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 ment’ in the university. His later courses were upon the history of England down to the death of Stephen. Many distinguished hearers have continued to speak of the profound impression made upon them by Vaughan's eloquence. The inaugural lectures alone have been published, and are remarkable as expositions of a philosophical view of historical evolution very unusual in England at the time. Vaughan gave evidence before the university commission of 1850 (noticed in Quarterly Review of June 1853), and afterwards defended part of their report in a pamphlet. His general aim was that of the liberals, who desired that the professorate element should be strengthened and have more opportunities for original research. Mark Pattison afterwards advocated similar views. A reference in a note to Pusey's evidence led to a correspondence, part of which was published by Vaughan in a ‘Postscript’ (see Pusey's Life, iii. 386–90, including a slight reflection upon Vaughan, answered by anticipation in the ‘Postscript’).

Vaughan resigned his professorship in 1858. He served on the public school commission of 1861. In 1867 he settled at Upton Castle, Pembrokeshire. Vaughan was long occupied in writing a philosophical treatise upon ‘Man's Moral Nature,’ of which his friends had formed the highest expectations. A good deal was written, when unexplained accidents happened to the manuscript; and, for whatever reasons, it was never completed. Vaughan consoled himself by copying out and publishing some very elaborate annotations upon the text of Shakespeare, made during his residence in Wales. Vaughan died at Upton Castle on 19 April 1885. He married in 1856 Adeline Maria, daughter of John Jackson, M.D. She died in 1881. They were survived by one son and four daughters. Few men have had a higher reputation among their friends, and Vaughan's friends included many of the most eminent men of his day. Lord Selborne thought that he had more power of mind than any of his contemporaries. Jowett in 1844 regarded him as the best possible candidate for the professorship of moral philosophy. Unfortunately, he did not leave materials for forming any adequate judgment of his powers.

Vaughan's works (besides the prize-essay) are: 1. ‘Two General Lectures on Modern History delivered on Inauguration,’ 1849. 2. ‘Oxford Reform and Oxford Professors,’ 1854. 3. ‘Postscript’ to the same, 1854. 4. ‘New Readings and New Renderings of Shakespeare's Tragedies,’ 3 vols. 8vo, 1878–1886. 5. ‘British Reason in English Rhyme,’ 1889 (Welsh proverbs with verse translations, edited by his son, W. W. Vaughan).

[Information from W. W. Vaughan, of Clifton College, Vaughan's son; Times, 22 and 28 April 1885; Oxford Magazine, May 1885; Jowett's Life, i. 50, 92; Pattison's Memoirs, pp. 159, 246; Selborne's Memorials, pp. 165, 201, 225; Dean Boyle's Recollections, 1895, pp. 153, 154; Dr. Stubbs's Seventeen Lectures, 1886, p. 384.]

VAUGHAN, JOHN (1603–1674), judge, eldest son of Edward Vaughan of Trawscoed, Cardiganshire, the family seat since the thirteenth century, by his wife Letitia, daughter of John Stedman of Strata Florida Abbey in the same county, was born at Trawscoed on 13 Sept. 1603. He was educated at the king's school, Worcester, and Christ Church, Oxford, where he resided between 1618 and 1623, but did not graduate. At the Inner Temple, where he was admitted in November 1620, called to the bar in 1630, and elected a bencher in 1660, he was inducted into law by Selden, who made him his close friend—to him is dedicated the ‘Vindiciæ Maris Clausi’—and eventually co-legatee with Sir Matthew Hale of his library, and co-executor of his will. According to Clarendon, also an early friend, his legal studies ‘disposed him to least reverence to the crown and most to popular authority, yet without inclination to any change of government’ (Life, ed. 1827, i. 37). His conduct was equally inconsistent. A Star-chamber practice brought him wealth and fame, and in the Long parliament, to which, as to its two immediate predecessors, he was returned for the borough of Cardigan, he was supposed to sympathise with Strafford, but absented himself from the final division on his bill of attainder (22 April 1641). He subscribed the protestation of loyalty to the protestant religion on 3 May following, but on the outbreak of hostilities adhered to the king, and retired to Trawscoed, which was plundered by roundheads on 26 Jan. 1644–5. Though he does not appear to have given any very active support to the royal cause, the parliament, after voting his discharge from attendance on 1 Sept. 1645, assigned (22 Oct.) his library at the Inner Temple to John Glynne [q. v.], recorder of London, afterwards chief justice. He saved himself from sequestration by rendering assistance to the parliamentary forces at the siege of Aberystwith Castle (November to December 1646), but his name was nevertheless inserted in the list of delinquents (29 June 1648). At the king's request he was assigned by parliament (29–31 Aug. 1648) as one of his advisers


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280 used. In final position g is wanting in Arran in Gillesbuig, Archibald; Eanruig, Henry, from Old English Henric; in ‘Domhnach Càs' for Domhnach Càisg, Easter Sunday, and sometimes in shealg in La shealg na cuthaige, All Fools' Day.

(To be continued.)

BOOK REVIEWS

Iverness in the Middle Ages. By. Inverness: A. Carruthers and Sons.

This volume, which is an extension of a paper read before the members of the Inverness Scientific Society and Field Club, deals with the general history of the town of Inverness during the period extending from the commencement of the reign of David down to the opening years of the fourteenth century. As the capital of the ancient province of Moray, its history for the period referred to is closely interwoven with that of the province. Mr. Barron depicts, in a lucid and concise narrative, the rise and growth of the burgh, the influx of Flemish and Saxon settlers, and the consequent development of its trade and commerce; and also describes the leading events in the history of the province which ended in the bringing it under the permanent rule of the Scottish kings, and the later legitimist risings in support of the various Celtic claimants to the crown.

Some of Mr. Barron’s readers will be unable to follow him in his unreserved acceptance of Fordun’s account of the ‘Plantation’ of Moray by Malcolm, but the sound critical judgment, and the wide and accurate historical knowledge displayed throughout the work, cannot fail to be appreciated by all.

The period dealt with is more restricted than might be inferred from the title. Mr. Barron has, however, already written the history of the town in the fifteenth century, and it is to be hoped that at no distant date he will deal with the history of the intervening period.

Religious Songs of Connacht. Parts 7 and 8., LL.D. Dublin: Gill and Co., Ltd. 1s. each.

These parts complete Dr. Hyde’s interesting collection of the religious folk tales and poems of Connacht. These concluding parts have all the excellencies of the earlier volumes already noticed in this journal. Many curious charms, short prayers and prose stories are here preserved. There is a very striking version of St. Paul’s visit to hell, a story to be found elsewhere, but not in such complete form. It is full of horror and dread verging on the burlesque at times. It contains an extraordinary passage

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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196 minor, and a ward. If proceedings were threatened, nothing came of it, for the young bridegroom died. The exact date is not known, but he could not have lived with her more than a few months after his marriage.

Mary, still a ward, was now married, for the third time before she was sixteen, to Sir Charles Howard, fourth son of the Earl of Suffolk, not to Sir Thomas, his third son, as had been at first designed. The young couple resided with the Earl at Audley End, and there her first child was born, a daughter, Elizabeth, born on 21 September, 1613, who does not seem to have lived long, as she disappears altogether within a few years. There was a second daughter, Mary, born in London, the date not known; but Sir Charles Howard died on 22 September, 1622, without leaving male issue. It was when a widow about this time, apparently, that Lady Howard was painted by Vandyke, and this was engraved by Hollar. The painting cannot now be traced. She was now one of the stateliest dames of the Court of Henrietta Maria, where she cultivated the friendship of the Duke of Buckingham, who exerted his influence with her so as to render her propitious to the addresses of one of his own dependents, Sir Richard Grenville. The Duke considered that a rich wife would help on the fortunes of his favourite, and thus did the heiress of Fitzford and Walreddon give herself to her fourth and worst husband. But before marrying him she was cautious to tie up her estate in such a manner that he could not touch it. Without breathing a word of what she was doing, she conveyed all her lands to Walter Hele, Anthony Short, and William Grills in trust to permit her during her life, whether sole or married, to receive the rents and dispose of them at her own goodwill and


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 regiment on 15 Oct. 1759, and obtained a majority in the army. He was at this time entrusted with the raising of a regiment of light infantry for service in North America, and was appointed lieutenant-colonel commandant of it on 12 Jan. 1760. This regiment, known as the 94th (or the royal Welsh volunteers), he accompanied to North America, and served with it until the following year, when he accompanied the expedition under Major-general Robert Monckton [q. v.], destined for the attack on the French West Indian islands. In command of a division of grenadiers he distinguished himself at the capture of Martinique, and was honourably mentioned in Monckton's despatch of 9 Feb. 1762.

On 25 Nov. 1762 he was removed from the 94th, which was about to be disbanded, to the command of the 46th foot, with which he served in North America. In 1767 the regiment returned home, and was quartered in Ireland. On 25 May 1772 he was promoted to the rank of colonel, and on 11 May 1775 obtained the colonelcy of the 46th foot. On the outbreak of the war with the American colonists he proceeded to America with the reinforcements under the command of Lord Cornwallis, and was granted the local rank of major-general, dated 1 Jan. 1776. He led the grenadiers of the army at the battle of Brooklyn or Long Island; and was present at the battle of White Plains, where he was wounded in the thigh. At the end of the year he went home to England with Lord Cornwallis, but returned to America in 1777, on 29 Aug. of which year he was promoted to the rank of major-general. He accompanied Major-general Sir Henry Clinton's expedition up the North River, and commanded the right column at the attack on Fort Montgomery in October 1777. His horse was killed by a cannon-shot when he was dismounting to lead the attack on foot, which he conducted with great gallantry. He was particularly mentioned in Sir Henry Clinton's orders on 9 Oct. 1777, in these words: ‘Fort Montgomery is henceforth to be distinguished by the name of Fort Vaughan, in memory of the intrepidity and noble perseverance which Major-general Vaughan showed in the assault of it.’ He was present at the landing and burning of Æsopus, and commanded the advance of the army at the reduction of Verplank's Neck and Stoney Point on the Hudson River. At the end of 1779 he returned to England, and was appointed governor of Fort William, and in the following year governor of Berwick, an appointment worth 600l. a year, which he retained for life.

In December 1779 he was appointed commander-in-chief of the Leeward Islands, and in 1781, in that capacity, took part with Admiral Rodney in the attempt on the island of St. Vincent. The expedition, however, was a failure. The reports as to the damage done by a hurricane turned out to have been grossly exaggerated. The fortifications were found intact, and far too strong to be taken except by regular siege, for which the general had neither men nor battering train. After a few days' stay on shore the soldiers were re-embarked, and the squadron returned to Gros Islet Bay.

Owing to a variety of causes, Holland had been drawn into the war, and orders, dated 20 Dec., came to Rodney and Vaughan to seize the island of St. Eustatius. On 30 Jan. 1782 Vaughan, with a force of about two thousand men, sailed in the fleet under Rodney from Gros Islet Bay. St. Eustatius was surrounded on 3 Feb., summoned, and taken at once. In connection with the capture of the island, Rodney's and Vaughan's conduct was afterwards the subject of a severe attack in parliament, and they were charged with confiscating the goods and property of the inhabitants and with making a fortune out of them. Vaughan, who was M.P. for Berwick from 1774 until his death, defended himself from his place in the House of Commons. In the debate on a motion for an inquiry into the whole circumstances, he declared upon his honour, and expressed his anxiety to confirm it upon oath, that neither directly nor indirectly, by fair means or foul, had he made a single shilling by the business. The motion was lost by 163 votes to 84. Vaughan also sat in the Irish parliament for St. Johnstown from 1776 till 1783.

On 20 Nov. 1782, he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant-general, and was created a knight of the Bath in 1792. He died suddenly at Martinique on 3 June 1795, in the fifty-eighth year of his age, when serving as commander-in-chief of the Leeward Islands. He was unmarried.

[Gent. Mag. 1782 and 1795; London Gazette and annual Army Lists; Hannay's Life of Rodney; Stedman's Hist. of the American War; Historical Record of the 46th Regiment.]

VAUGHAN, JOHN (1769–1839), judge, third son of James Vaughan, M.D. of Leicester, by Hester, daughter of John Smalley, alderman of the same place, was born on 11 Feb. 1769. Sir Charles Richard Vaughan [q. v.] was his brother. He was educated at Rugby school and the university of Oxford, where he matriculated from Queen's College on 17 Oct. 1785, and was


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Rh pleasure. Sir Richard Grenville went with his wife to Fitzford, and there in May, 1630, their first child was born, and christened Richard after his father. Sir Richard was mightily incensed when he discovered that he could not handle the revenues of the estates, and this led to incessant bickerings. Clarendon says:—

"He had nothing to depend upon but the fortune of his wife: which, though ample enough to have supported the expense a person of his quality ought to have made, was not large enough to satisfy his vanity and ambition. Nor so great as he, upon common reports, had promised himself by her. By not being enough pleased with her fortune, he grew less pleased with his wife; who, being a woman of a haughty and imperious nature, and of a wit far superior to his own, quickly resented the disrespect she received from him, and in no degree studied to make herself easy to him. After some years spent together in these domestic unsociable contestations, in which he possessed himself of all her estate, as the sole master of it, without allowing her out of her own any competency for herself, and indulging to himself all those licences in her own house which to women are most grievous, she found means to withdraw herself from him, and was with all kindness received into the family in which she had before married, and was always very much respected."

Before proceeding with the quotation from Clarendon, it will be well to give at once some illustrative touches as to the annoyances she underwent at the hands of Sir Richard, and as to her own conduct towards him. He confined her to a corner of her own house, Fitzford, excluded her from the government of the house, and installed his aunt, Mrs. Katherine Abbott, as his housekeeper, with control over the servants and the keeping of the keys.


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 created D.C.L. on 10 June 1834. Admitted on 11 Feb. 1786, he was called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn on 30 June 1791. He chose the common-law side, and went the midland circuit, where his address in managing common juries early secured him a lead, and on 14 Feb. 1798 he was made recorder of Leicester. A strong supporter of Pitt, he threw himself with zeal into the movement for raising funds by public subscription to sustain the war with France. On 14 Feb. 1799 he was made serjeant-at-law. To Queen Charlotte he was appointed solicitor-general on 1 May 1814, and attorney-general in 1816 (Trinity vacation). In the latter year (Easter term) he was advanced to the rank of king's serjeant. As such he conducted the case for the crown in the prosecution of Sir [q. v.] on 23 March 1820. He also led for the crown in the prosecution at the Warwick assizes (3–4 Aug. 1821) of the Birmingham reformers (Edmonds and others) for seditious conspiracy. On 24 Feb. 1827 he succeeded to the seat on the exchequer bench vacant by the resignation of Sir [q. v.] On 24 Nov. 1828 he was knighted, and on 30 June 1831 he was sworn of the privy council. On 27 April 1834 he was transferred to the court of common pleas. Vaughan was one of the judges to whom, in the case of Harding v. Pollock, on appeal to the House of Lords in 1829, was referred the moot point whether the right of appointing clerks of the peace for a county was vested in the custos rotulorum of the county or in the crown, and on 18 May gave his opinion in favour of the crown. He was also consulted by the committee of privileges in the Camoys peerage case in 1839 as to the rules regulating the determination of abeyances, and concurred in the judgment delivered by Chief-justice Tindal. He died at his seat, Eastbury Lodge, near Watford, Hertfordshire, on 25 Sept. 1839. His remains were interred in the burial-ground belonging to the parish of Wistow, Leicestershire. A mural tablet to his memory was placed in Wistow church by his brother, Sir [q. v.] His portrait, by Pickersgill, is in the Leicester town-hall; another is at Wistow Hall.

Vaughan married twice: first, on 20 Dec. 1803, Augusta (d. 1813), second daughter of Henry Beauchamp, twelfth baron St. John of Bletsho; secondly, on 4 Aug. 1823, Louisa (d. 1860), eldest daughter of Sir Charles William Rouse-Boughton, bart., widow of St. Andrew, thirteenth baron St. John of Bletsho. By his first wife he was father of [q. v.], of another son, and four daughters; by his second wife a son and a daughter.

VAUGHAN, RICE (fl. 1650), legal writer, was the son and heir of Henry Vaughan of Machynlleth, Montgomeryshire. He was admitted to Gray's Inn on 13 Aug. 1638 (, Register of Admissions to Gray's Inn). In 1651 he published, with a dedication to parliament, ‘A Plea for the Common Laws of England’ (London, 16mo), a pamphlet in answer to ‘A Good Work for a Good Magistrate,’ published by [q. v.] He died in or shortly before 1672, in which year his ‘Practica Walliæ,’ a guide to the practice of an attorney in the Welsh courts, was published posthumously, London, 12mo.

He was also the author of ‘A Discourse of Coin and Coinage,’ published in 1675 (London, 12mo), and edited by his relative, Henry Vaughan, who is identified in the British Museum ‘Catalogue’ with ‘Silurist’ [q. v.] It is a brief but somewhat interesting treatise on the origin of money, the debasement of coinage, and the relations of the precious metals.

VAUGHAN, RICHARD (1550?–1607), bishop successively of Bangor, Chester, and London, born about 1550 at Nyffryn in Llyn, Carnarvonshire, was second son of Thomas ap Robert Vychan or Vaughan of that place, by his wife, a member of the Griffin family (, Heraldic Visitation, ii. 183). He was related to John Aylmer, bishop of London, and it was probably through his influence that Vaughan was sent to Cambridge. He matriculated as a sizar of St. John's College on 16 Nov. 1569, and had as tutor [q. v.] On 6 Nov. 1573 he was admitted a scholar on the Lady Margaret's foundation; he graduated B.A. in 1573–4, M.A. in 1577, B.D. before 1588, and was created D.D. in 1589 (, St. John's College, ed. Mayor, i. 254–5). Soon after graduating M.A. Vaughan became chaplain to Bishop Aylmer,


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198 This was bad enough, but there was worse to come; his violence and language towards her were so intolerable that she was constrained to appeal to the justices of the peace, who ordered him to allow her forty shillings a week. This, after a time, he refused to pay, unless she would grant him an acquittance. All this is stated in the lady's plea to obtain a divorce in 1631-2. He also called her bad names before the justices, "she being a vertuous and a chaste lady"—a pretty scene in the court at Tavistock for the citizens to witness and listen to.

"He gave directions to one of his servantes to burn horse-haire, wooll, feathers and parings of horse hoofes, and to cause the smoke to goe into the ladye's chamber, through an hole made in the plaistering out of the kitchen. He broke up her chamber doore, and came into her chamber at night with a sword drawn. That for the key of his closett which she had taken away and denyed to give him, he tooke hold of her petty coate and tore it, and threw her upon the ground, being with childe, and, as one witness deposeth, made her eye blacke and blewe."

Sir Richard, on his side, complained, "That they had lived quietly together for the space of two years, and till they came to this Court. … That she hath often carried herself unseemly both in wordes and deedes, and sunge unseemly songs to his face to provoke him, and bid him goe to such a woman and such a woman, and called him a poore rogue and pretty fellow, and said he was not worth ten groates when she married him; that she would make him creepe to her, and that she had good friends in London would beare her out of it. That she swore the peace against him without cause, and then asked him, ’Art thou not a pretty fellow to be bound to the good behaviour?'


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Rh Then she said he was an ugly fellow, and when he was once gone from home, she said, ’The Devill and sixpence goe with him, and soe shall he lacke neither money nor company!' That she said such a one was a honester man than her husband, and loved Cuttofer (George Cutteford, her steward) better than him. That there were holes made in the kitchen wall by the lady or her daughter (i.e. Mary Howard), that he gave direction that they should be stopped up, that she might not harken to what the servants said in the kitchen, that she had ten roomes at pleasure, and had whatsoever in the house she would desire. That she locked him into his closett and tooke away the key, and it is true he endeavoured to take away the key from her, and hurt his thumb and rent her pocket."

Sir Richard certainly comes out best in the case. She was a woman of insuperable pride, and with a violent temper and abusive, insulting tongue. Having fled from Fitzford, and taken refuge with the family of the Earl of Suffolk, Sir Richard for a while breathed free, and rejoiced at her absence, till the tenants refused to pay rent into his hands, whereupon he found himself without money; her pre-nuptial settlement was put in force, and the trustees required the tenants to pay their rents to them. To return to Clarendon. "This begat a suit in Chancery between Sir Richard Grenville and the Earl of Suffolk, before the Lord Coventry, who found the conveyance in Law to be so firm, that he could not only not relieve Sir Richard Grenville in equity, but that in justice he must decree the land to the Earl, which he did. This very sensible mortification transported him so much, that being a man who used to speak bitterly of those he did not love, after all endeavours to engage the Earl in a personal conflict, he revenged himself upon him in such opprobrious


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200 language as the Government and justice of that time would not permit to pass unpunished; and the Earl appealed for reparation to the Court of the Star Chamber, where Sir Richard was decreed to pay three thousand pounds to the King, who gave the fine likewise to the Earl; so that Sir Richard was committed to the prison of the Fleet in execution for the whole six thousand pounds, which at that time was thought by all men to be a very severe and rigorous decree, and drew a general compassion towards the unhappy gentleman.

"For some years Sir Richard endured this imprisonment, which made him the more bitter against his wife; he at length escaped his captivity, and fled beyond seas. There he remained till the great change in England having caused many decrees of the Star Chamber to be repealed, and the persons awarded to pay penalties absolved, he came home and petitioned to be heard in mitigation of his case. Before this came on, the rebellion broke out in Ireland." The proceedings for a divorce were taken by Lady Grenville against her husband whilst he was a prisoner in the Fleet, no doubt acting on the advice of the Earl of Suffolk, elder brother of her late husband; and it was whilst she was in London at his house that her second daughter, Elizabeth, was born. The court after hearing arguments from counsel, decreed divorce a mensa et thoro, but that one-half of her means should be paid to Sir Richard annually. In August of the same year (1632), a commission was sent to Fitzford to search the house, as Sir Richard was suspected of clipping the current coin and of coining as well. Sir F. Drake and William Strode visited the house, but notice of their coming had in some way been given. They thoroughly searched "tronkes, chests and cabinetts," and closely examined Mrs. Abbott, Sir Richard's aunt


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Can we cast off all fear, negation, failure, worry, poverty and disease? Can we reach those mental and spiritual heights which at present appear unattainable? To these eternal questions, the answers given by Edwin J. Dingle, Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, are unusual. He reveals the story of a remarkable system of mind and body control that often leads to almost unbelievable improvement in power of mind, achievement of business and professional success, and new happiness. Many report improvement in health. Others tell of magnetic personality, courage and poise.

The method was found in remote and mysterious Tibet, formerly a forbidden country, rarely visited by outsiders, and often called the land of miracles in the astounding books written about it. Here, behind the highest mountains in the world, Mr. Dingle learned the extraordinary system he is now disclosing to the Western World.

He maintains that all of us are giants in strength and mind-power, capable of surprising feats. From childhood, however, we are hypnotized, our powers put to sleep, by the suggestions of associates, by what we read, and by various other experiences. To realize their really marvelous powers, men and women must escape from this hypnotism. The method found by Mr. Dingle in Tibet is said to be remarkably instrumental in freeing the mind of the hypnotizing ideas that paralyze the giant powers within us.

A nine-thousand word treatise revealing many startling results of this system is now being offered by the Institute of Mentalphysics, 213 South Hobart Blvd., Dept. 38E, Los Angeles, Calif. They offer to send it free to any readers who quickly send their names and addresses. Readers are urged to write them promptly, as only a limited number of the free treatises have been printed.


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Vannes, Peter


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Van Nost, John


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Van Rymsdyk, Jan


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Vans, Patrick


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Vansittart, George Henry


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Vansittart, Henry (1732-1770)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Vansittart, Henry (1777-1843)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Vansittart, Nicholas


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Vansittart, Robert


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 Rh Yet Geffrard had met with some reverses. Defeated by the French he was compelled to evacuate Anse-à-Veau and Miragoane and to take shelter in the mountains, where he reorganized his forces. However, he was soon able once more to assume the offensive; and on the 5th of March, 1803, he was in the plain of Cayes, where he met Férou. He immediately set about obtaining the acknowledgment of the authority of Dessalines as Commander-in-Chief. Unity of command prevailed thus in the Southern province without any trouble. It was soon established also in the North and in the West.

From Artibonite Dessalines proceeded to Port-de-Paix, where his authority was acknowledged without demur by Capois whom he appointed brigadier-general. Romain and Yayou were still under Sans-Souci's command. Dessalines appointed both brigadier-generals and placed the former at the head of the arrondissement of Limbé and the latter in command of Grande-Rivière. In order to win over Sans-Souci's last remaining officers he conferred the rank of colonel on Petit Noel Prieur, who became Commandant of the Place of Dondon belonging to the arrondissement which was under Christopher's authority. After this Dessalines went up into the mountains of Grande-Rivière, where he met Sans-Souci, who, being deprived of the help of his principal followers, was compelled to acknowledge the authority of the Commander-in-Chief of the native army.

Having settled all things to his satisfaction, Dessalines returned to the Artibonite. But Christophe had not forgotten his old quarrel with Sans-Souci. Considering the moment propitious for ridding himself of his enemy, he invited him to an interview on the Grandpré plantation, and there murdered him. Petit Noel and his followers rose up at once in order to avenge the death of their former leader. Christophe was compelled to flee; and Paul Louverture, who endeavored to pacify Sans-Souci's avengers, was beheaded by them. Dessalines arrived with a strong body of soldiers and


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Van Somer, Paul


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Van Son, Jan Frans


text: Weird Tales/Volume 36/Issue 1

title: Weird Tales/Volume 36/Issue 1


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Van Straubenzee, Charles Thomas


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Rh "who had the rule of the house." Pincers, holdfasts, files "smoothe and ruffe," one of which had been employed for yellow metal, were found, and the servants admitted that they had melted silver lace, etc. All this, though suspicious, was not conclusive, and the charge was not pressed. On 17 October, 1633, Sir Richard escaped from the Fleet and entered the Swedish service in Germany. Nothing is heard of him again till 1639. During these seven years his emancipated wife lived in various places, for the first four or five years with the Earl of Suffolk, and afterwards at her own house in London. She had thrown off her name of Grenville and resumed that of Howard.

Theophilus, Earl of Suffolk, was born in 1584, and was married to Lady Elizabeth Hume, who died in 1533, the year after the divorce. To this period probably belongs an episode that is shrouded in mystery. Lady Howard had a son, George Howard, when born is not recorded.

He is first mentioned in 1644 in a petition made by his mother to the King, and then and afterwards is alluded to as Lady Howard's son. He certainly was not the son of Sir Charles Howard, for seven years after that gentleman's death, in 1628, it is stated, in his wife's pleading before the Court of Chancery, that Sir Charles died "without heires male, leaving only twoe daughters, Elizabeth and Mary." It is a curious fact that none of the contemporary writers who mention Lady Howard make any aspersions on her morals. That George passed in Tavistock as the son of Sir Charles is certain, but it is just as certain that he was not this. We cannot but suspect a liaison with Theophilus, Earl of Suffolk, in whose house Lady Howard continued to live after the death of his wife. In the confusion of the Civil Wars, and the distraction


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Van Voerst, Robert


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 140 dispersed Petit Noel's followers. Henceforth his authority was securely established in the North. In the West Lamour Dérance still remained in open defiance, but every means was employed in the hope of subduing him.

In the mean time, Pétion, Christophe, Clervaux, and Vernet were appointed by Dessalines major-generals, thus completing the organization of his army. The whole French portion of the island was now devastated by fire and sword.

In the North, Rochambeau, profiting by the reinforcements he had just received from France, despatched General Clauzel against Port-de-Paix, which Capois was forced to evacuate. But the fearless black General redeemed his defeat by storming the Petit-Fort, where he captured the ammunition of which he was in great need. Capois, surnamed Capois-la-Mort by reason of his indomitable courage, now conceived one of those plans the temerity of which alone illustrates the spirit of the soldiers of the war of independence. He decided to attack Tortuga Island. But how to reach this island without ships was the difficult problem. For this lack he made up by building a raft consisting merely of planks held together with lianes. On the night of February 18, 1803, 150 soldiers under the command of Vincent Louis were huddled together on this frail means of transport in tow of two row-boats. They fell unexpectedly on the garrison of Tortuga and for a while seemed to be the conquerors. But the French, who soon got over their surprise, rallied, and owing to their superior forces defeated Vincent Louis, who succeeded in making his escape with some of his companions. The unfortunate blacks who were taken prisoners were tortured to death in expiation of the audacious attempt.

This failure did not discourage the untiring energy of Capois. On April 12, 1803, he stormed Port-de-Paix, and soon after Vincent Louis on his raft was again on his way to Tortuga. He succeeded this time


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Varlo, Charles


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Vashon, James


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Vassall, John


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Vassall, Samuel


text:
Category:Weird Tales

Weird Tales was a pulp magazine specialising in "weird fiction" (including horror, fantasy and science fiction).

title: Category:Weird Tales


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Vaughan, Benjamin


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Vaughan, Charles John


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 Rh in taking possession of the island, which the French never recovered.

In the vicinity of Cap-Français the struggle was very fierce. Romain tried twice to storm the town, but failed. On his side Toussaint-Brave captured and then lost Fort-Liberté.

In the South one event was succeeding the other with great rapidity. After establishing his headquarters at Gerard, Geffrard pushed on with his military operations. Nothing could stop the enthusiasm of the people. In every encounter the French were routed. The insurgents occupied successively Anse-à-Veau, Miragoane, Petit-Trou, Saint-Michel, Aquin, Saint-Louis, Cavaillon; all the coast line up to Tiburon was in their power.

In order more easily to suppress the insurrection in the South, Rochambeau took up his abode at Port-au-Prince. Instead of gaining new laurels he daily debased himself with new crimes. By his order Madame Paul Louverture and her son Jean-Pierre Louverture were drowned in the harbor of Cap-Français. The executioners spared neither age nor sex. Sixteen native officers were left on an islet where they were tied to the trees; defenseless against the stings of all kinds of insects they suffered the slow and terrible agony of starving to death.

On his arrival at Port-au-Prince (March 20, 1803) Rochambeau heard that Petit-Goave had just fallen in Lamarre's power and that Léogane was threatened by Cangé. The troops he despatched succeeded in ridding Léogane of the enemies who surrounded it. But General Neterwood failed at Petit-Goave. In trying to storm the fort where Lamarre was intrenched the French General fell mortally wounded and his soldiers fled in great disorder.

The natives were steadily gaining ground. Pétion


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Vaughan, Charles Richard


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Vaughan, Griffith


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202 of men's minds from family scandals to events of public import, it would have been quite possible for Lady Howard to mislead the Tavistock people as to the true parentage of her son George. The Earl was by no means an old man when the Countess died, in fact, was aged forty-nine years.

During the seven years of Sir Richard's absence, Lady Howard wrote many letters to her steward Cutteford, who occupied Walreddon and managed her estates in Devon and Cornwall. Whether it was intended as humour or not we cannot say, but she invariably addressed her agent as "Guts," "Honest Guts," "Good Guts," and once "Froward Guts," and almost every letter was for money. In all the seven years since the decree of divorce, Sir Richard had certainly not received one penny of the sum allotted to him to be paid annually from his wife's income, and when he returned to England in 1639 he carried his cause before the King's Council, and claimed of the Earl of Suffolk arrears to the amount of £12,656.

A committee was appointed to hear Sir Richard's cause, in December, 1640, and so hopeful was he of success, that he actually went down to Fitzford, turned out the caretakers, and installed his aunt there again. Lady Howard wrote to her steward in "a very great distraction" on hearing of these proceedings. But before his case was decided, he was sent by the King to Ireland in command of a troop, and arrived in Dublin in March, 1641-2. He remained in Ireland for more than a year, and earned distinction as a commander. On his return, he learned that the King, who was at Oxford, was short of money, and that the Parliament in London had plenty. He had not been paid for his services in Ireland, so he rode to where the money bags were, assumed the Puritan cant and nasal twang,


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Vaughan, Henry (1587?-1659?)


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 142 was holding his own at L'Arcahaie, where he had established his headquarters. In the beginning of June, 1803, Dessalines had stormed Mirebalais; and his army, like an irresistible torrent, broke into the plain of Cul-de-Sac, which was devastated by fire. Port-au-Prince was, in consequence, in great straits as to procuring needed provisions. These successes were gained in spite of the reinforcements which from time to time France was sending to Saint-Domingue. And the rupture of the peace of Amiens came in time to strengthen the cause of the natives. In May, 1803, France was again at war with England; therefore the French forces in Saint-Domingue could no longer rely on the least help from the mother country; and in addition to this yellow fever reappeared: the last flicker of the French dominion was about to be extinguished. When in July, 1803, the first English men-of-war began to harass the French ships on the coasts of Saint-Domingue, Dessalines saw his opportunity to deliver the decisive blow. But Lamour Dérance still refused to acknowledge his authority; he had assumed an independence detrimental to the uniformity of the military operations. Colonel Philippe Guerrier was therefore instructed to arrest him. Lamour Dérance, invited to come and inspect the Colonel's regiment, accepted the invitation confidently, relying on his influence, and was thus caught in the trap into which his credulity led him. Once among Guerrier's soldiers he was arrested without any trouble; he was afterward sent on the Marchand


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Vaughan, Henry (1622-1695)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Vaughan, Henry Halford


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Vaughan, John (1603-1674)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Vaughan, John (1748?-1795)


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 Rh plantation, where he died soon after. Henceforth the native army had but one chief—Dessalines. There was no longer any hindrance in its way.

Dessalines, who in the mean time had left for the South, proceeded to organize the forces of that province; it was put under the command of Geffrard, who was promoted to the rank of major-general. Gérin, Jean-Louis-François, Coco Herne, and Férou were respectively appointed Commandants of the arrondissements of Anse-à-Veau, Aquin, Cayes, and Jérémie.

Dessalines chose for his secretary Boisrond-Tonnerre, the future author of the Act of Independence.

Without losing time the Commander-in-Chief returned to the Western province. The French had just lost Léogane, which Cangé had stormed. From Léogane Dessalines marched to Jacmel, the siege of which he organized; he then proceeded to Petit-Goave, and from there returned to Cul-de-Sac. On his passage he had created four new regiments. Untiring in his activity, he possessed entire control of everything and missed no opportunity to further the success of his cause. He held friendly intercourse with the officers of the British men-of-war which were blockading various ports of Saint-Domingue; in this way he was able to procure arms and ammunition, always scarce in the camp of the natives.

Whilst Dessalines was everywhere communicating his ardor and his faith to all around him, Rochambeau had returned to Cap-Français, where he centred his forces in view of the decisive struggle. At that time the French army numbered 18,000 men, including officers and privates. To avenge its reverses, the chief continued to commit incredible atrocities. Placide Justin gives the following account of an encounter which took place at l'Acul: "The attack began with great fury; and for a while the blacks retreated; but they soon assumed the offensive and repelled the enemy, who retreated with heavy losses; at night they


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Vaughan, John (1769-1839)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Vaughan, Rice


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Rh his great service, and protested his desire to quit the "Tents of Shem and cast in his lot with the righteous," i.e. to desert the royal cause. The Parliament was delighted, he was at once paid all arrears, was made a major-general of horse in the Parliamentary army, with a regiment of five hundred horse, and power to choose his own officers. On 2 March, 1643-4, he set out with his regiment, riding through London amidst the plaudits of the citizens. His banner was carried in front, displaying a map of England and Wales on a crimson ground, with "England bleeding" in golden letters across the top. The regiment rode on as far as Bagshot, when a halt was called. Then Sir Richard harangued the officers and men, set forth the sinfulness of fighting against their anointed King, and concluded by inviting them to follow him to Oxford, to fight for the King instead of against him. The officers, whom he had not failed to pick out from among his most trusty friends and dependents, all cheerfully assented, and followed by most of his soldiers, Sir Richard rode straight to Oxford and presented himself to the King at the head of a well-equipped troop, and placed his sword at His Majesty's disposal. The Parliament, duped, was furious, a price was set on Sir Richard's head, and he was hanged in effigy. A Proclamation was issued, declaring him "traytor, rogue, villain and skellum"—this last word was deemed so appropriate that henceforth he was known as Skellum Grenville. William Lilly, the astrologer, refers to him when he says: "Have we another Red Fox like Sir R. G. acting his close devotions to do our Army mischief? Let's be wary!"

Sir Richard being now in high favour with the King made petition to be given his wife's estates in Devonshire, on the ground that her continued residence in


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 144 were masters of the battlefield. During the day the French had taken about 1,500 prisoners in the camp of the blacks. The French General ordered that the unfortunate native soldiers be at once put to death. A great number of the victims of this cruelty did not die immediately; they were left in a mutilated state too horrible to be described. Their agonizing cries and groans broke the silence of the night; they could be heard at a great distance." Here is the statement made by Marcus Rainsford, late Captain of the Third West India Regiment (An Historical Account of the Black Empire of Hayti; London, 1805), of the affair of L'Acul (pp. 336-338):

"Rochambeau began the attack with impetuosity, and the blacks for a short time gave way, but on his endeavoring to push the advantage, they repulsed him with loss, when the day closed. In penetrating the black line the French had secured a number of prisoners, and on them they determined to wreak the vengeance of which they were disappointed in the battle. Whether this determination arose from an idea that the part of the French wing which had been cut off were already absolutely sacrificed, or from the mistaken policy of extermination, cannot here be determined, but the unhappy victims were, without the smallest consideration for their own men who were prisoners in the black camp, immediately put to death. As they were not carefully exterminated, many were left in a mutilated state during the whole of the night, whose moans and shrieks were heard at a distance around the spot sufficiently loud to excite a sensation of horror throughout the country. The black commander, when acquainted with the case, although the maxim of the benevolent Toussaint, not to retaliate, had been hitherto followed up, could no longer forbear; he immediately caused a number of gibbets to be formed, selected the officers whom he had taken, and supplying the deficiency with privates, had them tied up in every direction by break of day, in sight of the French camp, who dared not to interfere. The blacks then sallied forth with the most astonishing vigor and regularity, raised the very camp, threw the whole line in disorder, and drove the French army close to the walls of Cap-Français. Such was the retaliation produced by this sanguinary measure; a retaliation the justice of which, however it is lamented, cannot be called in question."

James Franklin (The Present State of Haiti: London, 1828) confirms Rainsford's statement.

Rochambeau's cruelty became so revolting that two of his companions, the French Generals Clauzel and Thouvenot, thought of securing "the person of this madman and of sending him to Europe in order to rid the colony of his presence." But the Captain-General discovered the conspiracy, the authors of which


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204 London made her a rebel. The King, with monstrous injustice, granted what was asked, and at once a fortnight after his having marched out of London he arrived in Tavistock, with powers from the King to take possession of all his wife's estates. Armed with a warrant from Prince Maurice, then quartered at Tavistock, Sir Richard threw Cutteford and his wife and son into prison, and proceeded to plunder his house, and scrape together what money he could from the tenants. Plymouth was at this time invested by the Royal army; Sir Richard was placed in command, and he remained there till the approach of Essex with a large army compelled him to retreat into Cornwall with his troops, leaving only a few soldiers in his wife's house, Fitzford, to defend it.

Essex was not slow to avail himself of the chance of punishing Skellum Grenville—the Red Fox—and his own regiment and another proceeded to Fitzford, and after damaging it with cannon, compelled the garrison of one hundred and eighty to lay down their arms. Those who agreed to take the Covenant, about sixty, were enrolled in the Parliamentary army, the rest were detained as prisoners. The house was given up to plunder. There was in it "excellent pillage for the soldiers, even at least £3000 in money and plate, and other provisions in great quantity."

Unhappily, the plate, the money, the furniture, the provisions did not belong to Skellum Grenville at all, but to Lady Howard, accounted a Parliamentarian. They were his by usurpation only. After the defeat of Essex in Cornwall, the King gave Sir Richard all the Earl of Bedford's estates and those of Sir Francis Drake, and he resumed command at the siege of Plymouth. He was made Sheriff of Devon in the same year, 1645, and his exactions were great, both as


text:
The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Achenwall, Gottfried

ACHENWALL, Gottfried, ä′ʜen-väl, got′frēd, German statistician: b. Elbing, 20 Oct. 1719; d. Göttingen, 1 May 1772. He studied at Jena, Halle and Leipzig, and became professor, of philosophy, and later of law at Göttingen. In economics he belongs to the school of “moderate mercantilists”; but it is in statistics that he holds a really high place. The work by which he is best known is his ‘Constitution of the Present Leading European States’ (1752). In this he gives a comprehensive view of the constitutions of the various countries, describes the condition of their agriculture, manufactures and commerce, and frequently supplies statistics in relation to these subjects. German economists claim for him the title of “Father of Statistics”; but English writers dispute this, asserting that it ignores the prior claims of Petty and other earlier writers on the subject. He gave currency to the term Staatswissenschaft (politics), which he proposed should mean all the knowledge necessary to statecraft or statesmanship.


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Rh sheriff and as the "King's General in the West." But he was not a man to behave with moderation; he speedily abused all these favours, and his acts were so notoriously tyrannical and cruel that they were formally brought as charges against him before the Council, where he was summoned to appear in person and answer for his misdeeds whilst governor of Lydford Castle. One instance of his cruelty deserves particular notice, as it shows the bitterness wherewith he recollected his quarrels with his wife. During the time of her proceedings against him in Chancery she employed an attorney-at-law whose name was Brabant; he bore the character of being an honest man, and loyal to the King. He lived somewhere in this part of Devonshire. Many years elapsed since the decision of that suit against him, before Sir Richard became a man of so much importance by his high military command in the west. No sooner did Brabant learn the news of his arrival, than, well knowing he was not of a disposition to forget or forgive an old adversary, Brabant judged it prudent to keep as much as possible out of the way. Having occasion, however, to make a journey that would take him near Sir Richard's quarters, he disguised himself as well as he could and put on a montero cap. Sir Richard, who probably had been on the watch to catch him, notwithstanding all these precautions, received intelligence of the movements of the man of law. He caused him to be intercepted on his road, made prisoner, and brought before him. In vain did Brabant protest that he was journeying on no errand but his own private affairs; for Sir Richard affecting, on account of his montero cap, to believe him to be a spy, without a council of war, or any further inquiry, ordered the luckless lawyer to be hanged on the spot. The offences of Sir Richard were


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 120 Surpassing his chief's perfidy, General Brunet, on June 7, addressed the following letter to Toussaint:

"Here is the time for you, citizen General, to make known to the Commander-in-Chief that those who are trying to give him false ideas concerning your good faith are vile slanderers, and that your only aim is to restore order and quiet in the parish where you are living. You must assist me in securing free communication on the highway leading to Cap-Français; since yesterday this highway has become unsafe, three persons have been murdered between Ennery and Cap-Français by a band of about fifty ruffians. Send to these bloodthirsty men trustworthy and well-paid emissaries; the money will be refunded to you.

"There are, my dear General, some arrangements I would like to make with you, but which cannot be settled by mail; a conference of one hour will bring the matter to a close. Were I not so exhausted by stress of business, I would to-day have brought my answer to you; but I am unable to go out; come; if you have recovered your health, let it be to-morrow. One must never delay éhenwhen [sic] one can do good. You will not find in my country home all the attractions I would like to gather there in order to welcome you; but you will find in my house the sincerity of an honest man [galant homme], whose best wishes are for the prosperity of the colony and your own happiness.

"If Madame Toussaint, whose acquaintance I would like to make, could accompany you, I would be very glad. If she want horses I will send her mine.

"I will say again, General, you will never find a more sincere friend than I. Have confidence in the Captain-General, and friendship for those who are his subordinates, and you will enjoy peace.

"Cordially yours, "BRUNET." "P.S. Your servant, who is going to


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206 so gross that he was sent a prisoner to St. Michael's Mount, in Cornwall; but on the approach of the Parliamentary army he was allowed to escape on 3 March, 1645-6. He sailed to Brest, and joined his son at Nantes.

Lady Howard, so soon as she heard that Sir Richard was out of England, hastened down to Fitzford, where she found that her steward was dead and her mansion wrecked. When the country was somewhat more peaceful she brought down to it from London her furniture, books, and plate, and set to work to repair the damage that the house had sustained. Her son, George Howard, was with her and managed her affairs eventually, not at first, for if he were born in 1634 he would be still a child.

Sir Richard Grenville and his son Richard wandered about the Continent till 1647, when he formed the rash intention to return to London. What induced him to take this desperate step can only be conjectured. Perhaps he had money in London, which it was only possible to secure personally; possibly he may have desired to get possession of his daughter Elizabeth and take her abroad with him, rightly conjecturing that her mother had no affection, but the contrary, for a child of his. Indeed, it is probable that the tradition of Lady Howard's persistent hatred displayed towards one of her daughters pertains to this Elizabeth Grenville.

There must have been some very strong reason for Sir Richard's venturing to England, for he knew perfectly in what estimation he was held by the Puritans. He disguised himself, cutting his hair short and wearing "a very large periwigg hanging on his shoulders," and blackening his foxy-red beard with a lead comb, so that "none would know him but by his voyse."


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Rh {| style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto; width: 80%;" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"

is titled—
 * style="width: 35%; border-left:0px solid;"| || rowspan="2" style="width: 30%;"|WeirdTalesv36n1pg025 Weird Tales Witch's Hour.png || style="width: 35%; border-right:0px solid;"|
 * style="border-left:3px darkgray solid; border-top:3px darkgray solid;"| || style="border-right:3px darkgray solid; border-top:3px darkgray solid;"|
 * colspan="3" style="border-left:3px darkgray solid; border-right:3px darkgray solid;" |FROM THE WITCH'S TALE—the highly popular, ultra-shivery broadcast which chilled radio listeners from coast to coast—to WEIRD TALES, the Unique Magazine…comes a story specially adapted for our pages by that famous program's author and director, Alonzo Dean Cole. It's in your next issue. This story, a prime favorite with the radio audience,
 * colspan="3" style="border-left:3px darkgray solid; border-right:3px darkgray solid;" |FROM THE WITCH'S TALE—the highly popular, ultra-shivery broadcast which chilled radio listeners from coast to coast—to WEIRD TALES, the Unique Magazine…comes a story specially adapted for our pages by that famous program's author and director, Alonzo Dean Cole. It's in your next issue. This story, a prime favorite with the radio audience,
 * colspan="3" style="border-left:3px darkgray solid; border-right:3px darkgray solid;" |FROM THE WITCH'S TALE—the highly popular, ultra-shivery broadcast which chilled radio listeners from coast to coast—to WEIRD TALES, the Unique Magazine…comes a story specially adapted for our pages by that famous program's author and director, Alonzo Dean Cole. It's in your next issue. This story, a prime favorite with the radio audience,
 * colspan="3" style="border-left:3px darkgray solid; border-right:3px darkgray solid;" |
 * colspan="3" style="border-left:3px darkgray solid; border-right:3px darkgray solid;" |—you may remember it. Set against the background of a sultry Indian Summer—the Moon of Falling Leaves, of dying things—is the drama of two ruthless murderers who defy the terrible Neebanawbaigs…ancient Indian gods of the Holy lake. Was it at the bidding of these Old Ones that slime—loathsome, hideously green—rose from the lake's dreadiul depths to exact monstrous vengeance…?
 * colspan="3" style="border-bottom:1px black solid; border-left:3px darkgray solid; border-right:3px darkgray solid;" |
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text: Index:The Confidence Man.djvu

title: Index:The Confidence Man.djvu


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Rh How he fared in England we know not; he did secure his daughter and escaped with his life to Holland, but of his son we hear nothing more, and it is possible that he met his death while in England.

Lord Lansdowne, in his Vindication of his uncle, says, "His only son, unluckily falling afterwards into whose hands, was hanged."

In 1652 Sir Richard Grenville, being in the Low Countries, seized goods belonging to the Earl of Suffolk that were at Bruges, to the value of £27,000, as some abatement of the debt he considered was due to him out of Lady Howard's estate.

In 1655 that lady's son, George Howard, married Mistress Burnby, and by her had a son George who died young, and he had no more children, so that with this child died his grandmother's hopes of a descendant in the male line. If George Howard, the father, were born in 1634, he would have been one-and-twenty when he married.

Sir Richard Grenville died at Ghent about 1659, attended by his daughter Elizabeth, who shortly after married a privateer captain named Lennard, who cruised the Channel stopping and plundering English vessels, on the principle that all who did not fight for King Charles were his enemies and the enemies of his country. He was taken prisoner 8 February, 1659-60, and only escaped being hanged by the Restoration. He was set at liberty and given the post of captain of the Black Horse at Tilbury; but he did not long enjoy the post, as he died in 1665.

Something must now be said about this daughter, Elizabeth Grenville, concerning whom tradition has a good deal to say, but it is unsupported by documentary evidence.

The story is that Lady Howard hated the child with


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208 a deadly hate as the offspring of the plague of her life, Sir Richard Grenville. As she was unkind to it, a lady carried it away, and without the knowledge of the mother brought it up as her own. In after years this lady introduced Elizabeth to her mother under a fictitious name, and Lady Howard became quite attached to her. Seeing this, the lady revealed to her who the young girl was. At this Lady Howard started to her feet, her eyes flaming with rage, and drove Elizabeth from her presence.

A few years passed, and this Elizabeth Grenville made another attempt to see and soften her mother. She went to her at Walreddon, but when Lady Howard saw her she rushed from the room up the stairs pursued by her daughter, who implored her to stay and hear and love her. Elizabeth clung to her mother's dress on the landing, as Lady Howard passed into one of the upper rooms. The unnatural mother swung back the door with such violence that it broke her daughter's arm. If this took place at all it was probably before Elizabeth departed for the Continent with her father, when she was aged sixteen. She never after met her mother.

Lady Howard was getting on in life; her son George lived with her at Fitzford and managed her property. Feeling old age creeping on, she by deed made over all her estates to him, in the hopes that when she was gone he would live on in her ancestral home. But in the prime of life George Howard died on 17 September, 1671. To his mother the shock was so great that she did not recover from it, and she also died, just one month after him. Hearing that she was ill, her first cousin, Sir William Courtenay, hurried to her bedside, and gained such power over Lady Howard as to induce her to make a will leaving all her possessions to him,


text: Haiti: Her History and Her Detractors/Part I: Chapter VIII


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 THE

HIS MASQUERADE.

BY

HERMAN MELVILLE, AUTHOR OF "PIAZZA TALES," "OMOO," "TYPEE," ETC., ETC.

NEW YORK:

DIX, EDWARDS & CO., 321 BROADWAY.

1857.

title: Page:The Confidence Man.djvu/9


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Rh to the exclusion of her daughters. Mary Howard, married to one Vernon, was to be given £500 within four years after her decease, and £1000 to her daughter Elizabeth, married to Captain Lennard, to be paid within two years, and £20 within one year; but should she protest against the will, then what she was to receive would be reduced to £20. The will was signed on 14 October, 1671, and she died on the seventeenth of the same month. "This is the one action of Lady Howard's life," says Mrs. Radford, "that seems to have shocked her contemporaries. They have not a word to say against her moral character; but she disinherited her children. Could anything be more dreadful?"

Walreddon to the present day belongs to the Earl of Devon; but Fitzford was sold in 1750 to the Duke of Bedford.

Lady Howard was a person of strong will and imperious temper, and left a deep and lasting impression on the people of Tavistock. Mrs. Bray collected several traditions relative to her, which she published in her Notes to Fitz, of Fitzford, in 1828. She bore the reputation of having been hard-hearted in her lifetime. For some crime she had committed (nobody knew what), she was said to be doomed to run in the shape of a hound from the gateway of Fitzford to Okehampton Park, between the hours of midnight and cock-crowing, and to return with a single blade of grass in her mouth to the place whence she had started; and this she was to do till every blade was picked, when the world would be at an end.

"Dr. Jago, the clergyman of Milton Abbot, however, told me that occasionally she was said to ride in a coach of bones up West Street, Tavistock, towards the moor; and an old man of this place told a friend of mine the same story, adding that 'he had seen her


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text: The New International Encyclopædia/Comenius, Johann Amos


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 CONTENTS.

CHAPTER I.

CHAPTER II.

CHAPTER III.

CHAPTER IV.

CHAPTER V.

CHAPTER VI.

CHAPTER VII.

CHAPTER VIII.

CHAPTER IX.

CHAPTER X.

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iv CHAPTER XI.

CHAPTER XII.

CHAPTER XIII.

CHAPTER XIV.

CHAPTER XV.

CHAPTER XVI.

CHAPTER XVII.

CHAPTER XVIII.

CHAPTER XIX.

CHAPTER XX.

CHAPTER XXI.

CHAPTER XXII.

CHAPTER XXIII.

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210 scores of times.' A lady also who was once resident here, and whom I met in company, assured me that, happening many years before to pass the old gateway at Fitzford, as the church clock struck twelve, in returning from a party, she had herself seen the hound start."

When a child I heard the story, but somewhat varied, that Lady Howard drove nightly from Okehampton Castle to Launceston Castle in a black coach driven by a headless coachman, and preceded by a fire-breathing black hound; that when the coach stopped at a door, there was sure to be a death in that house the same night. There was a ballad about it, of which I can only recall fragments. Mr. Sheppard picked it up also at South Brent from old Helmore the miller; but being more concerned about the tune than the words, and thinking that I had the latter already, he did not trouble himself to take down the whole ballad.

In the first edition of Songs of the West, I gave the ballad reconstructed by me from the poor fragments that I recollected; and as such I give it here:— My ladye hath a sable coach, And horses two and four; My ladye hath a black blood-hound That runneth on before. My ladye's coach hath nodding plumes, The driver hath no head; My ladye is an ashen white, As one that long is dead.

"Now pray step in!" my ladye saith, "Now pray step in and ride." I thank thee, I had rather walk Than gather to thy side. The wheels go round without a sound, Or tramp or turn of wheels; As cloud at night, in pale moonlight, Along the carriage steals.


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Rh CHAPTER XXIV.

CHAPTER XXV.

CHAPTER XXVI.

CHAPTER XXVII.

CHAPTER XXVIII.

CHAPTER XXIX.

CHAPTER XXX.

CHAPTER XXXI.

CHAPTER XXXII.

CHAPTER XXXIII.

CHAPTER XXXIV.

CHAPTER XXXV.

CHAPTER XXXVI.

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vi CHAPTER XXXVII.

CHAPTER XXXVIII.

CHAPTER XXXIX.

CHAPTER XL.

CHAPTER XLI.

CHAPTER XLII.

CHAPTER XLIII.

CHAPTER XLIV.

CHAPTER XLV.

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Between 17° 55' and 20° north latitude, and between 71° and 77° west longitude from the meridian of Paris, lies the island which in the United States is often called "the mysterious Haiti."

Before the fifteenth century its inhabitants, numbering about one million, used to be relatively happy: the Old World was unaware even of their existence.

They were very tawny, rather small in stature, with long, black, and smooth hair. Simple in their manners, more indolent than active, they were contented with little; moreover, their wants were not very great.

The men and the girls wore no clothing; the women only had around their waists a cloth reaching to their knees. They supported themselves by fishing, hunting, and by raising corn and vegetables of an easy culture; from their cotton they made nets, hammocks, etc.; they took great pleasure in smoking the dried leaves of the tobacco plant. Polygamy was practiced.

Through the coarse ceremonies of their religion can be traced the idea of the immortality of the soul and the existence of a Supreme Being, whose mother, Mamona,


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 20 was especially worshipped. In the life to come the good would be rewarded; and in their Paradise they would meet once more their relatives, their friends, and principally many women. They held sacred a cavern whence, according to their belief, the Sun and Moon escaped and went to shine in Heaven. Every year they celebrated in that grotto a kind of public feast; the "Cacique" or one of the notables headed the procession of men and women marching to the place. The ceremony began with the offerings that the priests or "butios" presented to the gods or Zemes, whilst the women danced and sang the praises of the deities. Afterward prayers for the salvation and prosperity of the people were said. Then the "butios" distributed among the heads of the families pieces of cake, which they preserved with great care; these consecrated cakes, according to a belief the vestiges of which can be found even up to the present among some civilized nations, had the virtue of warding off all dangers and diseases.

Their gods were strangely typified; they took the form of toads, turtles, snakes, alligators, and of hideous human faces. The "butios" were at once soothsayers and doctors. By tradition and through personal observation they knew the power of many plants; the simples helped them to make cures; and the art of healing increased their prestige.

The aborigines called their island Quisqueya (big land) or Haiti (the hilly land). The authority was divided between five military chiefs or "caciques," each one independent of the others. The weapons of the


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 THE CONFIDENCE-MAN:

HIS MASQUERADE.

CHAPTER I.

sunrise on a first of April, there appeared, suddenly as Manco Capac at the lake Titicaca, a man in cream-colors, at the water-side in the city of St. Louis.

His cheek was fair, his chin downy, his hair flaxen, his hat a white fur one, with a long fleecy nap. He had neither trunk, valise, carpet-bag, nor parcel. No porter followed him. He was unaccompanied by friends. From the shrugged shoulders, titters, whispers, wonderings of the crowd, it was plain that he was, in the extremest sense of the word, a stranger.

In the same moment with his advent, he stepped aboard the favorite steamer Fidèle, on the point of starting for New Orleans. Stared at, but unsaluted, with the air of one neither courting nor shunning regard, but evenly pursuing the path of duty, lead it through solitudes or cities, he held on his way along

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Rh "Now pray step in!" my ladye saith, "Now prithee come to me." She takes the baby from the crib, She sits it on her knee. "Now pray step in!" my ladye saith, "Now pray step in and ride." Then deadly pale, in waving veil, She takes to her the bride.

"Now pray step in!" my ladye saith, "There's room I wot for you." She wav'd her hand, the coach did stand, The Squire within she drew. "Now pray step in!" my ladye saith, "Why shouldst thou trudge afoot?" She took the gaffer in by her, His crutches in the boot.

I'd rather walk a hundred miles, And run by night and day, Than have that carriage halt for me And hear my ladye say— "Now pray step in, and make no din, Step in with me to ride; There's room, I trow, by me for you, And all the world beside."

As a fact, Lady Howard did not have a carriage but a Sedan-chair. An inventory of her goods was taken at her death for probate, and this shows that she had no wheeled conveyance. The story of the Death Coach is probably a vague reminiscence of the Goddess of Death travelling over the world collecting human souls.

The authorities for the Life of Lady Howard are:—

Lord Lansdowne's Vindication of Sir Richard Grenville, printed in Holland, 1654, reprinted in Lord Lansdowne's Works, 1732; also Clarendon's History of the Great Rebellion, and Mrs. G. Radford's "Lady Howard, of Fitzford," in the Transactions of the Devonshire Association, 1890.


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 Rh people consisted of clubs, arrows, and wooden spears the sharp ends of which were hardened by fire. Often they had to protect and defend themselves against the attacks of their insular neighbors, the Caribs (Caraibes), who were cannibals.

The people enjoyed dancing to the beating of a drum. There were no public or private festivities without such dancing and singing. On the whole they were kind, polite, and merciful. Their good qualities caused their ruin.


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2 the lower deck until he chanced to come to a placard nigh the captain's office, offering a reward for the capture of a mysterious impostor, supposed to have recently arrived from the East; quite an original genius in his vocation, as would appear, though where in his originality consisted was not clearly given; but what purported to be a careful description of his person followed. As if it had been a theatre-bill, crowds were gathered about the announcement, and among them certain chevaliers, whose eyes, it was plain, were on the capitals, or, at least, earnestly seeking sight of them from behind intervening coats; but as for their fingers, they were enveloped in some myth; though, during a chance interval, one of these chevaliers somewhat showed his hand in purchasing from another chevalier, ex-officio a peddler of money-belts, one of his popular safe-guards, while another peddler, who was still another versatile chevalier, hawked, in the thick of the throng, the lives of Measan, the bandit of Ohio, Murrel, the pirate of the Mississippi, and the brothers Harpe, the Thugs of the Green River country, in Kentucky—creatures, with others of the sort, one and all exterminated at the time, and for the most part, like the hunted generations of wolves in the same regions, leaving comparatively few successors; which would seem cause for unalloyed gratulation, and is such to all except those who think that in new countries, where the wolves are killed off, the foxes increase.

Pausing at this spot, the stranger so far succeeded

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Translation:On the Composition of Velocities in the Theory of Relativity

by A..

has taught us to interpret the transformation as a "space-time rotation", i.e., as a transformation of the character of an ordinary rotation, not in space xyz but in the four-dimensional manifold of the magnitudes xyzl, where l = ict also means a length, namely the "light path" multiplied by the imaginary unit. If the primed reference frame carries out a translation of uniform velocity v in the direction of the x-axis, and β denotes the velocity ratio v/c, then the transformation equations are:

{{MathForm2|1)|$$\left.\begin{array}{lrl} x'= & x\ \cos\varphi+l\ \sin\varphi, & y'=y\\ l'= & -x\ \sin\varphi+l\ \cos\varphi, & z'=z\end{array}\right\} $$}}

and there exists a relation between the imaginary rotation angle $$\varphi$$ and the velocity ratio β:

I want to show by some examples, how useful this analogy (or analytically spoken, the identity) between space-time rotations and ordinary rotations is for the kinematics of relativity theory.

If we compose two rotations of equal axis, or better spoken, of equal rotation plane, then the rotation angles sum up, not their trigonometric functions.

The same is true for two translations of equal direction x (two space-time rotations in the same plane xl); if $$\varphi_1$$, $$\varphi_2$$ are the (imaginary) rotation angles, $$\varphi$$ the angle resulting from the composition, $$\beta_{1},\beta_{2},\beta;\ v_{1},v_{2},v$$ the corresponding velocity ratios and velocities, then

$\varphi=\varphi_{1}+\varphi_{2}$

and therefore

$\beta=\frac{1}{i}\operatorname{tg}\,\left(\varphi_{1}+\varphi_{2}\right)=\frac{1}{i}\frac{\operatorname{tg}\,\varphi_{1}+\operatorname{tg}\,\varphi_{2}}{1-\operatorname{tg}\,\varphi_{1}\operatorname{tg}\,\varphi_{2}}=\frac{\beta_{1}+\beta_{2}}{1+\beta_{1}\beta_{2}}$|undefined

or in addition

$v=\frac{v_{1}+v_{2}}{1+v_{1}v_{2}/c^{2}}$|undefined

That is the famous addition theorem for velocities of ; in 's interpretation it looses all its strangeness.

Two rotations of equal rotation plane are commutative, i.e., their result is independent of the order of the individual operations. The same is true for two translations of equal direction, because $$\varphi_{1}+\varphi_{2}=\varphi_{2}+\varphi_{1}$$. However, two rotations in different planes are not commutative, as well as two translations of different direction. The reason for this is obviously the fact, that by the first rotation the plane of the second rotation will be displaced in general, namely always then when the two planes don't coincide.

If we, for example, carry out a first space-time rotation in the xl-plane of rotation angle $$\varphi_1$$, and relative to the thus moved system we carry out a second space-time rotation in the yl-plane, and its rotation angle $$\varphi_1$$ is estimated within the moving system, then by scheme 1) it is given:

$$\begin{array}{l} x_{1}=x\ \cos\varphi_{1}+l\ \sin\varphi_{1},\\ y_{1}=y,\\ l_{1}=-x\ \sin\varphi_{1}+l\ \cos\varphi_{1}\end{array}$$

and

$$\begin{array}{l} x_{2}=x_{1}=x\ \cos\varphi_{1}+l\ \sin\varphi_{1},\\ y_{2}=y_{1}\cos\varphi_{2}+l_{1}\sin\varphi_{2}=-x\ \sin\varphi_{1}\sin\varphi_{2}+y\ \cos\varphi_{2}+l\ \cos\varphi_{1}\cos\varphi_{2},\\ l_{2}=-y_{1}\sin\varphi_{2}+l_{1}\cos\varphi_{2}=-x\ \sin\varphi_{1}\cos\varphi_{2}-y\ \sin\varphi_{2}+l\ \cos\varphi_{1}\cos\varphi_{2}.\end{array}$$

A point $$x_{2}=$$ const, $$y_{2}=$$ const participating with this composed motion $$\varphi_{1},\varphi_{2}$$, consequently describes a straight line in system xy, and its direction is defined by:

$$\begin{array}{l} 0=dx\ \cos\varphi_{1}+dl\ \sin\varphi_{1}\\ 0=-dx\ \sin\varphi_{1}\sin\varphi_{2}+dy\ \cos\varphi_{2}+dl\ \cos\varphi_{1}\cos\varphi_{2}\end{array}$$

to:

{{MathForm2|3)|$$\left.\begin{array}{l} \frac{dx}{dl}=-\operatorname{tg}\,\varphi_{1},\\ \\\frac{dy}{dl}=\operatorname{tg}\,\varphi_{2}\left(\frac{dx}{dl}\sin\varphi_{1}-\cos\varphi_{1}\right)=-\frac{\operatorname{tg}\,\varphi_{2}}{\cos\varphi_{1}}\end{array}\right\} $$}}

because of 2):

However, if the order is reversed we obtain:

Thus if we have a right angled ruler in the drawing plane of Fig. 1, and its two sides at the starting point coincide with OA, OB, and if we direct a pencil along the side OB with velocity $$v_{2}=\beta_{2}c$$, while we simultaneously move the ruler in the direction of its second side OA with velocity $$v_{1}=\beta_{1}c$$, then the pencil describes another path, as if we would lead it along OA with $$v_1$$ and move the ruler in the direction OB with $$v_2$$. The deviation of both paths in unit time (OC in the first, OD in the second case) is small of second order, if $$\beta_{1},\beta_{2}$$ are small of first order. The reason for this is, that in the first case the velocity $$v_1$$ from the moving system (ruler) is differently estimated than it is estimated from the stationary system (drawing plane), because of the motion dependence of time; and correspondingly in the second case this applies to velocity $$v_1$$. Exactly the same fact we have expressed above, that by execution of one space-time rotation in space xyl, the plane of the other space-time rotation will be displaced. In the figure, the velocities AC, BD are drawn in such a way, as they appear from the viewpoint of the stationary drawing plane; the attributed magnitudes denote the estimated velocities from the viewpoint of the moving ruler (above) and the viewpoint of the stationary drawing plane (below).

For the resultant velocity $$v=\beta c$$, as it is estimated in the stationary system, the same value for both cases is given by 4a) and 4b):

$\beta^{2}=\frac{1}{c^{2}}\left[\left(\frac{dx}{dt}\right)^{2}+\left(\frac{dy}{dt}\right)^{2}\right]=\beta_{1}^{2}+\beta_{2}^{2}-\beta_{1}^{2}\beta_{2}^{2}$|undefined

or

$1-\beta^{2}=\left(1-\beta_{1}^{2}\right)\left(1-\beta_{2}^{2}\right)$

or, if besides $$\varphi_{1},\varphi_{2}$$ we take the resultant rotation angle $$\varphi$$, by 2):

If $$\alpha_1$$ and $$\alpha_2$$ are the obliquities denoted in the figure, then it follows from 3):

{{MathForm2|6)|$$\left.\begin{array}{ll} & \operatorname{tg}\,\alpha_{1}=\frac{\operatorname{tg}\,\varphi_{2}}{\sin\varphi_{1}}\\ \mathrm{and}\\ & \operatorname{tg}\,\alpha_{2}=\frac{\operatorname{tg}\,\varphi_{1}}{\sin\varphi_{2}}\end{array}\right\} $$}}

where it is always given:

But these at first strange results are becoming completely clear from the an standpoint. If we namely compose (Fig. 2) the rotation angles $$\varphi_{1},\varphi_{2}$$ as arcs on a unit sphere, so that in triangle OCA the angle at A and in triangle OBD the angle at B is a right one, then the resultant rotation angle $$OC=OD=\varphi$$ is immediately given from the cosine rule as the hypotenuse of the two spherical triangles (that are congruent to each other) in accordance with equation 5). That the resultant rotation plane depends on the order of the composing rotations is obvious; because the greatest circle through B (perpendicular to OB) obviously doesn't go through C but intersects AC. The so called rule for right angled spherical triangles gives formula 6) for  the angle of the sides $$\alpha_{1},\alpha_{2}$$. The sum of the angles in a spherical triangle is greater then two right angles, the sum of the angle of the sides in a right angled spherical triangle is thus greater then a right angle, as it is shown in Fig. 2. Specifically, the (spherical) excess becomes equal to the content of the triangle on the unit sphere. Now the sides of our spherical triangle are imaginary in case of a space-time rotation, its content is thus negative. The spherical excess thus becomes a spherical defect, it

causes the inequality 7) and the divergence of the paths OC, OD in Fig. 1.

In summarizing we can say: For the composition of velocities in the theory of relativity, not the formulas of the plane, but the formulas of the spherical trigonometry (with imaginary sides) are valid. By this remark the complicated transformation calculus becomes dispensable, and can be replaced by a lucid construction on a sphere. Another example to illustrate this:

If the two velocities $$v_{1},v_{2}$$ under the arbitrary angle α are inclined to each other, then in the spherical triangle OAC of Fig. 2 the exterior angle at A becomes α as well, and the resultant rotation angle $$\varphi$$ can be calculated according to the general cosine rule of spherical trigonometry:

If we want this to transform into the velocities $$v_{1},v_{2},v$$, then by 2) it is given:

a formula that was already derived by from the transformation equations. As we can see, formula 8) is more lucid than 9), as well as Fig. 2 was more lucid than Fig. 1. This follows from the fact that it apparently better corresponds to the meaning of the theory of relativity, to calculate and (by consideration of the reality relations) to construct by rotation angles, instead of only using its tangents, the velocities.

The single reason for this short paper was to show, that the deep space-time interpretation of not only simplifies the general construction of the theory of relativity, but it is also reliable as a guidance concerning specific questions.


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Rh in threading his way, as at last to plant himself just beside the placard, when, producing a small slate and tracing some words upon it, he held it up before him on a level with the placard, so that they who read the one might read the other. The words were these:— "Charity thinketh no evil." As, in gaining his place, some little perseverance, not to say persistence, of a mildly inoffensive sort, had been unavoidable, it was not with the best relish that the crowd regarded his apparent intrusion; and upon a more attentive survey, perceiving no badge of authority about him, but rather something quite the contrary—he being of an aspect so singularly innocent; an aspect, too, which they took to be somehow inappropriate to the time and place, and inclining to the notion that his writing was of much the same sort: in short, taking him for some strange kind of simpleton, harmless enough, would he keep to himself, but not wholly unobnoxious as an intruder—they made no scruple to jostle him aside; while one, less kind than the rest, or more of a wag, by an unobserved stroke, dexterously flattened down his fleecy hat upon his head. Without readjusting it, the stranger quietly turned, and writing anew upon the slate, again held it up:— "Charity suffereth long, and is kind." Illy pleased with his pertinacity, as they thought it, the crowd a second time thrust him aside, and not without epithets and some buffets, all of which were

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4 unresented. But, as if at last despairing of so difficult an adventure, wherein one, apparently a non-resistant, sought to impose his presence upon fighting characters, the stranger now moved slowly away, yet not before altering his writing to this:— "Charity endureth all things." Shield-like bearing his slate before him, amid stares and jeers he moved slowly up and down, at his turning points again changing his inscription to— "Charity believeth all things." and then— "Charity never faileth."

The word charity, as originally traced, remained throughout uneffaced, not unlike the left-hand numeral of a printed date, otherwise left for convenience in blank.

To some observers, the singularity, if not lunacy, of the stranger was heightened by his muteness, and, perhaps also, by the contrast to his proceedings afforded in the actions—quite in the wonted and sensible order of things—of the barber of the boat, whose quarters, under a smoking-saloon, and over against a bar-room, was next door but two to the captain's office. As if the long, wide, covered deck, hereabouts built up on both sides with shop-like windowed spaces, were some Constantinople arcade or bazaar, where more than one trade is plied, this river barber, aproned and slippered, but rather crusty-looking for the moment, it may be from being newly out of bed, was throwing open his

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Rh premises for the day, and suitably arranging the exterior. With business-like dispatch, having rattled down his shutters, and at a palm-tree angle set out in the iron fixture his little ornamental pole, and this without overmuch tenderness for the elbows and toes of the crowd, he concluded his operations by bidding people stand still more aside, when, jumping on a stool, he hung over his door, on the customary nail, a gaudy sort of illuminated pasteboard sign, skillfully executed by himself, gilt with the likeness of a razor elbowed in readiness to shave, and also, for the public benefit, with two words not unfrequently seen ashore gracing other shops besides barbers':— "No ." An inscription which, though in a sense not less intrusive than the contrasted ones of the stranger, did not, as it seemed, provoke any corresponding derision or surprise, much less indignation; and still less, to all appearances, did it gain for the inscriber the repute of being a simpleton.

Meanwhile, he with the slate continued moving slowly up and down, not without causing some stares to change into jeers, and some jeers into pushes, and some pushes into punches; when suddenly, in one of his turns, he was hailed from behind by two porters carrying a large trunk; but as the summons, though loud, was without effect, they accidentally or otherwise swung their burden against him, nearly overthrowing him; when, by a quick start, a peculiar inarticulate moan, and a pathetic telegraphing of his fingers, he

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 involuntarily betrayed that he was not alone dumb, but also deaf.

Presently, as if not wholly unaffected by his reception thus far, he went forward, seating himself in a retired spot on the forecastle, nigh the foot of a ladder there leading to a deck above, up and down which ladder some of the boatmen, in discharge of their duties, were occasionally going.

From his betaking himself to this humble quarter, it was evident that, as a deck-passenger, the stranger, simple though he seemed, was not entirely ignorant of his place, though his taking a deck-passage might have been partly for convenience; as, from his having no luggage, it was probable that his destination was one of the small wayside landings within a few hours' sail. But, though he might not have a long way to go, yet he seemed already to have come from a very long distance.

Though neither soiled nor slovenly, his cream-colored suit had a tossed look, almost linty, as if, traveling night and day from some far country beyond the prairies, he had long been without the solace of a bed. His aspect was at once gentle and jaded, and, from the moment of seating himself, increasing in tired abstraction and dreaminess. Gradually overtaken by slumber, his flaxen head drooped, his whole lamb-like figure relaxed, and, half reclining against the ladder's foot, lay motionless, as some sugar-snow in March, which, softly stealing down over night, with its white placidity startles the brown farmer peering out from his threshold at daybreak.

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"Odd fish!"

"Poor fellow!"

"Who can he be?"

"Casper Hauser."

"Bless my soul!"

"Uncommon countenance."

"Green prophet from Utah."

"Humbug!"

"Singular innocence."

"Means something."

"Spirit-rapper."

"Moon-calf."

"Piteous."

"Trying to enlist interest."

"Beware of him."

"Fast asleep here, and, doubtless, pick-pockets on board."

"Kind of daylight Endymion."

"Escaped convict, worn out with dodging."

"Jacob dreaming at Luz."

Such the epitaphic comments, conflictingly spoken or thought, of a miscellaneous company, who, assembled

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8 on the overlooking, cross-wise balcony at the forward end of the upper deck near by, had not witnessed preceding occurrences.

Meantime, like some enchanted man in his grave, happily oblivious of all gossip, whether chiseled or chatted, the deaf and dumb stranger still tranquilly slept, while now the boat started on her voyage.

The great ship-canal of Ving-King-Ching, in the Flowery Kingdom, seems the Mississippi in parts, where, amply flowing between low, vine-tangled banks, flat as tow-paths, it bears the huge toppling steamers, bedizened and lacquered within like imperial junks.

Pierced along its great white bulk with two tiers of small embrasure-like windows, well above the water-line, the Fidèle, though, might at distance have been taken by strangers for some whitewashed fort on a floating isle.

Merchants on 'change seem the passengers that buzz on her decks, while, from quarters unseen, comes a murmur as of bees in the comb. Fine promenades, domed saloons, long galleries, sunny balconies, confidential passages, bridal chambers, state-rooms plenty as pigeonholes, and out-of-the-way retreats like secret drawers in an escritoire, present like facilities for ublicity or privacy. Auctioneer or coiner, with equal ease, might somewhere here drive his trade.

Though her voyage of twelve hundred miles extends from apple to orange, from clime to clime, yet, like any small ferry-boat, to right and left, at every landing,

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Rh the huge Fidèle still receives additional passengers in exchange for those that disembark; so that, though always full of strangers, she continually, in some degree, adds to, or replaces them with strangers still more strange; like Rio Janeiro fountain, fed from the Cocovarde mountains, which is ever overflowing with strange waters, but never with the same strange particles in every part.

Though hitherto, as has been seen, the man in cream-colors had by no means passed unobserved, yet by stealing into retirement, and there going asleep and continuing so, he seemed to have courted oblivion, a boon not often withheld from so humble an applicant as he. Those staring crowds on the shore were now left far behind, seen dimly clustering like swallows on eaves; while the passengers' attention was soon drawn away to the rapidly shooting high bluffs and shot-towers on the Missouri shore, or the bluff-looking Missourians and towering Kentuckians among the throngs on the decks.

By-and-by—two or three random stoppages having been made, and the last transient memory of the slumberer vanished, and he himself, not unlikely, waked up and landed ere now—the crowd, as is usual, began in all parts to break up from a concourse into various clusters or squads, which in some cases disintegrated again into quartettes, trios, and couples, or even solitaires; involuntarily submitting to that natural law which ordains dissolution equally to the mass, as in time to the member.

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10 As among Chaucer's Canterbury pilgrims, or those oriental ones crossing the Red Sea towards Mecca in the festival month, there was no lack of variety. Natives of all sorts, and foreigners; men of business and men of pleasure; parlor men and backwoodsmen; farm-hunters and fame-hunters; heiress-hunters, gold-hunters, buffalo-hunters, bee-hunters, happiness-hunters, truth-hunters, and still keener hunters after all these hunters. Fine ladies in slippers, and moccasined squaws; Northern speculators and Eastern philosophers; English, Irish, German, Scotch, Danes; Santa Fé traders in striped blankets, and Broadway bucks in cravats of cloth of gold; fine-looking Kentucky boat men, and Japanese-looking Mississippi cotton-planters; Quakers in full drab, and United States soldiers in full regimentals; slaves, black, mulatto, quadroon; modish young Spanish Creoles, and old-fashioned French Jews; Mormons and Papists; Dives and Lazarus; jesters and mourners, teetotalers and convivialists, deacons and blacklegs; hard-shell Baptists and clay-eaters; grinning negroes, and Sioux chiefs solemn as high-priests. In short, a piebald parliament, an Anacharsis Cloots congress of all kinds of that multiform pilgrim species, man.

As pine, beech, birch, ash, hackmatack, hemlock, spruce, bass-wood, maple, interweave their foliage in the natural wood, so these varieties of mortals blended their varieties of visage and garb. A Tartar-like picturesqueness; a sort of pagan abandonment and assurance. Here reigned the dashing and all-fusing spirit

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Rh of the West, whose type in the Mississippi itself, which, uniting the streams of the most distant and opposite zones, pours them along, helter-skelter, in one cosmopolitan and confident tide.

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 Rh In addition to all his other work, Dasent wrote constantly for the Quarterly and the Edinburgh, and the principal literary periodicals, including the now defunct Fraser's Magazine, of which he was at one time offered the editorship.

Having been approached by the representatives of Richard Cleasby, who had been for years engaged in collecting materials for an Icelandic-English Dictionary, Dasent warmly interested himself in the task of completing the work. He brought Gúdbrandr Vígfússon, an Icelandic scholar of great industry and intelligence, already well-known for his labours in the field of his native literature, over to England to complete the final revision and arrangement of the manuscripts, and was successful, through the instrumentality of Liddell, in inducing the University of Oxford to bring out the work at the Clarendon Press. For this great undertaking Dasent wrote the introduction and also the life of Richard Cleasby—his only experiment in contemporary biography which has come down to us in book form.

The first edition of Burnt Njal, a work of which we gladly repeat the deliberate judgment of a distinguished American writer that "it is unsurpassed by any existing monument in the narrative department of any literature ancient or modern," appeared in 1861.

He had conceived the notion of giving an English dress to the Njal's Saga so early as in 1843, but, as the preface informs us, it was destined to rank among those things which, begun in youth, must wait for their