text:
Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 56.djvu/337

 created a baronet on 1 Sept. 1642. The baronetcy is still held by a descendant.

(d. 1558), a younger brother of Sir George and Nicholas's uncle, arranged in 1537 to enter the service of Cardinal Pole at Rome, with a view to acting as a spy on him in the interest of the English government; but Michael deceived Cromwell, and became the loyal and affectionate secretary of the cardinal. For a time he wrote home to the English government letters favourable to Pole without exciting suspicions of his duplicity. He is credited with the authorship of a volume entitled ‘A copye of a very fyne and wytty letter sent from the ryght reuerende Lewes Lippomanus, byshop of Verona in Italy,’ London, 1556, 8vo. Michael Throckmorton, who received a grant of Haseley in Warwickshire from Queen Mary in 1553, finally took up his residence at Mantua, where he died on 1 Nov. 1558 (cf. Letters and Papers of Henry VIII; Nine Historical Letters of the Reign of Henry VIII, by J. P. C[ollier], 1871; Cal. State Papers, 1547–80, pp. 67, 75–6). His son Francis was long known at Mantua by his hospitable entertainment of English visitors; he was buried at Ullenhall, Warwickshire, in 1617.

Nicholas was chiefly brought up by his mother's brother-in-law, Lord Parr. In youth he served as page to the Duke of Richmond, and probably went to Paris with his master in 1532. With two brothers he joined the household of his family connection, Catherine Parr, soon after her marriage to Henry VIII in July 1543. Unlike other members of his family, he accepted the reformed faith of his mistress, and remained a sturdy protestant till his death. He and two brothers were present as sympathising spectators at the execution of Anne Askew, the protestant martyr, in 1546 (Narratives of the Reformation, Camden Soc. pp. 41–2).

Throckmorton entered public life as M.P. for Malden in 1545, and sat in the House of Commons almost continuously till 1567. The accession of Edward VI was favourable to his fortunes. With the king's religious sentiment he was in thorough sympathy, and Edward liked him personally. He accompanied the army of the Protector Somerset to Scotland in August 1547, and, after engaging in the battle of Musselburgh, was sent to bear the tidings of victory to Edward. The king received him with the utmost cordiality and knighted him. He was subsequently appointed a knight of the king's privy chamber and treasurer of the mint in the Tower (Acts of Privy Council, iv. 76, 77, 84). He also received a grant of an annuity of 100l., which he resigned in 1551 in exchange for the manor of Paulerspury in Northamptonshire and other land in adjoining counties. He was present at the unfortunate siege of Boulogne in 1549–1550, and later in 1550 attended to give evidence at Gardiner's trial. He represented Devizes in the House of Commons from 1547 to 1552, and sat for Northamptonshire in Edward's last parliament in March 1553.

Throckmorton's signature was appended to the letters patent of 7 June 1553 which limited the succession of the crown to Lady Jane Grey and her descendants (Chronicle of Queen Jane, p. 100). Immediately after Edward's death and Lady Jane's accession, Throckmorton's wife acted by way of deputy for Lady Jane as godmother of a son of Edward Underhill, the ‘Hot-Gospeller,’ at his christening in the Tower of London (19 July 1553); the boy was named Guilford after Lady Jane's husband (Narratives of the Reformation, p. 153). On the same day Mary was generally proclaimed queen. Throckmorton is reported to have been at the moment at Northampton, and when Sir Thomas Tresham formally declared for Mary there, he is said to have made a protest in Lady Jane's favour, which exposed him to personal risk at the townspeople's hands (Chron. of Queen Jane, p. 12). But Throckmorton's devotion to Lady Jane was more specious than real, and he had no intention of forfeiting the goodwill of her rival Mary. He was credited by his friends with having taken a step of the first importance to Mary's welfare on the very day of Edward VI's death by sending her London goldsmith to her at Hoddesdon to apprise her of the loss of her brother, and to warn her of the danger that threatened her if she fell into the clutches of the Duke of Northumberland (Legend of Throckmorton, vv. 111 et seq.; cf. Life and Times, i. 117). On Mary's arrival in London she showed no resentment at Throckmorton's dalliance with Lady Jane's pretensions, and he sat as member for Old Sarum in her first parliament of October–December 1553.

But early next year Throckmorton's loyalty was seriously suspected. On 20 Feb. 1553–4 he was sent to the Tower on a charge of complicity in Wyatt's conspiracy. On 17 April 1554 he was tried at the Guildhall. Although he had not taken up arms, the evidence against him was strong. One of Wyatt's lieutenants, Cuthbert Vaughan, swore that he had discussed the plan of the insurrection with Throckmorton. Throckmorton admitted that he had talked to Sir Peter Carew and Wyatt of the probability


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Peterhof

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Peterhof


text: Pierre/Book 1

title: Pierre/Book 1


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Petermann, August Heinrich


text: Pierre/Book 2

title: Pierre/Book 2


text: Pierre/Book 3

title: Pierre/Book 3


text:
Page:Babyhood of Wild Beasts.djvu/17

I was prompted by my love for wild animals to write this book.

Among my wild pets was one—a lion cub—who was so near and dear to me, that because of the love I bore him, I gained a clearer insight into the lives of other animals.

He was a woolly little rascal just a week old when I first saw him. I took him in my arms and snuggled him against my breast and kissed his round baby face freckled with black spots. He liked the caress and kissed back in his clumsy baby way. We loved each other from the first and became great friends. We played together every day and I took him little play-things that I thought would amuse him. He was so intensely interested in everything that was new to him. Whether it was a new ball to roll or some animal he had not seen before, or a little child, it was all the same to "Pompey"—they were most important and must be carefully studied.

title: Page:Babyhood of Wild Beasts.djvu/17


text:
Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 23.djvu/289

GROSVENOR, RICHARD, second (1795–1869), was the eldest son of Robert, second earl Grosvenor and first marquis of Westminster (1767-1845) [q. v.] He was born on 27 Jan. 1795, and was educated at Westminster School and Christ Church, Oxford, where he graduated M.A. in 1818 (, Alumni Oxon. 1888, ii. 573). As Lord Belgrave he entered parliament at the general election in 1818 as member for Chester. He represented the city in 1820, and again from 1826 to 1830. Between 1831 and 1832 he was M.P. for his county, and from 1832 to 1835 sat for South Cheshire. When in the lower house he voted steadily for the liberal party. He patronised the turf, and won the St. Leger with Touchstone in 1834. In 1840-1 he made a yacht voyage in the Mediterranean, of which the Countess Grosvenor published a 'Narrative' (London, 1842, 2 vols. cr. 8vo). He succeeded his father as second marquis on 17 Feb. 1845. He seldom spoke in the House of Lords, and devoted himself chiefly to the improvement of his London property. From 1845 to 1867 he was lord-lieutenant of Cheshire, and acted as lord steward of the; household (1850-2) in Lord Russell's administration. He received the order of the Garter on 6 July 1857. After a short illness he died at Fonthill Gifford, Wiltshire, on Sunday, 31 Oct. 1869, in his seventy-fifth year. A leading article in the 'Times' states that 'he administered his vast estate with a combination of intelligence and generosity not often witnessed, and his life was illustrated with some noble acts.' Of reserved habits and inexpensive tastes, he disliked any kind of ostentation and extravagance. He gave generously to charitable objects, and built and restored many churches and schools, principally in Cheshire. To Chester he presented a large park.

He married, on 16 Sept. 1819, the Lady Elizabeth Mary Leveson-Gower, second daughter of the first Duke of Sutherland, and by her had four sons and nine daughters. He was succeeded by his second son, Hugh Lupus Grosvenor (b. 1825), now Duke of Westminster. His fourth son, Richard, was created Baron Stalbridge in 1886.

[Obituary notices in the Times, 2 Nov. 1869, and the Chester Chronicle, 6 Nov. 1869. See also Doyle's Official Baronage, 1885, iii. 626; Croston's County Families of Lancashire and Cheshire, 1887, p. 338; Ormerod's Cheshire (Helsby), ii. 837; Burke's Peerage, 1890.]  GROSVENOR, ROBERT (d. 1396), knight, defendant in the case of Scrope and Grosvenor, was descended from Gilbert le Grosvenor, nephew of Hugh Lupus, earl of Chester, in the time of William I. Sixth in descent from Gilbert was Sir Ralph Grosvenor of Hulme, Cheshire, who died in or before 1357, leaving his son Robert under age. Robert Grosvenor's guardian was Sir John Daniell of Tabley, who married his ward to his daughter Joan. Grosvenor must at this time have been nearly twenty years of age, for we are told that he was harbinger to Sir James de Audley [q. v.], and present with him at the battle of Poitiers. He afterwards served in Guienne and Normandy, and in 1367 took part in the expedition to Spain, and was present at the battle of Nájara on 3 April, and in 1369 was with Sir James Audley at the capture of La Roche-sur-Yon. Next year he was in the service of the Black Prince at the siege of Limoges. During all these campaigns Grosvenor is stated to have used as his coat of arms, 'azure, a bend or,' and while he was yet a minor his guardian challenged John Carminow, a Cornish squire, who had had a like dispute with Sir Richard Scrope for bearing them. In 1385 Grosvenor was engaged in the expedition against Scotland, and was there challenged by Scrope as to his right to bear his arms. On 17 Aug. a proclamation was made for the trial to be held at Newcastle on 20 Aug., whence it was almost at once adjourned to meet at Whitehall on 20 Oct. Meetings were held at intervals till 16 May 1386, when Thomas, Duke of Gloucester, who presided as constable of England, ordered both parties to appear with their proofs on 21 Jan. 1387, and appointed commissioners to collect evidence. The autumn of the year was occupied with this business, and on the appointed day the court met again, the constable being present in person, and Sir John de Multon being lieutenant for the marshal. A host of witnesses were summoned on either side; for Grosvenor, nearly all the knights and gentlemen of Lancashire and Cheshire, together with some abbots, who testified to the use of the bend or by Grosvenor and by his ancestors. But even now there were constant adjournments, and it was only on 12 May 1389 that the constable gave judgment against Grosvenor, who was condemned with costs; but in consideration of the strong evidence which he had adduced had assigned to him as his arms 'azure, a bend or, with a plain bordure, argent, for difference.' Against this decision Grosvenor at once appealed, especially against the assignment of arms for which he had never petitioned. The summons to the parties in the suit to appear before the king was issued on 15 May (Fœdera, vii. 620), commissioners were appointed to hear the case, and the trial commenced


text: Pierre/Book 4

title: Pierre/Book 4


text:
United States Code/Title 11/Chapter 5/Section 552

§ 552. Postpetition effect of security interest

 * (a) Except as provided in subsection (b) of this section, property acquired by the estate or by the debtor after the commencement of the case is not subject to any lien resulting from any security agreement entered into by the debtor before the commencement of the case.

 * (b)
 * (1) Except as provided in sections 363, 506 (c), 522, 544, 545, 547, and 548 of this title, if the debtor and an entity entered into a security agreement before the commencement of the case and if the security interest created by such security agreement extends to property of the debtor acquired before the commencement of the case and to proceeds, products, offspring, or profits of such property, then such security interest extends to such proceeds, products, offspring, or profits acquired by the estate after the commencement of the case to the extent provided by such security agreement and by applicable nonbankruptcy law, except to any extent that the court, after notice and a hearing and based on the equities of the case, orders otherwise.
 * (2) Except as provided in sections 363, 506 (c), 522, 544, 545, 547, and 548 of this title, and notwithstanding section 546 (b) of this title, if the debtor and an entity entered into a security agreement before the commencement of the case and if the security interest created by such security agreement extends to property of the debtor acquired before the commencement of the case and to amounts paid as rents of such property or the fees, charges, accounts, or other payments for the use or occupancy of rooms and other public facilities in hotels, motels, or other lodging properties, then such security interest extends to such rents and such fees, charges, accounts, or other payments acquired by the estate after the commencement of the case to the extent provided in such security agreement, except to any extent that the court, after notice and a hearing and based on the equities of the case, orders otherwise.


text: Pierre/Book 5

title: Pierre/Book 5


text: Pierre/Book 6

title: Pierre/Book 6


text: Pierre/Book 7

title: Pierre/Book 7


text:
United States Code/Title 11/Chapter 5/Section 542

§ 542. Turnover of property to the estate

 * (a) Except as provided in subsection (c) or (d) of this section, an entity, other than a custodian, in possession, custody, or control, during the case, of property that the trustee may use, sell, or lease under section 363 of this title, or that the debtor may exempt under section 522 of this title, shall deliver to the trustee, and account for, such property or the value of such property, unless such property is of inconsequential value or benefit to the estate.

 * (b) Except as provided in subsection (c) or (d) of this section, an entity that owes a debt that is property of the estate and that is matured, payable on demand, or payable on order, shall pay such debt to, or on the order of, the trustee, except to the extent that such debt may be offset under section 553 of this title against a claim against the debtor.

 * (c) Except as provided in section 362 (a)(7) of this title, an entity that has neither actual notice nor actual knowledge of the commencement of the case concerning the debtor may transfer property of the estate, or pay a debt owing to the debtor, in good faith and other than in the manner specified in subsection (d) of this section, to an entity other than the trustee, with the same effect as to the entity making such transfer or payment as if the case under this title concerning the debtor had not been commenced.

 * (d) A life insurance company may transfer property of the estate or property of the debtor to such company in good faith, with the same effect with respect to such company as if the case under this title concerning the debtor had not been commenced, if such transfer is to pay a premium or to carry out a nonforfeiture insurance option, and is required to be made automatically, under a life insurance contract with such company that was entered into before the date of the filing of the petition and that is property of the estate.

 * (e) Subject to any applicable privilege, after notice and a hearing, the court may order an attorney, accountant, or other person that holds recorded information, including books, documents, records, and papers, relating to the debtor’s property or financial affairs, to turn over or disclose such recorded information to the trustee.


text: Pierre/Book 8

title: Pierre/Book 8


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Peters, Hugh


text: Pierre/Book 9

title: Pierre/Book 9


text:
United States Code/Title 11/Chapter 5/Section 543

§ 543. Turnover of property by a custodian

 * (a) A custodian with knowledge of the commencement of a case under this title concerning the debtor may not make any disbursement from, or take any action in the administration of, property of the debtor, proceeds, product, offspring, rents, or profits of such property, or property of the estate, in the possession, custody, or control of such custodian, except such action as is necessary to preserve such property.

 * (b) A custodian shall—
 * (1) deliver to the trustee any property of the debtor held by or transferred to such custodian, or proceeds, product, offspring, rents, or profits of such property, that is in such custodian’s possession, custody, or control on the date that such custodian acquires knowledge of the commencement of the case; and
 * (2) file an accounting of any property of the debtor, or proceeds, product, offspring, rents, or profits of such property, that, at any time, came into the possession, custody, or control of such custodian.

 * (c) The court, after notice and a hearing, shall—
 * (1) protect all entities to which a custodian has become obligated with respect to such property or proceeds, product, offspring, rents, or profits of such property;
 * (2) provide for the payment of reasonable compensation for services rendered and costs and expenses incurred by such custodian; and
 * (3) surcharge such custodian, other than an assignee for the benefit of the debtor’s creditors that was appointed or took possession more than 120 days before the date of the filing of the petition, for any improper or excessive disbursement, other than a disbursement that has been made in accordance with applicable law or that has been approved, after notice and a hearing, by a court of competent jurisdiction before the commencement of the case under this title.

 * (d) After notice and hearing, the bankruptcy court—
 * (1) may excuse compliance with subsection (a), (b), or (c) of this section if the interests of creditors and, if the debtor is not insolvent, of equity security holders would be better served by permitting a custodian to continue in possession, custody, or control of such property, and
 * (2) shall excuse compliance with subsections (a) and (b)(1) of this section if the custodian is an assignee for the benefit of the debtor’s creditors that was appointed or took possession more than 120 days before the date of the filing of the petition, unless compliance with such subsections is necessary to prevent fraud or injustice.


text:
Page:Babyhood of Wild Beasts.djvu/10

 {|
 * Georgia McNally Portrait.png
 * MY LION CUB "POMPEY" LIKES TO HAVE ME HOLD HIM IN MY ARMS AND TAKE HIM OUT IN THE SUNSHINE TO GET ACQUAINTED WITH THE CATS AND DOGS OF THE NEIGHBORHOOD.
 * }
 * }

title: Page:Babyhood of Wild Beasts.djvu/10


text: Pierre/Book 10

title: Pierre/Book 10


text:
United States Code/Title 11/Chapter 5/Section 544

§ 544. Trustee as lien creditor and as successor to certain creditors and purchasers

 * (a) The trustee shall have, as of the commencement of the case, and without regard to any knowledge of the trustee or of any creditor, the rights and powers of, or may avoid any transfer of property of the debtor or any obligation incurred by the debtor that is voidable by—
 * (1) a creditor that extends credit to the debtor at the time of the commencement of the case, and that obtains, at such time and with respect to such credit, a judicial lien on all property on which a creditor on a simple contract could have obtained such a judicial lien, whether or not such a creditor exists;
 * (2) a creditor that extends credit to the debtor at the time of the commencement of the case, and obtains, at such time and with respect to such credit, an execution against the debtor that is returned unsatisfied at such time, whether or not such a creditor exists; or
 * (3) a bona fide purchaser of real property, other than fixtures, from the debtor, against whom applicable law permits such transfer to be perfected, that obtains the status of a bona fide purchaser and has perfected such transfer at the time of the commencement of the case, whether or not such a purchaser exists.

 * (b)
 * (1) Except as provided in paragraph (2), the trustee may avoid any transfer of an interest of the debtor in property or any obligation incurred by the debtor that is voidable under applicable law by a creditor holding an unsecured claim that is allowable under section 502 of this title or that is not allowable only under section 502 (e) of this title.
 * (2) Paragraph (1) shall not apply to a transfer of a charitable contribution (as that term is defined in section 548 (d)(3)) that is not covered under section 548 (a)(1)(B), by reason of section 548 (a)(2). Any claim by any person to recover a transferred contribution described in the preceding sentence under Federal or State law in a Federal or State court shall be preempted by the commencement of the case.


text: Pierre/Book 11

title: Pierre/Book 11


text: Pierre/Book 12

title: Pierre/Book 12


text:
United States Code/Title 11/Chapter 5/Section 545

§ 545. Statutory liens

The trustee may avoid the fixing of a statutory lien on property of the debtor to the extent that such lien—
 * (1) first becomes effective against the debtor—
 * (A) when a case under this title concerning the debtor is commenced;
 * (B) when an insolvency proceeding other than under this title concerning the debtor is commenced;
 * (C) when a custodian is appointed or authorized to take or takes possession;
 * (D) when the debtor becomes insolvent;
 * (E) when the debtor’s financial condition fails to meet a specified standard; or
 * (F) at the time of an execution against property of the debtor levied at the instance of an entity other than the holder of such statutory lien;
 * (2) is not perfected or enforceable at the time of the commencement of the case against a bona fide purchaser that purchases such property at the time of the commencement of the case, whether or not such a purchaser exists, except in any case in which a purchaser is a purchaser described in section 6323 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, or in any other similar provision of State or local law;
 * (3) is for rent; or
 * (4) is a lien of distress for rent.


text: Pierre/Book 13

title: Pierre/Book 13


text:
Translation:The many fallen ones into the deepest ...

* * *

The many fallen ones into the deepest Insatiable abyss! One of these days I’ll also vanish, guiltless, From earthly living bliss

And all things then shall stall – the song and struggle That shone from me and tore The greenest eyes, the tender voice shall crumble; The golden hair I wore

But life will carry on as nothing happened (Its daily cares and needs) Oblivious of me who under heaven A life once lived and breathed!

So playful that I was in childish whimsy And none too long was cross; I that so loved of even hearth when, flimsy, The wood would turn to floss

The cello and the horseback ride in forest The tolling bell loved I … Alive and real, with all my soul put foremost – Good earth, why should I die!

To you I speak now, strange or friendly people – I never tempered was – And I demand of you some faith in keeping But love of you I ask

Both day and night, in writing or in speaking: Do love my gritty truth; Do love me for my sadness often creeping; For twenty years of youth

For that I never had a qualm, forgiving Offences or ill use; For all my boundless tenderness in living And haughtiness in looks

For action swift and fell, for dashing valour For truth, for play … oh my! And listen! One more thing: do love me ever For that I’ll have to die

Уж_сколько_их_упало_в_эту_бездну_(Цветаева)


text: Pierre/Book 14

title: Pierre/Book 14


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Peters, Karl


text:
Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 23.djvu/290

May 1389; the royal decision was given on 27 May 1390, when the judgment of the constable was confirmed, but the award of distinctive arms was annulled (ib. vii. 676). Grosvenor and his descendants, scorning to bear the other coat with a difference, adopted in its place 'azure, a garbe or,' which is still retained in the family coat of arms. On 28 Nov. 1390 letters patent were issued directing that Grosvenor was to be held liable for the costs, which amounted to 466l. 13s. 4d., and on 3 Oct. 1391 a further fine of fifty marks was inflicted for his contumacy. But this latter was forgiven on the intercession of Sir Richard Scrope, and the two parties were made friends before the king in parliament. Grosvenor was appointed sheriff of Cheshire, 'quam diu nobis placuerit,' on 1 Jan. 1389, and was again sheriff in 1394. He died on 12 Sept. 1396. By his first wife he had no children; by a second, Julianna or Joanna, daughter of Sir Robert Pulford, he had a son, Sir Thomas Grosvenor of Hulme, from whom the Duke of Westminster is descended.

[Rymer's Fœdera, original edition; Scrope and Grosvenor Controversy, 2 vols., 1832, edited by Sir N. H. Nicolas (the first volume contains the official record of the trial and the depositions of the witnesses, printed from the original documents now in the Record Office; the second, biographical notices of Scrope and his witnesses; a third volume, treating of Grosvenor and his witnesses, was projected but never finished; only a hundred copies were printed for private circulation); Ormerod's Cheshire, iii. 84-8 ; Nichols's Herald and Genealogist, i. 385 sqq., v. 498-507; Harleian Society, xii. 385-8. xviii. 107; Scrope's Hist. of Castle Combe; Collins's Peerage, viii. 60-4, ed. 1779.]  GROSVENOR, ROBERT, second and first (1767–1845), was the third son and only surviving child of Richard, first earl Grosvenor (1731-1802) [q. v.] He was born in the parish of St. George, Hanover Square, London, on 22 March 1767, and was educated at Harrow, and afterwards at Trinity College, Cambridge, taking his degree of M.A. in 1786 (, Graduati Cantabr. 1856, p. 28). His father had made a home at Eaton for William Gifford, who acted as tutor to the son, then Viscount Belgrave, and travelled with him on two continental tours. Gifford speaks warmly of his 'most amiable' and 'accomplished' pupil (Autobiography in, Illustr. vi. 28). From 1788 to 1790 Lord Belgrave was M.P. for East Looe, and on 15 Aug. 1789 was appointed a lord of the admiralty, an office which he held until 25 June 1791. Peter Pindar styled him 'the Lord of Greek' for having upon his first entrance in parliament shocked the House of Commons with a quotation from Demosthenes (, The Pursuits of Literature, 1812, p. 144). At the general election in 1790 Lord Belgrave was elected M.P. for Chester, and continued to represent the city from 1796 to 1802. Between 1793 and 1801 he was a commissioner of the board of control. About 1795 Lord Belgrave printed for private circulation a quarto volume, containing 'Charlotte, an Elegy,' and other poems in English and Latin. During the revolutionary war he raised a regiment of volunteers in the city of Westminster, and was major commandant on 21 July 1798. On the death of his father he became second Earl Grosvenor on 5 Aug. 1802, and in the following year began to rebuild Eaton Hall upon a very extensive scale (The Eaton Tourist, or a Description of the House, Grounds, &c., Chester, 1825, sm. 8vo). Bamford describes his 'very courteous and affable manner' in receiving a petition (Passages in the Life of a Radical, ii. 42-5). In 1826 he obtained special powers by act of parliament, and set to work with the help of Cubitt to lay out in roads, streets, and squares that part of his London estate now called Belgravia. Pimlico was soon after built over (, History of London, 1884, ii. 104-5). At the coronation of William IV he was created Marquis of Westminster on 13 Sept. 1831. On this occasion the arms of the city of Westminster, a portcullis, with chains pendent, were granted to him as a coat of augmentation. He received the Garter on 11 March 1841.

He was a man of taste, and largely increased the famous Grosvenor gallery of pictures, adding to it among others the collection of Mr. Agar. A 'Catalogue of the Pictures at Grosvenor House, London, with Etchings from the whole Collection, and Historical Notices' (London, 1821, 4to), was compiled by John Young. He took an active part in public affairs, and supported Pitt down to his death, when he seceded from the tory party, and remained faithful to the whigs during the remainder of his life. He contributed to the Anti-Cornlaw League, and voted for the Reform Bill. Among the many improvements Chester owed to him was the north gate, erected from the designs of Harrison in 1810, some time after he had served as mayor of the city. Some of the most famous racehorses of the day were owned by him, and he left a large stud. After a short illness he died at Eaton on 17 Feb. 1845, in his seventy-eighth year. There is at Eaton a portrait of him painted by Gainsborough. J. Young produced a mezzotint after a


text:
1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vol 32 PACIFIC OCEAN ISLANDS to ZULOAGA

 * valign="top"|
 * Title page
 * Copyright notice
 * Table of contributors
 * valign="top"|
 * Pacific Ocean — Poor Law
 * Popper — Richborough
 * Richmond — San Francisco
 * San Giuliano — Smith, F. H.
 * Smith, Sir G. A. — Switzerland
 * valign="top"|
 * Sydenham — Ukraine
 * Underwood — Wernher
 * Wertheimer — Zeppelin
 * Zhilinsky — Zuloaga
 * valign="top"|
 * ../Index/
 * ../Supplementary list of contributors/
 * }


text:
1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Peters, Karl

PETERS, KARL (1856-1918), German traveller (see 21.300). In 1907-8 Peters, who had again taken up residence in Germany brought actions for libel against a Munich journal and the Cologne Gazette, seeking to clear his character in regard to his administration in E. Africa. These actions wrought no change in public opinion in Germany and Peters remained on the retired list. However, in April 1914, at the instance of the Imperial Colonial Office he was granted a pension. During the World War he supported the extreme pan-German programme. In Feb. 1918 he published an autobiography, and he died at Woltorf, Brunswick, on Sept. 10 of the same year. He had lived to see German E. Africa, which he founded, conquered by British and Belgian troops.


text:
United States Code/Title 11/Chapter 5/Section 546

§ 546. Limitations on avoiding powers

 * (a) An action or proceeding under section 544, 545, 547, 548, or 553 of this title may not be commenced after the earlier of—
 * (1) the later of—
 * (A) 2 years after the entry of the order for relief; or
 * (B) 1 year after the appointment or election of the first trustee under section 702, 1104, 1163, 1202, or 1302 of this title if such appointment or such election occurs before the expiration of the period specified in subparagraph (A); or
 * (2) the time the case is closed or dismissed.

 * (b)
 * (1) The rights and powers of a trustee under sections 544, 545, and 549 of this title are subject to any generally applicable law that—
 * (A) permits perfection of an interest in property to be effective against an entity that acquires rights in such property before the date of perfection; or
 * (B) provides for the maintenance or continuation of perfection of an interest in property to be effective against an entity that acquires rights in such property before the date on which action is taken to effect such maintenance or continuation.
 * (2) If—
 * (A) a law described in paragraph (1) requires seizure of such property or commencement of an action to accomplish such perfection, or maintenance or continuation of perfection of an interest in property; and
 * (B) such property has not been seized or such an action has not been commenced before the date of the filing of the petition;
 * such interest in such property shall be perfected, or perfection of such interest shall be maintained or continued, by giving notice within the time fixed by such law for such seizure or such commencement.

 * (c)
 * (1) Except as provided in subsection (d) of this section and in section 507 (c), and subject to the prior rights of a holder of a security interest in such goods or the proceeds thereof, the rights and powers of the trustee under sections 544 (a), 545, 547, and 549 are subject to the right of a seller of goods that has sold goods to the debtor, in the ordinary course of such seller’s business, to reclaim such goods if the debtor has received such goods while insolvent, within 45 days before the date of the commencement of a case under this title, but such seller may not reclaim such goods unless such seller demands in writing reclamation of such goods—
 * (A) not later than 45 days after the date of receipt of such goods by the debtor; or
 * (B) not later than 20 days after the date of commencement of the case, if the 45-day period expires after the commencement of the case.
 * (2) If a seller of goods fails to provide notice in the manner described in paragraph (1), the seller still may assert the rights contained in section 503 (b)(9).

 * (d) In the case of a seller who is a producer of grain sold to a grain storage facility, owned or operated by the debtor, in the ordinary course of such seller’s business (as such terms are defined in section 557 of this title) or in the case of a United States fisherman who has caught fish sold to a fish processing facility owned or operated by the debtor in the ordinary course of such fisherman’s business, the rights and powers of the trustee under sections 544 (a), 545, 547, and 549 of this title are subject to any statutory or common law right of such producer or fisherman to reclaim such grain or fish if the debtor has received such grain or fish while insolvent, but—
 * (1) such producer or fisherman may not reclaim any grain or fish unless such producer or fisherman demands, in writing, reclamation of such grain or fish before ten days after receipt thereof by the debtor; and
 * (2) the court may deny reclamation to such a producer or fisherman with a right of reclamation that has made such a demand only if the court secures such claim by a lien.

 * (e) Notwithstanding sections 544, 545, 547, 548 (a)(1)(B), and 548 (b) of this title, the trustee may not avoid a transfer that is a margin payment, as defined in section 101, 741, or 761 of this title, or settlement payment, as defined in section 101 or 741 of this title, made by or to (or for the benefit of) a commodity broker, forward contract merchant, stockbroker, financial institution, financial participant, or securities clearing agency, or that is a transfer made by or to (or for the benefit of) a commodity broker, forward contract merchant, stockbroker, financial institution, financial participant, or securities clearing agency, in connection with a securities contract, as defined in section 741 (7), commodity contract, as defined in section 761 (4), or forward contract, that is made before the commencement of the case, except under section 548 (a)(1)(A) of this title.

 * (f) Notwithstanding sections 544, 545, 547, 548 (a)(1)(B), and 548 (b) of this title, the trustee may not avoid a transfer made by or to (or for the benefit of) a repo participant or financial participant, in connection with a repurchase agreement and that is made before the commencement of the case, except under section 548 (a)(1)(A) of this title.

 * (g) Notwithstanding sections 544, 545, 547, 548 (a)(1)(B), and 548 (b) of this title, the trustee may not avoid a transfer, made by or to (or for the benefit of) a swap participant or financial participant, under or in connection with any swap agreement and that is made before the commencement of the case, except under section 548 (a)(1)(A) of this title.

 * (h) Notwithstanding the rights and powers of a trustee under sections 544 (a), 545, 547, 549, and 553, if the court determines on a motion by the trustee made not later than 120 days after the date of the order for relief in a case under chapter 11 of this title and after notice and a hearing, that a return is in the best interests of the estate, the debtor, with the consent of a creditor and subject to the prior rights of holders of security interests in such goods or the proceeds of such goods, may return goods shipped to the debtor by the creditor before the commencement of the case, and the creditor may offset the purchase price of such goods against any claim of the creditor against the debtor that arose before the commencement of the case.

 * (i)
 * (1) Notwithstanding paragraphs (2) and (3) of section 545, the trustee may not avoid a warehouseman’s lien for storage, transportation, or other costs incidental to the storage and handling of goods.
 * (2) The prohibition under paragraph (1) shall be applied in a manner consistent with any State statute applicable to such lien that is similar to section 7–209 of the Uniform Commercial Code, as in effect on the date of enactment of the Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act of 2005, or any successor to such section 7–209.

 * (j) Notwithstanding sections 544, 545, 547, 548 (a)(1)(B), and 548 (b) the trustee may not avoid a transfer made by or to (or for the benefit of) a master netting agreement participant under or in connection with any master netting agreement or any individual contract covered thereby that is made before the commencement of the case, except under section 548 (a)(1)(A) and except to the extent that the trustee could otherwise avoid such a transfer made under an individual contract covered by such master netting agreement.


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 {|
 * Baby Hippo.png
 * Photo by A. W. SchaadBaby "Caliph" at birth weighed seventy-five pounds, and was as full of fun as a barrel of monkeys. His mother’s weight was four tons. Her huge head alone tipping the scales at one thousand pounds.
 * }
 * }

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United States Code/Title 11/Chapter 5/Section 547

§ 547. Preferences

 * (a) In this section—
 * (1) “inventory” means personal property leased or furnished, held for sale or lease, or to be furnished under a contract for service, raw materials, work in process, or materials used or consumed in a business, including farm products such as crops or livestock, held for sale or lease;
 * (2) “new value” means money or money’s worth in goods, services, or new credit, or release by a transferee of property previously transferred to such transferee in a transaction that is neither void nor voidable by the debtor or the trustee under any applicable law, including proceeds of such property, but does not include an obligation substituted for an existing obligation;
 * (3) “receivable” means right to payment, whether or not such right has been earned by performance; and
 * (4) a debt for a tax is incurred on the day when such tax is last payable without penalty, including any extension.

 * (b) Except as provided in subsections (c) and (i) of this section, the trustee may avoid any transfer of an interest of the debtor in property—
 * (1) to or for the benefit of a creditor;
 * (2) for or on account of an antecedent debt owed by the debtor before such transfer was made;
 * (3) made while the debtor was insolvent;
 * (4) made—
 * (A) on or within 90 days before the date of the filing of the petition; or
 * (B) between ninety days and one year before the date of the filing of the petition, if such creditor at the time of such transfer was an insider; and
 * (5) that enables such creditor to receive more than such creditor would receive if—
 * (A) the case were a case under chapter 7 of this title;
 * (B) the transfer had not been made; and
 * (C) such creditor received payment of such debt to the extent provided by the provisions of this title.

 * (c) The trustee may not avoid under this section a transfer—
 * (1) to the extent that such transfer was—
 * (A) intended by the debtor and the creditor to or for whose benefit such transfer was made to be a contemporaneous exchange for new value given to the debtor; and
 * (B) in fact a substantially contemporaneous exchange;
 * (2) to the extent that such transfer was in payment of a debt incurred by the debtor in the ordinary course of business or financial affairs of the debtor and the transferee, and such transfer was—
 * (A) made in the ordinary course of business or financial affairs of the debtor and the transferee; or
 * (B) made according to ordinary business terms;
 * (3) that creates a security interest in property acquired by the debtor—
 * (A) to the extent such security interest secures new value that was—
 * (i) given at or after the signing of a security agreement that contains a description of such property as collateral;
 * (ii) given by or on behalf of the secured party under such agreement;
 * (iii) given to enable the debtor to acquire such property; and
 * (iv) in fact used by the debtor to acquire such property; and
 * (B) that is perfected on or before 30 days after the debtor receives possession of such property;
 * (4) to or for the benefit of a creditor, to the extent that, after such transfer, such creditor gave new value to or for the benefit of the debtor—
 * (A) not secured by an otherwise unavoidable security interest; and
 * (B) on account of which new value the debtor did not make an otherwise unavoidable transfer to or for the benefit of such creditor;
 * (5) that creates a perfected security interest in inventory or a receivable or the proceeds of either, except to the extent that the aggregate of all such transfers to the transferee caused a reduction, as of the date of the filing of the petition and to the prejudice of other creditors holding unsecured claims, of any amount by which the debt secured by such security interest exceeded the value of all security interests for such debt on the later of—
 * (A)
 * (i) with respect to a transfer to which subsection (b)(4)(A) of this section applies, 90 days before the date of the filing of the petition; or
 * (ii) with respect to a transfer to which subsection (b)(4)(B) of this section applies, one year before the date of the filing of the petition; or
 * (B) the date on which new value was first given under the security agreement creating such security interest;
 * (6) that is the fixing of a statutory lien that is not avoidable under section 545 of this title;
 * (7) to the extent such transfer was a bona fide payment of a debt for a domestic support obligation;
 * (8) if, in a case filed by an individual debtor whose debts are primarily consumer debts, the aggregate value of all property that constitutes or is affected by such transfer is less than $600; or
 * (9) if, in a case filed by a debtor whose debts are not primarily consumer debts, the aggregate value of all property that constitutes or is affected by such transfer is less than $5,000.

 * (d) The trustee may avoid a transfer of an interest in property of the debtor transferred to or for the benefit of a surety to secure reimbursement of such a surety that furnished a bond or other obligation to dissolve a judicial lien that would have been avoidable by the trustee under subsection (b) of this section. The liability of such surety under such bond or obligation shall be discharged to the extent of the value of such property recovered by the trustee or the amount paid to the trustee.

 * (e)
 * (1) For the purposes of this section—
 * (A) a transfer of real property other than fixtures, but including the interest of a seller or purchaser under a contract for the sale of real property, is perfected when a bona fide purchaser of such property from the debtor against whom applicable law permits such transfer to be perfected cannot acquire an interest that is superior to the interest of the transferee; and
 * (B) a transfer of a fixture or property other than real property is perfected when a creditor on a simple contract cannot acquire a judicial lien that is superior to the interest of the transferee.
 * (2) For the purposes of this section, except as provided in paragraph (3) of this subsection, a transfer is made—
 * (A) at the time such transfer takes effect between the transferor and the transferee, if such transfer is perfected at, or within 30 days after, such time, except as provided in subsection (c)(3)(B);
 * (B) at the time such transfer is perfected, if such transfer is perfected after such 30 days; or
 * (C) immediately before the date of the filing of the petition, if such transfer is not perfected at the later of—
 * (i) the commencement of the case; or
 * (ii) 30 days after such transfer takes effect between the transferor and the transferee.
 * (3) For the purposes of this section, a transfer is not made until the debtor has acquired rights in the property transferred.

 * (f) For the purposes of this section, the debtor is presumed to have been insolvent on and during the 90 days immediately preceding the date of the filing of the petition.

 * (g) For the purposes of this section, the trustee has the burden of proving the avoidability of a transfer under subsection (b) of this section, and the creditor or party in interest against whom recovery or avoidance is sought has the burden of proving the nonavoidability of a transfer under subsection (c) of this section.

 * (h) The trustee may not avoid a transfer if such transfer was made as a part of an alternative repayment schedule between the debtor and any creditor of the debtor created by an approved nonprofit budget and credit counseling agency.

 * (i) If the trustee avoids under subsection (b) a transfer made between 90 days and 1 year before the date of the filing of the petition, by the debtor to an entity that is not an insider for the benefit of a creditor that is an insider, such transfer shall be considered to be avoided under this section only with respect to the creditor that is an insider.


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 {| xv
 * Chapter
 * Page
 * I
 * Baby Beavers
 * 23
 * II
 * Baby Orang-Utans
 * 31
 * III
 * A Baby Hippopotamus
 * 39
 * IV
 * Baby Raccoons
 * 47
 * V
 * Baby Elephants
 * 57
 * VI
 * Baby Rhinos
 * 67
 * VII
 * Baby Bears
 * 75
 * VIII
 * Baby Camels
 * 83
 * IX
 * Baby Woodchucks
 * 91
 * X
 * Baby Skunks
 * 101
 * XI
 * Baby Tigers
 * 111
 * XII
 * The Baby Duck-billed Playtypus and Echidna
 * 119
 * XIII
 * Baby Kangaroos
 * 125
 * XIV
 * Baby Rocky Mountain Goats
 * 133
 * XV
 * Baby Gorillas
 * 141
 * XVI
 * Baby Canada Lynx
 * 147
 * XVII
 * Baby Llamas
 * 157
 * }
 * Baby Kangaroos
 * 125
 * XIV
 * Baby Rocky Mountain Goats
 * 133
 * XV
 * Baby Gorillas
 * 141
 * XVI
 * Baby Canada Lynx
 * 147
 * XVII
 * Baby Llamas
 * 157
 * }
 * XVII
 * Baby Llamas
 * 157
 * }

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 of a rebellion, and had been in familiar relations with Edward Courtenay [q. v.] Throckmorton defended himself with resolute pertinacity, and, in spite of the marked hostility of Sir Thomas Bromley and other judges, he was acquitted by the jury. The trial was memorable as affording an almost unprecedented example of the independence of a jury at the trial of one who was charged by the crown with treason. The London populace rejoiced, but the government marked its resentment by ordering the jurors to the Tower or the Fleet; they were kept in prison till the end of the year, when they were released on the payment of a fine amounting to 2,000l. (, Chronicle, ii. 1747; State Trials). Nor was Throckmorton allowed to benefit immediately by the jury's courage. He was detained in the Tower till 18 Jan. 1554–5 (, Diary, p. 80); and next year, when a kinsman, John Throckmorton, was arrested on a charge of conspiring with Henry Dudley to rob the treasury, he was again brought under suspicion, but no action was taken against him. His kinsman was executed on 28 April 1556 (cf. Cal. State Papers, 1547–80, p. 78). Meanwhile he was a frequent and a welcome visitor of the Princess Elizabeth at Hatfield, though his protestant zeal exceeded that of the princess, and at times drew from her an angry rebuke.

Elizabeth's accession to the throne opened to him a career of political activity. He was at once appointed chief butler and chamberlain of the exchequer, and was elected M.P. for Lyme Regis on 2 Jan. 1558–9. In the following May the more important office of ambassador to France was bestowed on him (cf. Cal. State Papers, Dom., 1547–80, p. 128). On 9 Jan. 1559–60 the queen signed instructions in which he was directed to protest against the assumption of the arms of England by Francis II, who had married Mary Queen of Scots on 24 April 1558, and had ascended the French throne on 10 July 1559 (Hatfield MSS. i. 165–7; State Papers, Foreign, 1559–60, No. 557). Francis died on 5 Dec. 1560, and Throckmorton was much occupied in the weeks that followed in seeking to induce Queen Mary to forego ‘the style and title of sovereign of England,’ and to postpone her assumption of her sovereignty in Scotland. Throckmorton had many audiences of her, and acknowledged her fascination. They corresponded on friendly terms, and despite differences in their religious and political opinions, he thenceforth did whatever he could to serve her, consistently with his duty to his country (cf., Lettres de Marie Stuart, i. 94, 128). He now succeeded in reconciling Elizabeth to the prospect of Queen Mary's settlement in Scotland. But he endeavoured to persuade Mary to tolerate protestantism among her subjects, and did not allow his personal regard for her to diminish his zeal for his own creed. The Venetian ambassador in France described him (3 July 1561) as ‘the most cruel adversary that the catholic religion has in England’ (Cal. Venetian State Papers, 1558–80, p. 333). He showed every mark of hostility to the Guises and of sympathy with the Huguenots, and urged Elizabeth to ally herself publicly and without delay with the Huguenots in France and the reformers in Scotland. Little heed was paid to his proposals.

On 28 Oct. 1560 he wrote with disgust to Cecil of the rumour that the Earl of Leicester was contemplating marriage with the queen (FROUDE, vi. 439 sq.). In November he sent his secretary, one Jones, to remonstrate with the queen on the injurious effect that the reports of such a union were having on her prestige abroad (, State Papers, i. 165). Elizabeth was displeased with his frank importunity, and in September 1561 Throckmorton begged for his recall. Cecil, to whose son Thomas he was showing many kindly attentions in Paris, recommended him to remain at his post, but in September 1562 Sir Thomas Smith (1513–1577) [q. v.] arrived to share his responsibilities, and, as different directions were given by the home government to each envoy, Throckmorton's position was one of continual embarrassment, and his relations with his colleague were usually very strained (cf., Queen Elizabeth, i. 155, 174). Throckmorton never ceased to warn the queen that Europe was maturing a conspiracy to extirpate protestantism, and that it was her duty to act as the champion of the reformed faith. Largely owing to his representations, Elizabeth reluctantly agreed in October 1562 to send an English army to the assistance of the French protestants, who were at open war with their catholic rulers, and were holding Havre against the French government. Throckmorton joined the Huguenot army in Normandy, and after the battle of Dreux (19 Dec. 1562) was carried as a prisoner into the camp of the catholics and was detained. He arrived at Havre in February 1563. On 7 August 1563 he was arrested by the French government on the plea that he had no passport. Cecil expostulated with the French ambassador in London, and Throckmorton was set at liberty (Hatfield MSS. i. 277; cf. Cal. Venetian State Papers, 1557–80, p. 373;


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title: The Babyhood of Wild Beasts


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 Lettres de Catherine de Médicis, vol. ii.). In the spring of 1564 he was engaged in negotiating at Troyes a peace with France, and found, as he conceived, his chief obstruction in the conduct of his colleague, Sir Thomas Smith. A violent quarrel took place between them while the negotiations were in progress, but the treaty of Troyes was finally signed on 1 April 1564, whereupon Throckmorton withdrew from the French embassy.

Next year another diplomatic mission was provided for Throckmorton in Scotland. On 4 May 1565 instructions were drawn up directing him to proceed to Scotland to prevent the marriage of Mary Queen of Scots with Darnley. He hurried to Mary at Stirling Castle. The queen received him reluctantly, and turned a deaf ear to his protest against her union with her cousin. He returned home leisurely, pausing at York to send Cecil the result of his observations on the temper of northern England, where he detected disquieting signs of hostility to Elizabeth's government. Later in the year he addressed a letter of advice to Mary urging her to show clemency to the banished protestant lords, and especially to the Earl of Moray (, Memoirs, 1683, pp. 60–3).

Throckmorton was created M.A. at Oxford on 2 Sept. 1566, and next year was, on the recommendation of the Earl of Leicester, named a governor of the incorporated society which was to control the possessions and revenues of the preachers of the gospel in Warwickshire. On 30 June 1567 Throckmorton was ordered to proceed to Scotland for a second time. A dangerous crisis had just taken place in Queen Mary's affairs. Her recent marriage to Bothwell after Darnley's murder had led to the rebellion of the Scottish nobles, and they had in June imprisoned her in Lochleven Castle. As a believer in the justice of Mary's claims to the English succession and an admirer of her personal charm, Throckmorton was anxious to alleviate the perils to which she was exposed. Elizabeth's instructions gave him no certain guidance as to the side on which he was to throw English influence. He travelled slowly northwards, in the hope that Elizabeth would adopt a clearer policy. On arriving at Edinburgh in July he told Mary at a personal interview that Queen Elizabeth would come to her rescue if she would abandon Bothwell. His persuasions were in vain (MS. Cotton, Calig. C. 1, ff. 18–35), but on 24 July the imprisoned queen wrote thanking him for the good feeling he had shown her (, Lettres, ii. 63). At the same time he opened negotiations with the Scottish lords. Elizabeth reproached him with his failure to secure Queen Mary's release (, Scottish State Papers, ii. 824–46). In self-defence Throckmorton disclosed to the Scottish lords his contradictory orders, but the queen resented so irregular a procedure, and he was recalled in August (cf., Memoirs, 96 seq.).

Throckmorton thenceforth suffered acutely from a sense of disappointment. His health failed during 1568, but he maintained friendly relations with Cecil, to whom he wrote from Fulham on 2 Sept. 1568 that he proposed to kill a buck at Cecil's house at Mortlake. He had long favoured the proposal to wed Queen Mary to the Duke of Norfolk, and he was consequently suspected next year of sympathy with the rebellion of northern catholics in Queen Mary's behalf. In September 1569 he was imprisoned in Windsor Castle, but he was soon released and no further proceedings were taken against him. He died in London on 12 Feb. 1570–1. Shortly before he had dined or supped with the Earl of Leicester at Leicester House. According to the doubtful authority of Leicester's ‘Commonwealth,’ his death was due to poison administered by Leicester in a salad on that occasion (, Commonwealth, 1641, p. 27). Leicester, it is said, had never forgiven Throckmorton for his vehement opposition to the earl's proposed marriage with the queen. No reliance need be placed on this report. Throckmorton had continuously corresponded on friendly terms with Leicester for many years before his death, and they had acted together as patrons of puritan ministers (cf., Scottish Papers, i. 210 seq.; Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1547–80, p. 291); Cecil wrote to Sir Thomas Smith of their markedly amicable relations on 16 Oct. 1565, and described Throckmorton as ‘carefull and devote to his lordship’ (, Life and Times of Elizabeth, i. 209). Throckmorton was buried on the south side of the chancel in St. Catherine Cree Church in the city of London.

Throckmorton married Anne, daughter of Sir Nicholas Carew, K.G., and sister and heiress of Sir Francis Carew of Beddington, Surrey. Of three daughters, Elizabeth (baptised at Beddington 16 April 1565) married Sir Walter Ralegh [q. v.] Of two sons, the elder, Arthur (1557–1626), matriculated from Magdalen College, Oxford, in 1571, aged 14; he was M.P. for Colchester in 1588–9; joined in 1596 the expedition to Cadiz, where he was knighted; inherited from his father the manor of Paulerspury, Northamptonshire, of which county he was sheriff in 1605, and was buried at Paulerspury on 1 Aug. 1616.


text:
The New International Encyclopædia/Kirchhoff, Adolf

KIRCHHOFF, kḗr K 'hṓf, (1826—). An eminent German classical philologist. He was born at Berlin, and has been professor in the university of his native city since 1865. Kirchhoff's scientific studies have covered a wide range in linguistics, antiquities, and Greek epigraphy. In each field his work has been distinguished. Of his very numerous publications the most important are: Umbrische Sprachdenkmäler (1849-51); Euripides (1855), the first critical edition based on a careful collation of all the manuscripts; Die Homerische Odyssee und ihre Entstehung (1859); Die Composition der Odyssee (1869); Studien zur Geschichte des griechischen Alphabets (4th ed. 1887), the most important work on the subject. His works further include

many monographs on Athenian financial administration, Greek literature, etc. He has edited Plotinus (1856); Æschylus (1880); Xenophon's Respublica Atheniensium (3d ed. 1889); etc. He was editor of the Christian inscriptions in the fourth volume of the Corpus Inscriptionum Græcarum (1859), and of the Corpus Inscriptionum Atticarum, vols. i. and iv. (Berlin, 1873—), and was an editor of Hermes (1866-81).


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 Sir Nicholas's younger son, Nicholas, who was knighted on 10 June 1603, was adopted by his uncle, Sir Francis Carew (1530–1611) of Beddington, took the name of Carew, and succeeded to the Beddington property, dying in 1643 (cf., Environs of London, i. 52 et seq.; cf. art. , ad fin.).

Much of Throckmorton's correspondence as ambassador in France between 1559 and 1563 is printed in Patrick Forbes's ‘Full View of Public Transactions in the Reign of Queen Elizabeth,’ 1740–1 (2 vols. fol.), in the ‘Hardwicke State Papers’ (1778, i. 121–62), and in the ‘Calendar of Foreign State Papers.’ His Scottish correspondence is calendared in Thorpe's ‘Scottish State Papers.’ A few of his autograph letters are at Hatfield and among the Cottonian, Harleian, Lansdowne, and Additional manuscripts at the British Museum. The mass of Throckmorton's original papers came into the possession of Sir Henry Wotton. Wotton bequeathed them to Charles I, but the bequest did not take effect. After many vicissitudes the papers passed into the possession of Francis Seymour Conway, first marquis of Hertford (1719–1794), whose grandson, the third Marquis of Hertford, made them over to the public record office, on the recommendation of John Wilson Croker, before 1842 (cf. Notes and Queries, 3rd ser. iv. 455).

A portrait of Sir Nicholas, painted when he was forty-nine, is at Coughton. An engraving by Vertue is dated 1747.

[A poem called the Legend of Sir Nicholas Throckmorton, consisting of 229 stanzas of six lines each, gives in a vague fashion the chief facts of his life. It professes to be spoken by Throckmorton's ghost, after the manner of the poems in the Mirrour for Magistrates. The authorship is uncertain. It was first printed from a badly copied manuscript at Coughton Court by Francis Peck [q. v.] in an appendix to his Life of Milton in 1740, and was inaccurately assigned by Peck to Sir Nicholas's nephew, ‘Sir Thomas Throckmorton of Littleton in coun. Warwick, knt.’ Apparently the person intended was Thomas Throckmorton ‘esquire’ (son of Sir Nicholas's brother, Sir Robert Throckmorton), who died on 13 March 1614–15, aged 81, and was buried at Weston Underwood, Buckinghamshire (Lipscomb's Buckinghamshire, iv. 399). The best version of the poem is that transcribed by William Cole and now in the British Museum Addit. MS. 5841; another is in Harl. MS. 6353. John Gough Nichols prepared an improved edition from these manuscripts in 1874. Browne Willis compiled in 1730, from the family papers at Coughton, a History and Pedigree of the Ancient Family of Throckmorton; this still remains in manuscript at Coughton, but was used by Miss Strickland in her Lives of the Queens of England. There is also at Coughton a ‘Gens Throckmortoniana’ assigned to Sir Robert Throckmorton (cf. Hist. MSS. Comm. 3rd Rep. App. pp. 256–8). Other papers of the Throckmorton family are preserved at Buckland Court, Faringdon (see Hist. MSS. Comm. 10th Rep. No. iv. pp. 168–76). Pedigrees and accounts of the family are in Dugdale's Warwickshire, ii. 749, Lipscomb's Buckinghamshire, iv. 399, Nash's Worcestershire, i. 452, Betham's Baronetage, i. 486, and Wotton's Baronetage, ii. 359 sq. See also Froude's History; Lingard's History; Wright's Life and Times of Queen Elizabeth, passim; Fuller's Worthies, ed. Nichols, iii. 280; Strype's Annals and Memorials, passim; and the state papers and the official calendars mentioned above.]  THROGMORTON. [See .]

THROSBY, JOHN (1740–1803), antiquary, son of Nicholas Throsby, alderman of Leicester and mayor in 1759, by Martha Mason, his second wife, was born at Leicester on 21 Dec. 1740, and baptised at St. Martin's Church there on 13 Jan. following. In 1770 he was appointed parish clerk of St. Martin's, which office he held until his death. He early turned his attention to the study of local history and antiquities, and in 1777, at the age of thirty-seven, published his first work, ‘The Memoirs of the Town and County of Leicester,’ which was issued at Leicester in six duodecimo volumes. In 1789 he brought out a quarto volume of ‘Select Views in Leicestershire, from Original Drawings,’ containing historical and descriptive accounts of castles, religious houses, and seats in that county, and in the following year a ‘Supplementary Volume to the Leicestershire Views, containing a Series of Excursions to the Villages and Places of Note in that County.’ This was followed in 1791 by ‘The History and Antiquities of the Ancient Town of Leicester’ (Leicester, 4to). He also republished Robert Thoroton's ‘Nottinghamshire,’ with large additions (3 vols. 4to, 1790, new edit. 1797).

John Nichols [q. v.] incorporated most of Throsby's work in his ‘History of Leicestershire.’ He describes him as ‘a man of strong natural genius, who, during the vicissitudes of a life remarkably chequered, rendered himself conspicuous as a draughtsman and topographer.’ In later life Throsby was in indifferent circumstances. He attempted many expedients to maintain his family, few of which were successful, but in his later years he was assisted by friends. He died, after a lingering illness, on 5 Feb. 1803, and was


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 buried on the 8th at St. Martin's, Leicester. Over the old vestry door is a tablet to his memory. He married at St. Martin's, on 29 Oct. 1761, Ann Godfrey, by whom he had five sons and five daughters. His widow survived him, and died on 1 Oct. 1813.

Besides those mentioned above, his works are: 1. ‘Letter to the Earl of Leicester on the Recent Discovery of the Roman Cloaca at Leicester, with Some Thoughts on the Jewry Wall,’ Leicester, 8vo, 1793. 2. ‘Thoughts on the Provincial Corps raised, and now raising in support of the British Constitution, at this aweful period,’ 1795. An engraved portrait of Throsby at the age of fifty is prefixed to his ‘Excursions’ and ‘History of Leicester.’

[Nichols's Leicestershire, i. 602, iii. 1048 and passim; Gent. Mag. 1803, i. 284; Annual Register, 1803, p. 497; Chalmers's Biogr. Dict. xxix. 344; extracts from St. Martin's Registers kindly supplied by Mr. Henry Hartopp of Leicester.]  THRUPP, FREDERICK (1812–1895), sculptor, youngest son of Joseph Thrupp of Paddington Green, London, by Mary Pillow (d. 1845), his second wife, was born on 20 June 1812. The family had been settled for many years near Worcester, but Joseph migrated to London about 1765, and from 1774 conducted a coach factory in George Street, Grosvenor Square. By his first wife, Mary Burgon, Joseph was father of Dorothea Ann, the hymn-writer (see below), and of John Augustus Thrupp (1785–1814), the father of John Thrupp [q. v.], and of Charles Joseph Thrupp, the father of Admiral Arthur Thomas Thrupp (1828–1889), who served in the Baltic in 1854–5, in the China war in 1858, and on the coast of America during the civil war in 1862–4.

Frederick went to the Rev. W. Greenlaw's school at Blackheath, where he remained till about 1828. He then joined the academy of Henry Sass [q. v.] in Bloomsbury, to cultivate a taste for modelling and drawing, which showed itself very early in life. At Sass's he was a contemporary of John Callcott Horsley [q. v.], then and always one of his closest friends. In 1829 he won a silver medal from the Society of Arts for a chalk drawing from a bust. He was admitted to the antique school of the Royal Academy on 15 June 1830. His first exhibit at the Royal Academy was a piece of sculpture, ‘The Prodigal Returned,’ 1832. This was followed by a bust of J. H. Pope, 1833, a bust of B. E. Hall, and ‘Mother bending over her Sleeping Infant,’ 1835, and ‘Contemplation,’ 1836.

On 15 Feb. 1837 Thrupp started for Rome, accompanied by James Uwins, nephew of Thomas Uwins, R.A. [q. v.], and arrived there on 17 March. ‘The Young Hunter’ and ‘Mother and Children’ were exhibited at the Royal Academy in this year, but he did not exhibit again till 1841. He then sent a small ‘Magdalen’ in marble, finished in December 1840, being a repetition of a work in plaster which had cost him a whole year of diligent labour, for he found that his English training had been very inadequate in the modelling of drapery. While at Rome he profited greatly by the advice and encouragement of John Gibson (1790–1866) [q. v.], who admired his ‘Ferdinand,’ modelled soon after his arrival in 1837, and obtained several private commissions for him. Gibson induced him to abandon a taste for caricature. Thrupp also made the acquaintance of Thorwaldsen, and formed lasting friendships with many of his contemporaries among the English colony of artists at Rome, including William Theed, jun., Richard James Wyatt, Joseph Severn, Penry Williams, Edward Lear, and others. While still at Rome he finished ‘Arethusa,’ a life-sized recumbent nymph, exhibited in 1843, which subsequently passed into the hands of John Duke, first lord Coleridge; ‘Hebe with the Eagle,’ and ‘Boys with a Basket of Fruit,’ both exhibited in 1844, and several other works in marble. He spent his summer holidays in England in 1839 and 1841, and finally returned to London in October 1842, when he took a house at No. 232 Marylebone Road (then called the New Road), where he built a large gallery and studio. He let most of the house and lived himself at 15 Paddington Green (the house where he was born) till, on his mother's death in 1845, his two unmarried sisters joined him in the Marylebone Road. Here he lived for forty years, leading an industrious life, varied only by occasional holidays spent with friends in England or France.

His principal public commissions were for the statue of Sir Thomas Fowell Buxton, 1846, exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1848, and placed near the monument to Wilberforce in the north transept of Westminster Abbey; two statues for the House of Lords, 1847; ‘Timon of Athens’ for the Mansion House, 1853; and the statue of Wordsworth for the baptistery of Westminster Abbey. At the great exhibition of 1851 he gained two medals for ‘The Maid and Mischievous Boy,’ a life-sized plaster group, first exhibited in 1847, now at Winchester; and ‘The Boy and the Butterfly’ in marble, exhibited in 1850, and sold in 1885 to a private owner at York. He continued to exhibit statues, bas-reliefs, or busts at the


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 Royal Academy almost every year till 1880. The subjects were sometimes classical, sometimes modern, but more frequently religious. He modelled several isolated subjects from Bunyan's ‘Pilgrim's Progress,’ as well as a series of ten bas-reliefs. He exhibited in 1860 a statue of John Bunyan, and in 1868 a pair of bronze doors with ten subjects from the book, which were purchased by the Duke of Bedford and presented to the Bunyan Chapel, Bedford. The plaster models for these doors were presented by the sculptor to the Baptist College, Regent's Park, in 1880. Another pair of doors, with bronze panels illustrating George Herbert's poems, were exhibited with other works by Thrupp, including sixty terra-cotta statuettes, a marble bust of Wordsworth, and some bas-reliefs, at the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge, in the winter of 1887–8, and the doors were afterwards accepted by Dr. Westcott as a gift to the divinity school at Cambridge, where they were placed in the library. Thrupp executed the monument to Lady Coleridge at Ottery St. Mary's, Devonshire; the reredos representing the Last Supper in St. Clement's, York; and the monument to Canon Pearson [see under ] in Sonning Church, Berkshire, in 1883. His last work was a plaster bust of Mr. E. Vivian, which he presented to the Torquay School of Art in 1888.

Late in life, on 11 July 1885, Thrupp married Sarah Harriet Ann Frances, eldest daughter of John Thurgar of Norwich and Algiers, who survived him. He spent the winter of 1885–6 in Algiers, making studies of the Arabs and their costume. The following winter was passed at San Remo, and he visited the Pyrenees in the spring. In 1887 he left the Marylebone Road and bought a house at Torquay. In 1889 he visited Antwerp, Brussels, and Cologne. The years 1892–4 were spent in negotiations for the ultimate disposal of the large number of works in marble and plaster, with about 150 small studies in terra-cotta, and numerous drawings, which remained on his hands. By the intervention of the dowager countess of Northesk, it was ultimately arranged with the mayor and corporation of Winchester that his works should find a home in that city, and in 1894 he sent on loan, as a first instalment, four marble statues—‘Eve,’ ‘The Prodigal Son,’ ‘Hebe,’ and ‘Boys with Fruit’—and twenty works in plaster. The Thrupp gallery, in the ancient abbey buildings in the public garden adjoining the Guildhall, was inaugurated on 8 Nov. 1894. Thrupp bequeathed all his property, including his remaining works, to his wife, but in accordance with his wishes they will be presented to the city of Winchester; they remain meanwhile at Torquay.

Failing eyesight, followed by paralysis agitans in 1893, compelled him to abandon active work. He died at Thurlow, Torquay, of influenza and pneumonia, on 21 March 1895, and was buried on 26 March in the Torquay cemetery. [q. v.] was his nephew.

In addition to his work as a sculptor, Thrupp designed and engraved in outline illustrations to ‘Paradise Lost.’ He also illustrated in lithography ‘The Ancient Mariner’ and ‘The Prisoner of Chillon,’ and drew a series of views of Ilfracombe on the stone. He was a rapid and accurate draughtsman with pen or pencil, but had little sense of colour and did not paint except in monochrome. His modelling was rapid and sure when he had overcome the initial difficulties.

The sculptor's half-sister, Dorothea Ann Thrupp (1779–1847), the eldest daughter of Joseph Thrupp by his first wife, Mary Burgon (d. 1795), born in London on 20 June 1779, contributed under the signature ‘Iota’ to some of the juvenile magazines edited by Caroline Fry, and wrote several hymns: one, ‘A little ship was on the sea,’ a great favourite with children. Besides some little manuals, including ‘Songs by the Way’ and ‘Thoughts for the Day’ (1836–7), she published translations from Pascal and Fénelon. She died at Hamilton Place, St. John's Wood, in November 1847.

 THRUPP, JOHN (1817–1870), historical writer, born on 5 Feb. 1817, was the eldest son of John Augustus Thrupp (1785–1844) of Spanish Place, Manchester Square, London, the eldest son of Joseph Thrupp of Paddington Green, by his first wife, Mary Burgon. [q. v.] was his father's half-brother. After education at Dr. Laing's school at Clapham he was articled in 1834 and admitted a solicitor in 1838; he practised at Bell Yard, Doctors' Commons. Shortly after his publication in 1843 of his volume of ‘Historical Law Tracts,’ his father died and left him a competency. Henceforth he devoted more and more time to archæology and chess, in both of which pursuits he shared his enthusiasm with [q. v.] He had to give up chess in 1856, but


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 in 1862 he was able to bring some of his historical studies to fruition in his valuable ‘Anglo-Saxon Home: a History of the Domestic Institutions and Customs of England from the Fifth to the Eleventh Century’ (see Athenæum, 1862, ii. 178). John Thrupp died at Sunnyside, Dorking, on 20 Jan. 1870. He was thrice married, but left no issue.

[Law Times, 19 Feb. 1870; private information; Brit. Mus. Cat.]  THRUPP, JOSEPH FRANCIS (1827–1867), divine, only son of Joseph William Thrupp, solicitor, of 55 Upper Brook Street, and Merrow House, Guildford, was born on 20 May 1827. Frederick Thrupp [q. v.] was his uncle. He was educated at Winchester College under Bishop Moberly from 1840 to 1845, becoming head prefect, and at Trinity College, Cambridge. He graduated B.A. in 1849 as seventh wrangler and eleventh classic, and proceeded M.A. in 1852. He was elected to a fellowship at Trinity, and afterwards travelled in Palestine. He was ordained in 1852, and in the same year accepted the small college living of Barrington, Royston. Thrupp was for some time member of the board of theological studies at Cambridge, and in 1865 was select preacher. He contributed to the ‘Speaker's Commentary’ and to Smith's ‘Dictionary of the Bible.’ He died at Surbiton on 23 Sept. 1867, and is buried at Merrow. In 1853 he married Elizabeth Bligh, fourth daughter of the Rev. John Daniel Glennie of St. Mary's, Park Street. He is commemorated by a window in Trinity College chapel and another in Barrington church, both presented by his widow. He published: 1. ‘Ancient Jerusalem’ (1855). 2. An excellent ‘Introduction to the Psalms,’ 2 vols. 1860. 3. ‘A Translation of the Song of Songs,’ 1862.

[Gent. Mag. 1867, ii. 550; information from Mrs. Elizabeth B. Thrupp and C. W. Holgate.]  THURCYTEL (d. 975), abbot of Crowland, was a clerk of royal race and of great wealth, the kinsman probably of Archbishop Oskytel [q. v.] of York. Having decided to renounce the world, he persuaded King Edred or Eadred to give him the abbey of Crowland, then a poor and struggling house surrounded by swamps and marshes. At Crowland Thurcytel became a monk in the first place probably about 946, but was shortly elected abbot. He restored the house, endowed it of his great wealth with six manors, and may be regarded as its second founder. The charter he obtained from King Edgar or Eadgar [q. v.] in 966 is still extant (, Monast. Angl. ii. 115 sq.). He was the friend of St. Dunstan [q. v.], of Ethelwold (d. 984) [q. v.], bishop of Winchester, and of Oswald (d. 972) [q. v.], archbishop of York. From this fact, together with the accounts of his life, both legendary and authentic, it may be inferred that he took part in the struggle of the day between the secular clerks and the regular monks, and assisted in the revival of monasticism in this country in the tenth century. He died probably in July 975, and his work at Crowland was taken up successively by two of his kinsmen.

Thurcytel is perhaps chiefly known from the narrative of the false Ingulf, which gives a detailed but fabulous account of his life and work both before and after he went to Crowland. The trustworthy story from which this fable grew up is contained in the narrative of Orderic Vitalis, who makes no mention of the legends contained in Ingulf.

[Orderici Vitalis Hist. Eccles. ii. 281–3, ed. Le Prévost; see also the so-called Ingulf of Crowland ap. Savile's Angl. Rer. Script. post Bedam, pp. 872 seq.; Freeman's Norman Conquest, iv. 597; Dugdale's Monast. Angl. ii. 92 seq., which follows Ingulf.]  THURKILBI, ROGER (d. 1260), judge, was the son and heir of Thomas de Thurkilbi, who took his name from a hamlet in the parish of Kirby Grindalyth in the East Riding of Yorkshire. It is probable, from the difficulty of accounting otherwise for his sudden elevation to judicial office, that Roger was a lawyer by profession. He was never a tenant in capite, and, although the possessor of many manors in his native county, he never served as its sheriff. Nor did he owe his advancement to his father, who was a man of no political or administrative importance.

From certain grants made to Thurkilbi in June 1233 it may be inferred that he was already engaged in the king's service, perhaps as his advocate, or as a clerk in the chancery. In 24 Henry III (1239–40) he was appointed to itinerate in Norfolk and twelve other counties with William of York, Henry de Bath, and Gilbert de Preston, three of the most distinguished judges of the century. He was engaged in this way until November in 26 Henry III (1241), when the feet of fines show that the eyre was concluded. In the following Easter he was directed to deliver the gaols of Norwich and Ipswich; and in April he witnessed two royal charters, when the king was at Winchester. At the beginning of Trinity term he sat for the first time in the common bench at Westminster, with Robert de Lexinton as presiding judge. In Hilary and the early part of Trinity terms in 27 Henry III (1242–3) he itinerated in Somer-


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 set and Oxfordshire; in the last weeks of Easter term and in Trinity term of 28 Henry III (1244) in Devonshire and Dorset; in Easter and Trinity terms of 29 Henry III (1245) in the counties of Lincoln and Nottingham. After Easter in 30 Henry III (1246) he commenced an eyre with Gilbert de Preston, Simon de Wauton, and John de Cobham, which extended over more than half the counties in England, and only ended in Trinity term of 33 Henry III (1249). During 32 and 33 Henry III (1247–9) the sittings of the common bench were suspended, and nearly the whole of the judicial business of the country was transacted before itinerant justices. Thurkilbi had, in the intervals between his eyres, been engaged as a justice of the bench at Westminster; and when the court was reopened in Michaelmas term of 33 Henry III (1249) he returned to preside over it again until Michaelmas term in 35 and 36 Henry III (1251), when he began another eyre through the counties of York, Nottingham, Derby, Warwick, and Leicester. He returned to Westminster towards the end of Michaelmas term in 36 and 37 Henry III (1252). In Easter term of 40 Henry III (1256) he went on his last eyre through Northumberland and six other counties in the north of England. The last fine levied before him in this eyre was at Derby early in February of 42 Henry III (1257–8). From this time till the autumn of the same year he was holding pleas at Oxford, probably as a justice coram rege. In Michaelmas term of 42 and 43 Henry III (1258) the king appointed Thurkilbi, Gilbert de Preston, and Nicholas de Handlo to hold the king's bench at Westminster, ‘donec rex de eodem banco plenius ordinauerit.’ The bench here spoken of was undoubtedly the common bench. Although the king intended to make other arrangements, Thurkilbi remained at Westminster until he died. Matthew Paris (Chronica Majora, v. 96) and Matthew of Westminster (Flores Historiarum, ii. 363) agree in stating that he crossed the Channel with Richard, earl of Cornwall [q. v.], and other nobles in 1250. The statement is confirmed by the feet of fines, which show that he was absent from Westminster for the last few weeks of Hilary term. In July of 37 Henry III (1253) Thurkilbi was directed to explain the ‘Articuli Vigiliæ’ to the knights and freemen of the counties of Norfolk and Suffolk, and to enforce their observance. He has also been described as one of the justices for the custody of the Jews in this year on the authority of an entry on the plea rolls of the exchequer of the Jews. As there is no other evidence that he filled this office, and he was undoubtedly at this time a justice of the bench, it is probable that he was engaged at the exchequer for the consideration of a special case. The same entry has been cited to show that Henry de Bath, who at this time held high judicial office, was also a justice for the custody of the Jews. The two judges were no doubt called in to determine some difficult point of law.

Thurkilbi was frequently assigned to take particular assizes and deliver gaols, and in 43 Henry III (1259), when it was provided that such ‘speciales justiciarie’ should only be granted to certain judges, he was included in the number. He was usually sent on this work to the eastern counties. The cases so heard by him are recorded on the two files of assize rolls now at the Record Office, numbered respectively 1177 and 1179. From July 1253 he was paid an annual salary of 100 marks.

It is difficult to estimate the work and influence of a lawyer at a time when there were no year-books or reports, but it is certain that Thurkilbi was a great judge. In ‘Flores Historiarum’ (ii. 450) he is described as ‘nulli in toto regno maxime in justicia et terre legibus secundus,’ and his decisions are among the few expressly mentioned in Hengham's ‘Summa Magna’ and other thirteenth-century treatises. He seems to have taken small part in the political controversies of his day. Matthew Paris, speaking of the introduction of the words ‘non obstante’ into royal letters, represents him as saying in 1251, ‘Heu! heu! hos utquid dies expectavimus? Ecce jam civilis curia exemplo ecclesiasticæ coinquinatur et a sulphureo fonte rivulus intoxicatur’ (Chronica Majora, v. 211). The same writer records a speech made to him by the judge on the subject of the Poitevin oppression in the following year, which shows that he was discontented with the state of the kingdom. In 1259 he was one of the persons appointed by the barons to sell the king's wardships and select sheriffs (Annales Monastici, i. 477–8). These facts have been taken as showing that he acted with the popular party. On the other hand this was the only occasion on which the barons employed him otherwise than as a judge, and he remained in the king's favour after they had obtained power (Flores Historiarum). Moreover, the persons so appointed by the barons seem to have been chosen rather as experienced and trusted public servants than on political grounds.

Thurkilbi was married to a certain Lecia as early as 24 Henry III (1240). She survived her husband and left Thomas Rocelyn as her heir (Rot. Hund. i. 472). Thurkilbi


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The New International Encyclopædia/Kirchhoff, Alfred

KIRCHHOFF, (1838—). A German geographer and naturalist, born at Erfurt. He was educated at Jena and Bonn; from 1871 to 1873 was lecturer on geography at the Kriegsakademie of Berlin, and in the latter year was appointed to the chair of geography in the University of Halle. His writings include: Schulbotanik (1865); Pflanzen- und Tierverbreitung (1890); Menschen und Erde (1901); and, in collaboration with other scholars, Unser Wissen von der Erde (1886-93).


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Rh


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 died childless in June or early in July in 44 Henry III (1260), having appointed his neighbour, Simon Abbot of Langley, Thomas de Heserletone, and Master Roger de Heserletone executors of his will. The statement in ‘Flores Historiarum’ that he died on 20 Aug. is clearly incorrect, as there is an entry on the patent rolls dated 7 July which shows that he was already dead. Fines were levied before him in the week beginning on 6 June, but none afterwards. An anonymous writer, from whose manuscripts a few extracts are printed in Leland's ‘Collectanea’ (ed. Hearne, ii. 245), says that his estate, exclusive of gold, gems, vases, and silken girdles, did not amount to thirty marks. But the feet of several fines to which Roger de Thurkilbi was a party show that he had acquired considerable property in Yorkshire, Norfolk, and Lincolnshire. Moreover his executors paid the sum of 200 marks for the king's aid in getting in the testator's debts. His heir was his brother, Walter de Thurkilbi, who, though he seems never to have held any administrative or judicial office, frequently witnessed royal charters, and was probably a member of the king's council. Matthew Paris, who was personally acquainted with Roger de Thurkilbi, speaks of him as ‘miles et literatus’ (Chronica Majora, v. 317).

[The chief authorities are: The Plea Rolls, the various Chancery and Exchequer Rolls, and the Feet of Fines (all at the Record Office). A large number of transcripts from these relating to Thurkilbi, and also an Itinerary of him as a justice in eyre have been typewritten and placed in the library of the British Museum. His sittings at Westminster are tabulated in Bracton's Notebook. See also Matthew Paris's Chronica Majora (Rolls Series); Matthew of Westminster's Flores Historiarum (Rolls Series); Annales Monastici (Rolls Series); Gross's Exchequer of the Jews; Bracton's Notebook, ed. Maitland; Leland's Collectanea, ed. Hearne.]  THURKILL, THORKILL, or TURGESIUS (d. 845), Danish king of North Ireland, could not have been the son of Harold Harfagr as Snorri Sturleson supposed (Heimskringla, i. 131–2, transl. Morris and Magnusson, Saga Library), for this would place him too late. He has, however, with more probability been identified with Ragnar Lodbrok, the half-mythical king of Denmark and Norway. This theory is supported by several striking coincidences, but cannot be said to be proved (War of the Gaedhil with the Gaill, pp. liii seq. Rolls Ser.). As Thurkill he arrived in Ireland with a royal fleet in 832. He took Dublin in the same year, and afterwards assumed the government of all the northmen in Ireland (ib. pp. xlii seq., and 9, Rolls Ser.) Several other Danish fleets arrived about the same time, and it was apparently with their help and that of almost annual reinforcements of his countrymen that Thurkill took advantage of the civil and ecclesiastical strife then prevailing to extend his dominion over the whole north of Ireland. At Armagh, whither he went soon after taking Dublin, he seems to have met with resistance, for he attacked the city three times in one month (ib.; see also Ann. Ult. ap., Rer. Hibern. Script. iv. 208). A few years later, perhaps in 841 (War of the Gaedhil, pp. xliii and 9), Thurkill drove out the abbot of Armagh and assumed the abbacy—that is, the wide ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the chief successor of St. Patrick. He apparently aimed at the suppression of Christianity in Ireland and the substitution for it of heathenism (ib. pp. xlviii and 11). He organised an expedition to Lough Ree, and from there attacked Connaught and Meath (Chron. Scotorum, p. 145, Rolls Ser.), possibly as a step towards the subjugation of all Ireland (War of the Gaedhil, pp. xlviii and 13). In these central districts he again made a determined attack upon the chief centres of ecclesiastical authority, such as Clonmacnoise, Clonfert, Terryglass, and many more (ib.) At Clonmacnoise, which was second only to Armagh in ecclesiastical importance, he placed his wife Ota, who gave audiences or oracular answers from the high altar of the principal church of the monastery. He seems to have been completely successful, and the posting of Danish forces at Limerick, on Loughs Ree and Neagh, at Carlingford, on Dundalk Bay, and at Dublin, seems to point to far-reaching plans of conquest and permanent government (ib.) In 845, however, his career was abruptly cut short. He was taken prisoner by Malachy [see ], then king of Meath (afterwards king of Ireland), and drowned in Loch Owel in what is now Westmeath (ib. pp. xliii and 15). His dominion in Ireland probably lasted thirteen, and not thirty years, as Cambrensis states ( v. 186, Rolls Ser.). The story of his death given by Cambrensis is quite untrustworthy (ib. v. 185). If Thurkill be rightly identified with the half-mythical Ragnar Lodbrok, he was the ancestor of Olaf Sitricson [see ] and the Hy Ivar of the line of the Danish kings of Dublin and Deira.

[See, in addition to the chief authorities mentioned in the text, Annals of the Four Masters, i. 466 seq. ed. O'Donovan; Annals from the


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The New International Encyclopædia/Kirchhoff, Gustav Robert

KIRCHHOFF, (1824-87). A German physicist, born at Königsberg. He studied natural philosophy and mathematics at the University of Königsberg. In 1850 he became professor of physics at Breslau, in 1854 at Heidelberg, and from 1875 until his death filled the chair of physics at the University of Berlin. His researches in thermodynamics and in several other branches of physical science have been of great value; but his principal achievement is the discovery, jointly with Bunsen, of the spectroscope. The discovery was perfected in 1859, and was published under the title, Untersuchnngen über das Sonnenspektrum und die Spektren der chemischen Elemente. Kirchhoff's Gesammelte Abhandlungen were published in 1882 and 1891.


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Roman's force in war and warlike arts, The Grecian's genius and heroic parts, The Egyptian's learned skill, the Persian's power, The Macedonian's fire, the Frank's brief hour- All these are themes that in the historic page Shall live transcendent to the latest age. But even now a story forms, whose pride Above these other themes shall one day ride; Repressed each fault that in the warring jars, His rage forgotten, and his wanton wars. The Briton's fame in after years shall light A glory 'mid these beams more fair, more bright.

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52 Not how he led his legions far and wide, Subduing nations to his vaulting pride; Not how he made of war a game, or framed Huge, lifeless piles, unstoried as unnamed; Not these the deeds his sounding name shall spread: Far nobler works the Islander has sped. How conquering ocean and subduing space. The earth he traversed with a steady pace; How unallured by love of golden ores. He pitched his peaceful camp on doubtful shores; How by no dangers checked or turned aside. He pierced the forest, climbed the mountain side; How leading commerce in the wake of toil. He built up cities and subdued the soil; While all the chaster arts successive came, To gild and beautify the mighty frame; How carrying out the great behest he ran From pole to pole, the harbinger of man. Such deeds relating—shall the historian say, 'Twas thus the Briton held his glorious way"

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