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 for a month late in the autumn, and visited Stonyhurst College at Christmas, for the rest living entirely at Walton Hall. His writings sometimes involved him in controversies, of which the chief were with (1789–1855) [q. v.] and with Audubon, on the method by which the vulture finds out its food. Audubon maintained that sight alone led a vulture to a putrid carcass, while Waterton was of opinion that scent as well as view guided the bird. His remarks are published in the volumes of ‘Essays.’ He lived on good terms with his neighbours, who frequently visited him at Walton Hall, where he exercised a continuous and genial hospitality. He always slept on the bare floor of his room, with a block of wood for a pillow, and rose at three. He then lit his fire, and lay down for half an hour while it burned up. He then dressed, and spent the hour from four to five in his chapel. He then read a chapter in the life of St. Francis Xavier, and one in Don Quixote, both in Spanish, and then wrote letters or stuffed birds till eight, when he breakfasted. He dined at half-past one, had tea at six, and spent a great part of the day in his park. He was almost six feet high, and wore his white hair cut very short. Indoors he always wore an old-fashioned swallow-tailed coat. ‘Grongar Hill,’ ‘The Traveller,’ ‘The Deserted Village,’ ‘Chevy Chase,’ the ‘Metamorphoses’ of Ovid, and Vida's ‘Christiad’ were his favourite reading in poetry, and in prose he read again and again ‘Don Quixote,’ White's ‘Selborne,’ Sterne, and Washington Irving. He arranged part of his park as a pleasaunce for picnics, and from May to September threw it open to schools and associations who applied beforehand. On his eightieth birthday he climbed an oak tree in his park. On 25 May 1865 he had a severe fall while carrying a log on his shoulder, and died of internal injuries on the 27th. He was buried between two old oaks, on the shore of the lake in his park, under a stone cross which he had put up a year before, with the epitaph ‘Orate pro anima: Caroli Waterton: cujus fessa juxta hanc crucem sepeliuntur ossa.’

A few years after his death Walton Hall was sold by his son to its present owner. His natural history collection is preserved at Alston Hall, Lancashire.

An engraving of his portrait by Peele is prefixed to the first series of his ‘Natural History Essays,’ and there is a bust of him by Waterhouse Hawkins. His ‘Essays,’ with thirty-six of his letters and his life by Norman Moore, were published in 1870. His ‘Wanderings’ have been several times reprinted, and were edited, with illustrations and some alterations, by J. G. Wood (London, 1879, 8vo).

Waterton's only child, (1830–1887), antiquary, born at Walton Hall, in 1830, was educated at Stonyhurst College, and was throughout life a devout Roman catholic. He wrote several essays on the devotion to the Blessed Virgin in England; formed a collection of rings, many of which are now in the South Kensington Museum; and collected editions, printed and manuscript, of the ‘De Imitatione Christi.’ He also published a brief description of some of his rings. He had studied the genealogy of his family, and when abroad used to write ‘twenty-seventh lord of Walton’ on his visiting cards; but soon after his father's death he sold Walton Hall, and was content afterwards to believe that an obscure house near the village of Deeping St. James in Lincolnshire, in which he afterwards lived and where he died, was part of a more ancient possession of the Watertons. He died, after a long illness, on 22 July 1887. He was twice married—first, in 1862, to Josephine Margaret Alicia, second daughter of Sir John Ennis, and by her he had several children.

WATERWORTH, WILLIAM (1811–1882), jesuit, born at St. Helen's, Lancashire, on 22 June 1811, was educated at Stonyhurst College, where he was admitted to the Society of Jesus on 26 March 1829. In 1833 he was appointed master of the grammar school opened by the society in London. After studying part of his theology at Stonyhurst seminary, he was ordained priest there in 1836; and he completed his theology at the Collegio Romano in Rome, where he passed his examen ad gradum. From December 1838 till 5 Jan. 1841 he was professor of dogmatic theology at Stonyhurst seminary. He was professed of the four vows on 2 July 1850.

Subsequently he was stationed as priest at Hereford till 1854, when he became rector of the church in Farm Street, London. Three years later he was sent to the mission at Worcester, where he was declared rector of the ‘College of St. George,’ and where he remained till 1878. He was appointed spiritual father of the ‘College of St. Ignatius,’ London, in September 1879, and in November 1880 he was appointed superior of the mission at Bournemouth, where he died on 17 March 1882. He was buried at Stapehill, near Wimborne, Dorset.

His chief works are:
 * 1) ‘The Jesuits;


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United States Code/Title 42/Chapter 85/Section 7417

§ 7417. Advisory committees CAA § 117

(a) Establishment; membership
In order to obtain assistance in the development and implementation of the purposes of this chapter including air quality criteria, recommended control techniques, standards, research and development, and to encourage the continued efforts on the part of industry to improve air quality and to develop economically feasible methods for the control and abatement of air pollution, the Administrator shall from time to time establish advisory committees. Committee members shall include, but not be limited to, persons who are knowledgeable concerning air quality from the standpoint of health, welfare, economics or technology.

(b) Compensation
The members of any other advisory committees appointed pursuant to this chapter who are not officers or employees of the United States while attending conferences or meetings or while otherwise serving at the request of the Administrator, shall be entitled to receive compensation at a rate to be fixed by the Administrator, but not exceeding $100 per diem, including traveltime, and while away from their homes or regular places of business they may be allowed travel expenses, including per diem in lieu of subsistence, as authorized by section 5703 of title 5 for persons in the Government service employed intermittently.

(c)  1 Consultations by Administrator
Prior to—
 * (1) issuing criteria for an air pollutant under section 7408 (a)(2) of this title,
 * (2) publishing any list under section 7411 (b)(1)(A) or section 7412 (b)(1)(A) of this title,
 * (3) publishing any standard under section 7411 or section 7412 of this title, or
 * (4) publishing any regulation under section 7521 (a) of this title,

the Administrator shall, to the maximum extent practicable within the time provided, consult with appropriate advisory committees, independence experts, and Federal departments and agencies.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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 an act, the constitutionality of that act is stamped with the seal of infallibility, and is no longer a subject for the deliberation or remonstrance of the citizen, to what monstrous lengths might not an arbitrary and tyrannical administration carry its power. It has only to pass through rapid readings and mid-night sessions, without allowing time for reflection and debate to the final enacting of a bill and before the people are even informed of the intentions of their rulers, their claims are riveted, and the right of complaint denied them. Were such doctrine sound, what species of oppression might not be inflicted on the prostrate liberties of our country. If such a doctrine were true, our constitution would be nothing but a name—nay worse, a fatal instrument to sanctify oppression, and legalize the tyranny which inflicts it.

Nothing but madness or imbecility could put at hazard the existence of a "balanced government, capable of operating and providing for the public good," unless the administration of that Government, by its arbitrary impositions had endangered or destroyed the very objects for the protection of whchwhich [sic] it had been instituted.

Should such a case ever occur, on the administration who should usurp powers and violate such sacred obligations, must rest the odium of having hazarded a government "so safe, so reasonable and so beyond everything else essential to the liberty and happiness of our fellow ctizenscitizens [sic]."

It cannot be denied, that jealousy and distrust have arisen among the people of Massachusetts, and much it is to be regretted, that they have been so well founded. A system of policy ruinous to their interests, and uncongenial to their enterprising spirit—a system for which the adminstrationadministration [sic] has yet, in our opinion, assigned no adequate reason, has borne most heavily and unequally on the northern and commercial States. For relief from this oppression the people fondly looked to the meeting of Congress—but alas! how fatally have their hopes been blasted: Their humble prayers have been answered by an act so arbitrary and oppressive, that it violates the first principles of civil liberty, and the fundamental provisions of the Constitution. At such a


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  :: or an Examination of the Origin, Progress, Principles, and Practices of the Society of Jesus,’ London. 1852, 12mo. Part i. of a ‘Review’ of this work by Outis [i.e. the Rev. James Charles Ward] was published in London in 1852.
 * 1) ‘England and Rome; or, the History of the Religious Connexion between England and the Holy See, from the Year 179 to the Commencement of the Anglican Reformation in 1534,’ London, 1854, 12mo.
 * 2) ‘Origin and Developments of Anglicanism; or a History of the Liturgies, Homilies, Articles, Bibles, Principles, and Governmental System of the Church of England,’ London, 1854, 12mo.
 * 3) ‘On the Gradual Absorption of Early Anglicanism by the Popedom,’ London, 1854, 8vo, being a review of the ‘History of the Christian Church, Middle Age,’ by  (1821–1859) [q. v.], archdeacon of Ely.
 * 4) ‘The Church of St. Patrick; or a History of the Origin, Doctrines, Liturgy, and Governmental System of the Ancient Church of Ireland,’ London, 1869, 8vo.
 * 5) ‘Queen Elizabeth v. the Lord Chancellor; or a History of the Prayer Book of the Church of England. In relation to the Purchas Judgment,’ London, 1871, 8vo.

WATH, MICHAEL or MICHAEL  (fl. 1314–1347), judge, probably derived his surname from one of the three places of the name of Wath in Yorkshire. He first appears in 1314 as an attorney (13 Nov. Close Rolls, p. 201), and again in 1318, 1320, and 1321 (ib. pp. 592, 239, 356). On 14 Jan. 1321 he was described as parson of Beford (ib. p. 350), and on 11 July 1322, described as clericus, he was one of the manucaptors for the good behaviour of Roger Cursoun, one of the adherents of Thomas of Lancaster (Parl. Writs, pt. ii. pp. 212, 213). On 1 June 1327 ‘Sir’ [i.e. Dominus] Michael de Wath, clerk, witnessed a charter (Close Rolls, p. 205). On 20 Aug. 1327 he was described as parson of Wath (ib. p. 220), and on 2 March 1328 as clerk of chancery (ib. p. 369), which he always attended (Pat. Rolls, p. 139). He was clerk to Henry de Clif, keeper of the rolls of chancery, on 5 May 1329 (Close Rolls, p. 539). On 3 Feb. 1330 he received, by papal provision, a canonry and prebend of Southwell in addition to his rectorship of Wath (, Extracts from Papal Registers, p. 305), and to them was added a canonry and prebend at St. John's, Howden, on 11 May 1331 (ib. p. 332). He was appointed to assess a tallage in the county of York on 25 June 1332 (Pat. Rolls, p. 312). He became master of the rolls on 20 Jan. 1334, an don 17 April was presented to the living of Foston (Patent Rolls, p. 538). He surrendered the office of master of the rolls on 23 April 1337. ‘It is remarkable that during that time he never held the great seal as the substitute of the chancellor, as was then the custom of masters of the rolls’. He was appointed to do so, however, with two others at the end of 1339, and also acted as commissioner of array for Yorkshire in the same year (Rot. Parl. ii. 110–12), and clerk of chancery in 1338 and 1340 (ib. p. 112). In December of this last year he was removed from his post by Edward III, with other clerks and judges, and imprisoned on a charge of maladministration, but was afterwards released (, p. 117). In 1347 he was commissioned with others to inquire into the reassessment of the men of Frismerk in the East Riding of Yorkshire, who pleaded losses by floods (Rot. Parl. ii. 187).

WATHEN, JAMES (1751?–1828), traveller, son of Thomas Wathen of the Kellin, Herefordshire, by his wife, Dorothy Tayler of Bristol, was born at Hereford in 1750 or 1751, and carried on the business of glover in that city. After retiring from trade he employed his leisure in walking excursions in all parts of Great Britain and Ireland. In these expeditions he amused himself by making innumerable sketches of interesting objects and scenery, accomplishing sometimes as many as twenty a day. He was even able from memory to sketch accurately scenes that he had formerly visited. From 1787 onwards he was a frequent contributor to the ‘Gentleman's Magazine,’ sending topographical descriptions illustrated by sketches. He was given the sobriquet of Jemmy Sketch. His contributions included accounts of Aconbury chapel, Killpeck church, Marden church, Burghope House, Longworth chapel, White Cross, Dore Abbey, and Putley Cross.

In 1811, being prevented by the war from travelling in Europe, he accompanied Captain James Prendergast in his ship the Hope on a voyage to India and China, in which he visited Madras, Penang, Canton, Macao, the Cape of Good Hope, and St. Helena. In 1814 he published an account of his travels, under the title ‘Journal of a Voyage to India and China’ (London, 1814, 2 vols. 4to), illus-


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90 r. Imleag, navel, is ‘ilimeag,’ and imlich, to lick ‘ilimich’ in Badenoch, Strathspey, North Argyll, West Ross, North Sutherland and Lewis; and imrich, removal, is irimich in all except Lewis. Iomraidh or imridh, must, is irimidh in Badenoch and firimidh in North Argyll and North Sutherland. Lomradh, a fleece, fleecing, is luramadh in Badenoch and loramadh in Sutherland. lomradh, report, is uramadh in North Argyll, and ioramadh in West Ross and Lewis, while iomradh or iomramh, rowing, also uramadh in North Argyll, is ioramag in West Ross and ioramadh in North Sutherland. The word iorram, a boat-song, rowing-song, explained by MacBain as air-rám, ‘at-oar,’ seems rather to be a metathesis of the imperative ‘iomair’ of the latter verb used as a noun. Iomair is heard as ioraim in West Ross. In West Ross and North Sutherland iomlaid, exchange, is iolamaid, and iomrall, error, is ioramall in West Ross and Lewis. Lomnochd, naked, in West Ross and South Sutherland luramachd, and in both North and South Sutherland and in Lewis loramachd, shows dissimilation combined with metathesis. Seamrag, clover, is siormag, ‘siuramag,’ in North Argyll, and both searamag and silimeag in West Ross. Arcas for acras, hunger, and arcach for acrach, hungry, occur in Strathspey and in West Ross. The English word ‘cork’ has become crocas, and deisciobul is ‘deisbigil,’ both in West Ross. The English cumber borrowed into Gaelic as cumraich, cuimrig and coimrig, occurs in the south of Sutherland as cumraig and cuirmaig, and in the north as coirmig. According to the new dictionary by MacDonald, fuaidne, peg of a warping-frame, is in Uist fuaidhne, and is also written fuaithne, and has plurals fuaintean and fuaircean. The Sutherlandshire word iolaman, a covering of skin for the mouth of a milk-pail, is probably to be explained as iomallan, a remainder or piece of a skin used for the purpose. The word is used by Rob Donn. Dùdlachd, dùldachd, dùdlach so North Argyll, dùbhlachd so West Ross, Dùlach so Glenlyon, all mean the depth or darkest part of the wintre, ‘dark December.’


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132 several hands again, and there was no mistake now that they were trying to draw me back. I struck another light and waved it in their dazzled faces. You can scarcely imagine how nauseatingly inhuman those pale, chinless faces and great lidless, pinkish-gray eyes seemed, as they stared stupidly, evidently blinded by the light.

"So I gained time and retreated again, and when my second match had ended struck my third. That had almost burned through as I reached the opening of the tunnel upon the well. I lay down on the edge, for the throbbing whirl of the air-pumping machine below made me giddy, and felt sideways for the projecting hooks. As I did so my feet were grasped from behind and I was violently tugged backward. I lit my last match—and it incontinently went out. But I had my hand on the climbing bars now, and kicking violently disengaged myself from the


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United States Code/Title 42/Chapter 85/Section 7418

§ 7418. Control of pollution from Federal facilities CAA § 118

(a) General compliance
Each department, agency, and instrumentality of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of the Federal Government
 * (1) having jurisdiction over any property or facility, or
 * (2) engaged in any activity resulting, or which may result, in the discharge of air pollutants, and each officer, agent, or employee thereof, shall be subject to, and comply with, all Federal, State, interstate, and local requirements, administrative authority, and process and sanctions respecting the control and abatement of air pollution in the same manner, and to the same extent as any nongovernmental entity. The preceding sentence shall apply
 * (A) to any requirement whether substantive or procedural (including any recordkeeping or reporting requirement, any requirement respecting permits and any other requirement whatsoever),
 * (B) to any requirement to pay a fee or charge imposed by any State or local agency to defray the costs of its air pollution regulatory program,
 * (C) to the exercise of any Federal, State, or local administrative authority, and
 * (D) to any process and sanction, whether enforced in Federal, State, or local courts, or in any other manner. This subsection shall apply notwithstanding any immunity of such agencies, officers, agents, or employees under any law or rule of law. No officer, agent, or employee of the United States shall be personally liable for any civil penalty for which he is not otherwise liable.

(b) Exemption
The President may exempt any emission source of any department, agency, or instrumentality in the executive branch from compliance with such a requirement if he determines it to be in the paramount interest of the United States to do so, except that no exemption may be granted from section 7411 of this title, and an exemption from section 7412 of this title may be granted only in accordance with section 7412 (i)(4) of this title. No such exemption shall be granted due to lack of appropriation unless the President shall have specifically requested such appropriation as a part of the budgetary process and the Congress shall have failed to make available such requested appropriation. Any exemption shall be for a period not in excess of one year, but additional exemptions may be granted for periods of not to exceed one year upon the President’s making a new determination. In addition to any such exemption of a particular emission source, the President may, if he determines it to be in the paramount interest of the United States to do so, issue regulations exempting from compliance with the requirements of this section any weaponry, equipment, aircraft, vehicles, or other classes or categories of property which are owned or operated by the Armed Forces of the United States (including the Coast Guard) or by the National Guard of any State and which are uniquely military in nature. The President shall reconsider the need for such regulations at three-year intervals. The President shall report each January to the Congress all exemptions from the requirements of this section granted during the preceding calendar year, together with his reason for granting each such exemption.

(c) Government vehicles
Each department, agency, and instrumentality of executive, legislative, and judicial branches of the Federal Government shall comply with all applicable provisions of a valid inspection and maintenance program established under the provisions of subpart 2 of part D of this subchapter or subpart 3 of part D of this subchapter except for such vehicles that are considered military tactical vehicles.

(d) Vehicles operated on Federal installations
Each department, agency, and instrumentality of executive, legislative, and judicial branches of the Federal Government having jurisdiction over any property or facility shall require all employees which operate motor vehicles on the property or facility to furnish proof of compliance with the applicable requirements of any vehicle inspection and maintenance program established under the provisions of subpart 2 of part D of this subchapter or subpart 3 of part D of this subchapter for the State in which such property or facility is located (without regard to whether such vehicles are registered in the State). The installation shall use one of the following methods to establish proof of compliance—
 * (1) presentation by the vehicle owner of a valid certificate of compliance from the vehicle inspection and maintenance program;
 * (2) presentation by the vehicle owner of proof of vehicle registration within the geographic area covered by the vehicle inspection and maintenance program (except for any program whose enforcement mechanism is not through the denial of vehicle registration);
 * (3) another method approved by the vehicle inspection and maintenance program administrator.


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  with twenty-four coloured prints from his own drawings. His narrative is lively, and his account of eastern life is minute and interesting. In 1816 he took advantage of the peace to visit the Netherlands, Switzerland, Italy, and other parts of the continent. In Italy he visited Byron, who received him cordially on account of his friendship with Edward Noel Long (, Life of Byron, 1847, p. 32). In 1827 Wathen made an expedition to Heligoland. He died at Hereford on 20 Aug. 1828. His portrait was drawn by Archer James Oliver, and engraved by Thomas Bragg.

WATKIN, WILLIAM THOMPSON (1836–1888), archæologist, born at Salford on 15 Oct. 1836, was son of John Watkin, a native of that town. His mother, Mary Hamilton, daughter of Benjamin Brierley, was born at Portsmouth, U.S.A. He received his education at private schools, and was afterwards engaged in mercantile pursuits in Liverpool. From early life he was greatly interested in archæological studies, and was a member, and for some time had been honorary librarian, of the Historic Society of Lancashire and Cheshire, a Liverpool institution. He was also an active member, and served on the council, of the Lancashire and Cheshire Antiquarian Society of Manchester. His numerous papers published in the transactions of these and many other societies, and in various journals between 1871 and 1888, dealt almost exclusively with the Roman occupation of Britain. A list of his writings, compiled by Thomas Formby and Ernest Axon, is printed in the ‘Transactions of the Lancashire and Cheshire Antiquarian Society,’ vol. vi. In 1883 he published his great work on Roman Lancashire, which was followed in 1886 by ‘Roman Cheshire,’ both full of the most careful research and accurate descriptions of objects which he had personally examined. Valuable unpublished notes on Roman remains in North Wales and in various English counties and other manuscripts were after his death purchased by subscription and presented to the Chetham Library, Manchester. He died on 23 March 1888 at 55 Prescot Street, Liverpool, and was buried at Anfield cemetery. He was three times married, and left a widow and several daughters.

WATKINS, CHARLES (d. 1808), legal writer, practised from 1799 as a certificated conveyancer until his death on 15 Feb. 1808. He was author of some able treatises and tracts (all published at London), viz.:
 * 1) ‘An Enquiry into the Title and Powers of His Majesty as Guardian of the Duchy of Cornwall during the late Minority of its Duke,’ n.d. 8vo.
 * 2) ‘An Essay towards the further Elucidation of the Law of Descents,’ 1793, 8vo; 3rd edit. by  [q. v.], 1819; 4th edit. by  [q. v.], 1837.
 * 3) ‘Reflections on Government in general, with their Application to the British Constitution,’ 1796, 8vo.
 * 4) ‘Introduction’ (on the feudal system) to the fourth edition of Gilbert's ‘Law of Tenures,’ 1796, 8vo [see  or ].
 * 5) ‘A Treatise on Copyholds,’ 1797–1799, 2 vols. 8vo; 3rd edit. by Vidal, 1821, 2 vols.; 4th edit. by Coventry, 1825.
 * 6) ‘An Enquiry into the Question, whether the Brother of the Paternal Grandmother shall succeed to the Inheritance of the Son in preference to the Brother of the Paternal Great-grandmother,’ 1798, 8vo.
 * 7) ‘Principles of Conveyancing, designed for the Use of Students,’ 1800, 8vo; 9th edit. by Henry Hopley White, 1845.

WATKINS, CHARLES FREDERICK (1793–1873), author, born in 1793, was son of William Watkins, rector of Portaynon, Glamorganshire, and was educated at Christ's Hospital. In 1810 he joined the Hotspur frigate as midshipman, but left the service at the peace. He entered Christ's College, Cambridge, in 1818, was ordained as a literate, and, after serving curacies at Downton (Wiltshire) and Windsor (1820), was appointed in 1822 master of Farley Hospital, Salisbury. He was interested in geology, and formed a collection of cretaceous fossils, some of which are in the British Museum. In April 1832 he became vicar of Brixworth, Northamptonshire, retaining that preferment till his death on 15 July 1873. While living there he communicated to the Royal Society an ‘Account of Aurora Borealis of 17 Nov. 1848’ (Proc. v. 809). He published, besides various prose pamphlets, the following single or collected poems: ‘Eidespernox,’ 1821; ‘Sacred Poems,’ 1829; ‘The Infants' Death,’ 1829; ‘The Human Hand,’ &c., 1852; ‘The Twins of Fame,’ 1854; ‘The Day of Days,’ 1872; also a ‘Vindication of the Mosaic History of Creation,’ 1867, and ‘The Basilica’ (on Brixworth church), 1867.


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Rh clutches of the Morlocks, and was speedily clambering up the shaft again.

"They remained peering and blinking up the shaft, except one little wretch who followed me for some way, and indeed well-nigh captured my boot as a trophy.

"That upward climb seemed unending. While I still had the last twenty or thirty feet of it above me, a deadly nausea came upon me. I had the greatest difficulty in keeping my hold. The last few yards was a frightful struggle against this faintness. Several times my head swam and I felt all the sensations of falling.

"At last I got over the well mouth somehow and staggered out of the ruin into the blinding sunlight. I fell upon my face. Even the soil seemed sweet and clean.

"Then I remember Weena kissing my hands and ears, and the voices of others of the Eloi. Then probably I was insensible for a time.


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WATKINS, JOHN (fl. 1792–1831), miscellaneous writer, born in Devonshire, was educated at Bristol for the nonconformist ministry. Becoming dissatisfied, he conformed to the English church about 1786 with his friend [q. v.], and for some years kept an academy in Devonshire. His first independent publication appeared in 1792, entitled ‘An Essay towards the History of Bideford,’ Exeter, 1792, 8vo. The work is of much local interest. In the preface Watkins notes that it ‘originated in the intention of giving some small assistance to the present ingenious historian of Devonshire.’ The list of subscribers includes the names of Richard Watkins of Bristol, and William Watkins of Bideford. Chapter x. consists of the depositions in a trial for witchcraft held at Exeter on 14 Aug. 1682. The work was reprinted and published at Bideford in 1883. In 1796 appeared ‘The Peeper: a collection of Essays, Moral, Biographical, and Literary’ (London, 1796, 12mo; 2nd edit. London, 1811, 12mo), dedicated to Mrs. Hannah More. These were followed by a number of publications of a varied character, some anonymous and some under his name. The most important of them was perhaps his ‘Universal Biographical and Historical Dictionary,’ which appeared in 1800, London, 8vo. It went through several editions, the latest dated being 1827, and was translated into French, with additions, in 1803 by Jean Baptiste L'Écuy (Paris, 8vo). Watkins removed to London soon after beginning to write, probably about 1794. His latest preface is dated 30 May 1831. The date of his death is unknown. On the title-pages of his later publications his name bears the initials of the degree LL.D., but it does not appear whence he obtained the honour.

Besides the works already mentioned, Watkins was the author of: He also translated from the Latin George Buchanan's ‘History of Scotland,’ with a continuation, London, 1827, 8vo, and wrote a memoir of Hugh Latimer, prefixed to his ‘Sermons,’ London, 1824, 8vo.
 * 1) ‘A Letter to Earl Stanhope, in which … the Conduct of Great Britain and her Allies is Vindicated,’ 1794, 8vo.
 * 2) ‘A Word of Admonition to Gilbert Wakefield, occasioned by his Letter to William Wilberforce,’ 1797, 8vo.
 * 3) ‘Scripture Biography,’ 1801, 8vo; several editions, latest 1830, 12mo.
 * 4) ‘Characteristic Anecdotes of Men of Learning and Genius,’ London, 1808, 8vo. (cf. Blackwood's Mag. viii. 243).
 * 5) ‘History of our Lord Jesus Christ Harmonised,’ 1810, 8vo.
 * 6) ‘Boydell's Heads of Illustrious and Celebrated Persons, with Memoirs,’ London, 1811, fol.
 * 7) ‘The Family Instructor,’ 1814, 3 vols. 12mo.
 * 8) ‘The Important Results of an Elaborate Investigation into the Case of Elizabeth Fenning,’ London, 1815, 8vo.
 * 9) ‘Memoirs of Sheridan,’ London, 1816, 4to; 3rd edit. 1818, 8vo. This was the first life of Sheridan to appear. It seems to have been put together immediately after his death. It was in two volumes, and professed to describe Sheridan's private as well as his public life. Croker censured it in an article in the Quarterly Review (lxxxiii. 561) as a work ‘neither of high pretension nor of felicitous execution.’ Its prolixity was generally condemned, but it seems to have attained a wide circulation.
 * 10) ‘Memoirs of Queen Sophia Charlotte,’ London, 1819, 8vo.
 * 11) ‘Memoirs of the Life and Writings of Lord Byron,’ London, 1822, 8vo; German translation, Leipzig, 1825, 8vo.
 * 12) ‘A Biographical Memoir of … Frederick, Duke of York and Albany,’ London, 1827, 8vo.
 * 13) ‘The Life and Times of “England's Patriot King,” William IV,’ London, 1831, 4to.

WATKINS, MORGAN (fl. 1653–1670), quaker, of Herefordshire, signed a ‘Letter from the People of Herefordshire to the Lord General’ on 7 May 1653 (, Original Letters and Papers of State, p. 92), in which was protested ‘we attend you with our persons, petitions, purses, lives, and all that is deere to us.’ In 1660 he was a prisoner in St. Albans gaol. By July 1663 he was in London preaching at the quakers' meeting in Pall Mall and elsewhere. On 12 March 1665 he was sent to Newgate from the Bull and Mouth meeting, St. Martin's-le-Grand. Two other imprisonments followed during the year; the last, of about three months' duration, was on a warrant of 9 Aug. from the Duke of Albemarle for being, with nine others, at an ‘unlawful meeting’ at St. John's, Clerkenwell. His letters to Mary Penington vividly describe the visitation of the plague both inside prisons and out. He afterwards appears to have preached and been imprisoned in Westmoreland and Buckinghamshire, and to have returned to Herefordshire by 1670, when cattle and goods were distrained from his farm.

Watkins was the author of:
 * 1) ‘The Perfect Life of the Son of God Vindicated,’ London, 1659, 4to.
 * 2) ‘The Day manifesting the Night and the Deeds of Darkness reproved by the Light,’ London, 1660, 4to.
 * 3) ‘Swearing denyed in the New Covenant,’ London, n.d., 4to (the preface is dated from St. Albans gaol, 7 Feb. 1660–1).
 * 4) ‘The Children of Abraham's Faith who are Blessed, being found in Abraham's Practise of Burying their Dead in their own purchased Burying Places,’ London, 1663, 4to.
 * 5) ‘A Lamentation over England,’ 1664, 4to.
 * 6) ‘The Things that are Cæsar's rendered unto Cæsar,’ 1666, 4to.
 * 7) ‘The Marks of the True Church’ [1675], 4to.


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Warton, Thomas (1728-1790)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Warwick, Philip


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Wase, Christopher


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Wasey, William


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Washbourn, John


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Washbourne, Thomas


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Washington, John


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Wasse, Joseph


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Wastell, Simon


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Waterhouse, Edward (1535-1591)


text:
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Rh how to get out again. But now I felt like a beast in a trap, whose enemy would presently come.

"The enemy I dreaded may surprise you. It was the darkness of the new moon. Weena had put this into my head by some, at first, incomprehensible remarks about the Dark Nights. It was not now such a very difficult problem to guess what the coming Dark Nights might mean. The moon was on the wane; each night there was a longer interval of darkness. And I now understood, to some slight degree, at least, the reason of the fear of the little upperworld people for the dark. I wondered vaguely what foul villany it might be that the Morlocks did under the darkness of the new moon.

"Whatever the origin of the existing conditions, I felt pretty sure now that my second hypothesis was all wrong. The upperworld people might once have been the favored aristocracy of the world, and the Morlocks


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Zalmoxis

title: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Zalmoxis


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Waterhouse, Edward (1619-1670)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Waterhouse, George (d.1602)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Waterhouse, George Robert


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Waterland, Daniel


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Waters, John


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Waterton, Charles


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Waterworth, William


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Wath, Michael de


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Wathen, James


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Watkin, William Thompson


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Watkins, Charles (d.1808)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Watkins, Charles Frederick


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Watkins, John


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Watkins, Morgan


text:
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136 their mechanical servants, but that state of affairs had passed away long since. The two species that had resulted from the evolution of man were sliding down toward, or had already arrived at, an altogether new relationship. The Eloi, like the Carlovingian kings, had decayed to a mere beautiful futility. They still possessed the earth on sufferance, since the Morlocks, subterranean for innumerable generations, had come at last to find the daylit surface unendurable. And the Morlocks made their garments, I inferred, and maintained them in their habitual need, perhaps through the survival of an old habit of service. They did it, as a standing horse paws with his foot, or as a man enjoys killing animals in sport—because ancient and departed necessities had impressed it on the organism. But clearly the old order was already in part reversed. The Nemesis of the delicate ones was creeping on apace. Ages ago, thousands of


text:
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Rh generations ago, man had thrust his brother man out of the ease and sunlight of life. And now that brother was coming back—changed. Already the Eloi had begun to learn one old lesson anew. They were becoming acquainted again with Fear.

"Then suddenly came into my head the memory of the meat I had seen in the underworld. It seemed odd how this memory floated into my mind, not stirred up, as it were, by the current of my meditations, but coming in almost like a question from outside. I tried to recall the form of it. I had a vague sense of something familiar, but at that time I could not tell what it was.

"Still, however helpless the little people might be in the presence of their mysterious Fear, I was differently constituted. I came out of this age of ours, this ripe prime of the human race, when fear does not paralyze and mystery has lost its terrors. I at least would defend


text:
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138 myself. Without further delay I determined to make myself arms and a fastness where I might sleep with some security. From that refuge as a base I could face the strange world with some confidence again, a confidence I had lost now that I realized to what uncanny creatures I nightly lay exposed. I felt I could never sleep again until my bed was secure from them. I shuddered with horror to think how they must already have examined me during my sleep. "I wandered during the afternoon along the valley of the Thames, but found nothing that commended itself to my mind as a sufficiently inaccessible retiring place. All the buildings and trees seemed easily practicable to such dexterous climbers as the Morlocks—to judge by their wells—must be. Then the tall pinnacles of the Palace of Green Porcelain, and the polished gleam of its walls, came back to my memory, and in the evening, taking Weena like a


text:
United Nations General Assembly Resolution 195

the General Assembly

Having regard its resolution 112(II) of 14 November 1947 concerning the problem of the independence of Korea,

Having considered the report of the United Nations Temporary Commission on Korea(hereinafter referred to as the "Temporary Commission"), and the report of the Interim Committee of the General Assembly regarding its consultation with the Temporary Commission, Mindful of the fact that, due to difficulties referred to in the report of the Temporary Commission, the objectives set forth in the resolution of 14 November 1947 have not been fully accomplished, and in particular that unification of Korea has not yet been achieved,

1. Approves the conclusions of the reports of the Temporary Commission;

2. Declares that there has been established a lawful government ( the Government of te Republic of Korea) having effective controland jurisdiction over that part of Korea where the Temporary Commission was able to observe and consult and in which the great majority of the people of all Korea reside; that this Government is based on elevations which were a called expression of the free will of the electorate of that part of Korea and which were observed by the Temporary Commission; and that this is the only such Government in Korea;

3. Recommends that the occupying powers should withdraw their occupation forces from Korea as early as practicable;

4. Resolves that, as a means to the full accomplishment of the objectives set forth in the resolution of 14 November 1947, a Commission on Korea consisting of Australia,, China, El Salvador, France, India, the Philippines and Syria, shall be established to continue the work of the Temporary Commission and carry out the provisions of the present resolution, having in mind the status of the Government of Korea as herein defined, and in particular to :

 * (a) Lend its good offices to bring about the unification of Korea and the integration of all Korean security forces in accordance with the principles laid down by the General Assembly in the resolution of 14 November 1947;

 * (b) seek to facilitate the removal of barriers to economic, social and other friendly intercourse caused by the division of Korea;

 * (c ) Be available for observation and consultation in the further development of representative government based on the freely-expressed will of the people;

 * (d) Observe the actual withdrawal of the occupying forces and certify the fact of withdrawal when such has occurred; and for this purpose, if it so desires, request the assistance of military experts of the two occupying powers;

5. Decides that the Commission:

 * (a) Shall, within thirty days of the adoption of the present resolution, proceed to Korea, where it shall maintain its seat;

 * (b) shall be regarded as having superseded the Temporary Commission established by the resolution of 14 November 1947;

 * (c ) Is authorized to travel, consultand observe throughout Korea;

 * (d) Shall determine its own procedures;

 * (e) May consult with the Interim Committee with respect to the discharge of its duties in the light of developments and within the terms of the present resolution;

 * (f) Shall render a report to the next regular session of the General Assembly and to any prior special session which might be called to consider the subject-matter of the present resolution, and shall render such interim reports as it may deem appropriate to the Secretary-General for distribution to Members;

6. Requests that the Secretary-General shall provide the Commission with adequate staff and facilities, including technical advisers as required; and authorizes the Secretary-General to pay he expenses and per diem of a representative and an alternate from each of the states members of the Commission;

7. Calls upon the Member States concerned, the Government of the Republic of Korea, and all Koreans to afford every assistance and facility to the Commission in the fulfillment of its responsibilities;

8. Calls upon Member States to refrain from any acts derogatory to the results achieved and to be achieved by the United Nations in bringing about the complete independence and unity of Korea;

9. Recommends that Member States and other nations, in establishing their relations with the Government of the Republic of Korea, take into consideration the facts set out in paragraph 2 of the present resolution,

Hundred and eighty-seventh plenary meeting

 * 12 December 1948.


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Rh child upon my shoulder, I went up the hills toward the southwest.

"Now the distance I had reckoned was seven or eight miles, but it must have been nearer eighteen. I had first seen the Palace on a moist afternoon when distances are deceptively diminished. In addition, the heel of one of my shoes was loose, and a nail was working through the sole,—they were comfortable old shoes I wear about indoors,—so that I was lame. It was already long past sunset before I came in sight of the Palace, standing out in black silhouette against the pale yellow of the sky,

"Weena had been hugely delighted when first I carried her, but after a time she desired me to let her down and ran along by the side of me, occasionally darting off on either hand to pick flowers to stick in my pockets. My pockets had always puzzled Weena, but at the last she had concluded they were an eccentric kind of vases for floral decoration. At


text:
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140 least she utilized them for that purpose.

"And that reminds me! As I changed my jacket I found——"

(The Time Traveler paused, put his hand into his pocket, and silently placed two withered flowers, not unlike very large white mallows, upon the little table. Then he resumed his narrative. )

"As the hush of evening crept over the world and we proceeded over the hill-crest toward Wimbledon, Weena became tired and wanted to return to the house of gray stone. But I pointed out the distant pinnacles of the Palace of Green Porcelain to her, and contrived to make her understand that we were seeking a refuge there from her Fear.

"You know that great pause that comes upon things before the dusk. Even the breeze stops in the trees. There is to me always an air of expectation about that evening stillness. The sky was clear, remote, and empty,


text:
United States Code/Title 5/Chapter 5/Section 556

§ 556. Hearings; presiding employees; powers and duties; burden of proof; evidence; record as basis of decision

 * (a) This section applies, according to the provisions thereof, to hearings required by section 553 or 554 of this title to be conducted in accordance with this section.

 * (b) There shall preside at the taking of evidence—
 * (1) the agency;
 * (2) one or more members of the body which comprises the agency; or
 * (3) one or more administrative law judges appointed under section 3105 of this title.
 * This subchapter does not supersede the conduct of specified classes of proceedings, in whole or in part, by or before boards or other employees specially provided for by or designated under statute. The functions of presiding employees and of employees participating in decisions in accordance with section 557 of this title shall be conducted in an impartial manner. A presiding or participating employee may at any time disqualify himself. On the filing in good faith of a timely and sufficient affidavit of personal bias or other disqualification of a presiding or participating employee, the agency shall determine the matter as a part of the record and decision in the case.

 * (c) Subject to published rules of the agency and within its powers, employees presiding at hearings may—
 * (1) administer oaths and affirmations;
 * (2) issue subpenas authorized by law;
 * (3) rule on offers of proof and receive relevant evidence;
 * (4) take depositions or have depositions taken when the ends of justice would be served;
 * (5) regulate the course of the hearing;
 * (6) hold conferences for the settlement or simplification of the issues by consent of the parties or by the use of alternative means of dispute resolution as provided in subchapter IV of this chapter;
 * (7) inform the parties as to the availability of one or more alternative means of dispute resolution, and encourage use of such methods;
 * (8) require the attendance at any conference held pursuant to paragraph (6) of at least one representative of each party who has authority to negotiate concerning resolution of issues in controversy;
 * (9) dispose of procedural requests or similar matters;
 * (10) make or recommend decisions in accordance with section 557 of this title; and
 * (11) take other action authorized by agency rule consistent with this subchapter.

 * (d) Except as otherwise provided by statute, the proponent of a rule or order has the burden of proof. Any oral or documentary evidence may be received, but the agency as a matter of policy shall provide for the exclusion of irrelevant, immaterial, or unduly repetitious evidence. A sanction may not be imposed or rule or order issued except on consideration of the whole record or those parts thereof cited by a party and supported by and in accordance with the reliable, probative, and substantial evidence. The agency may, to the extent consistent with the interests of justice and the policy of the underlying statutes administered by the agency, consider a violation of section 557 (d) of this title sufficient grounds for a decision adverse to a party who has knowingly committed such violation or knowingly caused such violation to occur. A party is entitled to present his case or defense by oral or documentary evidence, to submit rebuttal evidence, and to conduct such cross-examination as may be required for a full and true disclosure of the facts. In rule making or determining claims for money or benefits or applications for initial licenses an agency may, when a party will not be prejudiced thereby, adopt procedures for the submission of all or part of the evidence in written form.

 * (e) The transcript of testimony and exhibits, together with all papers and requests filed in the proceeding, constitutes the exclusive record for decision in accordance with section 557 of this title and, on payment of lawfully prescribed costs, shall be made available to the parties. When an agency decision rests on official notice of a material fact not appearing in the evidence in the record, a party is entitled, on timely request, to an opportunity to show the contrary.


text:
United States Code/Title 5/Chapter 5/Section 557

§ 557. Initial decisions; conclusiveness; review by agency; submissions by parties; contents of decisions; record

 * (a) This section applies, according to the provisions thereof, when a hearing is required to be conducted in accordance with section 556 of this title.

 * (b) When the agency did not preside at the reception of the evidence, the presiding employee or, in cases not subject to section 554 (d) of this title, an employee qualified to preside at hearings pursuant to section 556 of this title, shall initially decide the case unless the agency requires, either in specific cases or by general rule, the entire record to be certified to it for decision. When the presiding employee makes an initial decision, that decision then becomes the decision of the agency without further proceedings unless there is an appeal to, or review on motion of, the agency within time provided by rule. On appeal from or review of the initial decision, the agency has all the powers which it would have in making the initial decision except as it may limit the issues on notice or by rule. When the agency makes the decision without having presided at the reception of the evidence, the presiding employee or an employee qualified to preside at hearings pursuant to section 556 of this title shall first recommend a decision, except that in rule making or determining applications for initial licenses—
 * (1) instead thereof the agency may issue a tentative decision or one of its responsible employees may recommend a decision; or
 * (2) this procedure may be omitted in a case in which the agency finds on the record that due and timely execution of its functions imperatively and unavoidably so requires.

 * (c) Before a recommended, initial, or tentative decision, or a decision on agency review of the decision of subordinate employees, the parties are entitled to a reasonable opportunity to submit for the consideration of the employees participating in the decisions—
 * (1) proposed findings and conclusions; or
 * (2) exceptions to the decisions or recommended decisions of subordinate employees or to tentative agency decisions; and
 * (3) supporting reasons for the exceptions or proposed findings or conclusions.
 * The record shall show the ruling on each finding, conclusion, or exception presented. All decisions, including initial, recommended, and tentative decisions, are a part of the record and shall include a statement of—
 * (A) findings and conclusions, and the reasons or basis therefor, on all the material issues of fact, law, or discretion presented on the record; and
 * (B) the appropriate rule, order, sanction, relief, or denial thereof.

 * (d)
 * (1) In any agency proceeding which is subject to subsection (a) of this section, except to the extent required for the disposition of ex parte matters as authorized by law—
 * (A) no interested person outside the agency shall make or knowingly cause to be made to any member of the body comprising the agency, administrative law judge, or other employee who is or may reasonably be expected to be involved in the decisional process of the proceeding, an ex parte communication relevant to the merits of the proceeding;
 * (B) no member of the body comprising the agency, administrative law judge, or other employee who is or may reasonably be expected to be involved in the decisional process of the proceeding, shall make or knowingly cause to be made to any interested person outside the agency an ex parte communication relevant to the merits of the proceeding;
 * (C) a member of the body comprising the agency, administrative law judge, or other employee who is or may reasonably be expected to be involved in the decisional process of such proceeding who receives, or who makes or knowingly causes to be made, a communication prohibited by this subsection shall place on the public record of the proceeding:
 * (i) all such written communications;
 * (ii) memoranda stating the substance of all such oral communications; and
 * (iii) all written responses, and memoranda stating the substance of all oral responses, to the materials described in clauses (i) and (ii) of this subparagraph;
 * (D) upon receipt of a communication knowingly made or knowingly caused to be made by a party in violation of this subsection, the agency, administrative law judge, or other employee presiding at the hearing may, to the extent consistent with the interests of justice and the policy of the underlying statutes, require the party to show cause why his claim or interest in the proceeding should not be dismissed, denied, disregarded, or otherwise adversely affected on account of such violation; and
 * (E) the prohibitions of this subsection shall apply beginning at such time as the agency may designate, but in no case shall they begin to apply later than the time at which a proceeding is noticed for hearing unless the person responsible for the communication has knowledge that it will be noticed, in which case the prohibitions shall apply beginning at the time of his acquisition of such knowledge.
 * (2) This subsection does not constitute authority to withhold information from Congress.


text:
United States Code/Title 5/Chapter 5/Section 558

§ 558. Imposition of sanctions; determination of applications for licenses; suspension, revocation, and expiration of licenses

 * (a) This section applies, according to the provisions thereof, to the exercise of a power or authority.

 * (b) A sanction may not be imposed or a substantive rule or order issued except within jurisdiction delegated to the agency and as authorized by law.

 * (c) When application is made for a license required by law, the agency, with due regard for the rights and privileges of all the interested parties or adversely affected persons and within a reasonable time, shall set and complete proceedings required to be conducted in accordance with sections 556 and 557 of this title or other proceedings required by law and shall make its decision. Except in cases of willfulness or those in which public health, interest, or safety requires otherwise, the withdrawal, suspension, revocation, or annulment of a license is lawful only if, before the institution of agency proceedings therefor, the licensee has been given—
 * (1) notice by the agency in writing of the facts or conduct which may warrant the action; and
 * (2) opportunity to demonstrate or achieve compliance with all lawful requirements.
 * When the licensee has made timely and sufficient application for a renewal or a new license in accordance with agency rules, a license with reference to an activity of a continuing nature does not expire until the application has been finally determined by the agency.


text:
United States Code/Title 5/Chapter 5/Section 559

§ 559. Effect on other laws; effect of subsequent statute

This subchapter, chapter 7, and sections 1305, 3105, 3344, 4301 (2)(E), 5372, and 7521 of this title, and the provisions of section 5335 (a)(B) of this title that relate to administrative law judges, do not limit or repeal additional requirements imposed by statute or otherwise recognized by law. Except as otherwise required by law, requirements or privileges relating to evidence or procedure apply equally to agencies and persons. Each agency is granted the authority necessary to comply with the requirements of this subchapter through the issuance of rules or otherwise. Subsequent statute may not be held to supersede or modify this subchapter, chapter 7, sections 1305, 3105, 3344, 4301 (2)(E), 5372, and 7521 of this title, or the provisions of section 5335 (a)(B) of this title that relate to administrative law judges, except to the extent that it does so expressly.


text:
United Nations General Assembly Resolution 293

The General Assembly,

Having regard to its resolutions 112(II) of 14 November 1947 and 195(III) of 12 December concerning the problem of the independence of Korea,

Having considered the report of the United Nations Commission on Korea, and having taken note of the conclusions reached therein,

Mindful of the fact that, due to difficulties referred to in the report of the Commission, the objectives set forth in the resolutions referred to have not been fully accomplished, and in particular that the unification of Korea and the removal of barriers to economic, social and other friendly intercourse caused by the division of Korea have not yet been achieved,

Having noted that the Commission has observed and verified the withdrawal of United States occupation forces, but that it has not been accorded the opportunity to observe or verify the reported withdrawal of Soviet occupation forces,

Recalling its declaration of 12 December 1948 that there has been established a lawful government (the Government of the Republic of Korea) having effective control and jurisdiction over that part of Korea where the United Nations Temporary Commission on Korea was able to observe and consult and in which the great majority of the people of Korea reside; that this Government is based on elections which were a valid expression of the free will of the electorate of that part of Korea and which were observed by the Temporary Commission; and that this is the only such Government in Korea,

Concerned lest the situation described by the Commission in its report menace the safety and well-being of the Republic of Korea and of the people of Korea and lead to open military conflict in Korea,

1. Resolves that the United Nations Commission on Korea shall continue in being with the following membership : Australia, China, El Salvador, France, India, Philippines and Turkey and, having in mind the objectives set forth in the General Assembly resolutions of 14 November 1947 and 12 December 1948 and also the status of the Government of the Republic of Korea as defined in the latter resolution, shall:

 * (a) Observe and report any developments which might lead to or otherwise involve military conflict in Korea;

 * (b) Seek to facilitate the removal of barriers to economic, social and other friendly intercourse caused by the division of Korea ; and make available its good offices and be prepared to assist, whenever in its judgment a favourable opportunity arises, in bringing about the unification of Korea in accordance with the principles laid down by the General Assembly in the resolution of 14 November 1947 ;

 * (c) Have authority, in order to accomplish the aims defined under sub-paragraphs (a) and (b) of the present paragraph, in its discretion to appoint observers, and to utilize the services and good offices of one or more persons whether or not representatives on the Commission ;

 * (d) Be available for observation and consultation throughout Korea in the continuing development of representative government based on the freely-expressed will of the people, including elections of national scope ;

 * (e) Verify the withdrawal of Soviet occupation forces in so far as it is in a position to do so ;

2. Decides that the Commission :

 * (a) Shall meet in Korea within thirty days from the date of the present resolution ;

 * (b) Shall continue to maintain its seat in Korea ;

 * (c) Is authorized to travel, consult and observe throughout Korea ;

 * (d) Shall continue to determine its own procedures ;

 * (e) May consult with the Interim Committee of the General Assembly (if it be continued) with respect to the discharge of its duties in the light of developments and within the terms of the present resolution ;

 * (f) Shall render a report to the next regular session of the General Assembly and to any prior special session which might be called to consider the subject matter of the present resolution, and shall render such interim reports as it may deem appropriate to the Secretary-General for transmission to Members ;

 * (g) Shall remain in existence pending a new decision by the General Assembly ;

3. Calls upon the Member States, the Government of the Republic of Korea, and all Koreans to afford every assistance and facility to the Commission in the fulfilment of its responsibilities, and to refrain from any acts derogatory to the purposes of the present resolution ;

4. Requests the Secretary-General to provide the Commission with adequate staff and facilities, including technical advisers and observers as required; and authorizes the Secretary-General to pay the expenses and per diem of a representative and an alternate from each of the States members of the Commission and of such persons as may be appointed in accordance with paragraph 1 (c) of the present resolution

233rd plenary meeting

21 October 1949


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Page:A short history of social life in England.djvu/368

348 in the year 1834 no less than 4,920 convicts were shipped off for life.

The philanthropy of the time and the individual effort that preceded legislation had first secured the abolition of the slave trade, and then slavery itself in the English Colonies, a proof of the growing interest taken in the oppressed and afflicted by those in positions of power. But the most important step of all, in the light of modern events with regard to the rise of Democracy, was the passing of the Reform Bill, the salient points of which it will be well to repeat. Through the hot nights of July, 1832, the Commons debated on this far-reaching measure, which secured to the middle classes a voice in the government of their country. Perhaps none saw the future of the British working man more clearly than Macaulay: "Your great objection to this Bill," he said, "is that it will not be final. I ask you whether you think that any Reform Bill which you can frame will be final. I believe that it will last during that time for which alone we ought at present to think of legislating. Another generation may find in the new representative system faults such as we find in the old


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Rh system. Civilisation will proceed. Wealth will increase. Industry and trade will find out new seats. … For our children we do not pretend to legislate. All that we can do for them is to leave to them a memorable example of the manner in which great reforms ought to be made."

The Bill passed the Commons, to be thrown out by the Lords, and intense excitement prevailed throughout the country. For the moment strong historical tradition triumphed over the desires of the growing middle class and the unexpressed rights and liberties of the people. But it was only for a moment. Sydney Smith summed up the position in one of his humorous speeches at Taunton. "The attempt of the Lords to stop the progress of Reform reminds me very forcibly of the great storm at Sidmouth, and the conduct of the excellent Mrs. Partington on that occasion," he said. "In the winter of 1 824 there set in a great flood upon that town; the tide rose to an incredible height, the waves rushed in upon the houses, and everything was threatened with destruction. In the midst of this sublime and terrible storm. Dame Partington, who lived upon the beach, was seen at the door of her house with


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350 mop and pattens, trundling her mop, squeezing out the sea water, and vigorously pushing away the Atlantic Ocean. The Atlantic was roused, Mrs. Partington's spirit was up; but I need not tell you the contest was unequal. The Atlantic Ocean beat Mrs. Partington. She was excellent at a slop or a puddle, but she should not have meddled with a tempest Gentlemen, be at your ease and steady. You will beat Mrs. Partington."

He had prophesied right. The Lords passed the Reform Bill the following year, by which all the newly developed towns were represented, and the middle class of England secured a voice in the government of the country. True, the people themselves secured nothing, but they were hardly ready yet A few years later and their turn came. "Give us," cried the Chartists, who represented the aspirations of the people, "give us, not government by the rich, but government by the people; not protection, but political rights. Give us our Charter, and then will this dread interval of darkness an anguish pass away; then will that dawn come for which we have watched so long, and justice, love, and plenty inhabit this land and there abide."


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Rh "The people were right. Democracy, so giant-like and threatening, which with rude strength severs sacred ties and stamps out ancient landmarks—Democracy, though in ways undreamt of, did bring deliverance. For Democracy is sudden like the sea and grows dark with storms, and sweeps away many precious things; but, like the sea, it reflects the light of the wide heavens and cleanses the shores of human life."


text:
Constitution of Georgia

 * Those of the country:
 * Constitution of Georgia (1921)
 * Constitution of Georgia (1995)

 * Those of the U.S. state:
 * Charter of Georgia
 * Georgia State Constitution (1777)
 * Georgia State Constitution (1789)
 * Georgia State Constitution (1798)
 * Georgia State Constitution (1976)

title: Constitution of Georgia


text:
Page:A short history of social life in England.djvu/373

UCH a familiar atmosphere surrounds the period succeeding the accession of Queen Victoria, that it is hardly necessary to do more than suggest the changes that passed over England during the early years of her reign and briefly to indicate the great developments of the age. Though sovereignty in this country had lost its old influence, and the Court no longer played the same part in the life of the nation, yet the example of one so simple, pure-minded, and merciful as the young Queen could not fail to have an effect on those who were her acknowledged


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354 subjects. She was married to a singularly earnest young Prince, and the Court atmosphere was soon cleansed and purified, till Lord Melbourne was heard p exclaim: "This damned morality will ruin everything." The excessive drinking, gambling, scandal, and loud swagger of the Georgian ages disappeared as by magic, and a somewhat superior respectability pervaded Court life. "No one dined here last night," comments a maid of honour at the new Court, "so we played vingt-et-un and I won 8d." If gambling was no longer the fashion, duelling too was coming to an end. The last public duel took place in 1841, when two well-known officers—brothers-in-law—fought till one was killed. Public opinion cried aloud for some other way of settling "affairs of honour," and a society for the abolition of duelling brought about the desired effect For all this, manners were still rough: men and women talked in loud voices, they made ostentatious and vulgar display of their wealth, jokes were made in bad taste, personalities amounted to impertinence, and it was not uncommon in a crowd of well-born people to find many men and women with the very clothes torn off their backs. All these matters are within the memory of many. Within the memory of a


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Rh rapidly decreasing number is one of the greatest events of modern civilisation—the institution of the Penny Post in 1840. It was a curious fact that, though the population had increased so enormously—six millions in twenty years—yet the postal receipts had actually diminished between the years 1815 and 1835. The recipient and not the writer paid the postage, and a letter with seal unbroken, returned to the postman at the door, often betokened a poverty which could not afford to pay for news of absent relations. The story told by Coleridge, and repeated in every modern history of the period, illustrates the condition of postal arrangements at this time, when distance rather than weight augmented the price of a letter, which varied from 4d. to 1s. 8d.—a serious outlay to business men. Means of transit, though improving, were still defective, and accomplished by horses and mail-coaches, as they had been since 1783. It was only under favourable circumstances that a letter from London reached Hampstead in ten hours! Rowland Hill, in his famous pamphlet, published in 1837, called attention to the difficulty of carrying on trade with such expense and delay in the postal service. And the inauguration of the Penny Post throughout


text:
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356 England was the result. "Little bags called envelopes" had already been in use to prevent letter-opening by post-office officials, and now the familiar, stamp with an impression of the Queen appeared in the right-hand corner, and writer instead of recipient paid for the letter. Letter-boxes now made their appearance in London, where letters might be posted any time between 8 a.m. and 7 p.m.; from these local letter-boxes everything went to the central office at St. Martin-le-Grand, so that a letter from one part of the town to another often took fifteen hours. Other now familiar innovations followed in quick succession. Book post, money orders, post-office savings bank, and post cards (1870) succeeded one another, each in turn adding vastly to the facilities of correspondence in the growing commerce of the land.

A yet more rapid means of communication was now reached by the institution of the electric telegraph. The first was established across the twenty miles between Paddington and Slough in 1844. How step by step it gained in popularity is a matter of ancient history now. So, too, is the hitherto undreamt-of development which enabled men to lay the first submarine cable (1851) and to transmit messages to the Continent


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xx


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Rh


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Rh The connection between the Old and New Worlds followed six years later; Ariel's prophecy that he could "put a girdle round the earth in forty minutes" was thus fulfilled, and one of the greatest benefits to civilisation secured.

Meanwhile railway lines were being hurriedly laid down all over the country. There were but 200 miles at the Queen's accession, there were 2,000 some seven years later. Lines were constructed from London to Birmingham, to Greenwich, to Southampton, to Croydon; the Great Western had been running for two years before the Queen would venture by train in 1842. Each year saw the death of some famous coach, and as time passed on, the railway mania grew; men talked in railway language about "getting up steam," they reckoned distance by hours and minutes, and the country became a network of lines, even as it is to-day. Still, the early days of travelling were far from luxurious. Arrived at the station, the intending passenger gave his name to the clerk, who wrote it on a large green paper, giving in return a metal badge with a number and the name of the destination. On receipt of this, the passenger paid his fare—about double what it is to-day—and took his seat. No


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358 smoking was allowed either in station or train, for fear of fire. Indeed, the terrors of railway travelling were still great, and the Punch of the day illustrates the spirit in which a journey was taken by a picture of the would-be traveller being presented with an undertaker's card ere he set forth on what might prove to be his last venture. It is not far to seek a parallel to-day in the raw beginnings of modern mechanical progression. And yet the speed in these days was but twenty miles an hour, and thirty years later it was still under thirty. True, the signalling was as yet rudimentary and insufficient. Sometimes a candle burning in a window told the driver whether to go on or stop, sometimes a lamp swung from a high post guided him to his destination. Stations sprang up with great rapidity, over 4,000 being built in thirty years. But all this, and much more, may be learnt from a comparison of the first Bradshaw's Railway Guide published in 1839, six pages in length, with that published to-day, containing a thousand pages of intricacies. But in all this early travelling it was the third-class passenger who suffered most severely. A rich man might have his comfortable carriage placed on a railway truck and travel in it, but the third-class


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296 a falsification of Himself, inasmuch as in that China time would be identical with Greenwich time, which would make Greenwich time wrong.

'But why then does God now and then send a heaven; chronometer (as a meteoric stone) into the world, uselessly as it would seem, to give the lie to all the world's time-keepers? Because He is unwilling to leave man without some occasional testimony to this:—that though man's Chinese notions of things may answer well enough here, they are by no means universally applicable, and that the central Greenwich in which he dwells goes by a somewhat different method from this world. And yet it follows not from this, that God's truth is one thing and man's truth another; but—as above hinted, and as will be further elucidated in subsequent lectures—by their very contradictions they are made to correspond.

'By inference it follows, also, that he who finding in himself a chronometrical soul, seeks practically to force that heavenly time upon the earth; in such an attempt he can never succeed, with an absolute and essential success. And as for himself, if he seek to regulate his own daily conduct by it, he will but array all men's earthly time-keepers against him, and thereby work himself woe and death. Both these things are plainly evinced in the character and fate of Christ, and the past and present condition of the religion he taught. But here one thing is to be especially observed. Though Christ encountered woe in both the precept and the practice of his chronometricals, yet did he remain throughout entirely without folly or sin. Whereas, almost invariably, with inferior beings, the absolute effort to live in this world according to the strict letter of the chronometricals is, somehow, apt to involve those inferior beings eventually in strange, unique follies and sins, unimagined before. It is the story of the Ephesian matron, allegorised.

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text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Prologue

title: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Prologue


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Rh passengers were packed into open cattle trucks with movable seats placed across, and no provision for bad weather. For this they were charged 1½d. a mile. The company's servants were strictly ordered to do no work for these unhappy persons, and only one slow train a day was run for their convenience at twelve miles an hour. Indeed, some of the companies refused to carry them at all. But to the astonishment of all, it was found that over thirteen million third-class passengers used the railway in the year 1845, while by 1860 the number swelled to ninety-three million, and they were legislated for accordingly. Not only by land, but by sea too, was this improvement in rapid transit telling on social progress. The substitution of steam for sail caused a huge advance to the mercantile navy of England and the colonial expansion of the Empire. The first steamer had made its way across the Atlantic in 1819, but little important progress had been made till 1838, when the Great Western with sixty-five passengers and twenty thousand letters crossed from Bristol to New York in fifteen days. Although even this was regarded as something of a freak, and men solemnly declared that one might as well attempt a voyage to the moon as to run regularly between


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360 England and America, yet the growth was inevitably steady and rapid. Englishmen built English ships fitted with the new steam engines, whereby trade was carried on quickly and securely with the far ends of the earth, and the little State of old times, compassed so hopelessly by the inviolate sea, became the world-wide Empire it is to-day.

Perhaps nothing so forcibly illustrates the immense growth of our over-seas commerce as the Great Exhibition of 1851. It is only by comparative statistics that we can obtain the slightest idea of the vast increase of our national wealth. In the year of the Great Exhibition our imports were valued at one hundred millions, our exports at some seventy-five millions. In 1865 our imports had nearly trebled and our exports doubled. Such increase of wealth told substantially on the middle classes of England, and their position rapidly improved. It told more slowly on the working classes, whose condition in the early forties was pitiful indeed. The industrial revolution had followed the introduction of machinery as a natural sequence. Riots and crimes were but the result of discontent and the prospect of starvation. The


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Rh sufferings of the artisan class were intense. In Manchester, a tenth of the whole population lived in cellars without sunlight and filled with a "horrible stench." Here dwelt whole families, the children lying on the "damp, nay wet, brick floor, through which the stagnant moisture oozed up." Overcrowding in the large towns added horrors to the already impossible conditions under which the poor lived. In London the same state of things existed. But this was an age of enquiry and action. Men were no longer satisfied that a section of their fellow-countrymen should live in misery and degradation. In 1838 there was an enquiry on "Combination of Workmen"; in 1840 a Commission sat to consider the Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population of Great Britain and another to enquire into the physical and moral condition of children and young persons employed in mines and manufactures. Legislation had moved slowly with regard to the mining population, and little had been done since 1833, when the working hours for children under thirteen in factories were limited to eight So apathetic was public opinion on the subject that a Ten Hours Bill for mine children was


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Rh 'To any earnest man of insight, a faithful contemplation of these ideas concerning Chronometricals and Horologicals, will serve to render provisionally far less dark some few of the otherwise obscurest things which have hitherto tormented the honest-thinking men of all ages. What man who carries a heavenly soul in him, has not groaned to perceive, that unless he committed a sort of suicide as to the practical things of this world, he never can hope to regulate his earthly conduct by the same heavenly soul? And yet by an infallible instinct he knows, that that monitor cannot be wrong in itself.

'And where is the earnest and righteous philosopher, gentlemen, who looking right and left, and up and down, through all the ages of the world, the present included; where is there such an one who has not a thousand times been struck with a sort of infidel idea, that whatever other worlds God may be Lord of, he is not the Lord of this; for else this world would seem to give the lie to Him; so utterly repugnant seem its ways to the instinctively known ways of Heaven. But it is not, and cannot be so; nor will he who regards this chronometrical conceit aright, ever more be conscious of that horrible idea. For he will then see, or seem to see, that this world's seeming incompatibility with God, absolutely results from its meridional correspondence with Him.

'This chronometrical conceit does by no means involve the justification of all the acts which wicked men may perform. For in their wickedness downright wicked men sin as much against their own horologes, as against the heavenly chronometer. That this is so, their spontaneous liability to remorse does plainly evince. No, this conceit merely goes to show, that for the mass of men, the highest abstract heavenly righteousness is not only impossible, but would be entirely out of place, and positively

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362 defeated again and again, till in 1847 it passed after a heated struggle.

But machinery was affecting another section of the community at this time, and changing the lot of the agricultural labourer in the country districts. In 1838 the Royal Agricultural Society sprang into existence, with the object of encouraging and improving the land, crops, and agricultural produce. Science was now applied to farming, which was no longer left to the "chance-directed discoveries of unlettered rustics." The rapid growth of manufacture had already given an impetus to agriculture, and wool, mutton, and beef had risen in value. Architects, chemists, geologists were all consulted; money was expended on farm buildings, implements were improved, new varieties of crops introduced, live-stock breeding extended, a new system of manuring tried, while railways had already created distant markets for agricultural produce. All went well with the English farmer till 1846, Then came the failure of the potato crop in Ireland, involving starvation to some four million inhabitants, who had no other food-stuffs to fall back upon. Public opinion was stirred, and legislation was the result Up to this time


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363 England had been able to produce her own corn, and all imported corn was taxed. Indeed, not only corn, but few articles came into the country at this time that were not taxed. In the words of Sydney Smith, there were "taxes upon every article which enters the mouth or covers the back or is placed under the foot; taxes upon everything which it is pleasant to see, hear, feel, smell, or taste; taxes upon warmth, light, and locomotion; taxes on the raw material; taxes on every fresh value that is added to it by the industry of man; taxes on the sauce which pampers appetite and the drug that restores health; on the ermine which decorates the judge and the rope which hangs the criminal; on the poor man's salt and the rich man's spice; on the brass nails of the coffin and the ribbons of the bride—at bed or board, downlying or uprising, we must pay. The schoolboy whips his taxed top; the beardless youth manages the taxed horse with a taxed bridle on a taxed road; and the dying Englishman, pouring his medicine, which has paid 7 per cent., into a spoon that has paid 15 per cent, flings himself back upon his chintz bed, which has paid 22 per cent, and expires in the


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Promenade

title: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Promenade


text:
User talk:Zj

I've marked Scheme of the Chinese Phonetic Alphabet(1958) for speedy deletion; Wikisource only keeps copies of source texts, not generic information, which might go to Wikipedia or Wikibooks.--Prosfilaes (talk) 20:59, 14 October 2010 (UTC)

title: User talk:Zj


text:
Author:Rudolf Ortvay

Works

 * On the Interpretation of Sagnac's Experiment in the General Theory of Relativity (1922, Wikisource translation)

title: Author:Rudolf Ortvay


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298 wrong in a world like this. To turn the left cheek if the right be smitten, is chronometrical; hence, no average son of man ever did such a thing. To give all that thou hast to the poor, this too is chronometrical; hence no average son of man ever did such a thing. Nevertheless, if a man gives with a certain self-considerate generosity to the poor; abstains from doing downright ill to any man; does his convenient best in a general way to do good to his whole race; takes watchful loving care of his wife and children, relatives, and friends; is perfectly tolerant to all other men's opinions, whatever they may be; is an honest dealer, an honest citizen, and all that; and more especially if he believe that there is a God for infidels, as well as for believers, and acts upon that belief; then, though such a man falls infinitely short of the chronometrical standard, though all his actions are entirely horologic;—yet such a man need never lastingly despond, because he is sometimes guilty of some minor offence:—hasty words, impulsively returning a blow, fits of domestic petulance, selfish enjoyment of a glass of wine while he knows there are those around him who lack a loaf of bread. I say he need never lastingly despond on account of his perpetual liability to these things; because not to do them, and their like, would be to be an angel, a chronometer; whereas, he is a man and a.

'Yet does the horologe itself teach, that all liabilities to these things should be checked as much as possible, though it is certain they can never be utterly eradicated. They are only to be checked, then, because, if entirely unrestrained, they would finally run into utter selfishness and human demonism, which, as before hinted, are not by any means justified by the horologe.

'In short, this chronometrical and horological conceit, in sum, seems to teach this:—That in things terrestrial (horological) a man must not be governed by ideas celestial

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text:
Translation:On the Interpretation of Sagnac's Experiment in the General Theory of Relativity

In the well known experiment of, two light rays traversing in opposite directions the periphery of a rotating circle (more exactly a polygon), will be brought to interfere, and on that occasion a displacement of the interference fringes in respect to the stationary state was observed, by an amount that corresponds to a phase difference of $$\tfrac{2lv}{c^{2}}$$, where $$l$$ is the length of the periphery, $$v=\omega r_{0}$$ is the velocity of a point of the periphery, $$c$$ is the speed of light. The theory of the experiment for the resting system of earth was given by, before the experiment was even conducted. Since the experiment proves that in the rotating system the propagation of light does not correspond to that of an uniform moving system, a discussion from the standpoint of general relativity is desired.

I.
The method that was used by in his paper on the effect of distant rotating masses, provides the means for this investigation, and we will treat the problem with the same approximation, as the centrifugal- and Coriolis forces were treated by.

We assume with, that a spherical shell of mass $$M$$ and radius $$r$$ is uniformly rotating around the origin of our coordinate system with the angular velocity $$\omega$$ around the $$z$$-axis. Let $$r$$ be large against the circle radius.

In infinity we take for the coefficients $$g_{ik}$$ of the line element, its values in the pseudo-euclidean case and apply the approximate solution of with retarded potentials.

When we neglect the terms that include $$\omega^2$$, we obtain for the energy-momentum-tensor

$$T_{ik}=\varrho\left(\frac{dx_{4}}{ds}\right)^{2}\left\{ \begin{array}{ccccccc} 0 & & 0 &  & 0 &  & -r\omega\sin\vartheta\sin\varphi\\ 0 & & 0 &  & 0 &  & r\omega\sin\vartheta\cos\varphi\\ 0 & & 0 &  & 0 &  & 0\\ -r\omega\sin\vartheta\sin\varphi &  & r\omega\sin\vartheta\cos\varphi &  & 0 &  & 1\end{array}\right.$$

We denote by $$x_{4}=ct$$, $$c=1=$$ speed of light, $$\varrho$$ = mass density.

We obtain the covariant components of the line element, when we neglect the terms that include $$\omega^2$$ as well,

$$g_{ik}=\left\{ \begin{array}{ccccccc} -(1+\alpha) & & 0 &  & 0 &  & +\frac{2}{3}\alpha\omega y\\ \\0 & & -(1+\alpha) &  & 0 &  & -\frac{2}{3}\alpha\omega x\\ \\0 & & 0 &  & 0 &  & 0\\ \\+\frac{2}{3}\alpha\omega y &  & -\frac{2}{3}\alpha\omega x &  & 0 &  & +(1+\alpha)\end{array}\right.$$

where $$\alpha=\frac{xM}{4\pi r}$$, $$x$$ = gravitational constant.

For the line element we obtain

$ds^{2}=-(1+\alpha)\left(dx^{2}+dy^{2}\right)+\frac{4}{3}\alpha\omega(xdy-ydx)dt+(1-\alpha)dt^{2}$

and we determine the speed of light from the equation

$ds^{2}=0$

It is

$xdy-ydx=r^{2}d\varphi=r^{2}\frac{d\varphi}{dt}\cdot dt=r\cdot c\cdot dt$

where $$c$$ is the speed of light in the direction of the circumference.

From equation $$ds^{2}=0$$ we obtain after substitution of that value and division by $$dt^2$$

$-(1+\alpha)\left\{ \left(\frac{dx}{dt}\right)^{2}+\left(\frac{dy}{dt}\right)^{2}\right\} +\frac{4}{3}\alpha\omega rc+1-\alpha=0$

Since

$\left(\frac{dx}{dt}\right)^{2}+\left(\frac{dy}{dt}\right)^{2}=e^{2}$

we further obtain

$c^{2}-\frac{4}{3}\cdot\frac{\alpha}{1+\alpha}\omega rc-\frac{1-\alpha}{1+\alpha}=0$

and from that for $$c$$

$c=+\frac{2}{3}\frac{\alpha}{1+\alpha}\omega r\pm\sqrt{\frac{4}{9}\left(\frac{\alpha}{1+\alpha}\right)^{2}+\frac{1-\alpha}{1+\alpha}}$|undefined

and by restriction to terms of first order in $$\alpha$$

Here,

$c_{0}=1-\frac{xM}{4\pi r}$

means the speed of light; when the shell is at rest, it differs only by a small extant from unity, only as much as it is determined by the potential of the shell. The second term determines that the velocity in both direction is not equal.

The speed of light is not $$c=c_{0}\pm v$$ as in 's experiment, because to the second term the dragging coefficient

$\frac{x}{6\pi}\cdot\frac{M}{r}$

is added, which is very small. Another result was not to be expected, since the distant masses that determine the normal values of $$g_{ik}$$, don't share the rotation.

II.
In the first section I've tried to interpret 's experiment by direct calculation of the effect of the distant rotating masses, however, the line element could only be calculated as long as the velocity of the distant masses is small.

However, 's experiment can be interpreted exactly by general relativity, when we, like in the treatment of the centrifugal forces, relate the line element to a coordinate system that rotates against the system of fixed stars.

If the line element is in a system that is stationary against the fixed stars by using spatial cylindric coordinates (where the unit time is chosen so that the speed of light is unity)

$ds^{2}=dz^{2}+dr^{2}+r^{2}d\varphi'^{2}-dt'^{2}$

then we can transform it to a system that rotates around the $$z$$-axis by a constant angular velocity $$\omega$$, by the substitution

$\varphi'=\varphi+\omega t,\ t'=t$

thus

$ds^{2}=dz^{2}+dr^{2}+r^{2}d\varphi^{2}-2r^{2}\omega d\varphi dt-dt^{2}\left(1-\omega^{2}r^{2}\right)$

We determine the speed of light from equation $$ds^{2}=0$$. By considering, that for a light ray propagating in a plane perpendicular to the rotation axis, $$dz=0$$, $$dr=0$$, $$d\frac{d\varphi}{dt}=c=$$ speed of light, $$\omega\cdot r=v=$$ the velocity of a point that is at rest at distance $$r$$ to the origin, we obtain (after division by $$dt^{2}$$) a quadratic equation for the determination of the speed of light

$c^{2}=2vc-\left(1-v^{2}\right)=0$

hence

$c=v\pm1$

in agreement with 's experiment.

If we would have assumed a spatially finite world according to or, then we would have to start with a line element, that (in the proximity of the origin) differs from the assumed expression only by magnitudes of second order, and the result would be the same except the magnitudes of the same order.

Summary
1. It was shown that the gravitational forces emanating from the rotating distant masses, are dragging the light in the direction of motion.

2. In a coordinate system that is rotating against the system of fixed stars, light is moving in agreement with the experiment of.

 * Budapest, February 10, 1922

(Received February 28, 1922)


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Plinth

title: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Plinth


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Rh (chronometrical); that certain minor self-renunciations in this life his own mere instinct for his own everyday general well-being will teach him to make, but he must by no means make a complete unconditional sacrifice of himself in behalf of any other being, or any cause, or any conceit. (For, does aught else completely and unconditionally sacrifice itself for him? God's own sun does not abate one tittle of its heat in July, however you swoon with that heat in the sun. And if it did abate its heat on your behalf, then the wheat and the rye would not ripen; and so, for the incidental benefit of one, a whole population would suffer.)

'A virtuous expediency, then, seems the highest desirable or attainable earthly excellence for the mass of men, and is the only earthly excellence that their Creator intended for them. When they go to heaven, it will be quite another thing. There, they can freely turn the left cheek, because there the right cheek will never be smitten. There they can freely give all to the poor, for there there will be no poor to give to. A due appreciation of this matter will do good to man. For, hitherto, being authoritatively taught by his dogmatical teachers that he must, while on earth, aim at heaven, and attain it, too, in all his earthly acts, on pain of eternal wrath; and finding by experience that this is utterly impossible; in his despair, he is too apt to run clean away into all manner of moral abandonment, self-deceit, and hypocrisy (cloaked, however, mostly under an aspect of the most respectable devotion); or else he openly runs, like a mad dog into atheism. Whereas, let men be taught those Chronometricals and Horologicals, and while still retaining every common-sense incentive to whatever of virtue be practicable and desirable, and having these incentives strengthened, too, by the consciousness of powers to attain their mark; then there would be an end to that

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300 fatal despair of becoming at all good, which has too often proved the vice-producing result in many minds of the undiluted chronometrical doctrines hitherto taught to mankind. But if any man say, that such a doctrine as this I lay down is false, is impious; I would charitably refer that man to the history of Christendom for the last 1800 years; and ask him, whether, in spite of all the maxims of Christ, that history is not just as full of blood, violence, wrong, and iniquity of every kind, as any previous portion of the world's story? Therefore, it follows, that so far as practical results are concerned—regarded in a purely earthly light—the only great original moral doctrine of Christianity (i.e. the chronometrical gratuitous return of good for evil, as distinguished from the horological forgiveness of injuries taught by some of the Pagan philosophers), has been found (horologically) a false one; because after 1800 years' inculcation from tens of thousands of pulpits, it has proved entirely impracticable.

'I but lay down, then, what the best mortal men do daily practise; and what all really wicked men are very far removed from. I present consolation to the earnest man, who, among all his human frailties, is still agonisingly conscious of the beauty of chronometrical excellence. I hold up a practicable virtue to the vicious; and interfere not with the eternal truth, that, sooner or later, in all cases, downright vice is downright woe.

'Moreover: if——'

But here the pamphlet was torn, and came to a most untidy termination.

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 BOOK XV

THE COUSINS

I

resolved to face all out to the last, at whatever desperate hazard, Pierre had not started for the city without some reasonable plans, both with reference to his more immediate circumstances, and his ulterior condition.

There resided in the city a cousin of his, Glendinning Stanly, better known in the general family as Glen Stanly, and by Pierre, as Cousin Glen. Like Pierre, he was an only son; his parents had died in his early childhood; and within the present year he had returned from a protracted sojourn in Europe, to enter, at the age of twenty-one, into the untrammelled possession of a noble property, which in the hands of faithful guardians, had largely accumulated.

In their boyhood and earlier adolescence, Pierre and Glen had cherished a much more than cousinly attachment. At the age of ten, they had furnished an example of the truth, that the friendship of fine-hearted, generous boys, nurtured amid the romance-engendering comforts and elegancies of life, sometimes transcends the bounds of mere boyishness, and revels for a while in the empyrean of a love which only comes short, by one degree, of the sweetest sentiment entertained between the sexes. Nor is this boy-love without the occasional fillips and spicinesses, which at times, by an apparent abatement, enhance the permanent delights of those more advanced 5em

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text: Translation talk:On the Interpretation of Sagnac's Experiment in the General Theory of Relativity


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Rh save for a few horizontal bars far down in the sunset.

"That night the expectation took the color of my fears. In the darkling calm my senses seemed preternaturally sharpened. I fancied I could even feel the hollowness of the ground beneath my feet, could indeed almost see through it, the Morlocks in their ant-hill going hither and thither and waiting for the dark. In this excited state I fancied that they would take my invasion of their burrows as a declaration of war. And why had they taken my Time Machine?

"So we went on in the quiet, and the twilight deepened into night. The clear blue of the distance faded and one star after another came out. The ground grew dim and the trees black. Weena's fears and her fatigue grew upon her. I took her in my arms and talked to her and caressed her. Then as the darkness grew profounder she put her arms round