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Page:The Dictionary of Australasian Biography.djvu/106

 Chetham-Strode, Alfred Rowland, son of Admiral Sir Edward Chetham-Strode, K.C.B., K.C.H., of Southill, Somersetshire, was born on May 10th, 1823. In 1841 he went to New Zealand, when he settled at Wellington. Entering the Government service in 1846, Mr. Chetham-Strode was appointed Inspector of Armed Constabulary, of which body he had command. He also received a war medal for services rendered during encounters with natives at Horokiwi, Porirua, Wanganui, and other places. In 1849 he was appointed Resident Magistrate in Otago, and occupied the position from 1860 to 1862 of Sub-Treasurer of Otago; was Curator of Intestate Estates for some six years, and Sheriff and Commissioner of Native Reserves. He was also the first Returning Officer and Registration Officer after the Constitution Act was granted to New Zealand. Elected by the trustees, he was Vice-President of the Savings Bank from its formation. In 1865 Mr. Chetham-Strode was called to the Legislative Council, but resigned in 1868. In conjunction with the Hon. (now Sir), he was the means of establishing the Benevolent Asylum. Mr. Chetham-Strode was a member of Council of the University of Otago in 1869, and represented the Council at the tercentenary of the Edinburgh University in 1884. In 1873 Mr. Chetham-Strode resigned the duties of Resident Magistrate in Dunedin, and in 1882 he returned to England, and settled at Norwood, where he engaged in philanthropic works. He married, in 1851, Miss Emily Borton, and died on May 13th, 1890.

Childers, Right Hon. Hugh Culling Eardley, M.P., F.R.S., formerly a Minister of the Crown in Victoria, is the son of the late Rev. Eardley Childers, of Cantley, Yorkshire, by his marriage with Maria Charlotte, eldest daughter of Sir Culling Smith, Bart. He was born on June 25th, 1827, and educated at Cheam School and at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. in 1850 (14th Senior Optime), and M.A. in 1857. He married in 1850, Emily, third daughter of G. J. A. Walker, of Norton, Worcestershire, and in the same year emigrated to Victoria, where he was for a short time a tally clerk on Cole's Wharf, Melbourne. Having introductions from the Colonial Office, and being well connected, he was soon looked after by the Government, and was appointed successively Secretary to a Denominational School Board, a member of the National Board of Education instituted in 1852, and subsequently Immigration Agent. On Oct. 26th, 1852, he succeeded Mr. in the far more important post of Auditor-General of Victoria. Under the inflation of the gold régime, extravagance was universal, and the Government had not escaped the contagion, if indeed it had not promoted it. It is charged against Mr. Childers by the historian of Australia, Mr., that by his device of an imprest system he removed the salutary checks on the extravagance of the public service, which it was the raison d'être of his office to supply. The effect was, at any rate, that unauthorised expenditure flourished apace, with the result that within eighteen months there was found to be a sum of £1,682,328 of unadjusted imprests, of which £283,745 were reported by an Expert Committee to be "wholly unaccounted for." In Dec. 1853 Mr. Childers first entered the Administration, being appointed Collector of Customs in Victoria, in succession to Mr. Cassells, and taking his seat in the Executive Council (Dec. 5th). In his official capacity he conducted the bill for the establishment of the Melbourne University through the Legislative Council, and ultimately aided in obtaining for it in 1859 a Royal Charter. It is a curious circumstance, that in 1855 he opposed the introduction of vote by ballot in parliamentary elections, but probably on grounds that were in a great measure local. After responsible government was conceded to Victoria, Mr. Childers was returned to the first Legislative Assembly in the district of Portland, and was a member of the first Ministry constituted under the new autonomous conditions. Mr. was Premier, and Mr. Childers held the office of Commissioner of Trade and Customs from Nov. 1855 to Feb. 1857, when he left Victoria, and returned to England as the first Agent-General of the Colony in London. He was also in the enjoyment of a colonist pension of £866 per annum, which he has drawn ever since, with the exception of the intervals during which he has had office in England. At the present time he has an ex-Cabinet Minister's pension in England, but the amount of his Victorian pension is first deducted, so that 90


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 the Colonial Treasury obtains no relief. Mr. Childers' first wife died in 1875, and he married secondly, in 1879, Katharine Ann, daughter of the late Bishop (Gilbert) of Chichester, and widow of the Hon. Gilbert Eliot Mr. Childers was member for Pontefract (which he unsuccessfully contested in 1859) in the House of Commons from 1860 to 1885, when he was defeated; but in Jan. 1886 was returned for South Edinburgh. He was a Lord of the Admiralty from April 1864 to Aug. 1865; Secretary to the Treasury from the latter date till July 1866; First Lord of the Admiralty from Dec. 1868 to March 1871, when the strain of work in connection with the reorganisation of his department compelled his retirement. Mr. Childers was Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster from Aug. 1872 to Oct. 1873; Secretary of State for War from April 1880 to Dec. 1882; Chancellor of the Exchequer from the latter date to June 1885; and Secretary of State for the Home Department in Mr. Gladstone's short-lived Home Rule Ministry in 1886. Throughout his political career in England Mr. Childers has been one of Mr. Gladstone's staunchest supporters.

Chisholm, Caroline, was the daughter of William Jones, and was born at Wootton, in Northamptonshire, where her father, the well-known yeoman philanthropist, resided, in May 1810. She married, in 1830, Captain Archibald Chisholm, of the Indian army, who being granted sick leave, went to Sydney with his family in 1839. When compelled to return to India he left his wife and family behind; the former thereupon devoting herself to assisting the friendless female immigrants who were coming to the colony in shiploads. With this view she raised funds, opened a central depôt, and made arrangements for the dispersion of the new arrivals in the country districts. So great was her success that up to 1845 she had provided homes for over 11,000 immigrants, including many men. In that year Captain Chisholm rejoined his family, and they returned to England in 1846; but this in no way induced Mrs. Chisholm to abandon the good work which she bad taken in hand, and for seven years she was actively employed in promoting suitable emigration, founding, amongst other similar agencies, "The Family Colonisation Loan Society," by which passage money was advanced and repaid by weekly instalments. Meantime she lectured throughout England in favour of emigration, improved accommodation for females being provided by her efforts on board emigrant ships. In 1854 she revisited Australia, and carried on her good work till 1866, when she finally returned to England, dying at Fulham, on March 25th, 1877. Mrs. Chisholm, who was the author of several works on emigration, was buried at Northampton, the obsequies being performed by the Roman Catholic bishop. In 1867 Mrs. Chisholm was granted a Civil List pension of £100 per annum. Her husband, who supported her in all her philanthropic undertakings, attained the honorary rank of major, and died at Rugby on August 17th, 1877, aged eighty-two.

Christie, Major William Harvey, sometime Postmaster-General, New South Wales, was the son of Thomas Christie, M.D., of Cheltenham, Gloucestershire, and was born at Ceylon in 1808. He was educated at Rugby and the Military Academy, Woolwich, where he qualified for the artillery. Joining the 80th Regiment as an ensign, he became lieutenant in 1827, captain in 1833, and major in 1838, when he went to New South Wales with his regiment. He retired from the army in 1840, and acted as police magistrate till 1842, when he was appointed Agent for the Church and School Estates. From 1852 to 1865 he held the then non-political office of Postmaster-General of New South Wales. Major Christie died at Pyrmont on March 19th, 1873.

Chubb, Hon. Charles Edward, Puisne Judge, Queensland, is the son of the late Charles Frederick Chubb, solicitor, of Ipswich in that colony. He was born in London on May 17th, 1845, and educated at the Grammar School at Calne, Wiltshire, the City of London School, and, after his arrival in Queensland (in 1861) at the Collegiate School at Ipswich, where he was articled to his father. Mr. Justice Chubb was admitted an attorney of the Supreme Court in Sept. 1867, and in May 1878 was called to the bar, and in 1883 appointed Q.C. In the same year he was elected a member of the Legislative Assembly for Bowen, and 91


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text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Childers, Right Hon. Hugh Culling Eardley


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Chisholm, Caroline


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 * Adult Literacy in Nepal


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 large. The following Table will show our gain from each colony:—

Showing a gain to the colony, from the neighbouring provinces, of 857 persons, independent of any excess of arrivals over departures that may have taken place overland, with New South Wales and South Australia.

IMMIGRATION REMITTANCES.

following important notice was issued in the "Gazette:"—

His Excellency the Senior Military Officer administering the Government, with the advice of the Executive Council, has been pleased to direct that from the 1st day of August next ensuing, the Immigration Remittance Regulations of the 1st June, 1853, and all rules made in pursuance of those regulations, be cancelled; and that in lieu thereof the following revised regulations be adopted and published for the information of persons desirous of securing passages for their relatives and friends from the United Kingdom to Victoria. By his Excellency's Command,.

NOTICE TO THE PUBLIC.

Persons wishing to bring their relatives and friends from the United Kingdom to Victoria can secure passages for them in vessels chartered by her Majesty's Government on the following conditions:—


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Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

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Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

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Page:Victoria, with a description of its principal cities, Melbourne and Geelong.djvu/233

 {| class="table _tablecolhdborder"
 * + — Other mechanics and artisans, with their near relations.
 * - class="p197"
 * Sex.
 * Children under 1 year of age
 * Children between 1 and 12.
 * Persons between 12 and 30.
 * Persons between 30 and 40.
 * Persons between 40 and 50.
 * Persons between 50 and 60.
 * Persons exceeding 60.
 * Male
 * 2
 * 4
 * 6
 * 8
 * 12
 * 16
 * 18
 * Female
 * 2
 * 2
 * 3
 * 4
 *  6
 * 12
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 * }

7. No payment is required by the Commissioners from the persons sent for, but they will have to defray their own expenses to the nearest railway or packet station, and to show that they possess an outfit for the voyage, in accordance with the regulations.

8. It will be advisable, therefore, whenever practicable, to receive from the applicant (in addition to the sums in the above scale) five pounds, or such amount as he may find convenient to remit, for these expenses. This amount will be paid through the Commissioners to the persons nominated, in the United Kingdom.

9. On inquiring at any of the Immigration Offices or Sub-Treasuries, the applicant is to be furnished with an application form (Form A), which he will duly fill up, sign, and leave with the officer. He is then to be informed of the amount required to be paid, and of the outfit (Form B). As soon as he has paid this amount to the Assistant Immigration Agent or Sub-Treasurer (as the case may be), the money or a receipt for it from the Treasury is to be remitted to the Immigration Agent in Melbourne, with the application form (Form C), and a statement of the sums paid for passages and outfit. The Immigration Agent will then transmit a certificate for the persons nominated, either to the office at which the money was paid, or to such address as the applicant may request. This certificate is to be sent by the applicant to his friends in the United Kingdom.

10. For the convenience of persons at a distance the application form (A) may be obtained at the district post-offices. The applicant will fill up the particulars, sign his name and address, and


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 seems to be on the Caledonian diggings. To-day we have purchased 200 ounces from that field; the rush is to a place near One-Tree Hill, and the gold is nuggety and of good quality.

Again we have to record the appearance of spurious gold, in a sample from Ballaarat; the parcel consisted of 250 ounces, and contained about 25 ounces of the manufactured article, an ingenious approximate to the appearance of real gold dust, and such as might easily pass through the hands of any inexperienced broker without detection.

We hear of parties taking Castlemaine gold to Mount Franklin, where it fetches an advanced price for resale at Ballaarat, which is draining supplies from the neighbouring Fields, and even affecting in the manner indicated those more remote. A Government enactment to meet fraud in gold transactions appears to us to be especially needed; and as the high price given for Ballaarat gold is given on the faith of its being the produce of that Field, it should be made punishable to sell the produce of one Field under the pretence of its derivation from another.


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 was good and effective, and Mr. Russell conducted with his usual ability. The theatre was by no means so full as it might have been, and we regret to learn that loss is the result. Let us hope, however, that the "Creation," to-night, may attract, as it deserves, a crowded house.

THEATRE ROYAL.

—The repetition of "Martha" last night must have made many regret that the real and sterling merits of our little opera company are so scantily recognised. The selection of "Martha" was at first a doubtful step, but a better work could not have been adopted with respect to the general talents of the corps. The opera has improved on every repetition, and last night was performed admirably in every respect. It well deserves to be repeated again and again—but real lovers of music are still to be quoted as "scarce," and the manager, it is to be feared, finds novelty more attractive than excellence. The latter cannot be expected if a production like "Martha," with Bishop, Laglaise, and Coulon, added to Guerin, Howson, &c., will not draw for five or six nights. The smoothness and perfection of last night showed the advantage of a few nights' run. May the remaining eight nights prove more profitable.

.—Some great authority lately stated, that tragic opera had few charms for an English, and still fewer for a Victorian audience. The best answer to this assertion is, the reception of "Lucrezia Borgia" last night; a result owing no less to the intrinsic merits of the opera itself, than to the manner in which the artistes acquitted themselves. Since the advent of opera among us, our ears, after being delighted by the strains of a Hayes or a Bishop, have been generally annoyed by whole pages of spoken English libretto of the most namby-pamby and unmusical character. Such, however, was not the case last night. From the rising of the curtain till its fall the attention of the audience was riveted to the stage; recitative took the place of that twaddling dialogue which would have well nigh destroyed the


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 spell cast on all by the genius of Doninetti, and the result was that "Lucrezia" was decidedly the most successful Bishop-opera which has been produced here—"Martha" not excepted.

The part of Lucrezia, by Madame Bishop, was certainly one of her most successful characters. The Com' e bello was given with great delicacy; and the Di Pescatore brought out the sterling talents of the lady and Laglaise in a manner which at once established the representation. We have not room for a lengthened notice, but may at once record our opinion that in all the trying scenes and great points of the opera Madame Bishop, Coulon, and Laglaise, came out with a degree of perfection hitherto unattained here, and which carried away the audience and drew forth an enthusiastic recognition of sterling talents, that ought to insure a crowded house for the remaining nights.

Mrs. Fiddes, and Messrs. Hancock, Lyall, &c., deserve especial notice, but we defer our further remarks till the next night; and can only add that all the principal performers were called before the curtain at the close of the second act, and again at the end of the opera. Considering the spiteful weather, the house was well filled, and the audience was most enthusiastic in its appreciation of this, the greatest night of the season.

COLEMAN'S LYCEUM.

.-0ur old and deserving favourites, Mr. and Mrs. C. Young, last night took their benefit at this theatre, which has lately become the scene of their acknowledged talents. It is gratifying to find that amidst the attractions of new faces and more highly lauded stars, with credentials from some five quarters of the globe, our two pioneers still remain not only Young, but green and fresh in the estimation of the followers of Thespis. Like their prototypes in London (the Keeleys), they have become members of the company in the house of which they were heretofore managers, and are no less deserving of esteem for the hearty and con amore manner in which they have adapted themselves to circumstances. Their versatile abilities entitle them to rank among our most useful and perfect actors, while their


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 from marked mannerisms or affected excellence imparts reality and character to every part they undertake.

VICTORIAN EXHIBITION OF ART.

Since the announcement made in a recent Number, of our intention to organize "An Exhibition of Painting, Sculpture, Architecture, and Decorative Art," we have been honoured with so many communications from amateurs and artists approving of the object of such an exhibition—pledging themselves to become exhibitors, and otherwise promote, in every way in their power, the end in view—that we are prone to argue most favourably of the success of the project. "While prosecuting inquiries in furtherance of our plans, we must confess likewise to being agreeably surprised to discover the amount of talent, in almost every department of the Arts, at present available in the colony. One not inconsiderable benefit, therefore, we hope, will accrue from an exhibition of the proposed kind is, that it will influence the educated and wealthy, when they become acquainted with this circumstance, to extend to Art a more liberal patronage than has hitherto been their wont.

A rivalry, we are glad to perceive, is already springing up among the members of this class for building houses of architectural beauty, where Art is visible both in their construction and decoration, and adapted in every feature to the peculiar climate of the colony. This step should be followed by a corresponding desire on the part of their owners to possess fine pictures of local interest, and statues of classic beauty to adorn their interior. Such a taste for the beautiful and artistic will, as a natural consequence, spread among the colonists at large, for it is to be cultivated in a villa or a cottage no less than in a mansion. Let there once be a proper demand for works of Art in good taste and sound principles, and we can promise, from what we have recently seen of the artistic talent of the colony, that demand will be readily and satisfactorily met.

To show that every branch of Art is represented at the present


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 time in Victoria, we can enumerate some six or seven gentlemen who have already intimated their intention to forward specimens of frescoes, in way of competition, to the Commissioner of Public Works. Recently we expressed an opinion that not more than two or three fresco painters were to be met with in any of the colonies, and are, therefore, much pleased to have to record this fact. In regard to Decorative Art, several specimens shown us in plastic ornament and carving will bear comparison, both in design and execution, with the best work of a similar character produced in the ateliers of home or foreign artists. These facts go to strengthen our confidence in the success of the Exhibition.

We shall steadily proceed, therefore, in organizing our plans, with a view to the opening the Exhibition as early as possible in September next. In the meantime, we hope all gentlemen amateurs, or artists, who possess pictures or statuary of intrinsic merit, will aid us in our purpose by according permission to exhibit them in the "Victorian Exhibition."—Australian Builder.

THE ORNITHOLOGY OF AUSTRALIA.

may, perhaps, be allowed to draw the attention of our readers to the magnificent works of Mr. Gould on Australian Zoology. One of them, devoted to the kangaroo family, has since been merged in another now in course of publication, intended to comprise all the Mammalia of the country (exclusive, probably, of the Cetacea), and of which seven Parts have reached this colony. A third work, devoted to the birds of Australia (including also certain species from New Zealand, Norfolk Island, and Lord Howe Island), was completed in 1848, and since then two Supplements have been published to describe and figure the birds discovered since that period. As the cost of the "Birds of Australia" (without the Supplements) to subscribers was £114 17s., it is, of course, not easily accessible to the mass of the public, except through the medium of public libraries, of which two in Sydney—the Australian Library, and that of the Mechanics' School of Arts—subscribed for it.


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 Not less than 645 species of birds are known to inhabit Australia, and, doubtless, many more remained to be added to the list, even from the settled districts to say nothing of those parts of the country as yet unexplored by collectors, and an exceedingly large proportion of the Australian birds is peculiar to this country. Upwards of 400 inhabit the colony of New South Wales. Beginning with the birds of prey, there are twenty-six eagles, hawks, &c., and ten owls. In the interior, the wedge-tailed eagle, or eagle-hawk, is well known as destructive to lambs, sickly sheep, and even calves, while it also feeds on carrion, sometimes collecting in numbers, vulture-like, about a carcase. Its audacity is in proportion to its size and strength. A friend of ours has even seen one drag an opossum, from the spout of a tree where it had taken refuge. The large white-headed fishing-eagle of Australia may daily be seen about the harbour, flying round in large sweeping circles, and scanning the water below for fish and floating garbage, even among the shipping, and finally bearing off its quarry to some favourite tree in a secluded spot at a distance.

Of the 400 incessorial or perching birds of Australia, we can only particularize a few. Of seven Australian swallows, one, the spine-tailed swift, the largest known member of the family, is occasionally seen about Sydney, and attracts attention from its great size, and the extreme rapidity of its flight. It is only known as a bird of passage; an individual has even been killed in England, in 1848; but, as Gould says, "whence it comes or whither it goes, has not yet been ascertained." We believe, however, from personal observation during a series of years that not only this bird, but the Australian swift, the bee-eater, and other migratory birds in Australia, come from and return to New Guinea, according to the season. Thus, in the month of December we have seen flocks of the spine-tailed swallow coming from the northward, at Cape York, passing low over Albany Island, where we have shot the bird within a few yards of the graves of Niblett and Wall, two of the members of Kennedy's last expedition, whose bones rest there.


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 Of the thirteen kingfishers of Australia, the most remarkable is that well known by the singular name laughing jackass, from its singular and indescribable note, and settlers' clock, from its announcing, after a fashion of its own, the break and close of day. We never met with a bird so remarkably tenacious of life as this. On one occasion, while desirous of killing a wounded individual, we were annoyed to find that it sustained the weight of a bag of shot, weighing 28 lbs., placed on its chest for a quarter of an hour, without causing the speedy and humane death we anticipated. Perhaps the most gorgeous kingfisher in the world (not even excepting that to which the specific name dea or the "goddess" has been applied) is a long-tailed one peculiar to Cape York, where it lights up the dark recess of the bushes during its arrowy flight as its bright colours catch the eye for a moment ere it is lost to view. According to the natives, it makes its nest in the enormous ant-hills of red clay, sometimes as much as fifteen feet in height, with pinnacles and buttresses, like the rude germ of Gothic architecture, and which form conspicuous objects even to those sailing along the coast in that neighbourhood.

Perhaps the most peculiarly characteristic bird of Australia is the menura, the lyre bird, or pheasant of the colonists. And if the singularity of its tail, reminding one of the representations of the musical instrument whence its name has been derived, immediately attracts the eye, the habits of the bird are found by those acquainted with them to be no leas curious. The menura imitates the note of almost every other bird in the bush, and resorts periodically to favourite well-beaten "corroborying places," where it practises certain extraordinary antics. A second kind of lyre-bird (M. Alberti) seems to be peculiar to the neighbourhood of the Richmond River. Its most prominent distinctive feature consists in the remarkable outer tail feathers curving inwards towards the tip, instead of outwards as in the common kind, which, we may add, is still to be found in some of the gulleys connected with Middle Harbour, within four or five miles of Sydney.

Of the twenty finches of Australia, one well merits the name


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 DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY Headquarters United States Marine Corps Washington, D.C. 20380-1775

30 July 1997

FOREWORD

This publication is about winning in combat. Winning requires many things: excellence in techniques, an appreciation of the enemy, exemplary leadership, battlefield judgment, and focused combat power. Yet these factors by themselves do not ensure success in battle. Many armies, both winners and losers, have possessed many or all of these attributes. When we examine closely the differences between victor and vanquished, we draw one conclusion. Success went to the armies whose leaders, senior and junior, could best focus their efforts — their skills and their resources — toward a decisive end. Their success arose not merely from excellence in techniques, procedures, and material but from their leaders' abilities to uniquely and effectively combine them. Winning in combat depends upon tactical leaders who can think creatively and act decisively.

This book pertains equally to all Marine leaders, whether their duties entail combat service support, combat support, or combat arms. It applies to the Marine air-ground task force commander as well as the squadron commander and the fire team leader. All Marines face tactical decisions in battle

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Page:USMC MCDP 1-3 - Tactics.djvu/3

 regardless of their roles. Tactical leaders must develop and hone their warfighting skills through study and practice. This publication serves as a guide for that professional development. It addresses the theory of tactics and its application in a chaotic and uncertain environment.

The concepts and ideas within this publication are battle-tested. Throughout our history, one of the most important reasons for the success of the United States Marine Corps has been the military skill of our leaders at every level of command. Through their tactical skill and battlefield judgment, our commanders achieved tactical and operational advantage at the decisive time and place. This publication is a revision of Fleet Marine Force Manual 1-3, Tactics, of 1991 and supersedes it. Marine Corps Doctrinal Publication (MCDP) 1-3 fully retains the spirit, scope, and basic concepts of its predecessor. MCDP 1-3 further develops and refines some of those concepts; in particular, a new chapter has been added on exploiting success and finishing, and some of the original material has been reorganized and expanded.

Tactics is in consonance with MCDP 1, Warfighting, and the other Marine warfighting publications. Presuming an understanding of maneuver warfare, MCDP 1-3 applies it specifically to the tactical level of war. Like MCDP 1, it is not prescriptive but descriptive, providing guidance in the form of

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 concepts and ideas. This publication establishes the Marine Corps' philosophy for waging and winning battles.

C. C. KRULAK

General, U.S. Marine Corps Commandant of the Marine Corps

DISTRIBUTION: 142 000002 00

© 1997 United States Government as represented by the Secretary of the Navy. All rights reserved.

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Rh Tactics

'''Chapter 1. Understanding Tactics''' An Art and A Science — The Environment — How We View Combat and How We Fight — Marine Corps Tactics — Conclusion

'''Chapter 2. Achieving a Decision'''

Anzio: A Model of Tactical Indecisiveness — Cannae: A Clear Tactical Decision Achieved — Understanding Decisiveness — Military Judgment-Understanding the Situation-Acting Decisively — Conclusion

'''Chapter 3. Gaining Advantage''' Combined Arms — Maneuver — Exploiting the Environment— Terrain-Weather-Periods of Darkness or Reduced Visibility — Complementary Forces — Surprise — Trapping the Enemy — Developing an Ambush Mentality — Asymmetry — Conclusion

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Tactics '''Chapter 4. Being Faster''' Speed in Combat — What is Speed? — Speed and Time — Timing — Relative Speed — Continuing Speed — Speed and Change — Becoming Faster — Conclusion '''Chapter 5. Adapting''' Anticipation — Improvisation — Flexible Plans — Decentralization — Conclusion '''Chapter 6. Cooperating''' Control in Combat — Cooperation — Discipline — Conclusion '''Chapter 7. Exploiting Success and Finishing''' Building on Advantage — Consolidation, Exploitation, and Pursuit — Finishing the Enemy — Use of the Reserve in Combat — Conclusion

'''Chapter 8. Making it Happen''' Doctrine — Education — Training — Training and Educational Methods-Professional Reading and Historical Study-Tactical Exercises-Wargaming- Terrain Walks-Competition-Critiques — Conclusion Notes

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Page:EB1911 - Volume 19.djvu/277

 from ocean to harbour has been a difficult one at nearly every port on the African coast. A heavy sea from the Indian Ocean is always breaking on the shore, even in the finest weather, and at the mouth of every natural harbour a bar occurs. To deepen the channel over the bar at Durban so that steamers might enter the harbour was the cause of labour and expenditure for many years. Harbour works were begun in 1857, piers and jetties were constructed, dredgers imported, and controversy raged over the various schemes for harbour improvement. In 1881 a harbour board was formed under the chairmanship of Mr Harry Escombe. It controlled the operations for improving the sea entrance until 1893, when on the establishment of responsible government it was abolished. The work of improving the harbour was however continued with vigour, and finally, in 1904, such success was achieved that vessels of the largest class were enabled to enter port (see ). At the same time the railway system was continually developing.

For many years there had been an agitation among the colonists for self-government. In 1882 the colony was offered self-government coupled with the obligations of self-defence. The offer was declined, but in 1883 the legislative council was remodelled so as to consist of 23 elected and 7 nominated members. In 1890

the elections to the council led to the return of a majority in favour of accepting self-government, and in 1893 a bill in favour of the proposed change was passed and received the sanction of the Imperial government. At the time the white inhabitants numbered about 50,000. The electoral law was framed to prevent more than a very few natives obtaining the franchise. Restrictions in this direction dated as far back as 1865, while in 1896 an act was passed aimed at the exclusion of Indians from the suffrage. The leader of the party which sought responsible government was Sir John Robinson (1839–1903) who had gone to Natal in 1850, was a leading journalist in the colony, had been a member of the legislative council since 1863, and had filled various official positions. He now became the first premier and colonial secretary with Mr (q.v.) as attorney-general and Mr F. R. Moor as secretary for Native Affairs. The year that witnessed this change in the constitution was also notable for the death of Sir Theophilus Shepstone, Natal’s most prominent citizen. In the same year Sir Walter Hely-Hutchinson became governor. His immediate predecessors had been Sir Charles Mitchell (1889–1893) and Sir Arthur Havelock (1886–1889). Sir John Robinson remained premier until 1897, a year marked by the annexation of Zululand to Natal. In the following year Natal entered the Customs Union already existing between Cape Colony and the Orange Free State. Sir John Robinson had been succeeded as premier by Mr Harry Escombe (February–October 1897) and Escombe by Sir Henry Binns, on whose death in June 1899 Lieut.-Colonel (afterwards Sir) Albert Hime formed a ministry which remained in office until after the conclusion of the Anglo-Boer War. Meantime (in 1901) Sir Henry McCallum had succeeded Sir Walter Hely-Hutchinson as governor.

For some years Natal had watched with anxiety the attitude of increasing hostility towards the British adopted by the Pretoria administration, and, with bitter remembrance of the events of 1881, gauged with accuracy the intentions of the Boers. So suspicious had the ministry become of the nature of the military preparations that were being made by the Boers, that in May 1899 they communicated their apprehensions to the High Commissioner, Sir Alfred Milner, who telegraphed on the 25th of May to Mr Chamberlain, informing him that Natal was uneasy. The governor expressed his views to the prime minister that the Natal government ought to give the British government every support, and Colonel Hime replied that their support would be given, but at the same time he feared the consequences to Natal if, after all, the British government should draw back. In July the Natal ministry learnt that it was not the intention of the Imperial government to endeavour to hold the frontier in case hostilities arose, but that a line of defence considerably south of the frontier would be taken up. This led to a request on their part that if the Imperial government had any reason to anticipate the breakdown of negotiations, “such steps may be at once taken as may be necessary for the effectual defence of the whole colony.” Sir William Penn Symons, the general commanding the British forces in Natal in September, decided to hold Glencoe. On the arrival of Lieut.-General Sir George White from India, he informed the governor that he considered it dangerous to attempt to hold Glencoe, and urged the advisability of withdrawing the troops to Ladysmith. The governor was strongly opposed to this step, as he was anxious to protect the coal supply, and also feared the moral effect of a withdrawal. Eventually Sir Archibald Hunter, then chief of staff to Sir Redvers Buller, was consulted, and stated that in his opinion, Glencoe being already occupied, “it was a case of balancing drawbacks, and advised that, under the circumstances, the troops be retained at Glencoe.” This course was then adopted.

On the 11th of October 1899 war broke out. The first act was the seizure by the Boers of a Natal train on the Free State border. On the 12th Laing’s Nek was occupied by the Boer forces, who were moved in considerable force over the Natal border. Newcastle was next occupied by the Boers unopposed, and on the 20th of October occurred the battle of Talana Hill outside Dundee. In this engagement the advanced body of British troops, 3000 strong, under Symons, held a camp called Craigside which lay between Glencoe and Dundee, and from this position General Symons hoped to be able to hold the northern portion of Natal. There is no doubt that this policy strongly commended itself to the governor and ministers of Natal, and that they exercised considerable pressure to have it adopted. But from a military point of view it was not at all cordially approved by Sir George White, and it was afterwards condemned by Lord Roberts. Fortunately Symons was able to win a complete victory over one of the Boer columns at Talana Hill. He himself received a mortal wound in the action. Brigadier-General Yule then took command, and an overwhelming force of Boers rendering the further occupation of Dundee dangerous, he decided to retire his force to Ladysmith. On the 21st of October General Sir George White and General (Sir John) French defeated at Elandslaagte a strong force of Boers, who threatened to cut off General Yule’s retreat. He again attacked the Boer forces at Rietfontein on the 24th of October, and on the 26th General Yule reached Ladysmith in safety. Ladysmith now became for a time the centre of military interest. The Boers gradually surrounded the town and cut off the communications from the south. Various engagements were fought in the attempt to prevent this movement, including the actions of Farquhar’s Farm and Nicholson’s Nek on the 30th (see ). The investment of Ladysmith continued till the 28th of February 1900, when, after various attempts to relieve the beleaguered garrison, Sir Redvers Buller’s forces at last entered the town. During the six weeks previous to the relief, 200 deaths had occurred from disease alone, and altogether as many as 8424 were reported to have passed through the hospitals. The relief of Ladysmith soon led to the evacuation of Natal by the Boer forces, who trekked northwards.

During the Boer invasion the government and the loyal colonists, constituting the great majority of the inhabitants of the colony, rendered the Imperial forces every assistance. A comparatively small number of the Dutch colonists joined the enemy, but there was no general rebellion among them. As the war progressed the Natal volunteers and other Natal forces took a prominent part. The Imperial Light Horse and other irregular corps were recruited in Natal, although the bulk of the men in the forces were Uitlanders from Johannesburg. As the nearest colony to the Transvaal, Natal was resorted to by a large number of men, women and children, who were compelled to leave the Transvaal on the outbreak of the war. Refugee and Uitlander committees were formed both at Durban and Maritzburg, and, in conjunction with the colonists, they did all in their power to assist in recruiting irregular corps, and also in furnishing relief to the sick and needy.

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 Book II. Rh


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 Book II.


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 bestowed upon it (Pœphila mirabilis, the wonderful grass-finch), from the very brilliant display of colours which it presents, and the effect of which in a flock, as we have witnessed at Port Essington, is very striking. Of the many beautiful finches from other parts of the world, none equals this in variety and depth of colours, and it would be a great acquisition to the aviary. The bower birds form a group peculiar to Australia. The name is derived from their singular habit of constructing bowers of twigs for the sole purpose of courtship. These constructions, which are not used in any way as nests, are variously ornamented with feathers, shells, berries, and even bones, &c., carried there by the birds and arranged about the entrances. At Cape York and Port Essington, we have witnessed two kinds of bower birds at play in these remarkable sylvan edifices, and even in captivity—as we observed both in a private aviary in Sydney, and in the Gardens of the Zoological Society of London. Another kind, the well-known satin bird of the colonists, exhibits this, the most remarkable of its instinctive manifestations, if provided with the materials for the construction of a bower.

Not less than sixty-four honeysuckers are found in Australia. These vary in size from the well-known guild bird and leatherhead down to the diminutive little soldier, and agree in being furnished with brush-tipped tongues. Like the humming birds of America, they are popularly believed to live on the honey or nectar of flowers; but the usual food of both these families of birds is most unquestionably the insects in the flowers to which they resort, judging from the invariable contents of the stomach of all those we have examined. The Ptiloris paradisea, or rifle bird, is well known to collectors, being much prized on account of the metallic brilliancy of its plumage. Yet splendid though it be, two others much finer have lately been discovered in Australia. The larger of these (Pt. magnifica) had previously been known as an inhabitant of New Guinea. We were present at Cape York when the first Australian specimen was shot at Cape York, by Mr. Wilcox, of Hunter-street, in whose window it now may be seen. The smaller one, discovered in June, 1847, during the


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User:Dufo

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Page:Victoria, with a description of its principal cities, Melbourne and Geelong.djvu/248

 voyage of H.M.S. Rattlesnake, on an island off the N.E. coast of Australia, has been deemed worthy to be associated with the name of our Queen, and is known as the Victoria rifle bird.

Before concluding this subject, we must, however, remark that, unlike her most gracious Majesty, as we most loyally hope, the Victoria rifle bird is remarkably pugnacious at times, of which we once saw an instance. While one day seated on the ground, skinning birds, at the Barnard Isles, attention was attracted by the noise to a group of these rifle birds fighting in a cluster among the boughs of a tree overhead; and so intent were they upon their quarrel that a half charge of dust shot sufficed to bring all three to the ground.

SOUTH AUSTRALIA.

official return of income and expenditure for the quarter ending 31st March was published so late as the 17th inst., the delay being attributed to a difficulty in making up the expenditure. "The statement (says the "Register") may be thus summarized:—Ordinary Revenue, total receipts, £52,221; against £54,757 of the corresponding quarter of 1855. Total decrease on the Ordinary Revenue of the last quarter, £2536. For the year ending March 31, the ordinary Revenue amounted to £178,788, against £200,155 of the previous year. Total falling off in the Ordinary Revenue of the year ending March 31 last, £21,367. The deficit in the last quarter's Custom receipts was £1695; upon the year's Customs, £28,787. Several items of revenue have increased, both upon the year and upon the quarter. The year's receipts from port and harbour charges have increased from £139 to £1487. Licenses have increased from £9856 to £12,662. This rapid increase in the number of licenses explains to some extent the depression of trade at the present time, many branches of commercial enterprise being subdivided among so great a number of persons as to render it impossible for all to prosper without a very much increased consumption. The Land Fund Revenue for the quarter was £53,757, against £70,035 for


text:
Protus (Browning)

Among these latter busts we count by scores, Half-emperors and quarter-emperors, Each with his bay-leaf fillet, loose-thonged vest, Loric and low-browed Gorgon on the breast,— One loves a baby face, with violets there, Violets instead of laurel in the hair, As those were all the little locks could bear.

Now read here. "Protus ends a period Of empery beginning with a god; Born in the porphyry chamber at Byzant, Queens by his cradle, proud and ministrant: And if he quickened breath there, 'twould like fire Pantingly through the dim vast realm transpire. A fame that he was missing spread afar: The world from its four corners, rose in war, Till he was borne out on a balcony To pacify the world when it should see. The captains ranged before him, one, his hand Made baby points at, gained the chief command. And day by day more beautiful he grew In shape, all said, in feature and in hue, While young Greek sculptors, gazing on the child, Because with old Greek sculpture reconciled. Already sages laboured to condense In easy tomes a life's experience: And artists took grave counsel to impart In one breath and one hand-sweep, all their art— To make his graces prompt as blossoming Of plentifully-watered palms in spring: Since well beseems it, whoso mounts the throne, For beauty, knowledge, strength, should stand alone, And mortals love the letters of his name."

—Stop! Have you turned two pages? Still the same. New reign, same date. The scribe goes on to say How that same year, on such a month and day, "John the Pannonian, groundedly believed A Blacksmith's bastard, whose hard hand reprieved The Empire from its fate the year before,— Came, had a mind to take the crown, and wore The same for six years (during which the Huns Kept off their fingers from us), till his sons Put something in his liquor"—and so forth. Then a new reign. Stay—"Take at its just worth" (Subjoins an annotator) "what I give As hearsay. Some think, John let Protus live And slip away. 'Tis said, he reached man's age At some blind northern court; made, first a page, Then tutor to the children—last, of use About the hunting-stables. I deduce He wrote the little tract 'On worming dogs,' Whereof the name in sundry catalogues Is extant yet. A Protus of the race Is rumoured to have died a monk in Thrace,— And if the same, he reached senility."

Here's John the Smith's rough-hammered head. Great eye, Gross jaw and griped lips do what granite can To give you the crown-grasper. What a man!

title: Protus (Browning)


text: Victoria: with a description of its principal cities, Melbourne and Geelong/Appendix


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User talk:Dufo

--Eliyak T · C 10:07, 12 December 2010 (UTC)

title: User talk:Dufo


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User talk:Dictabeard

— billinghurst  sDrewth  10:21, 12 December 2010 (UTC)

The King in Yellow
Wikipedia has a section covering the connection between the story and the Cthulhu Mythos: The King in Yellow. The first two paragraphs contain most of the details:-

"H.P. Lovecraft read The King in Yellow in early 1927 and included passing references to various things and places from the book—such as the Lake of Hali and the Yellow Sign—in 'The Whisperer in Darkness' (1931), one of his seminal Cthulhu Mythos stories. Lovecraft borrowed Chambers' method of only vaguely referring to supernatural events, entities, and places, thereby allowing his readers to imagine the horror for themselves. The imaginary play The King in Yellow effectively became another piece of occult literature in the Cthulhu Mythos alongside the Necronomicon and others."

"In the story, Lovecraft linked the Yellow Sign to Hastur, but from his brief (and only) mention it is not clear what Lovecraft meant Hastur to be. August Derleth developed Hastur into a Great Old One in his controversial reworking of Lovecraft's universe, elaborating on this connection in his own mythos stories. In the writings of Derleth and a few other latter-day Cthulhu Mythos authors, the King in Yellow is an avatar of Hastur, so named because of his appearance as a thin, floating man covered in tattered yellow robes."

So, The King in Yellow pre-dates the Cthulhu Mythos but was included after the fact. As the quoted text mentions, Lovecraft mentions the Yellow Sign in The Whisperer in Darkness, especially Chapter 2 and Chapter 5. Derleth renewed the copyrights on his own work, so those stories are not yet in the public domain. - AdamBMorgan (talk) 19:41, 12 December 2010 (UTC)

 * Regarding Category:Cthulhu Mythos, you could create a sub-category just for the Lovecraft stories (Wikipedia uses the term "Lovecraft Mythos" for these) but at the moment The King in Yellow is the only non-Lovecraft story in there. If you are going to do this, it might be better to add more texts to the main category first so it isn't left empty (there are some more on Wikisource, so this is possible). Alternatively, this might be better solved with a portal rather than a category.  I have just split Portal:Cthulhu Mythos out of Portal:Horror, if you want to work on it. - AdamBMorgan (talk) 19:08, 17 December 2010 (UTC)

title: User talk:Dictabeard


text:
Holy-Cross Day

[—Diary by the Bishop's Secretary, 1600.]

What the Jews really said, on thus being driven to church, was rather to this effect:—

I Fee, faw, fum! bubble and squeak! Blessedest Thursday's the fat of the week. Rumble and tumble, sleek and rough, Stinking and savoury, smug and gruff, Take the church-road, for the bell's due chime Gives us the summons—'tis sermon-time!

II Bob, here's Barnabas! Job, that's you? Up stumps Solomon—bustling too? Shame, man! greedy beyond your years To handsel the bishop's shaving-shears? Fair play's a jewel! Leave friends in the lurch? Stand on a line ere you start for the church!

III Higgledy piggledy, packed we lie, Rats in a hamper, swine in a stye, Wasps in a bottle, frogs in a sieve, Worms in a carcase, fleas in a sleeve. Hist! square shoulders, settle your thumbs And buzz for the bishop—here he comes.

IV Bow, wow, wow—a bone for the dog! I liken his Grace to an acorned hog. What, a boy at his side, with the bloom of a lass, To help and handle my lord's hour-glass! Didst ever behold so lithe a chine? His cheek hath laps like a fresh-singed swine.

V Aaron's asleep—shove hip to haunch, Or somebody deal him a dig in the paunch! Look at the purse with the tassel and knob, And the gown with the angel and thingumbob! What's he at, quotha? reading his text! Now you've his curtsey—and what comes next?

VI See to our converts—you doomed black dozen— No stealing away—nor cog nor cozen! You five, that were thieves, deserve it fairly; You seven, that were beggars, will live less sparely; You took your turn and dipped in the hat, Got fortune—and fortune gets you; mind that!

VII Give your first groan—compunction's at work; And soft! from a Jew you mount to a Turk. Lo, Micah,—the selfsame beard on chin He was four times already converted in! Here's a knife, clip quick—it's a sign of grace— Or he ruins us all with his hanging-face.

VIII Whom now is the bishop a-leering at? I know a point where his text falls pat. I'll tell him to-morrow, a word just now Went to my heart and made me vow I meddle no more with the worst of trades— Let somebody else pay his serenades.

IX Groan all together now, whee—hee—hee! It's a-work, it's a-work, ah, woe is me! It began, when a herd of us, picked and placed, Were spurred through the Corso, stripped to the waist; Jew brutes, with sweat and blood well spent To usher in worthily Christian Lent.

X It grew, when the hangman entered our bounds, Yelled, pricked us out to his church like hounds! It got to a pitch, when the hand indeed Which gutted my purse would throttle my creed: And it overflows when, to even the odd, Men I helped to their sins help me to their God.

XI But now, while the scapegoats leave our flock, And the rest sit silent and count the clock, Since forced to muse the appointed time On these precious facts and truths sublime,— Let us fitly employ it, under our breath, In saying Ben Ezra's Song of Death.

XII For Rabbi Ben Ezra, the night he died, Called sons and sons' sons to his side, And spoke, "This world has been harsh and strange; "Something is wrong: there needeth a change. "But what, or where? at the last or first? "In one point only we sinned, at worst.

XIII "The Lord will have mercy on Jacob yet, "And again in his border see Israel set. "When Judah beholds Jerusalem, "The stranger-seed shall be joined to them: "To Jacob's House shall the Gentiles cleave. "So the Prophet saith and his sons believe.

XIV "Ay, the children of the chosen race "Shall carry and bring them to their place: "In the land of the Lord shall lead the same, "Bondsmen and handmaids. Who shall blame, "When the slaves enslave, the oppressed ones o'er "The oppressor triumph for evermore?

XV "God spoke, and gave us the word to keep, "Bade never fold the hands nor sleep "'Mid a faithless world,—at watch and ward, "Till Christ at the end relieve our guard. "By His servant Moses the watch was set; "Though near upon cock-crow, we keep it yet.

XVI "Thou! if thou wast He, who at mid-watch came, "By the starlight, naming a dubious name! "And if, too heavy with sleep—too rash "With fear—O Thou, if that martyr-gash "Fell on Thee coming to take thine own, "And we gave the Cross, when we owed the Throne—

XVII "Thou art the Judge. We are bruised thus. "But, the Judgment over, join sides with us! "Thine too is the cause! and not more thine "Than ours, is the work of these dogs and swine, "Whose life laughs through and spits at their creed! "Who maintain Thee in word, and defy Thee in deed!

XVIII "We withstood Christ then? Be mindful how "At least we withstand Barabbas now! "Was our outrage sore? But the worst we spared, "To have called these—Christians, had we dared! "Let defiance to them pay mistrust of Thee, "And Rome make amends for Calvary!

XIX "By the torture, prolonged from age to age, "By the infamy, Israel's heritage, "By the Ghetto's plague, by the garb's disgrace, "By the badge of shame, by the felon's place, "By the branding-tool, the bloody whip, "And the summons to Christian fellowship,—

XX "We boast our proof that at least the Jew "Would wrest Christ's name from the Devil's crew. "Thy face took never so deep a shade "But we fought them in it, God our aid! "A trophy to bear, as we march, thy band, "South, East, and on to the Pleasant Land!"

[Pope Gregory XVI abolished this bad business of the Sermon.—R. B.]

title: Holy-Cross Day


text: Three Books of Occult Philosophy/Book 2/Chapter 3


text:
The Guardian Angel: A Picture at Fano

I Dear and great Angel, wouldst thou only leave That child, when thou hast done with him, for me! Let me sit all the day here, that when eve Shall find performed thy special ministry, And time come for departure, thou, suspending Thy flight, mayst see another child for tending, Another still, to quiet and retrieve.

II Then I shall feel thee step one step, no more, From where thou standest now, to where I gaze, And suddenly my head is covered o'er   With those wings, white above the child who prays Now on that tomb—and I shall feel thee guarding Me, out of all the world; for me, discarding Yon heaven thy home, that waits and opes its door.

III I would not look up thither past thy head Because the door opes, like that child, I know, For I should have thy gracious face instead, Thou bird of God! And wilt thou bend me low Like him, and lay, like his, my hands together, And lift them up to pray, and gently tether Me, as thy lamb there, with thy garment's spread?

IV If this was ever granted, I would rest My bead beneath thine, while thy healing hands Close-covered both my eyes beside thy breast, Pressing the brain, which too much thought expands, Back to its proper size again, and smoothing Distortion down till every nerve had soothing, And all lay quiet, happy and suppressed.

V How soon all worldly wrong would be repaired! I think how I should view the earth and skies And sea, when once again my brow was bared After thy healing, with such different eyes. O world, as God has made it! All is beauty: And knowing this, is love, and love is duty. What further may be sought for or declared?

VI Guercino drew this angel I saw teach (Alfred, dear friend!)—that little child to pray, Holding the little hands up, each to each Pressed gently,—with his own head turned away Over the earth where so much lay before him Of work to do, though heaven was opening o'er him, And he was left at Fano by the beach.

VII We were at Fano, and three times we went To sit and see him in his chapel there, And drink his beauty to our soul's content —My angel with me too: and since I care For dear Guercino's fame (to which in power And glory comes this picture for a dower,   Fraught with a pathos so magnificent)—

VIII And since he did not work thus earnestly At all times, and has else endured some wrong— I took one thought his picture struck from me, And spread it out, translating it to song. My love is here. Where are you, dear old friend? How rolls the Wairoa at your world's far end? This is Ancona, yonder is the sea.

title: The Guardian Angel: A Picture at Fano


text:
Ben Karshook's Wisdom

"Would a man 'scape the rod?" Rabbi Ben Karshook saith, "See that he turn to God        The day before his death."

"Ay could a man enquire        When it shall come!" I say, The Rabbi's eye shoots fire— "Then let him turn to-day!"

Quoth a young Sadducee: "Reader of many rolls, Is it so certain we       Have, as they tell us, souls?"

"Son, there is no reply!" The Rabbi bit his beard: "Certain, a soul have I—       We may have none," he sneer'd.

Thus Karshook, the Hiram's-Hammer, The Right-hand Temple-column, Taught babes in grace their grammar, And struck the simple, solemn.

[, April 27, 1854]

title: Ben Karshook's Wisdom


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 Halloran should have a ticket-of-leave and follow his profession of teaching. As soon as he received it Halloran lodged a complaint against Captain Lambe, the master of the transport on which he had travelled, and the complaint was investigated by the Sydney Bench of Magistrates. They decided that it was unfounded and malicious, and ordered Halloran to give up his ticket-of-leave and return to Government labour. Halloran appealed to the Secretary for protection and kept his ticket-of-leave. The magistrates protested, and after some angry passages the ticket was finally withdrawn. But instead of being placed in a gang of Government workmen, Halloran was assigned as servant to Simeon Lord, his intimate friend, and after a few months was again in possession of a ticket-of-leave. He soon had the largest and most fashionable school in the Colony. The story is a startling commentary on Macquarie's despatch.

It was certainly very difficult to know what to do with men of Halloran's type, who were unused to any sort of manual labour. A few could be used as clerks, but the supply was far greater than the demand. To give them tickets-of-leave was an easy, and appeared to be a cheap way, out of the difficulty.

The case was different with regard to the free and conditional pardons. It was recognised that there might be many men who proved themselves fit to receive pardons before they had lived the necessary time in New South Wales. But there were instances in which pardons were given or withheld which showed no such grounds of reason. There were, for example, pardons free and conditional given not as rewards for good conduct but as recompense for working on the new road built over the Blue Mountains, or even for sending carts and horses to assist. There was no need to give this encouragement, nor was such a need ever pleaded. The absurdity of the thing is clear enough when the case of such a man as Hodge, one out of many, is considered. He hired a cart for a few pounds, sent it as his own, received an emancipation and at once opened a sly-grog shop.


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 Amongst those who fulfilled the requirement of residence many received pardons who were of known bad character. On the other hand, several men who had been steady and industrious were retained in Government service because they had a knowledge of some trade useful in carrying out the Government works. This created a feeling of indignation which need never have arisen, had not Macquarie's own order given the appearance of a right to what was only an indulgence.

The effects of the Governor's laxity was much increased by the carelessness of the magistrates who signed petitions without ascertaining that the prisoner had resided for the full number of years required. Their lack of zeal in these duties was not to be wondered at. Throughout the year Macquarie was in the habit of granting pardons without consulting them, and without requiring compliance to the forms of his regulations. But occasionally he rebuked them publicly for their use of what was after all a discretionary power in a manner which roused hot indignation. Thus in 1814, he said in a General Order that he had been "forced to reject a number of applications … which, although they bore the signatures of the magistrates, were in many instances (within His Excellency's own knowledge) not entitled to the consideration they solicited ".

The second important breach of his regulations was the result of the irregular manner in which he granted indulgences from time to time on mere personal application. When a convict became a freed man he might receive a grant of land, tools, stock and rations for one year, and thus become for the time being a heavier charge than before on the revenue. It was thus desirable to increase as little as possible the number of pardons for each year. Macquarie adopted a most remarkable system for achieving this object. In December, 1813, he


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 sent a circular letter to the magistrates saying: "The number of applications made yesterday for free pardons or emancipations having far exceeded the Governor's expectations, and being in fact more than double the number he can comply with for two years to come, it is his desire that you shall not countersign any further or new applications of that nature, until those you have already certified shall have been finally disposed of". In 1814 he received five hundred memorials, and consequently directed that no more should be presented in 1815, and in 1816 he ordered that none should be presented in 1817. Finally in 1820 he refused to receive petitions for conditional pardons or tickets-of-leave. Bigge was present when those for 1819 were presented to Macquarie, and gave an account of the proceedings. "The crowd … was very great; and observing their impatience the Governor addressed them, and informed them that he would grant no tickets-of-leave to those who had not been three years in the country, nor any other indulgence, except in conformity to the terms of his Proclamation of the year 1813." This address produced no effect. There was great difficulty in preserving order in the presentation of the petitions to the Governor, who, on perusing the statements and looking at the certificates, either wrote in pencil or in the margin the initial letters of the indulgence that was to be given, or rejected the petition altogether. The petitions exceeded seven hundred; they were collected by the major of brigade and two clerks, who, with the superintendent of convicts, were the only persons present.

From the returns sent in to Bigge it appeared that at this period Macquarie did actually grant two free and sixty-five conditional pardons as well as thirty-eight tickets-of-leave which were exceptions to his regulations.


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 The magistrates were the pivot on which the administrative organisation of the settlement turned. They not only conducted the business "usually transacted by Justices of the Peace in England," but were constantly engaged in enforcing order and discipline amongst the convicts. They gradually took over from the Civil Court all processes for the recovery of small debts. A Proclamation of July, 1810, laid down a summary procedure for such suits, and fixed a schedule of fees ranging from threepence to two shillings and sixpence. An Act of 1813 enabled debts to be proved on oath before a chief magistrate either by a private individual or the Crown, and also made provision for levying distress. Finally in 1820 a Proclamation issued by the Governor conferred on the magistrates the jurisdiction given them in England by 20 Car. II., cap. 19, over questions arising upon wages or contracts for labour in husbandry under the sum of ten pounds. They had in addition to all these duties the general supervision of their districts.

Their most onerous tasks were those connected with the convict system. "All complaints either of neglect of duty or of ill-treatment on the part of Government men or their employers are to be made to the district magistrate, whose duty it will be to punish and redress mutually the ill-behaved and injured party." They also investigated all complaints brought before them by gaolers and superintendents, and exercised over the convicts what would in the case of free men have been a criminal jurisdiction.

No magistrate could order any punishment without examination on oath unless he actually saw an act of neglect, disorderliness or insubordination committed. In no case


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Rh with thousands of scholars; and their misguided ardour might be directed to more liberal and manly studies. In the resurrection of science, Italy was the first that cast away her shroud; and the eloquent Petrarch, by his lessons and his example, may justly be applauded as the first harbinger of day. A purer style of composition, a more generous and rational strain of sentiment, flowed from the study and imitation of the writers of ancient Rome; and the disciples of Cicero and Virgil approached, with reverence and love, the sanctuary of their Grecian masters. In the sack of Constantinople, the French, and even the Venetians, had despised and destroyed the works of Lysippus and Homer; the monuments of art may be annihilated by a single blow; but the immortal mind is renewed and multiplied by the copies of the pen; and such copies it was the ambition of Petrarch and his friends to possess and understand. The arms of the Turks undoubtedly pressed the flight of the Muses; yet we may tremble at the thought that Greece might have been overwhelmed, with her schools and libraries, before Europe had emerged from the deluge of barbarism; that the seeds of science might have been scattered by the winds, before the Italian soil was prepared for their cultivation. The most learned Italians of the fifteenth century have confessed and applauded the restoration of Greek literature, after a long oblivion of many hundred years. Yet in that country, and beyond the Alps, some names are quoted: some profound scholars, who, in the darker ages, were honourably distinguished by their knowledge of the Greek tongue; and national vanity has been loud in the praise of such rare examples of erudition. Without scrutinising the merit of individuals, truth must observe that their science is without a cause and without an effect; that it was easy for them to satisfy themselves and their more ignorant contemporaries; and that the idiom, which they had so


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MONTH and two days had elapsed since the judges, amid the loud acclaim of the Athenian people, had pronounced the death sentence against the philosopher Socrates because he had sought to destroy faith in the gods. What the gadfly is to the horse Socrates was to Athens. The gadfly stings the horse in order to prevent it from dozing off and to keep it moving briskly on its course. The philosopher said to the people of Athens:

"I am your gladfly. My sting pricks your conscience and arouses you when you are caught napping. Sleep not, sleep not, people of Athens; awake and seek the truth!"

The people arose in their exasperation and cruelly demanded to be rid of their gadfly.

"Perchance both of his accusers, Meletus and Anytus, are wrong," said the citizens, on leaving the court after sentence had been pronounced.

"But after all whither do his doctrines tend? What would he do? He has wrought confusion, he overthrows beliefs that have existed since the beginning, he speaks of new virtues which must be recognised and sought for, he speaks of a Divinity hitherto unknown to us. The blasphemer, he deems himself wiser than the gods! No, 'twere better we remain true to the old gods whom we know. They may not always be just, sometimes they may flare up in unjust wrath, and they may also be seized with a wanton lust for the wives of mortals; but did not our ancestors live with them in the peace of their souls, did not our forefathers accomplish their heroic deeds with the help of these very gods? And now the faces of the Olympians have paled and the old virtue is out of joint. What does it all lead to?


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 could a single magistrate order a heavier punishment than fifty lashes.

Before Macquarie's time a Bench, which usually consisted of three magistrates, had ordered floggings of three hundred lashes, and sometimes a resident magistrate in a distant part of the settlement exercised the powers of a Bench. But such cases had been exceptional.

The usual punishments were flogging, imprisonment in the gaols and hard labour in the gaol-gangs, solitary confinement on bread and water, or transportation to the coal mines at Newcastle. Except in the last case, the duration of a punishment ordered by the magistrates never lasted more than a year and seldom so long. Before Macquarie, all severe magisterial sentences had been reviewed by the Governor before being put into execution. Under his administration, however, an alteration was made in this system. All the proceedings of the Sydney magistrates were laid before him immediately after their meetings, and even the slightest sentences had to be approved by him. But apparently no similar supervision was exercised over the magistrates of other districts. Even the quarterly returns of all fines and punishments ordered by them on delinquents of every description was very irregular, and the details recorded very scanty. Transportation to Newcastle was carried out differently. The magistrates simply committed and the Governor allotted the term for which the prisoner would be kept there, and on the report of the Commandant that term might be lengthened or curtailed. Occasionally, however, the Superintendent of Police at Sydney sent a man thither without the Governor's order if he thought it necessary to separate him at once from his companions. But neither


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Rh CHAPTER II.

A BLIZZARD.

so many days in the car, we were glad to stop on an open plain about a mile from the town of Yankton, where the road ended.

The three chief considerations for a camp are wood, water, and good ground. The latter we had, but we were at some distance from the water, and neither trees nor brushwood were in sight.

The long trains were unloaded of their freight, and the plains about us seemed to swarm with men and horses. I was helped down from the Pullman car, where inlaid woods, mirrors, and plush surrounded us, to the ground, perfectly bare of every earthly comfort. The other ladies of the regiment went on to the hotel in the town. The general suggested that I should go with them, but I had been in camp so many summers it was not a formidable matter for me to remain, and fortunately for what followed I did so. The household belongings were gathered together. A family of little new puppies, some half-grown dogs, the cages of mocking-birds and canaries, were all corralled safely in a little stockade made of chests and trunks, and we set ourselves about making a temporary home. The general and a number of soldiers, composing the headquarters detail, were obliged to go at once to lay out

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18 the monstrous fables, of men with dogs' heads and cloven feet, we shall find that, fifteen years after the death of Zingis, the Moguls were informed of the name and manners of the Samoyedes in the neighbourhood of the polar circle, who dwelt in subterraneous huts, and derived their furs and their food from the sole occupation of hunting. While China, Syria, and Poland were invaded at the same time by the Moguls and Tartars, the authors of the mighty mischief were content with the knowledge and declaration that their word was the sword of death. Like the first caliphs, the first successors of Zingis seldom appeared in person at the head of their victorious armies. On the banks of the Onon and Selinga, the royal or golden horde exhibited the contrast of simplicity and greatness; of the roasted sheep and mare's milk which composed their banquets; and of a distribution in one day of five hundred waggons of gold and silver. The ambassadors and princes of Europe and Asia were compelled to undertake this distant and laborious pilgrimage; and the life and reign of the great dukes of Russia, the kings of Gregoria and Armenia, the sultans of Iconium, and the emirs of Persia, were decided by the frown or smile of the Great Khan. The sons and grandsons of Zingis had been accustomed to the pastoral life; but the village of Caracorum was gradually ennobled by their election and residence. A change of manners is implied in the removal of Octai and Mangou from a tent to an house; and their example was imitated by the princes of their family and the great officers of the empire. Instead of the boundless forest, the inclosure of a park afforded the more indolent pleasures of the chase; their new habitations were decorated with painting and sculpture; their superfluous treasures were cast in fountains, and basons, and statues of massy silver; and the artists of China and Paris vied with each other in the service of the Great


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18 the main camp and assign the companies to their places. Later on, when the most important work was done, our tents were to be pitched. While I sat on a chest waiting, the air grew suddenly chilly, the bright sun of the morning disappeared, and the rain began to fall. Had we been accustomed to the climate we would have known that these changes were the precursors of a snow-storm.

When we left Memphis, not a fortnight before, we wore muslin gowns and were then uncomfortably warm; it seemed impossible that even so far north there could be a returned winter in the middle of April. We were yet to realize what had been told us of the climate—that there were "eight months of winter and four of very late in the fall." On the bluffs beyond us was a signal-station, but they sent us no warning. Many years of campaigning in the Indian Territory, Kansas, Colorado, and Nebraska, give one an idea of what the weather can do; but each new country has its peculiarities, and it seemed we had reached one where all the others were outdone. As the afternoon of that first day advanced the wind blew colder, and I found myself eying with envy a little half-finished cabin without an enclosure, standing by itself. Years of encountering the winds of Kansas, when our tents were torn and blown down so often, had taught me to appreciate any kind of a house, even though it were built upon the sand as this one was. A dug-out, which the tornado swept over, but could not harm, was even more of a treasure. The change of climate from the extreme south to the far north had made a number

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Rh of the men ill, and even the superb health of the general had suffered. He continued to superintend the camp, however, though I begged him from time to time as I saw him to give up. I felt sure he needed a shelter and some comfort at once, so I took courage to plan for myself. Before this I had always waited, as the general preferred to prepare everything for me. After he had consented that we should try for the little house, some of the kind-hearted soldiers found the owner in a distant cabin, and he rented it to us for a few days. The place was equal to a palace to me. There was no plastering, and the house seemed hardly weather-proof. It had a floor, however, and an upper story divided off by beams; over these Mary and I stretched blankets and shawls and so made two rooms. It did not take long to settle our few things, and when wood and water were brought from a distance we were quite ready for house-keeping, except that we lacked a stove and some supplies. Mary walked into the town to hire or buy a small cooking-stove, but she could not induce the merchant to bring it out that night. She was thoughtful enough to take along a basket and brought with her a little marketing. Before she had come within sight of our cabin on her return, the snow was falling so fast it was with difficulty that she found her way.

Meanwhile the general had returned completely exhausted and very ill. Without his knowledge I sent for the surgeon, who, like all of his profession in the army, came promptly. He gave me some powerful medicine to administer every hour, and forbade the

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20 general to leave his bed. It was growing dark, and we were in the midst of a Dakota blizzard. The snow was so fine that it penetrated the smallest cracks, and soon we found white lines appearing all around us, where the roof joined the walls, on the windows and under the doors. Outside the air was so thick with the whirling, tiny particles that it was almost impossible to see one's hand held out before one. The snow was fluffy and thick, like wool, and fell so rapidly, and seemingly from all directions, that it gave me a feeling of suffocation as I stood outside. Mary was not easily discouraged, and piling a few light fagots outside the door, she tried to light a fire. The wind and the muffling snow put out every little blaze that started, however, and so, giving it up, she went into the house and found the luncheon-basket we had brought from the car, in which remained some sandwiches, and these composed our supper.

The night had almost settled down upon us when the adjutant came for orders. Knowing the scarcity of fuel and the danger to the horses from exposure to the rigor of such weather after their removal from a warm climate, the general ordered the breaking of camp. All the soldiers were directed to take their horses and go into Yankton, and ask the citizens to give them shelter in their homes, cow-sheds, and stables. In a short time the camp was nearly deserted, only the laundresses, two or three officers, and a few dismounted soldiers remaining. The towns-people, true to the unvarying western hospitality, gave everything they could to the use of the regiment; the officers found places in the hotels.

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Rh The sounds of the hoofs of the hurrying horses flying by our cabin on their way to the town had hardly died out before the black night closed in and left us alone on that wide, deserted plain. The servants, Mary and Ham, did what they could to make the room below-stairs comfortable by stopping the cracks and barricading the frail door. The thirty-six hours of our imprisonment there seems now a frightful nightmare. The wind grew higher and higher, and shrieked about the little house dismally. It was built without a foundation, and was so rickety it seemed as it rocked in a great gust of wind that it surely would be unroofed or overturned. The general was too ill for me to venture to find my usual comfort from his re-assuring voice. I dressed in my heaviest gown and jacket, and remained under the blankets as much as I could to keep warm. Occasionally I crept out to shake off the snow from the counterpane, for it sifted in between the roof and clapboards very rapidly. I hardly dared take the little phial in my benumbed fingers to drop the precious medicine for fear it would fall. I realized, as the night advanced, that we were as isolated from the town, and even the camp, not a mile distant, as if we had been on an island in the river. The doctor had intended to return to us, but his serious face and impressive injunctions made me certain that he considered the life of the general dependent on the medicine being regularly given.

During the night I was startled by hearing a dull sound, as of something falling heavily. Flying down the stairs I found the servants prying open the frozen and

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20

. ’Tis death must come between him and his joy.

. All doubts then resolved: the maid must die.

. I am resolved; and so, ’twould seem, are you.

In with her, slaves! No more delay! Henceforth

These maids must have but woman’s liberty

And be mewed up; for even the bold will fly

When they see Death nearing the house of life.

[ and are led into the palace.

Blest is the life that never tasted woe.

When once the blow

Hath fallen upon a house with Heaven-sent doom,

Trouble descends in ever-widening gloom

Through all the number of the tribe to flow;

As when the briny surge

That Thrace-born tempests urge

(The big wave ever gathering more and more)

Runs o’er the darkness of the deep,

And with far-searching sweep

Uprolls the storm-heap’d tangle on the shore,

While cliff to beaten cliff resounds with sullen roar.

The stock of Cadmus from old time, I know,

Hath woe on woe,

Age following age, the living on the dead,

Fresh sorrow falling on each new-ris’n head,

None freed by God from ruthless overthrow.

E’en now a smiling light

Was spreading to our sight

O’er one last fibre of a blasted tree,—

When, lo! the dust of cruel death,

Tribute of Gods beneath,

And wildering thoughts, and fate-born ecstasy,

Quench the brief gleam in dark Nonentity.

What froward will of man, O Zeus! can check thy might?

Not all-enfeebling sleep, nor tireless months divine,

Can touch thee, who through ageless time

Rulest mightily Olympus’ dazzling height.