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We have already given "A Settler again" ample opportunity, for displaying his abilities; we have therefore no room for his second communication on the same subject.

"Scrutators" / "Posers" for the Colonial Secretary must have been intented for another quarter; we should have thought it needless to have informed any person, that the Colonial Secretary is merely the organ of the Government.

The Extracts we have made from the English Journals up to the 17th Sept. 1832; have occupied so much of our Space, that we are reluctantly compelled to forego making any remarks upon the reports which have been circulated at home respecting this Colony; we feel no little pleasure however in stating that the opinions prevalent at present are highly favourable The insurances effected by the Cygnet were done at 50s.

PROROGATION OF PARLIAMENT-It having been announced that his Majesty would this day prorogue the parliament in person, the usual preparations were made for his reception.

His Majesty's arrival was announced by a salute of 21 guns. At 10 minutes past 2 o clock the King entered the house, in an Admiral's uniform, wearing his robes of state and crown, and preceeded by all the great officers of state, with their respective insignia. The King appeared in excellent health. The Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod (Sir Augustus Clifford) having summoned the attendance of the Commons.

The SPEAKER, accompanied by a numerous body of members, appeared at the bar, and addressed his Majesty as follows:—

"May it please your Majesty,—We, your Majesty's faithful Commons of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, attend your Majesty at the close of a laborious and most important session. Your Majesty was graciously pleased, at the commencement of the session, to recommend to our careful consideration the estimates for the current year, and Sire, it is with sincere gratification that we have found ourselves enabled to accomplish your Majesty's paternal wish by a great reduction in their amount. But, Sire, it would ill become me, at this moment, to attempt to enumerate all the various measures, however important and necessary in themselves yet of usual sessional recurrence, which have come before us. This session, Sire, has been peculiarly marked by matters most difficult in themselves,-most pressing in their immediate emergency,-and yet lasting in their effects upon the highest interests of the country. Among these measures I would advert to your Majesty's injunction upon us, that we should deliberate on the present state of Ireland with reference particularly to the payment of tithes in that country.-Sire, we have deeply deliberated on that painful and difficult subject, and we have passed a bill which we hope may afford the necessary protection of their lega claims to the Established Church, and which we hope, also, may form the basis of fixture measures calculated to remove the present causes of complaint.-But, Sire, of all the questions that which has most engaged our time and attention,-paramount to all, from the earnestness with which it was called for, from the difficulties and intricacies with which it was embarrassed, from the great change it was productive of, and from the lasting effects it was to produce,-of all the measures we have had to shape, to contend with, and to complete the most prominent has been the great measure of the reform in the Commons House of Parliament.-Sire, it is not within the range of mortal intellect, at once to embody and bring to maturity of perfection so vast a scheme.-But, sire, we have laboured with incessant assiduity, with honesty of purpose, and we hope the results may prove, security to the state, and contentment to the country. Sire, I dare not longer address your Majesty than to present our last bill of supply, entitled 'An act to supply a sum out of the consolidated fund and the supplies of ways and means to the service of the year 1832, and to appropriate the supplies granted in this session of parliament,' to which, with all humility, we pray your Majesty's royal assent."

His Majesty then proceeded to read the following speech, in a firm and audible tone of voice:—

"My Lords and Gentlemen,-The state of the public business now enabling me to release you from a further attendance in parliament, I cannot take leave of you without expressing the satisfaction with which I have observed your diligence and zeal in the discharge of your duties during a session of extraordinary labour and duration. The matters which you have had under your consideration have been of the first importance; and the laws in particular which have been passed for reforming the representation of the people have occupied, as was unavoidable, the greatest portion of your time and attention. In recommending this subject to your consideration, it was my object, by removing the causes of just complaint, to restore general confidence in the legislature, and to give additional security to the settled institutions of the state. This object will, I trust, be found to have been accomplished. I have still to lament the continuance of disturbances in Ireland, notwithstanding the vigilance and energy displayed by my government there in the measures which it has taken to repress them. The laws which have been passed in conformity with my recommendation at the beginning of the session, with respect to the collection of tithes, are well calculated to lay the foundation of a new system, to the completion of which the attention of parliament when it again assembles, will of course be directed. To this necessary work my best assistance will be given, by enforcing the execution of the laws, and by promoting the prosperity of a country blessed by Divine Providence with so many natural advantages. As conducive to this subject, I must express the satisfaction which I have felt at the measures adopted for extending generally to my people in that kingdom the benefits of education. I continue to receive the most friendly assurances from all foreign powers; and though I am not yet enabled to announce to you the final arrangement of the questions which have been so long depending between Holland and Belgium, and though, unhappily, the contest in Portugal between the princess of the house of Braganza still continues, I look with confidence, through the intimate union which subsists between me and my allies, to the preservation of the general peace.

"Gentlemen of the House of Commons,-I thank you for the supplies which you have granted me; and it is a great satisfaction to me to find, notwithstanding the large deductions from the revenue, occasioned by the repeal of some of the taxes which pressed most heavily on my people, that you have been enabled, by the exercise of a well-considered economy in all departments of the state, to provide for the service of the year without any addition to the public burdens.

My Lords and Gentlemen,-I recommend to you during the recess the most careful attention to the preservation of the public peace, and to the maintenance of the authority of the law in your respective countries. I trust that the advantages enjoyed by all my subjects under our free constitution will be duly appreciated and cherished; that relief from any real causes of complaint will be sought only through legitimate channels; that all irregular and illegal proceedings will be discountenanced and resisted; and that the establishment of internal tranquility and order will prove that the measures which I have sanctioned, have not been fruitless in promoting the security of the state, and the content and welfare of my people."

The LORD CHANCELLOR then, by command of his Majesty, said-"My lords and gentlemen, it is his Majestys royal will and pleasure that this parliament be prorogued to Tuesday, the 16th day of October next, to be then here holden; and this parliament is accordingly prorogued to Tuesday, the 16th day of October next. -His Majesty then withdrew, accompanied in the manner he had entered the house, and shortly afterwards returned in state to St. James's Palace.

The Paris morning and evening papers of Wednesday are almost wholly occupied with the development of the views of their respective parties preparatory to the opening of the Chambers. The laws of exception against the Press were spoken of in Paris as intended to be proposed by Ministers immediately after the opening of the Sessions. M. Dupin's friends have commenced canvassing in his favour of the Presidency of the Chamber of Deputies. M. Laffitte's friends were about to do the same. It was reported in Paris that the Duchess de Berri has been arrested near Bordeaux, but the report appears to have attracted little notice, and to have been generally disbelieved. The accounts from Switzerland state that the inquiry into the late conspiracy at Berne was going on, and confirmed the existence of a complete re-actionary plot, The Committee of Seven were under arrest and an investigation was about to take place. I was still believed in Paris that the settlement of the Dutch and Belgic question will be delayed. No new facts respecting La Vendee had reached Paris, beyond the accounts of partial murders and outrages committed by the Chouans. Some apprehensions of rioting were caused in Paris on Monday and Tuesday by the expressed determination of some workmen to destroy machinery lately introduced into the manufacture of stained paper. The funds fell on Monday owing to this circumstance, and to the continued provisional state of the Ministry.

The Journals and private Letters from Oporto and Lisbon bring down the current history of Portuguese occurreuces at these several points of interest to the date of the 5th. inst. Their contents, however, apply more to what is in preparation than to any thing that has occurred, for in point of fact, but little change had taken place in the actual relations of the belligerents since preceding notices of them. Oporto is now described to be, in consequence of the great industry of Don Pedro, all but impregnable; its garrison numbers about 12,000 men. The Miguhtes are very near to it, in force about 20,000. Some skirmishing had taken place, the advantages of which are variously claimed on both sides, but hitherto no serious assault has been threatened upon that commercial capital. It is said that Miguel intends to place himself at the head of his troops, and it is admitted upon all hands that otherwise they are too spiritless to attempt any taing decisive. Some pieces of heavy cannon had already arrived before the place, for the purpose, it was supposed, of covering final attack At Lisbon, an unfortunate farrier, charged with "seducing" men to join the party of Don Pedro has been put to death; and three or four other parsons, against whom charges equally vague were brought, would, it was feared, be added to the already large number of immolations upon the altar of tyranny. The people of the wine country were manifesting a friendly disposition to the constitutional cause, and important adhesions from that quarter were confidently expected. Whilst the affairs of Portuguese liberty are presented under this aspect from abroad, nothing is left undone to give them a buoyant and assuring impulse at home.

An East Indian an [sic] of 1200 tons was purchased on Wednesday for the service of Don Pedro, and will carry 64 guns. She will leave the River in a few days. A vessel, also having on board a considerable number of horses, left the Port of London on her way to Oporto, having been proceded by others which conveyed about 360 volunteers, most of them soldiers who had fought in Port gal and Spain, and about to be followed by a larger number. Accoutrements, arms, ammunition, &c. have likewise been remitted in the London Merchant, the Britomart, and other vessels; while from Brest, Cherbourg, and other ports of France, men, horses, and arms are embarking for Oporto, so that by the middle of October next, Don Pedro will have a force of 14,000 regular troops, 6,000 volunteers, and from 500 to 600 horse, with a most efficient train of artillery. The rainy season, which will shortly commence in Portugal, will enable his boats to navigate the Douro up to a considerable distance, and with this addition of force he will be able to assume the offensive, and sweep the whole northern part of that river of all the Miguelites who now occupy it. It is understood also that the money actually remitted from this country to Oporto since the 1st. of August amounts to 40,000l and that by the end of the present month it will exceed 80,000l. Congreve rockets have been sent out, as well for the use of the Navy as to be used against the Miguelite cavalry upon land. With all these important aids a satisfactory account of the result of the wellmen intentions of Don Pedro to give liberty to Portugal may be anticipated.

Lisbon Papers to the 30th ult. are received,— They consist of mere exaggerated statements of the embarrassment of the invading force, and the prosperous aspect of Miguel s affairs. By more authentic accounts from the Portuguese capital, we learn that Regoas, who now commands the Miguelite army, is enforced at Valongo, and requires the aid of two or three regiments, and additional artillery before he can venture to attack Oporto. A part of this demand, it is said, has been complied; but the difficulties of the Usurper in respect to finances render an immediate attention to such requisitions extremely embarrassing. Nothing in fact, can adequately describe the gloomy and ferocious nature of the existing tyranny at Lisbon. No sort of pause or consideration takes place where


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Rh prevails; and we are told that a suspected blacksmith was summarily decapitated, and his head placed over his own door. It also appears that the authorized presses are sending forth placards supposed to be the production of the most furious of the priesthood, in which indiscriminate execution and massacre are inculcated as sacred duties in the event of the success of Don Pedro. The financial difficulties which Miguel encounters at present will be redoubled when the fruits of the present harvest shall have been exhausted; and in this way mere delay will fight the battle of Donna Maria. The Portuguese squadron is refiting, with a view of once more endeavouring to break up the resumed block- ade of Sartorius. There seems to have been no movement of consequence on the part of the forces of Don Pedro.

, Sept. 4-Things appear more favourable than when I wrote last; the town is remarkably well fortified: I don't think it is possible for the Miguelites to rout us out. The Revenge has gone in, by order of Admiral Parker, to get redress for the insults offered to the British residents in Lisbon.

, Sept. 10-The Hermes steamer arrived to-day from Lisbon and Oporto, having left the latter place on the 6th inst. A contest between the forces of Don Pedro and Miguel is expected shortly to take place. Don Miguel has 18,000 men on the north and 3,000 men on the south side of the Douro, commanded by General Gasper Texeira, and Santa Martha. General Povoas has been taking the benefit of the hot baths; he was returning to join the army with several long 24 pounders, from which it is supposed Don Miguel intends to besiege Oporto. Don Pedro is making very preparation to repel the attack. His army continues in high spirits, and they are very confident that success will ultimately crown their efforts. It is reported at Oporto that 3,000 men, consisting of Polish refugees and Portuguese emigrants, had left France to join the constitutional army, and that Don Pedro's cavalry was to be augmented with 400 horse, of which he stands in great need. The two armies may with propriety be compared to two boys quarrelling: Don Miguel, being the strongest, talks very largely, and threatens to visit his smaller opponent with a severe castigation, but has not the courage to put his threats in force; and Don Pedro has not at present the strength to punish the insolence of his haughty and swaggering foe; he has, however, the spirit to defend himself in case of his being attacked; so that different causes prevent either of them commencing the action-the one a shameful want of courage, the other a lack of sufficient strength. Admiral Sartorius was cruizing off Lisbon with two frigates, one brig, and two steamers with the intention of inducing Don Miguel's squadron to put to sea, and bring them to an action; the naval force of the latter consists of the Don John 74. Princess Royal 54. Sybille 26, Isabella, 24. Audz 20. Tagus 20. and Providence 16, a corvette and brig of 18 guns each, and a corvette and two brigs of 14 guns each. A part of Admiral Sartorius's squadron was cruizing off Oporto, and was joined by another brig on the 17th. "A very fine corvette of 28 guns (originally intended for Don Miguel was lying in the harbour ready for sea; 300 seamen were hourly expected to join her. All sorts of provisions at Oporto are now very plenty, and with the exception of bread, exceedingly cheap.

, Sept. 4-Admiral Sartorius has communicated to the foreign Consuls here that the entry of the neutral vessels, not laden with warlike stores, will be permitted by the squadron under his command; but it is not known whether this government will allow any further entries.

, Aug. 30.-Several vessels have called off here, and some have got over the Bar without pilots, but none have been allowed to enter the port.

The following are extracts from the Oporto and lisbon Papers received this day:

, Aug. 25. Eight o'clock a.m.-The rebels, since the 22nd, had approached Oporto in three directions, viz: by the road of Formiga, that of Vallongo, and that of S. Cosme. To-day the head of the column which had approached by La Formiga attempted a connoissance towards Agoa-ardente and Los Congregados, and the sharpshoot- ers on both sides commenced a firing, which was of short duration. Two shots from a howitzer of the battery of Agoa-ardente, and three well-direct- ed from the battery of Los Congregados, falling among the columns of their reserve, determined them quickly to abandon their purpose and to re- treat, leaving three horses dead and a few men, and taking with them some carts with wounded, besides others who accompanied them on foot. We had one soldier wounded. Sufficient praise cannot be given to the coolness and bravery with which our soldiers behaved, and by which they showed the enemy what kind of reception awaited them if they dared to advance.

This journal contains a proclamation to the soldiers of Don Miguel, inviting them to desert from the banners of usurper, and to join the army of the Queen.

The Chronical contains decrees, recompensing the 5th battalion of Cacadores and Volunteers of Donna Maria 11., for their bravery and good conduct both in Terceira and since in Portugual; also a decree giving 152 insignia of the order of the Tower and Sword to the soldiers of the liberating army, for their exploits in the battle of the 23d July at Ponte Ferrcira.

, Aug. 29.-Yesterday, at four o'clock in the afternoon, Joaquim Ribeira, a soldier of the 1st company of the first battalion of the 3d regi ment of Infantry, condemed to death by a court-martial, for having attempted to seduce some soldiers to desert, was executed according to his sentence. This is the first sentence of death that his Imperial Majesty, acting as Regent in the name of the Queen, has confirmed and allowed to be executed.

Aug. 31.-A decree, dated (Aug. 20) decides that every citizen who, without having a legitimate excuse, shall refuse to serve any public office to which he is legally appointed, shall be forced.

Sept. 1.-Sailors of the men of war of her Most faithful Majesty having been met in all parts of the city without any reason authorising them to be on shore, which can only happen from the neglect of discipline by the Commanders of the said ships, his imperial Majesty hopes that he shall not be obliged a second time to cause the Commanders of the ships of war to be reminded that it is their principal duty to preserve discipline on board, and that they alone are answerable for all neglect of orders by those under them.

No communication by means of boats between ships anchored in Douro and the shore is to be allowed after sunset.

The Lisbon Gazettes, from Aug. 27 to Sept. 4 both inclusive, contain no other dispatches from the army.

, August 31.-By the mails this week we have letters from which we make the following extracts:—

, August 23.-All our troops are within three quarters of a league of Oporto. It is impossible to describe the enthusiasm, or I might rather call it the rage of the soldiers against the rebels, who are in a most unhappy situation. As soon as our troops approached Oporto, that city was in the greatest alarm that can be conceived. To-day a French sergeant and two soldiers have come over, and eleven Portuguese, who beg to be allowed to join our ranks.

, Aug. 25.-We hear that with the devision beyond the Douro there are 6,000 or 7,000 guerillas, well armed, and that all of them, as well as the troops, are impatient to attack the rebels.

, Aug. 18.-Our advanced posts are within a short distance of Oporto. The rebels in that city remained in arms since the 15th; the scarcity of flour is much felt, millet flour having sold at 1440rs. per Alqueire. All the families who are able to do so continue to fly from the city, which is a scene of disorder, confusion, terror, and imprisonments; and it often happens that persons arrested die, on entering the prisons, of the blows that they have received on the way.

.-The following vessels sailed from this port, for America, during March, having on board the number of passengers enumerated:- Caledonia, 60; Cosmo, 165; Superb, 200; and Cambridge, 209; for new York. Alicia, 70; Canton, 30; and Emerald, 130; for Philadelphia, Airthry Castle, 200; Concord, 150; David, 50; Superior, 37; and Ariadne, 66, for Qubec, total 1,358.-Bristol Mercury.

Several able young men respectably connected have just left Faversham as emigrants to America.

A select vestry on the subject of emigration is called in Brighton, for Friday.

From Eltham, Kent, two Families have left for London, to take their departure for New York; for which place vessels with emigrants sail on the 10th and 25th instant, and will continue to depart twice a month regularly during the season. It is remarkable that the greater part of those emigrating from this place and near Maidstone, whence seventy have lately left for America, are persons with a small independence, and that no assistance can induce the paupers to quit their country. The passage money to New York is £6. for Adults, and half the sum for children.

Saturday the ship Manfield, Captain Stainback, left the St. Katharine's Dock with 150 passengers on board, for Hobart Town and Launceston, Van Diemen's Land. The Emigrants are chiefly persons who have moved in a respectable sphere of life and the vessel is well provided with live stock of all kinds, The Governor Halkett sailed from the London Dock for the same Colony with upwards of 100 passengers; in addition to which, there are 12 vessels fitting out in the St. Katharine and London Docks for Van Diemen's Land and New South Wales. Two ships, each containing 190 females under 21 years of age, sent out at the expence of Government, left Woolwich last week for Hobart Town and Sydney. Three American ships sailed for the United States from the Port of London last week with 300 Emigrants on board, principally from the metropolis. The rage for emigration has done much good for the shipping interests.-Times

.-The Princess Royal, Captain Young, sailed from Deptford on Thursday morning, for Hobart Town, Van Diemen s Land, and has taken out from 200 to 300 females, widows and spinsters, 4 clergymen (we have not heard of what order), one surgeon, and assistants. Not the least curious part of this "new system" of export is, that a "friend" (an old tea-dealer) is stated to be the shipper. This is a new discovery, and no doubt will not only be safer but much more prolific than the "old mines," even the "Real del Monte," which were discovered in 1825.

We seriously advise a few more of the "old tea dealers" who have worked out the "tea-mine" to go and do likewise.

We hear there are hundreds and hundreds more to be sent from other ports of England and Ireland.

There are commissioners appointed for this "new work," and in order to entice our fair countrywomen to emigrate, they give a bounty of £8 to each, from the age of 18 to 30 years, so that old England will still have the privilege of retaining the old ladies and children; and all this is going on in every port of the kingdom, whilst our brave and gallant duke proclaims to the world that no reform is wanted in England.

We sincerely wish he had witnessed, as we did, this heart-rending scene of parting between fathers, mothers and brothers of these young women!

Edited, Printed, and Published by CHARLES MACFAULL, at the Gazette Office, Perth

OF.

10s. 6d. per Quarter, if paid in advance, or 12s if paid at the end of the Quarter.

Single number, One Shilling.

 * - For 8 lines, 3s, 6d and 3d. per line above this number.


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NEW SERIES

SATURDAY, FEBRUARY 9th. 1833

NOTICE is hereby given, that Mr. Henry Smythe has applied at this Office for permission to leave the Colony, by the "Thistle."
 * By His Honor's Command
 * PETER BROWN,
 * Colonial Secretary.

The Lieutenant Governor in Council has granted the following Town Allotments.

A 10.Alexander Collie.H 6 John BernardL36. Charles Browne.V 30. William Birch.W 25. George Hancock.W26. James Hancock.W 76. William Beacham.W 77. Richard Rowland. W 78. John Dewar.X 2. James LockyerX 17. Peter Ambrose.A 18. Perth School.A 19. Perth School.A 20. Perth School.A21. Perth SchoolA22. Perth School.

82. Henry Edward Henderson156. Francis Heghin. 402. Robert Habgood. 410. Louisa Bond. 422. W. N. Clarke and C. Spyers.427. W. N. Clarke and C. Spyers.415. Robert Habgood424. John Hancock 1. James Mc. Dermott (suburban)

139. Stephen Knight—

 * J. S. ROE,
 * Surveyor General.

 * Sheriffs Office, Perth
 * February 6th, 1833.

NOTICE is hereby given, that LAURENCE WELCH has been, appointed Sheriffs Officer for the Districts of Perth and Guildford, and that JOHN BATEMAN has been appointed Sheriffs Officer for the district of Fremantle.
 * George Fredric Stone,
 * Acting Sheriff.

Notice is hereby given, that the Partnership lately subsisting between William James Wood, and William Blackmore Okely, of Fremantle, Bakers and Storekeepers, was dissolved on the 20th day of December last. All debts owing to the firm of Wood and Okely, are to be received by George Leake, and James Mc. Dermott of Fremantle, Trustees to the Estate.

That large and valuable grant of LAND called "CHELTENHAM FARM" on the right bank of the Canning River, situated about 13 miles from the mouth, consisting of 5,300 acres, having a river frontage. There is a substantial house on the property. 10 acres of superior soil (red loam) have been cultivated and were under crop last season, and 20 more have been cleared of wood. There is excellent pasturage on the Estate, well-watered by fresh water springs, and the river is navigable for four miles up wards. There is an abundance of fine Mahogany timber on the grant, which is in the form of a square, so that one angle touches the Swan River opposite Perth and of course has a river frontage on the Swan, an advantage that no other grant in the Colony is possessed of.

That valuable grant of LAND immediately opposite Cheltenham, on the left bank of the Canning, consisting of 170 acres of rich soil (red loam,) and possessing the uncommon advantage of a river frontage of one mile and a half. The whole has been completely cleared of wood.

These Estates on the right and left banks of the River will either be sold together, or separately as purchasers incline. They are situated within 5 miles from Perth by land, and 12 from Fremantle, and the location duties have been performed on both.

The agricultural implements on the farm consisting of a Cart, Plough, Harrows, Wheel-barrow, steel Mill, Spades Axes, Grubing Hoes, &c. Carpenters tools, set of Japanned Milk Dishes, several Guns, Household Furniture, an excellent Boat in complete repair capable of carrying one ton and a half of goods, with two Masts, Sails, and Oars; and a few doz. of Poultry may be had along with the property on valuation.

4,600 acres of unimproved but excellent Land in the County of York, having a frontage on the River Avon of nearly two miles.

A TOWN ALLOTMENT on the Island of Rottenest, and 300 in the interior well watered and admirably adapted for live stock as the Island abounds in superior pasturage.

If the above property is not sold by private bargain, the whole will shortly be exposed to sale by public Auction.

The Estates on the Canning can be viewed and the boundaries pointed out on, application to W. N. CLARK. Solicitor, Fremantle, who is in possession of the Title Deeds of all the properties.

February 1st, 1833.

At the Stores of the undersigned.

Strong Scotch Ale, Pale Ale, and London double brown Stout in wood and bottle, Brandy, Rum, Hollands, Port, Madeira, Sherry, Claret, and other wines. Sugars of all qualities,-Tobacco, Segars, Vinegar, Pickles, Chocolate, Raisins, Starch, Blue, Gentlemens Boots, Coats, Waistcoats, and Trowsers, Ladies Bonnets and Scarfs. Writing Paper; &c &c. &c. Masts, Topmasts, Yards, Chain Cable and Anchor for a Ship of 500 tons, the hulk of the Ship Rockingham. Also to be let, or sold, a fine boat of 12 tons, and 3 neat Cottages near the Cantonment.
 * Fremantle January 30th. 1833.
 * Fremantle January 30th. 1833.

That valuable Perth Allotment L. No. 39, next to the one occupied by Mr. Mews, Apply to
 * Fremantle.
 * Fremantle.

THE Cutter rigged BOAT "SUCCESS" carrying 3 tons, with new Sails, Mast, chain Cable and Anchor,-Price 35 Guineas, Cash, or 40 guineas in barter for live stock, or useful articles of provisions.-Apply to
 * W. GIBBS, Perth

THE fast sailing CUTLER JOLLY RAMBLER, J. BRIGNELL Commander;- For Freight or Passage apply to D. SCOTT, Agent, or to the owner J. BRIGNELL, who has recently purchased the shares of Messrs. Greswell, and Harris of Fremantle.
 * Fremantle February 6th, 1833.

Notice is hereby given, that Messrs. Harris Greswell and Brignell, owners of the Cutter "Jolly Rambler," have settled their disputes, and as Joseph Brignell is now sole owner of the vessel, she will proceed on her, voyage to Sydney, as advertise.
 * W. NAIRNE CLARK,
 * February 7th. 1833. Solicitor.

W. J. Wood, of Perth, Baker, begs, to intimate to the Public, that he has a regular supply of Bread, and fancy Biscuits.

Bakings done every day, and carefully attended to.

Stolen from the church at Perth, various School books, whoever will give such information as may lead to the conviction of the offender or offenders, shall receive the above reward upon application to,
 * L. T. COOK,
 * Schoolmaster, &c. &c.
 * Perth School February 8th. 1833.


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Perth, and Fremantle, Jan. 24th, 1833 Cogniac Brandy Jamaica Rum, Hollands, Cape Wine, Dunbars Bottled Stout. Ale in hogsheads, Beef, Irish Prime Mess Pork, Candles, Arrack, Hops, Raisins, Dried Fruits, Apples, Pears, Apricots, Peaches. Prime Butter, Snuff in Canisters, Window Glass, Brass Cocks, Spades, Pick Axes, Sickles, Nails, Steel Mills, Colonial Flour Wheat Barley Oats Men's Strong Shoes Cart and Waggon Wheels, Corks, Cigars, Crockery, Cloves, Nutmegs, Pepper, Shot, Iron and Steel in Bars, London Mustard, Tin Mugs, Pickles, Pitch and Tar, White, Black, and Green Paint, Mauritius Sugar, Fine and Common Black and Green Teas, London Soap, Seeds, Stationery and Account Books, Slops, Jackets, Sadlery, Tobacco.

G LEAKE

. The Cornwallis, Captain Henderson, for the Cape of Good Hope: Passengers, Mr. Dawson, Mr. Wm. Samson, and Mr. P. H. Dod.

.-The Cygnet, -The Thistle, and Jolly Rambler.

Expected to sail in a few days -The Thistle for Hobart Town, and the Jolly Rambler for Sydney.

We direct the attention of our Correspondents, to the interesting inquiry suggested by the following letter, and shall feel a satisfaction in being the medium of communicating any information, properly authenticated, which may advance the objects of the "lover of Natural History"

Dear Sir,

Being a lover of Natural History, and knowing that your residence in the wide and little explored regions of Australia, enables you to do good service in the cause of science; I beg to trouble you with a few hints. The point to which I would direct your attention is one which naturalists have hitherto been anable to decide, and from its peculiar singularity is a thing of great interest and moment. There are two genera of animals i.e. quadrupeds, which are found only in New Holland, and Van Diemen's Land, and are remarkably like birds in many curious respects, both in their anatomical form and habits. They are called the Ornithorynchus or duck-billed animal (so named from the shape of the bill or jaws) and the echidna. They both have the

bones of the head much like a bird with a kind of bill and no teeth. They also resemble birds in having the "side bones" and "merry-thought" bone, and the sternum or breast bone like them. They are  said to live on insects and worms. The Ornithorynchus is a water animal, has short legs and large webbed feet, and swims, and dives well. There are four or five distinct species of it, and two of the Echidna which is a land animal. Your Uncle has seen preserved specimens in the university Museum, and will be able to recognise them. Their mode of generation is the point I would offer for your investigation Unlike other quadrupeds these possess no womb and it has been asserted that they lay and hatch eggs, and indeed eggs have reached this country, stated to be the bonafide eggs of those creatures. I have seen one which was all white and about as big as a pigeons. If some of the moments of your leisure, and the casual opportunities thrown in your  way during your wanderings, or by the chase were taken advantage of, and devoted to this subject, I think the discovery would be gratifying and perhaps; useful. The following hints may serve to guide you in the process. The date and circumstances under which the discovery was made together with every important fact should be narrated. The form (i the recent state) and locality of the nest if there be one, and the number of eggs &c, should be told. And as the mere sending of eggs is insufficient, it would be well to send every thing that may throw certainty over the relation in the best possible state of preservation to this country. If the fact should prove to be that they really do lay eggs, it would be well if a number of fresh ones fall in your way to place some of them under a hen, and preserve the young ones, embryos in spirit Their natural habits are little known, so if you could procure one alive it might be advisable to keep it for some time. The skins and skeletons are valuable here from the rarity of good Museum specimens, and the following is a good way of anatomizing. Skin and remove the fleshy parts as far as can be safely done, put together a few boards for a case and bore it all over with holes, nail the animal in it and place it a few weeks in an ant hill.

It is a gratifying thought that the accounts received by your friends have been so prosperous, allow me to say that in some measure I have participated in their pleasure arising from this source, and shall continue to wish you every comfort and enjoyment which your peculiar situation and circumstances will afford you. With sincere regard

Yours truly G.H. London 16 August 1832.

The advanced state of this Colony, mainly attributable to individual exertion, far beyond the expectations of the settlers, who have recently arrived here, has been the general theme of panegyric, it is sincerely to be lamented therefore, that our circumscribed resources, prevent our affording to the new settler the facilities of communication with the interior, by means of roads, bridges, &c, which he hears at home, are allowed to other Colonies, and naturally concludes extend to this The roads we have at present, pass through a very circumscribed tract of country, namely, from Fremantle to Guildford, and again from Fremantle to the Canning, each a distance of about 20 miles; as the country on this side of the Darling range, is principally occupied, the attention of the new comer, will of necessity be directed to the locations in the neighbourhood of York, where abundance of excellent land awaits him, and every requisite for immediate and permanent settlement. But the difficulty and expense of conveying indispensable implements of husbandry and stores, over what are termed the Mountains, will we are apprehensive prove a barrier, to the extensive population of that district for the present, by persons merely provided with moderate means. To defer the improvement of the York road until the arrivals we have every reason to anticipate, pour in upon us, would we feel convinced retard the future prospects of the Colony, and impose a difficulty upon the Emigrant, where it is the policy, and evidently the disposition, at the present day, of the home Government to afford every relief. We have been credibly informed by those who have frequently passed over the line marked for the road, that four or five hundred pounds bestowed in labour, upon this essential object, would complete the task; surely then, when such positive advantages to the settler are manifest, and our interests are so closely involved in it this trifling expenditure would not be denied us. We admit there is still a considerable portion of the land on this side of the hills, untilled, and available; but we believe we are correct in advancing, that there are many objects, which the new settler cannot carry into effect, to any extent, unless some better means of communication with the other side is afforded him. The distance to York does not exceed 60 miles, one third of which, is relieved by water carriage. We regard the formation of this road, as an object of the deepest importance, and its necessity is so generally admitted, that we take shame to ourselves for not having noticed the subject at an earlier period.

A question of some importance to the Mercantile interest, as well as the Colonists at large, has been the subject of warm discussion, within the past week at Fremantle, and has given rise we are informed, to some delay in landing a portion of the cargo of the Cygnet. The question alluded to, as far as we can collect, is, whether a Captain is bound to land goods above high water mark, which according to the usual tenor of a bill of lading, are to be delivered at the Port, and it so, whether he is borne out in placing the goods upon a private Jetty at the risk and expense of the consignee. We believe we are correct in stating that the common acceptation of the term "delivered at the Port," is, the place of anchorage; still we have our doubts whether the Captain would be justified in taking his vessel into Cockburn Sound and insisting up- on that being the port of delivery. It might be attempted, by way of annoyance, we would suggest therefore that some measure be adopted, to protect the public from the caprice of individuals, and to establish a point which has been mooted on the occasion of every fresh arrival. With respect to the question of the Jetty, which has arisen out of this dispute, we must allow it is a serious evil, that a private individual should have it in his power by agreement with the Captain, provided he is compelled to land goods, to insure the Jetty dues on the whole of the cargo. We do not mean to infer, far from it, that Mr. Scott has taken any undue advantage in this instance, or any other, but the public ought to be secured from any possibility of combination to their prejudice.

We are open to confess, we are astonished any objection should be made to goods being placed on the Jetty, the charges are by no means immoderate, and it this is an obstacle, we have heard Mr. Scott repeatedly assert that he would submit to any prices, which might be established at a public meeting. The advantages of a Jetty are considerable, and previously to the erection of the one we refer to, there was a constant outcry against the government for not affording the public the accommodation, strange to say, now the relief is at hand, there is a fresh bone of contention, and the absurd and frivoulous objection raised, that it is a private Jetty. An unaccountable jealousy seems to have existed respecting this Jetty for some time, which, we have noticed with regret; it is painful to witness the envy and detraction which attend the successful efforts, of any of our neighbours, where it should rather be a subject of congratulation, and a stimulous to the interchange of kind offices. We do hope to see more cordiallity of sentiment, and an absence of the acrimony, and ill feeling, which is but too often displayed. To return to the original question we are of opinion, it must be fraught with unpleasant reflections to both parties, to argue the point at issue, either on the Jetty, or the beach; it is to be regretted therefore, that the question is not set at rest. It may be as well to remark, that the insertion of the words in the bill of lading, "to be landed at Swan River" would obviate the difficulty: our friends purposing to embark for this Colony, will do well to bear this in mind, it has been adopted in some instances, and proved an infallible nostrum against dissension.

His Honor the Lieutenant Governor, will embark on board the Ellen, Government Schooner, on Monday next, accompanied by the Colonial Aid de Camp, Ensign Dale, and G. F. Moore Esq. when the Schooner will proceed to Augusta, and King Georges Sound. This annual trip, is taken by His Honor, for the purpose of inspecting the different out-ports.


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 The Natives have become so troublesome to Mr. Monger, that he has this morning applied for a sufficient military force to repel them. Their numbers in the neighbourhood of the Lake have greatly increased, by accessions from other tribes, all larger and more powerful men than those we have been accustomed to see. Mr. Monger informs us, he can only recognize three of the party, out of about forty men, as those who have been in the habit of resorting to that quarter. They have now he says taken such full possession of the place that unless they are repulsed, he must abandon it. A fine sow was speared, yesterday. It was but a few days ago, we heard Mr. Monger express every confidence in the natives, we regret to find that in this, as well as most instances, it has been abused. We gave it as our opinion, some time ago, that they must not be encouraged, which further experience has fully confirmed. An inflamation of the eyes has been very prevalent, during the last month, arising in many instances, we believe, from a want of cleanliness and in others, from being exposed to the intense heat which we have occasionly experienced, and the sudden transitions.

It is the general remark, that this season differs essentially, from any other we have experienced, it was extremely backward, the rains continuing to the first week of December; since which the heat at times, has been very oppressive, the Thermometer in the Surveyor Generals Office ranging from 33 to 96 in the shade, and exposed to the sea breeze. An agreable change has taken place within the last few days, the atmosphere being cleared by genial showers during the night, a novelty to us, at this period of the year; the heavy night dews supplying the absence of the other element. The charge made at home for the Postage of our Journal, has been a matter of frequent inquiry, we have now the satisfaction of acquainting our subscribers, that 16s. 6d. a charge made for postage, was instantly returned by H. M. Postmaster General, with an intimation that it was only ?d. This occurred at a distance of 70 miles from London. PERTH MARKET PRICES: The supply of Vegetables from the gardens, in and near Perth, is very plentiful. Potatoes 6d. Onions 9d. wholesale, and 12d. retail per lb. many of these will weigh nearly a pound each. ls. worth of Cabbages, Knole cole or Carrots, &c. will supply a family of four persons. Melons, Pumpkins, Cape Gooseberries, &c, have been brought to market in abundance within this last week. Water Melons from ls. to 2. according to the size. Musk-Melon 1s. 6d. to 2s. Pumpkins 9d. to 1s.

is still scarce 1s. 6d. per lb. Kangaroo 16 d. Our last supply of Lamb was from York: Fresh Butter, Colonial 3s: Cheese do. 2d. 6d

Fremantle is supplied from its own garden and the farms on the Canning. In Mr. Lamb's garden at Fremantle we are informed are some of the finest rock, musk, and water melons the Colony has produced. The garden is not more than 50 yards from the sea beach. The reply of Manyat and Gyallipert to every inquiry, whether they will return to King Sound Georges in the "Ellen" is "by and by, go!" we understand they are to be allowed to remain here for the present. The attention which is shown them, and the general interest they excite from their good behaviour, has instilled into them a degree of pride, which is frequently most ludicrously displayed. The stately air of Manyat, as he parades the streets with his feather-tufted stick, and feathered cap, approaching closely to some of our most dignified and polished actions, acquired by art, has led us to reflect how unjustly we estimate the savage, by our own acquirements.

These men accompanied the Serjeant Major yesterday, to the Bush Inn, (half way house between this and Fremantle) for the purpose we believe of having an interview with the tribes of that place; they met with them, and promised to see them again this morning, but did not appear. We have received a notice for insertion of the Ferry dues at Preston Point, but too late for this weeks publication. It will appear in our next. The efforts of Mr. Weavell the proprietor, call for every support, he has carried into effect a most desirable object, the establishment of a Ferry at this spot, where you are ferried across with the least possible delay; and the attention and civlity shown form a marked contrast to the generality of Ferries. CIVIL COURT. Before G. F. Moore Esq. Civil Commissioner

Keats v. Thomas Peel—Mr. Peel not being present to defend this case either in person or by deputy, further than sending his servant with various documents, some discussion took place, as to whether the case should be proceeded in, no accredited Agent appearing. The Commissioner on Mr Clark (who acted for the Plaintiff) representing, that to avoid further expense, he wished the case gone into, and would not make any objection, was of opinion it could not form a dangerous precedent, the case was consequently opened by Mr. Clark.

This was an action to recover £2. 10. the amount of the Plaintiffs promissory notes, and a bill for board and lodging.

Commissioner.—I dont know whether this account is admitted.

Mr. Clark.—There is a counter claim set up of £21. 8. 10. but I am instructed to dispute this, and merely to allow the sum of £1. 8. 6.

Commissioner.—I perceive we shall not be able to enter into the case satisfactorily; it must therefore stand over until next Court day, the defendant bearing the expenses.

Smith v. Marrs.—This was an action to recover a deficiency on the resale of sundry lots, purchased at a public sale, and not cleared away by the defendant.

Mr. Clark for the Defendant, allowed Judgment by default.

Smith v. Marrs.-To recover £2. 5. for injury sustained by the plaintiff, in breakage &c during the affray at the public sale.

The Commissioner said he must first have proof, that the defendant was directly or indirectly implicated.

Charles Smith stated, that he insisted upon his (the defendants) being turned out.

Lukin being sworn.—Rembered the Defendant laying hold of the door as they were taking him out, it was torn of its hinges, and broken. This was the only injury which came under his observation. If it had not been necessary to turn him out of the room, the window in all probability would not have been broken.

Duffield.—A chair was broken by Mr. Marra thrusting me down upon it, in a scuffle, when I was endevouring to turn him out. 15s was a fair charge for the repair of the door.

Commissioner.—I find some nicety in giving my opinion in this case, as to his liability; i shall therefore defer Judgment until to-morrow.

Bond, v. Habgood.—This was an action to recover £30, the amount of a reward offered by public notice, for the apprehension of the party or parties, concerned in the robbery of Mr. Habgoods Stores.

J. Duffield, sworn—stuck up the notice, could not recollect the exact words, but it applied to any person who would give such information, as would lead to the conviction of the offenders. Has no copy of the placard. Recollects the property was recovered through his overhearing a conversation, which led him to suspect the parties. They were taken into custody, and discharged, but subsequently retaken and convicted for the offence. Both Bond, and Vincent, were very active.

The Defendant maintained, the notice was stuck up in order to induce one of the parties, to come forward as evidence.

The Commissioner, was not aware how far a public Officer, in the exercise of his duty was entitled to remuneration or any portion of a reward, but if it appeared that unusual exertion had taken place, he was disposed to think, that it was to the advantage of those who might have occasion for their services to make some recompense for any extraordinary exertions.

Mr Habgood stated,—that he had satisfied Vincent and would have been disposed to have made Bond some return, if he had behaved himself towards him (the defendant) in a different way.

Bond, said that a misunderstanding had existed between te defendant and himself, owing to his (defendants) reporting that he was implicated in the robbery.

The Plaintiff strongly, denied having given currency to such a report, but that it was Bond's tittle tattle which thwarted him in following up information he had obtained.

The Commissioner, remarked that he thought it would end in a matter of feeling. The question in his own mind was, whether the defendant was liable under the circumstances, and he would take until the following morning to consider of it.

6th. {{sc|February]].—At the opening of the Court, the Commissioner decided in the case of Bond v. Habgood, that the wording of the notice as far as it was proved was not of a nature to hold the defendant liable, but as he had remarked, where there had been a strict performance of his duty, and great exertion, the Officer should be rewarded. That however would rest with the Defendant.

On Mr. Clarks observing whether the case, if put in another shape would be entertained.

The Commissioner replied, he invariably confined himself to the evidence brought before him, and saw disposition enough for litigation, without holding out temptations to either party.—case dismissed.

Butler, v. F. C. Irwin—To recover £17 10, for the hire of a flat, 13 days, at 25s. per day, and for the use of tools and utensils £1.

Mr. Butler, explained that a lime kiln had been built in his neighbourhood for the supply of lime, for a house Captain Irwin was building at Perth.

Commissioner asked whether the account was admitted Mr. Commissary Lewis,—who appeared for Capt. Irwin, stated that both the number of days, and the charge were disputed.

Commissioner—we will proceed then Mr Butler to the proof.

Richard Thorn, being sworn.—stated that he was in Mr. Butlers employ, and remembered the kiln being built. Delivered the flat in question to the Soldiers for Captain Irwin,—it was away 13 days. He received it back again and counted the days, Mr Butler telling him to mind the days.

By the Commissioner.—Has no idea of the price of hire for a boat.

Cross examined.—Dont remember the day, whether Monday or Wednesday, but positive as to the number of days.

Patrick Swift.—I was in Captain Irwin's employ in 1831, on the 10th, February, he wished me to go to Fresh-water Bay for lime, and said I could get Mr. Butlers flat. It was occupied two days in carrying bricks, and three days in carrying lime. I asked him if the boat should be returned. (Mr Butler here interrupted the witness, who replied in a rich native brogue "you can bring it against me but I dare say I'll talk with you, he proceeded)

Mr. Butler said, it was no matter, he should be up as soon as me, and asked me to recommend two sturdy hands to manage the flat, to bring back some bricks he had bought at Perth, in exchange for wood; I recommended a man who was in Parson Wittenooms employ. I Cold Captain Irwin it was Mr. Butlers wish that the flat should remain.

Mr. Butler intimated that the witness was tutored.

The witness was highly indignant at this "he was on his oath he said (here the witness was checked) after several desultory remarks.

Edward Jeffers—who was employed with the previous witness being sworn, fully corroborated his testimony.

Mr. Commissary Lewis stated that Captain Irwin, had invited a settlement by reference to the Magistrates, or by arbetration, but no step was taken on the part of the plaintiff.

Edward Jeffers, cross examined by Mr. Butler.—On Monday after the lime was brought up, the flat was used at Perth for two trips for lime, and on Tuesday three trips for bricks. I took the flat back by Captain Irwins order to Mr. Butler.

Mr. Butler, said, this act was a tacit acknowledgment that the flat was employed by Captain Irwin.

On the other hand Mr. Lewis maintained it was an act of kindness which meet with an ungrateful return.

Commissioner.—This is mere argument, I have the testimony of two witnesses on their oath.

Mr. Butler.—But their evidence should be taken, with suspicion; and I cannot submit to be supressed{{sic}} by men in power.

Mr. Lewis.—You have every opportunity of shaking the testimony of the witnesses—

Commissioner.—I am bound by the situation I am placed in, to decide by the Evidence; this appears to be a case of misunderstanding.—{{sc|Verdict}} for 6 days and £l. for Utensils, with Costs.

Some objection being made to the payment of costs, as the matter might have been settled long ago,

The Commissioner observed that acting in obedience to the feelings of the Defendant he would not recommend it to be pressed. {{nop}}


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 Harris and Gresswell v. Brignell. For refusing to give up the command of the Cutter "Jolly Rambler." Damages £300.

J Butler on the part of the plaintiffs, stated they had suffered serious injury by the defendants persisting in keeping possession of the Vessel; the plaintiffs having the majority of voices, considered themselves entitled to dispose of the vessel as they wished, and not to be dictated to by the defendant, who presumed upon his having two half shares against the plaintiffs two. A court of equity he (Mr. Butler) was of opinion would give the preference to the majority of voices.

The Commissioner.-In the first place you must prove the mismanagement, I shall then see whether there is sufficient reason for my interposing. It is not to the interest of either party, to have the power of the Court, of seizing the vessel, exercised, if it can in any way be settled without it. I should recommend you to avoid going to extremities; now, is it not possible that another Master could be agreed upon by all parties. (This conciliatory suggestion, was entertained, and Mr. Dring, who happined to be in the Court was named; he however declined, as there were disputed accounts which would give rise to fresh difficulties when this point was overcome.)

Mr Anderson Junr. was proposed by Mr. Dring; but Mr Scott stated it mattered not who was appointed Master of the Vessel, for the plaintiffs were determined she should not proceed to Sydney, for which port she had already engaged freight.

Mr. Butler said the object of this trial was to shew on which side a court of equity would give the priority, whether to the number of voices, or to the largest share holder.

Commissioner.-I have been referring, but have not found any thing decisive upon the subject, if on further reference I still find nothing expressed, I shall decide this case by analogy. It is certainly rather singular, that in this remote corner, the difficulty should first arise.

Mr. Butler.-But Abbot says here "yes" (holding up a volume) Mr Scott (the same) and he says here no! (a laugh) (after a long discussion which occasioned some merriment in the court.)

The Commissioner remarked, that there appeared to be a great deal of acrimony on both sides; he would however advise the parties to weigh the matter well, before they pushed the case into the Admiralty Court; they would find its proceedings very tedious, and expensive. He would adjourn the case until Thursday, to give Mr. Scott time to produce the Register, in the mean time he strongly recommended the parties to come to some arrangement Adjourned until the following morning at 10 o'clock.

(This case it will be seen, by reference to an advertisement in another portion of our paper, was arranged out of Court.)

Mr. Habgood placed some bills of lading in the Commissioners hands, and requested to be informed whether upon the face of those bills he was not justified in insisting upon Captain Rolls, of the Cygnet landing his goods above high water mark. The Commissioner said it seemed to him not exactly regular that he should venture an opinion, but he would take the documents, and give a reply in the morning.

The reply we are informed was, that the Court could not give a legal opinion upon the subject in the state the case was brought forward

As complete files of the public Journals at home, are seldom to be met with here, in order to furnish a connected chain of the Parliamentary proceedings of 1832, we avail ourselves of the following Index, which is extracted from the Sunday Times of the 19 of August.

1831.-Both houses met on Tuesday, the 6th, for despatch of business. In the Commons, on the 12th, the English reform bill was introduced, by Lord J. Russell, for the third time. The second time reading occupied two nights, and the house divided at one o'clock on Sunday Morning. Ayes, 324 -Noes, 162 Majority, 162-being just two to one in favour of the bill. Adjourned for the Christmas holidays.

, 1832.-Both houses re-assembled on Tuesday, the 17th. In the Lords, no business of interest the first week. In the Commons, the population returns, prepared by Lieut Durmmond, deprecated as inaccurate by the anti-reformers. Grant of 75,000l. ordered for the completion of Buckingham-palace. Irish and Scotch reform bills brought in, and read a first time. English reform bill committed. Anatomy bill read a second time. The Earl of Aberdeen moved an address, condemning the treaty of Belgium; negatived by a majority of 37, in favour of ministers. Vestry act amendment bill lost on second reading by a majority of four. Numerous, petitious presented against tithes in Ireland. Mr S. Perceval moved that a general fast be appointed, but the Chancellor, of the Exchequer having intimated that it was in contemplation, the motion was withdrawn. Mr. Herries's motion impugning the conduct of ministers in having paid any money on account of the Russian Dutch loan, negatived, the numbers being-For the resolution, 214-Against, -238-Majority for ministers, 24. In the committee on the English reform bill a division took place on the clause for division of counties-For the clause, 215-Against, 89-Majority, 186. Select committee appointed to inquire into the affairs of India, with the view to the repeal of the East India Company's charter.

.-Lord Wynford brought forward a motion similar to that made in the Commons, by Mr. Herries, on the subject of Russian-Dutch loan, which was subsequently withdrawn. The Duke of Sussex announced, in parliament, his intention of causing his body to be given up at his demise, for the furtherance of anatomical science. Earl Grey admits the propriety of an inquiry into the tithe system, at the same time preserving the just rights of the church, Mr. Courtenay moves an address, complaining of the British government having withheld its protection from Don Miguel against the aggression of France; negatived by a majority of 135. The colera morbus prevention bill brought in by the Marquis of Lansdowne, specifying the powers to be vested in the boards of health, Mr. Baring brings in a bill to do away the privilege from arrest for debt, enjoyed by members of the House of Commons. Motion by Alder Thompson, to reduce the soap duty from 3d. to 1½d. per pound; resisted by the Chancellor of the Exchequer, and withdrawn.

. In committee on the English reform bill, the Marquis of Chandos moved that the metropolitan districts clause be struck out-For the clause, 316-Against it, 26-Majority for ministers, 80. The malt duty drawback bill read a second time. Great complaints respecting the distressed state of the silk trade, and committee appointed. The Lord Chancellor announces that the common law commission recommend that imprisonment for debt be abolished. The Marquis of Lansdowne brings in the report of the committee on Irish tithes, recommending their abolition by commuting them for a charge upon land: resolutions in accordance therewith agreed to. The Chancellor of the Exchequer proposed to continue the existing sugar duties for six months, upon which the Marquis of Chandos moves an amendment, to allow the importation of brown, clayed, and muscovadoes at a duty of 20s. per cwt. Amendment negatived by fourteen in favour of ministers. The Archbishop of Canterbury brings in a bill to prohibit the plurality of benefices-two not to be held by the same person, unless within 30 miles of each other. The English reform bill passes through committee, after most protracted discussion. [Seven weeks were occupied in committee, and divisions took place on all the essential clauses; but we cannot attempt even an outline of the results, except by saying that they were favourable to the principle of the bill.] Mr. Croker brought forward a series of resolutions, in the nature of a protest, but they were ultimately abandoned. The third reading, debated three nights, was carried (Friday 23rd,) by a majority of 116, there being 355 for, and 239 against it. Lord Milton gave notice of a motion on the corn laws, for the 8th of May. Mr. Hunt's motion for an inquiry into the Manchester affray negatived by 206 to 31; majority 175. Bill brought in enabling parishes to make small allotments of land to industrious agricultural labourers. The English reform bill brought up to the House of Lords, and, on the motion of Earl Grey, read a first time. The second reading postponed for a fortnight. Bill brought in to abolish capital punishment for offences against property.

.-On the second reading of the English reform bill, in the Peers, after four days debate, their lordships divided, at Seven o'clock, on Saturday morning, the 14th April, when the numbers

 * Contents-Present 128; Proxies, 56—184.
 * Non Contents-Present 126; Proxies, 49—175.
 * Majority for the second reading—9

The plurality of benefices bill read a third time and passed, Bill to legalize marriages, performed by Roman Catholic priests, brought in, and the second reading carried, by 35 for it-Against it, 5. The Irish tithes bill read a second time. The Earl of Harewood presented a petition from West India proprietors praying relief from certain orders in council-Committee appointed to investigate the subject.-Irish tithe bill read a third time and passed. Tyrannic conduct of Russia towards Poland brought forward by Mr. C. Fergusson-expression of sympathy by ministers, but no distinct pledge of interposition given. Both houses adjourn for the Easter holydays.

.-The English reform bill committed. Lord Lyndhurst's memorable motion for postponing the consideration of schedules A and B-the disfranchising clauses-until after the enfranchising clauses had been discussed, after a lengthened debate terminated in a division-For the amendment, 151 -Against, 116-Majority against ministers, 35, This was on Monday the 7th, and Earl Grey finding it useless to proceed with the bill, moved that it be postponed to the Thursday following. The resignation of ministers was announced on Wednesday, in the Peers, by Earl Grey, and in the Commons, by Lord Althrop. On Thursday Lord Ebrington, in the Commons, moved an address to the King expressive of regret at the change in his Majesty s councils, and imploring the King to call to his councils, only such persons as would carry into effect the reform bill. After a long and animated debate, the house divided-For Lord Ebringtons motion, 288-Against it, 208 Majority, 80; ordered to be presented by such members as belonged to the privy council. Petitions presented from Manchester, London, Bermingham, and nearly every town in the kingdom, calling upon the House of Commons to stop the supplies until the reform bill had passed into a law. Anatomy bill read at third time Insolvent debtors act continued for the remainder of the sessions. Important explanations in the House of Peers. The King consults Lord Lyndhurst on the formation of a new cabinet; and the Duke of Wellington accepts the premiership, with a distinct assurance to his Sovereign that he was prepared to bring in an extensive bill of reform, which would give satisfaction to the people, and thereby avoid the creation of new peers. The duke however, finding, from the tone and temper of the House of Commons and the country, that any measures short of the one brought forward by the previous administration, would not give satisfaction, nor be accepted by the people, declines the task he had taken upon himself, and Earl Grey and his colleagues were recall ed to office. Communications to that effect made to both houses. Consideration of reform bill in the Lords committee resumed on the 21st, and several clauses agreed to. The Duke of Newcastle moves for copies of letters from the King to Earl Grey, giving a carte blanche for the creation of peers; another letter to certain peers, requesting them not to oppose the reform bill in committee; and of a circular from the King to certain peers, calling on them to absent themselves from the house during the further progress of the bill. This motion was withdrawn: The King's answer to the address from the Commons, is presented, in which his Majesty says, " I trust that the object of that address will appear, to my faithful Commons, to be accomplished, since the necessity of any change in my councils has been avoided." The Scotch reform bill, and devision of counties' bill, read a second time. Select committee on the Bank of England Charter appointed: Select committee on colonial slavery granted, but appointment postponed. Irish reform bill read a second time. English reform bill went through the Lords' committee, was reported, peers to be summoned. On the motion Mr. E. L. Bulwer, a select committee is appointed to inquire into the state of dramatic literature, and to restrict the monopoly enjoyed by the patent theatres. Lord Palmerston declares the intention of ministers to observe a strict neutrality, in the struggles between the princes of the house of Bragenza unless any other power should interfere.

The punishment of death abolition bill read a third time, and passed: To be Continued.

Edited, Printed, and Published by CHARLES MACFAULL, at the Gazette Office, Perth

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10s 6d per Quarter, if paid in advance, or 12s if paid at the end of the Quarter. Single number, One Shilling.

 * -For 8 lines 3s. 6d and 3d. per line above this number.


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User:DeirdreAnne/backlinks3

Here's the output from User:Inductiveload's backlinks script. It doesn't appear to be specifying wq entries though so it may be reporting them as wp (?), last run died with the following:

INF: Processing page: Author:Emery Walker INF: Found Wikiquote page: Traceback (most recent call last): File "find_wp_author_without_backlinks.py", line 129, in    blc = WS_External_Backlink_Checker File "find_wp_author_without_backlinks.py", line 124, in __init__ self.check_for_missing_wq_backlinks File "find_wp_author_without_backlinks.py", line 88, in check_for_missing_wq_backlinks wp_page = wikipedia.Page(self.wq_site, wp_page_title) #get the WP article page File "/user/python/pywikipedia/wikipedia.py", line 314, in __init__ raise InvalidTitle(u"Invalid title '%s'" % title ) pywikibot.exceptions.InvalidTitle: Invalid title ''

Output follows:

title: User:DeirdreAnne/backlinks3


text: The Perth Gazette and Western Australian Journal/Volume 1/Number 4


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—continued.

lakes and river-systems are separated from each other by barriers of land, it might have been thought that fresh-water productions would not have ranged widely within the same country, and as the sea is apparently a still more impassable barrier, that they never would have extended to distant countries. But the case is exactly the reverse. Not only have many fresh-water species, belonging to quite different classes, an enormous range, but allied species prevail in a remarkable manner throughout the world. I well remember, when first collecting in the fresh waters of Brazil, feeling much surprise at the similarity of the fresh-water insects, shells, &c., and at the dissimilarity of the surrounding terrestrial beings, compared with those of Britain.

But this power in fresh-water productions of ranging widely, though so unexpected, can, I think, in most cases be explained by their having become fitted, in a manner highly useful to them, for short and frequent migrations from pond to pond, or from stream to stream; and liability to wide dispersal would follow from this capacity as an almost necessary consequence. We can here consider only a few cases. In regard to


text: The Perth Gazette and Western Australian Journal/Volume 1/Number 5


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 fish, I believe that the same species never occur in the fresh waters of distant continents. But on the same continent the species often range widely and almost capriciously; for two river-systems will have some fish in common and some different. A few facts seem to favour the possibility of their occasional transport by accidental means; like that of the live fish not rarely dropped by whirlwinds in India, and the vitality of their ova when removed from the water. But I am inclined to attribute the dispersal of fresh-water fish mainly to slight changes within the recent period in the level of the land, having caused rivers to flow into each other. Instances, also, could be given of this having occurred during floods, without any change of level. We have evidence in the loess of the Rhine of considerable changes of level in the land within a very recent geological period, and when the surface was peopled by existing land and fresh-water shells. The wide difference of the fish on opposite sides of continuous mountain-ranges, which from an early period must have parted river-systems and completely prevented their inosculation, seems to lead to this same conclusion. With respect to allied fresh-water fish occurring at very distant points of the world, no doubt there are many cases which cannot at present be explained: but some fresh-water fish belong to very ancient forms, and in such cases there will have been ample time for great geographical changes, and consequently time and means for much migration. In the second place, salt-water fish can with care be slowly accustomed to live in fresh water; and, according to Valenciennes, there is hardly a single group of fishes confined exclusively to fresh water, so that we may imagine that a marine member of a fresh-water group might travel far along the shores of the sea, and


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  Neve's Fasti Ecclesiæ Anglicanæ, ed. Hardy; Browne-Willis's Survey of St. Asaph, 1801; Thomas's History of the Diocese of St. Asaph; Stubb's Registrum Sacrum; Wylie's History of Henry IV.]

TREVOR, JOHN (1626–1672), secretary of state, born in 1626, was the second but eldest surviving son of Sir John Trevor of Trevalyn, Denbighshire, by Margaret, daughter of Hugh Trevannion of Trevannion, Cornwall.

The father, (d. 1673), was son and heir of John Trevor of Trevalyn, Denbighshire (d. 1630) (Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1663–4, p. 272), by Mary, daughter of Sir George Bruges of London. Sir Sackvill Trevor [q. v.] and Sir Thomas Trevor (1586–1656) were his younger brothers. He was knighted at Windsor on 7 June 1619, and was returned member for Denbighshire in 1620. He was elected for the county of Flint in the next parliament and the first parliament of Charles I, for Great Bedwin in that of 1628, and for Grampound in the Long parliament. Both he and his son were moderate parliamentarians, and took a leading part in the government under the Commonwealth. On 2 June 1648 the elder Trevor was requested to attend before the Derby House committee ‘concerning the affairs of North Wales’ (ib. 1648–9, p. 91), and henceforth became a regular member of it. He sat in Oliver Cromwell's first and second parliaments, and on 3 Feb. 1651 he was named a member of the council of state (ib. 1651, p. 44). On 12 Aug. he was added to the committee of safety (ib. p. 322), and on 1 March he was placed on the admiralty committee (ib. p. 66). He sat on various other committees, and on 23 Nov. 1652 was chosen for the new council of state and reappointed to the admiralty committee on 2 Dec. (ib. p. 505, 1652–3 p. 2). In the same month he was a commissioner to treat with Portugal, Spain, and the Tuscan ambassador, and was added to the committee for the mint (ib. pp. 9, &c.). In 1655 he was one of the treasurers appointed to receive sums for the relief of the Piedmont protestants (ib. 1655, pp. 182, 197). He was a member of Richard Cromwell's parliament and of the restored Rump (, Milton, v. 454). He favoured the Restoration, but was deprived by that event of Richmond and Nonsuch parks. He died in 1673, the year after his son John.

Sir John Trevor the younger, who is described as of Channel Row, Middlesex, and Plas-têg, Flintshire, entered parliament in December 1646 as member for the county of Flint. On 12 July 1654 he was again returned for the same constituency, and on 1 Nov. 1655 was placed on the trade committee nominated by the council of state (Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1655–6, p. 1). He was made a commissioner for the survey of forests on 26 June 1657 (ib. 1657–8, p. 16), and gradually attained so influential a public position that on 23 Feb. 1659–60 he was admitted to Monck's council of state (, Milton, v. 544; Hist. MSS. Comm. 7th Rep. ii. 462). He was returned to the Convention parliament for Arundel, and in the Long parliament of the Restoration sat for Great Bedwin. In April 1663 he appears to have obtained some public employment in France (Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1663–4, p. 126). Four years later Pepys bemoaned with his friend Carteret the ruinous condition of things, when the king was going ‘to put out of the council so many able men, such as Anglesey, Ashley, Holles, and Secretary Morrice, to bring in Mr. Trevor and the archbishop of Canterbury and my Lord Bridgewater’ (Diary, 30 Dec. 1667). This, however, was premature, for it was not till after prolonged negotiations that Trevor bought Morrice's secretaryship of state for 10,000l. or 8,000l. Meanwhile, in February 1668, he was despatched on a mission to Paris, where he remained till May. Trevor and the Dutch envoy, who were in constant communication with Sir W. Temple at the Hague, presented to Louis XIV on 4 March a joint memorial demanding a prolongation of the truce between France and Spain till the end of May, and offering their mediation to force Spain to agree to terms provided Louis did not attack Holland. Le Tellier, Colbert, and Lionne were appointed to treat with them, and on 15 April a treaty was signed between the two countries and France. On 2 May ratifications were exchanged and Trevor went to St. Germain (Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1667–8, p. 354). On his return to England he was knighted, and on 22 Sept. appointed one of the secretaries of state. A patent appointing him at a salary of 100l. a year for life was enrolled on 4 Dec.; but on 6 July 1669 he had consented that it should be during pleasure (ib. 1668–9, pp. 89, 398). In reply to Temple's congratulations on his appointment, Trevor wrote (8 Oct. 1668) professing great friendship for him, and also claiming ‘some affinity’ to his principles. Like most of the other ministers, except Arlington and Clifford, he was kept completely in the dark as to the king's French policy (, vi. 574). Kennet prints some ‘Queries’ of his disapproving the French intrigues of the English envoys who were sent to negotiate with the Dutch in


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 become modified and adapted to the fresh waters of a distant land.

Some species of fresh-water shells have a very wide range, and allied species, which, on my theory, are descended from a common parent and must have proceeded from a single source, prevail throughout the world. Their distribution at first perplexed me much, as their ova are not likely to be transported by birds, and they are immediately killed by sea water, as are the adults. I could not even understand how some naturalised species have rapidly spread throughout the same country. But two facts, which I have observed—and no doubt many others remain to be observed—throw some light on this subject. When a duck suddenly emerges from a pond covered with duck-weed, I have twice seen these little plants adhering to its back; and it has happened to me, in removing a little duck-weed from one aquarium to another, that I have quite unintentionally stocked the one with fresh-water shells from the other. But another agency is perhaps more effectual: I suspended a duck's feet, which might represent those of a bird sleeping in a natural pond, in an aquarium, where many ova of fresh-water shells were hatching; and I found that numbers of the extremely minute and just hatched shells crawled on the feet, and clung to them so firmly that when taken out of the water they could not be jarred off, though at a somewhat more advanced age they would voluntarily drop off. These just hatched molluscs, though aquatic in their nature, survived on the duck's feet, in damp air, from twelve to twenty hours; and in this length of time a duck or heron might fly at least six or seven hundred miles, and would be sure to alight on a pool or rivulet, if blown across sea to an oceanic island or to any other distant point. Sir Charles Lyell also


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 informs me that a Dyticus has been caught with an Ancylus (a fresh-water shell like a limpet) firmly adhering to it; and a water-beetle of the same family, a Colymbetes, once flew on board the 'Beagle,' when forty-five miles distant from the nearest land: how much farther it might have flown with a favouring gale no one can tell.

With respect to plants, it has long been known what enormous ranges many fresh-water and even marsh-species have, both over continents and to the most remote oceanic islands. This is strikingly shown, as remarked by Alph. de Candolle, in large groups of terrestrial plants, which have only a very few aquatic members; for these latter seem immediately to acquire, as if in consequence, a very wide range. I think favourable means of dispersal explain this fact. I have before mentioned that earth occasionally, though rarely, adheres in some quantity to the feet and beaks of birds. Wading birds, which frequent the muddy edges of ponds, if suddenly flushed, would be the most likely to have muddy feet. Birds of this order I can show are the greatest wanderers, and are occasionally found on the most remote and barren islands in the open ocean; they would not be likely to alight on the surface of the sea, so that the dirt would not be washed off their feet; when making land, they would be sure to fly to their natural fresh-water haunts. I do not believe that botanists are aware how charged the mud of ponds is with seeds: I have tried several little experiments, but will here give only the most striking case: I took in February three table-spoonfuls of mud from three different points, beneath water, on the edge of a little pond; this mud when dry weighed only 6¾ ounces; I kept it covered up in my study for six months, pulling up and counting each plant as it grew; the plants were


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 of many kinds, and were altogether 537 in number; and yet the viscid mud was all contained in a breakfast cup! Considering these facts, I think it would be an inexplicable circumstance if water-birds did not transport the seeds of fresh-water plants to vast distances, and if consequently the range of these plants was not very great. The same agency may have come into play with the eggs of some of the smaller fresh-water animals.

Other and unknown agencies probably have also played a part. I have stated that fresh-water fish eat some kinds of seeds, though they reject many other kinds after having swallowed them; even small fish swallow seeds of moderate size, as of the yellow water-lily and Potamogeton. Herons and other birds, century after century, have gone on daily devouring fish; they then take flight and go to other waters, or are blown across the sea; and we have seen that seeds retain their power of germination, when rejected in pellets or in excrement, many hours afterwards. When I saw the great size of the seeds of that fine water-lily, the Nelumbium, and remembered Alph. de Candolle's remarks on this plant, I thought that its distribution must remain quite inexplicable; but Audubon states that he found the seeds of the great southern water-lily (probably, according to Dr. Hooker, the Nelumbium luteum) in a heron's stomach; although I do not know the fact, yet analogy makes me believe that a heron flying to another pond and getting a hearty meal of fish, would probably reject from its stomach a pellet containing the seeds of the Nelumbium undigested; or the seeds might be dropped by the bird whilst feeding its young, in the same way as fish are known sometimes to be dropped.

In considering these several means of distribution,


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 it should be remembered that when a pond or stream is first formed, for instance, on a rising islet, it will be unoccupied; and a single seed or egg will have a good chance of succeeding. Although there will always be a struggle for life between the individuals of the species, however few, already occupying any pond, yet as the number of kinds is small, compared with those on the land, the competition will probably be less severe between aquatic than between terrestrial species; consequently an intruder from the waters of a foreign country, would have a better chance of seizing on a place, than in the case of terrestrial colonists. We should, also, remember that some, perhaps many, fresh-water productions are low in the scale of nature, and that we have reason to believe that such low beings change or become modified less quickly than the high; and this will give longer time than the average for the migration of the same aquatic species. We should not forget the probability of many species having formerly ranged as continuously as fresh-water productions ever can range, over immense areas, and having subsequently become extinct in intermediate regions. But the wide distribution of fresh-water plants and of the lower animals, whether retaining the same identical form or in some degree modified, I believe mainly depends on the wide dispersal of their seeds and eggs by animals, more especially by fresh-water birds, which have large powers of flight, and naturally travel from one to another and often distant piece of water. Nature, like a careful gardener, thus takes her seeds from a bed of a particular nature, and drops them in another equally well fitted for them.

On the Inhabitants of Oceanic Islands.—We now come to the last of the three classes of facts, which I


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 have selected as presenting the greatest amount of difficulty, on the view that all the individuals both of the same and of allied species have descended from a single parent; and therefore have all proceeded from a common birthplace, notwithstanding that in the course of time they have come to inhabit distant points of the globe. I have already stated that I cannot honestly admit Forbes's view on continental extensions, which, if legitimately followed out, would lead to the belief that within the recent period all existing islands have been nearly or quite joined to some continent. This view would remove many difficulties, but it would not, I think, explain all the facts in regard to insular productions. In the following remarks I shall not confine myself to the mere question of dispersal; but shall consider some other facts, which bear on the truth of the two theories of independent creation and of descent with modification.

The species of all kinds which inhabit oceanic islands are few in number compared with those on equal continental areas: Alph. de Candolle admits this for plants, and Wollaston for insects. If we look to the large size and varied stations of New Zealand, extending over 780 miles of latitude, and compare its flowering plants, only 750 in number, with those on an equal area at the Cape of Good Hope or in Australia, we must, I think, admit that something quite independently of any difference in physical conditions has caused so great a difference in number. Even the uniform county of Cambridge has 847 plants, and the little island of Anglesea 764, but a few ferns and a few introduced plants are included in these numbers, and the comparison in some other respects is not quite fair. We have evidence that the barren island of Ascension aboriginally possessed under half-a-dozen flowering


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 plants; yet many have become naturalised on it, as they have on New Zealand and on every other oceanic island which can be named. In St. Helena there is reason to believe that the naturalised plants and animals have nearly or quite exterminated many native productions. He who admits the doctrine of the creation of each separate species, will have to admit, that a sufficient number of the best adapted plants and animals have not been created on oceanic islands; for man has unintentionally stocked them from various sources far more fully and perfectly than has nature.

Although in oceanic islands the number of kinds of inhabitants is scanty, the proportion of endemic species (i.e. those found nowhere else in the world) is often extremely large. If we compare, for instance, the number of the endemic land-shells in Madeira, or of the endemic birds in the Galapagos Archipelago, with the number found on any continent, and then compare the area of the islands with that of the continent, we shall see that this is true. This fact might have been expected on my theory, for, as already explained, species occasionally arriving after long intervals in a new and isolated district, and having to compete with new associates, will be eminently liable to modification, and will often produce groups of modified descendants. But it by no means follows, that, because in an island nearly all the species of one class are peculiar, those of another class, or of another section of the same class, are peculiar; and this difference seems to depend on the species which do not become modified having immigrated with facility and in a body, so that their mutual relations have not been much disturbed. Thus in the Galapagos Islands nearly every land-bird, but only two out of the eleven marine birds, are peculiar; and it is obvious that


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 marine birds could arrive at these islands more easily than land-birds. Bermuda, on the other hand, which lies at about the same distance from North America as the Galapagos Islands do from South America, and which has a very peculiar soil, does not possess one endemic land bird; and we know from Mr. J. M. Jones's admirable account of Bermuda, that very many North American birds, during their great annual migrations, visit either periodically or occasionally this island. Madeira does not possess one peculiar bird, and many European and African birds are almost every year blown there, as I am informed by Mr. E. V. Harcourt. So that these two islands of Bermuda and Madeira have been stocked by birds, which for long ages have struggled together in their former homes, and have become mutually adapted to each other; and when settled in their new homes, each kind will have been kept by the others to their proper places and habits, and will consequently have been little liable to modification. Madeira, again, is inhabited by a wonderful number of peculiar land-shells, whereas not one species of sea-shell is confined to its shores: now, though we do not know how sea-shells are dispersed, yet we can see that their eggs or larvæ, perhaps attached to seaweed or floating timber, or to the feet of wading-birds, might be transported far more easily than land-shells, across three or four hundred miles of open sea. The different orders of insects in Madeira apparently present analogous facts.

Oceanic islands are sometimes deficient in certain classes, and their places are apparently occupied by the other inhabitants; in the Galapagos Islands reptiles, and in New Zealand gigantic wingless birds, take the place of mammals. In the plants of the Galapagos Islands, Dr. Hooker has shown that the proportional numbers of the different orders are very different from


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 what they are elsewhere. Such cases are generally accounted for by the physical conditions of the islands; but this explanation seems to me not a little doubtful. Facility of immigration, I believe, has been at least as important as the nature of the conditions.

Many remarkable little facts could be given with respect to the inhabitants of remote islands. For instance, in certain islands not tenanted by mammals, some of the endemic plants have beautifully hooked seeds; yet few relations are more striking than the adaptation of hooked seeds for transportal by the wool and fur of quadrupeds. This case presents no difficulty on my view, for a hooked seed might be transported to an island by some other means; and the plant then becoming slightly modified, but still retaining its hooked seeds, would form an endemic species, having as useless an appendage as any rudimentary organ,—for instance, as the shrivelled wings under the soldered elytra of many insular beetles. Again, islands often possess trees or bushes belonging to orders which elsewhere include only herbaceous species; now trees, as Alph. de Candolle has shown, generally have, whatever the cause may be, confined ranges. Hence trees would be little likely to reach distant oceanic islands; and an herbaceous plant, though it would have no chance of successfully competing in stature with a fully developed tree, when established on an island and having to compete with herbaceous plants alone, might readily gain an advantage by growing taller and taller and overtopping the other plants. If so, natural selection would often tend to add to the stature of herbaceous plants when growing on an island, to whatever order they belonged, and thus convert them first into bushes and ultimately into trees.

With respect to the absence of whole orders on


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 oceanic islands, Bory St. Vincent long ago remarked that Batrachians (frogs, toads, newts) have never been found on any of the many islands with which the great oceans are studded. I have taken pains to verify this assertion, and I have found it strictly true. I have, however, been assured that a frog exists on the mountains of the great island of New Zealand; but I suspect that this exception (if the information be correct) may be explained through glacial agency. This general absence of frogs, toads, and newts on so many oceanic islands cannot be accounted for by their physical conditions; indeed it seems that islands are peculiarly well fitted for these animals; for frogs have been introduced into Madeira, the Azores, and Mauritius, and have multiplied so as to become a nuisance. But as these animals and their spawn are known to be immediately killed by sea-water, on my view we can see that there would be great difficulty in their transportal across the sea, and therefore why they do not exist on any oceanic island. But why, on the theory of creation, they should not have been created there, it would be very difficult to explain.

Mammals offer another and similar case. I have carefully searched the oldest voyages, but have not finished my search; as yet I have not found a single instance, free from doubt, of a terrestrial mammal (excluding domesticated animals kept by the natives) inhabiting an island situated above 300 miles from a continent or great continental island; and many islands situated at a much less distance are equally barren. The Falkland Islands, which are inhabited by a wolf-like fox, come nearest to an exception; but this group cannot be considered as oceanic, as it lies on a bank connected with the mainland; moreover, icebergs formerly brought boulders to its western shores, and they may


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 have formerly transported foxes, as so frequently now happens in the arctic regions. Yet it cannot be said that small islands will not support small mammals, for they occur in many parts of the world on very small islands, if close to a continent; and hardly an island can be named on which our smaller quadrupeds have not become naturalised and greatly multiplied. It cannot be said, on the ordinary view of creation, that there has not been time for the creation of mammals; many volcanic islands are sufficiently ancient, as shown by the stupendous degradation which they have suffered and by their tertiary strata: there has also been time for the production of endemic species belonging to other classes; and on continents it is thought that mammals appear and disappear at a quicker rate than other and lower animals. Though terrestrial mammals do not occur on oceanic islands, aërial mammals do occur on almost every island. New Zealand possesses two bats found nowhere else in the world: Norfolk Island, the Viti Archipelago, the Bonin Islands, the Caroline and Marianne Archipelagoes, and Mauritius, all possess their peculiar bats. Why, it may be asked, has the supposed creative force produced bats and no other mammals on remote islands? On my view this question can easily be answered; for no terrestrial mammal can be transported across a wide space of sea, but bats can fly across. Bats have been seen wandering by day far over the Atlantic Ocean; and two North American species either regularly or occasionally visit Bermuda, at the distance of 600 miles from the mainland. I hear from Mr. Tomes, who has specially studied this family, that many of the same species have enormous ranges, and are found on continents and on far distant islands. Hence we have only to suppose that such wandering species have been


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 through natural selection in their new homes in relation to their new position, and we can understand the presence of endemic bats on islands, with the absence of all terrestrial mammals.

Besides the absence of terrestrial mammals in relation to the remoteness of islands from continents, there is also a relation, to a certain extent independent of distance, between the depth of the sea separating an island from the neighbouring mainland, and the presence in both of the same mammiferous species or of allied species in a more or less modified condition. Mr. Windsor Earl has made some striking observations on this head in regard to the great Malay Archipelago, which is traversed near Celebes by a space of deep ocean; and this space separates two widely distinct mammalian faunas. On either side the islands are situated on moderately deep submarine banks, and they are inhabited by closely allied or identical quadrupeds. No doubt some few anomalies occur in this great archipelago, and there is much difficulty in forming a judgment in some cases owing to the probable naturalisation of certain mammals through man's agency; but we shall soon have much light thrown on the natural history of this archipelago by the admirable zeal and researches of Mr. Wallace. I have not as yet had time to follow up this subject in all other quarters of the world; but as far as I have gone, the relation generally holds good. We see Britain separated by a shallow channel from Europe, and the mammals are the same on both sides; we meet with analogous facts on many islands separated by similar channels from Australia. The West Indian Islands stand on a deeply submerged bank, nearly 1000 fathoms in depth, and here we find American forms, but the species and even the genera are distinct. As the amount of modification in all cases depends to