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4 heresy, is to exercise an exorbitant and arbitrary power, and is really an inquisition."

Mr. Abernethy was justly considered as the head of the non-subscribers, and he consequently became a principal object of persecution. In an early stage of the controversy he published a sermon from the 14th chapter of Romans, the latter part of the 5th verse; "Let every man be fully persuaded in his own mind;" in which he explained in a masterly manner the rights of private judgment, and the foundations of christian liberty. He afterwards published a small tract, entitled "Seasonable Advice to the contending Parties in the North," to which was prefixed a preface composed by the Reverend Messrs. Weld, Boyse, and Chappin, of Dublin. The design of this publication was to prove that there ought to be no breach of communion among the protestant dissenters on account of their difference of sentiment concerning subscription to the Westminster confession. The controversy on the negative side, of which Abernethy was a principal leader, was brought into the general synod, and terminated in a rupture in 1726, the synod determining that the non-subscribers should no longer remain of their body, and reviving with additional force the act of 1705, which required the candidates for the ministry to subscribe to the Westminster confession. From that time the excluded members formed themselves into a separate presbytery, and encountered many difficulties and hardships arising from jealousies spread among their people.

Mr. Abernethy now found that his justly acquired reputation, which he had uniformly maintained by a strict and exemplary life, was little security to him against these evils. Some of his congregation forsook his ministry, and, under the influence and encouragement of the synod, formed themselves into a distinct society, and were provided by them with a minister. Deserted thus by the individuals from whom he expected the most constant support, he received an invitation from the congregation


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44 when they moved to Henderson, where Rozier did what business was done, and Audubon drew, fished, hunted, and rambled in the woods to his heart's content, but his purse's depletion. He describes this life in the episode "Fishing in the Ohio," and in these rushing times such an Arcadian existence seems impossible. Small wonder that his wife's relatives, with their English thrift, lost patience with him, could not believe he was aught but idle, because he did not work their way. I doubt not many would think, as they did, that he wasted his days, when in truth he was laying up stores of knowledge which later in life brought him a rich harvest. Waiting times are always long, longest to those who do not understand the silent inner growth which goes on and on, yet makes no outward sign for months and even years, as in the case of Audubon. Henderson was then a tiny place, and gains being small if any, Rozier and Audubon, in December, 1810, started for St. Geneviève, spent their winter in camp, and reached their destination when the ice broke up. On April 11, 1811, they dissolved partnership, and wrote each as they felt, Audubon saying: "Rozier cared only for money and liked St. Geneviève;" Rozier writing: "Audubon had no taste for commerce, and was continually in the forest." Once more, however, he went to St. Geneviève to try to get money Rozier owed him, and returned to Henderson on foot, still unpaid, in February or March of 1812. He had gone with a party of Osage Indians, but his journey back was made alone. He writes in his journal, simply with date of April, 1812:— "Bidding Rozier good-bye, I whistled to my dog, crossed the Mississippi and went off alone and on foot, bent on reaching Shawanee Town as soon as possible; but little had I foreseen the task before me, for soon as I had left the river lands and reached the prairies, I found them covered with water, like large lakes; still nothing would have made me retrace my steps, and the thoughts of my

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Rh Clearly the dark ages which began under Seljuk Turks were getting darker under Ottoman Turks. While Europe was entering upon its age of enlightenment, Syria was groping in Ottoman darkness.

Occasionally reforms were introduced by able grand vizirs or bold sultans, but all remained merely ink on paper because of obstruction and opposition by Janissaries, corrupt officials, local collaborators and powerful conservative theo- logians. Even after the destruction of the Janissaries in 1826, reform rescripts could not be effectively implemented and the old corrupt and inefficient system persisted far into the modern period, which for Syria and Lebanon began about 1860.

Neither the political nor the ethnic structure of Syria was seriously affected by the Ottoman conquest. The only radical change in the Ottoman period was incidental and involved the desert tribes, which migrated into the Syrian Desert from Arabia. In this last great bedouin immigration were included such currently prominent groups as the Shammar and the Anazah, of which the Ruwalah are a major branch. Turks came and went as officials but there was no Turkish colonization of the land. At heart they and their Syrian subjects always remained strangers to one another. A few thousand Moslem Circassians drifted into northern Syria and Transjordan after the Russo-Turkish war of 1877, and several thousand Armenian refugees found a haven in Lebanon after the first World War. Arabic remained the language of the people. It borrowed only a few Turkish words, mostly relating to politics, army and food.

Syrian economic life underwent a steady decline for which Ottoman maladministration, however, was not entirely to blame. The Ottoman conquest of the Arab East coin- cided with changes in the international trade routes that left that region economically insignificant. The discovery of America and of the Cape of Good Hope route to India deprived the Arab world of its intermediate position between Rh


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 TERNAN or TERRENAN (d. 431?), archbishop of the Picts, was according to John of Fordun, the earliest authority who mentions him, ‘a disciple of the blessed Palladius [q. v.], who was his godfather and his fostering teacher and furtherer in all the rudiments of letters and of the faith.’ The ‘Breviary of Aberdeen’ adds that he was born in the province of the Mearns and was baptised by Palladius (, Celtic Scotland, ed. 1887, ii. 29–32). According to his legend he went to Rome, where he spent seven years under the care of the pope, was appointed archbishop of the Picts, and returned to Scotland with the usual accompaniment of miraculous adventures. He died and was buried at Banchory on the river Dee, which was named from him Banchory Ternan. His day in the calendar is 12 June, and the years given for his death vary from 431 to 455. Dempster characteristically assigns to Ternan the authorship of three books, ‘Exhortationes ad Pictos,’ ‘Exhortationes contra Pelagianos,’ and ‘Homiliæ ex Sacra Scriptura.’ At Banchory Ternan's head with the tonsured surface still uncorrupt, the bell which miraculously accompanied him from Rome, and his copy of the gospel of St. Matthew, were said to be preserved as late as 1530. A missal called the ‘Liber Ecclesiæ Beati Terrenani de Arbuthnott,’ completed on 22 Feb. 1491–2 by James Sibbald, vicar of Arbuthnott, was edited in 1864 by Bishop Forbes of Brechin from a unique manuscript belonging to Viscount Arbuthnott. It is the only complete missal of the Scottish use now known to be extant.

Ternan has also been identified with an Irish saint, Torannan, abbot of Bangor, whose day in the Irish calendar (12 June) is the same as that of Ternan in the Scottish. Ængus, the Culdee, describes him as ‘Torannan the long-famed voyager over the broad shipful sea,’ and a scholiast on this passage identifies Torannan with Palladius. Skene, who accepts the identity of Ternan and Torannan, explains the confusion of the latter with Palladius by suggesting that Torannan or Ternan was really a pupil of Palladius, brought his remains from Ireland into Scotland, and founded the church at Fordun in honour of Palladius, with whom he was accordingly confused. The identity of the Scottish and Irish saints is, however, purely conjectural.

[The fullest account is given in Bishop Forbes's introduction to the Liber Eccl. Beati Terrenani, Burntisland, 1864, pp. lxxv–lxxxv; see also Bollandists' Acta Sanctorum, 12 June iii. 30–2, and 1 July i. 50–3; Fordun's Scotichronicon, ed. Skene, i. 94, ii. 86; Reg. Episcop. Aberd. i. 327–8, ii. 185; Dempster's Hist. Eccl. Scot. ii. 607; Spalding Club Miscellany, vol. iv. pp. xxii–xxiii; Forbes's Calendars of Scottish Saints, pp. 450–1; Reeves's Kal. of Irish Saints; Ussher's Works, vi. 212–13; Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot. ii. 264, vi. 128; Skene's Celtic Scotland; Dict. of Christian Biogr.]

TERNAN, FRANCES ELEANOR (1803?-1873), actress. [See .]

TERNE, CHRISTOPHER, M.D. (1620–1673), physician, whose name is also spelt Tearne, was born in Cambridgeshire in 1620, entered the university of Leyden on 22 July 1647, and there graduated M.D. In May 1650 he was incorporated first at Cambridge and then at Oxford. He was examined as a candidate at the College of Physicians on 10 May 1650, and was elected a fellow on 15 Nov. 1655. He was elected assistant physician to St. Bartholomew's Hospital on 13 May 1653 and held office till 1669 (Original Journal of St. Bartholomew's Hospital). He was appointed lecturer on anatomy to the Barber-Surgeons' Company in 1656, and in 1663 Pepys (Diary) heard him lecture. His ‘Prælectio Prima ad Chirurgos’ (No. 1917) and his other lectures (Nos. 1917–1921), written in a beautiful hand, are preserved in the Sloane collection in the British Museum. The lectures, which are dated 1656, begin with an account of the skin, going on to the deeper parts, and were delivered contemporaneously with the dissection of a body on the table. Several volumes of notes of his extensive medical reading are preserved (Nos. 1887, 1890, and 1897) in the same collection, and an important essay entitled ‘An respiratio inserviat nutritioni?’ He delivered the Harveian oration at the College of Physicians, in which, as in his lectures, he speaks with the utmost reverence of Harvey. The oration exists in manuscript (Sloane MS. 1903), and the only writings of Terne which have been printed are some Latin verses on Christopher Bennet [q. v.] which are placed below his portrait in the ‘Theatrum Tabidorum.’ He was one of the original fellows of the Royal Society. Terne died at his house in Lime Street, London, on 1 Dec. 1673, and was buried in St. Andrew's Undershaft.

His daughter Henrietta married Dr. Edward Browne [q. v.] His library was sold on 12 April 1686 with that of Dr. Thomas Allen.

[Munk's Coll. of Phys. i. 272; Sloane MSS. in Brit. Mus.; original manuscript Annals of Coll. of Phys. vol. iv.; Library Catalogue, printed 1686; Thomson's Hist. of Royal Soc.; Wood's Fasti Oxon., ed. Bliss, ii. 162.]


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Rh India and Europe and of the resultant profits levied on transit merchandise. The Mediterranean, hitherto a middle sea, no longer held that position ; it had to wait three and a half centuries, till the opening of the Suez Canal, before it could resume its place as a highway and a battlefield.

Syrian merchants had therefore to depend more upon overland trade. As the terminus of the route leading to Baghdad and Basrah, Aleppo began to flourish as a centre of internal trade for the empire and of international trade between Europe and Asia. It eclipsed for the time being Damascus, as the ports of Alexandretta and Tripoli eclipsed Beirut. In fact it remained until the mid-seventeenth century the principal market of the entire Near East. A sizable Venetian colony grew in Aleppo. Their consular reports refer to arrivals at both Aleppo and Damascus of caravans with spices from India. Spices were in special demand for preserving meat in those pre-refrigeration days.

Venetian traders in the Syrian cities and ports soon had competitors — first French, then English. A 1740 Franco- Turkish treaty put not only French pilgrims to the Holy Land but all other Christians visiting the Ottoman empire under the protection of the French flag. These concessions served as the basis of the later French claim to protect all Catholic Christians of Syria. Besides Aleppo the French had settlements (factories) at Alexandretta, Tripoli, Sidon, Acre and al-Ramlah. They and their English rivals tried to satisfy the Western taste for Eastern luxuries promoted during the Crusades. The list of native products was headed by silk from Lebanon, cotton from Palestine, wool and oil. Competition with sea traders was keen but the Portuguese insistence on high, almost monopolistic, prices gave the traders in Syria their chance. No enduring benefits evidently accrued to Syria from this new development in its trade, which was largely in European hands. The population of the land continued on its downward course in numbers as in prosperity. Rh


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Rh On the heels of European businessmen came missionaries, teachers, travellers and explorers. The door was thus opened to modern influences, one of the most pregnant facts in the history of Ottoman Syria. The missionaries were Jesuits, Capuchins, Lazarites and members of other Catholic orders. Their activity was centred in the native Christian com- munities and resulted in the founding of the Uniat churches — Syrian and Greek — in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Syria was, however, much less exposed to West- ern influences than was Lebanon, and less affected by them throughout the Ottoman period.

Intellectually the period was one of sterility. Oppressive rule, high taxation, economic and social decline are not conducive to creative or original work in art, science or literature. The era of compilation, annotation, abridgment and imitation which had its beginnings centuries before con- tinued with fewer and poorer productions. Throughout the Ottoman age no Syrian poet, philosopher, artist, scientist or essayist of the first order made his appearance. Illiteracy was widespread, almost universal. Judges were appointed whose mastery over the written word was deficient. The few intellectuals who developed tended to be attracted to Constantinople, there to become fully Ottomanized. Damas- cus was the centre of some mediocre intellectual activity until about 1700. It was there that al-Maqqari of Tlemcen compiled between 1628 and 1630, from material brought with him from Morocco, the voluminous work considered the chief source of information for the literary history of Moslem Spain.

The first press with Arabic characters in the East made its appearance in 1702 at Aleppo through the initiative of a patriarch, Athanasius, who wavered between Orthodoxy and Catholicism. The Gospels (1708) were among the first books printed in this press, which may have come from Wallachia, and which followed by 188 years the Arabic press at Fano (Italy), the first of its kind in the world, Rh


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Rh Lucy and my boy made me care little what my journey might be. Unfortunately I had no shoes, and my moccasins constantly slipping made the wading extremely irksome; notwithstanding, I walked forty-five miles and swam the Muddy River. I only saw two cabins that day, but I had great pleasure in viewing herds of Deer crossing the prairie, like myself ankle deep in water. Their beautiful movements, their, tails spread to the breeze, were perceivable for many miles. A mound covered with trees through which a light shone, gave me an appetite, and I made for it. I was welcomed kindly by the woman of the house, and while the lads inspected my fine double-barrelled gun, the daughters bustled about, ground coffee, fried venison, boiled some eggs, and made me feel at once at home. "Such hospitality is from the heart, and when the squatter came in, his welcome was not less genuine than that of his family. Night fell; I slept soundly on some bearskins, but long before day was ready to march. My hostess was on the alert; after some breakfast she gave me a small loaf and some venison in a clean rag, and as no money would be received, I gave the lads a flask of gunpowder, a valuable article in those days to a squatter. "My way lay through woods, and many small crossroads now puzzled me, but I walked on, and must have travelled another forty-five miles. I met a party of Osage Indians encamped, and asked in French to stay with them. They understood me, and before long I had my supper of boiled bear's-fat and pecan-nuts, of which I ate heartily, then lay down with my feet to the fire, and slept so soundly that when I awoke my astonishment was great to find all the Indians had gone hunting, and only left two dogs to keep the camp free from wolves.

"I walked off gayly, my dog full of life, but met no one till four o'clock when I passed the first salt well, and thirty minutes more brought me to Shawanee Town. As I entered the inn I was welcomed by several whom I

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Rh probably a reflection of papal missionary zeal. The output of the Aleppo press and those which soon sprang up in Lebanon was mostly religious and linguistic, supplementing the work of the schools. Slowly but surely the implementa- tion for embarking on a new cultural life was being forged.

Meanwhile the history of Ottoman Lebanon had fol- lowed a different path. With the Ottoman conquest the Manid amirs began to replace the Tanukhs as masters of central and southern Lebanon. To the north of them were other feudal families, which competed for power without regard to the Ottoman overlords. The sultans cared little who ruled in Lebanon as long as tribute was paid regularly and in full, provided domestic disorder and foreign intrigue did not exceed reasonable limits. As Druzes and Maronites the Lebanese were mostly subject to their own laws adminis- tered by the religious heads of their respective communities under the millet system. That Lebanon under its local feudal lords fared better than Syria under its Turkish governors is indicated by the increase in its population through natural causes and immigration. The comparative safety and stability it enjoyed attracted Sunnites and Shiites from the Biqa and Baalbek, Maronites from the Tripoli district and Druzes from the south and south-east. The struggle for power on the local and national levels, by peaceful and forceful methods, occupied no small part of the time and energy of the feudal amirs and the leaders of these rival groups. Punitive expeditions kept the reckless in line, and outstanding leaders were often killed by jealous com- patriots or Ottoman agents.

Manid power reached its zenith under Fakhr-al-Din II (1590-1 635), the ablest and most fascinating figure in the history of Ottoman Lebanon. Fakhr-al-Din wrested control of the northern portion from his father-in-law and brought under his sway the Shiites of Baalbek and the bedouin chiefs of the Biqa and Galilee. He allied himself with a rebellious Kurdish governor of Aleppo and set himself up as an Rh


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Rh autonomous ruler. His southward expansion brought under his command castles which since Crusading days had dominated strategic roads and sites. The acquisition of the rich Biqa increased his income enough to enable him to organize a trained disciplined army, with a core of pro- fessional soldiers, to supplement the old irregulars whose chances of standing against Janissaries were nil. The income left was enough to employ spies in his rivals 5 and enemies' courts and to bribe Ottoman officials. Another source of revenue was the trade he encouraged especially with the Florentines, whose ships offered Lebanese silk, soap, olive oil, wheat and other cereals a lucrative foreign market. In 1608 the lord of Lebanon signed with Ferdinand I, the Medici grand duke of Tuscany, whose capital was Florence, a treaty containing a secret military article clearly directed against the Ottomans. Thereupon the sultan, prompted by the Turkish governor of Damascus, resolved to take action against his audacious vassal and put an end to his separatist and expansionist policy.

An army from Damascus was unable to surmount the mountain barrier, but the appearance of a fleet of sixty galleys to blockade the coast prompted a prudent retire- ment. Fakhr-al-Din spent the years from 1613 to 1618 in instructive travels in Italy and Sicily but was disappointed in his hope of returning home at the head of an expeditionary force provided by the European powers and the pope. On his return to Lebanon he re-established his rule and even extended his realm. In 1624 the sultan acknowledged Fakhr-al-Din as lord of the Arab lands from Aleppo to the borders of Egypt, under Ottoman suzerainty. This diminu- tive man, whose enemies described him as so short that if an egg dropped from his pocket to the ground it wouldn't break, was the only one able to maintain order, administer justice and insure regular taxes for himself and the sultan.

During his remaining eleven years Fakhr-al-Din was free to pursue his ambitious dream of modernizing Lebanon. Rh


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Rh In his public and private projects he employed architects' irrigation engineers and agricultural experts he brought from Italy. Documents show that he invited missions from Tuscany to instruct the Lebanese farmer in improved methods of tilling the soil and made requests for cattle to improve the local breed. He embellished and fortified Beirut, where he built an elaborate residence with a magni- ficent garden. In this period the Capuchin mission entered Sidon and established centres in Beirut, Tripoli, Aleppo, Damascus and in certain villages of the Lebanon. The Jesuits and Carmelites entered the country about the same time. Fakhr-al-Din was on friendly terms with European missionaries, merchants and consuls, all of whom enjoyed the capitulations initiated by Sulayman. Consular reports show he protected European merchants in Sidon against pirates. Throughout his career he had Maronite counsellors and was sympathetic to Christians. Though he 'was never known to pray, nor ever seen in a mosque', he probably professed Islam openly and practised Druzism privately.

Fakhr-al-Din's prosperity, military might and negotia- tions with Europeans once again aroused the sultan's sus- picions. In 1633 the governor of Damascus was sent against him with a vast army supported by a fleet. The amir's subordinates began to desert him, his son fell in battle and his Italian allies ignored his pleas for aid. He fled to the mountains and hid for months in an almost inaccessible cave, but was at last discovered and led in chains to Con- stantinople, where he and his three sons were held as hostages. News that his relatives and followers were flouting authority doomed the hostages and they were beheaded in April 1635. The independent greater Lebanon of which he dreamed and which he successfully initiated was not to be fully realized until 1943.

Lebanon entered upon a period of anarchy following the death of Fakhr-al-Din. The Manids were persecuted by rival families and Ottoman governors and by 1697 the Rh


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Rh family was extinct. They were succeeded by their relatives by marriage the Shihabs, freely elected by the Lebanese notables at a national conference. The Shihabs' ancestors were related to the Prophet's family. Evidently the Lebanese spirit of home rule was not entirely dead. Turkey, herself in danger of being destroyed by European powers, was content so long as the taxes were guaranteed. The Shihabs held the reigns of government until 1841, using the old techniques : bribing Ottoman officials^ rising against weak sultans, playing one chief or one party against another and thus maintaining their hold on the mountain, though they never adopted the Druze creed of their people. Yamanite opposition was crushed in 171 1 and the feudal system was reorganized with Shihab partisans at the helm. New family alignments developed as Druzes and Maronites contended for power.

Palestine came into prominence in the mid-eighteenth century under a bedouin governor, Zahir al-Umar. Zahir took Tiberias, Nablus, Nazareth and Acre, which he fortified, made his residence and used for exporting silk, cotton, wheat and other Palestinian products to foreign markets. A benevolent dictator, Zahir stamped out lawless- ness, encouraged agriculture and assumed a tolerant attitude towards his Christian subjects. His financial obligations to the Ottoman government he regularly met, for he realized that to the government it made no great difference who the agent was, Turk or Arab, so long as the cash was forth- coming. His downfall resulted from an alliance with an Egyptian rebel and dependence on a Russian fleet which helped him to take Sidon in 1772. The governor of Damas- cus, the Shihab amir of Lebanon and a Turkish squadron combined to blockade him in Acre, where his death was encompassed by Turkish gold.

Zahir was succeeded at Acre by a Bosnian ex-slave called Ahmad Pasha al-Jazzar (the executioner). Al-Jazzar made his small state strong and prosperous, extended its borders Rh


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Rh and in 1780 was appointed governor of Damascus. He ruled as virtual viceroy of Syria and arbiter of Lebanese affairs, with no major set-back until his natural death in 1804, a record almost unique in the annals of Ottoman Syria. The high-water mark in al-Jazzar 5 s career was attained in 1799, when he checked the advance of Napoleon. The French invader had conquered Egypt and marched triumph- antly along the Palestinian coast until he reached the gates of Acre. With the aid of the English fleet under Sir Sidney Smith, al-Jazzar successfully defended Acre from March 21 to May 20, when Napoleon was forced to retreat with an army decimated by plague. The lord of Acre ruthlessly cut down his enemies and rivals and terrorized Syria and Lebanon, where his name still lives as a synonym of cruelty. Yet he sponsored the election of Bashir II al-Shihabi (1788- 1840), one of the ablest and most constructive rulers of Ottoman Lebanon.

Bashir's position as governor-general of Lebanon was at first precarious. His predecessor's sons were actively con- spiring against him and his patron al-Jazzar was turning against him for failing to support him in the struggle against Napoleon. Forced to retire, he fled in 1799 to Cyprus on one of Sidney Smith's ships. The British then became his friends. After a few months' absence he returned to crush his domestic foes and consolidate his domain. The Biqa was re-attached to Lebanon, the desires of the Damascus governor notwithstanding. Bashir's policy towards the Turks was now one of firmness and friendliness. Early in 1810, when the Wahhabis of Nejd, emerging from the desert, burst through the Syrian frontier and were threatening the settled tracts, Bashir was there with 15,000 Lebanese to help to drive them back. He began to play an important role in Syrian affairs and even in disputes between rival governors of Damascus and Tripoli. This, however, forced another period of exile on him (1821-1822), which he this time spent in Egypt. There he struck up a friendship with Muhammad Rh


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 TERRICK, RICHARD (1710–1777), bishop successively of Peterborough and London, born at York and baptised in its minster 20 July 1710, was probably a descendant of the family of Terrick, whose pedigree is given in the ‘Visitation of London,’ 1633–5 (Harl. Soc. xvii. 279). He was the eldest son of Samuel Terrick, rector of Wheldrake and canon-residentiary of York, who married Ann (d. 31 May 1764), daughter of John Gibson of Welburn, Yorkshire, and widow of Nathaniel Arlush of Knedlington in that county. Admitted at Clare College as pensioner and pupil to Mr. Wilson on 30 May 1726, he graduated B.A. 1729, M.A. 1733, and D.D. 1747. On 7 May 1731 he was elected a fellow on the Exeter foundation, was transferred to the Diggons foundation on 1 Feb. 1732–3, and elected a fellow on the old foundation on 30 Sept. 1736. He resigned this fellowship about the end of April 1738. Terrick soon obtained valuable preferment. He was preacher at the Rolls chapel, London, from 1736 to 1757, and performed the funeral service for two of the masters, Sir Joseph Jekyll (August 1738) and William Fortescue (December 1749). He held the post of chaplain to the speaker of the House of Commons to 1742, and from that year to 1749 was a canon of Windsor. By 1745 he had become a chaplain in ordinary to the king. He was installed as prebendary of Ealdland and canon-residentiary of St. Paul's Cathedral on 7 Oct. 1749, and was instituted as vicar of Twickenham on 30 June 1749.

Through the influence of the Duke of Devonshire he was appointed to the bishopric of Peterborough, being consecrated at Lambeth on 3 July 1757. This appointment forced him to vacate all his preferments, excepting the vicarage of Twickenham, which he retained in commendam. Horace Walpole says that the new bishop, who was without parts or knowledge and had no characteristics but ‘a sonorous delivery and an assiduity of backstairs address,’ soon deserted the duke for the rising influence of Lord Bute, and, to ingratiate himself still more with that favourite, made out ‘a distant affinity’ with one of his creatures, Thomas Worsley, surveyor of the board of works. In April 1764 the claims of Terrick, Warburton, and Newton for the see of London were severally pressed by their friends. Warburton applied to George Grenville for the reversion on 5 May 1764, before the bishopric was vacant, but the answer was that the king considered himself pledged to Terrick. Grenville would have preferred to translate Bishop Newton, but he was obliged to acquiesce in the appointment of Terrick, who, on the same day that Warburton made his application, addressed a letter of thanks to Grenville for his approval of the king's gracious disposition (Grenville Papers, ii. 312–15).

Terrick was confirmed as bishop of London at Bow Church, Cheapside, on 6 June 1764, and the appointment carried with it the deanery of the chapels royal, but he was obliged to resign the vicarage of Twickenham. The anger of Warburton at the appointment was shown in his pointed sermon in the king's chapel, when he asserted that preferments were bestowed on unworthy objects, ‘and in speaking turned himself about and stared directly at the bishop of London’ (, Works, ed. Gosse, iii. 202).

Terrick was created a privy councillor on 11 July 1764. At the close of 1765 he began ‘to prosecute mass-houses,’ and he refused his sanction to the proposal of the Royal Academy in 1773 for the introduction into St. Paul's Cathedral of paintings of sacred subjects on the ground that it savoured of popery. His interference on behalf of the tory candidates in the contested election for the university of Oxford in 1768 provoked a severe letter of remonstrance ( Political Reg. May 1768, pp. 323–326); but when Lord Denbigh clamoured against a sermon preached in 1776 by Keppel, the whig bishop of Exeter, on the vices of the age, the sermon in question was defended by Terrick. He declined the archbishopric of York in 1776 on the ground of ill-health, and died on Easter Monday, 31 March 1777. One of his last acts was to issue a circular letter for the better observance of Good Friday.

The bishop was buried in Fulham churchyard on 8 April 1777. His wife was Tabitha, daughter of William Stainforth, rector of Simonburn, Northumberland (Notes and Queries, 4th ser. vii. 104), and she died 14 Feb. 1790, aged 77, and was also buried in Fulham churchyard. They had issue two daughters, coheiresses. The elder, Elizabeth, married, on 22 Jan. 1762, Nathaniel Ryder, first lord Harrowby, whose children inherited most of Mrs. Terrick's fortune; the younger married Dr. Anthony Hamilton, then vicar of Fulham, and from her was descended Walter Kerr Hamilton [q. v.], bishop of Salisbury.

Alexander Carlyle thought Terrick ‘a truly excellent man of a liberal mind and excellent good temper,’ and ‘a famous good preacher and the best reader of prayers I ever heard’ (Autobiography, pp. 517–18); Dr. Goddard, master of Clare from 1762 to 1781, noticed in the admission book of the college


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Rh Ali, viceroy of the country and founder of its royal family.

When, a few years, later Muhammad Ali launched his campaign against Turkey through Syria, Bashir cast his lot with him. The Egyptian viceroy had expected — by way of compensation for the services he had rendered his Turkish suzerain on the battlefields of Greece and Arabia — the addition at least of Syria to his viceroyalty. But his ex- pectation was not fulfilled. Lebanese troops stood side by side with the Egyptians in the siege of Acre in 1831. Thanks to Bashir's co-operation the task of Ibrahim Pasha, son of Muhammad Ali and commander of the Egyptian expedi- tion, was rendered comparatively easy. Ibrahim captured Damascus, routed the Turkish army at Horns, crossed the Taurus and struck into the heart of Anatolia before being forced to withdraw by England, Austria and Russia. In Syria his regime was ended in 1841. Muhammad Ali's ambition to establish an empire of Arab lands with himself at its head turned out to be a daydream. As yet there was no foundation in the consciousness of the people for such a state. On the expulsion of Ibrahim the Turks called Bashir to account. He went to Malta and died in Constantinople in 1850.

The Lebanon of Bashir prospered no less than that of Fakhr-al-Din. Bashir built roads, renovated bridges and set Beirut on its way to becoming what it is today, the gateway to Lebanon and Syria. The city had been avoided by the Manids and earlier Shihabs partly because of its exposure to piratical and other hostile attacks. Both Bashir and Fakhr-al-Din envisaged a greater Lebanon which would embrace with the mountain the coastal towns and the eastern plain. Both encouraged foreign trade relations. Both welcomed political refugees and religious minorities. Bashir offered refuge to a number of Druze families from Aleppo and to Greek Catholics. He was doubtless a Christian but did not consider it expedient to profess his faith. If Rh


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Rh Fakhr-al-Din was the first modern Lebanese, Bashir was the second. Anecdotes extolling his equity, sternness, wisdom and ability are still told and retold around fireplaces.

In 1840 another Shihab named Bashir, who had taken part in the rising of the Lebanese against Ibrahim Pasha when he tried to disarm and overtax them, and who had co- operated with the Ottomans and the British in expelling him, was appointed governor of Lebanon. The Ottomans were then carrying out a policy of centralization and Ottomaniza- tion and became more than ever convinced that the only way of keeping the mountain under control was to sow the seeds of discord and stir up hatred between Christians and Druzes. The civil strife thus engendered began in 1841 and culminated in the massacre of an estimated 11,000 Christians in i860, with an additional 4000 perishing of destitution. This massacre brought about European inter- vention, culminating in the occupation of Lebanon by a French army. Further European influences followed, bringing with them the fresh breeze of modern civiliza- tion.

The first introduction of Western culture to Lebanon, however, must be dated to 1584, when Pope Gregory XIII founded in Rome a seminary to train Maronite students for clerical careers. This unique educational institution en- abled the brightest Christian youths to fit themselves either to return to their homeland to occupy high ecclesiastical positions or to remain in Rome to teach and write. Gradu- ates included teachers of Syriac and Arabic, compilers and translators of the Bible and distinguished scholars like al- Samani (Assemani, 1687-1768), to whose efforts the Vatican library owes many of the finest manuscripts in its oriental collection. The researches of al-Samani on these manu- scripts in Syriac, Arabic, Hebrew, Persian, Turkish, Ethiopic and Armenian, for the sake of which he undertook two trips to the East, were embodied in his voluminous Bibliotheca Orientalis, still a major source of information on the churches Rh


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46 knew, who had come to purchase salt. I felt no fatigue, ate heartily, slept soundly without being rocked, and having come forty miles had only forty-seven more to walk to reach my home. Early next morning I pursued my way; the ferry boat took me from Illinois to Kentucky, and as night came I found myself with my wife beside me, my child on my knee."

The time from now till 1819 was the most disastrous period of Audubon's life, as regarded his finances. With his brother-in-law, Thomas W. Bakewell, he engaged in various ventures in which, whatever others did, he lost money at every turn. The financial affairs of Kentucky were, it is true, not on a very sound basis, but Audubon frankly acknowledges the fault in many cases was his own. Thomas W. Bakewell was often in New Orleans, where they had a mercantile establishment, and Audubon spent not only days, but weeks and months, at his favorite pursuits. On his journeys to Philadelphia to procure goods he wandered miles in all directions from the main route; when in Henderson he worked, at times, very hard in the mill, for, indeed, he never did anything except intensely; but the cry of the wild geese overhead, the sound of the chattering squirrel, the song of the thrush, the flash of the humming-bird with its jewelled throat, were each and all enough to take him from work he hated as he never hated anything else.

When first in Henderson he bought land, and evidently had some idea of remaining there permanently; for, "on March 16, 1816, he and Mr. Bakewell took a ninety-five years' lease of a part of the river front between First and Second Sts., intending to erect a grist and saw mill, which mill was completed in 1817, and yet stands, though now incorporated in the factory of Mr. David Clark. The weather-boarding whip-sawed out of yellow poplar is still intact on three sides, the joists are of unhewn logs, and the foundation walls of pieces of flat broken rock are four

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Rh of the East. It was the work of these Rome-educated Maronite scholars that made modern Europe for the first time fully conscious of the importance of Near Eastern languages and literatures, especially in their Christian aspects. Rh


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 his ‘goodness of heart, amiable temper and disposition, and the graceful and engaging manner in which he discharged the several duties of his function, particularly that of preaching.’ Seven of his sermons were separately published.

Terrick presented to Sion College a portrait, now in its hall, of himself, represented as seated and holding a book in his left hand, and in 1773 he gave 20l. to its library. The portrait was painted by Nathaniel Dance about 1761, and an engraving of it by Edward Fisher was published in April 1770. A copy of it by Stewart is at Fulham Palace, where Terrick rebuilt the suite of apartments facing the river, and moved the position of the chapel. A second copy, by Freeman, hangs in the combination-room of Clare College. The bishop consecrated the existing chapel at Clare College on 5 July 1769, and gave a large and handsome pair of silver-gilt candlesticks, which still stand upon the super-altar.

[Gent. Mag. 1742 p. 331, 1764 p. 302, 1777 p. 195, 1790 i. 186, 1793 ii. 1089, 1794 i. 208–209; Walpole's Letters, iv. 217, 238; Walpole's George III, ed. Barker, i. 331, ii. 60, 164; Walpole's Journal, 1771–83, ii. 28, 90, 106; Leslie and Taylor's Sir Joshua Reynolds, ii. 37–8; Nichols's Lit. Anecdotes, ix. 583–4; Faulkner's Fulham, pp. 103, 179, 187, 247–8; Le Neve's Fasti, ii. 305, 384, 537, iii. 408–9; Lysons's Environs, ii. 348–9, 391; Cobbett's Twickenham, p. 121; Sion College (by Wm. Scott), pp. 62, 67; Hist. MSS. Comm. 8th Rep. App. p. 364; information from Rev. Doctor Atkinson, master of Clare College.]

TERRIEN DE LA COUPERIE, ALBERT ÉTIENNE JEAN BAPTISTE (d. 1894), orientalist, born in Normandy, was a descendant of the Cornish family of Terrien, which emigrated to France in the seventeenth century during the civil war, and acquired the property of La Couperie in Normandy. His father was a merchant, and he received a business education. In early life he settled at Hong Kong. There he soon turned his attention from commerce to the study of oriental languages, and he acquired an especially intimate knowledge of the Chinese language. In 1867 he published a philological work which attracted considerable attention, entitled ‘Du Langage, Essai sur la Nature et l'Étude des Mots et des Langues,’ Paris, 8vo. Soon after his attention was attracted by the progress made in deciphering Babylonian inscriptions, and by the resemblance between the Chinese characters and the early Akkadian hieroglyphics. The comparative philology of the two languages occupied most of his later life, and he was able to show an early affinity between them. In 1879 he came to London, and in the same year was elected a fellow of the Royal Asiatic Society. In 1884 he became professor of comparative philology, as applied to the languages of South-eastern Asia, at University College, London. His last years were largely occupied by a study of the ‘Yh King,’ or ‘Book of Changes,’ the oldest work in the Chinese language. Its meaning had long proved a puzzle both to native and to foreign scholars. Terrien demonstrated that the basis of the work consisted of fragmentary notes, chiefly lexical in character, and noticed that they bore a close resemblance to the syllabaries of Chaldæa. In 1892 he published the first part of an explanatory treatise entitled ‘The oldest Book of the Chinese,’ London, 8vo, in which he stated his theory of the nature of the ‘Yh King,’ and gave translations of passages from it. The treatise, however, was not completed before his death. In recognition of his services to oriental study he received the degree of Litt.D. from the university of Louvain. He also enjoyed for a time a small pension from the French government, and after that had been withdrawn an unsuccessful attempt was made by his friends to obtain him an equivalent from the English ministry. He was twice awarded the ‘prix Julien’ by the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres for his services to oriental philology. Terrien died at his residence, 136 Bishop's Road, Fulham, on 11 Oct. 1894, leaving a widow.

Besides the works mentioned, Terrien was the author of: 1. ‘Early History of Chinese Civilisation,’ London, 1880, 8vo. 2. ‘On the History of the Archaic Chinese Writings and Text,’ London, 1882, 8vo. 3. ‘Paper Money of the Ninth Century and supposed Leather Coinage of China,’ London, 1882, 8vo. 4. ‘Cradle of the Shan Race,’ London, 1885, 8vo. 5. ‘Babylonia and China,’ London, 1887, 4to. 6. ‘Did Cyrus introduce Writing into India?’ London, 1887, 8vo. 7. ‘The Languages of China before the Chinese,’ London, 1887, 8vo; French edition, Paris, 1888, 8vo. 8. ‘The Miryeks or Stone Men of Corea,’ Hertford, 1887, 8vo. 9. ‘The Yueh-Ti and the early Buddhist Missionaries in China,’ 1887, 8vo. 10. ‘The Old Babylonian Characters and their Chinese Derivates,’ London, 1888, 8vo. 11. ‘The Djurtchen of Mandshuria,’ 1889, 8vo. 12. ‘Le Non-Monosyllabisme du Chinois Antique,’ Paris, 1889, 8vo. 13. ‘The Onomastic Similarity of Nai Kwang-ti of China and Nakhunte of Susiana,’ London, 1890, 8vo. 14. ‘L'Ère des Arsacides selon les Inscriptions cunéiformes,’ Louvain,


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Rh great administrator responsible for canals, harbour improve- ments, swift postal service and public works — renovation of mosques including the Dome of the Rock, restoration of citadels such as that of Aleppo and establishment of philan- thropic endowments. His mausoleum at Damascus is now the library of the Arab Academy, which boasts one of the oldest manuscripts on paper (880).

A second Mongol invasion in 1280 was met by another Turkish ex-slave sultan, Qalawun (1279-1290), who seized power after two sons of Baybars had reigned briefly. After defeating at Horns the numerically superior invaders, re- inforced by Armenians, Georgians and Persians, Qalawun proceeded with the reduction of Crusader fortresses — a task completed in 1291, as previously mentioned, by his son al- Ashraf. Another son, al-Nasir, was defeated in 1299 by a third Mongol host, which proceeded to devastate northern Syria. Early in 1300 the invaders occupied Damascus, utterly destroying a large part of the city. By 1303 the Egyptian army was strong enough to defeat the Mongols south of Damascus and to expel them permanently from the stricken land. The Mamluks had beaten the most persistent and dangerous enemy Syria and Egypt had to face since the beginning of Islam. As in the case of the Crusades, the Mongol invasions had disastrous consequences for the minorities. The Druzes of Lebanon, whose 12,000 bowmen harassed the Egyptian army on its retreat before the Mongols in 1300, were brought to a severe reckoning. The Armenians saw their unhappy land vengefully devastated by al-Nasir, who also made his own Christian and Jewish subjects suffer.

Al-Nasir was followed in a period of forty-two years (1340-1382) by twelve descendants, none of whom dis- tinguished himself in any field of endeavour. The last among them was a child whose reign was first interrupted and then terminated by a Circassian, Barquq. Barquq founded the second Mamluk series, called Burji after the towers of the citadel in Cairo, where they were first quartered Rh


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Rh as slaves. With the exception of two Greeks the Burjis were all Circassians. They rejected even more emphatically than their predecessors the principle of hereditary succession. Turn-over was rapid and natural death exceptional. The reign of Qjait-bay (1468-1495) was the longest and perhaps the most successful. The new regime was no improvement on the old. Corruption, intrigue, assassination and misrule continued to flourish. Several of the sultans were in- efficient and treacherous; some were immoral, even de- generate; most were uncultured. Not only the sultans were corrupt but the amirs and the entire oligarchy, and the situation in Egypt was duplicated in Mamluk Syria.

The Mamluk administrative system continued that set up by the Abbasids and Fatimids, while the half-dozen provinces followed the divisions under the Ayyubid branches. Provincial governors, originally slaves of some sultan, repre- sented the military as opposed to the learned class. Generally independent of one another, each maintained a court repro- ducing on a small scale, that of Cairo. Animosities and dis- turbances in the federal capital were often reflected in the provincial ones. The change of a Mamluk sultan usually provoked a rebellion on the part of a governor in Damascus or some other Syrian province. Western Lebanon remained under its native Buhturid amirs. Because of its historic background, Damascus, where Baybars often held his court, took precedence over other Syrian cities. One of its governors, Tangiz (13 12-1339), as regent over Syria brought water to Jerusalem and restored the tower of Beirut, where he also built hostels and public baths. After an unusually long and beneficent reign he fell into disgrace and was put to death in a prison in Alexandria.

Almost the entire Mamluk era was punctuated with periods of drought, famine and pestilence. Earthquakes added their quota to the general devastation. Owing to these calamities and Mamluk misgovernment, the population of Egypt and Syria was reduced to an estimated one-third Rh


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Rh of its former size. The economic difficulties were com- pounded by exorbitant tax burdens. Such necessities as salt and sugar, as well as horses and boats, were heavily taxed. Some sultans monopolized certain commodities and manipulated prices to their advantage. Others debased the currency and contributed to the inflationary spiral. As the people became impoverished, the rulers waxed rich. With- out an abundance of wealth the sultans could not have erected the lavish architectural monuments which still adorn Egypt and Syria.

Some of the economic loss was offset by an increase in trade. The concessions offered by al-Adil and Baybars to Venetians and other European merchants stimulated ex- change of commodities. Syrian silk shared with perfumes and spices first place in the export trade. Glass and manu- factured articles stood next on the list. Damascus, Tripoli, Antioch and Tyre were among the leading centres of industry. In the bazaars of Aleppo, Damascus and Beirut one could buy ivories and metal- work, dyed cloth and carpets. The neighbourhood of Beirut produced olive oil and soap, as it does today. Syrians did not depend entirely on foreigners for their export trade. As early as Saladin's day their merchants took up residence in Constantinople, where the emperor built a mosque for them and their Egyptian col- leagues in reciprocation for privileges enjoyed by Byzantine merchants in Syria and Egypt. No other foreign merchants were permitted permanent residence in the Byzantine capital.

A German clergyman who sojourned in Syria from 1336 to 1341 was most favourably impressed by the signs of prosperity in Damascus and described Acre as 'exceeding neat, all the walls of the houses being of the same height and all alike built of hewn stone, wondrously adorned with glass windows and paintings, while all the palaces and houses in the city were not built merely to meet the needs of those who dwelt therein, but to minister to human luxury and Rh


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Rh pleasure'. He goes on to say: 'At every street corner there stood an exceeding strong tower, fenced with an iron door and iron chains. All the nobles dwelt in very strong castles and palaces along the outer edge of the city. In the midst of the city dwelt the mechanic citizens and merchants, each in his own special street according to his trade.'

With remarkable dexterity the feudal chiefs of Lebanon maintained their power by co-operating with successive overlords and by offering military service to each in turn — Fatimids, Franks, Ayyubids and Mamluks. In the struggle between Mamluks and Mongols the Buhturid amirs at times had representatives in both camps, to ensure that they would be on the winning side no matter which it was. Mount Lebanon was still partly wooded, with wild beasts frequent- ing its slopes. Wild fruits and edible plants attracted ascetics and hermits of both faiths, but penetration by Arab tribes was reducing their solitude.

Despite its political turmoils and economic vicissitudes Syria enjoyed under the Ayyubids a flourishing era of artistic and educational activity. The hospital built in Damascus by Nur-al-Din continued to prosper on an en- dowment which yielded fifteen dinars daily. It was staffed with wardens who kept a record of the cases and expenses and with physicians who attended the patients and pre- scribed foods and free medicines. An Egyptian official recorded a visit he paid this institution around 1428 accom- panied by an amiable Persian pilgrim who, attracted by the comforts accorded the patients, feigned illness and was admitted. On feeling his pulse and examining him thoroughly, the head physician realized there was nothing wrong with the gentleman but nevertheless prescribed fat- tened chickens, fragrant sherbets, fruits, savoury cakes and other delicacies. When the time came, however, he wrote a new prescription: 'Three days are the limit of the hospitality period'.

This hospital was equipped with a library and served as Rh


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Rh a medical school. There is evidence to show that physicians, pharmacists and oculists were examined and given certifi- cates before being allowed to practise their professions. In the manuals for the guidance of officials responsible for law enforcement, their duties with respect to phlebotomists, cuppers, physicians, surgeons, bone-setters and druggists are clearly set forth, indicating a certain measure of state control. Ibn-al-Nafis, a Syrian physician 'who would not prescribe medicine when diet sufficed', in a commentary on ibn-Sina contributed a clear conception of the pulmonary circulation of the blood three centuries before the Spaniard Servetus, to whom the discovery is usually credited. The only major Arabic medical works of the thirteenth century were treatises by two Syrian oculists. One of them, Khalifah ibn-abi-al- Mahasin of Aleppo, was so confident of his surgical skill that he did not hesitate to remove a cataract from a one-eyed man. To this century too belongs the most distinguished Arabic historian of medicine, Ahmad ibn-abi-Usaybiah of Damascus. He compiled biographies of some 400 Arab and Greek physicians and scientists. All these men, however, lived in the late twilight of Islamic science.

Saladin and his heirs continued Nur-al-Din's interest in building schools and mosques. It was Saladin who intro- duced from Syria into Egypt the dervish 'monastery' and the collegiate mosque to inculcate orthodox Sunnism and combat the widely held Shiite doctrine. In Jerusalem he built a hospital, a school and a monastery all bearing his name. The Ayyubid school of Syrian architecture was continued in Mamluk Egypt, where it is still represented by some of the most exquisite monuments Arab art ever pro- duced. Strength, solidity and excessive decoration char- acterize this school. Its decorative motifs assume infinite grace on its durable material of fine stone. In the thirteenth century Egypt received fresh Syro-Mesopotamian influences through refugee artists and artisans who had fled Damascus, Baghdad and Mosul during the Mongol invasions. The Rh


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 1891, 8vo. 15. ‘How in 219 B.C. Buddhism entered China,’ London [1891?], 8vo. 16. ‘Mélanges: on the Ancient History of Glass and Coal and the Legend of Nü-Kwa's Coloured Stones in China’ [1891?], 8vo. 17. ‘Sur deux Ères inconnus de l'Asie Antérieure,’ 330 et 251 B.C.,’ 1891, 8vo. 18. ‘The Silk Goddess of China and her Legend,’ London, 1891, 8vo. 19. ‘Catalogue of Chinese Coins from the VIIth Cent. B.C. to A.D. 621,’ ed. R. S. Poole, London, 1892, 8vo. 20. ‘Beginnings of Writing in Central and Eastern Asia,’ London, 1894, 8vo. 21. ‘Western Origin of the Early Chinese Civilisation,’ London, 1894, 8vo. Many of these works were treatises reprinted from the ‘Journal’ of the Royal Asiatic Society and other publications. He also edited the ‘Babylonian and Oriental Record’ from 1886.

[Journal of the Royal Asiatic Soc. 1895, p. 214; Athenæum, 1894, ii. 531; Times, 15 Oct. 1894.]

TERRISS, WILLIAM (1847–1897), actor, who met his death by assassination, was son of George Herbert Lewin, barrister-at-law (a connection of Mrs. Grote, the wife of the historian, and a grandson of Thomas Lewin, private secretary to Warren Hastings). His true name was William Charles James Lewin. Born at 7 Circus Road, St. John's Wood, London, on 20 Feb. 1847, he was educated at Christ's Hospital, which he entered 4 April 1854 and quitted at Christmas 1856. Having attended other schools, he joined the merchant service, but ran away after a fortnight's experience as a sailor. On coming, by the death of his father, into a small patrimony, he studied medicine, went out as a partner in a large sheep farm in the Falkland Isles, and tried tea-planting at Chittagong and other commercial experiments, in the course of which he had experience of a shipwreck.

Terriss played as an amateur at the Gallery of Illustration, Regent Street; but his first appearance on the regular stage took place in 1867 at the Prince of Wales's Theatre, Birmingham. At the Prince of Wales's Theatre, Tottenham Street, on 21 Sept. 1868, under the Bancroft management, he was first seen in London as Lord Cloudwrays in a revival of Robertson's ‘Society.’ In 1871 he was at Drury Lane, where he had a small part in Halliday's ‘Rebecca,’ produced on 23 Sept. On a revival of the same piece on 13 Feb. 1875 he played Wilfred of Ivanhoe. On 21 Sept. 1872 he was the original Malcolm Græme in Halliday's ‘Lady of the Lake.’ He also played Doricourt many consecutive nights in a version of the ‘Belle's Stratagem,’ reduced to three acts, and produced at the Strand at the close of 1873. At the Strand he was the first Julian Rothsay in Robert Reece's ‘May or Dolly's Dilemma,’ on 4 April 1874. Back again at Drury Lane, he was Tressilian in a revival of Halliday's ‘Amy Robsart,’ and on 26 Sept. the first Sir Kenneth in Halliday's ‘Richard Cœur de Lion’ (the ‘Talisman’). He played Romeo to the Juliet of Miss Wallis, was at the Princess's on 3 Feb. 1875 Ned Clayton in a revival of Byron's ‘Lancashire Lass,’ and returned the same month to Drury Lane. In Boucicault's ‘Shaughraun’ he was the first Captain Molineux on 4 Sept. On 12 Aug. 1876 he was at the Adelphi as Beamish MacCoul in a revival of Boucicault's ‘Arrah na Pogue.’ On 18 Nov. he was the first Goldsworthy in ‘Give a Dog a Bad Name’ by Leopold Lewis, and on 11 Aug. 1877 the first Rev. Martin Preston in Paul Merritt's ‘Golden Plough.’ On 22 Sept. he was at Drury Lane Julian Peveril in W. G. Wills's adaptation from Scott's ‘Peveril of the Peak’ (‘England in the Days of Charles the Second’). He then played Leicester in a further revival of ‘Amy Robsart.’ At the Court on 30 March 1878 he played what was perhaps his best part, Squire Thornhill in Wills's ‘Olivia,’ adapted from the ‘Vicar of Wakefield,’ and subsequently reproduced, with Terriss in his original part, at the Lyceum. At the Haymarket on 16 Sept. he was the first Sydney Sefton in Byron's ‘Conscience Money,’ and on 2 Dec. the first Fawley Denham in Albery's ‘Crisis.’ He also played Captain Absolute, and Romeo to the Juliet of Miss Neilson. On the opening of the St. James's under the management of Messrs. Hare and Kendal on 4 Oct. 1879 he was the first Comte de la Roque in Mr. Valentine Prinsep's ‘Monsieur le Duc,’ and Jack Gambier in the ‘Queen's Shilling.’ At the Crystal Palace, on 17 April 1879, he was Ruy Blas in an adaptation by himself of Victor Hugo's play so named. On 18 Sept. 1880 he appeared at the Lyceum in the ‘Corsican Brothers’ as Château-Renaud to the brothers Dei Franchi of (Sir) Henry Irving, and on 3 Jan. 1881 was Sinnatus in Tennyson's ‘Cup.’ In the subsequent performance of ‘Othello’ by Irving, Booth, and Miss Ellen Terry, he was Cassio. Mercutio and Don Pedro in ‘Much Ado about Nothing’ followed. In 1883–4 Terriss accompanied Sir Henry Irving to America. During Miss Mary Anderson's tenure of the Lyceum, 1884–5, he played Romeo to her Juliet, Claude Melnotte to her Pauline, and other parts.


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Rh and a half feet thick. For those days it was built on a large scale, and did the sawing for the entire country."

It has been said that the inside walls had many drawings of birds on them, but this, while quite likely, has never been proved; what was proved conclusively is that, from his woodcutters, whose labors were performed on a tract of forest land of about 1200 acres, which Audubon purchased from the government, to those who were his partners, by far the greater number had the advantage of him. The New Orleans venture has a similar record; money left him by his father was lost by the failure of the merchant who held it until Audubon could prove his right to it, and finally he left Henderson absolutely penniless. He writes: "Without a dollar in the world, bereft of all revenues beyond my own personal talents and acquirements, I left my dear log house, my delightful garden and orchards with that heaviest of burdens, a heavy heart, and turned my face toward Louisville. This was the saddest of all my journeys, —the only time in my life when the Wild Turkeys that so often crossed my path, and the thousands of lesser birds that enlivened the woods and the prairies, all looked like enemies, and I turned my eyes from them, as if I could have wished that they had never existed."

From Louisville Audubon went almost at once to Shippingport, where he was kindly received by his friends Nicholas Berthoud, who was also his brother-in-law, and the Tarascon family. Here he was joined by his wife and two sons, Victor Gifford and John Woodhouse, and again I quote from Audubon's own words: "As we were straitened to the very utmost, I undertook to draw portraits at the low price of five dollars per head, in black chalk. I drew a few gratis, and succeeded so well that ere many days had elapsed I had an abundance of work;

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Rh influence is apparent in schools, mosques, hospitals, dervish monasteries and palaces. The ornamentation of Ayyubid and Mamluk monuments enhanced their architectural beauty. Among the Ayyubid innovations was a tendency towards elaboration in detail, greater elegance of proportion and increase in the number of stalactites. There was also a breakaway from the tradition of the plain square towers. In the Bahri Mamluk period the elaborate type of minaret evolved from the Ayyubid. The finest minarets, however, belong to the Burji period, in which Arab architecture — as represented in the mosques — achieved its greatest triumphs.

Exquisite specimens of iron-work, copper- work, glass- ware and wood-carving have come down to us from the Ayyubid-Mamluk age. Especially noteworthy among copper utensils are vases, ewers, trays, chandeliers, perfume burners and Koran cases — all with rich decoration of a vigour and c sureness of touch that make it not only a delight to the eye but also ... a delight to the intelligence'. Damascus was especially noted for its c gold-like' basins and ewers inlaid with figures, foliage and other delicate designs in silver. Bronze ornaments from doors of mosques bear witness to the good taste of the age. Wood-carvings with floral and geometrical designs indicate freedom from the sterile formulas of Fatimid art. A thirteenth-century bottle sur- vives as one of the oldest specimens of enamelled glass, while mosque lamps prove that Syria was still ahead of any European land in the technique of glass manufacture.

Intellectually, the entire Ayyubid-Mamluk period was one of compilation and imitation rather than of origination. Nevertheless Damascus and Cairo, especially after the destruction of Baghdad and the disintegration of Moslem Spain, remained the educational and intellectual centres of the Arab world. The richly endowed schools in these two cities served to conserve and transmit Arab science and learning.

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Rh Ayyubid Aleppo was the scene of the activity of an extra- ordinary Sufi, al-Suhrawardi (1155-1191), founder of the doctrine of illumination and of a dervish order. According to this doctrine light is the very essence of God, the funda- mental reality of all things and the representative of true knowledge, perfect purity, love and goodness. Clearly such theories combine Zoroastrian — more especially Manichaean — Neo-Platonic and Islamic ideas. The conception of God as light is stressed in the Koran. Intoxicated with his mystical fervour, young al-Suhrawardi so incensed the con- servative theologians that on their insistence he was starved or strangled to death on orders from the sultan. Another illuminationist Sufi, ibn-Arabi (1165-1240), left his native Spain on a pilgrimage to Mecca in 1202 and thereafter made Damascus his home. A pantheistic philosopher, ibn- Arabi is considered the greatest speculative genius of Islamic mysticism. He recognized the inner light as the one true guide and influenced such Christians as Raymond Lull and Dante.

In literature Syria of the Ayyubid - Mamluk period could boast an array of geographers, biographers, historians and encyclopaedic scholars without peer in Islamic history. Yaqut (1179-1229), originally a Greek slave, wrote a master- ful geographical dictionary at Aleppo, as well as a monu- mental dictionary of learned men. Ibn-Khallikan (d. 1282) was, for many years, chief judge of Syria, as well as compiler of the finest Moslem collection of biographies. He took pains to establish the correct orthography of names, fix dates, trace pedigrees, ascertain the significant events, and on the whole produce as accurate and interesting portrayals as possible. A continuation of this work was penned by al- Kutubi (d. 1363) of Aleppo. A more prolific biographer was al-Safadi (1 296-1 363), treasurer of Damascus and author of a thirty-volume work in the extant part of which the lives of some fourteen thousand rulers, judges and literati are portrayed. Rh


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 At the close of 1885 Terriss quitted the Lyceum for the Adelphi, with which theatre henceforth his name was principally associated. He was the first David Kingsley in ‘Harbour Lights’ by Sims and Pettitt, 23 Dec. 1885; Frank Beresford in Pettitt and Grundy's ‘Bells of Haslemere,’ 25 July 1887; Jack Medway in the ‘Union Jack’ by the same writers, 19 July 1888, and Eric Normanhurst in the ‘Silver Falls’ of Sims and Pettitt, 29 Dec. He accompanied in 1889 Miss Millward, his constant associate at the Adelphi, to America, where he appeared in ‘A Man's Shadow’ (Roger la Honte), and played in ‘Othello,’ ‘Frou Frou,’ the ‘Marble Heart,’ the ‘Lady of Lyons,’ and other pieces. On 20 Sept. 1890 he reappeared at the Lyceum as the first Hayston of Bucklaw in ‘Ravenswood,’ adapted from Scott's ‘Bride of Lammermoor’ by Herman Merivale. At the Lyceum he played also the King in ‘Henry VIII,’ Faust, and on 6 Feb. 1893 King Henry in Tennyson's ‘Becket.’ On the afternoon of 5 June 1894, at Daly's Theatre, he was the original Captain Maramour in ‘Journeys end in Lovers meeting,’ a one-act proverb by John Oliver Hobbes and Mr. George Moore. In the ‘Fatal Card’ of Messrs. Haddon Chambers and B. C. Stephenson, at the Adelphi, on 6 Sept., he was the original Gerald Austen. On the first production in England of the American piece, ‘The Girl I left behind me’ of Messrs. Tyler and Belasco, on 13 April 1895, he was Lieutenant Hawkesworth. In the ‘Swordsman's Daughter,’ adapted by Messrs. Brandon Thomas and Clement Scott from ‘Le Maître d'Armes’ of MM. Mary and Grisier, and given at the Adelphi on 31 Aug., he was Vibrac, a fencing master. In ‘One of the Best,’ by Messrs. Seymour Hicks and George Edwardes, on 21 Dec., he was Dudley Keppel; and on 26 Aug. 1896 in ‘Boys Together,’ by Messrs. Haddon Chambers and Comyns Carr, Frank Villars. On the revival of Jerrold's ‘Black-eyed Susan’ on 23 Dec. 1896 he was William. When, in August 1897, Mr. Gillette's play of ‘Secret Service’ was transferred from the American company by which it was first performed at the Adelphi to an English company, Terriss took the author's part of Lewis Dumont. He had previously (5 June) gone to the Haymarket to ‘create’ the part of the Comte de Candale in Mr. Sydney Grundy's adaptation of Dumas's ‘Un Mariage sous Louis XV.’ On 9 Sept. he supported at the Adelphi the double rôle of Colonel Aylmer and Laurence Aylmer (father and son) in ‘In the Days of the Duke,’ by Messrs. Haddon Chambers and Comyns Carr. This was his last original part. On the withdrawal of this piece he resumed the part of Lewis Dumont in ‘Secret Service,’ which he acted for the last time on 15 Dec. 1897. On the evening of the following day, as he was entering the Adelphi Theatre, he was stabbed thrice by a poverty-stricken actor named Richard Archer Prince, and died in a few minutes. His tragic death evoked much sympathy, and his funeral at Brompton cemetery on 21 Dec. had the character of a public demonstration. The murderer Prince was subsequently put on his trial, and, being pronounced insane, was committed to Broadmoor criminal lunatic asylum.

Terriss married, in 1868, Miss Isabel Lewis, an actress known professionally as Miss Amy Fellowes, who survived him. He left issue two sons, one an actor, and a daughter, Ellaline (Mrs. Seymour Hicks), who is on the stage. By his will, dated 11 Nov. 1896, he left personalty amounting to upwards of 18,000l. His last residence was at 2 Bedford Road, Bedford Park, Chiswick.

Terriss had from the first great gallantry of bearing and what was popularly called breeziness of style. In two parts, Squire Thornhill and William in ‘Black-eyed Susan,’ he had in his time no superior, perhaps no equal. He kept till the close of life a young, lithe, and shapely figure.

Portraits of Terriss, in private clothes or in character, chiefly from photographs, abound.

[Arthur J. Smythe's Life of Terriss, 1898 (with numerous portraits); Pascoe's Dramatic List; A Few Memories, by Mary Anderson; Scott and Howard's Blanchard; Archer's Dramatic World, 1893–6; Era Almanack, various years; Era for 18 and 25 Dec. 1897; private information.]

TERROT, CHARLES (1758–1839), general royal artillery, was born at Berwick-upon-Tweed on 1 May 1758. He entered the Royal Military Academy at Woolwich on 15 March 1771, and received a commission as second lieutenant in the royal artillery on 1 March 1774. He went to North America in 1776 and joined Sir Guy Carleton in May at Quebec, Canada. He served under Brigadier-general Fraser at the action of the Three Rivers on 7 June, when the American attack was repulsed, and the Americans, having been driven with great loss to their boats on Lake St. François, fell back on Ticonderoga.

In June 1777 Terrot was with the army of General Burgoyne which pushed forward from Canada by Lake Champlain to effect a junction at Albany with Clinton's forces


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Rh Among Syrian historians of the period the most important are abu-Shamah (1203-1268), chronicler of the careers of Nur-al-Din and Saladin, and abu-al-Fida (1273-1332), Ayyubid ruler of Hamah and continuator of the great ibn- al-Athir (d. 1234). Abu-al-Fida made a worthy contribu- tion to geography too ; he argues for the sphericity of the earth and the loss or gain of one day as one travels around it. His contemporary Shams-al-Din al-Dimashqi (d. 1326/7) wrote a cosmographical treatise rich in physical, mineral and ethnic data. Another Damascene, ibn-Fadl-AUah al- Umari (d. 1349), produced a travel book and an epistolary manual for administrators and diplomats. The two leading historians of the period, the Egyptian al-Maqrizi and the Tunisian ibn-Khaldun, are connected with Syria. Al- Maqrizi ( 1364-1442) was of Baalbekan ancestry and held a professorship in Damascus. His teacher was ibn-Khaldun (1332-1406), who, in 1401, accompanied the Burji sultan Faraj to Damascus and was received as an honoured guest by Timur. Ibn-Khaldun's prolegomena, the first volume in his comprehensive history, entitles him to the distinction of being the greatest philosopher of history Islam produced. In his attempt to interpret historical happenings and national traits on economic, geographic, physical and other secular bases, ibn-Khaldun had no predecessor in Islam and remains without a worthy successor.

The onslaught on Syria by Timur Lang (Tamerlane) was the last and most destructive of the Mongol invasions. Timur spread havoc and ruin throughout south-western Asia until Syria lay prostrate beneath his feet. For three days in October 1400 Aleppo was given over to plunder. Its citadel was perhaps for the first time taken by storm, the invader having sacrificed of his men enough to fill the moat with their corpses. Some twenty thousand of the city's inhabitants were slaughtered and their severed heads piled high. The city's priceless schools and mosques built by Nurids and Ayyubids were for ever destroyed. The Rh


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 from New York. Burgoyne reached Ticonderoga on 1 July, and invested the place. On 6 July the Americans evacuated it, and Terrot took part in the capture of Mount Independence and the other operations following the American retreat. On the departure of Burgoyne for Still-water, Terrot was left under Brigadier-general Powel at Ticonderoga, where he commanded the artillery. This place and Mount Independence were attacked on 18 Sept. by the Americans under Colonel Brown, who had surprised a small sloop and the transport boats, and captured a detachment of the 53rd regiment. The attack lasted four days, at the end of which the Americans were beaten off.

After Burgoyne's surrender at Saratoga, Terrot returned to Canada. On 7 July 1779 he was promoted to be first lieutenant. In 1780 he went to Lake Ontario with two 6-pounders in an expedition under Sir John Johnston; but circumstances altered their destination when on the lake, and Terrot remained at Niagara for nearly four years, principally employed as an assistant military engineer. The works of defence at Niagara were completely repaired under his supervision. In 1782 he surveyed the country between Lakes Erie and Ontario with a view to its purchase by the government from the Indians, and to mark out its boundaries. He afterwards conducted the negotiations with the Indians with complete satisfaction to them and with great advantage to the government. On 8 March 1784 he was promoted to be second captain when he returned to England, and served at various home stations with his company.

In 1791 Terrot volunteered for service in the East Indies, and arrived on 10 Oct. at Madras with two companies of royal artillery, of which he was quartermaster. He joined the army of Lord Cornwallis at Savandrug on 12 Jan. 1792, and was attached to the artillery park. He took part on 6 Feb. in the night attack on, and capture of, Tipu Sultan's fortified camp, on the north side of the Kaveri river, covering Seringpatam, and in the siege of that city until terms of peace were agreed to. He marched on 26 March with the army which reached Madras at the end of May. On the declaration of war by France against Great Britain, measures were taken to seize the different French factories in India. In August 1793 Terrot was employed against Pondicherry, and when the governor, Colonel Prosper de Clermont, on being summoned, refused to submit, he took part in the bombardment of 20 Aug. and in the siege, which, however, lasted only till the 23rd of that month, when the place capitulated. Terrot was promoted to be first captain on 25 Sept. 1793, and returned to England.

On 1 March 1794 Terrot was promoted to be brevet major for his services, and appointed to a command of artillery at Portsmouth. On 1 Jan. 1798 he was promoted to be brevet lieutenant-colonel, and in the following year was employed in the expedition to the Helder. He accompanied the first division under Sir Ralph Abercromby, landing on 27 Aug., and took part in the fighting on 10 Sept., in the battle of Bergen on 19 Sept. under the Duke of York, at the fight near Alkmaar on 2 Oct., and the affair of Beverwyk on 6 Oct. Terms having been settled with the French, Terrot returned in November to England; he was shipwrecked near Yarmouth harbour, and, although all lives were saved by the boats of the fleet, he lost all his effects.

On 12 Nov. 1800 Terrot was promoted to be regimental major, and on 14 Oct. 1801 to be regimental lieutenant-colonel. After ordinary regimental duty for some years, he was promoted to be colonel in the royal artillery on 1 June 1806. In July 1809 he accompanied the expedition to the Scheldt under the Earl of Chatham, and directed the artillery of the attack at the siege of Flushing, which place capitulated on 15 Aug. Terrot was thanked in orders for his services at Walcheren.

Terrot was promoted to be major-general on 4 June 1811. In 1814 he was appointed as a major-general on the staff to command the royal artillery at Gibraltar, in succession to Major-general Smith, but the latter, owing to the death of the governor, succeeded to the command of the fortress, and refused to be relieved. After vainly waiting some months for the arrival of a new governor, Terrot obtained permission to return to England, resigned his appointment, and retired on 25 June 1814 on full pay. He was promoted to be lieutenant-general on 12 Aug. 1819, and general on 10 Jan. 1837. He died at Newcastle-on-Tyne on 23 Sept. 1839.

[War Office Records; Despatches; Gent. Mag. 1839; Duncan's Hist. of the Royal Artillery; Stubbs's Hist. of the Bengal Artillery; Squire's Campaign in Zeeland; Carmichael Smyth's Chronological Epitome of the Wars in the Low Countries; Stedman's American War of Independence; Dunn's Campaign in India, 1792; Minutes of Proceedings of the Royal Artillery Institution, vol. xvi.; Jones's Sieges; Cust's Annals of the Wars of the Eighteenth Century; Kane's List of Officers of the Royal Artillery.]


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Rh routing of the advance forces of Faraj opened the way to Damascus. Its citadel held out for a month. In violation of the capitulation terms the city was plundered and com- mitted to the flames. Thirty thousand of its' men, women and children were shut up in its great mosque, which was then set on fire. Of the building itself only the walls were left standing. The cream of Damascene scholars, craftsmen, artisans, armourers, steel workers and glass manufacturers were carried away to Timur's capital, Samarkand, there to implant these and other minor arts. This was perhaps the heaviest blow that the city, if not the whole country, ever suffered. Timur crushed the Ottoman army at Ankara in 1402, but died two years later. His successors exhausted themselves in internal struggles, making possible the recon- stitution of the Ottoman power in Asia Minor and later the rise of the Safawid dynasty in Persia.

Rivalry between the Mamluk and the Ottoman sultanates asserted itself in the second half of the fifteenth century. Hostilities did not break out till i486, when Qait-bay con- tested with the Ottoman Bayazid II the possession of Adana, Tarsus and other border towns. Selim I (1512-1520) destroyed the Safawid army and occupied Mesopotamia. He charged that the Mamluk Qansawh al-Ghawri (1500- 1516) had entered into treaty relations with the Safawid shah against him and had harboured political refugees. Qansawh moved northward under the pretext of acting as an intermediary between the two contestants. He sent a special envoy to Selim, who shaved his beard and sent him back on a lame donkey with a declaration of war.

The Ottoman and Mamluk armies clashed on August 24, 1516, north of Aleppo. The seventy-five-year-old Qansawh fought valiantly but hopelessly. He could not depend upon the loyalty of his Syrian governors nor could his troops match the redoubtable Janissaries with their superior equipment. Khair Bey, the treacherous governor of Aleppo, who was entrusted with the command of the left Rh


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 moment and under such a pressure, when everything which freemen hold dear, is at stake it cannot be expected and it ought not to be wished, that they should suffer in silence. The House of Representatives cannot admit that laws which operate unequally are unavoidable. The government, in their opinion, has no right to sacrifice the interests of one section of the Union to the prejudices, partialities, or convenience, of another.

We perfectly agree with your Honour in the general principle that, in a free government, the majority must determine and decide upon all existing or projected measures. But it will be recollected, that the decision of that majority, to be binding, must be constitutional and just. Government is formed for the security of the citizen, and the protection of its rights. Whenever his liberty is infringed, his rights violated or unprotected, if not absolved from his allegiance, he may demand redress, and take all lawful measures to obtain it.

The early habits and constant practice of our fathers and ourselves have led us, on every great emergency, and on the pressure of political calamities, to resort to town meetings, wherein the general sense of the people might be collected. This practice, so wholesome and salutary, was one of the most influential means employed in bringing about the glorious revolution which established our independence. It was against these meetings, therefore, that the strong arm of royal power was elevated, in the year seventeen hundred and seventy-four, and they were prohibited under severe penalties. Had the British ministry of that day attended to the voice of the people so expressed, they would have avoided the evils which they had afterwards so much reason to deplore. The expression of the publick sentiment has become necessary to counteract the errours and misrepresentations of those who have falsely inculcated upon the administration of the General Government a belief, that the measures they were pursuing were satisfactory to the people. From the suppression of these meetings would liberty have more to apprehend than from any other cause whatever. From such a cause should we most dread "the overturning the splendid edifice erected by the wisdom and


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Rh wing, deserted with his men at the first charge. The Turkish army employed artillery, muskets and other long-range weapons which the Egyptian army, comprising bedouin and Syrian contingents, was unfamiliar with or disdained to use, clinging to the antiquated theory that personal valour is the decisive factor in combat. In the thick of battle Qansawh was stricken with apoplexy and fell from his horse. Selim's victory was complete. In the citadel of Aleppo he found Mamluk treasures estimated in millions of dinars. In mid-October he moved on to Damascus. Syria passed quietly into Ottoman hands, there to remain for four full centuries. Its people, as on many a previous occasion, welcomed the new masters as deliverers from the old. Egypt was subdued in January 1517 and Hejaz, with its two holy cities, automatically became a part of Selim's empire. A new era began for the Arab world: the era of domination by the Ottoman Turks. Rh


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 TERROT, CHARLES HUGHES (1790–1872), bishop of Edinburgh, born at Cuddalore on 19 Sept. 1790, was a descendant of a family which the revocation of the edict of Nantes drove from France. His father, Elias Terrot, a captain in the Indian army, was killed at the siege of Bangalore a few weeks after the child's birth. His mother, whose maiden name was Mary Fonteneau, returned to England and settled with her son at Berwick-on-Tweed. When nine years old he was placed for his education under the charge of the Rev. John Fawcett of Carlisle. In 1808 he entered Trinity College, Cambridge, where he was an associate of Whewell, Peacock, Rolfe, Amos, Mill, and Robinson. He graduated B.A. in 1812 with mathematical honours, and was elected a fellow of his college. In 1813 he was ordained deacon, and in 1814 was instituted to Haddington, where the leisure of a country incumbency gave him opportunity of competing for university literary honours, and in 1816 he obtained the Seatonian prize for a poem entitled ‘Hezekiah and Sennacherib, or the Destruction of Sennacherib's Host.’ In 1819 he followed this up with another poem, ‘Common Sense,’ in which the poets and politicians of the day were criticised in the style of the ‘Dunciad’ and the ‘Rolliad.’ He then abandoned poetry for theology and mathematics. In 1817 he was promoted to the charge of St. Peter's, Edinburgh, as colleague to James Walker (afterwards bishop of Edinburgh). In 1829 he succeeded Walker as sole pastor. In 1833 he became junior minister of St. Paul's, Edinburgh. In 1836 he was appointed synod clerk of the diocese, in 1837 dean of Edinburgh and Fife, in 1839 rector of St. Paul's, and in 1841 bishop of Edinburgh and Pantonian professor. In 1856 a church was built for him on the scene of his labours in the old town. On the death of William Skinner (1778–1857) [q. v.], bishop of Aberdeen, in 1857, Terrot was chosen primus of Scotland, an office which he held till a stroke of paralysis compelled his resignation in 1862. He died on 2 April 1872, and was interred in the Calton burying-ground.

Terrot was twice married: first, in 1818, to Sarah Ingram, daughter of Captain Samuel Wood of Minlands, near Berwick-on-Tweed. She died on 9 Sept. 1855. He married, secondly, in 1859, a widow, Charlotte Madden, who died in February 1862. By his first wife he had fourteen children, six of whom predeceased him. His eldest daughter accompanied Miss Florence Nightingale to the Crimea, and was afterwards decorated with the royal red cross in recognition of her services.

Terrot was an excellent mathematician, and was for fourteen years a fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, to whose ‘Transactions’ he contributed numerous papers on mathematical subjects. He was also a member of the Architectural Society of Scotland, and delivered the annual introductory address on 29 Nov. 1855.

Besides separate charges and sermons, Terrot wrote: 1. ‘Pastoral Letters,’ Edinburgh, 1834, 8vo. 2. ‘Two Series of Discourses, on i. Christian Humiliation; ii. The City of God,’ London, 1845, 8vo. 3. ‘Sermons preached at St. Paul's Episcopal Church, Edinburgh,’ Edinburgh, 1865, 8vo. He edited the Greek text of ‘The Epistle to the Romans, with an Introduction, Paraphrase, and Notes’ (London, 1828, 8vo), and translated Ernesti's ‘Institutio Interpretis,’ in two volumes, entitled ‘Principles of Biblical Interpretation’ (Edinburgh, 1832–3, 8vo).

[Three Churchmen, by W. Walker, 1893 (with portrait); Crombie's Mod. Athenians; Proc. of Royal Soc. of Edinb. viii. 9–14 (obit. notice by Professor Kelland); Scotsman, 3 and 4 April 1872; Memoir by Dean Ramsay in Scot. Guardian, 15 May 1872; Cat. of Advoc. Libr.; information supplied by Miss Terrot, the bishop's daughter.]

TERRY, DANIEL (1780?–1829), actor and playwright, was born in Bath about 1780, and was educated at the Bath grammar school and subsequently at a private school at Wingfield (? Winkfield), Wiltshire, under the Rev. Edward Spencer. During five years he was a pupil of Samuel Wyatt, the architect [see under ]; but, having first played at Bath Heartwell in the ‘Prize,’ Terry left him to join in 1803 or 1805 the company at Sheffield under the management of the elder Macready. His first appearance was as Tressel in ‘Richard III,’ and was followed by other parts, as Cromwell in ‘Henry VIII’ and Edmund in ‘Lear.’ Towards the close of 1805 he joined Stephen Kemble [q. v.] in the north of England. On the breaking up in 1806 of Kemble's company, he went to Liverpool and made a success which recommended him to Henry Siddons [q. v.], who brought him out in Edinburgh, 29 Nov. 1809, as Bertrand in Dimond's ‘Foundling of the Forest.’ At that period his figure is said to have been well formed and graceful, his countenance powerfully expressive, and his voice strong, full, and clear, though not melodious. He is also credited with stage knowledge, energy, and propriety of action, good judgment, and an active mind. On 12 Dec. he was Antigonus in the ‘Winter's Tale,’ on 8 Jan. 1810 Prospero, and on the 29th Argyle in Joanna Baillie's ‘Family


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Rh Abbasid sway in Egypt and Syria, Muhammad established himself at al-Fustat in 935 as the ruler of Egypt. Four years later the caliph bestowed on him the old Iranian princely title al-Ikhshid, just as in the nineteenth century an Otto- man sultan conferred on his Egyptian viceroy the Persian title khedive. Syria was then held by an adventurer called ibn-Raiq, who died in 941. Thereupon the viceroyalty of al-Ikhshid over Syria and Egypt, together with Mecca and Medina, was recognized by the caliph and the Buwayhid overlords of Baghdad. For centuries thereafter the fortunes of Hejaz were linked with those of Egypt. In 944 al- Ikhshid obtained from the imperial government hereditary rights for his family in the lands he acquired.

In the same year his authority was challenged by a new dynasty arising in northern Syria, the Hamdanids (944- 1 003). This family of Arabians had in the late ninth century seized the fortress of Mardin and had gradually extended their sway to Mosul and other parts of northern Mesopo- tamia. In 944 the most illustrious among them, Hasan, wrested Aleppo, Antioch and Horns from the Ikhshidid vassal. Hasan considered al-Ikhshid's death in 946 an opportunity to overrun all Syria, as Ikhshidid power passed to Muhammad's young sons. But the reins of govern- ment were held by a Negro eunuch named abu-al-Misk Kafur (musky camphor), who turned out to be an able regent. He defeated Hasan in two engagements and com- pelled him to recognize Egyptian suzerainty. After the boys' deaths Kafur himself reigned for two years over a state which included Egypt, Syria and part of Cilicia. He was the first Moslem ruler to achieve high eminence after rising from the lowliest slave origins.

Kafur was succeeded in 968 by an eleven-year-old Ihkshidid unable to cope with the problems of the day. The Hamdanids were threatening from the north, the resurgent Carmathians from the east and the Fatimids from the west. The Fatimid caliphate, which arose in Tunis in Rh


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 Legend.’ Scott, à propos of this impersonation, wrote: ‘A Mr. Terry, who promises to be a fine performer, went through the part of the old earl with great taste and effect.’ Scott also contributed a prologue which Terry spoke. On 22 Nov. Terry played Falstaff in ‘Henry IV.’ On 15 Jan. 1811 he was the first Roderick Dhu in ‘The Lady of the Lake,’ adapted by Edmund John Eyre; on 6 March he played Polonius; on the 18th repeated Roderick Dhu in the ‘Knight of Snowdoun,’ a second version, by T. Morton, of the ‘Lady of the Lake,’ not much more prosperous than the former; and was, for his benefit, on the 23rd, Falstaff in the ‘Merry Wives of Windsor.’ He was Lord Ogleby in the ‘Clandestine Marriage,’ 18 Nov.

In this part Terry made his first appearance in London at the Haymarket, 20 May 1812, playing during the season Shylock, Job Thornberry, Sir Anthony Absolute, Major Sturgeon in the ‘Major of Garratt,’ Dr. Pangloss in the ‘Heir at Law,’ Don Cæsar in ‘A Bold Stroke for a Husband,’ Megrim in ‘Blue Devils,’ Harmony in ‘Everyone has his Fault,’ Sir Edward Mortimer in the ‘Iron Chest,’ Leon in ‘Rule a Wife and have a Wife,’ Gradus in ‘Who's the Dupe?’ Romaldi in the ‘Tale of Mystery,’ Barford in ‘Who wants a Guinea?’ Selico in the ‘Africans,’ Heartall in ‘Soldier's Daughter,’ Bustleton in ‘Manager in Distress,’ Octavian, and Iago—a remarkable list for a first season. He created some original characters in unimportant plays, the only part calling for notice being Count Salerno in Eyre's ‘Look at Home,’ 15 Aug. 1812, founded on Moore's ‘Zeluco.’ He was announced to reopen, 14 Nov., the Edinburgh theatre as Lord Ogleby, but was ill and did not appear until the 23rd, and on the 24th he played Shylock. He was, 23 Dec., the first Lord Archibald in ‘Caledonia, or the Thistle and the Rose.’

On 8 Sept. 1813, as Leon in ‘Rule a Wife and have a Wife,’ Terry made his first appearance at Covent Garden, where, except for frequent migrations to Edinburgh and summer seasons at the Haymarket, he remained until 1822. Among the parts he played in his first season were Sir Robert Bramble in the ‘Poor Gentleman,’ Dornton in the ‘Road to Ruin,’ Ford, Sir Adam Contest in the ‘Wedding Day,’ Ventidius in ‘Antony and Cleopatra,’ Shylock, Churlton, an original part in Kenney's ‘Debtor and Creditor,’ 26 April 1814, and Sir Oliver in ‘School for Scandal.’ Other characters in which he was early seen at Covent Garden included Marrall in ‘A New Way to pay Old Debts,’ Stukeley in the ‘Gamester,’ Sir Solomon Cynic in the ‘Will,’ Philotas in ‘Grecian Daughter,’ and Angelo in ‘Measure for Measure.’ On 12 March 1816 ‘Guy Mannering,’ a musical adaptation by Terry of Scott's novel, was seen for the first time. This appears to have been the first of Terry's adaptations from Scott. At the Haymarket he was seen as Periwinkle in ‘Bold Stroke for a Wife,’ Hardcastle, Hotspur, Sir George Thunder, Sir Pertinax McSycophant, Sir Fretful Plagiary, Eustace de Saint-Pierre, Lord Scratch in the ‘Dramatist,’ and very many other parts. In 1815, meanwhile, he had, by permission of the Covent Garden management, supported Mrs. Siddons in her farewell engagement in Edinburgh, where he played Macbeth, ‘The Stranger’ [sic] in ‘Douglas,’ Wolsey, King John, and the Earl of Warwick. Back at Covent Garden, he was, 7 Oct. 1816, the original Colonel Rigolio in Dimond's ‘Broken Sword,’ and on 12 Nov. the original Governor of Surinam in Morton's ‘Slave.’ On 2 Oct. 1817 his acting of Frederick William, king of Prussia, in Abbott's ‘Youthful Days of Frederick the Great,’ raised his reputation to the highest point it attained, and on 22 April 1818 he was the first Salerno in Shiel's ‘Bellamira.’ In Jameson's ‘Nine Points of the Law’ he was at the Haymarket, 17 July, Mr. Precise, and in the ‘Green Man,’ 15 Aug., exhibited what was called a perfect piece of acting as Mr. Green. At Covent Garden he was, 17 April 1819, the first David Deans in his own adaptation, ‘The Heart of Midlothian;’ played Sir Sampson Legend in ‘Love for Love,’ Buckingham in ‘Richard III,’ Prospero, Sir Amias Paulet in ‘Mary Stuart’ (adapted from Schiller), 14 Dec. 1819, Lord Glenallan, and afterwards was announced for Jonathan Oldbuck in his own and Pocock's adaptation, ‘The Antiquary,’ 25 Jan. 1820. Illness seems to have prevented his playing Oldbuck, which was assigned to Liston. On 17 May he was the first Dentatus in Sheridan Knowles's ‘Virginius.’ At the Haymarket during the summer seasons Terry played a great round of comic characters, including Hardy in the ‘Belle's Stratagem,’ Old Mirabel in ‘Wine does Wonders’ (a compressed version of the ‘Inconstant’), Peachum in ‘Beggar's Opera,’ Falstaff in ‘Henry IV,’ pt. i., Old Hardcastle, Sir Peter Teazle, Dr. Pangloss, Polonius, Lear, Sir Anthony Absolute, Pierre in ‘Venice Preserved,’ and Rob Roy. Among many original parts in pieces by Kenney, J. Dibdin, and others, Terry was Sir Christopher Cranberry in ‘Exchange no Robbery,’ by his friend Theodore Hook, 12 Aug. 1820; the Prince in ‘Match Breaking,’ 20 Aug. 1821; and Shark in ‘Morning, Noon, and Night,’ 9 Sept. 1822.

Having quarrelled with the management


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 valour of our fathers." A privilege so wisely secured by our constitution, we cannot hesitate to declare, the citizens of MasaachusettsMassachusetts [sic] will never resign.

In the description which your Honour has drawn of the situation of our country previous to the adoption of the federal constitution, we cannot but observe the very strong resemblance which it bears to the picture of the present times. "Our government humbled and inefficient, our Union a thread, our commerce unprotected, our revenue nothing, individuals embarrassed, grievances complained of, our rulers censured, town and county resolutions published, combinations formed, non-compliance with the laws announced, property sold for one-third its value, the insolvent imprisoned, and the courts of justice stopped;" that this description applies to the present state of parts, if not the whole, of our country, we believe will not be denied.

Whence comes it that from a state of the most flourishing prosperity a few months should have produced a change so truly astonishing? It is not in the restless and unsteady habits of the people, till lately contented and happy, that we must look for the causes of these frightful calamities; it is in the pernicious and dreadful consequences of this shallow system of Embargo and Non Intercourse, that we shall find the fruitful sources of our country's ruin. We do most sincerely hope that neither Virginia or any other state may ever succeed in "dictating measures to Congress and by a convulsed state of things force their adoption." However, such an usurpation might from various causes endure for a time, the returning good sense of the people would eventually restore the equilibrium and effectually prevent those tempestuous scenes which your Honour has so eloquently described. "The importance and the interesting and perilous nature of the crisis," have excited the most alarming reflections in our minds, and we doubt not that every member of the Legislature will devote himself to the arduous yet necessary duty of "devising some reconciling expedient to quiet the agitated minds of our citizens," and relieve them from the weight of these unconstitutional restrictions.