text:
Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 59.djvu/333

 king's bench and the court of common pleas. Notwithstanding the testimony of James Reynolds (1686–1739) [q. v.], the lord chief baron of exchequer, to the ‘miraculous effects’ of Ward's remedy on his maid-servant, and the more qualified approval of Horace Walpole, it was conclusively shown that beyond some slight knowledge of pharmacy, Ward was destitute of medical learning; that his pill and drop were preparations of antimony very violent in their action, and quite unfit for general use; and that his remedies killed as many as they cured. These discouraging discoveries did not, however, lessen the confidence of the public. In 1748, when an apothecaries act was introduced into parliament to restrain unlicensed persons from compounding medicines, a clause was inserted specially exempting Ward by name from the restrictions imposed.

In later life he enlarged the number of his nostrums, adding among other medicines a particularly harmful eyewash. His pills also were elaborated into three varieties, blue, red, and purple, all containing antimony, and two of them arsenic. He made attempts to manufacture porcelain and saltpetre, and was the first to bring to notice in England the method of preparing sulphuric acid by burning the sulphur with saltpetre. He took out a patent for his invention on 23 June 1749 (No. 644), and carried on the manufacture with great secrecy, first at Twickenham, and afterwards at Richmond. The stench from his works caused intense annoyance to the residents in these districts (, Manual of Chemistry, 1836, i. 20). Ward died at Whitehall, aged 76, on 21 Nov. 1761. He amassed a good fortune, the bulk of which he bequeathed to his great-niece, Rebecca, daughter of Knox Ward, Clarenceux king of arms, and to his sisters, Margaret Gansel and Ann Manly; Knox Ward's sons, Ralph and Thomas, are also mentioned in his will, which, dated 1 March 1760, was printed in the ‘Gentleman's Magazine’ (1762, p. 208). In it he desired to be buried in front of the altar of Westminster Abbey, or ‘as near to the altar as might be.’ The secrets of his medicines were bequeathed to John Page, who had succoured him in France. Page published them under the title of ‘Receipts for preparing and compounding the Principal Medicines made use of by the late Mr. Ward’ (London, 1763, 8vo). Page arranged that the profits from the sale of the medicines should be divided between the Asylum for Female Orphans and the Magdalen, and placed the charity under the charge of Sir John Fielding. At first they afforded a considerable revenue, but, deprived of the advertisement of Ward's personality and robbed of the allurement of mystery, they soon fell into disuse.

While brusque in his dealings with his superiors in rank, Ward was a man of kindly nature and was benevolent to the poor. When remonstrated with for turning his back when leaving the royal presence, he replied, ‘His majesty suffers no harm in seeing my back, but were I to break my neck from a regard for ceremony it would be a sad loss for the poor.’ He gave away large sums in relieving distress (cf. Ann. Reg. 1759 i. 132, 1760 i. 111). He was generally known as ‘Spot Ward’ from a claret-coloured mark on one side of his face. He is alluded to by Churchill in his ‘Ghost’ (bk. vi. l. 54), and ridiculed by Pope in his ‘Imitations of Horace’ (bk. i. ep. vi. l. 56, bk. ii. ep. i. l. 181). Several satires on him appeared in the ‘Gentleman's Magazine’ and elsewhere (cf. Gent. Mag. 1734, pp. 387, 658). A full-length statue by Agostino Carlini [q. v.] stands in the entrance to the hall of the Society of Arts in John Street, Adelphi. He is a conspicuous figure in Hogarth's ‘Consultation of Physicians,’ and is depicted in the ‘Harlot's Progress’ (pl. v); his portrait was also painted by E. Loving and Thomas Bardwell, and engraved respectively by Baron and by Faber (, p. 395). The fame of Ward's remedies produced a literature considerable in size though ephemeral in character. Among the publications on the subject are: 1. ‘The Drop and Pill of Mr. Ward considered by Daniel Turner in an Epistle to Dr. James Jurin,’ London, 1735, 8vo. 2. ‘An Answer to Turner's Letter to Jurin, wherein his injurious Treatment of Mr. Ward, and his Indecent Reflections upon my Lord Chief-justice Reynolds's Account of a Remarkable Cure … are justly answered by Edmund Packe, M.D.,’ London, 1735, 8vo. 3. ‘Pillulæ Wardeanæ Dissectio et Examinatio: or Ward's Pill Dissected and Examined,’ London, 1736, 8vo. 4. ‘A True and Candid Relation of the Good and Bad Effects of Joshua Ward's Pill and Drop by Jos. Clutton,’ London, 1736, 4to.

[Davy's Suffolk Collections in Brit. Mus. Addit. MS. 19154 ff. 200–2, Wadd's Nugæ Chirurgicæ, 1824, p. 271; Waylen's Hist. of Marlborough, 1854, pp. 356–7; London Mag. 1735 p. 11, 1748 pp. 225, 235, 460; Gent. Mag. 1734 pp. 389, 616, 657, 669, 670, 1735 pp. 10, 23, 66, 1736 p. 672, 1740 p. 515, 1759 p. 605, 1760 p. 294, 1766 p. 100; Annual Register, 1761, i. 185; Churchill's Poet. Works, 1866, ii.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 59.djvu/334

  132; Journals of House of Commons, xviii. 35, 187, 481, 547; Notes and Queries, 3rd ser. ii. 371–2, 7th ser. vii. 83, 273; Johnson's Memoirs of Hayley, 1823, i. 72; Byrom's Remains (Chetham Soc.), i. 139; Smith's Nollekens and his Times, ed. Gosse, p. 51; Noble's Hist. of the College of Arms, 1804, pp. 382–3; Pope's Works, ed. Elwin and Courthope, iii. 320–1, 360; Horace Walpole's Letters, ed. Cunningham, iii. 280; Professional Anecdotes, 1825, i. 282–5, ii. 198; Maty's Memoirs of Chesterfield, ii. 1; Reprint of Walpole's manuscript notes to Maty, p. 44, in Miscellanies of Philobiblon Soc. vol. x.; Court and Family of George III, 1821, i. 185.]

WARD, NATHANIEL (1578–1652), puritan divine, the second son of John Ward, minister (probably curate) at Haverhill, Suffolk, and Susan, his wife, was born at Haverhill in 1578 (not 1570; Dean proves this in his Memoir). Samuel Ward (1577–1640) [q. v.] was his elder brother. Nathaniel matriculated from Emmanuel College, Cambridge, in 1596, and proceeded B.A. in the spring of 1600 and M.A. in 1603. He was at first intended for the law, and appears to have passed some years in travelling in Switzerland, Holland, Prussia, and Denmark. But in 1618 he took holy orders. From 1620 to 1624 he seems to have been chaplain to the colony of British merchants at Elbing. Returning to England, he was curate of St. James's, Piccadilly, from 8 June 1626 to 14 Feb. 1628; thence he was presented to the rectory of Stondon Massey, Essex, of which Sir Nathaniel Rich [q. v.] was patron.

In 1629 Ward was recommended to the Massachusetts Company as pastor, but at that time he declined their offer. In 1633, after having been several times reprimanded by Laud, he was removed from his living on account of his puritan views, and in 1634 he emigrated to Massachusetts, and settled as minister at Agawam, soon afterwards called Ipswich. In 1636 he resigned the cure because of impaired health. In 1639 he was joined with the Rev. John Cotton of Boston in framing the first code of laws established in New England. These are generally admitted to have been a remarkable compilation, showing much legal knowledge; they were passed by the general court in 1641, under the title ‘Body of Liberties.’ In that year he preached the sermon for the general election, and in December of the same year the general court granted him six hundred acres of land near Pentucket, afterwards called Haverhill. These he eventually made over to the university of Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Ward's influence with the government was considerable. In 1643 he was one of those who signed the memorial against the action of the governor in the case of the dispute between La Tour and D'Aulnay, the neighbouring French governors. On 5 July 1645 he was appointed a member of the committee for revising the laws of Massachusetts. In 1645 Ward wrote the ‘Simple Cobler of Aggawam’ (the Indian name for Ipswich), and sent it to England, where it was published in 1647, and passed through four editions (Notes and Queries, 8th ser. iii. 216, 394). In 1646 he himself returned to England. Partly through this book he became well known, and on 30 June 1647 preached to the House of Commons against the control of parliament by the army, giving considerable offence by his plain speaking. Early in 1648 he received the living of Shenfield in Essex, where he died some time before November 1652.

Ward was married, but his wife's name is not recorded. He left two sons—John, who was for a time rector of Hadleigh, Suffolk, and followed his father to New England; James, fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford—and a daughter, Susan, who married Giles Firmin [q. v.]

Ward was famous for his incisive wit, which ‘made him known to more Englands than one’ (, Magnalia, 1855, i. 522). He was moreover a man of judgment and gravity. Besides the works mentioned, Ward published: 1. ‘A Religious Retreat sounded to a Religious Army by one that desires to be faithful to his Country though unworthy to be named,’ 1647. 2. ‘To the Parliament of England. The humble Petitions, Serious Suggestions. … of some moderate and loyall .... freeholders of the Eastern Association,’ 1650. Possibly also he was the author of ‘Mercurius Antimechanicus, or the Simple Cobler's Boy,’ 1648, condemning the execution of Charles I. He edited the tracts called ‘The Day breaking with the Indians in New England,’ 1647 (Massachusetts Historical Soc. 3rd ser. vol. iv.)

[Collections of Massachusetts Historical Soc., especially 3rd ser. i. 238, viii. passim, 4th ser. vii. 23–9 (where some of his letters are reprinted); Savage's Genealogical Dict.; Notes and Queries, 1867, 3rd ser. xi. 237; a Memoir of Nathaniel Ward by John Ward Dean, Albany, 1868; Allibone's Dict. Engl. Lit. and authorities there cited; Davids's Nonconformity in Essex.]

WARD, NATHANIEL BAGSHAW (1791–1868), botanist, son of Stephen Smith Ward, a medical man, was born in London in 1791. He began collecting plants and insects early in life, and was sent, when


text:
British Butterflies (Coleman)/PLATES

PLATE I.

 * Caterpillars of--
 * 1. Swallow-tailed Butterfly.
 * 2. Brimstone B.
 * 3. Meadow-brown B.
 * 4. White Admiral.
 * 5. Purple Emperor.
 * 6. Peacock B.
 * 7. Silver-washed Fritillary.
 * 8. Duke of Burgundy Fritillary.
 * 9. Purple Hair-streak.
 * 10. Chalk-hill Blue B.
 * 11. Dingy Skipper.
 * Chrysalides of--
 * 12. Swallow-tailed B.
 * 13. Brimstone B.
 * 14. Black-veined White B.
 * 15. Large Garden White B.
 * 16. Silver-washed Fritillary.
 * 17. Orange-tip B.
 * 18. Wood-white B.
 * 19. Marbled-white B.
 * 20. Meadow-brown B.
 * 21. White Admiral.
 * 22. Purple Emperor.
 * 23. Large Tortoiseshell B.
 * 24. Comma B.
 * 25. Duke of Burgundy Fritillary.
 * 26. Small Skipper B.
 * 27. Dingy Skipper B.
 * 28. Purple Hair-streak B.
 * 29. Chalk-hill Blue B.

PLATE II.

 * 1. Egg of Garden White B.
 * 2. --    Queen of Spain Fritillary.
 * 3. --    Large Heath B.
 * 4. --    Peacock B.
 * 5. --    Large Tortoiseshell B.
 * 6. --    Meadow-brown B.
 * 7. --    Wood Argus.
 * 8. Head of Red Admiral B. magnified.
 * 9. Section of sucker of ditto, magnified.
 * 10. Papillæ on end of do. magnified.
 * 11. Portion of Eye of Butterfly, magnified.
 * 12. Antenna of Fritillary, magnified.
 * 13.  --       Swallow-tailed  B. magnified.
 * 14.  --       Skipper B. magnified.
 * 15. Base of Antenna, magnified.
 * 16. Arrangement of Scales on Wing, magnified.
 * 17. Plumed Scale, magnified.
 * 18. Long form of ditto, magnified.
 * 19. Another form of ditto, magnified.
 * 20.  --    from Small White B. magnified.
 * 21.  --    from Orange-tip B. magnified.
 * 22. Battledore Scale from Blue B. magnified.
 * 23. Ordinary Scale from Garden White B. magnified.
 * 24. Ordinary Scale from Wood White, magnified.
 * 25. Ditto.
 * 26. Ordinary Scale from Brimstone B. magnified.
 * 27. Ditto.
 * 28. Ditto.
 * 29. Ordinary Scale from Common Blue B. magnified.
 * 30. Ditto.
 * 31. Ditto.
 * 32. Ordinary Scale from Small Tortoiseshell B. magnified.
 * 33. Ditto.
 * 34. Ditto.
 * 35. Ditto.
 * 36. Ordinary Scale from Chalk hill Blue B. magnified.
 * 37. Ordinary Scale from Apollo B. magnified.
 * 38. Form common to Vanessa genus magnified.

PLATE III.
Fig.
 * 1. Swallow-tail.
 * 2. Brimstone.
 * 3. Clouded Yellow, 3 a, female.
 * 4. Pale Clouded Yellow.

PLATE IV.

 * 1. Black-veined White.
 * 2. Large Garden White.
 * 3. Small Garden White.
 * 4. Green-veined White.
 * 5. Bath White.

PLATE V.

 * 1. Orange Tip, 1 a, female.
 * 2. Wood White.
 * 3. Marbled White.
 * 4. Wood Argus. (Speckled Wood.)
 * 5. Wall.
 * 6. Grayling.

PLATE VI.

 * 1. Meadow Brown, 1 a, female.
 * 2. "Large Heath." (modern: Gatekeeper)
 * 3. Ringlet.
 * 4. Scotch Argus.
 * 5. Mountain Ringlet.
 * 6. "Small Ringlet." (modern: Large Heath)
 * 7. Small Heath.

PLATE VII.

 * 1. White Admiral.
 * 2. Purple Emperor.
 * 3. Painted Lady.

PLATE VIII.

 * 1. Red Admiral.
 * 2. Peacock.
 * 3. Camberwell Beauty.

PLATE IX.

 * 1. Large Tortoiseshell.
 * 2. Small Tortoiseshell.
 * 3. Comma.
 * 4. Silver-washed Fritillary, 4 a, fem.

PLATE X.

 * 1. Dark Green Fritillary.
 * 2. High-brown Fritillary.
 * 3. Queen of Spain Fritillary.
 * 4. Pearl-bordered Fritillary.

PLATE XI.

 * 1. Small Pearl-bordered Fritillary.
 * 2. Glanville Fritillary.
 * 3. Pearl-bordered Likeness Fritillary. (modern: Heath Fr.)
 * 4. Greasy Fritillary. (Marsh Fr.)
 * 5. Duke of Burgundy Fritillary.

PLATE XII.

 * 1. Brown Hair streak, 1 a, female.
 * 2. Black Hair-streak.
 * 3. White Letter Hair-streak.
 * 4. Purple Hair-streak, 4 a, female.
 * 5. Green Hair streak.

PLATE XIII.

 * 1. Small Copper.
 * 2. Large Copper, 2 a, female.
 * 3. Holly, or Azure Blue, 3 a, female.
 * 4. Bedford Blue, 4 a, female. (modern: Small Blue.)
 * 5. Mazarine Blue, 5 a, female.

PLATE XIV.

 * 1. Large Blue.
 * 2. Chalk-hill Blue, 2 a, female.
 * 3. Adonis Blue, 3 a, female.
 * 4. Common Blue, 4 a, female.
 * 5. Silver-studded Blue, 5 a, female.
 * 6. Brown Argus.
 * 7. Artaxerxes Butterfly. (modern: Northern Brown Argus)

PLATE XV.

 * 1. Grizzled Skipper.
 * 2. Dingy Skipper.
 * 3. Chequered Skipper.
 * 4. Lulworth Skipper, 4 a, female.
 * 5. Small Skipper, 5 a, female.
 * 6. Large Skipper, 6 a, female.
 * 7. Silver-spotted Skipper, 7 a, fem.

PLATE XVI.

 * 1. Scarce Swallow-tail.
 * 2. Apollo.
 * 3. Arran Brown.
 * 4. Weaver's Fritillary.
 * 5. Purple-edged Copper.
 * 6. Tailed-Blue (P. Bœticus).

title: British Butterflies (Coleman)/PLATES


text:
Page:Folklore1919.djvu/508

 COLLECTANEA.

kindly sends the following letters on questions connected with his recent work, Folk-lore in the Old Testament:

I have just been reading your book on the Folk-lore in the Old Testament with great interest and profit. There is one point on which you may be interested to have further information; viz. the story of how Gideon chose his men. When I was in Palestine some years ago friends who knew the country advised me never to drink direct from a spring or stream but to adopt the method of Gideon’s selected men—not for magical reasons but on sanitary grounds. The springs and streams of Palestine abound in leeches, which a careless drinker is very apt to swallow. They stick in the throat and cause serious haemorrhage and discomfort (see Masterman, Parasitology, vol. i. p. 282 (1908)). While, therefore, it is quite correct to say that by noting how men drank water from a stream Gideon was testing them for carefulness, I doubt very much whether the test had any magical or sentimental basis. In a recent trip to Seistan in Eastern Persia I noticed Indian coolies carefully skimming water from the surface of springs in the desert with a brass dish for the same reason. Curiously, or perhaps naturally, enough, they were well acquainted with the presence of the leeches, the existence of which was entirely ignored by the sanitary authorities of their Cordon.

Since I have studied the natural history of Palestine on the spot I have been much struck by the fact that the old Hebrews were, compared with the Romans and the Greeks, extremely accurate observers of nature, and fond of scattering in their

title: Page:Folklore1919.djvu/508


text:
Page:Folklore1919.djvu/509

Rh narrative almost irrelevant statements of observed fact. For instance, it is recorded that when Jezebel was thrown out of the window and killed, dogs ate her up except the palms of her hands and the soles of her feet and her skull. The story seems to have no particular point, but I believe that the fact that the palms and soles were left intact may be explained by another fact previously noted, that she had just performed her toilet, and had, therefore, stained her hands and feet with henna, which is very bitter, as Eastern ladies do.

As to the head not being eaten, there is a wide-spread popular belief that dogs will not touch a human face if they can help it, and I have this much evidence in favour of the belief being true. I was shown in Shanghai in 1915 some photographs of the horrors of a massacre that had taken place shortly before. One of these photographs represented dogs eating a human corpse. They had devoured practically the whole body and limbs, but the face and head were untouched.

Many of these little observations of fact have, through the ignorance of commentators, absorbed a miraculous tinge, for instance the story of the she-bears which rent the children who mocked Elisha, that of the mess of wild gourds given by the same prophet to the sons of prophets who visited him in a time of famine, and even that of the “miraculous draught of fishes.”

She-bears are notoriously bad-tempered when prematurely roused from their winter sleep by any noise. Elisha, we may be sure, had passed on for some distance before the children shouted at him and their shouts and his disturbed the bears without any impulse from him. Elisha is not a character for whom I have any great respect except as a medicine-man, but he may be absolved of cruelty on this count. That the mess of colocynth was an attempt on the part of Elisha to poison the sons of the prophets who had waxed sarcastic on the disappearance of Elijah, there is no evidence; but if it was so, it was a very clumsy attempt; for the colocynth is only poisonous in large quantities and is so bitter that a single mouthful of food in which it was present even in small quantities would betray it immediately. The young men who partook of the

title: Page:Folklore1919.djvu/509


text:
Nature (journal)

 * /Volume 1/ (November 1869–April 1870)
 * /Volume 2/ (May 1870–October 1870)
 * /Volume 3/ (November 1870–April 1871)
 * /Volume 4/ (May 1871–October 1871)
 * /Volume 5/ (November 1871–April 1872)
 * /Volume 6/ (May 1872–October 1872)
 * /Volume 7/ (November 1872–April 1873)
 * /Volume 8/ (May 1873–October 1873)
 * /Volume 9/ (November 1873–April 1874)
 * /Volume 10/ (May 1874–October 1874)
 * /Volume 11/ (November 1874–April 1875)
 * /Volume 12/ (May 1875–October 1875)
 * /Volume 13/ (November 1875–April 1876)
 * /Volume 14/ (May 1876–October 1876)
 * /Volume 15/ (November 1876–April 1877)
 * /Volume 16/ (May 1877–October 1877)
 * /Volume 17/ (November 1877–April 1878)
 * /Volume 18/ (May 1878–October 1878)
 * /Volume 19/ (November 1878–April 1879)
 * /Volume 20/ (May 1879–October 1879)
 * /Volume 21/ (November 1879–April 1880)
 * /Volume 22/ (May 1880–October 1880)
 * /Volume 23/ (November 1880–April 1881)
 * /Volume 24/ (May 1881–October 1881)
 * /Volume 43/
 * /Volume 47/ (November 1892–April 1893)
 * /Volume 48/ (May 1893–October 1893)
 * /Volume 55/ (November 1896–April 1897)
 * /Volume 56/ (May 1897–October 1897)
 * /Volume 57/ (November 1897–April 1898)
 * /Volume 104/ (September 1919–February 1920)
 * /Volume 109/ (November 1923–April 1924)
 * /Volume 57/ (November 1897–April 1898)
 * /Volume 104/ (September 1919–February 1920)
 * /Volume 109/ (November 1923–April 1924)
 * /Volume 109/ (November 1923–April 1924)
 * /Volume 109/ (November 1923–April 1924)

An overview of online availability per volume is given at this page of 'The Online Books Page'.

title: Nature (journal)


text:
Page:Folklore1919.djvu/510

144 mess would naturally eject it at once. The whole of the pot was emptied out and Elisha was obliged to provide from his secret hoard a mess of porridge.

The so-called miraculous draught of fishes is not in my opinion described in such a way as to suggest a miracle at all, but rather to illustrate the interest that Christ took in the daily pursuits of his followers. In the Lake of Tiberias certain fish collected in large numbers before the breeding season round the mouth of small streams. Their shoals can be seen by a man walking on the shore of the lake, which is at many places shelving, much more easily than by people in a boat.

note on the travels of “The Prince that Didn’t Exist,” reminds me of another familiar tale found in regions far distant from one another. Miss Sītā Devī has recently published, in the Bengali language, a delightful little volume of folk-tales entitled Nireṭ Gurur Kahinī, composed chiefly of the misfortunes which befel a simpleton Brāhman called Nireṭ and his five disciples, as silly as himself, known by the significant names of Ākāṭ, Hābā, Hādā, Bokā and Ahmak. This legend Miss Sītā has borrowed from The Adventures of the Gooroo Noodle, by Benjamin Barrington, I.C.S., itself copied from the eighteenth century version of the Rev. P. Vesci, in the Tamil language, published under the title of Guru Para mārttan. Now it happens that about 1886 I was told this same story in the Boḍo or Kachārī language in Assam by a Kachārī friend of mine called Samson, with some variations. No doubt the story is found all over India, but that it should be common to Hindu Trichinopoli and to the non-Hindu Kachārī dwārs is surprising.

title: Page:Folklore1919.djvu/510


text:
United States Code/Title 11/Chapter 13/Section 1301

§ 1301. Stay of action against codebtor

 * (a) Except as provided in subsections (b) and (c) of this section, after the order for relief under this chapter, a creditor may not act, or commence or continue any civil action, to collect all or any part of a consumer debt of the debtor from any individual that is liable on such debt with the debtor, or that secured such debt, unless—
 * (1) such individual became liable on or secured such debt in the ordinary course of such individual’s business; or
 * (2) the case is closed, dismissed, or converted to a case under chapter 7 or 11 of this title.

 * (b) A creditor may present a negotiable instrument, and may give notice of dishonor of such an instrument.

 * (c) On request of a party in interest and after notice and a hearing, the court shall grant relief from the stay provided by subsection (a) of this section with respect to a creditor, to the extent that—
 * (1) as between the debtor and the individual protected under subsection (a) of this section, such individual received the consideration for the claim held by such creditor;
 * (2) the plan filed by the debtor proposes not to pay such claim; or
 * (3) such creditor’s interest would be irreparably harmed by continuation of such stay.

 * (d) Twenty days after the filing of a request under subsection (c)(2) of this section for relief from the stay provided by subsection (a) of this section, such stay is terminated with respect to the party in interest making such request, unless the debtor or any individual that is liable on such debt with the debtor files and serves upon such party in interest a written objection to the taking of the proposed action.


text:
Author:Eleanor Henrietta Hull

Works

 * Pagan Ireland (1904)
 * Early Christian Ireland (1905)
 * A Text Book of Irish Literature (1906)
 * Cuchulain: The Hound of Ulster (1911)
 * The Northmen in Britain (1913)
 * A History of Ireland and her People (1926)
 * Folklore of the British Isles (1929)

Contributions to Celtic Review

 * "Observations of Classical Writers on the Habits of the Celtic Nations, as illustrated from Irish Records". Volume 3, pp. 62–76, 138–154.

As editor

 * The Cuchullin Saga in Irish Literature (1898)

As translator

 * The Boys' Cuchullain (1904)
 * The Poem-book of the Gael (1912)

title: Author:Eleanor Henrietta Hull


text:
United States Code/Title 11/Chapter 13/Section 1302

§ 1302. Trustee

 * (a) If the United States trustee appoints an individual under section 586 (b) of title 28 to serve as standing trustee in cases under this chapter and if such individual qualifies under section 322 of this title, then such individual shall serve as trustee in the case. Otherwise, the United States trustee shall appoint one disinterested person to serve as trustee in the case or the United States trustee may serve as a trustee in the case.

 * (b) The trustee shall—
 * (1) perform the duties specified in sections 704 (2), 704 (3), 704 (4), 704 (5), 704 (6), 704 (7), and 704 (9) of this title;
 * (2) appear and be heard at any hearing that concerns—
 * (A) the value of property subject to a lien;
 * (B) confirmation of a plan; or
 * (C) modification of the plan after confirmation;
 * (3) dispose of, under regulations issued by the Director of the Administrative Office of the United States Courts, moneys received or to be received in a case under chapter XIII of the Bankruptcy Act;
 * (4) advise, other than on legal matters, and assist the debtor in performance under the plan;
 * (5) ensure that the debtor commences making timely payments under section 1326 of this title; and
 * (6) if with respect to the debtor there is a claim for a domestic support obligation, provide the applicable notice specified in subsection (d).

 * (c) If the debtor is engaged in business, then in addition to the duties specified in subsection (b) of this section, the trustee shall perform the duties specified in sections 1106 (a)(3) and 1106 (a)(4) of this title.

 * (d)
 * (1) In a case described in subsection (b)(6) to which subsection (b)(6) applies, the trustee shall—
 * (A)
 * (i) provide written notice to the holder of the claim described in subsection (b)(6) of such claim and of the right of such holder to use the services of the State child support enforcement agency established under sections 464 and 466 of the Social Security Act for the State in which such holder resides, for assistance in collecting child support during and after the case under this title; and
 * (ii) include in the notice provided under clause (i) the address and telephone number of such State child support enforcement agency;
 * (B)
 * (i) provide written notice to such State child support enforcement agency of such claim; and
 * (ii) include in the notice provided under clause (i) the name, address, and telephone number of such holder; and
 * (C) at such time as the debtor is granted a discharge under section 1328, provide written notice to such holder and to such State child support enforcement agency of—
 * (i) the granting of the discharge;
 * (ii) the last recent known address of the debtor;
 * (iii) the last recent known name and address of the debtor’s employer; and
 * (iv) the name of each creditor that holds a claim that—
 * (I) is not discharged under paragraph (2) or (4) of section 523 (a); or
 * (II) was reaffirmed by the debtor under section 524 (c).
 * (2)
 * (A) The holder of a claim described in subsection (b)(6) or the State child support enforcement agency of the State in which such holder resides may request from a creditor described in paragraph (1)(C)(iv) the last known address of the debtor.
 * (B) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, a creditor that makes a disclosure of a last known address of a debtor in connection with a request made under subparagraph (A) shall not be liable by reason of making that disclosure.


text:
United States Code/Title 11/Chapter 13/Section 1303

§ 1303. Rights and powers of debtor

Subject to any limitations on a trustee under this chapter, the debtor shall have, exclusive of the trustee, the rights and powers of a trustee under sections 363 (b), 363 (d), 363 (e), 363 (f), and 363 (l), of this title.


text:
Page:Folklore1919.djvu/529

Rh (C. P. Thunberg, ap. Pinkerton’s Voyages and Travels, xvi. 142). On the other hand, the aged may be left to die without fire or food (cf. E. J. Eyre, J. of Discov. in Central Australia, ii. 321). Meanwhile, as against such instances of abandonment, which on the whole are rare, might be set a host of cases in which we find rude savages tending their dying most carefully up to their last moments, or carrying the sick and feeble about with them, often at great cost of labour, when changing camp. Altogether, this is a question to be thrashed out in the light of the evidence, which is both copious and conflicting ; and it is to be hoped that Mr. Basevi will at some future time have the opportunity to collect and digest it.

new volume follows, in general, the line of argument laid down by the author in her earlier book published in the "Quest" series, but it treats the subject more at large and reinforces the argument with much fresh material.

The main contention of the book is that neither the theory of Christian origin nor that of a folk-lore source combines all the chief features of the Grail story or explains the gravity and sense of mysticism with which the subject is approached and handled. Abandoning these two theories, Miss Weston traces the rise of the story to a survival of Mithraic beliefs still vaguely remembered in Britain at the time the Grail story arose; these Mithraic observances themselves being, in her view, but one form of the almost universal cult of agricultural deities, the outcome of the universal desire for the fecundity of nature and of human life. Her book is an attempt to combine the largest possible number of the incidents of the Grail story under one system which will, she believes, co-ordinate them, and thus provide an explanation of the whole cycle. The attempt is an ingenious one, and it comes with all the weight of Miss Weston’s long and careful study of the

title: Page:Folklore1919.djvu/529


text:
United States Code/Title 11/Chapter 13/Section 1304

§ 1304. Debtor engaged in business

 * (a) A debtor that is self-employed and incurs trade credit in the production of income from such employment is engaged in business.

 * (b) Unless the court orders otherwise, a debtor engaged in business may operate the business of the debtor and, subject to any limitations on a trustee under sections 363 (c) and 364 of this title and to such limitations or conditions as the court prescribes, shall have, exclusive of the trustee, the rights and powers of the trustee under such sections.

 * (c) A debtor engaged in business shall perform the duties of the trustee specified in section 704 (8) of this title.


text:
United States Code/Title 11/Chapter 13/Section 1305

§ 1305. Filing and allowance of postpetition claims

 * (a) A proof of claim may be filed by any entity that holds a claim against the debtor—
 * (1) for taxes that become payable to a governmental unit while the case is pending; or
 * (2) that is a consumer debt, that arises after the date of the order for relief under this chapter, and that is for property or services necessary for the debtor’s performance under the plan.

 * (b) Except as provided in subsection (c) of this section, a claim filed under subsection (a) of this section shall be allowed or disallowed under section 502 of this title, but shall be determined as of the date such claim arises, and shall be allowed under section 502 (a), 502 (b), or 502 (c) of this title, or disallowed under section 502 (d) or 502 (e) of this title, the same as if such claim had arisen before the date of the filing of the petition.

 * (c) A claim filed under subsection (a)(2) of this section shall be disallowed if the holder of such claim knew or should have known that prior approval by the trustee of the debtor’s incurring the obligation was practicable and was not obtained.


text:
Page:Folklore1919.djvu/521

 CORRESPONDENCE.

July 19, 1919. ,—I notice that in discussing “Elijah and the Ravens” (Folk-lore in O. T. vol. iii. c. xiv.) you do not refer to the common explanation that the Ravens were a Bedouin tribe who had the bird as their totem. Perhaps a fact related to me recently by a friend whose name is Raven may be new to you, and I venture to acquaint you with it, as it supports to some extent the explanation to which I refer.

He was travelling some years ago in Palestine—beyond Jordan, if I remember right—and seeing some Arabs or Bedouins he asked his dragoman who they were. The man replied, “They are your kinsmen,” and Dr. Raven, thinking it was an attempt at wit, said, “Yes, all sons of Adam are of kin.” But the dragoman persisted that the kinship was closer, for they bore the same name as the doctor: “Ravens they are, of the tribe that fed the prophet.” My friend visited them, or was visited by them, that evening, and found that they too were inclined to count him as sprung from the tribe.

Wootton Parsonage, Boarshill, Nr. Oxford.

title: Page:Folklore1919.djvu/521


text:
Page:Folklore1919.djvu/530

164 subject, and minute criticism of the texts. Her volume, on the one hand, shows the influence of the Golden Bough turned to new uses and, on the other, is the outcome of her study of certain works dealing with mediaeval mysticism, of which she specially mentions the Naassene Document, which has been translated with much penetrating comment by Mr. G. R. S. Mead in his Thrice Greatest Hermes.

Miss Weston’s book undoubtedly supplies new points for consideration and fresh lines of investigation, but whether any single explanation can unite into one whole the entire body of symbolic meanings which attached themselves to the central idea of the Grail, we still see reason to doubt. As the Quest for the Grail united in a single great adventure the separate legends belonging to various Champions, who had originally no place in the Arthurian legend, so the Holy Cup itself, with all its mysterious surroundings and mystic symbols, fails to be explained on any single theory. It is not only the symbol of fecundity of the agricultural theory, or the inexhaustible cauldron of Celtic tradition, nor is it simply the sacred vessel of the worshipper of Mithra or the Christian Eucharistic cup. It is all of these "and something more" as the thoughts and traditions of many periods have read their own meanings into it. To Plato it is the Cup in which the Creator mixed the elements of the World-Soul. In Pistis Sophia the Purified Soul "bringeth a cup full of intuition and wisdom and also prudence, and giveth it to the soul, and casteth the soul into a body which will not be able to fall asleep or forget, because of the Cup of Prudence which hath been given unto it, but will be ever pure in heart and seeking after the Mysteries of Light, until it hath found them, by order of the Virgin of Light, in order that the soul may inherit the Light forever." It is not only in the rites of Mithra that the Cup has been the symbol and the means of union with the divine. How large a part the Cup played in Mithraic worship we do not know; it does not appear on Mithraic monuments so frequently as the bull, the serpent or the torch-bearers. This, however, does not argue that it was of less importance. It occurs quite often enough to show that it was a most sacred

title: Page:Folklore1919.djvu/530


text:
Nature (journal)/Volume 1

 * No. 1, November 4, 1869, pp. 9-30
 * No. 2, November 11, 1869, pp. 43-64
 * No. 3, November 18, 1869, pp. 71-94
 * No. 4, November 25, 1869, pp. 99-122
 * No. 5, December 2, 1869, pp. 127-149
 * No. 6, December 9, 1869, pp. 155-178
 * No. 7, December 16, 1869, pp. 183-202
 * No. 8, December 23, 1869, pp. 207-226
 * No. 9, December 30 1869, pp. 231-250
 * No. 10, January 6, 1870, pp. 255-274
 * No. 11, January 13, 1870, pp. 279-298
 * No. 12, January 20, 1870, pp. 280-326
 * No. 13, January 27, 1870, pp. 327-348
 * No. 14, February 3, 1870, pp. 351-370
 * No. 15, February 10, 1870, pp. 375-394
 * No. 16, February 17, 1870, pp. 399-418
 * No. 17, February 24, 1870, pp. 423-446
 * No. 18, March 3, 1870, pp. 451-470
 * No. 19, March 10, 1870, pp. 475-494
 * No. 20, March 17, 1870, pp. 499-522
 * No. 21, March 24, 1870, pp. 527-546
 * No. 22, March 31, 1870, pp. 551-570
 * No. 23, April 7, 1870, pp. 575-594
 * No. 24, April 14, 1870, pp. 599-618
 * No. 25, April 21, 1870, pp. 623-642
 * No. 26, April 28, 1870, pp. 647-666

title: Nature (journal)/Volume 1


text:
Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 59.djvu/335

 thirteen, on a voyage to Jamaica, where he was so impressed by the tropical vegetation of the interior as to become an ardent botanist. He was apprenticed to his father's profession, studied at the London Hospital, and attended the botanical demonstrations and herborisings of Thomas Wheeler [q. v.], demonstrator to the Society of Apothecaries. Having succeeded to his father's practice at Wellclose Square, Whitechapel, he devoted the early morning hours to collecting plants round London, frequently visiting the gardens of the Messrs. Loddiges at Hackney, and those at Chelsea and Kew. In later years he frequently stayed with his family at Cobham in Kent. Doing his best to cultivate plants amid the increasingly smoky surroundings of his home, and to encourage window-gardening among the working-classes, the chance sprouting of some seedling plants in a bottle, in which, in 1829, he had placed a chrysalis, suggested to him the principle of the Wardian case. These plants grew four years without water. In 1833 he sent two cases containing growing ferns and grasses to Sydney, where they were refilled, their contents reaching England alive, without having been watered, and although exposed to snow and a temperature of 20° F. off Cape Horn, and to one of 120° F. on the equator. In 1836 Sir William Jackson Hooker [q. v.] published an account of the discovery in the ‘Companion to the Botanical Magazine’ (i. 317–20), as an ‘improved method of transporting living plants,’ and Ward himself issued a pamphlet on the ‘Growth of Plants without open Exposure to Air.’ Faraday lectured on the subject at the Royal Institution in 1838, and John Williams (1796–1839) [q. v.], ‘the martyr of Erromanga,’ by means of the Wardian case introduced the Chinese or Cavendish banana from Chatsworth to Samoa, whence, in 1840, George Pritchard [q. v.] took it to Tonga and Fiji. The value of the invention was further demonstrated by Robert Fortune's conveyance of twenty thousand tea plants from Shanghai to the Himalayas, and subsequently by the introduction of the cinchona into India by the same means. From 1836 to 1854 Ward acted as examiner in botany to the Society of Apothecaries; in the latter year he became master, and afterwards treasurer, of the society. He was much interested in the maintenance of the Chelsea Botanical Garden, and arranged the transfer, in 1863, of the herbaria of Ray, Dale, and Rand to the safer custody of the British Museum. He was an original member of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh, acting from its foundation in 1836 as its local secretary for London; and, in conjunction with his neighbours, Edwin and John Thomas Quekett [q. v.], founded in 1839 the Microscopical (now the Royal Microscopical) Society. On retiring from practice Ward removed to Clapham Rise, where he devoted himself to gardening and to the increase of his neatly mounted herbarium, which contained twenty-five thousand specimens. He died at St. Leonard's, Sussex, on 4 June 1868, and was buried in Norwood cemetery. Ward was elected fellow of the Linnean Society in 1817, and of the Royal Society in 1852; his portrait, painted by J. P. Knight, was presented by subscription to the former body in 1856; and his name was commemorated by his friends William Henry Harvey [q. v.] and William Jackson Hooker in Wardia, a genus of South African mosses. His chief independent publication was ‘On the Growth of Plants in closely glazed Cases,’ 1842, 8vo, of which a second edition, illustrated by his daughter-in-law, Mrs. Stephen Ward, and her brother, E. W. Cooke, R.A., appeared in 1852.

[Britten and Boulger's Biogr. Index of Botanists, and authorities there cited.]

WARD, PATIENCE (1629–1696), lord mayor of London, was the son of Thomas and Elizabeth Ward of Tanshelf, near Pontefract. According to his own ‘Memoirs,’ an incomplete copy of which, made by Dr. Birch, is in the British Museum (Ayscough MS. 4224, f. 153), he was born at Tanshelf on 7 Dec. 1629, and received the name of Patience from his father, who was disappointed at not having a daughter. He lost his father at the age of five, and was brought up by his mother for the ministry. With this view, he tells us, he was sent to the university in 1643, under the care of a brother-in-law, but afterwards turned his attention to merchandise. His liberal education bore fruit, as his name is found in the list of fellows of the Royal Society in 1682, twenty-two years after its foundation. On 10 June 1646 he was apprenticed for eight years to Launcelot Tolson, merchant-taylor and merchant-adventurer, of St. Helen's, Bishopsgate, with whom he lived until his marriage (, St. Lawrence Pountney, p. 242, note h). He afterwards set up in business for himself in St. Lawrence Pountney Lane, where he occupied a portion of the ancient mansion variously known as ‘Manor of the Rose’ and Poultney's Inn, the house having formerly belonged to Sir John Poultney [see or ]. The house is shown in Ogilby and Morgan's ‘Map of London,’ 1677, and in


text:
Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 59.djvu/336

 the plan of Walbrook and Dowgate wards in Northouck's ‘History of London’ (p. 612).

On completing his apprenticeship he became a freeman of the Merchant Taylors' Company, but was unable or unwilling to take up his livery, and it appears from an extract from the court minute-book of 3 June 1663 that he had been admonished by the company on many previous occasions. They now threatened him with a summons before the court of aldermen, but the matter was apparently compromised by his paying a fine of 50l. He became master of the company in 1671 (, Memorials of the Merchant Taylors' Company, p. 558; Early History, ii. 348).

He was elected sheriff on midsummer day 1670, and on 18 Oct. in the same year became alderman for the ward of Farringdon Within (Repertory 75, fol. 301). At the mayoralty banquet on 29 Oct. 1675, which the king honoured with his presence, Ward, with other aldermen, was knighted (, Pedigrees of Knights, p. 301). He was elected lord mayor on Michaelmas day 1680, and entered into office on 29 Oct. following. In his election speech (London, 1680, fol.) he strongly maintained protestant principles. The pageant was of great magnificence, and was provided at the cost of the Merchant Taylors' Company, by Thomas Jordan [q. v.], the city poet. It is of special interest, and is fully described in Hone's ‘Every Day Book’ (i. 1446–53); a copy of the original is in the Guildhall Library.

On 28 March 1681 the king dissolved his third short parliament, and on 13 May the common council, by a narrow majority of fourteen, agreed to address the king, praying him to cause a parliament to meet, and continue to sit until due provision were made for the security of his majesty's person and his people. Ward, who sided with the opposition, had the unthankful task of presenting this address, and the first attempt to do so failed, the deputation being told to meet the king at Hampton Court on 19 May. When that day arrived the civic deputation were summarily dismissed. Ward, however, received a vote of thanks from the grand jury at the Old Bailey for the part he had taken in presenting the address (Guildhall Library, London Pamphlets, vol. xii. No. 12;, Relation of State Affairs, i. 84, 87, 88). He received further thanks from the common hall on 24 June, and was desired to present another address to the king, assuring his majesty that the late address truly reflected the feeling of that assembly. This address, presented on 7 July, was received with no less disfavour, Ward and his colleagues being again told to mind their own business (, i. 107).

The ultra-protestantism of the city, probably directed by Ward, had early in his mayoralty led to an additional inscription being engraved on the Monument, stating that the fire of London had been caused by the papists; and an inscription to the same effect was ordered to be placed on the house in Pudding Lane where the fire began. Sir Patience incurred much odium through his connection with these inscriptions. Thomas Ward (1652–1708) [q. v.] in his ‘England's Reformation’ (1710, canto iv. p. 100), speaking of Titus Oates and his discoveries, wrote: That sniffling whig-mayor, Patience Ward, To this damn'd lie had such regard, That he his godly masons sent T' engrave it round the Monument. They did so; but let such things pass, His men were fools, and he an ass (, History of the Monument, 1893, pp. 38–40).

The court party succeeded this year in turning their opponents out of the city lieutenancy, whereby the lord mayor lost his commission as a colonel of a regiment of the trained bands. At the close of his mayoralty Ward was succeeded by Sir John Moore (1620–1702) [q. v.], a determined partisan of the court, whose election was not, however, secured without the unusual circumstance of a poll. One of the last incidents in Ward's mayoralty was the resolution of the corporation to undertake the business of fire insurance on behalf of the citizens (ib. p. 135). On 19 May 1683 Ward was tried for perjury in connection with the action brought by the Duke of York against Sir Thomas Pilkington for scandalum magnatum. He was accused of having sworn that to the best of his remembrance he did not hear the words spoken which were said to be criminal. After much conflicting evidence he was found guilty (, History of London, 1756, i. 476), and fled to Holland (, i. 259). During his exile abroad he was in constant communication with Thomas Papillon [q. v.], the sheriff-elect of 1682, who had also been driven into exile. A portion of their correspondence is printed by Mr. A. F. W. Papillon in his ‘Memoirs of Thomas Papillon’ (1887, pp. 336–347). On 10 Feb. 1687–8 he pleaded his majesty's pardon by attorney for his conviction of perjury (, i. 431).

The accession of William III restored him to full favour and honour. He was elected one of the four city members to serve in the convention summoned to meet


text:
Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 59.djvu/337

 on 22 Jan. 1689 (ib. i. 352). At the next election, in February 1690, Ward and the other three whig candidates lost their seats (, London and the Kingdom, ii. 533). He was appointed colonel of the blue regiment of the trained bands on 31 March 1689 (, p. 516), and on 19 April a commissioner for managing the customs (Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1689–90, p. 53). He lost his colonelcy in 1690, the church party being once more in a majority (ib. ii. 25), but was re-elected on the ascendency of the whigs in 1691 (ib. iii. 283). On 24 March 1695–6 he was compelled through illness to relinquish his office of commissioner of customs, but recovered sufficiently to resume his duties on 9 April (, iv. 34, 42).

Ward died on 10 July 1696, and was buried in the south corner of the chancel of St. Mary Abchurch, where a mural monument to his memory still exists (, Survey, 1720, bk. ii. p. 184). His will, dated 4 March 1695–6, and proved in the prerogative court of Canterbury on 7 Aug. 1696, is printed at length by Wilson in his ‘History of St. Lawrence Pountney’ (pp. 243–4). In a note on the character and dispositions of the London aldermen privately supplied to James II, Ward is described as a very considerable merchant and as a quaker (Gent. Mag. 1769, p. 517). The latter statement is probably not correct; but Ward's sympathies, like those of his colleague, Sir [q. v.], were strongly opposed to the high-church party, and probably inclined to the dissenters.

Ward married, on 8 June 1653, Elizabeth, daughter of William Hobson of Hackney. The certificate of banns in the register of St. Helen's, Bishopsgate (Records of the Parish), states that they were published in Leadenhall Market, and the marriage was at Hackney church (, History of Hackney, ii. 69). His wife predeceased him during his exile on 24 Dec. 1685, and was buried in the ‘great church at Amsterdam.’ There was no issue of the marriage, but Sir Patience left his manor of Hooton Pagnel to his grand-nephew, Patience Ward, in whose family it remained for several generations. His nephew, Sir John Ward, son of his brother, Sir Thomas Ward of Tanshelf, was lord mayor in 1714, and ancestor of the Wards of Westerham in Kent.

His arms were azure, a cross patonce or. There is a full-length portrait of Ward in his mayoral robes at Merchant Taylors' Hall, and a small watercolour copy of it is in the Guildhall Library (MS. 20).

WARD, ROBERT PLUMER (1765–1846), novelist and politician, born in Mount Street, Mayfair, on 19 March 1765, was son of John Ward by his wife Rebecca Raphael. His father was a merchant living in Gibraltar, and for many years was chief clerk to the civil department of the ordnance in the garrison. Robert was educated first at Mr. Macfarlane's private school at Walthamstow, and afterwards at Westminster school, whence he entered Christ Church, Oxford, matriculating on 12 Feb. 1783. In 1785 he became a student of the Inner Temple. He now passed a considerable portion of time abroad, and travelled in France during the early part of the revolutionary period. He was called to the bar by the Society of the Inner Temple on 17 June 1790, and soon after went the western circuit. In 1794 he fortunately came under the notice of Pitt and the solicitor-general, afterwards Lord Eldon, through his accidental discovery of the elements of a Jacobinical plot. Probably at the suggestion of the solicitor-general, in 1794 he determined to write on international law, and published in 1795 ‘An Inquiry into the Foundation and History of the Law of Nations in Europe from the Time of the Greeks and Romans to the Age of Grotius.’ This work, though rather of abstract interest than practical utility, was well reviewed, and served the reputation of its author.

By his marriage, on 2 April 1796, with Catherine Julia, the fourth daughter of Christopher Thompson Maling of Durham, Ward became intimately acquainted with, first earl of Mulgrave [q. v.], who had but a short time before married the eldest daughter. He now changed from the western to the northern circuit, in order to benefit by the influence of his new relations. Though at this time he had a small common-law practice in London and before the privy council, his natural inclination was towards politics. In 1800, when the question of maritime neutrals was exciting public opinion, he undertook, at Lord Grenville's request, to represent the rights of belligerents from the English point of view. This work was published in March 1801, and Lord Grenville wrote to Ward on 2 April 1801 expressing his gratification at the result. A reward in the shape of a judgeship


text: Folk-Lore/Volume 30/Review/The Book of Duarte Barbosa


text: Folk-Lore/Volume 30/Review/Folk-Lore from India


text:
Page:Messages and Letters of William Henry Harrison Vol. 1.djvu/19

Rh


text:
Talk:Korean Air Lines Flight 007 transcripts

The source of these transcripts is the International Civil Aviation Organization of the United Nations Investigation of the Shootdown... (1993).174.69.11.17 14:47, 11 October 2010 (UTC)

Report of the Completion of the Fact-Finding Investigation Regarding the Shooting Down of the Korean Air Lines Boeing 747 (Flight KE007) on 31 August 1983 (Transcript of Communications. USSR Air Defence Command Centres on Sakhalin Island of Information Paper 1. appended) of the 139th Session174.69.11.17 00:54, 13 October 2010 (UTC)


text:
United States Code/Title 11/Chapter 13/Section 1306

§ 1306. Property of the estate

 * (a) Property of the estate includes, in addition to the property specified in section 541 of this title—
 * (1) all property of the kind specified in such section that the debtor acquires after the commencement of the case but before the case is closed, dismissed, or converted to a case under chapter 7, 11, or 12 of this title, whichever occurs first; and
 * (2) earnings from services performed by the debtor after the commencement of the case but before the case is closed, dismissed, or converted to a case under chapter 7, 11, or 12 of this title, whichever occurs first.
 * (b) Except as provided in a confirmed plan or order confirming a plan, the debtor shall remain in possession of all property of the estate.


text: Folk-Lore/Volume 30/Prentice Pillars: the Architect and his Pupil


text:
Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 59.djvu/338

 in Nova Scotia was about this time nearly accepted by Ward; but in June 1802 he received from Pitt an offer of a seat in the House of Commons for the borough of Cockermouth, which he accepted without hesitation. The minister, in recommending him to Viscount Lowther for the seat, declared he possessed such promising talents that he could hardly fail to distinguish himself (Hist. MSS. Comm. 13th Rep. App. vii. 152). Ward was returned on 8 July 1802, but did not speak in the house till 13 Dec., when, somewhat to the annoyance of his friends, he supported Addington. He, however, effectively displayed his loyalty to Pitt by publishing towards the end of 1803 a pamphlet entitled ‘A View of the relative Situations of Mr. Pitt and Mr. Addington previous to and on the night of Mr. Patten's Motion,’ in answer to a somewhat damaging account of Pitt's negotiations already in print. For this effort Pitt wrote him a letter of thanks, dated 31 Jan. 1804. Ward next proved himself of service to Pitt's new administration by defending the seizure of the Spanish treasure-ship (6 Oct. 1804) in a treatise entitled ‘An Enquiry into the Manner in which the different Wars of Europe have commenced during the last two Centuries,’ which was read and approved by Pitt before publication.

When Lord Mulgrave succeeded Lord Harrowby at the foreign office at the beginning of 1805, Ward was offered and accepted the post of under-secretary. He resigned a sinecure post he held as Welsh judge on entering the office, which he only held until Fox's advent to power. On the formation of the Duke of Portland's ministry, however, and the appointment of Lord Mulgrave as first lord of the admiralty, Ward was given a seat on the admiralty board. In 1809 he commenced his political diary, portions of which are published in the memoir by Phipps, and are of historical value, as Ward was on intimate terms with Perceval. Although he had an offer of a treasury lordship, Ward remained at the admiralty till June 1811, when he was appointed clerk of the ordnance. He served in this office under Lord Mulgrave, who was head of the department, till 1823. He made a lengthy report on the state of the ordnance department in Ireland, which was published on 9 Nov. 1816. The following year he made a survey of the eastern and southern coast of England for the same purpose, and in 1819 was similarly engaged in the north of England. From 1807 he sat in parliament for Haslemere in Surrey, but retired after the session of 1823, and was then appointed auditor of the civil list, a post created by Perceval.

His varied experiences in politics and society encouraged him to employ his leisure in the writing of a modern novel. ‘Tremaine; or the Man of Refinement,’ his first composition, occupied him two years, and was published anonymously in 1825. The book made a considerable sensation in the fashionable world, owing to the evident acquaintance of its unknown author with the scenes he described. It rapidly went through several editions. Though a somewhat dull novel, owing to weakness of plot and lack of incident, yet the language is often clever and epigrammatic, and the close analysis of character and the serious purpose exhibited in its philosophic and religious discussions made the work a new type. Ward's second novel, ‘De Vere; or the Man of Independence,’ on similar lines, was published in 1827, with a dedication to Lord Mulgrave. ‘De Vere’ was a study of a man of ambition, and the main character was supposed by many to be intended to represent Canning, then about to become prime minister. An article in the ‘Literary Gazette,’ entitled ‘Mr. Canning from “De Vere,”’ drew, however, from Ward a disavowal of the suggestion in a letter to Canning. From a confidential letter of the novelist's, written about the time of publication (, My Friends and Acquaintances, ii. 43), he appears to have sketched his hero bearing in mind Pitt, Canning, and Bolingbroke; other characters in the book were, however, he confesses, drawn from life; the president was a skilful portrait of his old friend Dr. Cyril Jackson, dean of Christ Church, Lady Clanellan of the Duchess of Buckingham, and Lord Mowbray of the Duke of Newcastle. Generally the book was favourably received, and the opinion expressed in the ‘Quarterly Review’ (xxxvi. 269) was that deficiency of imaginative power alone prevented the author from taking his place among the classics of romance. Ward was, however, and indeed affected to be (, Friends and Acquaintances, ii. 111), rather an essayist than a novelist both in style and matter. There was some reason for Canning's witticism that his law books were as pleasant as novels, and his novels as dull as law books.

On 16 July 1828 Ward married, secondly, Mrs. Plumer Lewin of Gilston Park, Hertfordshire, and on this occasion took the surname of Plumer in addition to Ward. He now took up his residence at Gilston, and acted as sheriff of the county in 1830. His office as auditor of the civil list was incorporated into the treasury in January 1831.


text: Page:Nicaraguan Antiquities (1886).djvu/83


text:
Author:William Stephen Coleman

Works

 * Our Woodlands, Heaths, and Hedges
 * British Butterflies (1860)

title: Author:William Stephen Coleman


text: Page:Nicaraguan Antiquities (1886).djvu/85


text:
United States Code/Title 11/Chapter 13/Section 1307

§ 1307. Conversion or dismissal

 * (a) The debtor may convert a case under this chapter to a case under chapter 7 of this title at any time. Any waiver of the right to convert under this subsection is unenforceable.

 * (b) On request of the debtor at any time, if the case has not been converted under section 706, 1112, or 1208 of this title, the court shall dismiss a case under this chapter. Any waiver of the right to dismiss under this subsection is unenforceable.

 * (c) Except as provided in subsection (e) of this section, on request of a party in interest or the United States trustee and after notice and a hearing, the court may convert a case under this chapter to a case under chapter 7 of this title, or may dismiss a case under this chapter, whichever is in the best interests of creditors and the estate, for cause, including—
 * (1) unreasonable delay by the debtor that is prejudicial to creditors;
 * (2) nonpayment of any fees and charges required under chapter 123 of title 28;
 * (3) failure to file a plan timely under section 1321 of this title;
 * (4) failure to commence making timely payments under section 1326 of this title;
 * (5) denial of confirmation of a plan under section 1325 of this title and denial of a request made for additional time for filing another plan or a modification of a plan;
 * (6) material default by the debtor with respect to a term of a confirmed plan;
 * (7) revocation of the order of confirmation under section 1330 of this title, and denial of confirmation of a modified plan under section 1329 of this title;
 * (8) termination of a confirmed plan by reason of the occurrence of a condition specified in the plan other than completion of payments under the plan;
 * (9) only on request of the United States trustee, failure of the debtor to file, within fifteen days, or such additional time as the court may allow, after the filing of the petition commencing such case, the information required by paragraph (1) of section 521;
 * (10) only on request of the United States trustee, failure to timely file the information required by paragraph (2) of section 521; or
 * (11) failure of the debtor to pay any domestic support obligation that first becomes payable after the date of the filing of the petition.

 * (d) Except as provided in subsection (e) of this section, at any time before the confirmation of a plan under section 1325 of this title, on request of a party in interest or the United States trustee and after notice and a hearing, the court may convert a case under this chapter to a case under chapter 11 or 12 of this title.

 * (e) Upon the failure of the debtor to file a tax return under section 1308, on request of a party in interest or the United States trustee and after notice and a hearing, the court shall dismiss a case or convert a case under this chapter to a case under chapter 7 of this title, whichever is in the best interest of the creditors and the estate.

 * (f) The court may not convert a case under this chapter to a case under chapter 7, 11, or 12 of this title if the debtor is a farmer, unless the debtor requests such conversion.

 * (g) Notwithstanding any other provision of this section, a case may not be converted to a case under another chapter of this title unless the debtor may be a debtor under such chapter.


text: Page:Nicaraguan Antiquities (1886).djvu/87


text: Page:Nicaraguan Antiquities (1886).djvu/89


text:
Page:EB1911 - Volume 20.djvu/98

 many important articles. In 1864 he published an elaborate report On the Coal Resources of India. He retired in 1876, and died at Rugby on the 17th of July 1878. OLDHAM, a municipal county and parliamentary borough of Lancashire, England, 7 m. N.E. of Manchester, on the London & North-Western, Great Central and Lancashire & Yorkshire railways and the Oldham canal. Pop. (1891) 131,463; (1901) 137,246. The principal railway station is called Mumps, but there are several others. The town lies high, near the source of the small river Medlock. Its growth as a manufacturing centre gives it a wholly modern appearance. Among several handsome churches the oldest dates only from the later 18th century. The principal buildings and institutions include the town-hall, with tetrastyle portico copied from the Ionic temple of Ceres near Athens, the reference library, art gallery and museum, the Union Street baths, commemorating Sir Robert Peel the statesman, and the county court. Of educational establishments the chief are the Lyceum, a building in Italian style, containing schools of art and science, and including an observatory; the largely-endowed blue-coat school founded in 1808 by Thomas Henshaw, a wealthy manufacturer of hats; the Hulme grammar school (1895), and municipal technical schools. The Alexandra Park, opened in 1865, was laid out by operatives who were thrown out of employment owing to the cotton famine in the years previous to that date. The site is picturesquely undulating and terraced. Oldham is one of the most important centres of the cotton manufactures, the consumption of cotton being about one-fifth of the total importation into the United Kingdom, the factories numbering some 230, and the spindles over 13 millions, while some 35,000 operatives are employed. The principal manufactures are fustians, velvets, cords, shirtings, sheetings and nankeens. There are also large foundries and mill and cotton machinery works; and works for the construction of gas-meters and sewing-machines; while all these industries are assisted by the immediate presence of collieries. There are extensive markets and numerous fairs are held. Oldham was incorporated in 1849, and became a county borough in 1888. The corporation consists of a mayor, 12 aldermen and 36 councillors. The parliamentary borough has returned two members since 1832. Area of municipal borough, 4736 acres.

A Roman road, of which some traces are still left, passes through the site of the township, but it does not appear to have been a Roman station. It is not mentioned in Domesday; but in the reign of Henry III. Alwardus de Aldholme is referred to as holding land in Vernet (Werneth). A daughter and co-heiress of this Alwardus conveyed Werneth Hall and its manor to the Cudworths, a branch of the Yorkshire family, with whom it remained till the early part of the 18th century. From the Oldhams was descended Hugh Oldham, who died bishop of Exeter in 1519. From entries in the church registers it would appear that linens were manufactured in Oldham as early as 1630. Watermills were introduced in 1770, and with the adoption of Arkwright’s inventions the cotton industry grew with great rapidity.  OLD MAID, a game of cards. Any number may play, and the full pack is used, the Queen of Hearts being removed. The cards are dealt out one by one until exhausted, and each player then sorts his hand and discards the pairs. The dealer then offers his hand, spread out face downwards to the next player, who draws a card, which, if it completes a pair, is discarded, but otherwise remains in the hand. The process continues from player to player, until all the cards have been paired and discarded excepting the odd queen, the holder of which is the “Old Maid.” OLDMIXON, JOHN (1673–1742), English historian, was a son of John Oldmixon of Oldmixon, near Bridgwater. His first writings were poems and dramas, among them being Amores Britannici; Epistles historical and gallant (1703); and a tragedy, The Governor of Cyprus. His earliest historical work was The British Empire in America (1708 and again 1741), which was followed by The Secret History of Europe (1712–1715); by Arcana Gallica, or the Secret History of France for the last Century (1714); and by other smaller writings. More important, however, although of a very partisan character, are Oldmixon’s works on English history. His Critical history of England (1724–1726) contains attacks on Clarendon and a defence of Bishop Burnet, and its publication led to a controversy between Dr Zachary Grey (1688–1766) and the author, who replied to Grey in his Clarendon and Whitlock compared (1727). On the same, lines he wrote his History of England during the Reigns of the Royal House of Stuart (1730). Herein he charged Bishop Atterbury and other of Clarendon’s editors with tampering with the text of the. History. From his exile Atterbury replied to this charge in a Vindication, and although Oldmixon continued the controversy it is practically certain that he was in the wrong. He completed a continuous history of England by writing the History of England during the Reigns of William and Mary, Anne and George I. (1735); and the History of England during the Reigns of Henry VIII., Edward VI., Mary and Elizabeth (1739). Among his other writings are, Memoirs of North Britain (1715), Essay on Criticism (1728) and Memoirs of the Press 1710–1740 (1742), which was only published after his death. Oldmixon had much to do with editing two periodicals. The Muses Mercury and The Medley, and he often complained that his services were overlooked by the government. He died on the 9th of July 1742.

OLD POINT COMFORT, a summer and winter resort, in Elizabeth City county, Virginia, U.S.A., at the southern end of a narrow, sandy peninsula projecting into Hampton Roads (at the mouth of the James river), about 12 m. N. by W. of Norfolk. It is served directly by the Chesapeake & Ohio railway, and indirectly by the New York, Philadelphia & Norfolk (Pennsylvania System), passengers and freight being carried by steamer from the terminus at Cape Charles; by steamboat lines connecting with the principal cities along the Atlantic coast, and with cities along the James river; by ferry, connecting with Norfolk and Portsmouth; and by electric railway (3 m.) to Hampton and (12 m.) to Newport News. There is a U.S. garrison at Fort Monroe, one of the most important fortifications on the Atlantic coast of the United States. Old Point Comfort is included in the reservation of Fort Monroe. The fort lies within; the tract of 252 acres ceded, for coast defence purposes, to the Federal government by the state of Virginia in 1821, the survey for the original fortifications having been made in 1818, and the building begun in 1819. It was named in honour of President Monroe and was first regularly garrisoned in 1823; in 1824 the Artillery School of Practice (now called the United States Coast Artillery School) was established to provide commissioned officers of the Coast Artillery with instruction in professional work and to give technical instruction to the non-commissioned staff. During the Civil War the fort was the rendezvous for several military expeditions, notably those of General Benjamin F. Butler to Hatteras Inlet, in 1861; of General A. E. Burnside, to North Carolina, in 1862; and of General A. H. Terry, against Fort Fisher, in 1865; within sight of its parapets was fought the famous duel between the “Monitor” and the “Merrimac” (March 9, 1862). Jefferson Davis was a prisoner here for two years, from the 22nd of May 1865, and Clement Claiborne Clay (1819–1882), a prominent Confederate, from the same date until April 1866. Between Fort Monroe and Sewell’s Point is Fort Wool, almost covering a small island called Rip Raps. The expedition which settled Jamestown rounded this peninsula (April 26, 1607), opened its sealed instructions here, and named the peninsula Poynt Comfort, in recognition of the sheltered harbour. (The “Old” was added subsequently to distinguish it from a Point Comfort settlement at the mouth of the York river on Chesapeake Bay). On the site of the present fortification a fort was erected by the whites as early as 1630.

 OLD TOWN, a city of Penobscot county, Maine, U.S.A., on the Penobscot river, about 12 m. N.E. of Bangor. Pop. (1890) 5312; (1900) 5763, of whom 1247 were foreign born. It is served by the Maine Central and the Bangor & Aroostook railways, and by an electric line connecting with Bangor. The city proper is on an island (Marsh, or Old Town Island), but considerable territory on the W. bank of the river is included

title: Page:EB1911 - Volume 20.djvu/98


text:
United States Code/Title 11/Chapter 13/Section 1308

§ 1308. Filing of prepetition tax returns

 * (a) Not later than the day before the date on which the meeting of the creditors is first scheduled to be held under section 341 (a), if the debtor was required to file a tax return under applicable nonbankruptcy law, the debtor shall file with appropriate tax authorities all tax returns for all taxable periods ending during the 4-year period ending on the date of the filing of the petition.

 * (b)
 * (1) Subject to paragraph (2), if the tax returns required by subsection (a) have not been filed by the date on which the meeting of creditors is first scheduled to be held under section 341 (a), the trustee may hold open that meeting for a reasonable period of time to allow the debtor an additional period of time to file any unfiled returns, but such additional period of time shall not extend beyond—
 * (A) for any return that is past due as of the date of the filing of the petition, the date that is 120 days after the date of that meeting; or
 * (B) for any return that is not past due as of the date of the filing of the petition, the later of—
 * (i) the date that is 120 days after the date of that meeting; or
 * (ii) the date on which the return is due under the last automatic extension of time for filing that return to which the debtor is entitled, and for which request is timely made, in accordance with applicable nonbankruptcy law.
 * (2) After notice and a hearing, and order entered before the tolling of any applicable filing period determined under this subsection, if the debtor demonstrates by a preponderance of the evidence that the failure to file a return as required under this subsection is attributable to circumstances beyond the control of the debtor, the court may extend the filing period established by the trustee under this subsection for—
 * (A) a period of not more than 30 days for returns described in paragraph (1); and
 * (B) a period not to extend after the applicable extended due date for a return described in paragraph (2).

 * (c) For purposes of this section, the term “return” includes a return prepared pursuant to subsection (a) or (b) of section 6020 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, or a similar State or local law, or a written stipulation to a judgment or a final order entered by a nonbankruptcy tribunal.


text: Folk-Lore/Volume 30/Notes on Welsh Folklore


text: Page:Nicaraguan Antiquities (1886).djvu/93


text:
Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 59.djvu/343

 on astronomical subjects, written in 1654 and 1655, are printed in ‘Excerpta ex Literis ad Hevelium’ (Danzig, 1683, 4to). A third letter, dated 2 Feb. 1662–3, is preserved in Brit. Mus. Addit. MS. 28104, f. 10.

After the outbreak of the civil war Cambridge early suffered for its loyalty. In 1643 Samuel Ward was imprisoned in St. John's College, and Seth assiduously attended him until his death on 7 Sept. Seth was a staunch churchman, and, with Peter Gunning [q. v.], John Barwick [q. v.], and Isaac Barrow (1614–1680) [q. v.], he assisted in compiling ‘Certain Disquisitions and Considerations representing to the Conscience the Unlawfulness of the … Solemn League and Covenant.’ The first edition was immediately seized and burned by the puritans, and the earliest extant is that which appeared at Oxford in 1644. Deprived of his fellowship by the committee of visitors in August 1644 for refusing the covenant, he took refuge with Samuel Ward's relatives in and around London, and afterwards with Oughtred at Albury. While with him he improved his knowledge of mathematics, and on leaving his house took up his abode with his friend Ralph Freeman at Aspenden, his birthplace, acting as tutor to Freeman's sons. There he remained till 1649, when he paid a visit of some months' duration to Lord Wenman [see, second ] at Thame in Oxfordshire. In 1647 the visitation of Oxford University began. Among those ejected in 1648 was John Greaves [q. v.], Savilian professor of astronomy. On Greaves's recommendation, with the support of Scarburgh and Sir John Trevor, Ward was appointed his successor in 1649. He had by this time sufficiently mastered his scruples to take the oath to the English Commonwealth, and turned his attention to reviving the interest in the astronomical lectures, which had fallen into neglect and almost into disuse. He also gained fame as a preacher, though as a Savilian professor he was exempted from any obligation to the university to deliver discourses from the pulpit.

Ward is chiefly remembered as an astronomer by his theory of planetary motion. In 1645 Ismael Boulliau, in his ‘Astronomia Philolaica,’ enunciated an astronomical system in which for the first time the elliptical nature of the planetary orbits was taken into account. In 1653 Ward published a treatise entitled ‘In Ismaelis Bullialdi Astronomiæ Philolaicæ Fundamenta Inquisitio Brevis’ (Oxford, 4to), in which he advanced a theory of planetary motion at once simpler and more accurate than that of the French astronomer, and in 1656 he issued his ‘Astronomia Geometrica; ubi Methodus proponitur qua Primariorum Planetarum Astronomia sive Elliptica sive Circularis possit Geometrice absolvi,’ in which he propounded it in a more elaborate and finished form. According to his hypothesis the line drawn from a planet to the superior focus of its elliptical orbit turns with a uniform angular velocity round that point. In orbits of small eccentricity this is nearly true, and in such cases the result almost coincides with that obtained by applying Kepler's principle of the uniform description of areas. Ward, however, regarded his theorem as universally true, guided by the belief that a centre of uniform motion must necessarily exist. His was the last system involving such an assumption which had any vogue, and it was abandoned as simpler methods were found for resolving Kepler's problem. Boulliau replied to him in ‘Ismaelis Bullialdi Astronomiæ Philolaicæ Fundamenta clarius explicata et asserta,’ printed in his ‘Exercitationes Geometricæ tres’ (1657), acknowledging some errors of his own and pointing out some inaccuracies in Ward's theory.

On 23 Oct. 1649 Ward was incorporated M.A. at Oxford, and he entered himself as a fellow-commoner on 29 April 1650 at Wadham College from regard for the warden, John Wilkins [q. v.], famous for his learning. During his residence in Oxford he lived at Wadham, in the chamber over the gate. At that time Oxford was the home of many illustrious men of science, among others of Robert Boyle [q. v.], Thomas Willis (1621–1675) [q. v.], Jonathan Goddard [q. v.], John Wallis (1618–1673) [q. v.], Ralph Bathurst [q. v.], and Lawrence Rooke [q. v.] These men constituted a brilliant intellectual society, and vastly assisted the progress of science in England. In 1645 Wallis, Goddard, Theodore Haak [q. v.], and others, then in London, held weekly meetings to discuss mathematics and physical science. About 1649, when most of them had removed to Oxford, they formed ‘The Philosophical Society of Oxford,’ of which Ward became a member. There still remained a remnant of the parent society, however, in London, meeting generally in Gresham College, and from these two associations the Royal Society afterwards sprang. It was incorporated by charter on 15 July 1662, and received a more ample constitution on 22 April 1663. Ward, who by that time had removed to London, was one of the original members.

During his residence at Oxford Ward became involved in a mathematical and philosophical controversy with Hobbes, in which, however, Wallis, the Savilian professor of geometry, took the chief share. In 1654 Ward, replying in his ‘Vindiciæ Academiarum’ to


text: Page:Nicaraguan Antiquities (1886).djvu/95


text: Page:Nicaraguan Antiquities (1886).djvu/97


text:
Author:Bertha Surtees Phillpotts

Works

 * (Archaeology)
 * (Early History)

title: Author:Bertha Surtees Phillpotts


text:
United States Code/Title 11/Chapter 7/Section 721

§ 721. Authorization to operate business

The court may authorize the trustee to operate the business of the debtor for a limited period, if such operation is in the best interest of the estate and consistent with the orderly liquidation of the estate.


text: Page:Nicaraguan Antiquities (1886).djvu/99


text:
Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 59.djvu/344

 several attacks on the universities, and especially to ‘Academiarum Examen,’ 1654, by John Webster (1610–1682) [q. v.], referred to Hobbes's disparaging criticisms in the ‘Leviathan,’ and retorted that, so far from the universities being what they had been in Hobbes's youth, he would find his geometrical pieces, when they appeared, better understood than he should like. This was said in reference to the boasts Hobbes freely made that he had squared the circle and performed other geometric feats. In his ‘De Corpore,’ which appeared in the following year, Hobbes renewed the strife by giving his solutions to the world. It was arranged that Wallis, the Savilian professor of geometry, should criticise the mathematical part of the book, while Ward occupied himself with the philosophical and physical sections. Ward performed his share of the task in his treatise ‘In Thomæ Hobbii Philosophiam Exercitatio Epistolica,’ Oxford, 1656, 8vo, addressed to John Wilkins, the warden of Wadham. In it he also exposed the philosopher's faulty mathematical reasoning, leaving the subject to be further pursued by Wallis (cf., English Works, ed. Molesworth, 1839–45, iv. 435, v. 454, vii. passim).

On 31 May 1654 Ward proceeded D.D. at Oxford, Wallis taking his degree at the same time. When they came to be presented a dispute for precedency arose, which was at first determined in favour of Ward, but Wallis eventually carried the day by going out grand compounder. In 1657, on the resignation of Michael Roberts, Ward was elected principal of Jesus College, Oxford, through the influence of Francis Mansell [q. v.], who had been ejected from the office by the parliamentary visitors. Cromwell, however, put in Francis Howell [q. v.], with a promise of compensation to Ward, which he failed to make good. On 18 March 1658–9 Ward was incorporated D.D. at Cambridge, and on 14 Sept. 1659 he was chosen president of Trinity College, Oxford. He possessed none of the statutory qualifications for the office, however, and in August 1660 was compelled to resign it to the former president, Hannibal Potter. After this final disappointment he resigned his professorship, retired to London, and was compensated by Charles II with the vicarage of St. Lawrence Jewry, to which he was admitted on 19 Jan. 1660–1, and with the rectory of Uplowman in Devonshire. In 1662 he was rector of St. Breock in Cornwall. Already, in 1656, he had been appointed precentor of Exeter by Ralph Brownrig [q. v.], the exiled bishop, to whom he had acted as chaplain during his residence at Sunning in Berkshire. In spite of ridicule, he had punctually paid the bishop's secretary the fees, and at the Restoration he reaped the reward of his forethought, receiving the confirmation of his appointment by patent on 25 July 1660. On 10 Sept. he was made a prebendary, and on 26 Dec. 1661 was elected dean. On 20 July 1662 he was consecrated bishop in succession to John Gauden [q. v.], translated to Worcester. While dean he expelled the presbyterians and independents from the cathedral which they had shared with the episcopalians, demolished certain shops and stalls which had been profanely erected under its roof, and restored and beautified the edifice out of the church revenues at an expense of 25,000l. During his tenure of the see he repaired the episcopal palace, augmented the value of the poorer benefices, increased the revenues of the prebends, and procured the union of the deanery of Burien with the bishopric. On 5 Sept. 1667 he was translated to the see of Salisbury in succession to Alexander Hyde [q. v.], and on 25 Nov. 1671 was made chancellor of the order of the Garter. He was the first protestant bishop to hold this office, procuring its restoration to the see of Salisbury after it had been in lay hands since 1539. Ward's first care after his advancement to Salisbury was to beautify his cathedral and palace. In 1669 Christopher Wren on his invitation made a survey of ‘our lady church at Salisbury,’ of which a manuscript copy is in possession of the Royal Society (, Memoir of Aubrey, 1845, p. 97). About 1672 Ward gave a large sum towards making the river navigable from Salisbury to the sea. He was long a friend of the Duke of Albemarle, attended his last moments in January 1669–70, and preached his funeral sermon, which was published with the title ‘The Christian's Victory over Death’ (London, 1670, 8vo). In 1672, on the death of John Cosin, he declined the bishopric of Durham, not liking the conditions attached to the offer.

Although Ward was in favour of rendering the English church more comprehensive by modifying the professions required from conformists, he was distinguished for his activity against dissenters. He gave strenuous support to the conventicle and five-miles acts, and afterwards, stimulated, it is suggested, by letters from court, he so harried the nonconformists that in 1669 they unsuccessfully petitioned the privy council against him, pleading that by his persecutions he was ruining the cloth trade at Salisbury. He entirely suppressed conventicles in the town, and acted with such severity that when James began his policy of


text:
Page:Nicaraguan Antiquities (1886).djvu/101

Plate α, Number 21


text:
United States Code/Title 11/Chapter 7/Section 722

§ 722. Redemption

An individual debtor may, whether or not the debtor has waived the right to redeem under this section, redeem tangible personal property intended primarily for personal, family, or household use, from a lien securing a dischargeable consumer debt, if such property is exempted under section 522 of this title or has been abandoned under section 554 of this title, by paying the holder of such lien the amount of the allowed secured claim of such holder that is secured by such lien in full at the time of redemption.


text:
Page:Nicaraguan Antiquities (1886).djvu/103

Plate α, Number 22


text:
Page:Nicaraguan Antiquities (1886).djvu/105

Plate β, Number 23.


text:
United States Code/Title 11/Chapter 5/Section 554

§ 554. Abandonment of property of the estate

 * (a) After notice and a hearing, the trustee may abandon any property of the estate that is burdensome to the estate or that is of inconsequential value and benefit to the estate.

 * (b) On request of a party in interest and after notice and a hearing, the court may order the trustee to abandon any property of the estate that is burdensome to the estate or that is of inconsequential value and benefit to the estate.

 * (c) Unless the court orders otherwise, any property scheduled under section 521 (1) of this title not otherwise administered at the time of the closing of a case is abandoned to the debtor and administered for purposes of section 350 of this title.

 * (d) Unless the court orders otherwise, property of the estate that is not abandoned under this section and that is not administered in the case remains property of the estate.


text: Page:Nicaraguan Antiquities (1886).djvu/107


text:
Page:EB1911 - Volume 15.djvu/141

 JAGERSFONTEIN, a town in the Orange Free State, 50 m. N.W. by rail of Springfontein on the trunk line from Cape Town to Pretoria. Pop. (1904), 5657—1293 whites and 4364 coloured persons. Jagersfontein, which occupies a pleasant situation on the open veld about 4500 ft. above the sea, owes its existence to the valuable diamond mine discovered here in 1870. The first diamond, a stone of 50 carats, was found in August of that year, and digging immediately began. The discovery a few weeks later of the much richer mines at Bultfontein and Du Toits Pan, followed by the great finds at De Beers and Colesberg Kop (Kimberley) caused Jagersfontein to be neglected for several years. Up to 1887 the claims in the mine were held by a large number of individuals, but coincident with the efforts to amalgamate the interest in the Kimberley mines a similar movement took place at Jagersfontein, and by 1893 all the claims became the property of one company, which has a working arrangement with the De Beers corporation. The mine, which is worked on the open system and has a depth of 450 ft., yields stones of very fine quality, but the annual output does not exceed in value £500,000. In 1909 a shaft 950 ft. deep was sunk with a view to working the mine on the underground system. Among the famous stones found in the mine are the “Excelsior” (weighing 971 carats, and larger than any previously discovered) and the “Jubilee” (see ). The town was created a municipality in 1904.

Fourteen miles east of Jagersfontein is Boomplaats, the site of the battle fought in 1848 between the Boers under A. W. Pretorius and the British under Sir Harry Smith (see : History).

 JAGO, RICHARD (1715–1781), English poet, third son of Richard Jago, rector of Beaudesert, Warwickshire, was born in 1715. He went up to University College, Oxford, in 1732, and took his degree in 1736. He was ordained to the curacy of Snitterfield, Warwickshire, in 1737, and became rector in 1754; and, although he subsequently received other preferments, Snitterfield remained his favourite residence. He died there on the 8th of May 1781. He was twice married. Jago’s best-known poem, The Blackbirds, was first printed in Hawkesworth’s Adventurer (No. 37, March 13, 1753), and was generally attributed to Gilbert West, but Jago published it in his own name, with other poems, in R. Dodsley’s Collection of Poems (vol. iv., 1755). In 1767 appeared a topographical poem, Edge Hill, or the Rural Prospect delineated and moralized; two separate sermons were published in 1755; and in 1768 Labour and Genius, a Fable. Shortly before his death Jago revised his poems, and they were published in 1784 by his friend, John Scott Hylton, as Poems Moral and Descriptive.

See a notice prefixed to the edition of 1784; A. Chalmers, English Poets (vol. xvii., 1810); F. L. Colvile, Warwickshire Worthies (1870); some biographical notes are to be found in the letters of Shenstone to Jago printed in vol. iii. of Shenstone’s Works (1769).

 JAGUAR (Felis onca), the largest species of the Felidae found on the American continent, where it ranges from Texas through Central and South America to Patagonia. In the countries which bound its northern limit it is not frequently met with, but in South America it is quite common, and Don Felix de Azara states that when the Spaniards first settled in the district between Montevideo and Santa Fé, as many as two thousand were killed yearly. The jaguar is usually found singly (sometimes in pairs), and preys upon such quadrupeds as the horse, tapir, capybara, dogs or cattle. It often feeds on fresh-water turtles; sometimes following the reptiles into the water to effect a capture, it inserts a paw between the shells and drags out the body of the turtle by means of its sharp claws. Occasionally after having tasted human flesh, the jaguar becomes a confirmed man-eater. The cry of this great cat, which is heard at night, and most frequently during the pairing season, is deep and hoarse in tone, and consists of the sound pu, pu, often repeated. The female brings forth from two to four cubs towards the close of the year, which are able to follow their mother in about fifteen days after birth. The ground colour of the jaguar varies greatly, ranging from white to black, the rosette markings in the extremes being but faintly visible. The general or typical coloration is, however, a rich tan upon the head, neck, body, outside of legs, and tail near the root. The upper part of the head and sides of the face are thickly marked with small black spots, and the rest of body is covered with rosettes, formed of rings of black spots, with a black spot in the centre, and ranged lengthwise along the body in five to seven rows on each side. These black rings are heaviest along the back. The lips, throat, breast and belly, the inside of the legs and the lower sides of tail are pure white, marked with irregular spots of black, those on the breast being long bars and on the belly and inside of legs large blotches. The tail has large black spots near the root, some with light centres, and from about midway of its length to the tip it is ringed with black. The ears are black behind, with a large buff spot near the tip. The nose and upper lip are light rufous brown. The size varies, the total length of a very large specimen measuring 6 ft. 9 in.; the average length, however, is about 4 ft. from the nose to root of tail. In form the jaguar is thick-set; it does not stand high upon its legs; and in comparison with the leopard is heavily built; but its movements are very rapid, and it is fully as agile as its more graceful relative. The skull resembles that of the lion and tiger, but is much broader in proportion to its length, and may be identified by the presence of a tubercle on the inner edge of the orbit. The species has been divided into a number of local forms, regarded by some American naturalists as distinct species, but preferably ranked as sub-species or races.  JAGUARONDI, or (Felis jaguarondi), a South American wild cat, found in Brazil, Paraguay and Guiana, ranging to north-eastern Mexico. This relatively small cat, uniformly coloured, is generally of some shade of brownish-grey, but in some individuals the fur has a rufous coat, while in others grey predominates. These cats are said by Don Felix de Azara to keep to cover, without venturing into open places. They attack tame poultry and also young fawns. The names jaguarondi and eyra are applied indifferently to this species and Felis eyra.

 JAHANABAD, a town of British India in Gaya district, Bengal, situated on a branch of the East Indian railway. Pop. (1901), 7018. It was once a flourishing trading town, and in 1760 it formed one of the eight branches of the East India Company’s central factory at Patna. Since the introduction of Manchester goods, the trade of the town in cotton cloth has almost entirely ceased; but large numbers of the Jolaha or Mahommedan weaver caste live in the neighbourhood.

 JAHANGIR, or (1569–1627), Mogul emperor of Delhi, succeeded his father Akbar the Great in 1605. His name was Salim, but he assumed the title of Jahangir, “Conqueror of the World,” on his accession. It was in his reign that Sir Thomas Roe came as ambassador of James I., on behalf of the

title: Page:EB1911 - Volume 15.djvu/141


text:
Page:Nicaraguan Antiquities (1886).djvu/109

Plates δ & γ Number 25


text:
Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 59.djvu/345

 he particularly enjoined him through Colonel Blood to moderate his zeal. But though thus harsh in his general conduct, he tempered his sternness with many individual acts of kindness, and sometimes showed that he could appreciate piety and learning even when disjoined from orthodoxy (cf. Reliquiæ Baxterianæ, 1696, iii. 84, 86;, Account, 1713, pp. 227, 237, 245, 761; , Continuation of the Account, 1727, pp. 218, 303, 315, 336, 339; , Lives of Eminent Divines, 1683, ii. 61).

In his later years Ward's intellect became much weakened. A violent controversy with his dean, Thomas Pierce [q. v.], gave him much distress. Pierce, having been disappointed in his request for a prebend for his nephew, disputed the bishop's right of nomination, which he claimed for the crown. Both sides submitted a manuscript summary of their position to the ecclesiastical commissioners, and in 1683 Pierce published a treatise in support of his contention, entitled ‘A Vindication of the King's Sovereign Right.’ It was suppressed, but has been reprinted as an appendix to Curll's ‘History and Antiquities of the Cathedral Church at Salisbury,’ 1719. Ward remained victorious, but when the excitement of the controversy had passed, he sank into complete senility. In May 1688 he subscribed the bishops' peti- tion against reading James's declaration in favour of liberty of conscience, but with no intelligent knowledge of his action. He died, unmarried, at Knightsbridge on 6 Jan. 1688–9, and was buried in Salisbury Cathedral, in the south aisle of the choir, where a monument was erected to his memory by his nephew, Seth Ward (see Hist. and Antiq. of the Cathedral Church at Salisbury, 1723, pp. 118–22).

‘Ward,’ says Burnet, ‘was a man of great reach, went deep in mathematical studies, and was a very dexterous man, if not too dexterous, for his sincerity was much questioned. But the Lord Clarendon saw that most of the bishops were men of merit by their sufferings, but of no great capacity for business. So he brought in Ward, as a man fit to govern the church; and Ward, to get his former errors forgot, went into the high notions of a severe conformity, and became the most considerable man on the bishops' bench. He was a profound statesman, but a very indifferent clergyman.’ He was courtly in manner, much given to hospitality, and generous in private life. Among other benefactions he founded the college of matrons at Salisbury in 1682 for the support of widows of ministers in the dioceses of Salisbury and Exeter, and in 1684 established almshouses at his birthplace, Buntingford, and at Layston, in the neighbourhood, a hospital for the maintenance of well-to-do inhabitants who had fallen into poverty. He made surveys of his dioceses, containing particulars regarding the livings and clergy, to assist him in his schemes for improving their condition. Ward's portrait by John Greenhill is in the town-hall, Salisbury; another, drawn and engraved from the life in 1678 by David Loggan, was purchased by the trustees of the National Portrait Gallery, London, in July 1881. A third portrait, by an unknown painter, is at Oriel College, Oxford (Cat. First Loan Exhib. No. 971). Some verses on him by Samuel Woodford are included in John Nichols's ‘Select Collection of Miscellaneous Poetry’ (1800, iv. 346).

Besides the works already mentioned and many sermons, Ward was the author of: 1. ‘A Philosophical Essay towards an Eviction of the Being and Attributes of God, the Immortality of the Souls of Men, and the Truth and Authority of Scripture,’ Oxford, 1652, 8vo; 5th ed., Oxford, 1677, 8vo. 2. ‘De Cometis, ubi de Cometarum Natura disseritur, nova Cometarum Theoria, et novissima Cometæ Historia proponitur,’ Oxford, 1653, 4to. 3. ‘Idea Trigonometriæ demonstratæ in Usum Juventutis Oxon.,’ Oxford, 1654, 4to. 4. ‘Seven Sermons,’ London, 1673, 8vo; 2nd edit. 1674. His ‘Sermon on the Final Judgment’ is included in Wesley's ‘Christian Library,’ 1827, xiv. 321. He edited Samuel Ward's ‘Dissertatio de Baptismatis Infantilis Vi et Efficacia,’ London, 1653, 8vo; and ‘Opera Nonnulla,’ London, 1658, fol., which included his ‘Determinationes Theologicæ,’ his ‘Tractatus de Justificatione,’ and his ‘Prælectiones de Peccato Originali.’ He was the author of the preface to Hobbes's ‘Humane Nature,’ 1650, which was signed ‘F. B.,’ the initials of Francis Bowman, the bookseller. He also composed an epigram for his friend Lawrence Rooke, and presented a pendulum clock to the Royal Society to commemorate him.

[There is an excellent article on the materials for Ward's life by the Rev. J. E. B. Mayor in Notes and Queries, 2nd ser. vii. 269; Life of Ward, 1697, by Walter Pope [q. v.], who resided in Ward's house towards the close of his life (the life is in great part reprinted in Cassan's Lives of the Bishops of Sherborne and Salisbury, 1824); both Ward and Pope were attacked by Thomas Wood in An Appendix to Pope's Life of Ward, 1697; Some Particulars of the Life, Habits, and Pursuits of Seth Ward, Salisbury, 1879; Wood's Athenæ Oxon., ed. Bliss, vol. i. p. clxx, iii.


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Jagersfontein