for its execution: I have viewed the prospect so momentous and threatening, that I have not hesitated to convene the Legislature of the State, at this unusual time, in order that they may have an opportunity to consider and deliberate on the extraordinary situation into which our country seems about to be plunged, if not speedily prevented: and to devise such constitutional measures as in their wisdom may be judged proper to avert the threatening evil.

It will be useful for the Legislature to take a view of the various measures of the national legislature, during their present and preceding sessions, not only those which have immediate relation to the embargo, but other acts which have been and are under their consideration, affecting the rights, interests, welfare, and even the peace of the Union. Indeed, it would be useful for the general good, if the State Legislatures were often to cast a watchful eye towards the general government, with a view, candidly to consider, and judiciously discern, whether the powers delegated to the United States are not exceeded, or are so exercised as not to interfere with or counteract those which are reserved by the people for their own management. When under the direction of a wise and prudent discernment, a temperate caution—not an


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  bridge, and in 1733 at Rochester a collection of statutes of Richard II, Henry V, Elizabeth, and Anne, concerning the same bridge. Several of his letters are preserved in the Sloane collection. He died on 30 Nov. 1750 at Rochester. He was buried in the church of Stockbury, Kent, a parish in which he had purchased a house and land called Nettlested, once owned by the family of [q. v.], the antiquary. Thorpe married Elizabeth, daughter of John Woodhouse of Shobdon, Herefordshire, and had one son, [q. v.], who is separately noticed.

A portrait of Thorpe, engraved by J. Bayly from a painting by Wollaston, is prefixed to ‘Registrum Roffense.’

THORPE, JOHN (1715–1792), antiquary, born in 1715, was the only son of (1682–1750) [q. v.], antiquary, of Rochester, by his wife Elizabeth, daughter of John Woodhouse of Shobdon, Herefordshire. He was educated at Ludsdown, Kent, under Samuel Thornton, and matriculated from University College, Oxford, on 22 March 1731–2, graduating B.A. in 1735 and M.A. in 1738. After some study of medicine he abandoned it, and, like his father, devoted himself to antiquarian research. In 1755 he was elected a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries. In 1769 he published, with the assistance of John Baynard of the navy office, his father's ‘Registrum Roffense’ (London, fol.). In 1788 Thorpe supplemented the ‘Registrum’ by publishing the ‘Custumale Roffense’ (London, fol.) from the original manuscript, with the addition of other memorials of the cathedral church. After residing for many years at High-street House, Bexley, Kent, he removed in 1789, after the death of his first wife, to Richmond Green, Surrey, and then to Chippenham in Wiltshire, where he died on 2 Aug. 1792; he was buried in the churchyard of the neighbouring village of Hardenhuish.

Thorpe was twice married. His first wife, Catharina, whom he married in 1746, was the daughter of Laurence Holker, physician, of Gravesend. She died on 10 Jan. 1789, leaving two daughters, Catharine and Ethelinda. On 6 July 1790 he married Mrs. Holland, his housekeeper and ‘the widow of an old collegiate acquaintance.’

Besides the works mentioned, Thorpe contributed ‘Illustrations of several Antiquities in Kent which have hitherto remained undescribed’ to the first volume of the ‘Bibliotheca Topographica Britannica.’ A letter from him to [q. v.] maintaining, in opposition to [q. v.], that the cherry is indigenous to England, was published in the ‘Philosophical Transactions’ of the Royal Society (1771, p. 152). He frequently made contributions on antiquarian subjects to the ‘Gentleman's Magazine.’ His portrait, painted by W. Hardy and engraved by [q. v.], is prefixed to ‘Custumale Roffense.’

THORPE, ROBERT (fl. 1290), judge, appears to have been head of an ancient family residing at Thorpe Thewles, near Stockton, Durham, and to have descended from Geoffrey de Torp, who in 1166 held that estate of the bishopric of Durham as half a knight's fee (Liber Niger, i. 308). When Edward I turned out the judges in 1289, he appointed Thorpe a justice of the common pleas, and fines were levied before him in 1290. He perhaps died soon afterwards, and certainly before 1306, for in that year his widow, Aveline, was claiming a third of the manor of Thorpe Thewles.

THORPE or THORP, ROBERT  (d. 1372), chancellor, a native of Thorpe-next-Norwich, was educated at Cambridge, and appears as an advocate in 1340 and as king's serjeant in 1345. He was, Coke says, ‘of singular judgment in the laws of the realm.’ He was appointed the second master of Pembroke Hall or College, Cambridge, in 1347, and held that office until 1364. In 1355 and 1359 he sat as a judge to try felonies in Oxfordshire and other counties, and on 27 June 1356 was appointed chief justice of the common pleas. A grant of 40l. a year was made to him by the king in 1365 to enable him to support the honour of knighthood. When William of Wykeham resigned the great seal on 24 March 1371, the king appointed Thorpe chancellor, delivering him the seal on the 26th. He died somewhat suddenly, for he appears to have transacted business on 25 June 1372, and on the 29th, being in the house of Robert Wyville, bishop of Salisbury, in Fleet Street, was so sick that he had the great seal enclosed in a bag, sealed with his own seal and the seals of Sir John Knyvet, the chief justice, and others, and died there that night. It is evident from his


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 connection with Pembroke College, and from his appointment to the chancellorship on the overthrow of the clerical ministers, that he was an adherent of John Hastings, second earl of Pembroke [q. v.], leader of the court and anti-clerical party. He married Margaret, daughter of William Deyncourt, and died without issue, leaving his property to be disposed of by his executors as they thought best. One of them, Richard de Tretton or Treton (afterwards master of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge), caused forty marks to be given to the university of Cambridge to be spent in building the north side of the school's quadrangle. His brother and heir was Sir William de Thorpe, whose executors built the divinity school together with a small chapel, and in 1398 made an agreement with the university that commemorative services should be held for Sir William and his wife Lady Grace on 6 May and 19 Nov. of each year.

[Foss's Judges, iii. 527; Fœdera, iii. 297, 464, 911, 950–1; Abbrev. Rot. Orig. ii. 337; Cal. Inquis. post mortem, i. 322; Willis's Architec. Hist. of Cambridge, ed. Clarke, iii. 10; Masters's Hist. of C. C. C. Cambr. p. 37; Stubbs's Const. Hist. ii. 421, 424.]  THORPE, THOMAS (d. 1461), speaker of the House of Commons, seems to have been brought up in the royal service. He can hardly be the man of his name who was elected member of parliament for Rutland, although not returned by the sheriff in 1403; but he was certainly chosen for Northamptonshire in 1449. He was an officer of the exchequer in 1442, and remembrancer of the exchequer by 1452. In that year he was, probably on the ground of his Lancastrian sympathies, dismissed by John Tiptoft, earl of Worcester [q. v.], when the latter became treasurer on 15 April 1452 (, Lancaster and York, ii. 152, 160). He is stated (ib. p. 160) to have become a baron of the exchequer before he was speaker, and this his wife's funeral inscription seems conclusively to prove, but other accounts put his appointment later (the circumstances under which he became third baron are detailed in Rot. Parl. v. 342). In the parliament of 1452–3, a Lancastrian parliament, he was chosen speaker; he became a member of the privy council the same year. As a prominent member of the weaker party he was marked for attack, and the occasion was found in his taking possession, probably under the king's orders, of some arms belonging to the Duke of York, which were in London. He was then committed to the Fleet. The king was at this time incapable, and when early in 1454 the Duke of York opened parliament the speaker was still in gaol. ‘Thorpe of th' escheker,’ wrote a correspondent of the day (Paston Letters, ed. Gairdner, i. 264), ‘articuleth fast ayenst the Duke of York.’ The case came before the lords on 15 Feb. 1454, and the lords asked advice from the judges. They, however, avoided responsibility, and declared by Sir John Fortescue that it was not their place to determine the privileges of parliament, adding the suggestion that Thorpe was entitled to his release (, Parliamentary Practice, pp. 102, 130). None the less, the lords decided that Thorpe should remain in prison, and the commons proceeded to elect another speaker. This decision, which was afterwards said to have been ‘begotten by the iniquity of the times,’ was, it has been pointed out, really of little importance (, Governance of England, ed. Plummer, pp. 45, 51, 53). Thorpe was a strong party man, and it was as such doubtless, and not as speaker or member of the House of Commons, that he was attacked.

Thorpe remained in prison, it is said, till he had paid 1,000l. and 10l. costs; he was free before 16 April 1455. He was present at the first battle of St. Albans, from which he fled away. In the Yorkist vindication which followed, Thorpe was one on whom the blame of the troubles was laid. His punishment was demanded in parliament. He seems to have escaped for the time owing to the king's favour. He became second baron of the exchequer on 30 Nov. 1458, and in 1459 he had the reversion granted to him of the office of chancellor of the exchequer. He took an active part in the parliament of Coventry held in December 1459, drawing up the Yorkist attainders. When the Yorkist lords landed in Kent in 1460 and came to London, Thorpe was one of those who went with Scales and Hungerford into the Tower (Three Fifteenth-Century Chronicles, Camd. Soc. pp. 73, 75, 103), and hence cannot have been, as is sometimes said, captured at Northampton. He was in any case taken prisoner, and, after some time, attempted to escape from the Marshalsea, or wherever he was confined, disguised as a monk ‘with a newe shave crowne,’ and on 17 Feb. 1460–1 he was beheaded by the mob at Haringay.

Thorpe's wife, whose name was Joanna, died on 23 June 1453, and was buried at the church of St. John Zacharies, London. Their son Roger was in the service of the crown, was M.P. for Truro in the parliament of 1452–3, and was at Guisnes under Edmund Beaufort, duke of Somerset [q. v.], while his father was in trouble about the Duke of York's case. He fought at Wakefield, was prosecuted by a Yorkist named Colt, and, like his


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 over jealous disposition, such an examination will always prove a wholesome measure.

On the present occasion, it will be unnecessary for me to enter into any particular statement of our private sufferings, or the threatening aspect of our public situation, in relation to the unprecedented acts of our General Government which are accumulating upon us. The individual feelings and experience of the members of this Legislature, now convened from all parts of the State, will speak the private distresses which have been produced by these acts: and your general information will give you, gentlemen, a correct view of the dangers which impend our public interests, liberty, rights and property, arising from the same source. Despairing of substantial relief from any other quarter, the people are now looking with anxious solicitude and hope, to the wisdom and direction of the Legislature of their own choice; and seem confident that some mode may be devised to remove the pressure under which they are at present suffering. To your collected wisdom and prudence they submit the task. And may it not be hoped, that, with our united efforts under a temperate, discreet and firm consideration of our situation and circumstances, we may be able by the influence of divine aid, to fulfil the just and reasonable expectations of our fellow citizens? Whenever our national legislature is led to overleap the prescribed bounds of their constitutional powers, on the State Legislatures, in great emergencies, devolves the arduous task—it is their right—it becomes their duty, to interpose their protecting shield between the right and liberty of the people, and the assumed power of the General Government. [American Register, 1809, Pt. II, 176, 177.]

21. Resolutions of the General Assembly.

At a special session of the General Assembly of the State of Connecticut, held at Hartford, on the twenty-third day of February, A. D. 1809.

This Assembly have attended with anxious concern, to the several acts of Congress interdicting foreign commerce, and more especially to an act, approved on the 9th day of January last, by the President of the United States, under the title of "An Act, to


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 father, was some time in prison, and had to pay a very large sum of money (2,000l.) He lost some of his lands in Essex in consequence. These proceedings were declared void in the first parliament of Henry VII's reign (cf., Materials for the History of Henry VII, Rolls Ser. i. 127–9).

[Manning's Speakers of the House of Commons, p. 101; Rolls of Parliament, v. 199, vi. 294; Ramsay's Lancaster and York; Paston Letters, ed. Gairdner; Foss's Judges of England, p. 658; Return of Members of Parliament, i. 265, 342, 346, 347; Weever's Funeral Monuments, p. 391; Ordinances of the Privy Council, ed. Nicolas, v. 186, vi. 143 &c.; Stubbs's Constitutional History, iii. 168, 169, 266, 471.]  THORPE, THOMAS (1570?–1635?), publisher of Shakespeare's ‘Sonnets,’ born about 1570, was son of Thomas Thorpe, an innkeeper of Barnet, Middlesex (, Reg. of Stationers' Company, ii. 124). At midsummer 1584 he was apprenticed for nine years to a printer and stationer of London, Richard Watkins (ib. p. 713), and in 1594 he took up the freedom of the Stationers' Company. A younger brother, Richard, was apprenticed to another stationer, Martin Ensor, for seven years from 24 Aug. 1596, but did not take up his freedom (ib. ii. 123). Thomas found obscure employment as a stationer's assistant, but in 1600 he became the owner of the unpublished manuscript of Christopher Marlowe's translation of the ‘First Book of Lucan.’ Through the good offices of a friend in the trade, Edward Blount [q. v.], he contrived to publish it. His name did not figure on the title-page, but as owner of the ‘copy’ he signed the dedication, which he jestingly addressed to his friend Blount. He wrote with good-humoured sarcasm of the parsimony of the ordinary literary patron. In 1603 Thorpe again engaged in a publishing speculation, and his name figured on a title-page for the first time. The book was an insignificant pamphlet on current events. Another work of a like kind bore his name later in the year, and between that date and 1624 twenty-eight books were issued at irregular intervals with the announcement that he took part in the process of publication. The title-pages of nearly all Thorpe's books declared that the volumes were printed for him by one stationer, and were sold for him by another stationer, whose address was supplied. It was only in three of the publications on the title-pages of which Thorpe's name figured—viz. R. West's ‘Wits A. B. C.,’ Chapman's ‘Byron,’ and Ben Jonson's ‘Masques of Blackness and Beauty,’ all dated in 1608—that he announced, in accordance with the custom of well-established publishers, that he was himself in the occupation of a shop, i.e. ‘The Tiger's Head, in St. Paul's Churchyard,’ at which the books could be purchased. During the other years of his publishing career he pursued his calling homelessly—without business plant or premises of his own, and depending on better equipped colleagues in the trade to sell as well as to print the volumes in which he had an interest. Many of his colleagues began publishing operations in this manner, but none except Thorpe are known to have followed it throughout their careers.

Thorpe's energies seem, in fact, to have been mainly confined, as in his initial venture of Marlowe's ‘Lucan,’ to the predatory work of procuring, no matter how, unpublished and neglected ‘copy.’ In the absence, in the early part of the seventeenth century, of any legal recognition of an author's right to control the publication of his work, the actual holder of a manuscript was its lawful and responsible owner, no matter by what means it had fallen into his hands. Thorpe was fortunate enough to obtain between 1605 and 1611 at least nine manuscript volumes of literary interest, viz. three plays by Chapman, four works of Ben Jonson (including ‘Sejanus,’ 1605), Coryat's ‘Odcombian Banquet,’ and Shakespeare's ‘Sonnets’ (1609). The last—the most interesting of all—which had many years earlier circulated in manuscript among Shakespeare's ‘private friends,’ was entered by Thorpe on the ‘Stationers' Registers’ on 20 May 1609. There, as on the published title-page, he styled his treasure-trove ‘Shakespeares Sonnets’—a tradesmanlike collocation of words which is one of the many proofs that the author was in no way associated with Thorpe's project. The volume was printed for Thorpe by George Eld, and some copies of the impression bore the name of William Aspley as Thorpe's bookselling agent, while others bore the name of John Wright. In conformity with the accepted practice, Thorpe, as owner of the ‘copy,’ supplied the dedication. He signed it with his initials ‘T. T.,’ styling himself, with characteristic bombast, ‘the well-wishing adventurer in setting forth’ [i.e. the hopeful promoter of the speculation]. As in the case of Marlowe's ‘Lucan,’ he selected for patron of the volume a friend in the trade, whom he denominated ‘Mr. W. H.’ He fantastically described ‘Mr. W. H.’ as ‘the only begetter’—i.e. procurer of the sonnets—a description which implies that Thorpe owed his acquisition of the manuscript to the good offices of ‘Mr. W. H.’ An obscure


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 stationer, William Hall, was at this period filling, like Thorpe, the irresponsible rôle of procurer of manuscripts. In 1606 Hall had procured for publication a neglected manuscript poem, ‘A Foure-fold Meditation,’ by the jesuit, Robert Southwell [q. v.], and had supplied, as owner of the ‘copy,’ a dedicatory epistle under his initials ‘W. H.’ There is little doubt that Thorpe was acquainted with Hall. Southwell's poem was printed for Hall by George Eld, the printer of Shakespeare's ‘Sonnets,’ and of many others of Thorpe's publications. Hall himself became a master-printer in a small way in 1609, and he described himself as ‘W. H.’ on the title-page of at least one of his books (‘Trial of John Selman,’ 1612). No other person who was likely to be in Thorpe's circle of acquaintance was known to designate himself by the same initials. Hall is therefore in all probability the ‘Mr. W. H.’ of Shakespeare's ‘Sonnets.’

In 1610 Thorpe acquired some unpublished manuscripts of an insignificant author, John Healey [q. v.], who had migrated to Virginia and had apparently died there. Another publisher had issued in 1609 a translation by Healey of Bishop Hall's ‘Discoverie of a New World,’ and Healey had dedicated that work to William Herbert, third earl of Pembroke [q. v.] When Thorpe published the manuscripts by Healey in his hands, he prefixed to them dedicatory epistles signed by his own initials, and, inaugurating a new practice in his choice of patrons, addressed them to men of eminence who had acted as patrons of Healey's earlier ventures. Thorpe chose Lord Pembroke as patron of Healey's translation of St. Augustine's ‘City of God’ in 1610, and penned a very obsequious address to the earl. To another of Healey's patrons, John Florio [q. v.], Thorpe dedicated Healey's translation of ‘Epictetus’ (1610), and when Thorpe brought out a second edition of that work in 1616, he addressed himself again to Lord Pembroke. These three dedicatory epistles are the longest literary compositions by Thorpe that are extant; they are fantastic and bombastic in style to the bounds of incoherence, and the two addresses to Lord Pembroke are extravagantly subservient in tone. In 1624 Thorpe's name appeared in print in connection with a book for the last time. In that year there was issued a new edition of Chapman's ‘Byron,’ which Thorpe had first published in 1608. Thorpe, whose surreptitious production of Shakespeare's ‘Sonnets’ has long perplexed Shakespeare's biographers and has given him his sole title to fame, seems to have been granted an almsroom in the hospital of Ewelme on 3 Dec. 1635 (Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1635, p. 527).

[Arber's Stationers' Registers; Thorpe's publications in Bodleian and British Museum libraries; Athenæum, 1 Nov. 1873, by Mr. Charles Edmonds; Southwell's Foure-fold Meditation, edited by Mr. Charles Edmonds, 1895, preface; Life of Shakespeare, 1898, by the present writer; art. ; introduction to the Oxford University Press Facsimile of Shakespeare's Sonnets, by the present writer, Oxford, 1905; information kindly supplied by Samuel Butler, esq.]  THORPE or THORP, WILLIAM  (fl. 1350), chief justice, appears as an advocate in 1333, as one of the king's serjeants in 1341, as the king's attorney in 1342, and in the April of that year was appointed a justice, probably of the king's bench, where he certainly sat in 1345, though Dugdale thinks that his first appointment may have been to the common pleas. On 26 Nov. 1346 he was appointed chief justice of the king's bench, in 1347 sat on the commission for the trial of the Earls of Menteith and Fife, and opened the parliament of that and the following year. Charges of corruption in the execution of his office were made against him in 1350, he was imprisoned, and on 3 Nov. Edward III issued a writ constituting the Earls of Arundel, Warwick, and Huntingdon, and two others, commissioners to try him. He confessed that he had received bribes from five persons indicted before him at Lincoln, and was sentenced to imprisonment and forfeiture. On the 19th the king issued a second writ to the same commissioners, setting forth the advantages of Thorpe's office and the enormity of his offence, stating that when he took the oath of his office the king had told him by word of mouth that if he transgressed he should be hanged and suffer forfeiture, and demanding sentence accordingly, which was passed by the commissioners. Edward remitted the capital punishment, and issued writs for the seizure of his lands and goods. In the parliament of February 1351 the king laid the record and process in Thorpe's case before the magnates, who declared that the judgment was right and reasonable. In the course of that year Thorpe was pardoned, and a portion of his lands—the manor of Chancton in Sussex—was restored to him. He was not reinstated as chief justice, but on 24 May 1352 was appointed second baron of the exchequer, and in 1354 was chief of a commission of assize in Sussex, and was one of the triers of petitions in parliament. In 1358 he was appointed a commissioner to treat with the


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Rh enforce and make more effectual an act laying an embargo on all ships and vessels in the ports and harbours of the United States."

After solemn deliberation and advisement thereon, the General Assembly are decided in the opinion, and do Resolve, that the acts aforesaid are a permanent system of measures, abandoning undeniable rights; interdicting the exercise of constitutional privileges, and unprecedented in the annals of nations; and do contain provisions for exercising arbitrary powers, grievous to the good people of this State, dangerous to their common liberties, incompatible with the constitution of the United States, and encroaching upon the immunities of this State.

Resolved, That to preserve the Union, and support the constitution of the United States, it becomes the duty of the Legislatures of the States, in such a crisis of affairs, vigilantly to watch over, and vigorously to maintain, the powers not delegated to the United States, but reserved to the States respectively, or to the people; and that a due regard to this duty, will not permit this Assembly to assist, or concur in giving effect to the aforesaid unconstitutional act, passed, to enforce the Embargo.

Resolved, That this Assembly highly approve of the conduct of his Excellency the Governor, in declining to designate persons to carry into effect, by the aid of military power, the act of the United States, enforcing the Embargo, and that his letter addressed to the Secretary for the Department of War, containing his refusal, to make such designation, be recorded in the public records of this State, as an example to persons, who may hold places of distinguished trust, in this free and independent republic.

Resolved, That the persons holding executive offices under this State, are restrained by the duties which they owe this State, from affording any official aid or co-operation in the execution of the act aforesaid; and that his Excellency the Governor be requested, as commander in chief of the military force of this State, to cause these resolutions to be published in general orders: And that the secretary of this State be and he is hereby directed to transmit copies of the same to the several sheriffs and town clerks.

Resolved, That his Excellency the Governor be requested to communicate the foregoing resolutions to the President of the United States, with an assurance that this Assembly regret that


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BOOK I

4.

happy I am that I am gone! My dear friend, what a thing is the heart of man! To leave you, from whom I have been inseparable, whom I love so dearly, and yet to feel happy! I know you will forgive me. Have not other attachments been specially appointed by fate to torment a head like mine? Poor Leonora! and yet I was not to blame. Was it my fault, that, whilst the peculiar charms of her sister afforded me an agreeable entertainment, a passion for me was engendered in her feeble heart? And yet am I wholly blameless? Did I not encourage her emotions? Did I not feel charmed at those truly genuine expressions of nature, which, though but little mirthful in reality, so often amused us? Did I not—but oh! what is man, that he dares so to accuse himself? My dear friend, I promise you I will improve; I will no longer, as has ever been my habit, continue to ruminate on every petty vexation which fortune may dispense; I will enjoy the present, and the past shall be for me the past. No doubt you are right, my best of friends, there would be far less suffering amongst mankind, if men—and God knows why they are so fashioned—did not employ their imaginations so assiduously in


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 Duke of Brabant, and in 1359 was a member of commissions of oyer and terminer for Sussex, Kent, and other counties, if, indeed, he is to be identified with the William de Thorp of that list. But the name was too common to be certain as to this, or as to the family to which the chief justice belonged, though it seems probable that he was either of Surrey or Sussex. Blomefield suggests that he was the Sir William who was brother of Sir (d. 1372) [q. v.], the chancellor (Hist. of Norfolk, v. 147).

THORPE, WILLIAM (d. 1407?), Wyclifite, was a native of the north of England, was educated at Oxford, and took priest's orders. He was tried for heresy in 1397 by Archbishop Thomas Arundel [q. v.], imprisoned, and set free by Richard Braybrooke, bishop of London. For ten years he travelled about preaching; in 1407 he preached at Shrewsbury that the sacrament was consecrated bread, and that pilgrimages, images, and swearing should not be suffered. He was charged by the bailiffs of Shrewsbury and imprisoned. From Shrewsbury prison he was sent to the castle of Saltwood, and was examined before Archbishop Arundel on 7 Aug. 1407. His fate is uncertain, but it is stated that he was burned at Saltwood, August 1407.

He wrote an account of his trial called ‘The Examination of William Thorpe’ and a ‘Short Testament to his Faith;’ both are printed in Foxe's ‘Actes and Monuments.’ The ‘Examination’ is a fine piece of English prose composition, emended and modernised by Tindal. More refers to it in 1532 in his ‘Confutation’ as ‘put forth, it is said, by George Constantine.’ Bale ascribes ‘Glosses on the Psalter’ to his pen; Tanner's ascription of the ‘A B C,’ an heretical book generally coupled with Thorpe's ‘Examination,’ appears to be an error.

THRALE, (1741-1821), friend of Dr. Johnson. [See .]

THRELKELD, CALEB (1676–1728), botanist, was born on 31 May 1676 at Keibergh in the parish of Kirk Oswald, Cumberland (Synopsis, Be). In 1698 he graduated M.A. in the university of Glasgow, and soon afterwards became a nonconformist preacher. He graduated M.D. at Edinburgh on 26 Jan. 1712–13, and went to live in Dublin with his wife, three sons, and three daughters. At first he preached in a conventicle on Sundays and acted as a physician on week-days, but afterwards (dedication to Primate Boulter) became reconciled to the established church, practised medicine, and studied botany. He made botanical expeditions in every part of the neighbourhood of Dublin, into co. Wicklow, co. Meath, Queen's County, and into the north of Ireland. In 1727 he published in Dublin ‘Synopsis Stirpium Hibernicarum.’ The synopsis describes 535 species of plants with the localities in which they were found and their scientific, English, and Irish names. Threlkeld in most cases took the Irish names from a manuscript in his possession, ‘which I take to be of good authority’ (Synopsis, Br). He probably added a few notes of his own from the reports of rustics. Although the book has been frequently quoted as an authority for the Irish names of plants, the errors it contains show that Threlkeld had little acquaintance with the language. He died in Mark's Alley, Francis Street, Dublin, on 28 April 1728, and was buried in a graveyard in Cowan Street near St. Patrick's Cathedral.

THRING, EDWARD (1821–1887), schoolmaster, born at Alford in Somerset on 29 Nov. 1821, was fifth child of John Gale Dalton Thring, the rector and squire of Alford, by his wife Sarah, daughter of John Jenkyns, vicar of Evercreech in the same county, and sister of [q. v.], master of Balliol. He was educated first at a local grammar school at Ilminster, and afterwards at Eton, where he became the head of the collegers, and was captain of Montem in 1841 on nearly the last occasion of that famous festival. In the same year he entered King's College, Cambridge, as a scholar. Three years afterwards he gained the Porson prize for Greek iambics, and became a fellow of his college. At that date, and for three centuries before, the King's scholars were allowed to proceed to a degree without examination. Although it was generally understood that Thring was the most distinguished scholar of his year, he objected earnestly to the continuance of this exceptional and time-honoured privilege, and in 1846 and 1848 he, as a fellow, wrote pamphlets strongly advocating its abolition. After much discussion, and with the consent of the provost and fellows, the custom was abandoned in 1851. Thring was ordained in 1846, and became a curate of St. James's


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 parish in the city of Gloucester. Here he manifested a strong interest in the children of the parochial schools, and he afterwards looked back on the experience he thus gained as the best professional training of his life. To the last he preached the doctrine that the most elementary teaching requires the highest teaching skill and power. After a year at Gloucester he spent two years as a private tutor at Great Marlow, two years as curate at Cookham Dean, Berkshire, and six months in travel in Italy. In September 1853 he was elected to the head mastership of Uppingham school.

Until the end of his life Thring's name was identified with the history and fortunes of Uppingham, a country grammar school founded by Robert Johnson (1540–1625) [q. v.] in 1584, and endowed with an annual income of about 1,000l. He found it with twenty-five boys and two masters, in mean premises, and with little repute, and in the course of thirty-four years raised it to a foremost position among the public schools in England, with noble buildings, a fine chapel, ample appliances for teaching and recreation, a library, thirty masters, eleven boarding-houses, and upwards of three hundred boys. From the first he dedicated all his best powers to the business of teaching. His chief desire was to study the needs and aptitudes of individual boys, and to give to each work which would interest him and call forth his powers. He thought that most public schools were too large for this purpose, and he restricted the number of boys at Uppingham school to 320, and in each boarding-house to thirty.

Thring held fast by the study of languages and mathematics and cognate subjects, as forming the main course of discipline, to which every scholar should conform. To English composition, pursued pari passu with composition in the ancient languages, he assigned a high place in his system of instruction. But lessons on these subjects were begun at seven in the morning and were over by midday. In the after part of the day classes were held in French, German, chemistry, turning, drawing, carpentry, and music; and every boy was expected to take up one, or perhaps two, of these at his or his parents' choice. He established workshops, laboratories, gardens, an aviary, and a gymnasium. Uppingham was the first great public school to make special provision of this kind for varied culture outside the traditional range of classical study. Although himself deficient in the musical faculty, Thring attached high value to music as an educational instrument, wrote some spirited school songs, and took pains to choose highly skilled teachers, and to give them, by means of school concerts and otherwise, opportunities of cultivating their art. To the artistic decoration of the school and chapel he paid special attention, as well as to the study of drawing and design. The class-rooms were adorned with pictures symbolical or historical, and with the portraits of men famous in the several departments of learning or science to which the lessons pertained. While encouraging athletics, he thought they received excessive attention. He deprecated the habit of multiplying prizes and scholarships, especially if they were regarded as motives for work instead of records of having worked.

In 1875 a serious attack of typhoid fever, attributable to bad drainage in the town of Uppingham, caused several deaths and much alarm, and threatened the ruin of the school. Thring met the emergency with characteristic courage and promptitude, found an unoccupied hotel and some lodging-houses at Borth, a little fishing village on the Cardigan coast, and in three weeks made arrangements for the removal of the whole establishment. There the school work was carried on with unbroken spirit and success for more than a year and until the danger was past (cf. Edward Thring, a Memory, by the Rev. J. H. Skrine).

Thring is one of the few great schoolmasters who have written copiously on the principles of education. His works have been largely read in America as well as in England, and, though they do not profess to be text-books or pedagogic manuals of rules and formulæ, have proved in a high degree inspiring to English-speaking teachers. One of his earliest books, ‘Thoughts on Life Science’ (1869, 2nd edit. 1871), which bore the pseudonym of ‘Benjamin Place,’ concerns itself with reflections on the old problems of the relations of Christian faith to knowledge and to human progress. His matured convictions on educational methods are set forth in ‘Education and School’ (1864; 2nd edit. 1867), in ‘The Theory and Practice of Teaching’ (1883, new edit. 1885), and in a posthumous volume of ‘Miscellaneous Addresses’ (1887) delivered before various bodies of teachers. All his writings are characterised by a deep sense of the moral and religious purposes which should be served in education, by fine enthusiasm, by intuitive insight into child nature, by happy and pregnant aphorisms, and by an active and often grotesque fancy which, though it illuminated his talk and his books, led him to indulge in analogies occasionally remote, and, it must be owned, somewhat


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 tantalising. It was a prominent feature of his educational system that English grammar treated inductively and analytically furnished the best basis for language training, and among his earliest books were the ‘Child's Grammar’ (1852), the ‘Principles of Grammar’ (1868), and ‘Exercises in Grammatical Analysis’ (1868). In all these what he called ‘sentence anatomy’ was shown to be one of the most fruitful of linguistic exercises, and to be applicable to the study of Latin and Greek as well as of English.

With no less earnestness, and with scarcely less magnetic personal influence than Arnold, Thring displayed even more originality in his educational methods, and was the pioneer of no less important reforms in public school life. He was the founder of the headmasters' conference, laid down the main lines of its action, and was for some years one of its most influential members. The first meeting was held, on his invitation, at Uppingham in December 1869. His was the first public school to establish a mission to the poor of London, and the North Woolwich settlement, which was founded also in 1869, established a precedent, followed seven years after by Winchester, and subsequently by nearly all the great public schools. He founded an old scholars' association and the Uppingham School Society, and sought to render himself and its members useful to the people of the town by establishing classes for mutual improvement and for cookery and useful arts. He was the first headmaster to evince sympathy with the best modern efforts to give a liberal education to girls; and in 1887 he invited the headmistresses' association to hold their annual meeting at Uppingham. To one phase of educational development Thring was resolutely opposed. He was not in sympathy with modern movements for the legal control and organisation of secondary education, or for the examination and inspection of schools by public authority. All such expedients appeared to him to restrict mischievously the lawful liberty of the teacher, and he never fully recognised that public measures which would have been needless in his own case might be very necessary for the rank and file of uninspired teachers and for the maintenance of ordinary schools in efficiency.

Thring died at Uppingham on 22 Oct. 1887. At Christmas 1853 he married Marie Louise, daughter of Carl Johann Koch of Bonn, who held the office of councillor or commissioner of customs under the Prussian government. His wife, three daughters, and two sons survived him.

Besides the works already named, Thring was author of a volume of ‘School Sermons’ (1858, 2nd ser. 1886), ‘School Songs’ (1858), ‘Borth Lyrics’ (1881), ‘Poems and Translations’ (1887), and a remarkable discourse entitled ‘The Charter of Life,’ contributed to a volume of sermons addressed to public school men, and edited by Dean Vaughan, under the title ‘The School of Life,’ 1885.

[Life, with long extracts from Thring's diaries, by G. R. Parkin, 1898; Uppingham by the Sea, by J. H. Skrine; Edward Thring, Teacher and Poet, by Rev. H. D. Rawnsley.]  THROCKMORTON, FRANCIS (1554–1584), conspirator, born in 1554, was son of Sir John Throckmorton of Feckenham, Worcestershire, by his wife Margery. His mother was daughter of Robert Puttenham, and her mother was Margery, sister of Sir Thomas Elyot [q. v.] The conspirator's father, Sir John, was seventh of eight sons of Sir George Throckmorton of Coughton, Warwickshire, and was brother of Sir Nicholas Throckmorton [q. v.] He sat in parliament as member for Old Sarum in Mary's first parliament, conjointly with his brother Nicholas. Both brothers were charged with complicity in Wyatt's rebellion, and John was condemned to death, but was subsequently released, and as a staunch catholic was received into the queen's favour. He was appointed master of requests. Subsequently Queen Mary, ‘in respect of his faithful service, bestowed upon him the office of’ chief justice of Chester, and made him a member of the council of the marches of Wales. He held both these posts for twenty-three years, and for three years was vice-president of the Welsh council. He was knighted by Queen Elizabeth at Kenilworth in 1566. He long resided at Congleton, Cheshire. He was suspended from his post of justice of Chester within a year of his death. This disaster was popularly attributed to the malice of the Earl of Leicester, who was said to have brought to the notice of the government a trivial but unlawful alteration made by Sir John in the record of a case tried before him (, Commonwealth, 1641, p. 79;, Annals, 1688, transl. p. 294). It is doubtful if Leicester were concerned in the business. According to Froude, Sir John Throckmorton suffered removal from his office owing to his avowal of sympathy with the jesuits. But whatever the immediate cause of his dismissal, there were fair grounds for suspecting him of maladministration of justice. He was charged in the Star-chamber with showing in his court illegal partiality to the plaintiff in a suit Grey v. Vernon.


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 they are thus obliged under a sense of paramount public duty to assert the unquestionable right of this State to abstain from any agency in the execution of measures, which are unconstitutional and despotic.

Resolved, That this Assembly accord in sentiment, with the Senate and House of Representatives, of the commonwealth of Massachusetts, that it is expedient to effect certain alterations in the constitution of the United States; and will zealously cooperate with that commonwealth and any other of the States, in all legal and constitutional measures for procuring such amendments to the constitution of the United States as shall be judged necessary to obtain more effectual protection and defence for commerce; and to give to the commercial States their fair and just consideration in the Union, and for affording permanent security, as well as present relief, from the oppressive measures, under which they now suffer.

Resolved, That his Excellency the Governor be requested to transmit copies of the foregoing resolutions to the President of the Senate, and Speaker of the House of Representatives, in the commonwealth of Massachusetts, and to the Legislatures of such of our sister States, as manifest a disposition to concur, in restoring to commerce its former activity, and preventing the repetition of measures which have a tendency, not only to destroy it, but to dissolve the Union, which ought to be inviolate.

General Assembly, special session, February, 1809.

Speaker of the House of Representatives.

, Governor.

Attest,, Secretary.

[Pamphlet containing Resolves, etc., 7, 8.]

22. Report and Resolutions of Rhode Island on the Embargo.

March 4, 1809.

The following resolutions were adopted by both branches of the General Assembly on March 4, 1809; in the Senate by a vote of 7 to 4, in the House, 35 to 28. Extracts from the report of (he Committee which submitted the


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 tending forwards the head and neck in the direction of each in turn.

As there were a good many females in this "reunion," the numbers of the males about any one of them at one time was not great. Some of them were attended by only one cavalier or left quite lonely for a time—but all kept shifting and changing. The birds kept always swimming on, and were now all together, now scattered over a considerable surface of water. Sometimes two males would court one hen, who would then often demonstrate between them in the way I have described. Often, however, the male birds are in excess of the females, and sometimes there will be only one female to a number of males, who then press so closely about her that they may almost be said to mob her, though in a very polite manner. There are then frequent combats between the males, one making every now and again a sudden dash through the water at another, and seizing or endeavouring to seize him by the head or scruff of the neck. The two then struggle together till they both sink or dive under the water. Shortly afterwards they emerge separately, and the combat is over for the time. During, if not as a part of, these nuptial proceedings, the birds of both sexes will occasionally rise in the water and give their wings a brisk flapping. They may also occasionally dive as a mere relaxation, or to give vent to their feelings, at least so it appeared to me.

The female eider-duck—as far as I could observe—does not utter the curious note, but only a deep quacking one, with which she calls to her the male birds. It appeared to me that she would sometimes

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 show a preference for one male over another, and also (though of this I cannot be so sure), a power of dismissing birds from her. But if she really possesses such a power, she cannot very well assert it when closely pressed upon by a crowd of admirers. I noticed, too, and thought it curious, that a female would often approach a male bird with her head and neck laid flat along the water as though in a very "coming-on disposition," and that the male bird declined her advances. This, taken in conjunction with the actions of the females when courted by the males, appears to me to raise a doubt as to the universal application of the law that throughout nature the male, in courtship, is eager and the female coy. Here, to all appearance, courtship was proceeding, and the birds had not yet mated. The female eider-ducks, however—at any rate some of them—appeared to be anything but coy. As time went on and the birds became paired this curious note of the males became less and less frequent, and at last ceased, a proof, I think, that the note itself is of a nuptial character, and also that the birds at the time they kept uttering it were seeking their mates.

I regret that I was not able to observe the further breeding or nesting habits of these interesting birds. A few of the females may have laid before I left the island, but the greater number were still on the water. One day I put one up from the heather, upon which I lay down and waited. Soon a pair of them—both females—flew round me and alighted together not far off. Both then lay or crouched in the heather at a few yards from each other. Later, whilst watching from the coast, I saw two female eiders walking side by side

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 He was heard in the Star-chamber in his own defence, and a copy of his speech is among the Rawlinson manuscripts in the Bodleian Library (Cat. i. 494). Finally he was declared guilty and fined. The case was mentioned as a precedent by Lord-keeper Coventry in the Star-chamber in 1631 (Notes and Queries, 6th ser. xii. 328). Sir John died on 23 May 1580, and was buried at Coughton, Warwickshire, the chief seat of the Throckmorton family. A eulogistic epitaph, by his brother-in-law, Richard Puttenham [q. v.], was printed in ‘The Arte of English Poesie,’ 1589 (ed. Arber, pp. 189–90).

Francis matriculated from Hart Hall, Oxford, in 1572, aged 18, and was entered as a student of the Inner Temple in 1576. About 1580 he left England on a foreign tour with a brother Thomas. Sharing his father's zeal for catholicism, he visited the leading English catholics in exile on the continent, and learned from them the various plans that were forming for the re-establishment of the catholic religion in England with the aid of a foreign army. At Madrid Throckmorton discussed with Sir Francis Englefield [q. v.] the details of an invasion of England by Spanish troops. In Paris he met Thomas Morgan (1543–1606?) [q. v.] and Charles Paget [q. v.], the agents of Queen Mary, and he spent much time at Spa with other catholic malcontents in debating the feasibility of co-operation on the part of catholics in England with an army which the Guises were proposing to raise in the Low Countries. Returning to London early in 1583, Throckmorton settled in a house at Paul's Wharf, London, and organised means of communication between Morgan in Paris and the imprisoned Queen of Scots, and between the Queen of Scots and Mendoza, the Spanish ambassador at Elizabeth's court. His frequent visits to Mendoza's house were noted by agents of the government. Suspicion was roused, and he was suddenly arrested in October 1583 in the act of penning a letter in cipher to Queen Mary. Before he was carried to the Tower he managed to destroy that letter and to send a maid-servant with a casket of compromising documents to Mendoza. But when his house was searched a list was found of catholics in England who were prepared to aid in rebellious designs against Elizabeth. There were also seized plans of harbours sketched by Paget, and described by Throckmorton as suitable for the landing of a foreign force; treatises in defence of the Queen of Scots' title to the succession of the English throne; and ‘six or seven infamous libels against Her Majesty printed beyond sea.’

On his arrival at the Tower, Throckmorton was examined by members of the council, but he declined to reply to their questions. Orders were consequently given to question him under torture. He was racked for the first time on 23 Nov., and twice again on 2 Dec. His resolution gradually failed him, and he confessed that the two catalogues of the harbours and English catholics found in one of his trunks were from his own pen. They were intended, he admitted, for the use of Mendoza, the Spanish ambassador, to further the enterprise of the Duke of Guise for the invasion of England. He had planned with Mendoza a device whereby the catholics in England would be able at the moment of invasion to levy troops in the name of the queen, and, unless she consented to tolerate the catholic worship, it had been determined to attempt the overthrow of her government. Throckmorton was tried at the Guildhall on 21 May 1584. He pleaded that his confessions were insufficient to convict him, because by the statute of 13 Elizabeth it was required that every indictment should be laid within six months of the commission of the offence, and should be proved on oath by two witnesses. The judges replied that he was indicted not on the statute of 13 Elizabeth, but on the ancient statute of treasons, which neither required witnesses nor limited the time of prosecution. Throckmorton retorted that he had been deceived, and that the whole of his confession was false; that it had been extorted by dread of further torment by the rack, and under the impression that his revelations could not be used to imperil his life. Although he was at once condemned to death, his life was spared till he once more repeated the confession of his guilt. He was executed on 10 July at Tyburn; but on the scaffold he revoked his second confession, calling God to witness that it was drawn from him by the hope of pardon. The government published in June an official justification of his punishment, with the title, ‘A Discoverie of the Treasons practised and attempted against the Queenes Majestie and the Realme by Francis Throckmorton’ (London, 1584, 4to); this is reprinted in the ‘Harleian Miscellany,’ 1808, vol. iii. A Latin translation was published in the same year, and a Dutch version was issued at Middelburg in 1585.

Francis's brother Thomas permanently settled in Paris in 1582 as one of the agents of Queen Mary Stuart, and was an active supporter of Charles Paget [q. v.] On 23 Sept. 1584 Queen Mary wrote to Cardinal Allen at Rome urging the cardinal to recommend Thomas Throckmorton to the


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 at a slight distance apart. At intervals they would pause, stand or sit for a little, and again jog on together. These birds must, I think, have been selecting a place in which to lay their eggs, and if so, it would seem that they like to do this in pairs. I also saw a male eider-duck sitting for a considerable time amidst the heather right away from the sea. It is, of course, impossible to mistake the sexes after the males have assumed their adult plumage, and, moreover, this bird subsequently flew down into the little bay just beneath me. I say this because it is authoritatively stated that the male eider-duck never goes near the nest. It is probable that a week or so later this bird could not have sat where he was without being near to a nest at any rate; and, moreover, what should take the male bird from the sea, or its immediate coast, at all, if it were not some impulse appropriate to the season? This and a statement made to me by a native in regard to this point, which went still further against authority, makes me wish that I had been able to see a little more. As it is, I have only a right to ask with regard to this one male eider-duck, "Que diable allait il faire dans cette galere?"

It is difficult to tire of watching these birds, ducks, yet so wonderfully marine. The freedom of the sea is upon them, far more than Aphrodite they might have sprung from its foam—it is of the male with his snowy breast that one thinks this. One cannot see them and think of a pond or a river—yet, always, they are so palpably ducks. It is delicious to see them heave with the swell of the wave against some low sloping rock—lapping it like the water itself—and then remain upon it, standing or sitting—living jetsam that the sea

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 has cast up. They ride like corks on the water, they are the arch of each wave and the dimple of every ripple.

Eider-ducks feed by diving to the bottom of the sea off the rocks where it is shallow, and getting there what is palatable. Probably this is, in most cases, eaten under water, but whilst, as a rule, emerging empty-mouthed, they occasionally bring up something in their bill, and dispose of it floating on the surface. In one case this was, I think, a crab; in another, some kind of shell-fish. Their dive is a sudden dip down, and in the act of it they open the wings, which they use under water, as can be plainly seen for a little way below the surface. This opening of the wings in the moment of diving is, I believe, a sure sign that they are used as fins or flippers under water, and that the feet play little or no part.

Birds, amongst others, that dive in this way are—to begin with—the black guillemot.

"Looking down from the cliffs into the quiet pools and inlets, one can see these little birds—the dabchicks of the ocean—swimming under water and using their wings as paddles, perfectly well. Instantly on diving they become of a glaucous green colour, and are then no longer like things of this world, but fanciful merely, suggesting sprites, goblins, little subaqueous bottle imps, for their shape is like a fat-bodied bottle or flat flask. Great green bubbles they look like, and so too but—larger and still greener—do the eider-ducks." In their small size and rounded shape, in their deariness, their pretty little ways and actions, in everything, almost, these little black guillemots are the marine counterpart of

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 pope for a pension (, Letters and Memorials, p. 396). He was betrothed to Mary, youngest daughter of George Allen, the cardinal's brother, but died, apparently at Paris, on 16 Oct. 1595, before the marriage took place.

[Stow's Annales, p. 698; Camden's Annals, 294–8; Goodman's Life and Times of James I, ed. Brewer, i. 116–19; Guy Carleton's Thankfull Deliverance; Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1581–90; Thorpe's Scottish State Papers; Letters and Memorials of Cardinal Allen; Wotton's Baronetage; Froude's History; Lingard's History.]  THROCKMORTON, JOB (1545–1601), puritan controversialist, born in 1545, was eldest son of Clement Throckmorton of Haseley, Warwickshire, third son of Sir George Throckmorton of Coughton, Warwickshire. He was thus nephew of Sir Nicholas Throckmorton [q. v.], and first cousin of Francis Throckmorton [q. v.] His mother, Catherine, was daughter of Sir Edward Neville, second son of George Neville, third baron Bergavenny [q. v.] The father, a well-to-do country gentleman, in youth served his maternal relative, Queen Catherine Parr, as a cupbearer; he was presented with the estate of Haseley in 1555 by his uncle, Michael Throckmorton, to whom it had been granted by Queen Mary in 1553 on the attainder of its former owner, John, duke of Northumberland [see under ]. He accepted protestantism and made provision for the son of the protestant Thomas Hawkes, who was burnt for heresy at Coggeshall during Queen Mary's reign in 1555 (, Acts and Monuments, vii. 118). Clement Throckmorton was elected member of parliament for Warwick in 1541, for Devizes in 1545, for Warwick again in 1547 and 1553, for Sudbury, Suffolk, in 1559, and for Warwickshire in 1562 and 1572, and, dying in 1573, was buried in Haseley church beneath a monument of Purbeck marble inlaid with brass.

Job, who succeeded his father at Haseley, developed a strong puritan bias. He was well educated, and graduated B.A. at Oxford on 13 Feb. 1565–6. He sat in parliament as member for East Retford from 1572 to 1583, and for Warwick in 1586–7. When John Penry [q. v.] issued his appeal to the parliament of 1586, calling attention to the spiritual destitution of Wales, Throckmorton appears to have expressed enthusiastic sympathy. In 1588 he offered pecuniary aid to Penry and to Penry's friends in their efforts to excite the nation against the bishops by the issue of a series of tracts bearing the pseudonymous signatures of Martin Mar-Prelate. Throckmorton afterwards denied that he had any knowledge of Penry's plans, but in June 1589 Penry stayed with Throckmorton at Haseley, and a printing press was secretly set up in his house. The greater part of the three Mar-Prelate tracts—‘Theses Martinianæ,’ ‘The Just Censure and Reproofe of Martin Senior,’ and ‘The Protestatyon of Martin Marprelate’—were put into type under Throckmorton's roof. When Penry escaped to Edinburgh in 1590, Throckmorton seems to have supplied him with funds. Throckmorton was indicted at Warwick assizes next year on a charge of associating with other religious malcontents—William Hacket [q. v.] and the little band of religious fanatics who were at the time convicted of treason. Throckmorton admitted some casual acquaintance with Edmund Coppinger [q. v.], one of Hacket's patrons, but no evidence was forthcoming to prove closer relations, and Throckmorton was acquitted. ‘The lord chancellor said not only in his own house, but even to her Majesty, and openly in the parliament, that he knew Job Throckmorton to be an honest man’ (cf. Defence, 1594;, Vindication, i. 142). When Penry was arrested and put on his trial in May 1593, Throckmorton swore that he himself ‘was not Martin and knew not Martin [MarPrelate].’ But Matthew Sutcliffe [q. v.] issued a vehement attack on Throckmorton in 1594, asserting, despite the absence of legal proof, that he was guilty of complicity both with Penry and with Hacket. Throckmorton replied in a published ‘Defence of Job Throckmorton against the Slanders of Matthew Sutcliffe, taken out of copye of his own hande, as it was written to a honorable personage’ (1594, 4to), to which Sutcliffe published an answer (1595).

Throckmorton's religious zeal increased with his years, and he often preached to his neighbours. According to Camden, he was both learned and eloquent. Towards the end of the century he fell into a consumption, and removed from Haseley to Canons Ashby, Northamptonshire, so that he might benefit by the spiritual consolation of the puritan minister, John Dod [q. v.] It is said that for thirty-seven years he sought in vain a comfortable assurance of his salvation, but secured it within an hour of his death. He died early in 1601, and was buried in the churchyard of Haseley on 23 Feb. (Reg.)

Throckmorton married Dorothy, daughter of Thomas Vernon of Howell, Staffordshire, by whom he had two sons and a daughter. His eldest son, Sir Clement Throckmorton, was thrice elected M.P. for Warwickshire, in 1624, 1625, 1626, and was, according to Dugdale, ‘not a little eminent for his learn-


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Rh its head and legs are bare ; and the most hurtful foods are given it to silence the unwelcome bawl.

At the end of its first year, the mother-instinct is apt to weaken, and even though no other claimant for nurture appears, the infant is turned adrift in alley or street to run a thousand risks. Diminutive creatures battle for life in the filthy tenements, frequently in rain. "I worked in the mill and her grandmother neglected her," wailed the mother of a beautiful and cheery little maid of four years who had been suddenly stricken with paralysis and blindness, but who hitched her red rocker towards the visitor's voice, piping forth, "I'm named Ellie. What's oo name?"

Even those of the poor who dower their children with strong constitutions are pitifully apathetic to unhealthful conditions which deplete the family ranks. One woman, robust and vigorous, lost by an epidemic two babies within a week, yet stayed on in the fatal tenement. Shortly after, in thirty-eight hours' time, four more of her little brood died, victims of her ignorance or inertia ; yet still she lingered where six of her offspring had perished. Soon the death of the seventh at last drove her, with only the oldest son surviving, into a cleaner abode which doubtless through her own shiftlessness will become another fever trap. In many cases the worker is not to blame for the unsanitary condition of his home, as where occupancy of the "Company's houses" is a condition of employment. The manager of a mill "block" where typhus with deadly virulence had threshed out the weakliest, remarked of a tenant loom-fixer, "That man had five girls and boys when he took our rooms. A fortnight later, he moved out with only two. I hadn't the heart to charge him rent.' What sort of "heart" let him go into the house when death was well-nigh certain?

Housekeeping, in the good old Anglo-Saxon meaning of care for every detail, order and sweet prevision is, among very many working mothers, not a lost, but an undiscovered art. Beds are often still unmade and sleeping-rooms foul at five o'clock in the afternoon. Viands cooked and uncooked lie open all day near


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 ing and eloquence;’ he married Lettice, second daughter of Sir Clement Fisher of Packington, Warwickshire; his eldest son, also Sir Clement (1605–1664), was thrice elected M.P. for. Warwick (in 1654–5, on 30 March 1660, and on 26 March 1661), was knighted on 11 Aug. 1660, and died in 1664. Job Throckmorton's second son, Job (b. 1594), was admitted a barrister of the Middle Temple in 1618.

[Visitation of Warwickshire, 1613 (Harl. Soc. pp. 206–7); Colvile's Warwickshire Worthies; Dugdale's Warwickshire, pp. 456–7; Brooks's Puritans; Maskell's Marprelate Controversy; Arber's Introd. to the Martin Marprelate Controversy; Waddington's Life of Penry, 1854; Strype's Works; Camden's Annals; William Pierce's Historical Introduction to the Marprelate Tracts, 1908.]  THROCKMORTON or THROGMORTON, JOHN (d. 1445), under-treasurer of England, was the son of Thomas Throgmorton of Fladbury, Worcestershire, a retainer of Thomas Beauchamp, earl of Warwick [q. v.], by his wife Agnes Besford. According to Dugdale he was ‘brought up to the study of lawes and was afterwards of the king's council.’ Probably in Henry IV's reign he became a clerk in the treasury, and in 3 Henry V (1415–16) he was granted lands in Fladbury for his services (Cal. Rot. Pat. in Turri Londin. p. 264 b). In 1417–1418 he was in attendance on Richard de Beauchamp, earl of Warwick [q. v.], at Caen, of which the earl had been appointed governor on its surrender to Henry V. He was elected knight of the shire for Worcestershire in the parliament summoned to meet on 19 Nov. 1414, and was returned for the same constituency to those summoned on 2 Dec. 1420, 9 Nov. 1422, and 12 May 1432. In 1426 he was made a commissioner for raising a loan in Warwickshire. In 1431 he was appointed one of the Earl of Warwick's attorneys during his absence abroad, and in the same year was retained as a member of Warwick's council for life with a salary of twenty marks. On the earl's death in 1439 Throgmorton was made one of his executors and joint custodian of his castles and manors during his son's minority. In 1433 he was made ‘surveyor of the administration of the effects’ of Edmund, earl of March (Rot. Parl. iv. 471). In 1434 and again in 1440 he served on the commission of the peace in Warwickshire. In the latter year he was styled chamberlain of the exchequer and under-treasurer of England (, Acts of the Privy Council, v. 81). He died in 1445; in accordance with his will, dated at London on 12 April in that year, he was buried in the church of St. John the Baptist, Fladbury, where there is an inscription to his memory (, Worcestershire, i. 452). He married, in 1409, Alianora, daughter and coheiress of Sir Guy Spiney or De la Spine of Coughton, Warwickshire, which thus passed into the possession of the Throgmorton family. By her he had two sons, Thomas and John, and seven daughters. Thomas (d. 1472) succeeded to the estates, and was great-grandfather of Sir Nicholas Throgmorton [q. v.]

[Cal. Rot. Patentium in Turri Londin. pp. 264, 282; Rot. Parl. iv. 471, v. 77; Acts of the Privy Council, ed. Nicolas, iv. 325, v. 81; Palgrave's Antient Kalendars and Inventories, p. 158; Dugdale's Warwickshire, ii. 749–51; Nash's Worcestershire; Official Return of Members of Parl.; Burke's Extinct Baronetcies; Colvile's Warwickshire Worthies.]  THROCKMORTON, NICHOLAS (1515–1571), diplomatist, born in 1515, was fourth of the eight sons of Sir George Throckmorton of Coughton, Warwickshire. His grandfather, Sir Robert Throckmorton (son of Thomas, and grandson of Sir John Throckmorton [q. v.]), was a privy councillor under Henry VII, and died in 1519 while on a pilgrimage to Palestine. His mother was Katharine, daughter of Sir Nicholas, lord Vaux of Harrowden, by his wife Elizabeth, daughter of Henry, lord Fitzhugh, and widow of Sir William Parr, K.G. She was thus aunt by marriage to Queen Catherine Parr, and Sir Nicholas claimed the queen as his first cousin. His father, Sir George, incurred, owing to some local topic of dispute, the ill-will of Cromwell, whose manor of Oversley adjoined that of Coughton. Early in 1540 Cromwell contrived to have his neighbour imprisoned on a charge of denying Henry VIII's supremacy, but Lady Throckmorton's niece, Catherine Parr, used her influence with the king to procure Sir George's release. Sir George was one of the chief witnesses against Cromwell at his trial, which took place in the same year, and was consulted by Henry VIII in the course of the proceedings. After Cromwell's fall Sir George purchased Cromwell's forfeited manor of Oversley. He was sheriff of Warwickshire and Leicestershire in 1526 and 1546, and built the great gatehouse at Coughton. He died soon after Queen Mary's accession. Sir Robert Throckmorton (d. 1570), Sir George's eldest son and successor in the Coughton estate, was succeeded by his son Thomas (d. 1614), who, as a staunch catholic, suffered much persecution and loss of property during Elizabeth's reign. Thomas Throckmorton's grandson Robert was a devoted royalist, and was