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 1827, 2 vols. 8vo; 5th edit. 1862. 3. ‘Notæ Philologicæ et Grammaticæ in Euripidis Tragœdias,’ London, 1828, 2 vols. 8vo. 4. ‘History of Christ's Hospital,’ London, 1833, 4to. 5. ‘Belgium since the Revolution of 1830,’ London, 1842, 8vo. 6. ‘Death of Athaliah: a Scriptural Drama,’ London, 1843, 12mo (translated from Racine). 7. ‘S. Justini Apologia Prima,’ London, 1845, 8vo. 8. ‘S. Justini cum Tryphone Judæo Dialogus,’ London, 1846–7, 8vo. 9. ‘Questions and Answers on the Liturgy of the Church of England,’ Cambridge, 1846, 8vo; 11th edit. by Foakes-Jackson, 1889. 10. ‘Questions and Answers on the Thirty-nine Articles,’ Cambridge, 1850, 18mo; 9th edit. by Ketchley, 1893 (Gent. Mag. 1863, ii. 108;, Exhibitioners of Christ's Hospital, 1885, p. 41).

 TROLLOPE, EDWARD (1817–1893), bishop of Nottingham and antiquary, sixth son of Sir John Trollope, sixth baronet, of Casewick, Lincolnshire, by his wife Anne, daughter of Henry Thorold of Cuxwold, Lincolnshire, was born at Uffington, Lincolnshire, on 15 April 1817. His eldest brother, John (1800–1874), after sitting in parliament for Lincolnshire from 1841, was created Baron Kesteven on 15 April 1868.

Edward was educated at Eton and at Christ Church, Oxford, whence he matriculated on 10 Dec. 1835, but graduated from St. Mary Hall in 1839, and proceeded M.A. in 1859. On 20 Dec. 1840 he was ordained deacon by the bishop of Lincoln, and licensed to the curacy of Rauceby, Lincolnshire, the same day. He was ordained priest on 19 Dec. 1841, and immediately afterwards instituted to the vicarage of Rauceby. In 1843 he was appointed to the rectory of Leasingham, Lincolnshire, by his maternal relative, Sir John Thorold, and held this living for fifty years. On 14 Dec. 1860 he was collated to the prebendal stall of Decem Librarum in Lincoln Cathedral, and in 1866 was elected proctor in convocation. In 1867 he was appointed prebendary of Liddington in Lincoln Cathedral, which he held until 1874. The same year, 1867, he was collated to the archdeaconry of Stow. On 21 Dec. 1877 Trollope was consecrated bishop suffragan of Nottingham, in which capacity he assisted the bishop of Lincoln in the episcopal work of the diocese for sixteen years. On his nomination to the bishopric he was created D.D. by his university on 11 Dec. 1877 from Christ Church.

The new see of Southwell, established in 1884, in great measure owed its formation to Trollope's exertions and munificence, he himself raising 10,000l. towards the fund. He also purchased the ancient palace as the site of a residence for the bishops of Southwell, and at a cost of nearly 4,000l. restored and furnished the banqueting hall.

It was, however, as an antiquary that Trollope was most widely known. He helped forward the work of church restoration in his diocese, in many instances effectually checking ill-advised alterations. He was for many years general secretary of the Associated Architectural Societies, and ultimately general president; and he was vice-president and chairman of committee of the Lincolnshire Diocesan Architectural Society. He was elected F.S.A. on 26 May 1853.

Trollope died at Leasingham rectory on 10 Dec. 1893, and was buried at Leasingham on the 14th. He was twice married: first, on 30 Sept. 1846, to Grace, daughter of Sir John Henry Palmer, seventh baronet, of Carlton, Northamptonshire, by whom he had two daughters—Mary Grace, wife of Sir Richard Lewis De Capell-Brooke, fourth baronet; and Caroline Julia, wife of Wyrley Peregrine Birch. His first wife died on 21 Oct. 1890. The bishop married, secondly, 13 Jan. 1892, Louisa Helen, daughter of the Rev. Henry Berners Shelley Harris, master of Lord Leycester's Hospital at Warwick. She survived him.

Trollope's more important works were: He also contributed fifty-eight papers, chiefly relating to Lincolnshire, to the ‘Transactions’ of the Associated Architectural Societies.
 * 1) ‘Illustrations of Ancient Art, selected from Objects discovered at Pompeii and Herculaneum,’ 1854.
 * 2) ‘Life of Pope Adrian IV,’ 1856.
 * 3) ‘Manual of Sepulchral Memorials,’ 1858.
 * 4) ‘Handbook of the Paintings and Engravings exhibited at Nottingham, illustrating the Caroline Civil War,’ 1864.
 * 5) ‘Notices of Ancient and Mediæval Labyrinths,’ 1866.
 * 6) ‘Sleaford, and the Wapentakes of Flaxwell and Aswardhurn,’ 1872.
 * 7) ‘The Descent of the various Branches of the Ancient Family of Thorold,’ 1874.
 * 8) ‘The Family of Trollope,’ 1875.

 TROLLOPE, FRANCES (1780–1863), novelist, born at Stapleton, near Bristol, on 10 March 1780, was the daughter of


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 Milton, afterwards vicar of Heckfield, Hampshire. Her mother, whose maiden name was (Frances) Gresley, died early; her father married again, and, although in no respect at variance with her stepmother, Frances after a while removed to London to keep house for her brother Henry, who had obtained an appointment in the war office. On 23 May 1809 she married.

Her husband, (1774–1835), was the son of Anthony Trollope (d. 1806), rector of Cottered St. Mary in Hertfordshire, by his wife, Penelope, sister of a Dutch immigrant, Adolphus Meetkerke; from the latter the Trollope family had pecuniary expectations, which were not destined to be realised. (The Rev. Anthony Trollope was a younger son of Sir Thomas Trollope of Casewick, the great-uncle of Admiral Sir Henry Trollope [q. v.]). Thomas Anthony, a Winchester scholar of 1785, was called to the bar from the Middle Temple in 1804, having graduated B.C.L. from New College, Oxford, in 1801; but his irritable temper frightened away the attorneys, nor was he more successful as a farmer in Harrow Weald. After remaining there ten years and building a house for himself, he determined to employ the remains of his fortune in another speculation, still less promising, that of establishing a bazaar for the sale of fancy goods in Cincinnati. The scheme was not improbably suggested by the enthusiastic Frances Wright [see ], whose acquaintance the Trollopes made through common friends who went out to America in the same ship. The Cincinnati scheme failed as completely as the Harrow farm, and Trollope returned to England; but his investments in house property in London were even more disastrous, and his unsuccessful efforts at money-making seem to have swallowed up a considerable portion of his wife's literary earnings. ‘Failure seemed to follow him with almost demoniac malice’ until his death from premature decay, partly induced by an injudicious course of medicine, at the Château d'Hondt, near Bruges, on 23 Oct. 1835. He was buried in the cemetery outside the gate of St. Catherine at Bruges. He was a most industrious man, and to the last he was labouring with ridiculously insufficient materials upon ‘An Encyclopædia Ecclesiastica, or a complete History of the Church,’ of which one quarto volume (Abaddon–Funeral Rites) appeared in 1834. His likeness appeared ten years earlier as one of the lawyers in Hayter's well-known picture of the ‘Trial of William, Lord Russell.’ A somewhat gloomy portrait is given of him by his sons, Thomas Adolphus and Anthony, in their reminiscences. Thomas Anthony and Frances Trollope had five children: [q. v.]; Henry, who died at Bruges in December 1834; Arthur, who died young; [q. v.], the well-known novelist; Cecilia (d. 1849), who married (Sir) John Tilley, assistant secretary of the general post office, and published in 1846 ‘Chollerton: a Tale of our own Times;’ and Emily, who also died young.

The novel aspects of colonial society, which she witnessed during her visit to America between 1827 and 1830, stimulated in Mrs. Trollope remarkable powers of observation. The hope of redeeming the disastrous pecuniary failure involved by the expedition, inspired her with the idea of writing a book of travels.

‘Domestic Manners of the Americans,’ written before her return in the summer of 1831, was published in the spring of 1832, and brought her immediate profit and celebrity (it was favourably noticed by Lockhart in the ‘Quarterly,’ and it was subsequently translated into French and Spanish; the ‘American Criticisms’ on the work were published in pamphlet form in 1833). The authoress's opportunities for producing a valuable book were considerable. She had spent four years in the country, travelled in nearly every part of it, associated with all classes, and unremittingly exercised a keen faculty for observation. If it notwithstanding fails to offer a completely authentic view of American manners, the reason is no want of candour or any invincible prejudice, but the tendency, equally visible in her novels, to dwell upon the more broadly humorous, and consequently the more vulgar, aspects of things. Mrs. Trollope was personally entirely exempt from vulgarity, but she knew her forte to lie in depicting it. Americans might therefore justly complain that her view of their country conveyed a misleading impression as a whole, while there is no ground for questioning the fidelity of individual traits, or for assuming the authoress's pen to have been guided by dislike of democratic institutions. Much of the ill will excited by the book was occasioned by the freedom of her strictures on slavery, which Americans outside New England were then nearly as unanimous in upholding as they are now in denouncing.

But for this success Mrs. Trollope's prospects would indeed have been dismal. Apart from her literary gains, the financial ruin of the family was complete. The house they had retained at Harrow (the ‘Orley Farm’ of Anthony Trollope's novel) had to be given up. Her second son, Henry, long a

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, had died in December 1834, and her husband in October 1835. Mrs. Trollope evinced an extraordinary power of resistance in bearing up against these trials. She wrote to travel, and travelled to write, going systematically abroad, and producing books on Belgium (1834) and Paris (1835)—good reading for the day, but of little permanent value. A chapter on George Sand, however, is remarkable. ‘Vienna and the Austrians’ was added in 1837. Mrs. Trollope was nevertheless well advised in devoting herself principally to fiction. ‘Tremordyn Cliff’ appeared in 1835; in 1836 she used her experiences of American slavery in the powerful story of ‘Jonathan Jefferson Whitlaw.’ In 1837 and 1838 appeared her best known novels, ‘The Vicar of Wrexhill’ and ‘Widow Barnaby.’ Both exemplify her power in broad comedy, and confirm the criticism that the further from ideal refinement her characters are, the better she succeeds with them. This is especially the case with ‘The Widow Barnaby,’ a powerful picture of a thoroughly coarse and offensive woman, but so droll that the offence is forgotten in the amusement. A French version appeared in 1877. It is difficult to believe that Wrexhill (Rakeshill) and its vicar are not Harrow-on-the-Hill and the Rev. J. W. Cunningham; but the circumstance, taken for granted during the authoress's life, has been denied since her death. However this may be, the book is a vigorous and humorous onslaught upon the evangelical party in the church, untrue to fact, but not to the conviction of the assailant.

Mrs. Trollope's position as a novelist was now assured, and for twenty years she poured forth a continual stream of fiction, without producing any book which, like ‘The Vicar of Wrexhill’ or ‘The Widow Barnaby,’ achieved the reputation of a standard novel. If, as some of her friends thought, she possessed invention and depth of feeling, these endowments remain unused, and her works are generally successful in proportion as they reproduce her own experiences. ‘The Robertses on their Travels’ (1846), ‘The Lottery of Marriage’ (1849), ‘Uncle Walter’ (1852), ‘The Life and Adventures of a Clever Woman’ (1854), are perhaps the most remarkable of these later writings. But these also included in the department of fiction alone: ‘One Fault’ (1839); ‘Michael Armstrong’ (1840); ‘The Widow Married,’ a sequel to ‘The Widow Barnaby’ (1840); ‘The Young Countess’ (1840); ‘The Blue Belles of England’ (1841); ‘Ward of Thorpe Combe’ (1842); ‘The Barnabys in America’ (1843); ‘Hargrave, or the Adventures of a Man of Fashion’ (1843); ‘Jessie Phillips’ (1844); ‘The Lauringtons, or Superior People’ (1844); ‘Young Love’ (1844); ‘Attractive Man’ (1846); ‘Father Eustace, a Tale of the Jesuits’ (1846); ‘Three Cousins’ (1847); ‘Town and Country’ (1847); ‘Lottery of Marriage’ (1849); ‘Petticoat Government’ (1850); ‘Mrs. Matthews, or Family Mysteries’ (1851); ‘Second Love, or Beauty and Intellect’ (1851); ‘Uncle Walter’ (1852); ‘Young Heiress’ (1853); ‘Gertrude, or Family Pride’ (1855). Nearly all of these passed through several editions.

Mrs. Trollope's later years were uneventful. Her circumstances were now easy, her novels producing on an average upwards of 600l. each, and some of her own property having apparently been recovered from the wreck of her husband's affairs. She passed much time on the continent, and in 1843 settled at Florence with her eldest son, Thomas Adolphus [q. v.] She died there on 6 Oct. 1863, being buried in the protestant cemetery. The ‘Villino Trollope’ (as her son's house was called) in the Piazza dell' Indipendenza is marked by a tablet to her memory, erected by the municipality.

Mrs. Trollope's success in a particular department of her art has been injurious to her general reputation. She lives by the vigour of her portraits of vulgar persons, and her readers cannot help associating her with the characters she makes so entirely her own. There is nothing in her letters to confirm this impression. She writes not only like a woman of sense, but like a woman of feeling. Though shrewd and observant, she could hardly be termed intellectual, nor was she warmly sympathetic with what is highest in literature, art, and life. But she was richly provided with solid and useful virtues—‘honest, courageous, industrious, generous, and affectionate,’ as her character is summed up by her daughter-in-law. As a writer, the most remarkable circumstance in her career is perhaps the late period at which she began to write. It can but seldom have happened that an author destined to prolonged productiveness and some celebrity should have published nothing until fifty-two.

A portrait painted by Auguste Hervieu is reproduced in the ‘Life’ of 1895, together with another portrait from a drawing. A portrait sketch in watercolours by Miss Lucy Adams was acquired by the British Museum in 1861; it has been engraved by W. Holl.

[The principal authority for Mrs. Trollope's life is ‘Frances Trollope, her Life and Literary Work,’ by her daughter-in-law, Frances Eleanor Trollope, 1895. See also the autobiographies of her sons, Anthony and Thomas Adolphus


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  the autobiographies of her sons, Anthony and Thomas Adolphus Trollope; Jeaffreson's Novels and Novelists, ii. 396; Horne's Spirit of the Age, 1844, i. 240; Atlantic Monthly, December 1864; Allibone's Dict. of English Literature.]  TROLLOPE, HENRY (1756–1839), admiral, son of the Rev. John Trollope of Bucklebury in Berkshire, was born at Bucklebury on 20 April 1756. His grandfather, Henry Trollope of London, merchant, was a younger brother of Sir Thomas Trollope, fourth baronet, of Casewick, ancestor of the present Baron Kesteven, and grandfather of Thomas Anthony Trollope [see under ]. Henry Trollope entered the navy in April 1771 on board the Captain of 64 guns, going out to North America with the flag of Rear-admiral John Montagu [q. v.], and on her return in 1774 was again sent out to the same station in the Asia, with Captain George Vandeput [q. v.] He is said, apparently on his own authority, to have been present in the so-called battle of Lexington and at Bunker Hill (cf., iv. 61, 65, 75), presumably in the boats of the Asia, sent to cover the retreat from Lexington, or the landing of the troops for the attack on Bunker Hill. He was afterwards lent to the Kingfisher sloop for service on the coast of Virginia and in Hampton Roads, and, later on, at the siege of Boston. In 1777 he rejoined the Asia, and in her returned to England. On 25 April 1777 he was promoted to be lieutenant of the Bristol, in which he again went out to North America, and immediately after arrival at New York was detached, in command of her boats, to assist the army in its passage up the North River, in the attempt to join hands with Burgoyne. This it did not succeed in doing, and on its return to New York, Trollope rejoined the Bristol. In the spring of 1778 he returned to England in the Chatham, and was then, at his own request, appointed to command the Kite, a small cutter carrying ten four-pounders and fifty men, stationed in the Downs. His success during the following months was commensurate with his activity, which was very great. He kept constantly at sea, let no vessel pass without examination, made many captures of French ships, and ‘the neutrals that he detained, which were condemned for having French or Spanish property on board, were still more numerous.’ Admiral Buckle, who commanded in the Downs, is said to have told Trollope's old patron, Montagu, that ‘the Kite had brought in more than three times the number of prizes that had been made by all the other ships under his command.’ In March 1779 the Kite was sent to Portsmouth, and was then ordered to cruise off Portland, where, on the 30th, she engaged and drove off a large French privateer, so saving ‘a considerable body of defenceless British merchant ships which were in imminent danger of capture’ (Memorial). The number of merchant ships thus rescued is given as thirty. On the following day the Kite engaged and beat off a French brig of 18 guns, which, having lost heavily in killed and wounded, escaped to Havre, while the cutter, whose rigging was cut to pieces, went to Portsmouth. On the report of Sir Thomas Pye, then port-admiral, Trollope was promoted to the rank of commander on 16 April 1779. He remained, however, in the Kite, sometimes attached to the Channel fleet, as a despatch-boat, sometimes cruising alone on the coast of Ireland, or to the southward as far as Cadiz, and in the April of 1781 accompanying the fleet under vice-admiral Darby for the relief of Gibraltar.

The remarkable activity Trollope displayed in carrying despatches between the admiral and the admiralty was rewarded by his promotion to post rank on 4 June 1781, and his appointment to the Myrmidon of 20 guns, in which he was employed in the North Sea till March 1782. He was then appointed to the Rainbow, an old 44-gun ship, experimentally armed with carronades—light guns of large calibre, throwing large shot, but with a very short effective range. It was a disputed point whether such guns could be properly used as the main armament of a ship; and as Trollope was known to have paid great attention to the training of his men at the guns, he was specially selected to conduct this trial. The stress of the war rendered it difficult to get the ship manned, and it was not till the end of August that she sailed from the Nore. Meeting with bad weather in her passage down Channel, the great weight of her shot broke away the shot lockers and caused some delay at Plymouth; and thus she sailed by herself to join the squadron under Commodore Elliot, which had been sent to look out for a French convoy reported as ready to sail from St. Malo under the escort of the Hebe, a large new 38-gun frigate. Elliot had, however, missed this, and the Rainbow fell in with it off the Isle de Bas at daylight on 4 Sept. The Hebe endeavoured to escape, but a lucky shot from the Rainbow smashed her wheel, and the French captain, astounded, it was said, by the monstrous size of the shot, surrendered almost without resistance. He was deservedly broke by court-martial and sentenced to a long term of imprisonment


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 but the Rainbow had not been able to prove the value of her armament. Trollope was very anxious to try it against a 74-gun ship, but no opportunity offered, and the Rainbow was paid off at the peace.

Trollope's distinguished success in command of cruising vessels during the war had placed him in easy circumstances, and for the next eight years he lived in a pleasant freehanded manner at a country house in Wales. In the Spanish armament of 1790 he was appointed to the Prudente of 38 guns, and, on her being paid off when the dispute with Spain was settled, he was moved to the Hussar, in which he went out to the Mediterranean. He returned to England early in 1792, and again retired into Wales, where he stayed till, in 1795, he was appointed to the Glatton, one of six Indiamen which had been bought into the service and were ordered to be fitted as ships of war, with an armament of carronades. Guided by his former experience of carronades, Trollope proposed a special method of fitting them in the Glatton, and persuaded Lord Spencer to allow it, notwithstanding the objections of the navy board, on the grounds that the new method would take very much longer, and the ships were wanted at once. Trollope pledged his word that, if he were allowed a free hand, he would have the Glatton ready as soon as the others; and, assisted by a capable foreman, lent him by Mr. Wells, who had built the ship, he had her ready and at the Nore nearly a month before any of the others. What was of still more importance, the Glatton proved an effective ship of war; her fellows were quite unserviceable, and were used only as transports.

For the next two years the Glatton formed one of the North Sea fleet, then under the command of Admiral Duncan, and was frequently employed on detached service, watching the enemy's coast. On 14 July 1796 she sailed by herself from Yarmouth to relieve one of the ships then off the Texel, and the following afternoon off Helvoetsluys ‘engaged and drove into port a squadron of six sail of frigates, large brig, and cutter; and thereby, in the estimation of Earl Spencer, then first lord of the admiralty, and of various departments of the commercial interests of London and other corporations, most effectually insured the safety of upwards of three hundred sail of British merchantmen on their passage from the Baltic under convoy of a sloop of war’ (Memorial; cf., i. 372–377; , iii. 41–2). The action has often been referred to as a striking proof of the great power of the Glatton's armament; but this can scarcely be admitted in view of our uncertainty as to the force of the French squadron, the fact that Trollope always asserted that the Glatton was equal to any 74-gun ship, and our doubt as to whether an average seventy-four would not have more effectively disposed of the French frigates. Trollope, however, won great credit by his conduct on this occasion; he was presented by the merchants of London with a piece of plate value a hundred guineas, with another by the Russia company, and with the freedom of the boroughs of Huntingdon and Yarmouth.

In May 1797, when the mutiny broke out in the fleet, the men of the Glatton mustered on deck and told Trollope that, though they were perfectly satisfied with him and the other officers, they must do as the other ships did, and were resolved to go to the Nore. Trollope obtained leave to go on board the flagship to see the admiral, and agreed with him that there was no way of preventing the ship sailing, but that he was to do what he could to prevent her going to the Nore. It so happened that she was becalmed off Harwich, and, anchoring there for the night, Trollope succeeded, after arguing with them for four hours, in bringing the men back to their duty. The next day, 2 June, when the anchor was weighed, Trollope took the ship to the Downs, where he found the Overyssel of 64 guns and the Beaulieu of 50 in open mutiny. By a threat of firing into them, he succeeded in persuading these two ships also to return to their duty; and on the following day he sailed to join Duncan off the Texel, where he received a letter from Lord Spencer, expressing his entire approval of his conduct, and appointing him to the command of the Russell.

In the Russell he continued for the following months, almost without intermission, on the coast of Holland, watching the Dutch fleet. When they put to sea on 7 Oct. he immediately despatched a lugger to the admiral with the news, and on the 11th joined the fleet in time to take an effective part in the battle of Camperdown. When the fleet returned to the Nore the king signified his intention of visiting it there, and Trollope, as the senior captain, was appointed to the Royal Charlotte yacht to bring him from Greenwich. The king accordingly embarked on 30 Oct.; but the wind came dead foul, and after two days the yacht had got no further than Gravesend. He therefore gave up the idea and returned to Greenwich, knighting Trollope on the quarterdeck of the Royal Charlotte before he landed. The accolade conferred ‘under the royal standard’


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 was spoken of as making Trollope a knight banneret, and was apparently so intended by the king; but it is said to have been afterwards decided, as a question of precedence, that a knight banneret could only be made on the field where a battle had actually been fought; or presumably, in the case of a naval officer, on the quarterdeck of one of the ships actually engaged.

During the two following years Trollope continued in command of the Russell as one of the Channel fleet, for the most part off Brest. In 1800 he was appointed to the Juste, still off Brest, and on 1 Jan. 1801 was promoted to the rank of rear-admiral. Shortly before this he had had a difference with Lord St. Vincent, then commander-in-chief, and, as a flag-officer, declined to serve under him. St. Vincent shortly afterwards became first lord of the admiralty, and did not offer Trollope any appointment, which, on his part, Trollope would probably not have accepted. Before St. Vincent left the admiralty Trollope's health had broken down, and a violent attack of gout had deprived him of the use of his limbs. In 1805 he drew up a memorial, setting forth his services, in command of the Kite, of the Rainbow, and of the Glatton, especially in the matter of the mutiny, as also while in command of the Russell and the Royal Charlotte, when he had been knighted ‘under the royal standard.’ As he ‘possessed no means of supporting the honour of the title other than his half-pay,’ he prayed that, in consideration of his circumstances, ‘his Majesty would bestow on him some mark of his royal bounty.’ The memorial was referred to the admiralty, who reported that the exceptional service described was the quelling the mutiny in the Glatton, and that there was no instance of any such service being rewarded otherwise than by promotion. They were therefore unable to recommend the king to grant a pension ‘upon the ordinary estimate of the navy’ (Admiralty, Orders in Council, 30 May, 6 June 1805).

The gout, which so disabled him, continued its violence for upwards of ten years; but in 1816 he appeared to have entirely recovered. He had been promoted to be vice-admiral on 9 Nov. 1805, and admiral on 12 Aug. 1812. But after his recovery in 1816 the peace offered no inducement to him to serve. On 20 May 1820 he was nominated a K.C.B., and a G.C.B. on 19 May 1831. Some time after this the fits of gout returned, and later on affected his head. He was then living at Bath. His prevailing idea was that somebody was going to break in and rob him. He converted his bedroom into an armoury, with a blunderbuss, a big knife, and several brace of pistols. Nobody seems to have supposed that this was anything more than a harmless eccentricity; but one day, 2 Nov. 1839, he retired to his room, locked himself in, and blew his brains out. He was buried in St. James's Church, Bath. He had been for many years a widower, and left no children.

Trollope's half-brother, (d. 1850), served under his command in the Prudente and the Hussar. He was afterwards in the Lion and the Triumph with Sir Erasmus Gower [q. v.], was made a lieutenant in 1796, and was one of the Triumph's lieutenants in the battle of Camperdown. He was made commander in 1804, and, after serving actively through the war, principally in the Mediterranean and on the coast of France, was posted in 1814 and made a C.B. in 1815. In 1849 he was promoted to be rear-admiral on the retired list, and died at Bedford on 31 May 1850. He was married and left issue. His eldest son, John Joseph Trollope, prebendary of Hereford, died 8 Jan. 1893.

[The memoir in Ralfe's Naval Biogr. (ii. 311) appears to be based on an autobiographical communication from Trollope; that in Marshall's Roy. Nav. Biogr. (i. 145) is much less full; the memoir in United Service Journal (1840, i. 244) is by Admiral W. H. Smyth. See also Naval Chronicle (with a portrait), xviii. 353; Beatson's Nav. and Mil. Memoirs; James's Naval History; Troude's Batailles navales de la France; Lord Camperdown's Admiral Duncan; O'Byrne's Nav. Biogr. Dict.; Gent. Mag. 1850, ii. 659.]  TROLLOPE, THEODOSIA (1825–1865), authoress, born in 1825, was the only daughter of Joseph Garrow (d. 1855), by his wife the daughter of Jewish parents, and the widow of a naval officer named Fisher. Her father was a grand-nephew of Sir William Garrow [q. v.], and a son of an Indian officer who had married a high-caste Brahmine. From her mother she inherited skill as a musician, and she became an excellent linguist. By Landor's encouragement she became a contributor to Lady Blessington's annual, entitled ‘The Book of Beauty,’ and later she wrote for Dickens's ‘Household Words,’ and for the ‘Athenæum’ and other papers. The delicate state of her health prevented any extended literary toil, but she translated some of Dall' Ongaro's patriotic poems, and in 1846 produced a skilful metrical translation of Giovanni Battista Niccolini's ‘Arnaldo da Brescia.’ On 3 April 1848, at the British legation in Florence, she married Thomas Adolphus Trollope


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 [q. v.], and as his wife she created at the Villino Trollope one of the best known salons in Italy. In 1861 some twenty-seven of her papers to the ‘Athenæum’ were reprinted as ‘Social Aspects of the Italian Revolution;’ at the time of their appearance these letters were thought to have rendered good service to the cause of Italian freedom. In the same year she contributed to the ‘Victoria Regia’ (‘A Mediterranean Bathing-place,’ Leghorn), and in 1864 she commenced a series of essays upon the Italian poets for the ‘Cornhill Magazine.’ She died at Florence on 13 April 1865, leaving one daughter, Beatrice. She was buried in the English cemetery at Florence.

TROLLOPE, THOMAS ADOLPHUS (1810–1892), author, born at 16 Keppel Street, Bloomsbury, on 29 April 1810 (baptised at St. George's, Bloomsbury, on 19 Dec.), was the eldest son of Thomas Anthony Trollope, by his wife [q. v.]

He was sent at first as a day boy to Harrow school, but in 1820 he was elected scholar at Winchester, where he had as fag his brother Anthony in 1826. He left Winchester in July 1828, having just failed to secure his election at New College. Before this date he had commenced author as a contributor to the ‘Hampshire and West of England Magazine.’ In September 1828 he sailed with his father in the Corinthian, Captain Chadwick, for New York, and it was not until his return next year, after some rough experiences, that he entered at St. Alban Hall, matriculating on 16 Oct. 1829. His father had selected St. Alban Hall so that he might be under Whately. He graduated B.A. from Magdalen Hall in 1835, and three years later obtained a mastership at King Edward's school, Birmingham. He left Birmingham in 1839, and travelled with his mother, under whose auspices he determined to embark upon the literary profession. He soon obtained work upon newspapers and magazines, and his first book, a modest narrative of a trip in Brittany, appeared under his mother's editorship in 1840. Two years later he made the acquaintance of Charles Dickens, and became an early contributor to ‘Household Words.’ In 1843 he settled with his mother at Florence, and thenceforth selecting Tuscan subjects as his speciality, he rapidly became one of the most fluent writers of his day. He sympathised warmly with the leaders of the Italian revolutionary movement, and rendered no little assistance to their cause by enabling them to keep in touch with their friends in England. In the spring of 1848 he married Theodosia [see ], the daughter of Joseph Garrow. His wife brought him an addition to the income he derived from his pen, and he now bought and partly rebuilt a house on the Piazza Maria Antonia at Florence. Known thenceforth as the Villino Trollope, this house (the hospitable mistress of which was celebrated in Landor's lines ‘To Theodosia’) became the meeting-place of many English and foreign authors in Italy. The Brownings and Dickens were warm friends of the Trollopes, and to these were added G. H. Lewes and George Eliot, Owen Meredith, Villari, Lowell, Colonel Peard (‘Garibaldi's Englishman’), and others. In 1850 Trollope furnished his mother with the plot of her novel, ‘Petticoat Government,’ and eight years later he devised for his brother Anthony the plot of one of his most successful ventures, ‘Doctor Thorne.’

Trollope's literary work in connection with his adopted country was signalised in 1862, when King Victor Emmanuel bestowed upon him the order of St. Maurice and St. Lazarus. On his first wife's death, on 13 April 1865, Trollope moved outside the walls of the city of Florence to the Villa Ricorboli, and on 29 Oct. 1866 he married, as his second wife, Frances Eleanor, daughter of Thomas L. Ternan, who undertook the care of his delicate young daughter ‘Bice’ (Beatrice). For a short period about this time he acted as ‘Daily News’ correspondent in Italy, and some years later, in 1873, he finally left Florence to act as correspondent of the ‘Standard’ at Rome, where his house in the Via Nazionale speedily became a resort no less favoured by English travellers than the Villino Trollope had been. Until the middle of 1886 he continued there his methodical habits of literary work, writing every day from eight until two, standing at a high desk near the window, and after lunch smoking a cigar among his friends to the strange accompaniment of a glass of milk. Though he travelled widely in Western Europe, he did not reside in England between 1843 and 1886. While at home on one occasion he visited George Henry Lewes and ‘George Eliot,’ and also Tennyson at Freshwater. In 1890 he left Rome and settled at Budleigh Salterton in Devonshire. He died at Clifton on 11 Nov. 1892, aged 82. His daughter Beatrice, who married on 16 Aug. 1880 the Right Hon. Charles Stuart-Wortley, died on 26 July 1881, leaving a daughter.

Except in his novels, some of which were written with extravagant rapidity, Trollope


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 on 25 Oct. 1631. His mother was Rebekah, daughter of Walter Burrow, a prosperous merchant, twice mayor of Exeter. His family had no puritan leanings; his uncle Roger Trosse (1595–1674), rector (1618) of Rose Ash, Devonshire, was one of the sequestered clergy (, ii. 377). Trosse was intended for the law; his father, dying early, left him his law library; but on leaving the Exeter grammar school in his fifteenth year, his own inclination and his mother's wishes turned him to trade. In 1646 he was ‘consigned to an English merchant’ at Morlaix in Lower Brittany, who placed him for a year with Ramet, a Huguenot pastor at Pontivy, to learn French. Returning to Exeter in 1648, he was sent to a brother-in-law in London for introduction to a Portugal merchant. He mentions that in London he attended a church ‘where the common prayer was constantly read,’ though contrary to law. Having been made free of the ‘woollen-drapers company,’ he sailed for Oporto (a three weeks' passage), remained there two years and a half, and, after spending three months at Lisbon, took ship for London. Driven by storm to Plymouth, he reached Exeter early in 1651.

Since leaving school he had led a life of precocious frivolity, and, having plenty of money, he let business give way to self-indulgence. His own narrative of his earlier years is one of the strangest pieces of realism in the language, entering into vicious details with extraordinary frankness. It would be hard to find a more vivid picture of the experiences of delirium tremens. Three times his friends placed him under restraint with a physician at Glastonbury. Between his outbreaks he listened to presbyterian preaching, became a communicant, and was especially drawn to (1598–1674) [q. v.] After two relapses and an attempt at suicide, he came at length to his senses. On a visit to Oxford with a young relative, he met a former boon companion who had taken to study, and was bitten by his example. Provided by his mother with a handsome allowance, he entered Pembroke College as a gentleman commoner at the end of May 1657. His tutor was Thomas Cheeseman, a blind scholar. Among his contemporaries at Oxford was his kinsman, [q. v.] He matriculated on 9 Aug. 1658, spent ‘seven full years’ at Oxford, read diligently, and acquired a fair amount of Greek and Hebrew, but took no degree in consequence of the subscription. His account of the discipline at Oxford and of the changes introduced at the Restoration is full of interest. Meaning to enter the ministry, he studied the question of conformity; his views were formed under the moderating influence of [q. v.]

Returning to Exeter in 1664, he attended church with his mother, but began to preach privately out of church hours. Robert Atkins (1626–1685), ejected from St. John's, Exeter, pressed him to receive ordination. He was ordained in Somerset (1666) by [q. v.] of Taunton, and five others, including Atkins. During the year (1672–3) of Charles II's indulgence, he preached publicly in a licensed house. For conventicle preaching he was arrested with others on 5 Oct. 1685 and imprisoned for six months. He declined to avail himself (1687) of James II's declaration for liberty of conscience, though the Exeter dissenters built a meeting-house (James's Meeting) in that year for primus [q. v.]

On Hallett's death (14 March 1688–9) Trosse succeeded him, and from the passing of the Toleration Act conducted services in church hours and took a stipend which (save in the year of indulgence) he had hitherto declined. His assistant was secundus [q. v.] He took part in the formation (1691) of the union of Devonshire ministers on the London model [see ]. [q. v.] gives an elaborate and valuable account of his methodical life and laborious ministry, full of curious details of early dissenting usage. He rose at four, prayed seven times a day, preached eight times a week, his services never lasting less than two and a half hours; once a month he publicly recited the Apostles' creed and the decalogue. In dealing with religious difficulties he showed good feeling and good sense; his charities were open-handed and unsectarian, and he was fearless in visiting during dangerous epidemics. He maintained his activity to the close of a long life; though failing, he preached as usual on the morning of Sunday, 11 Jan. 1712–13, and died soon after reaching home. He was buried on 13 Jan. in St. Bartholomew's churchyard, Exeter; his funeral sermon was repeated to thronging audiences. He married (1680) Susanna, daughter of Richard White, an Exeter merchant, who survived him, without issue. His portrait, painted by I. Mortimer, was engraved (1714) by Vertue.

He published, besides a sermon (1693) before the united ministers at Taunton: ‘The Lord's Day Vindicated,’ 1682, 8vo (in reply to [q. v.]; answered by Joseph Nott and by Edmund


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  [q. v.], and defended in ‘The Sauciness of a Seducer Rebuked,’ 1693, 4to). ‘A Discourse of Schism,’ 1701, 4to. ‘A Defence of … Discourse of Schism,’ Exeter, 1702, 4to. ‘Mr. Trosse's Vindication … from … Aspersions,’ Exeter, 1709, 8vo.

The ‘Exposition of the Assembly's Catechism,’ 1693, by (1630?–1691) [q. v.], was finished and edited by Trosse. In 1719, during the Exeter controversy [see ], a catechism and sermon by Trosse were published in a pamphlet, answered by [q. v.] Trosse's autobiography to 1689 (finished 15 Feb. 1692–3) was published (1714) in accordance with his instructions to his widow in his will; a preface by Hallett, his assistant, defends the publication, which is now very rare. It is abridged in the ‘Life’ by Gilling, who made use also of ‘a large manuscript discover'd since the former narrative was printed,’ and of Trosse's correspondence.

TROTTER, CATHARINE (1679-1749), dramatist and philosophical writer. [See .]

TROTTER, COUTTS (1837–1887), vice-master of Trinity College, Cambridge, born on 1 Aug. 1837, was son of Alexander Trotter (younger brother of Admiral [q. v.]) and of his wife Jacqueline, daughter of  [q. v.], bishop of Chichester. Educated at Harrow, he entered Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1855, graduated B.A. as thirty-sixth wrangler in 1859, and proceeded M.A. in 1862. He was elected a fellow of his college in 1861. In 1863 he was ordained to a curacy in Kidderminster, which he served for two years. He next went to Germany to study experimental physics under Helmholtz and Kirchoff, and, after spending some time in Italy, returned to Trinity College, where in 1869 he was appointed lecturer in physical science, a post which he held until 1884. He became junior dean in 1870, and senior dean in 1874. He was tutor of his college from 1872 to 1882, and was appointed its vice-master in 1885. From 1874 onwards he was a member of the council of the senate of the university, and at the time of his death was president of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, and vice-president of the council of Newnham College.

Trotter exerted a very remarkable influence in the affairs of the university of Cambridge, especially in connection with the constitutional changes brought about by the statutes of 1882 and in relation to natural science. This influence had for its basis his very wide and exact knowledge of, and his warm sympathy with, almost every branch of learning studied in the university. Not only with every one of the natural sciences, but with the ancient and modern tongues, with history, philosophy, and art, he had an acquaintance, always real, and in some cases great. Hence in the conflicts taking place in the university between the competing demands of the several branches of learning, the advocates of almost every branch felt that they could appeal to Trotter as to one who could understand and sympathise with their wants. This exceptionally large knowledge was made still further effective by being joined to eminently truthful and straightforward conduct, an unusually patient sweet temper, and a singular skill in framing academic regulations. Qualities such as these were greatly needed both in preparing for and in carrying out the changes formulated by the statutes of 1882, and especially, perhaps, in adjusting the growing claims of natural science. The greater part of Trotter's time and energy was devoted to university administration; and to him, more than to any other single person, were due the indubitable improvements effected in university matters during his short academic career.

Trotter died unmarried in Trinity College on 4 Dec. 1887. He left the most valuable part of his library, together with a large bequest in money, to Trinity College, and the remainder of his library and his entire collection of philosophical instruments to Newnham College.

TROTTER, HENRY DUNDAS (1802–1859), rear-admiral, third son of Alexander Trotter of Dreghorn, near Edinburgh, was born on 19 Sept. 1802. He entered the Royal Naval College at Portsmouth in 1815, and in February 1818 joined the Ister at Leith. From her in May he was sent to the Eden of 26 guns, going out to the East


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 Indies, and in her during 1819 taking part in the expedition against the pirates of the Persian Gulf, under Captain (afterwards Sir) Francis Augustus Collier [q. v.] In March 1821 he was moved to the Leander, flagship of Sir Henry Blackwood [q. v.], by whom he was appointed acting lieutenant. On arriving in England the commission was confirmed, dating from 9 Jan. 1823. He was then appointed to the Hussar, going out to the West Indies, and was specially reported by her captain, George Harris, for his gallant conduct in the capture of a band of pirates at the Isle of Pines. He afterwards served in the Bellette and Rattlesnake, and on 20 Feb. 1826 was made commander into the Britomart sloop. In July 1830 he commissioned the Curlew for service on the west coast of Africa, where he was for the most part senior officer, the commander-in-chief remaining at the Cape of Good Hope. In May 1833, being at Prince's Island in the Gulf of Guinea, he had intelligence of an act of piracy committed on an American brig in the previous September by a large schooner, identified with the Panda, a Spanish slaver from Havana, and then on the coast. On 4 June he seized the Panda in the Nazareth River, but the men escaped to the shore. After an unremitting hunt of several months, he succeeded in capturing most of them, and took possession of the Esperanza, a Portuguese schooner, which had been active in assisting the fugitives. The prisoners and the Esperanza he took to England. The prisoners were sent over to Salem in Massachusetts, where, by good fortune, the brig they had plundered was then in harbour, and in due course of law the greater number of them were hanged; Trotter received the thanks of the American government. Against the Esperanza there was no legal evidence; her owners instituted a prosecution against Trotter, and Lord Palmerston, then foreign secretary, agreed that the schooner should be returned to Lisbon. Trotter was called on to fit her out at his own expense. At Plymouth, however, the feeling of the service was so strong that the captains of the several ships lying there sent parties of men who completed her refit free of all cost to Trotter; and the admiralty showed their sense of his conduct by specially promoting him to post rank on 16 Sept. 1835.

For a few months in 1838 he was flag-captain to Sir Philip Durham at Portsmouth; and in 1840 he was appointed captain of the Albert steamer, commander of an expedition to the coast of Africa, more especially for the examination of the Niger, and chief of the commission authorised to conclude treaties of commerce with the negro kings. The little squadron of three small steamers sailed from England in May 1841, and entered the Niger on 13 Aug. In less than three weeks the other two vessels were incapacitated by fever, and obliged to return [see, (1793–1864)]. Trotter in the Albert struggled on as far as Egga, where, on 3 Oct., he was prostrated by the fever; and, as the greater part of his ship's company was also down with it, he was obliged to turn back. He succeeded, however, in establishing a satisfactory treaty with some of the kings; and the admiralty was so far satisfied that everything possible had been done, that they promoted all the junior officers, and in the following years offered Trotter the governorship of New Zealand in 1843 the command of an Arctic expedition in 1844, and the command of the Indian navy in 1846. The state of his health, however, which but slowly and partially recovered from the effects of African fever, compelled him to refuse these offers, and it was not till the outbreak of the Crimean war that he was able to accept employment. He was then appointed commodore at the Cape of Good Hope, an office which he held for three years, during which time he succeeded in establishing the Cape Town Sailors' Home. On 19 March 1857 he became a rear-admiral on the retired list. He died suddenly in London on 14 July 1859, and was buried in Kensal Green cemetery. He married, in November 1835, Charlotte, second daughter of Major-general James Pringle of the East India Company's service.

His father's brother, (1757–1833), coming up to London in 1774, joined and at an early age became head of a firm of army contractors. After the peace of 1783 he urged on the government the absurdity and extravagance of selling off all the military stores, only to replace them by new purchases on the occasion of any alarm, and offered to warehouse them in his own premises. This was agreed to in 1787. On the outbreak of the French war the business increased enormously, and by 1807 he had established 109 depots, containing supplies insured for 600,000l. The storekeepers were all appointed and paid by him; there was no government inspection, apparently no government audit. The agreement was that he was paid the cost of the stores, plus a percentage to cover expenses and profit. In the hands of an honest and capable man the system worked efficiently; but it was felt to be improper to leave the country in entire dependence on one man or to give


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 any one man such vast patronage; and in 1807 Sir James Pulteney, then secretary for war [see ], established the office of ‘storekeeper-general,’ giving Trotter the first nomination to the post, and retaining the services of all his employés.

In 1815 Trotter established the Soho Bazaar, leading from the west side of Soho Square to Oxford Street. Designed at first to enable the distressed widows and daughters of army officers to dispose economically of their home ‘work’ by renting a few feet of counter, the bazaar eventually proved a source of wealth to its projector. He was a man of many schemes, some of which—as the two already spoken of—led to fortune; others died in their infancy, including one for the establishment of a universal language.

[Information from Coutts Trotter, esq. Daily News, 20 Aug. 1859; ‘The Pirate Slaver,’ in Nautical Magazine, 1851; Allen's Narrative of the Expedition … to the River Niger in 1841, under the command of Captain H. D. Trotter (1848, 2 vols. 8vo); Official Letters in Public Record Office; Gent. Mag. 1859 ii. 314, 1833 ii. 380; Jerdan's Autobiography, vols. ii. and iv.; Dupin's Voyages dans la Grande-Bretagne; Eighth Report of the Military Commission from 1794.]  TROTTER, JOHN BERNARD (1775–1818), author, born in 1775 in co. Down, was the second son of the Rev. Edward Trotter, and younger brother of Edward Southwell Trotter, who assumed the name of Ruthven [q. v.] He was educated at the grammar school at Downpatrick, and entered Trinity College, Dublin, on 1 June 1790, graduating B.A. in the spring of 1795. He visited London in 1798, entering as a student at the Temple, and during his stay he made the acquaintance of Charles James Fox. Having sent Fox a pamphlet entitled ‘An Investigation of the Legality and Validity of a Union’ (Dublin, 1799, 8vo), and some verses, Trotter was told that both Fox and Mrs. Fox liked them very much.

After the conclusion of the peace of Amiens in 1802, Trotter was invited by Fox to accompany him to Paris to assist him in transcribing portions of Barillon's correspondence for his ‘History of the Early Part of the Reign of James II.’ He returned home before Fox, and was called to the Irish bar in Michaelmas term 1802.

Trotter became Fox's private secretary after his appointment as foreign secretary on 7 Feb. 1806 in the administration of ‘All the Talents.’ On Fox's death on 13 Sept. Trotter returned to Ireland. In 1808 he published a ‘Letter to Lord Southwell on the Catholic Question,’ and in 1809 ‘Stories for Calumniators,’ in which the characters were drawn from living models and he himself appeared as Fitzmorice. His ‘Memoirs of the latter Years of Fox’ appeared in 1811, attained a third edition within the year, and disappointed readers without distinction of party. The ‘Quarterly Review’ thought him unjust to Fox, and held that he had misrepresented the relations between him and Sheridan (vi. 541); while James Sharp published ‘Remarks in defence of Pitt against the loose and undigested calumny of an unknown adventurer.’ Landor wrote ‘Observations,’ of which a few copies got into circulation (, Life of Landor, p. 165). According to Allibone (iii. 2458), Buckle wrote in his copy of Trotter's book: ‘An ill work by a weak man.’

Trotter's later life was passed in poverty and privation, and in his last years his misfortunes tended to disturb the balance of his mind. In 1813 he made his last political effort while in the Marshalsea at Wexford, writing a pamphlet on the Irish situation, entitled ‘Five Letters to Sir William Cusack Smith,’ which reached a third edition within the year. He died on 29 Sept. 1818, ‘in a decayed house in Hammond's Marsh in Cork,’ in unspeakable destitution, the out-patient of a neighbouring dispensary. The misery of his last days was lightened by the devotion of an Irish peasant boy whom he had educated to be his companion, and of his wife, a young woman whom he had married in prison about five years before. In 1819 appeared a series of letters by him, entitled ‘Walks through Ireland,’ the record of the wanderings of his later years, with a biographical memoir prefixed.

[Memoir prefixed to Walks through Ireland, 1819; Moore's Diary, iii. 129; Records of Trinity College and King's Inns Dublin; Memoirs of Fox; Biogr. Dict. of Living Authors, 1816; Gent. Mag. 1818, p. 472.]  TROTTER, THOMAS (1760–1832), physician to the fleet and author, born in Roxburghshire in or about 1760, studied medicine in Edinburgh, and at the age of sixteen wrote some verses which were published in Ruddiman's ‘Edinburgh Magazine’ in 1777 and 1778 (Seaweeds, p. viii). He was, he says, ‘early introduced to the medical department of the navy’ (ib. p. xiii), and, as surgeon's mate, served in the Berwick in the Channel fleet in 1779 (Observations on the Scurvy, p. 76), and in the battle of the Doggerbank in 1781 (Medica Nautica, i. 312), and apparently, at the relief of Gibraltar in 1782. He was then promoted to be surgeon; but as the reduction of the navy after the


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Rh been produced has been shown by Darwin to depend upon two important properties of living matter manifested in connexion with the multiplication of individuals. Living matter has a special property of adding to its bulk by taking up the chemical elements which it requires and building up the food so taken as additional living matter. It further has the power of separating from itself minute particles or germs which feed and grow independently, and thus multiply their kind. It is a fundamental character of this process of reproduction that the detached or pullulated germ inherits or carries with it from its parents the peculiarities of form and structure of its parent. This is the property known as Heredity. It is most essentially modified by another property—namely, that though eventually growing to be closely like the parent, the germ (especially when it is formed, as is usual, by the fusion of two germs from two separate parents) is never identical in all respects with the parent. It shows Variation. In virtue of Heredity, the new congenital variations shown by a new generation are transmitted to their offspring when in due time they pullulate or produce germs. Man has long been aware of this; and, by selecting variations of beasts, birds, or plants agreeable or useful to him, has intensified such variations and produced animals and plants in many features very unlike those with which he started.

It was Darwin's merit to show that a process of selection which he called 'Natural Selection' must take place in the free untouched conditions under which animals and plants exist, and have existed for ages, on this globe. Both animals and plants produce germs, or young, in excess—usually in vast excess. The world, the earth's

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14 surface, is practically full, that is to say, fully occupied. Only one pair of young can grow up to take the place of the pair—male and female—which have launched a dozen, or it may be as many as a hundred thousand, young individuals on the world. The property of Variation ensures that amongst this excess of young there are many differences. Eventually those survive which are most fitted to the special conditions under which this particular organism has to live. The conditions may, and indeed in long lapses of time must, change, and thus some variation not previously favoured will gain the day and survive. The 'struggle for existence' of Darwin is the struggle amongst all the superabundant young of a given species, in a given area, to gain the necessary food, to escape voracious enemies, and gain protection from excesses of heat, cold, moisture, and dryness. One pair in the new generation—only one pair—survive for every parental pair. Animal population does not increase: 'Increase and multiply' has never been said by Nature to her lower creatures. Locally, and from time to time, owing to exceptional changes, a species may multiply here and decrease there; but it is important to realize that the 'struggle for existence' in Nature—that is to say, among the animals and plants of this earth untouched by man—is a desperate one, however tranquil and peaceful the battle-field may appear to us. The struggle for existence takes place, not as a clever French writer3 glibly informs his readers, between different species, but between individuals of the same species, brothers and sisters and cousins. The struggle between a beast of prey which seeks to nourish itself and the buffalo which defends its life with its horns is not 'the struggle for existence' so named by Darwin.

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 Divorce, published in 1904, M. Bourget says: 'La lutte entre les espèces, cette inflexible loi de l'univers animal, a sa correspondance exacte dans le monde des idées. Certaines mentalités constituent de véritables espèces intellectuelles qui ne peuvent pas durer à côté les unes des autres' (Édition Plon, p. 317). This inflexible law of the animal universe, the struggle between species, is one which is quite unknown to zoologists. The 'struggle for existence,' to which Darwin assigned importance, is not a struggle between different species, but one between closely similar members of the same species. The struggle between species is by no means universal, but in fact very rare. The preying of one species on another is a moderated affair of balance and adjustment which may be described rather as an accommodation than as a struggle.

A more objectionable misinterpretation of the naturalists' doctrine of the survival of the fittest in the struggle for existence is that made by journalists and literary politicians, who declare, according to their political bias, either that science rightly teaches that the gross quality measured by wealth and strength alone can survive and should therefore alone be cultivated, or that science (and especially Darwinism) has done serious injury to the progress of mankind by authorizing this teaching. Both are wrong, and owe their error to self-satisfied flippancy and traditional ignorance in regard to nature-knowledge and the teaching of Darwin. The 'fittest' does not mean the 'strongest.' The causes of survival under Natural Selection are very far indeed from being rightly described as mere strength, nor are they baldly similar to the power of accumulating wealth. Frequently in Nature the more obscure and feeble survive in the struggle because of their modesty and suitability to given conditions, whilst the rich are sent empty away and the mighty perish by hunger.

NOTE 4 (p. 20).

A short discussion of this subject and the introduction of the term 'educability' was published in a paper by me,

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Rh, the struggle among the members of a species in natural conditions differs totally from the mere struggle for advancement or wealth with which uneducated writers so frequently compare it. It differs essentially in this—that in Nature's struggle for existence, death, immediate obliteration, is the fate of the vanquished, whilst the only reward to the victors—few, very few, but rare and beautiful in the fitness which has carried them to victory—is the permission to reproduce their kind—to carry on by heredity to another generation the specific qualities by which they triumphed.

It is not generally realized how severe is the pressure and competition in Nature—not between different species, but between the immature population of one and the same species, precisely because they are of the same species and have exactly the same needs. From a human point of view the pressure under which many wild things live is awful in its severity and relentless tenacity. Not only are new forms established by natural selection, but the old forms, when they exactly fit the mould presented as it were for competitive filling, are maintained by the same unremitting process. A distinctive quality in the beauty of natural productions in which man delights is due to the unobtrusive yet tremendous slaughter of the unfit which is incessantly going on, and the absolute restriction of the privilege of parentage to the happy few who attain to the standard described as 'the fittest.'

The process of development of an immense variety of animal and vegetable forms has proceeded in this

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 FOR SALE AT THE STORES OF THE UNDERSIGNED Perth. IRISH PORK, ditto Beef, Hams, Flour Oatmeal, Potatoes, Onions, Rice, Lard, Sugar, Tea, Raisins, Jamaica Rum, Brandy, Prime Gin, Wines, London Porter, Tobacco, Segars, Snuff, Pipes, Cape Skins, Slops, Shoes, Cloth Caps, Felt and other Hats, Combs, xiñ and Earthenware, Starch, Stone Blue, Pearl Barley, Vermicelli, Mustard, Pickles, Ketchup, Soy Salad Oil, Salt, Pepper, and Spices, Stationery, Playing Cards, Shot, Copper, Caps, Corks, &c. &c, &c. ALSO Coffee, Soap, India Mats, Split Peas, Bacon, wholesale and retail. LEROUX, CARTER, & Co Weekly Cargo Boat to Perth. J. LUKIN respectfully informs the Public, that his boat, the Fanny will leave Fremantle every Thursday for Perth, and will return every Saturday morning, wind and weather permitting. -Goods landed at Perth, at 30s. per Ton, carriage at Fremantle included. Under half a ton-charge will be made according to the size of the package. %* Timber, Bricks, Hay, and colonial produce conveyed to Fremantle on the most reasonable terms. Fremantle, 11th April, 1833 ON SALE AT FREMANTLE Flour in bags and barrels Pork Onions Potatoes Rum Oatmeal Starch Split Peas Sein Twine Mustard Arrow Root Hams and Bacon Slops Bullocks Bows and Chains Bran and Pollard Tripe in small kegs Salmon in barrels, &c, &c. ALSO 150 Fine wool SHEEP. F. Downing. NOTICE. Fremantle, April 6th-Arrived the Sandwich Island Schooner, Auranzau, Capt. R. Jordon from Singapore consigned to Mr. Wm. Lamb with the following cargo, viz : Beef, pork, sugar, rice, green and black teas, in large chests, and caddy boxes, ¡ coffee, sugar candy, old brandy in cases, j segars, nankins, patent boat cloaks, manila hats, black pepper, sago, manilla biscuit, coloured floor mats, &c small! cordage, &c. &c. &c. SHIPPING INTELLIGENCE. The Merope sailed for the Mauritius via the Straits of Balli, on Friday the 12th instant. We were in error as to her being in Gages Roads on Saturday last. Lying in Cockburn Sound.-The Ellen Government Schooner, the Monkey, and the Au ranzu. DIED At Perth, on the 17th Instant, George the infant son of Henry Sutherland, Esq., Clerk of the Executive and Legislative Councils. TO CORRESPONDENTS John Butler s letter to us upon the subject of our declining to publish certain documents unless they were properly "authenticated?* is written in too means and contemptible a spirit, to bedeserv ing of our notice. The Documents have been delivered by his order to Mr. Smythers of Fremantle. If Mr. JVeavell addresses us upon a public subject, without marking his letter as private, we cannot be answerable for the consequences The inaccuracies in the letter, arose from its altogether escaping the notice of the compositor, although corrected in the proof-sheet, which will be apparent to those who understand these matters. If Mr. TV. wishes it, what he calls his private communication, shall be published verbatim, the public will theil be able to judge what his sent ments were. THE WESTERN AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL To make room for the Governmen notices on the first page, we have been under the necessity of circumscribing our local intelligence. An affray took place at Fremantle, on Wednesday last, between Mr. Lewis and Mr. Clark, arising out of disputed accounts. It appeared at the examination on Thursday, before G. Leake, Esquire, that some hard words mutually exchanged, produced from Mr. Lewis a hard blow; tor which assault he was bound over to keep the peace, himself in £40., and two sureties in £20 each. As the affair is likely to come before the Commissioner of the Civil Court, and a Special Jury, we refrain from giving the particulars of the case. The present wholesale prices at Fremantle of the articles recently imported, are as follow : Flour, 3i d. per lb. by the ton; Potatoes, £25. per ton; Onions, 9d. per lb.; Oatmeal, 5d. per lb.; Starch, 2s. per lb.; Pork, £7. per barrel; Rice, 3d. per lb. The retail prices at Perth, are, Flour, öd. per lb. 13s. per gallon; Brandy 15 (to 20s.), according to the quality. Gin 16s., Tea, 4s. 6d. per lb.; Sugar 5d., Coffee 15d., Soap 2s., Tobacco 15d. A personage of the name of Collins, has thought proper to insult us in the pnblic street, because we reported his pig case too accurately. We would advise him to restrain the " humour whiph his mother gave him," especially when he is drunk. Considerable anxiety wap excited during yesterday for the safety of Messrs. A. H. and G. R Stone, from their having left their residence on Thursday afternoon after giving orders to their servant to prepare their dinner by 5 o'clock, and no tidings of them being heard. Mr. Leroux informed by the servant that they had not returned at the hour they had appointed, accompanied by Mr. Purkis went in search of them, and found the boat, in which it was presumed they had taken their departure, anchored on the bank of the river opposite Perth. After scouring the bush in the. neighbourhood they returned and reported the circumstances, which created a general alarm, the natives as usual, bearing the imputation of having murdered them. In confirmation of this supposition Mr. Phillips arrived from the Canning in the course of the day, and stated confidently that from the time he left the Canning there appeared no probability of their having reached any settlement; this increased^ the anxiety and a search party, directed by Captain Ellis, visited the spot in the neighbourhood where the boat was found, and fell in with an old native woman, who had been speared, which further strengthened the suspiscion, and conclusions of a. most melancholy nature were drawn. The highest degree of sympathy was excited and the greatest promptitude shewn to enquire into so calmaitous an event. Volunteers started from all quarters to " scour the bush, a spirit which cannot be too highly commended; To the great wonderment however ofthose who " sorrowed as they who had no hope " about 7 o'- clock in the evening, the Gentlemen walked into the town, and received the congratulations of their friends, for what-they knew not-having merely paid a visit to a friend on the Canning, and been detained longer than they expected. The mistake seems to have originated w ith the black servant, who, it now appears was distinctly told that they would not return until the following' morning. We shall take further notice of this occurrence in our next. The farmers have been calling of late for a guarantee from the Government, that the Commissariat stores shall be opened next season, for the reception oftheir surplus wheat at a fixed, remunerating price; this has not the appearance of ' ruin irremediable ruin ' which the Courier predicts will be the late of a colony deprived of the wholesome influence of convict labour. (from the Hobart Town Courier) ' If any argument, during the present state of things, could suffice to enforce our oft repeated theme of economy on our readers, it would be drawn from that daily more and more ominous proposition of His Majesty's Government, to cease any longer to transport offenders to these colonies. The result that would attend such a measure is too awful tocontemplate That it would bring ruin, irremediable ruin on the colony, and prove deeply injurious to the mother country, is but too certain. We assure the reader it shall not be our faults if the Government permits itself to fall into so great an error as this would be. No plan that ever was devised since the world began for the disposal of offenders, can equal that now in practice in Van Diemen's Land, can a Gaoler or keeper, or whoever he may be, or any number of such officers, ever accomplish what the settler does for the convict? Will, the gaoler take the prisoner into his family, watch over his conduct, direct his actions, subvert his propensities, teach and compel him to regulate and subdue his passions, and never leave him till he has made a useful if not a really good man of him. The settler knows if he does not do this he will lose the mans services and his own individual interests must suffer. We shall enlarge on this subject in a future number. Meantime we would call upon the Government in the midst of the present depressin, to open the Commissariat stores for the reception of Wheat immediately, so that the settler may have au opportunity of tendering, and not be obliged to dispose of his crop at a lower rate to middle parties who. will hold it on in order to tender instead of him at a higher rate, in April or May. The Government indeed would be a gainer by the change, for wheat is as low as it can be expected to be, and as the »tores are now empty we trust his Excellency will exercise his usual compassionatediscretion in ordering them to be filled.
 * Pork lid, Beef 6d., Kum,


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Trevor, Marcus


text:
Author:Franklin Benjamin Sanborn

As author

 * "Emancipation in the West Indies." 1862 (short work)
 * Henry D. Thoreau (1872)
 * "Care of the chronic insane in families," 1886
 * Dr. S.G. Howe, the philanthropist (1891)
 * A. Bronson Alcott: His Life and Philosophy, with William Torrey Harris (1893)
 * Ralph Waldo Emerson (1895) [
 * "State care of the insane: true and false care," 1898
 * "The Walkers of Peterborough in New Hampshire": Concord, October, 1899
 * "John Brown and His Friends," 1900
 * The Personality of Thoreau (1901)
 * "Family care for the chronic insane: Miss Alice Cooke and her patients," 1902 (short work)
 * Personality of Emerson (1903)
 * New Hampshire; an epitome of popular government, 1904
 * A History of New Hampshire (1904)
 * New Hampshire Biography and Autobiography, 1905 (short work)
 * Hawthorne and his friends (1908)
 * Bronson Alcott at Alcott house, England, and Fruitlands, New England (1842-1844), 1908
 * Recollections of Seventy Years (1909) vol 1, vol 2

Biographies

 * The genius and character of Emerson; 1885
 * The life and letters of John Brown: liberator of Kansas, and martyr of Virginia (1885)
 * The life and genius of Goethe, 1886 (ed.)
 * Memoirs of Pliny Earle, M.D. (1898)
 * Thoreau, the poet-naturalist: with memorial verses. With others. 1902
 * Michael Anagnos, 1907
 * The life of Henry David Thoreau (1917)

Anthologies

 * The writings of Henry David Thoreau. 1893
 * Familiar Letters of Henry David Thoreau (1894) Index
 * Poems of Nature, by Henry David Thoreau, 1895 (ed.)
 * Poems of sixty-five years, by William Ellery Channing, (ed.) 1902
 * The Service by Henry David Thoreau, editor, 1902
 * The first and last journeys of Thoreau, 1905 (ed.) (2 vols.) Vol. 1, Vol. 2
 * The romance of Mary W. Shelley, John Howard Payne and Washington Irving, 1907
 * Unpublished Poems by Bryant and Thoreau (1907)

As contributor

 * A Memorial of George Gilman Fogg (1882) with Augustus Woodbury. (short work)
 * "The education of the Negro." With William Torrey Harris, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, 1892
 * Letters of John Paul Jones, 1905 (introductory remarks)
 * Sir Walter Raleigh by Henry David Thoreau, (1905) (introductory remarks)
 * The works of Theodore Parker (1907)
 * Letter of Maria White (Mrs. James Russell) Lowell to Sophia (Mrs. Nathaniel Hawthorne; with remarks by F. B. Sanborn (1912)

Works about Sanborn

 * The Homes and haunts of our elder poets, 1881

title: Author:Franklin Benjamin Sanborn


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Trevor, Richard


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Trevor, Robert Hampden-


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Trevor, Sackvill


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 gave some extracts, upon this subject a few weeks ago, from the Hobart Town Courier; we now place before our readers the observations of a contemporary the Tasmanian which conveys some useful and practical hints for many of our aspirants for legal knowledge.

(From the Tasmanian, Hobart Town)

Two of our Contemporaries, during the last week, have noticed a subject of such infinite importance at the present moment to the Colony, that we cannot do other than follow in the same course. It is the same prospect that is before too many industrious, deserving persons at the approaching term, by reason of the unprecedented number of unpaid bills now in the hands of the different Banks. The Colonist with great truth observes, in reference to this subject.

"We must apply ourselves to the only remedy for our present circumstances. The Banks must set the example with respect to their customers, and not load the files of the Supreme Court with summonses, declarations, &c., against their customers; they must show more confidence, or they may rely upon it, that the effects of a contrary disposition will soon be equally felt by themselves. Individuals then would be able to shew more confidence to each other, and thus public credit would be restored, and by care and frugal management on the part of individuals generally, the present crisis may be avoided, and time be obtained for applying an effectual remedy to the evils which have brought it on. In our view of the case, nothing but a general amnesty (as it were) between debtor and creditor, in other words a general giving of time, or accommodation, will restore confidence."

It is under the hope that we may give additional force to these words, that we have quoted them. Each of our Banks contains among its Directors, individuals highly distinguished for benevolent, humane feelings; and we earnestly wish to appeal to them therefore, on behalf of the numerous individuals, who, if the law be rigorously enforced, or if even they are burthened with the dreadful expenses so well referred to by another Contemporary, the Colonial Times, on Tuesday, must, irretrievably be ruined. Where therefore it is obvious that the granting the accommodation of time, is likely to enable parties, eventually to recover from their present difficulties, let us beseech our different Bank Directors to spare and be merciful—to grant, as it were, the general amnesty claimed for them by our Contemporary. Where fraud, deception, undue preference, or other improper conduct has been shewn, we have not a single word to offer; let the evil so brought upon the parties, take its course; but we are satisfied that the great majority of cases that are, or are likely to be, in the hands of the lawyers, as the effect of unpaid bills the ensuing term, do not belong to this description; but come, really and truly under the class, in favour of whom we now join with other portions of the press, in appealing to the humane and benevolent feelings of the gentlemen who hold in their hands, the power either of infinite good, or infinite misery, of many deserving families.

We all know, for almost every one feels, that the Colony has out-stripped its growth. We have had too much trade, and too many traders for the real capital we possess—too many buildings, and of too extensive and splendid a description—too much money expended in the purchase of land, which has thus become worse than a dead capital—too much, laid out in finery and luxury—too much administering to these tastes, by continued auctions, comprising many articles, people are thus tempted to purchase merely because they are so "extremely cheap," when they had far better have been without them altogether. In addition to all this, we have had too much importation of articles, we ourselves ought to have grown at home—too little exportation of our own staples to other countries—thus forming a combination of circumstances, the end of which proves at this present moment, great and general distress. We are far from wishing to see our Banks lend their aid towards perpetuating this mischievous system, but it is altogether another thing, the applying the check string, too suddenly and too sharply; and we repeat therefore our earnest entreaties to the different Bank Establishments, to draw as much distinction as possible according to the several circumstances of their debtors upon unpaid bills, and not to subject individuals to heavy law expenses, unless absolutely necessary for their own security. We have every confidence, that the appeal thus made by ourselves and others, will not be in vain. However, we shall be upon the watch, and shall not fail to report progress, accompanied by suitable comments when necessary, in proportion as the term proceeds.

FROM A CORRESPONDENT

PETTY SESSIONS of the held at Fremantle, on Wednesday the 17th April, 1833, before G., Civil Commissioner.

The following investigation was held for the purpose of laying the facts of the case before Government.

Maxworthy claimed £20. of a reward for apprehending Hinks who, some time ago escaped from Jail. The reward had been previously paid to Vincent the Jailor, who gave £10. to Bond, the Bailiff. From the evidence it appeared that on the day of Hink's escape Vincent gave Maxworthy a pistol and desired him to search for Hinks, but on ttat day he was unsuccessful; a few days afterwards Vincent called Maxworthy in the street about 5 o'clock in the morning, and they both went and apprehended Hinks and lodged him in Jail—Maxworthy did not apply for the reward because he did not see the notice, but heard from general report, that such a reward was offered, and it was not till Bond told him he had got the half, that he applied to Mr. Leake for it. Elijah Bressington saw Vincent and Maxworthy go up together and take Hinks to Jail. There was some contradictory evidence about the place where the capture took place, but the main fact, viz, the capture and lodging in Jail was established.

Vincent admitted the employment of Maxworthy on the morning of Hinks' escape; but denied employing him on the morning of his capture, he did not beckon or ask Maxworthy to follow him, though he admitted that Maxworthy walked up to the Jail with him. Bond was not present at the capture, and his reason for giving him £10. was, that they had made an agreement between themselves on the previous evening to share the reward if Hinks was captured, as Bond had some trouble in the matter. Maxworthy spoke to him many times afterwards but never mentioned any thing about it. This was denied by Maxworthy.

Mr. Clark, who appeared, on behalf of Maxworthy, called the attention of the Civil Commissioner to the following points:—

1st. That Vincent the Jailor was not entitled to the reward, as the prisoner escaped from his custody, on the contrary, he was punishable by fine for a negligent escape. Mr, Clark referred to Blackstones Commentaries.

Mr. Leake said the Magistrates were convinced there was no negligence in support of this point in the part of Vincent.

2d. That to reward a Jailor for apprehending a prisoner who has escaped from his charge, is offering him temptation to connive at future escapes.

3d. That Bond was not entitled to any reward at all, not being present at the capture.

The case was sent to the Hon. W. H. Mackie, Esq., Advocate General.

In the course of the investigation, Maxworthy was fined 10s. for abusive language towards Vincent and Bond.

Nothing further has transpired during the day respecting the native woman who was found speared on the other side of the river. It is hazardous to interfere with the feudes which give rise to these occurrences, and satisfactorily accounts, for no step being taken to enquire into it.

(Continued.) The topography of ; together with some information relative to the tribes and geography of the country beyond the present boundaries of the Settlement.

The termination up, is common to almost all names of places; and seems to correspond to the termination ton, found so frequently in the topography of Britain: as Warrington; namely, the town of Warring: and Darlington; namely, the town of Darling.

The position was very important to Yellowgonga. It was not only convenient for hunting and fishing; but it gave him the command of the flats; the only place where his territories could be easily invaded from the South; the river being hardly fordable any where else.

The springs beside the camp, at the West end of the town, were called Goodinup; and those at the East end, in the front of the Surveyor General's Dyeedyallalup. But this latter name applies to the whole line of allotments fronting the river, as far as Mr. Sutherland's and means, literally, clay. It is, in fact, the first place as you ascend the river on the right bank, where the clay makes its appearance. See 'Dyeedyalla

Here it may be proper to remark that the banks of the river beyond the flats have few or no particular names. The reason is obvious. Above thins point, the river being narrow and deep, is of no service to a people who know nothing of navigation. But below this, particularly on the shores of Melville water, where the water is, to a great


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Trevor, Thomas (1586-1656)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Trevor, Thomas (1658-1730)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Trigge, Francis


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 extent on either side of the broad channel, not more than knee or thigh deep, it is admirably a dapted to spear fishing ; atid consequently every bay and promontory is of the utmost consequence to a people so much dependant upon fisliing as well as hunting. Mandoon, Guildford and the adjacent country Wurerup, the gorge of the Swan. In this name are comprehended the sevei al estates of Colson, Belvoir, Baskervide, the Hermitage Wobourn Park, Br;ok Mount, and Henley Park ; as well as several lal is in the immediate vicinity. Gâlup, Monger's lake, To this place. Yeliowgonga removed his head quarters, aftei »he formation of the settlement* Ngangurgup, two hills on the coast to the North of the sailor's winding sheet, overlooking the villa grant of the Surveyor General Ngoogenbo"o, the large lake beyond Monger's Booyeeanup, Mount Brown; Clarence. See booyee Wadjemup, Rottenest. Ngooloormí.yup, Carnac Meeandip, Garden Island Ngowergup, in the gorge of the Canning, St. Ann's Hill Weebip, a high mountain beyond the Murray, called Mount William Moorda, the Blue Mountains. The term seems to indicate darkness uf colour. See Muorn The following distinctions in the description of j the country, will show that the¿e savages are not destitute of geological knowledge. It is highly ? probable that in their poetical compositions would ! be found allusions to the origin of the different ai-, visions mí ihe country here enumerated, and all ¡ lying to the Westward of the Blue mountains ; for a doubt can nuw be hardly entertained that the whole of Quartania is cf recent formation. Booyeembara, the division along the coast, consisting principally of lime-stone rock ; and generally bearing the xanthorea. and a few of that species uf the Eucalyptus, called white gum. See hooyee Gandoo, the division behind Booyeembara, and j running parallel. This is a sandy division, and. abounds with that species of the Encalyptus, i called Mahogany , ¡ Warget, the division behind Gandoo, and parallel ; j streching along the foot of the .uountains, like the other divisions from South to Nortli. This division abounds with clay, red loam, and al- ! luviai plains ; and, generally bears those species ? of the Eucalyptus, called the blue and flooded gums These divisions have no reference whatever to the territorcal boundaries of the different tribes. They seem to be purely geological. Mooro, the district of Yeliowgonga, it is hounded by the sea on the West ; by Melville wa ter and the Swan, on the South ; by Ellen's brook, j on the East ; and, by the Gyngoorda, on the j North, Gâlup is the capital. Beeloo, the district of'Monday, is bounded by the Canning. < n the South ; by Melville water, on the West ; by the Swan and Ellen's brook, on the North, the Eastern boundary of this district, I cannot accurately define. Several of the mountains are numbered in Monday's territories, and his head quarters are Wurerup. It should be remarked that the lower part of Monday's district, near where the two waters meet, seems to have been conquered and taken from his people at some former period ; and now forms a sort of neutral, or common ground, on which all the tribes to the North and South of the river occasionly meet. Beeliar, the district of Midjegoorong, is bounded by Melville water and the Canning, on the North ; by the mountains on the East ; by the sea on the West ; and by a I ne, due East, from Mangles bay, on the South. His head quarters are Mendyarrup, situated some where in Gaudoo. Here I ought to observe that Yagan is not a chief. But, being the son of Midjegoorong, he must be ranked among the princes of the country. He has greatly distinguished himself as a patriot and a warrior. He is in fact the Wallace of the age ; but in the general traits of his character, greatly resembles the Suwarrow of Scandinavia. The district of Banyowla, chief of the Murray tribe, comes next ; and is bounded on the West, by the sea ; on the East, by the mountains ; on the North by Beerliar ; and, on the South, by a line parallel to his Northern boundary. Banyowla possesses both banks of the Murray. The next chief is Dygan ; and the next to lum, Beenan ; whose districts probably extend as far a» Cape Leuwin. To the North of Yeliowgonga, is Haylo, chief of a tribe on the Boora, commonly called Lennard s brook. To the North and next to Waylo is Byer man, chief on the Bookal and the Mooler. Byer man is either the brother.or particular friend of Yeliowgonga. To the Eastwaid, and some where in the mountains, on the way to York, is a chief of the name of Dyoolon ; and it is not impossible but that Dyoolon may be the chief on the Avon, near Mount Mackie Still further to the East, is Wulbabong ; cliief of a district called Bargo. Of all the chiefe here mentioned, Yeliowgonga is the most distinguished for a humane, peaceable disposition. And yet he is a man of the most distinguished martial courage. When he is fully ruused no warrior, not even Yagan dare stand before him. To him the settlers are greatiy indebted tor the protection of their lives and property. DERB AL. This name comprehends the whole of the country from the Murray to the Gyngoorda. Though the settlement has since extended itself, this is the name of the country in which it was original iy formed. , Barnett. The name of the country to the Suitth of the Murray, including Geographe Bay. Knoobar. The country to the North of the Gyngoorda. Monkbeelvev. King George's Sound. Derbal Yaragan, the Swan River. This, exactly The name is applied to both branches of the river, including Melville water ; to its confluence with the ocean. The whole is called by way of eminence, Derbal Yaraman ; namely, the river of Derbal. The subordinate names of the different parts, are : DootanboiO, Melville Water Booneenboro, Perth Water Warndoolier, the Northern, or main branch of the river ; to which the name Swan River is now limited within the settlement j Mandoon, the Helena. Gynning, Ellen's brook ¡ Dyarlgarro, the Southern branch of the river, now known by the name of the Canning are subordinate names for particu ! . Wardoo lar parts of the Canning . Booragoon is the name tor the Southern branch of ¡ the Canning I Derbal Nara, the gulph of the Derbal. This comprehends Mangles Bay, Cockburn Sound, Owen's Anchorage, Gage3 Roads, and the whole space from the main to the islands, and from Collie Head to the Northern entrance beyond ! Rottenest. See Nara. See also Narai ! Meelon, the M array Gilba, the estuary of the Murray Kalgan, King River, King Geurge's Sound. This river flows through His Excellency's large estate at the Sound Gogulger, the Avon Boora, a stream issuing from the mountains some distance to the North of Ellen s brook, partially known in the settlement under the name of Len nard's brook Waylo, a lake into which the Boora discharges itself Gyngoorda, a small river, either issuing from, or taking its rise near the lake of Waylo. This is jrobably Bannister's river ; on the bar of which le and all his party were swamped ; and came )ack, with nothing to relate but the tale of their misfortune Bookal, a lake to the North and not far from the Gyngoorda Mooler, a lake or large sheet of water to the North and either adjoining the Bookal or not far distant Í am greatly puzzled about these two waters. I once took them for rivers. That such lakes or sheets of water do exist, is beyond all doubt, but where to place them, is the difficulty. The geographical ideas and terms of the Derbalese as well as their conceptions of distance and magnitude, are so different fYom ours, that the relative situations of places, are not easily ascertained. I have even some suspicion that our term river, doe3 not, on all occasions, convey the full import of their term Yaragan. Yardelgarro, a large sheet of water, to the North of the Mooler, and almost adjoining the coast Narnagootin, a river situated a considerable dis to the North beyond Gyngoorda Margyningara, a river of considerable magnitude, passing the settlement on the East and the North This river rises in the East apparently a little to the Southward of this part of the Settlement, in a country called Goodengora, under the name of the Wilgee. On entering the district of Bargo, the territory of Wulbabong, it as&uines the ' name of the Gatta. It then seems to follow a very circuitous course Northward through a considerable extent of county till it drops the name of the Gatta, and takes that of the Margyningara ; after whicfc, turning Westward, it falls into the ocean, some where between the Gyngoorda and the Narnagoot in; possibly not more than 150 or, at the most, 200 miles to the North of the settlement. The term Wilgee, which is the name of a red pigment with which they adorn themselves This is made from the ashes of burnt wood ; and the word seems to denote the colour. If so the banks of the Wilgee, and the adjacent country, will be found probably to resemble those of the Macquarrie, to the Westward of the Blue mountains, in Eastern Australia. At all events, a river in the situation and of the magnitude described, must one day be of great importance to the settlement ; and therefore no time should be lost in ascertaining its ex stance and its course. The passing of the Forgery Bill is a great triumph of humanity. It is one of those occurances which will be dwelt upon by the future historian as' characterising the improved intelligence of the present age. We have at length got rid of that stupid blunder in legislation, which looked npon death by choking as a panacea for the cure of every crime, and stuck to its stupid text in spite of compromises and ocquittals, and refusals to prosecute, and in short, every symptom of an ineffective, impcritivc and most disgraceful state of the law.-Mor Her. The Emperor Nicholas has just perpetrated one of the ir.ost arbitrary and ty ranical acts that the page of history has to record. He has removed 30,000 of the bravest of the Polish peasentry to the Steppes of Russia, and replaced them by Phillipons, the most brutal of the Russian tribes. The Ottoman empire was in a very tottering condition. The Egyptian army possessed both Damascus and Aleppo. The first vacant Cardinals hat will be given by the Pope, to the Honorable and Reverend Mr. Spencer, son of Earl Spencer and brother of Lord Althorp* This reverend divine, the individual wo se ropudiatien of the protestant faith made so much noise amongst us two years ago, has just been admitted to Priest's orders in Rome. Ohe London Courier states positive* Iy that the charter of the Bank of England will not be renewed. The Directors are advertising advances of money in loans on good security at 3 per cent. It is a pity that some means of negociat ing with this colony could not be established through the medium of "the Government or otherwise^ so that the colonists might nave the ^vantage of carrying on their impi-o-.^nontc at a less expensive rate. Hobart Town Edited, Printed, and Published by CHARLES MACFAULL, at the Gazette Office, Perth* Terms of Subscription. 10s. 6d. per Quarter, if paid in advance, or 12* if paid at the end of the Quarter. Single number, One Shilling. Terms of Advertisements :-For 8 line», 3* 6d and 3d. per line above this number.
 * corresponds to the Swan Kiver of the Dutch.
 * Burdgarro and |


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Trimen, Henry


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Trimnell, Charles


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Tripp, Henry


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Trivet, Nicholas


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Trivet, Thomas


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Trokelowe, John de


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Trollope, Andrew


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Trollope, Anthony


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Trollope, Arthur William


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Trollope, Edward


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Trollope, Frances


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Trollope, Henry


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Trollope, Theodosia


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Trollope, Thomas Adolphus


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Trosse, George


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Trotter, Coutts


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Trotter, Henry Dundas


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Trotter, John Bernard


text:
User talk:Funandtrvl

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text: User:Funandtrvl

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text: Page:Debates in the Several State Conventions, v3.djvu/1


text: Page:The Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government, v1.djvu/1


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Trevor, John (d.1410)


text:
Page:The Genealogy of Morals.djvu/187

Rh is now the position in these cases? These solitaries and deniers of to-day; these fanatics in one thing, in their claim to intellectual cleanness; these hard, stern, continent, heroic spirits, who constitute the glory of our time; all these pale atheists, anti-Christians, immoralists, Nihilists; these sceptics, "ephectics," and "hectics" of the intellect (in a certain sense they are the latter, both collectively and individually); these supreme idealists of knowledge, in whom alone nowadays the intellectual conscience dwells and is alive—in point of fact they believe themselves as far away as possible from the ascetic ideal, do these "free, very free spirits": and yet, if I may reveal what they themselves cannot see—for they stand too near themselves: this ideal is simply their ideal, they represent it nowadays and perhaps no one else, they themselves are its most spiritualised product, its most advanced picket of skirmishers and scouts, its most insidious delicate and elusive form of seduction.—If I am in any way a reader of riddles, then I will be one with this sentence: for some time past there have been no free spirits; for they still believe in truth. When the Christian Crusaders in the East came into collision with that invincible order of assassins, that order of free spirits par excellence, whose lowest grade lives in a state of discipline such as no order of monks has ever attained, then in some way or other they managed to get an inkling of that symbol and tally-word, that was reserved for the highest grade alone as their secretum, "Nothing is true, everything is allowed,"—in sooth, that was freedom of thought, thereby was taking leave of the very belief in truth. Has indeed any European, any Christian freethinker, ever yet wandered into

title: Page:The Genealogy of Morals.djvu/187