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 84 a return of verses, such as Felpham produces by me, though not such as she produces by her eldest son. However, such as they are, I cannot resist the temptation to send them to you.


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 Rh

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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 84

Mrs. Butts will, I hope, excuse my not having finished the portrait. I wait for less hurried moments. Our cottage looks more and more beautiful. And though the weather is wet, the air is very mild, much milder than it was in London when we came away. Chichester is a very handsome city, seven miles from us. We can get most conveniences there. The country is not so destitute of accommodations to our wants as I expected it would be. We have had but little time for viewing the country, but what we have seen is most beautiful; and the people are genuine Saxons, handsomer than the people about London. Mrs. Butts will excuse the following lines:

I am for ever yours,


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Rh       Ev'rything was peace and love, While in t'other all was strife— Husband fighting with the wife, Broken eggs and wretched life. Twas one day after being beat, The magpie sought the dove's retreat, Where she chatter'd, scolded, cried Told all she knew and more beside, And with her clamor fill'd the house About the failings of her spouse. "He is exacting, hard, and proud," She shriek'd aloud, "And passionate and jealous too;      And yet he goes       To see the crows, As I can well attest to you." And in her anger she gave vent To many things of like intent. "But you," the gentle dove replied, "Have you no faults on your side?" "I have, the pie resum'd, "'tis true; And I may say, between us two, In my behavior I've been light, And sometimes shown a deal of spite. I've often, too, play'd the coquette, Merely to see him writhe and fret." (Pies hardly would this fault admit If they thought doves would credit it.) "But what of that? I'd like to know, Don't other birds do even so?"


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118  May not alone our life defend; No greater blessing can there be, Than solace from his sympathy.

A certain king who held his reign Where Tagus mingles with the main, Alphonso called, surnam'd The Wise— (Not so surnam'd because discreet, But just because he thought it meet      To scan the skies)— Knew much of all phenomena, And was a great astronomer. More of the heavens he came to know, Than of his kingdom here below; For when to council call'd, he'd soon Run off to view the sun or moon. At length one day when going to His telescope to take a view, The gentry round him he address'd:— "Messieurs! I am at last possess'd Of instruments, by which, to-night, I hope to see the wond'rous sight Of men within our satellite!" "No doubt you will," a courtier cried, "And many other things beside." Meantime a poor street-beggar bow'd, And ask'd for pennies from the crowd.


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Rh  The king could neither hear nor see The man's appeal for charity; But all absorb'd pursu'd his way, Unheeding what the man might say. Yet still the beggar humbly pray'd; Beseeching held his hand for aid, And much the king did importune. But still the king with thoughts on high, Made ever still this same reply:— "I shall see men within the moon." At last the poor man in distress, Seiz'd on the monarch's royal dress, And gravely said:— "You'll find men here, men who need bread: You need not look for them up there; They're here, around you, ev'rywhere. This realm God gave you for a boon, Not one up yonder in the moon."

Once on a time there was a king Who wish'd his state more flourishing. In hell he rear'd his awful throne, (As King of Terrors he is known) And, as the case did much import, He call'd together his whole court. The question was what plague should be The chief aid to his majesty. First, from the lowest hell there came


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110 All who her flattery receive. We on this head a story know. It came to pass, not long ago. That after long and bloody strife, Where many a lion lost his life, The elephant the victor was, Who thereupon decreed these laws:— That brawls and blood-shed to prevent, All into exile must be sent Who civil war and strife foment; And never more should lions come Within his realms to make their home. The lions, overcome, subdu'd, And by their enemies pursu'd, Were hunted down on ev'ry hand, And forc'd to fly and leave the land. Their fate admitted no relief; But still they made the best of it. They kept their courage with their grief, And learn'd in patience to submit. But with our poodle 'twas not so: The dread decree fill'd him with woe. "Oh, am I then," he moaning cried, "No longer suffer'd here to dwell? Must I in other lands reside, Far from the scenes I've lov'd so well?      And in my old age too! Oh barb'rous king to drive me forth From this dear spot that gave me birth,       Which I no more shall view!


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Rh I go unaided and in gloom, In foreign lands to seek a tomb; And even that may be denied! And all to please this tyrant's pride, Who only thus is satisfied!" A spaniel heard the pug complain, And touch'd at heart with so much pain, Ask'd why he felt obliged to fly. "Why?" said the pug, "do you ask why? Just look and see that hard decree, How cruel and severe on me!"      The spaniel cried:— "That law with lions has to do; But what concern is that to you?"      The pug replied:— "Why, am not I a lion too?"


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Rh landing of the troops as were the Russian and other foreign diplomats. Japan admits that she attached and destroyed the Russian warships in the harbor of Chemul-po, but advances the argument that since she had already landed troops it had ceased to be a neutral port. This is another quibble. Stripped of its verbiage, it assumes that since the neutrality of the port had already been violated by landing troops, it was no longer a neutral port. Meanwhile, until the Japanese Admiral got ready to attack them, the Russian ships were blockaded in the harbor. Japan denies that she interfered with telegraphic communication, and that she stopped telegrams from the Russian Government to Mr. Pavloff. I have already given fully my reasons for believing this denial to be absolutely false. Japan evades the charge of seizing Russian ships before diplomatic relations had been severed, but does not deny it. It is undoubtedly true. Japan denies that her representative informed the Korean Emperor of Japan's intention to administer the affairs of the country, and warned him not to resist. This is another quibble. Japan did at once assume the administration of the country, and still holds it absolutely. As to the facts surrounding the departure of the Russian officials from the country, there is a question of veracity as to the details between the Japanese Minister on one side, and the French and Russian ministers on the other. I have not the slightest doubt, from what I could learn in Korea, that, whatever may have been the method employed, the Japanese compelled the

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Rh

"Please teach me how a fortune's made," A young man to his father said. The old man answer'd:—"There's a way Which is glorious, I may say: Though 'tis the way least understood;— It is to serve the common good; To give one's life, one's toil, one's care In useful service of the state." "Oh that's a labor far too great: I want some way less hard by far." "Well then, there's intrigue, which is sure." "But that vile way I can't endure. From both hard labor and from vice         I would be free'd." "Then be a fool! Take my advice;— For many such I've seen succeed."

A young man on the tight-rope danc'd      With balance-pole in hand; Sway'd to and fro, fell back, advanc'd,      Or bolt up straight would stand. A crowd of persons came to see, His feats of bold agility. Now up he goes, then down again, All free and easy, light and spry; Rebounding from the tight rope's strain, In cadence with it springing high.

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who are engaged in the investigation of language have but recently begun to claim for their study the rank and title of a science. Its development as such has been wholly the work of the present century, although its germs go back to a much more ancient date. It has had a history, in fact, not unlike that of the other sciences of observation and induction—for example, geology, chemistry, astronomy, physics—which the intellectual activity of modern times has built up upon the scanty observations and crude inductions of other days. Men have always been learning languages, in greater or less measure; adding to their own mother-tongues the idioms of the races about them, for the practical end of communication with those races, of access to their thought and knowledge. There has, too, hardly been a time when some have not been led on from the acquisition of languages to the study of language. The interest of this precious and wonderful possession of man, at once the sign and the means of his superiority to the rest of the animal


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2 creation, has in all ages strongly impressed the reflecting and philosophical, and impelled them to speculate respecting its nature, its history, and its origin. Researches into the genealogies and affinities of words have exercised the ingenuity of numberless generations of acute and inquiring minds. Moreover, the historical results attainable by such researches, the light cast by them upon the derivation and connection of races, have never wholly escaped recognition. The general objects and methods of linguistic study are far too obviously suggested, and of far too engaging interest, not to have won a certain share of regard, from the time when men first began to inquire into things and their causes.

Nothing, however, that deserved the name of a science was the result of these older investigations in the domain of language, any more than in those of chemistry and astronomy. Hasty generalizations, baseless hypotheses, inconclusive deductions, were as rife in the former department of study as they were in the two latter while yet passing through the preliminary stages of alchemy and astrology. The difficulty was in all the cases nearly the same; it lay in the paucity of observed facts, and in the faulty position which the inquirer assumed toward them. There had been no sufficient collection and classification of phenomena, to serve as the basis of inductive reasoning, for the establishment of sound methods and the elaboration of true results; and along with this, and partly in consequence of it, prejudice and assumption had usurped the place of induction. National self-sufficiency and inherited prepossession long helped to narrow the limits imposed by unfavourable circumstances upon the extent of linguistic knowledge, restraining that liberality of inquiry which is indispensable to the growth of a science. Ancient peoples were accustomed to think each its own dialect the only true language; other tongues were to them mere barbarous jargons, unworthy of study. Modern nations, in virtue of their history, their higher culture, and their Christianity, have been much less uncharitably exclusive; and their reverence for the two classical idioms, the Greek and Latin, and for the language of the Old Testament, the


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66  Pull'd hair and tore their ragged clothes, And black'd each other's eyes.

He who at last the object gain'd, Lost his few locks that still remain'd; And when his prize he look'd upon, Lo! 'twas a broken comb he'd won!

"Bill!" said Luke one cloudy day, In a sad foreboding tone, "Just look at yonder cloud, I pray!      How very black 'tis grown! Such threat'ning clouds as that portend       Some awful end." "Why?" answer'd Bill, "why think you so? 'Twill only be a common blow." "Why!" replied Luke in a great pet; "It is a hail storm, and I'll bet 'Twill ruin vineyards, barley, wheat, And ev'ry thing we raise to eat. Nothing to live on will remain: Famine will follow, and in train The pest will come, and we shall fall, Village, people, crops and all!" "The pest seize on your storm!" Said Bill, getting rather warm; "Don't take alarm! For rest assur'd, the world, my friend,

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I.], so widened their linguistic horizon as gradually to prepare the way for juster and more comprehensive views of the character and history of human speech. The restless and penetrating spirit of investigation, finally, of the nineteenth century, with its insatiable appetite for facts, its tendency to induction, and its practical recognition of the unity of human interests, and of the absolute value of all means of knowledge respecting human conditions and history, has brought about as rapid a development in linguistic study as in the kindred branches of physical study to which we have already referred. The truth being once recognized that no dialect, however rude and humble, is without worth, or without a bearing upon the understanding of even the most polished and cultivated tongues, all that followed was a matter of course. Linguistic material was gathered in from every quarter, literary, commercial, and philanthropic activity combining to facilitate its collection and thorough examination. Ancient records were brought to light and deciphered; new languages were dragged from obscurity and made accessible to study.

The recognition, not long to be deferred when once attention was turned in the right direction, of the special relationship of the principal languages of Europe with one another and with the languages of south-western Asia—the establishment of the Indo-European family of languages—was the turning-point in this history, the true beginning of linguistic science. The great mass of dialects of the family, descendants of a common parent, covering a period of four thousand years with their converging lines of development, supplied just the ground which the science needed to grow up upon, working out its methods, getting fully into view its ends, and devising the means of their attainment. The true mode of fruitful investigation was discovered; it appeared that a wide and searching comparison of kindred idioms was the way in which to trace out their history, and arrive at a real comprehension of the life and growth of language. Comparative philology, then, became the handmaid of ethnology and history, the forerunner and founder of the science of human speech.


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78 Russians to leave the country. So here we find another quibble.

In the Russian rejoinder, a matter not previously dealt with is brought forward. The Russian Government asserts that on the eve of the war, at the moment of the severance of diplomatic relations, telegrams from the Russian Foreign Office to the Russian Minister in Tokyo were held by the Japanese Government from February 4 until February 7 (1904). It win be remembered that Mr. Kurino's note severing relations was presented to Russia on February 6. So just at this critical period the Russian Government claims that it was cut off from communication with its representative in Tokyo, and that this had a material bearing upon the outbreak of the war. While in Japan I investigated this matter as well as I was able. Of course, no information can be obtained from the Japanese Government, except in confirmation of the official position. But I found that a very distinct impression concerning the incident existed, and there is a very general disposition among foreigners residing in Japan to credit it. It would certainly be in harmony with Japan's actions in Korea during the same period.

So, with all the evidence I can obtain before me, I do not hesitate a moment in finding, so far as all material facts at issue in this dispute are concerned, in favor of the Russian contention, and I believe this to be the opinion of almost the entire foreign population of Korea without regard to nationality. Apologists for Japan seem to base their defence of her on three grounds. First, she did not

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Rh       Perhaps is true; But not for what I've done to-day, In that I did but one boy slay; 'Twas that another got away, Which I had hop'd to swallow too!"

Such tears as these we may believe Are often shed when sinners grieve.

One day the animals began The silk-worm's wond'rous works to scan. "What talent," they exclaimed, "she shows! How glossily her spinning glows!      How rich, and smooth, and bright!" All present her nice thread extoll'd; 'Twas fine, and soft, and shone like gold, And well the proudest might delight.

Did we say all?—No, one there was, Who in the thread could find some flaws. It was the caterpillar, who Was pleas'd to take another view. With buts, and ifs she seems to doubt, And hesitates at speaking out.

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4 No single circumstance more powerfully aided the onward movement than the introduction to Western scholars of the Sanskrit, the ancient and sacred dialect of India. Its exceeding age, its remarkable conservation of primitive material and forms, its unequalled transparency of structure, give it an indisputable right to the first place among the tongues of the Indo-European family. Upon their comparison, already fruitfully begun, it cast a new and welcome light, displaying clearly their hitherto obscure relations, rectifying their doubtful etymologies, illustrating the laws of research which must be followed in their study, and in that of all other languages. What linguistic science might have become without such a basis as was afforded it in the Indo-European dialects, what Indo-European philology might have become without the help of the Sanskrit, it were idle to speculate: certain it is that they could not have grown so rapidly, or reached for a long time to come the state of advancement in which we now already behold them. As a historical fact, the scientific study of human speech is founded upon the comparative philology of the Indo-European languages, and this acknowledges the Sanskrit as its most valuable means and aid.

But to draw out in detail the history of growth of linguistic science down to the present time, with particular notice of its successive stages, and with due mention of the scholars who have helped it on, does not lie within the plan of these lectures. Interesting as the task might be found, its execution would require more time than we can spare from topics of more essential consequence. A brief word or two is all we can afford to the subject. Germany is, far more than any other country, the birthplace and home of the study of language. There was produced, at the beginning of this century, the most extensive and important of the preliminary collections of material, specimens of dialects with rude attempt at their classification—the "Mithridates" of Adelung and Vater. There Jacob Grimm gave the first exemplification on a grand scale of the value and power of


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Rh

Far in a certain eastern land The people in great rev'rence stand In presence of the elephant. He's lodg'd in style most elegant (That is, if so the brute be white), And for him men fierce battles fight: For prize so rare States go to war; He's always serv'd on golden plate; And so divine is his estate That when folks meet him walking forth, They bow before him to the earth.

One of these people's pets one day (A sound clear thinker by the way) To his conductor said:—"I pray Why are such honors shown to me? For I am but a beast, you see." "Ah! you're too humble," said his guide: "We know what's due      To one like you; And all our India knows beside, That when our heroes come to die, Their souls into your body fly, And there for some time must endure.       Priests tell us so,       And hence we know.       The thing is sure."

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I.] the comparative method of investigation in language, in his grammar of the Germanic dialects, a work of gigantic labour, in which each dialect was made to explain the history and character of all, and all of each. There—what was of yet greater consequence—Bopp laid, in 1816, the foundation of Indo-European comparative philology, by his "Conjugation-system of the Sanskrit Language, as compared with the Greek, Latin, Persian, and German;" following it later with his Comparative Grammar of all the principal languages of the Indo-European family—a work which, more than any other, gave shape and substance to the science. There, too, the labours of such men as the Schlegels, Pott, and Wilhelm von Humboldt, especially of the last-named, extended its view and generalized its principles, making it no longer an investigation of the history of a single department of human speech, but a systematic and philosophical treatment of the phenomena of universal language and their causes. The names of Rask, too, the Danish scholar and traveller, and of Burnouf, the eminent French savant, must not be passed unnoticed among those of the founders of linguistic science. Indeed, how ripe the age was for the birth of this new branch of human knowledge, how natural an outgrowth it was of the circumstances amid which it arose, is shown by the fact that its most important methods were worked out and applied, more or less fully, at nearly the same time, by several independent scholars, of different countries—by Rask, Bopp, Grimm, Pott, Burnouf.

A host of worthy rivals and followers of the men whose names we have noted have arisen in all parts of Europe, and even in America, to continue the work which these had begun; and by their aid the science has already attained a degree of advancement that is truly astonishing, considering its so recent origin. Though still in its young and rapidly growing stage, with its domain but just surveyed and only partially occupied, its basis is yet laid broadly and deeply enough, its methods and laws are sure enough, the objects it aims at and the results it is yielding are sufficiently important, in themselves and in their bearing upon other branches of human knowledge, to warrant it in challenging a place


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6 among the sciences, as not the least worthy, though one of the youngest, of their sisterhood, and to give it a claim which may not be disregarded to the attention of every scholar, and of every well-educated person.

The material and subject of linguistic science is language, in its entirety; all the accessible forms of human speech, in their infinite variety, whether still living in the minds and mouths of men, or preserved only in written documents, or carved on the scantier but more imperishable records of brass and stone. It has a field and scope limited to no age, and to no portion of mankind. The dialects of the obscurest and most humbly endowed races are its care, as well as those of the leaders in the world's history. Whenever and wherever a sound has dropped from the lips of a human being, to signalize to others the movements of his spirit, this science would fain take it up and study it, as having a character and office worthy of attentive examination. Every fact of every language, in the view of the linguistic student, calls for his investigation, since only in the light of all can any be completely understood. To assemble, arrange, and explain the whole body of linguistic phenomena, so as thoroughly to comprehend them, in each separate part and under all aspects, is his endeavour. His province, while touching, on the one hand, upon that of the philologist, or student of human thought and knowledge as deposited in literary records, and, on the other hand, upon that of the mere linguist, or learner of languages for their practical use, and while exchanging friendly aid with both of these, is yet distinct from either. He deals with language as the instrument of thought, its means of expression, not its record; he deals with simple words and phrases, not with sentences and texts. He aims to trace out the inner life of language, to discover its origin, to follow its successive steps of growth, and to deduce the laws that govern its mutations, the recognition of which shall account to him for both the unity and the variety of its present manifested phases; and, along with this, to apprehend the nature of language as a human endowment, its relation to thought, its influence upon the development of


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I.] and the growth of knowledge, and the history of mind and of knowledge as reflected in it.

The exceeding interest of this whole class of inquiries is at first sight manifest, but it grows to our sense in measure as we reflect upon it. We are apt to take language, like so many other things of familiar daily use, as a thing of course, without appreciating the mystery and deep significance which belong to it. We clothe our thoughts without effort or reflection in words and phrases, having regard only to the practical ends of expression and communication, and the power conferred by them: we do not think of the long history, of changes of form and changes of signification, through which each individual vocable employed by us has passed, of the labour which its origination and gradual elaboration has cost to successive generations of thinkers and speakers. We do not meditate upon the importance to us of this capacity of expression, nor consider how entirely the history of man would have been changed had he possessed no such faculty; how little of that enlightenment which we boast would have been ours, if our ancestors had left no spoken memorial of their mental and spiritual acquisitions; how, in short, without speech, the noble endowments of our nature would have remained almost wholly undeveloped and useless. It is, indeed, neither to be expected nor desired that our minds should be continually penetrated with a realizing sense of the marvellous character of language; but we should be inexcusable if we neglected altogether to submit it to such an examination as should make us understand its nature and history, and should prepare our minds to grasp by reflection its whole significance.

These and such as these are the objects most directly aimed at by the scientific student of language. But there are others, of a different character, to which his investigations conduct him hardly less immediately, and which constitute an essential part of the interest which invests them. It is a truth now almost as familiar as, fifty years ago, it would have been deemed new and startling, that language furnishes the principal means of fruitful inquiry into the


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NCE upon a time there were two Officials. They were both empty-headed, and so they found themselves one day suddenly transported to an uninhabited isle, as if on a magic carpet.

They had passed their whole life in a Government Department, where records were kept; had been born there, bred there, grown old there, and consequently hadn't the least understanding for anything outside of the Department; and the only words they knew were: "With assurances of the highest esteem, I am your humble servant."

But the Department was abolished, and as the services of the two Officials were no longer needed, they were given their freedom. So the retired Officials migrated to Podyacheskaya Street in St. Petersburg. Each had his own home, his own cook and his pension.

Waking up on the uninhabited isle, they found themselves lying under the same cover. At first, of course, they couldn't understand what had happened to them, and they spoke as if nothing extraordinary had taken place.

"What a peculiar dream I had last night, your Excellency," said the one Official. "It seemed to me as if I were on an uninhabited isle."

Scarcely had he uttered the words, when he jumped to his feet. The other Official also jumped up.

"Good Lord, what does this mean! Where are we?" they cried out in astonishment.

They felt each other to make sure that they were no longer dreaming, and finally convinced themselves of the sad reality.

Before them stretched the ocean, and behind them was a


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Rh

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = You must take the will for the deed. Swot—Polite Conversation. Dialogue II. | seealso = (See also {{sc|Cebber)

DELAY

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Delay always heeds danger. | author = Cervantes | work = Don Quixote. | place = Bk. IV. Ch. III. | seealso = (See also {{sc|Henry VI.)

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = II fornito Sempre con danno l'attender sofferse. It is always those who are ready who suffer in delays. Dante—Inferno. XXVIII. 98. | seealso = (See also {{sc|Lucan}}) | topic = | page = }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Unus homo nobis cunctando restituit rem, Non ponebat enim rumores ante salutem. One man by delay restored the state, for he preferred the public safety to idle report. Ennius—Quoted by Cicero. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 187 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = With sweet, reluctant, amorous delay. | author = Homer | work = Odyssey. | place = Bk. I. 1 | note = {{sc|Pope}}'s trans. | topic = | page = 187 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Nulla unquam de morte cunctatio longa est. When a man's life is at stake no delay is too long. Juvenal—Satires. VI. 221. | note = | topic = | page = 187 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Do not delay, Do not delay: the golden moments fly! | author = Longfellow | work = Masque of Pandora. Pt. VII. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 187 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Ah! nothing is too late Till the tired heart shall cease to palpitate. | author = Longfellow | work = Morituri Salutamus. St. 24. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 187 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Tolle moras—semper nocuit differre paratis. Away with delay—it always injures those who are prepared. Lucan—Pharsalia. I. 281. | seealso = (See also {{sc|Dante)

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Longa mora est nobis omnis, quae gaudia differt. Every delay that postpones our joys, is long. Ovid—Heroides. XLX.. 3. | note = | topic = | page = 187 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Tardo amico nihil est quidquam iniquius. Nothing is more annoying than a tardy friend. Plautus—Panulus. III. 1. 1. | note = | topic = | page = 187 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Quod ratio nequiit, sspe sanavit mora. What reason could not avoid, has often been cured by delay. Seneca—Agamemnon. CXXX. | note = | topic = | page = 187 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Omnis nimium longa properanti mora est. Every delay is too long to one who is in a hurry. Seneca—Agamemnon. CCCCXXVI. | note = | topic = | page = 187 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Maximum remedium est irse mora. Delay is the greatest remedy for anger. Seneca—Delra. II. 28. (Same in Bk. Ill, with "dilatio" for "mora.")

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Delays have dangerous ends. Henry VI. Pt. I. Act III. Sc. 2. L. 33. | seealso = (See also {{sc|Cervantes)

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Delay leads impotent and snail-paced beggary. Richard III. Act IV. Sc. 3. L. 53. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 187 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Pelle moras; brevis est magni fortuna favoris. Away with delay; the chance of great fortune is short-lived. Silius Italicus—Punica. IV. 734. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 187 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Late, late, so late! but we can enter still. Too late, too late! ye cannot enter now. | author = Tennyson | work = Idylls of the King. Guinevere. L. 169. | note = | topic = | page = 187 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = And Mecca saddens at the long delay. Thomson—The Seasons. Summer. L. 979. | note = | topic = | page = 187 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Like St. George, always in his saddle, never on his way. Proverb quoted in Clement Walker's History of Independency. The Mysterie of the Two Juntos.

DELFT

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = What land is this? Yon pretty town Is Delft, with all its wares displayed: The pride, the market-place, the crown And centre of the Potter's trade. | author = Longfellow | work = Keramos. L. 66.

DELIGHT

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = I am convinced that we have a degree of delight, and that no small one, in the real misfortunes and pains of others. Burke—The Sublime and Beautiful. Pt. I. Sec. 14. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 187 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Man delights not me: no, nor woman neither, though, by your smiling, you seem to say so. Hamlet. Act II. Sc. 2. L. 321. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 187 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Why, all delights arc vain; and that most vain, hich with pain purchas'd, doth inherit pain. Love's Labour's Lost. Act I. Sc. 1. L. 72. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 187 }}


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Page:Florian - The Fables, 1888.djvu/77

Rh "Nay, nay, not so," the master said, "The law is clear upon that head; For should the case against you go, Then you should pay the debt you owe. And if you win, why, then indeed You must pay up, as you agreed."

Here rested counsel its defense. The leopard sat in mute suspense; And by the workings of his face He seem'd confounded with the case. But finally he silence broke, And thus his sentence briefly spoke:— "In this sharp case the court must rule The master no more keeps his school; And to the pupil—this award,— From future practice he's debar'd."

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Rh While on their blood they let you feed. Like you, I only give a bite; I do, like you, but make them bleed."

"But my dear friend," the leech replied, "I bite to heal, but you to kill; How many patients would have died But for the virtue of my skill! While well men are destroy'd by you, The health of sick men I renew. The difference 'tween us is, in chief, Your bite is poison, mine, relief.

My tale would thus hold up to view, What few have fail'd to see, I wist— The leech presents the true; The viper is the.

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 76 To this, at least, you must agree."

But while the pedants thus debate, They each become more obstinate, Until a rat who had much wit From eating learned manuscript, Cried to the crew:— "I see why each should hold his view: In Egypt men ador'd the cat; The Athenians worship'd owls; The Romans petted and made fat      The goose as first of fowls. As your self-int'rest points the way, So your opinions turn and sway."

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text:
Page:Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations (1922).djvu/813

 SWINE SYMPATHY SWINE


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102 And people fed him to his fill, As the best way to keep him still. Loud rang the sweet canary's strain, He ask'd for naught, and sung in vain. For none supplied his pressing needs, Or gave him water, or his seeds.

Those most delighted by his chants, Were quite oblivious of his wants. They liked him well enough, 'twas true, But never gave him what was due. At last one day they found him dead, Merely for want of being fed. "Alas!" folks cried, "how can we spare A songster so beyond compare! How could he die?—a bird so rare!"

But while they thus express surprise, The crow keeps up his stunning cries, And still is fed on cakes and pies.


text: Index:The Praises of Amida, 1907.djvu

title: Index:The Praises of Amida, 1907.djvu


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100 Or friendliness of any kind! He found no greeting as before, But with rebuffs, And kicks and cuffs, Was driven from the door. Grimalkin sat with wond'ring eyes As she beheld her friend's surprise, And ventur'd this remark to make: "That you and I are lov'd, 'tis true; But what a fool, indeed, are you, To think we're priz'd for our sake!"


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Rh As he had oft his master seen— "Here you may see," said he, "the sun, His pristine glory just begun; And presently the moon you'll see, And the first pair's felicity, Adam and Eve, and all our race— Behold what beauty! and what grace!      Was ever anything so fine? And here you'll see a sight divine."

But how could they behold the sight, Where all was close and dark as night? However much their eyes they strain, And strive to see, they strive in vain. "My faith!" th' impatient cat exclaim'd, "Of all the wonders he has nam'd— Of all the sights he's dwelt upon, I have not seen a single one." "Neither have I," the dog replied; "I've not a single thing descried." The turkey something saw, he thought, But could not tell exactly what. Yet little this concern'd Jacqueau, Who rattled on like Cicero. His style was good and masterly; His language choice, and diction free; But one thing he'd forgotten quite— Although he work'd his lantern right, He had not put therein a light!


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104       And on its meaning ponder well. A man whose business 'twas to show A magic lantern round, Had a fine monkey, hight Jacqueau, The nicest trickster ever found. He could dance, and leap, and spring; Was great at tight-rope balancing; A thousand tricks this Jacqueau knew, Which custom to his master drew.

One day his master went away, To celebrate some holiday, And left him at the inn to stay. There entered then this monkey's head, The strangest fancy ever bred: For what does he but straightway go, To cats and dogs, To hens and hogs, To geese and ducks, And turkey-cocks, To come and see the magic show.

"Walk in, Messieurs; I nothing ask; Believe me, 'tis a pleasing task!"

They take their seats; the lantern's brought; He makes a speech most highly wrought, Which—as we say in modern lore— Was welcom'd with a perfect roar. Encouraged by the warm applause, The window shutters then he draws, Into the lantern puts a screen


text:
Page:The Praises of Amida, 1907.djvu/5

SEVEN BUDDHIST SERMONS

FROM THE

OF

BY

Printed at the Rikkyo Sha Printing Office.

title: Page:The Praises of Amida, 1907.djvu/5


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text: The Praises of Amida

title: The Praises of Amida


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68       'Twill water ev'ry field That's suff'ring now for rain; And great will be the yield Of ev'ry kind of grain. A double crop of hay Our labor will repay: Wheat, half as much again; And grapes will load the plain: We shall lack nothing, I opine, But casks enough to hold the wine. And hence, We all shall live in opulence."      "That's very bright!"       Said Luke with spite. "Well! my ideas, say what you will, Are good as yours," responded Bill. "Oh then," said Luke, "if that's the case, Let's wait and see what will take place. You'd better be not quite so fast: 'Tis he laughs best who laughs the last." "Then God be prais'd!" was Bill's reply, "I shall not be the one to cry!" The two thus heated, and in rage, A battle were about to wage, When suddenly a puff of wind, Bore the portentous cloud away, Which neither hail'd nor rain'd that day,      Nor left a trace behind.

title: Page:Florian - The Fables, 1888.djvu/74


text: Page:The Praises of Amida, 1907.djvu/7

title: Page:The Praises of Amida, 1907.djvu/7


text: The Praises of Amida/Dedication

title: The Praises of Amida/Dedication


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Page:Christian Marriage.djvu/23

Rh religious Jews, and it cannot be doubted that these operated with such effect that the polygamous theory was, in the case of the most part of the people, disregarded, and practically the Jews of Christ’s time were monogamists. In the first place, marriage amongst the Jews had run the same course as among the rest of mankind, and that course had been steadily in the direction of monogamy; the accumulated experience of the race everywhere crystallised itself in a practical acceptance of monogamous marriage. Polygamy was but a survival from a distant and primitive phase of social development, and its disappearance was one of the best-assured consequences of social advance.

One conspicuous instance may be noted.

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108 is elected each month; and that officer, in case of a vacancy in the presidency, succeeds temporarily to the executive office. The law-making body meets annually from April 1st to May 30th, and from September 16th to December 16th. In addition to this there is a permanent legislative committee of both branches, having power to act in all emergencies, and to sit during the recess of Congress. The President is not chosen directly by the people, but by electors; holds office for four years, and can not remain in power for two successive terms; and this last provision is said to be almost the only one of the Mexican Constitution that is rigidly observed.

Public opinion in Mexico has been defined to be, "the opinion entertained by the President"; and from the most favorable point of view can not mean anything more than the opinions of the large landed proprietors, the professions, the teachers, the students, and the army officers, comprising in all not more than from twenty-five to thirty thousand of the whole population. And it is understood that less than this number of votes were cast at the last presidential election, although the Constitution of Mexico gives to every adult male citizen of the republic the right to vote at elections and to hold office. Popular election in Mexico is, therefore, little more than a farce; and

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Rh the situation affords another striking illustration of a fact which is recognized everywhere by the student of politics, that an uneducated people will not avail themselves of the right to vote as a matter of course, or recognize any sense of duty or responsibility as incumbent upon them as citizens. Such a condition of affairs obviously constitutes in itself a perpetual menace of domestic tranquillity: for, with no census or registration of voters, no scrutiny of the ballot box except by the party in power; no public meetings or public political discussions; and no circulation of newspapers among the masses, no peacefully organized political opposition has a chance to exist. Such opposition as does manifest itself is, therefore, personal and never a matter of principles. The central Government for the time being nominates and counts in what candidates it pleases; and, if any one feels dissatisfied or oppressed, there is absolutely no redress to be obtained except through rebellion. Such has been the political experience of the Republic of Mexico heretofore; and although the recent construction of railways, by facilitating the transportation of troops, has strengthened the central Government, there is no reason to suppose that what has happened in the past will not continue to happen until the first essential of a free government—namely, free and

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Page:Christian Marriage.djvu/25

Rh character of it," and that it was admitted into the divinely-inspired code "under special and exceptional circumstances, as part of concessive and temporary legislation."

It is not necessary to have recourse to any such expedients when once we remember that the experience of Israel was not other than that of the rest of mankind, that the Levirate-marriage was once common everywhere, and that everywhere for the same reasons it has fallen into disrepute and disuse. The circumstance that the literature of Israel came to have a sacred character, and that a mechanical theory of inspiration clothed that literature with an irrational, because an indiscriminating, sanctity explains the fact that a relic of primitive barbarism survived into the age of civilisation, and drew to itself the anxious regard of civilised and religious men. How barbarous the practice really is becomes apparent when it is considered in the

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Page:A Study of Mexico.djvu/120

110 suffrage on the part of the masses—is established in the country; and the day for the consummation of such a result is very far distant.

The present President of Mexico, Porfirio Diaz, is undoubtedly one of the ablest men who have ever filled the office of its chief executive; although his elevation to power was effected in the first instance through military support, and the arbitrary and violent overthrow of the regular constituted authorities. Thus, having distinguished himself in the army, and as general-in-chief of the forces that wrested the capital from Maximilian in 1866, he offered himself as a candidate for the presidency in 187 1. In the following election, only 12,361 votes were cast; of which Juarez received 5,837, Diaz 3,555, and Lerdo de Tejada, who was then Chief-Justice of the Supreme Court, 2,874, with ninety-five votes recorded as scattering. Diaz refused to accept the result, on the ground that the re-election of a President was not constitutional, issued a manifesto, and repudiated the existing authorities. A bloody war, lasting about a year, ensued, in which Diaz and his forces were utterly routed. Diaz was, however, amnestied, kindly received at the capital, and lived peacefully until 1876, when he rebelled against the government of Lerdo, a scholarly and accomplished man, but deficient in military talent, who had

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Rh of the virgin rock which may be seen obtruding even in the busy thorougfares of a modern Scandinavian city. All the evidences of culture and progress are around it, but it tells a story of far-distant days when the red granite stood out bleak and naked to the northern storms. The consecration in Israel of a whole national literature created many moral and social problems when the nation had outgrown its primitive conditions and looked back with perplexity on sacred precedents, which none the less offended the conscience. Polygamy and the Levirate-marriage were instances of such sacred but unsatisfactory precedents.

In the next place, there had been operative in Israel from very early times another influence, that of the prophets, which sometimes as in this case worked in the same direction with the general tendency and sometimes worked in a diverse direction altogether. Now the later prophets were consistently monogamists. Partly, their relatively intense

title: Page:Christian Marriage.djvu/27


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Rh to the presidency on the death of Juarez; and, after a series of hazardous adventures and bold exploits, collected a force sufficient to defeat Lerdo (who fled the country when his fortunes were by no means desperate), captured the capital, assumed the presidency, and subsequently obtained a ratification of his proceedings by a nominally popular election. Although he is understood to have come into the possession of large wealth and great estates (in Oaxaca) since his first elevation to the office of chief executive, he is now believed to have the interests of his country supremely at heart, has appreciated the necessity and favored all efforts for establishing and extending popular education, and is undoubtedly disposed to be as liberal and progressive as the difficult conditions and influences by which he is surrounded will permit.

It is not, furthermore, to be denied that many of the men associated with the present or recent Administrations of Mexico are of very high character and fine abilities. Thus the present Minister of Foreign Affairs—Ignacio Mariscal—is a man of great ability, a finished diplomat, and who, in addition to conducting his department with success under several Administrations, has also served as minister to England. Another dominant force in the government is Manuel Romerio Rubio, the

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112 of the President, who is Minister of the Interior, and is an eminent lawyer, a polished statesman, and a patriot; while the recent representative of Mexico in the United States, Señor Zamacona, and the present minister, Señor Romero, are the peers of the representatives of any of the governments of the Old World.

Although there are plenty of newspapers in Mexico—some sixteen "dailies" in the city of Mexico alone—they have, as might be expected, but comparatively few readers, and apparently exist for some other purpose than that of reporting the "news." Only one journal in the country—"El Monitor Republicano"—a daily published in the city of Mexico, and representing the Liberal Opposition, claims a circulation as great as thirty-five hundred; and probably next to this in circulation (twenty-five hundred reported) is the Church paper "El Tiempo," which is bitter alike against the Americans and all their improvements, not excepting even their railroads. Of all the other daily papers, it is doubtful whether their average circulation ever reaches as large a figure as eight hundred. Of the weekly papers of the capital—some thirty in number—one of the most recent, enterprising, successful, and influential, is the "Mexican Financier," which is printed in parallel columns of Spanish and English; and the publisher and editor of

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Rh which are graduates respectively of the Springfield (Massachusetts) "Republican" and Boston "Herald." No paper discusses the many and vexatious problems of the Mexican state and its people with greater intelligence; none has a larger measure of the confidence of the Government; and no agency in Mexico is likely to be more influential in the future in promoting the development and prosperity of the country.

The press of Mexico can hardly be said to be free; inasmuch as, when it says anything which the Government assumes to be calculated to excite sedition, the authorities summarily arrest the editor and send him to prison; taking care, however, in all such proceedings, to scrupulously observe what has been enacted to be law. Thus the editor-in-chief of "El Monitor Republicano" has recently (1885) served out a sentence of seven months in the common penitentiary, for his criticisms upon the Government.

Finally, what Mexico is to-day, socially and politically, is the natural and legitimate sequence, and exactly what might have been expected from the artificial conditions which for more than three centuries have been forced upon her; and history has never afforded such a striking, instructive, and pitiful illustration of the effect upon a country and a people, of long-continued absolutism and tyranny

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Page:A Book of Dartmoor.djvu/160

118 whilst in a molten condition and poured into the moulds.

Mr. Gowland has given a most interesting account of the manner in which the metals are extracted from their ores in Japan. This shows how that the primitive methods are still in practice there. He says:—

"Although tin ore is found and worked in Japan in several localities, there is but one ancient mine in the country. It is situated in Taniyama, in the province of Satsuma. The excavations of the old miners here are of a most extensive character, the hillsides in places being literally honeycombed by their burrows, indicating the production in past times of large quantities of the metal. No remains, however, have been found to give any clue to the date of the earliest workings. But whatever may have been their date, the processes and appliances of the early smelters could not have been more primitive than those I found in use when I visited the mines in 1883.

"The ore was roughly broken up by hammers on stone anvils, then reduced to a coarse powder with the pounders used for decorticating rice, the mortars being large blocks of stone with roughly hollowed cavities.

"It was finally ground in stone querns, and washed by women in a stream to remove the earthy matter and foreign minerals with which it was contaminated. The furnace in which the ore was smelted is exactly the same as that used for copper ores, excepting that it is somewhat less in diameter. The ore was charged into it wet, in alternate layers with charcoal, and the process was conducted in precisely the same way as in smelting oxidised copper ores. The tin obtained was laded out of the furnace into moulds of clay."

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114 in respect to both government and religion. It is true that Spain, if called to plead at the bar of public opinion, might point to her own situation and decadence as in the nature of judgment confessed and punishment awarded. But what has the Church, in whose hands for so many years was exclusively vested the matter of education, and which lacked nothing in the way of power and opportunity, to say to the appalling depths of ignorance in which she has left the Mexican people; an ignorance not confined to an almost entire lack of acquaintance with the simplest elements of scholastic learning—reading, writing, and the rules of common arithmetic—but even with the commonest tools and mechanical appliances of production and civilization? But, wherever may be the responsibility for such a condition of things, the conclusion seems irresistible that, against the moral inertia of such an appalling mass of ignorance, the advancing waves of any higher civilization are likely to dash for a long time without making any serious impression.

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Rh The furnace employed for copper is also described by Mr. Gowland:—

"An excavation, measuring about 4 feet long, 4 feet wide, and 2 feet deep, is made, and this is filled with dry clay carefully beaten down. In the centre of this bed of clay a shallow, conical-shaped hole is scooped out. The hole is

then lined with a layer, about three inches thick, of damp clay mixed with charcoal, and the furnace is complete.

"It has no apertures either for the injection of the blast or for tapping out the metal. A blast of air is supplied to it generally from two bellows, placed behind a wall of wattle well coated with clay, by which they and the men working them are protected from the heat. The blast is led from each bellows by a bamboo tube, terminating in a very long nozzle of clay, which rests on the edge of the furnace cavity."

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120 At Deep Swincombe no bellows were used; the draught probably came in through the hole behind the furnace.

But in the reign of Queen Elizabeth a great revolution in the smelting of tin was wrought by the introduction of German workmen and their improved methods. They brought in the water-wheel. The ruins that are found in such abundance of "blowing-houses," as they are called—one at the least beside every considerable stream—belong, for the most part, to the Elizabethan period. They have their "leats" for carrying water to them, and their pits for tiny wheels that worked the bellows.

The situation of these smelting-houses may be found usually by the mould-stones that lie near them. There is one below the slide or fall of the Yealm, with its moulds in and by it, and another just above the fall. There is one near the megalithic remains at Drizzlecombe, also with its mould-stones. But it is unnecessary to particularise when they are so numerous. I will, however, quote Mr. R. Burnard's description of two in the Walkham valley as typical:

"The first is about 250 yards above Merrivale Bridge, on the left bank of the river. One jamb is erect, and, like most of the doorways of Dartmoor blowing-houses, was low, and to be entered necessitated an almost all-fours posture. Very little of the walls is standing, but what remains is composed of large moor-stones, dry laid. Near the entrance is a stone, 3 feet long and 2½ feet wide, containing a mould, which at the top is 18 inches long, 13 inches wide, and 6 inches deep. The sides are bevelled, so that the bottom length is 12½ inches, with a width of

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Page:Stubbs's Calendar or The Fatal Boots.djvu/49

Rh was next door to Doctor Bates's; but I had no business there.

I found Magdalen in the garden. "Heavens, Mr. Stubbs!" said she, as in my new uniform I appeared before her, "I really did never—such a handsome officer—expect to see you." And she made as if she would blush, and began to tremble violently. I led her to a garden-seat. I seized her hand—it was not withdrawn. I pressed it;—I thought the pressure was returned. I flung myself on my knees, and then I poured into her ear a little speech which I had made on the top of the coach. "Divine Miss Crutty," said I; "idol of my soul! It was but to catch one glimpse of you that I passed through this garden. I never intended to breathe the secret passion (oh, no! of course not) which was wearing my life away. You know my unfortunate pre-engagement—it is broken, and for ever! I am free;—free, but to be your slave,—your humblest, fondest, truest slave!" and so on.

"Oh, Mr. Stubbs," said she, as I imprinted a kiss


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 Rh 16. To.

, 26th November 1800.

, — Absorbed by the poets 1 Milton, Homer, Camoens, Ercilla, Ariosto, and Spenser, whose physiognomies have been my delightful study, Little Tom^ has been of late unattended

Blake was at work upon a series of heads of the poets, to be a frieze for Hayley's new library at Felpham. On the nth September 1 80 1 he writes again : "Mr. Hayley's library ... is still unfinished, but is in a finishing way and looks well." Within twenty years of Hayley's death, the villa was sold and the heads were taken down and dispersed. Eighteen of them subsequently came into the possession of William Russell, who lent four of them to the Burhngton Fine Arts Club Exhibition (1876). I have been unable to trace their present whereabouts, and it is even rumoured that they have perished by fire. They are said to have been painted in oil (or possibly " fresco


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Rh 7 inches at one end and 8 inches at the other. One end of the mould has a narrow gutter leading from the top to halfway down the mould. This was probably used for the insertion of a piece of iron prior to the metal being run in, thus permitting the easy withdrawal of the block of tin when cool from the mould. This stone also contains a small bevelled ingot or sample mould, 4 inches long, 2 inches wide, and 1¼ inches deep.

"A water-wheel probably stood in the eastern recess of the house, for there is a covered drain leading from here right under the house and out at the western end, where the water was discharged into the river. Traces of the leat which supplied the motive power to this wheel may also be seen.

"What appear to be the remains of the furnace, consisting of massive stones placed vertically, and inclosing a small rectangular space, are plainly visible. In this place, lying askew, as if it had been thrown out of position, is a large stone containing a long, shallow cavity, which may have been the bottom of the furnace or 'float,' i.e. the cavity in which the molten tin collected before being ladled into the mould.

"This ruin lies at the nether end of deep, open cuttings, which start from near Rundlestone Corner, and are continued right down to the Walkham.

"About 1,000 yards up stream is the ruin of the other blowing-house, with remains of a wheel-pit and a leat. There is also a stone containing a mould 16 inches long at the top, 11 inches wide, and 6 inches deep. It is bevelled, so that the bottom length is 12½ inches, with a width of 8 inches. Like the mould-stone in the ruin below, it contains a sample ingot mould 3½ inches long, 3 inches wide, and 2 inches deep. The remains in these ruins are very similar to each other, and these

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 86 to, and my wife s illness not being quite gone off, she has not printed any more since you went to London. But we can muster a few in colours and some in black, which I hope will be no less favoured, though they are rough like rough sailors. We mean to begin printing again tomorrow. Time flies very fast and very merrily. I sometimes try to be miserable that I may do more work, but find it is a foolish experiment. Happinesses have wings and wheels; miseries are leaden-legged, and their whole employment is to clip the wings and to take off the wheels of our chariots. We determine, therefore, to be happy and do all that we can, though not all that we would. Our dear friend Flaxman is the theme of my emulation in this of industry, as well as in other virtues and merits. Gladly I hear of his full health and spirits. Happy son of the immortal Phidias, his lot is truly glorious, and mine no less happy in his friendship and in that of his friends. Our cottage is surrounded by the

spots of light on each object, with an oval-pointed needle scrape off the ground, as a direction for your graver. Then proceed to graving, with the ground on the plate; being as careful as possible not to hurt the ground, because it, being black, will show perfectly what is wanted." Some examples of the print were issued plain, and some were coloured by hand; the former are generally preferable. The Ballad was written by Hayley, 22nd September 1800, for the widowed mother of a Folkstone sailor boy, named Tom Spicer, who had been drowned.


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 Rh same guardians you left with us; they keep off every wind. We hear the west howl at a distance, the south bounds on high over our thatch, and smiling on our cottage says: "You lay too low for my anger to injure." As to the east and north, I believe they cannot get past the Turret. My wife joins with me in duty and affection to you. Please to remember us both in love to Mr. and Mrs. Flaxman, and believe me to be your affectionate, enthusiastic, hope-fostered visionary,

17.

Extract from a Letter from to.

3rd February 1801.

... I have taught him [Blake], he says, to paint in miniature, and in truth he has made a very creditable copy from your admirable portrait of the dear departed bard, from which he will also make an engraving. ...


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Page:Florian - The Fables, 1888.djvu/104

 98 To live forever thus constrain'd.       I cannot leap into the air, But what the eagle's waiting there. And if I dive into the sea, The dolphin there is after me." The dame replied in accents mild, "I've found in this strange world, my child, And now must let you know, For medium folks as you and I, We should not ever soar too high, Nor ever dive too low."


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122 were probably smelting during the same period, indicating that a considerable quantity of tin was raised in their neighbourhood."

Anciently, before the introduction of the wheel, the smelting-place above all others was at King's Oven, or Furnum Regis, near the Warren Inn, between Post Bridge and Moreton. It is mentioned in the Perambulation of Dartmoor, made in 1240. It consists of a circular inclosure of about seventy-two yards in diameter, forming a pound, with the remains of a quadrangular building in it. The furnace itself was destroyed some years ago. When the inclosure was made it was carried to a cairn that was in part demolished, to serve to form the bank of the pound. This cairn was ringed about with upright stones, and contained a kistvaen. The latter was rifled, and most of the stones removed to form the walls; but a few of the inclosing uprights were not meddled with, and between two was found firmly wedged a beautiful flint scraper.

As the drift tin was exhausted, and the slag of the earlier miners was used up, it became necessary to run adits for tin, and work the veins. These adits remain in several places, and where they have been opened have yielded up iron bars and picks. But these are not more ancient than mediæval times, probably late in them. That gold was found in the granite rubble of the stream-beds is likely. A model of a gold-washing apparatus was found on the moor a few years ago. It was made of zinc.

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96 And tell the shepherd what I'd done, And say that I had kill'd her son. So therefore without more ado To silence her, I kill'd her too. My head was turn'd;      With rage I burn'd; And what I did I hardly knew; I even at my master flew. Until at last I am brought here, To terminate my sad career. From this career you may take heed, Lest your small faults to great ones lead. The slightest wrong, however small, May lead the wisest to his fall. Of all false steps beware of this— The first one towards a precipice."


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Rh According to an old Irish historical narrative, a bard was wont to carry a wand of "white bronze" or tin, and his shoes were also tin-plated. One wonders whether at any time a bard thus shod and with his rod of office strode over Dartmoor and chanted historic ballads there!

For such as would care to see these dry bones of antiquarian research into the past of tin-streamers clothed with flesh, I must refer them to my novel of Guavas the Tinner, in which I have described the mode of life of the metal-seekers on the moor in the time of Elizabeth.

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Rh All mourn'd for their friend Towser's fate, And all in fun'ral silence sate, Or sobbing cried aloud. At length between two shepherds bound, Towser was led upon the ground, And thus address'd the crowd:

"Oh, you whom I no longer dare To call my friends as formerly, Of my example all beware, And take this warning word from me. A virtuous course of fifteen years Is now to close in blood and tears.

"My crimes are these:—at early day As I near by a forest lay, Guarding the flock, a wolf sprang out, And bore a bleeding lamb away. We fought—I put him to the rout. So far so good. But when I saw The mangled lambkin near me lie, And felt the tempting morsel draw, I could not help one taste to try.      The sight and smell of blood Had made me ravenous for food. 'Tis true I hesitated long, But yet my appetite was strong; And so I yielded, and at last, Of the slain lamb made a repast;       Such was the source of all my woe. The mother sheep I fear'd might go


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92 "What! do you think us heroes then?" "Yes; so believe our best of men." "And should we, if it were not so,      Be free to go And wander through the wide domain Of our own native woods again?" "Oh yes, my Lord."—"Then let me go; For you're deceiv'd, as I can show:— Our race is proud, yet still caressing; Gentle, though great power possessing; We never hurt, as you may see, Nor injure those less strong than we: Our hearts can love, yet, from lust free, Observe the laws of chastity; And ne'er do we our honors earn By loss of virtue in return. Since this is so, how can you then, Think we possess the souls of men?"

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IFTY years ago Lydford was one of the most out-of-the-world and wild spots in England. I had almost written God-forsaken, but checked my pen, for God forsakes no place, though He may tarry to bless. There were no resident gentry—there never had been, as a glance at the registers reveals. There was no resident rector—there had not been within the memory of the oldest inhabitant. The rector was a wealthy pluralist, rector of Southill and Callington, in Cornwall, who hardly ever showed his face in Lydford, the largest parish in England, and maintained a poor curate there on a hundred pounds a year in a miserable cottage.

The people were a law to themselves, and had the credit of being inveterate poachers.

The houses, thatched, built of moor-stones, not set in mortar, were in a ruinous condition. The aspect

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Rh of the place was that of an Irish village. It was dominated by a ruined castle, and possessed a church fast lapsing to ruin, and was girt in by walls long ago reduced to heaps. One Christmas Day the curate went to the church for the celebration of the Holy Communion, and found the altar covered with snow that had blown in through the battered east window and under the cracked slates of the roof.

"I'll sweep it off," said the clerk.

"On no account. God has spread His table," said the curate; and he celebrated on the white sheet of snow.

In the cottage that served as parsonage it was not much better. The curate had two rooms downstairs and one above. One room was slate-paved. Upstairs there was no ceiling, and he had occasionally to spread his umbrella over his head and pillow when he went to bed.

Now all is changed, or changing.

The church has been restored, and is a model of what a church should be. The old parsonage has been pulled down, and stables built on the site, and the late Mr. Street, the architect, erected an absurd Scottish castle with angle turrets and extinguisher caps to serve as rectory. The ruinous houses are being replaced by trim, if ugly, habitations. Only the gaunt castle remains gutted.

About fifty years ago the clerk was addicted to lifting his elbow too freely, and came to church occasionally in a hilarious condition. The climax was reached at a funeral, when he tumbled into the grave before the coffin, and apostrophised the dead man

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126 as he scrambled out: "Beg parding, Ted; I bain't minded to change places wi' you just yet."

The curate was compelled to discharge him and appoint another, Peter X.

The old clerk refused to accept his dismissal, and gathered his adherents, and on the ensuing Sunday marched at their head to the house of God. Peter, advised of this, summoned his supporters, and, having the keys, ensconced himself early within the sacred building, in the clerk's pew, surrounded by his upholders. The rival party entered, and a battle ensued between the factions. The curate absolutely refused to perform the service to the clerking of the dismissed official, and finally the latter and his gang were ejected from the church, loudly professing that they would all turn Dissenters.

This Peter remained clerk for fifty years. He obtained a subsidiary revenue by carrying children afflicted with "the thrush" up the tower, and holding them over the battlements at each pinnacle, whilst he recited the Lord's Prayer. For this he received a small gratuity.

He was a most worthy man, and, as he is now dead, I do not scruple to mention that the story I have told in Furze Bloom, under the title of "Peter Lempole," pertained to him. He never married, the reason being that he had a childish old brother entirely dependent on him. Peter was engaged to a bright, pretty girl; but one day she said to him, "When us is married, then, mind y', Peter, I'm not going to have that silly brother of yourn in the house with me." "Indeed!" was Peter's retort; "then into my house you shall never come."

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90 They gather round him and complain. "Messieurs," said he, "your talk is vain; It is my nature so to do, And I can't change it to please you." The leader then exclaim'd—"My friend, If such bad manners you can't mend; If you cannot your quills suppress, At least draw over them some dress; Or, failing this, then let me say, From decent people stay away."

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Rh Lydford occupies a tongue of land between two ravines, one cleft perpendicularly to a depth of seventy feet, the other steep, but not sheer through rock. The old line of fortifications, much degraded by the plough, may be traced distinctly, nevertheless, across the only portion of the headland by which attack was possible. It is the sort of fortress which goes by the name of cliff castle on the Cornish and Welsh coasts.

That it was a site chosen by the prehistoric population is undoubted. Such a natural fortress could not have been overlooked, and it was held since remote times till the Normans came. Yet, notwithstanding the position being almost impregnable, it was taken, and the town of Lydford was burnt by the Danes in 997 after they had destroyed the Abbey of Tavistock. From Domesday it would appear that at the Conquest Lydford was a walled town. It sent burgesses to Parliament twice in the reign of Edward I.

The church is dedicated to S. Petrock, and at its restoration some remains of the old British church were discovered three feet below the pavement of the present edifice. The slabs that had lain on the floor of the original oratory were taken up and placed within the doorway of the present church; so that the worshippers may stand on the very stones on which their ancestors stood in the sixth century. That into the walls of the reconstructed church most of the stones of the original edifice were incorporated, is more than probable.

There are several Petrock churches round the moor

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Rh Why we make merry while we live. We study friendship, love, and peace, And our enjoyments thus increase. Life we embellish all we may, By kind attentions all the day. If you're content with us to be, Then come and join our colony. If not, why then at least you'll stay, And take your dinner here to-day. You'd please us with your company." The hedgehog to these words replied— "It would, indeed, give me great pride, With such good people to reside." Then every rabbit forward press'd, And civilly their joy express'd, With offer'd welcome to their guest. All things went well till night had come, When discord rent the happy home. For when at supper they began For morrow's work to fix the plan, The hedgehog, bent to have his will, At a young rabbit shot a quill. "Excuse me, friend," the father says; "I'm not accustom'd to such ways." This rais'd the bristling hedgehog's ire, And caus'd him right and left to fire      His angry darts. First one and then another smarts, Until no longer they can stand The stings he gives on ev'ry hand.

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128 —Harford, South Brent, Clannaborough; and probably the original founder and patron of Buckfast Abbey was this saint.

The great distinction between British foundations and those that were Roman was this: a British church was called after its founder, whereas a Roman church received its name from some scraps of dead bones of a saint laid under the altar, or placed in it. Unhappily, we have no record of S. Petrock's labours in Devon, but there can exist little hesitation in holding that he was an apostle of the district about Dartmoor and of a tract north of it as well, as also that he laboured and died in Cornwall.

Here is what Bede tells us of the manner of consecration among the Celts. It must be premised that the historian is speaking of Cedd, Bishop of the East Saxons from 653 to 664, to whom Oidilvald, King of the Deisa, had given a piece of land. Cedd had received his training from Celtic monks at Iona.

"This man of God, wishing by prayer and fasting to purge the place of its former pollution of wickedness, and so to lay the foundation of the monastery, entreated the king that he would grant him the means and permission to dwell there for that purpose, during the whole time of Lent, which was then at hand. In all the days of this time, except on Sundays, he fasted till the evening, according to custom, and then took no other sustenance than a little bread, one hen's egg, and a little milk mixed with water. This, he said, was the custom of those of whom he had learned the rule of regular discipline; first to consecrate to our Lord, by prayer and fasting, the places

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 88 Yet their rude manners I detest. The robes of virtue's self should be      Politeness and civility. A hedgehog once of evil fame, Forc'd from his home by some disgrace, Unto a rabbit-warren came, Burning with hate against his race. He told the gentle inmates there, All that he'd suffer'd everywhere; Against his foes exhal'd his bile, And ask'd asylum for a while. "With pleasure, sir," the leader said, "You'll here find shelter, board, and bed. Be one of us; make free and bold; We all things here in common hold. We simple, frugal people are, And have no great affairs on hand; To crop the clover our chief care, Or nibble o'er the dewy land. At the first streak of early dawn, We're out betimes upon the lawn. The dangers from our homes to ward, Each takes his turn in standing guard. And when the sentry gives alarm, We're off at once to hide from harm. Thus with our little ones and wives, We pass our happy, cheerful lives. These lives, 'tis true, are oft cut short, And made of dogs and boys the sport. But this good reason serves to give

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Rh which they had newly received for building a monastery or a church.

"When there were ten days of Lent still remaining there came a messenger to call him to the king, and he, that the religious work might not be intermitted, on account of the king's affairs, entreated his priest, Cynebil, who was also his brother, to complete the work that had been so piously begun. Cynebil readily complied, and when the time of fasting and prayer was over he there built the monastery, which is now called Lastingham."

The name Petrock is really Peterkin, the Celtic diminutive of Peter, and it is probable that Peter Tavy is another of his foundations, as well as certain other churches now regarded as dedicated to the great apostle.

The Saxons, who were saturated with Latin ideas, when they obtained supremacy, rededicated the churches to saints of the Roman calendar, if they were able to obtain from Italy some scraps of bone that it was pretended had belonged to one of the saints of the Latin calendar. But there is no evidence that the British Christians did other than call their churches after the names of the founders.

Lydford church is of fifteenth-century Perpendicular, but in the chancel is an earlier piscina, and the font is possibly pre-Norman. The chancel screen is gone, but the rood staircase remains.

In the churchyard is the often-quoted epitaph of George Routleigh:—

"Here lies in horizontal position the outside case of George Routleigh, watch-maker,

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86 "When will my foes be satisfied? Turn where I will, I'm still pursu'd, For having done the world some good! Scarce have I reach'd this distant land, When I'm assail'd on ev'ry hand. These foes come here to seek me out, And in their mad, infernal rout. Would almost any means employ, So that they might my life annoy, Yes, even their own crops destroy. I really think to glut their ire, They'd set their very fields on fire." Then to the reapers thus he said,— "Come! let your wrath fall on my head; You've hunted me like thing accurs'd, And now, Messieurs, just do your worst!" A busy worker at the sheaf, By chance observ'd his mighty grief: He seized him, held him up to view, Then flung him where bright flowers grew: "Go!" he exclaim'd, "where posies are; Go, little friend, get supper there!"

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130

whose abilities in that line were an honour to his profession. Integrity was the main-spring and Prudence the regulator of all the actions of his life. Humane, generous and liberal his Hand never stopped till he had relieved distress. So nicely regulated were all his motions that he never went wrong, except when set agoing by people who did not know his key. Even then he was easily set right again. He had the art of disposing his time so well that his hours glided away in one continual round of pleasure and delight. Till an unlucky minute put a period to his existence. He departed this life Nov. 14, 1802, aged 57, wound up in hopes of being taken in hand by his Maker and of being thoroughly cleaned, repaired and set agoing in the World to Come."

In the churchyard may be noticed some altar tombs of the type not infrequent round the moor.

Due west of the church, across the graveyard hedge, is a small camp, possibly British.

The castle is planted on a tump, a natural elevation artificially shaped, and is not particularly interesting. It is square, and was built after the Conquest.

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 preaching is printed as part of the service at the ordination of Jonathan Evans at Foleshill in 1797, and Brewer's oration at the burial of Samuel Pearce at Birmingham was printed with Dr. Rylands's sermon on the same occasion in 1799. Brewer is now remembered only by a single hymn, printed with the signature of 'Sylvestris' in the 'Gospel Magazine,' 1776. A portrait of him was inserted in the 'Christian's Magazine,' 1791. A different portrait of him appeared in the 'Evangelical Magazine' in 1799.

 BREWER, JOHN, D.D. (1744–1822), an English Benedictine monk, who assumed in religion the Christian name of Bede, was born in 1744. In 1776 he was appointed to the mission at Bath. He built a new chapel in St. James's Parade in that city, and it was to have been opened on 11 June 1780, but the delegates from Lord George Gordon's 'No Popery' association so inflamed the fanaticism of the mob that on 9 June the edifice was demolished, as well as the presbytery in Bell-tree Lane. The registers, diocesan archives, and Bishop Walmesley's library and manuscripts perished in the flames; and Dr. Brewer had a narrow escape from the fury of the rioters. The ringleader was tried and executed, and Dr. Brewer recovered 3,736l. damages from the hundred of Bath.

In 1781 the duties of president of his brethren called Dr. Brewer away from Bath. Subsequently Woolton, near Liverpool, became his principal place of residence, and there he died on 18 April 1822.

He brought out the second edition of the Abbé Luke Joseph Hooke's 'Religio Naturalis et Revelata,' 3 vols., Paris, 1774, 8vo, to which he added several dissertations.

 BREWER, JOHN SHERREN (1810–1879), historical writer, was the son of a Norwich schoolmaster who bore the same Christian names. His family originally belonged to Kent. His father was brought up in the church of England, but became a baptist. He was a good biblical scholar, and devoted his leisure to the study of Hebrew. He had a large family, but only four sons grew up, of whom John Sherren, the eldest, notwithstanding his father's nonconformist leanings, was sent to Oxford, where, having joined the church of England, he entered Queen's College, and obtained a first class in literis humanioribus in 1832. In his Oxford years every one seems to have been struck with the extraordinary range of his reading. For a short time he remained at the university as a private tutor, but he shut himself out from a fellowship by an early marriage. In 1870 he was elected honorary fellow of Queen's College. During this time (1836) he brought out an edition of Aristotle's 'Ethics.' His domestic life was soon clouded, first by a great change of circumstances, his father-in-law having lost a fortune; afterwards by the death and infirmity of some of his children. He removed to London, where he took deacon's orders in 1837, and was the same day appointed chaplain to the workhouse of the united parishes of St. Giles-in-the-Fields and St. George, Bloomsbury.

He had been strongly influenced by the Oxford movement of those days, and retained to the last, notwithstanding differences, a very warm regard for its leader, Cardinal Newman. He devoted himself to the duties of his chaplaincy with a zeal which was gratefully remembered by old persons forty years after. One result of his experience was a lecture on workhouse visiting, which is included in a volume entitled 'Lectures to Ladies on Practical Subjects,' published in 1855. He valued highly, but not fantastically, the artistic element in religious worship, and from the first taught the boys, and even some of the older inmates, of the workhouse to sing the psalms to the Gregorian chants. When the church adjoining the workhouse in Endell Street was built, it was proposed that the chaplaincy should be united with the incumbency, and that Brewer should be the first incumbent. He took great interest in the architecture, making models with his own hand in cardboard and bark. But a difference of opinion with the rector of St. Giles prevented his appointment, and made him resign the chaplaincy, after which, though he assisted other clergymen at times, he for many years held no cure.

Meanwhile, for a short time he found some employment in the British Museum. Before leaving Oxford, he had drawn up for the Record Commission a catalogue of the manuscripts in some of the colleges there. In 1839 he was appointed lecturer in classical literature at King's College, London. His friend, the Rev. F. D. Maurice, became professor of English literature and modern history the year after; and from that time, notwithstanding some differences in their views, he most cordially co-operated with him in many things. After the removal of Mr. Maurice from King's


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S I read my Translations of Rev. K. Tada's Sermons, I feel that they sound so very Christian in thought that a reader might almost be tempted to suppose that I had made them up for purposes of my own, and that they were not translations at all. The expenditure of a few sen on the original book (its name is Shūdō Kōwa 修道講話, and it is published by Bunmeidō, Hongō Shichōme, Tōkyō) will show any person acquainted with Japanese that my translation, though far from perfect, is in the main faithful, at least to the ideas of the original. The Sermons are written in a beautifully clear Japanese, and are quite worthy of being made subjects of linguistic study.

It will suffice, by way of introduction, if I say but a few words of the Buddhist Saviour in whose honour Mr. Tada has written. Of ancient royal descent, this Being, in the most remote Past, emptied Himself of the splendour

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Rh Even a touch of arrogance, That springs from your o'erweening pride, Rather than any thing beside." The grasshopper not even deign'd To make reply when thus arraign'd, But forthwith from his old home flew,      To seek a new. When finally two days were o'er, He'd made two hundred steps or more, And fancied that at last he'd found The end of this world's farthest bound. The land seem'd new, the people strange, The wheat-fields offer'd a fine range,       And fill'd him with delight. Their long stalks waving in the wind, Gave welcome to his troubl'd mind;       It was a glorious sight! "Here then," he cried, "all trouble past, I've found security at last. No more shall enemies invade My peace within this friendly shade."             But lo! When o'er the east spread morning's glow, A band of reapers came along, With laugh, and jest, and merry song, And 'neath their sickles fell the grain All level with the naked plain; And to the view the spot disclos'd, Where our unfortunate repos'd. "There 'tis again!" the insect cried,

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 2 of His rank in order to lead a religious life. His own salvation had been completed, and He was on the brink of Nirvana, when He looked back and saw His suffering brethren, whom He was about to leave behind in the miseries of human life. For their sakes He turned back: He would not enter into His rest until He had worked out a salvation for all mankind, one which even the most ignorant and helpless could lay hold of and be saved, a large ship which should take all men safely across the tempestuous waves of life and death. It was not done without a struggle, but it was done; and when the Vow had been accomplished, and the last ordeal endured, Paradise had come into existence in the Pure Land beyond the Setting Sun. The King of that Land is Amida Who has "entered into His rest in Paradise." His "Name, through faith in His Name," is said to save those who believe on Him, and He comes both now and at the hour of death to those who call upon Him with a thankful heart.

A question of real significance, not merely to

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 Rh the student of comparative religion, but, practically, to the Christian missionary, and to every one interested in the religious movement of to day, is, Who is Amida? The points of resemblance between Amida and Christ are too striking to be passed over unnoticed, even by a casual reader. Can the two stones in any sense be said to have a common origin?

No attempt has ever been made to give Amida a historical embodiment, and it must be remembered that there are very many Buddhists, even in Japan, who place no trust in Him and His Paradise. I believe, however, that such an embodiment is possible, and I hope to show at some future date that the Amida legend is an Oriental adaptation of the Life of Christ. Amida is first mentioned, so it is said, in the writings of As'vaghosha, who flourished in the reign of the Indo-Scythian Sovereign Kanishka. Kanishka s date is sometimes assigned to the middle of the 1st century A.D.; but Dr. Bhandarkar of Bombay gives extremely good reasons

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 4 for placing him in the latter half of the 3rd century. In either case, these was time for the Gospel to have reached India, before As'vaghosha wrote, and we know, as a matter of fact, that Christ was preached in that land at a very early date. The Indian Legend of Krishna (which may itself be an adaptation of the Life of Christ) has been found in a Buddhicised form, re-wrhten to suit the creed of Buddhist readers, and if one Buddhist writer edited Krishna in a Buddhist sense, why should not another writer have done the same for the Story of Christ? Such a thing might be done with the purest and best of motives.

When the Nestorian schism took place in the Christian Church, all the Bishops East of the Euphrates were cut off from Unity with the Churches of Western Asia and Europe. The followers of these men were afterwards known in China as Nestorians; but there had probably been Christian Missions in China long before

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 Rh Nestorian days, and it was not before the middle of the 4th century A.D. that the first sect of Amida worshippers pure and simple was formed in China. The first Christian to come to Japan was a Nestorian physician, named Rimi, who was highly honoured by the Imperial Court at Nara during the ninth century. Nestorianism is known in Japan as Keikyō; in China it was sometimes spoken of as the religion that came from Tachin, i.e. the Roman Empire, and the name Taishinji, found here and there as the title of some ancient temple in Japan, would seem to point to the fact that the remnants of Nestorianism had become gradually amalgamated with the predominant Buddhism. The history of Nestorianism seems to have been a history of the abandonment, one by one, of the bulwarks that surround that Inner Citadel of the Christian Faith, the Belief in God, the Creator, the Saviour, the Sanctifier.

But there are certain differences between Christianity and Amida-ism which must constantly be borne in mind. In our simple Christian creed

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Rh Herodotus by heart they knew, Denis of Halicarnassus too; And all that Titus Livy wrote Like learned doctors they could quote. Discussing once as doctors do, They pass'd the ancients in review.

"Upon my faith," the cat exclaim'd, "The Egyptians were of all most fam'd. No people ever were more wise, More law-abiding or discreet— None more religious 'neath the skies: For that alone I think it meet That Egypt should bear off the prize."

The owl responded: "In my view, To Athens the first prize is due. Whoever knew such wit, such grace, Such bravery in any race? No state more noble men e'er bore, Or with less means accomplish'd more. Of all the nations Greece rank'd first."

"Hold there! "the goose in wrath outspoke, "You reckon Rome, then, last and worst! Perhaps, my friends, you are in joke. What nation ever equall'd Rome? In grandeur, glory, arts, and war, Egypt and Greece can't near it come. All nations it excell'd by far: The men of Rome my fav'rites are. They conquer'd on both land and sea:

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 6 we are able to make a certain distinction between the articles of our Faith. Some of the propositions of the Apostles Creed (for instance) are like the outlying forts of a beleaguered city, places which it is right to defend with all one's might, and yet not so vital to the safety of the Fortress that their capture by the enemy must involve the immediate surrender of the Citadel. We contend earnestly for the whole Faith as delivered to the Saints: in some cases, we try to repair breaches that have been made, to re-occupy positions from which we have been forced to retire, and to re-establish communications with batteries that have been cut off and isolated; but we know that these outworks are only of use so long as they guard the main and central Citadel. And in the Fortress of Christian Belief the main and central Citadel is the Faith in the Trinity,—in "God the Father, Who made me and all the world," in "God the Son, Who redeemed me and all mankind," and in "God the Holy Ghost, Who sanctifieth me and all the elect people of God."

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