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Page:Alumni Oxoniensis (1715-1886) volume 1.djvu/195

 Browne, John Thomas, 2s. William, of Newbury, Berks, gent. , matric. 15 June, 1859, aged 18.  Brown, Jonathan, 'cæmentarius;' privilegiatus 7 Nov., 1816.  Brown, Joseph, s. George, of New Church, Cumberland, pleb. , matric. 24 March, 1715-6, aged 15; B.A. 1721, M.A. 1724, fellow 1731, B.D. 1737, D.D. 1743, rector of Bramshot, Hants, 1746, Sedleian professor natural philosophy 1741-67, preb. 1746, and chancellor of Hereford 1752, provost of Queen's College 1756-67, vice-chancellor of the University 1759-65, died 17 une, 1767.  Brown, Joseph, 2s. Benjamin, of Boston, co. Lincoln, gent. , matric. 3 May, 1827, aged 24.  Browne, Joseph Deane, 2s. William, of Brownshill, co. Carlow (Ireland), arm. , matric. 12 April, 1823, aged 19; captain in the carabineers, died 1 Jan., 1878.  [5]

Brown, Joseph Henry, 2s. James Richard, of Knighton, Radnor, cler. , matric. 1 Feb., 1862, aged 18; B.A. 1866, M.A. 1880, rector (and patron) of Bedstone, Salop, 1878.  Brown, Joseph John Alfonso, 1s. Joseph, of Hackney, Middlesex, arm. , matric. 13 May, 1826 aged 15; B.A. 1830, M.A. 1836, B.Med. 1838, D.Med. 1842.  Browne, Josslin, s. Richard, of Clayhiddon, Devon, cler. , matric. 1 June, 1763, aged 15.

Brown, Kenworthy, 1s. Thomas Kenworthy, of Funchal, Madeira, cler. , matric. 19 Oct., 1878, aged 19; B.A. 1882, M.A. 1885, bar.-at-law, Inner Temple, 17 June, 1885.
 [9]
Brown, Lancelot, s. Lancelot, of Northumberland, arm. , matric. 27 May, 1766, aged 17, of Lincoln's Inn 1766, M.P. Totnes 1780, Huntingdon 1784-7, Huntingdonshire 1792-4, died 28 Feb., 1802.

Browne, Leonard Gilbert, 1s. William James, of Booboruri, Austria, gent. , matric. 19 Oct., 1872, aged 21, of the Middle Temple 1840.

Browne, Leopold George, 3s. Thomas, of Burliscombe, Devon, arm. , matric. 23 Jan., 1834, aged 17: B.A. 1838, M.A. 1842.

Brown, Leslie John, 3s. John, of Ayr, Scotland, gent. , matric. 20 April, 1885, aged 16.

Browne, Lionel, 1s. John, of Eastwood, Notts, gent. , matric. 22 Nov., 1849, aged 18.

Brown, Lionel Edward (Darell), 2s. Henry, of Bombay, India, arm. , matric. 15 May, 1856, aged 18; B.A. 1862, M.A. 1865, curate of Welland, co. Worcester, 1864-76, and vicar 1876 until his death, 11 Feb., 1882.
 [15]
Brown, Littleton, s. Jere., of Bishop's Castle, Salop, gent. , matric. 30 June 1715, aged 16; B.A. 1719, M.A. 1722.

Browne, Lyde, s. Lyde, of London, arm. , matric. 4 Nov., 1775, aged 16.

Browne, Rev. Marmaduke Edmonstone, 1s. Thomas Clements, of Wellington, Somerset, cler. , matric. 8 May, 1862, aged 18; scholar 1862, B.A. 1866, M.A. 1868, choir-master and organist Christ Church, Marylebone, 1878-82.

Brown, Matthias, s. Francis, of Dacre, Cumberland, pleb. , matric. 21 March, 1740-1, aged 19; B.A. 22 Feb., 1744-5, as.

Brown, Meredith, 1s. Meredith, of Tockenham, Wilts, cler. , matric. 23 April, 1863, aged 18; B.A. 1868.
 [20]

Brown, Michael, s. Michael, of Worcester (city), gent. , matric. 16 Dec., 1773, aged 15; B.A. 1780.

Brown, Rev. Nigel Mackenzie, 3s. John Morgan, of Thornton, co. Lancaster, cler. , matric. 14 Oct., 1878, aged 18; B.A. 1883, M.A. 1887.

Brown, Rev. Norman Gwynne, 4s. William, of Llanstephan, co. Carmarthen, gent. , matric. 4 June, 1845, aged 17; B.A. 1849.

Brown, Owen, 1s. William, of Auckland, New Zealand, gent. , matric. 29 Jan., 1867, aged 23.

Browne, Peter, s. John, of Westport, co. Mayo, arm. , matric. 26 Oct., 1748, aged 17; 2nd Earl of Altamont, died 28 Dec., 1780, father of John Denis, Marquis of Sligo. See Foster's Peerage.

Brown, Philip, s. Christopher, of Millum, Cumberland, pleb. , matric. 21 May, 1724, aged 22; B.A. 1728, M.A. 1731, B.D. 17 March, 1747-8.
 [25]

Brown, Philip, s. John, of Millum, Cumberland, pleb. , matric. 21 Oct., 1743, aged 17; B.A. 1748, M.A. 1751.

Browne, Philip Augustus, o.s. Augustus, of St. Anne's, London, arm. , matric. 3 Dec., 1825, aged 20; B.A. 1829, M.A. 1833, of Lincoln's Inn 1831, married 2 June, 1831, Caroline Jessintha, daughter of Sir Charles Henry Rich, 2nd baronet.

Brown, Reginald Pearce-, 2s. Thomas, of Burderop, Wilts, arm. , matric. 31 May, 1873, aged 19; B.A. 1877.

Brown, Richard, 'servant to Dr. Stonehouse, of ;' privilegiatus 17 March, 1723-4.

Brown, Richard, s. Robert, of St. Peter's, Oxford, pleb. , matric. (subs. 31 May), 1727, aged 15; B.A. 1731, fellow, M.A. 1734, B.D. 1742, D.D. 1752, Lord Almoner's prof. of Arabic 1748-80, regius prof. of Hebrew 1774-80.

Browne, Richard, s. Barnab., of St.-Martin's-in-the-Fields, Westminster, gent. , matric. 8 Sep., 1727, aged 14; B.A. 1731, M.A. 1734. Bloxam, i. 150.
 [32]

Brown, Richard, s. Thomas, of Froom, Somerset, pleb. , matric. 22 March, 1745-6, aged 18; B.A. 1749.

Brown, Richard, 'servant to the principal of ,' privilegiatus 26 Jan., 1762.

Brown, Richard, s. John, of Howe, Cumberland, pleb. , matric. 18 May, 1763, aged 20; B.A. 1767.
 [35]
Brown, Richard, s. Michael, of Worcester (city), pleb. , matric. 4 April, 1778, aged 17; lay clerk Norwich Cathedral, died 17 Aug., 1843, aged 83. ''Coll. Reg.'', vols. i.; ii.

Browne, Richard, s. Richard Eaton, of London, gent. , matric. 17 Feb., 1785, aged 17; of Elsing Hall, Norfolk, rector of Elsing, assumed the name of Brown in lieu of Eaton, died 11 May, 1821.

Browne, Richard Clayton. , 1824. See.

Brown, Rev. Richard Garlick, 3s. John, of Chelsham, Surrey, gent. , matric. 13 Oct., 1866, aged 19; B.A. 1870, M.A. 1873.

Brown, Richard Neale Duguid, o.s. Alexander, of Hadley, Middlesex, arm. , matric. Dec., 1839, aged 23; P.C. St. James's, Bermondsey, 1851, died 25 Feb., 1882.
 [40]
Browne, Richmond, s. Obadiah, of Whiston, co. York, cler. , matric. 22 May, 1717, aged 21.

Browne, Robert, s. Robert, of Forston, Dorset, arm. , matric. 2 Nov., 1715. aged 20.

Brown, Robert, 'cook;' privilegiatus 11 Nov., 1724.

Browne, Robert, s. John, of Longdon, co. Worcester, cler. , matric. 9 Sep., 1726, aged 16; B.A. 6 Feb., 1732-3, M.A. 1733.

Browne, Robert, s. Robert, of Leicester (city), gent. , matric. 31 May, 1775, aged 18; B.A. 1779.
 [45]

Browne, Robert, s. William, of Crewkerne, Somerset, gent. , matric. 16 June, 1808, aged 22.

Brown, Robert, s. William, of Chipping Norton, Oxon, gent. , matric. 5 Nov., 1808, aged 17; B.A. 1813, M.A. 1815.

Browne, Robert, general in the army, created D.C.L. June, 1817. See .
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 Burney, Richard (Allen), s. Charles Rousseau, of Westminster, gent. , matric. 14 Jan., 1796, aged 22; B.A. 1799, M.A. 1807.  Burney, Richard Thomas, 2s. Henry, of Rangoon, East Indies, arm. , matric. 1 Dec, 1853, aged 18; bar.-at-law, Inner Temple, 28 June, 1876, a commissioner and additional judge Lahore, Bengal, C.S. See Foster's Men at the Bar.  Burnham, Charles Havey, 2s. George, of Wellingborough, Northants, arm. , matric. 28 May, 1850, aged 17; B.A. 1854, M.A. 1857, rector of Cogenhoe, Northants, 1864.  Burnham, Rev. Frank, 1s. Edward. of Preston, Yorks, gent. , matric. 23 Jan., 1872, aged 19.  Burnham, George Baird, 1s. George Hodgson, of Wellingborough, Northants, gent. , matric. 22 Jan., 1876, aged 19; B.A. 1879, B.C.L. & M.A. 1882, bar.-at-law, Middle Temple, 27 Jan., 1886.  [5]

Burnham, Mark, 1s. Zaccheus, of Newcastle, Upper Canada, gent. , matric. 13 Oct., 1825, aged 21; B.A. 1829.  Burnidge, George, 2s. Edward, of Worcester (city), gent. , matric. 5 Nov., 1819, aged 19.  Burningham, George Nowell, 2s. Henry, of Froyle, near Alton, Hants, arm. , matric. 23 May, 1861, aged 18; B.A. 1864, M.A. 1868, vicar of St. Augustine's, Victoria Park, London, 1882-5.

Burningham, Thomas, s. Henry, of Froyle, Hants, arm. , matric. 19 April, 1790, aged 17.

Burningham, Thomas, 3s. Thomas, of Froyle, Hants, arm. , matric. 16 Nov., 1826, aged 18; B.A. 1830, M.A. 1861, rector of Charlwood, Sussex, 1855-83.
 [10]

Burns, James Albert, 6s. John, of Carlisle, gent. , matric. 30 Oct., 1885, aged 20.

Burns, Islay Ferrier, 2s. Islay, of Dundee, co. Forfar, B.D., matric. 3 June, 1876, aged 21; exhibitioner 1876, B.A. 1880.

Burns, Robert, 1s. Gilbert, of Knockmaroon, co. Dublin, arm. , matric. 12 Oct., 1866, aged 19.

Burns, Theodore Gilbert Alexander, 2s. Gilbert, of Chapel Izod, co. Dublin, gent. , matric. 11 Oct., 1878, aged 18; B.A. 1882.

Burns, William, 1s. Islay, of Dundee, Scotland, arm. , matric. 17 Oct., 1865, aged 19; scholar 1866.
 [15]

Burns, William Rothwell, 1s. William Henry, of Manchester, cler. , matric. 16 Oct., 1886, aged 20.

Burnside, Andrew William, s. Andrew, of St. Clement Danes, London, arm. , matric. 8 Dec., 1812, aged 18; B.A. 1816, M.A. 1821; rector of Farningham, Kent.

Burnthwaite, Thomas, s. William, of Ulverston, co. Lancaster, gent. , matric. 8 May, 1787, aged 20; B.A. 1791.

Burny, Joseph, s. Joseph, of Ormsby, Norfolk, gent. , matric. 15 Dec., 1769, aged 19.

Burr, Arthur Scudamore, 3s. Daniel Higford, of London, arm. , matric. 13 Oct., 1876, aged 19; B.A. 1880, of the Inner Temple.
 [20]

Burr, Daniel Higford Davall, 1s. Daniel, of Marylebone, London, arm. , matric. 19 Jan., 1829, aged 17; of Aldermaston Court, Berks, J.P., high sheriff 1851, M.P. Hereford 1837-41, died 29 Nov., 1885.

Burr, Edmund Godfrey, 2s. Edmund, of Burgh, Norfolk, arm. , matric. 11 Oct., 1884, aged 19.

Burr, Frederick John, 3s. George, of Shrewsbury, gent. , matric. 14 Oct., 1882, aged 19; B.A. 1886.

Burr, Rev. George Henderson, 3s. Edward, of Dunstable, Beds, arm. , matric. 3 June, 1863, aged 19; B.A. 1868, M.A. 1875, died 6 Jan., 1884.

Burr, Higford. , 1859. See.
 [25]

Burr, James Henry Scudamore, 2s. Daniel, of London arm. , matric. 15 May, 1834, aged 17; B.A. 1838, M.A. 1841, priest-vicar Exeter Cathedral, drowned 11 May, 1852.

Burra, James Salkeld, 4s. William, of London, arm. , matric. 19 Oct., 1857, aged 19; B.A. 1861, M.A. 1864, of Bockhanger, Kent, J.P.

Burra, Thomas Fawcett, y.s. Robert, of Dorking, Surrey, arm. , matric. 18 Oct., 1862, aged 19; B.A. 1866, M.A. 1869, vicar of Linton, Kent, 1886.

Burrard, (Sir) George (Bart.), s. William, of Lymington, Hants, arm. , matric. 12 Oct., 1786, aged 17; Merton Coll. B.A. 1790, M.A. 1793. 3rd baronet, chaplain in ordinary to 4 sovereigns, etc., died 17 May, 1856. See Foster's Baronetage.

Burrell, Alfred Lloyd, 1s. Alfred Ewen, of Stepney, Middlesex, gent. , matric. 29 Jan., 1867, aged 21;, S.C.L. & B.A. 1870, M.A. 1874.
 [30]

Burrell, Arthur, 4s. William, of London, arm. , matric. 25 Jan., 1878, aged 18; scholar 1877, B.A. 1881.

Burrell, Brian, s. William, of Chatton, Northumberland, cler. , matric. 7 July, 1746, aged 17; B.A. 1750, of Broome Park, Northumberland, high sheriff 1768, died 3 Nov., 1806.

Burrell, Bryan, 1s. William, of Broom Park, Northumberland, arm. , matric. 5 May, 1824, aged 18; of Broome Park, J.P., D.L., high sheriff 1856, died 1881.

Burrell, Charles, 2s. Joseph, of St. Pancras, London, gent. , matric. 2 Feb., 1858, aged 25; B.A. 1861, bar.-at-law, Middle Temple, 17 Nov., 1863. See Foster's Men at the Bar.

Burrell, Charles Wyndham, 1s. Charles Merrick, of London, baronet. , matric. 12 Dec., 1826, aged 17; died 11 July, 1827. See Foster's Baronetage.
 [35]

Burrell, Henry, s. Bryan, of Broom Park, Northumberland, arm. , matric. 2 Nov., 1793, aged 17; B.A. 1797, M.A. 1800, bar.-at-law, Middle Temple, a secretary to Lord Eldon, died 13 June, 1814.

Burrell, Henry, 1s. Joseph, of St. Pancras, London, arm. , matric. 30 Nov., 1855, aged 18; B.A. 1859, of Lincoln's Inn 1860.

Burrell, Herbert John Edwin, 1s. John, of Kirtling, co. Cambridge, gent. , matric. 23 Oct., 1885, aged 18.

Burrell, Humphrey, s. John, of Billinghurst, Sussex, gent. , matric. 20 April, 1719, aged 18.

Burrell, Matthew, 2s. William, of Edlingham, Northumberland, arm. , matric. 16 Dec., 1829, aged 18; B.A. 1833, M.A. 1837, vicar of Chatton, Northumberland, 1844, until his death, 29 March, 1869.
 [40]

Burrell, Sir Percy, Bart., 1s. Charles Meyrick, of St. George's, Hanover Square, baronet. , matric. 8 July, 1830, aged 18; 4th baronet, M.P. New Shoreham 1862, until his death s.p. 19 July, 1876. See Foster's Baronetage.

Burrell, William, s. William, of Brightling, Sussex, cler. , matric. 20 Oct., 1731, aged 17.
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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Author:Edwin Hubert Burton

Works

 * Biographies of English catholics in the eighteenth century
 * The Douay College Diaries
 * The Life and time of bishop Challoner

title: Author:Edwin Hubert Burton


text: Category:CE no contributor

title: Category:CE no contributor


text:
Author:Adolphus Slade

Works

 * Records of Travels in Turkey and Greece &c and of a Cruise in the Black Sea with Captain Pasha (1833)
 * Turkey, Greece and Malta (1837)
 * Maritime States and Military Navies (1859)
 * Turkey and the Crimean War: a narrative of historical events (1867)
 * An Historical Catechism of the Church of England, from the Apostles’ times to the mission of St. Augustine. Compiled chiefly for the young (1883).

title: Author:Adolphus Slade


text: Author talk:James Joseph Fox

title: Author talk:James Joseph Fox


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Page:Dictionary of National Biography. Errata (1904).djvu/303

CHIPPENDALE—HOSTE

N.B.— f.e. stands for from end and l.l. for last line


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Page:Myth, Ritual, and Religion (Volume 2).djvu/67

 Rh Concerning the primal mythical beings of the great hunter and warrior tribes of America, Algonkins, Hurons, and Iroquois, something has already been said in the chapter on "Myths of the Origin of Things." It is the peculiarity of such heroes or gods of myth as the opposing Red Indian good and evil deities that they take little part in the affairs of the world when once these have been started. Ioskeha and Tawiscara, the good and bad primeval brothers, have had their wars, and are now, in the opinion of some, the sun and the moon. The benefits of Ioskeha to mankind are mainly in the past; as, for example, when, like another Indra, he slew the great frog that had swallowed the waters, and gave them free course over earth. Ioskeha is still so far serviceable that he "makes the pot boil," though this may only be a way of recalling the benefits conferred on man by him when he learned from the turtle how to make fire. Ioskeha, moreover, is thanked for success in the chase, because he let loose the animals from the cave in which they lived at the beginning. As they fled he spoiled their speed by wounding them


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Rh exchange gradually superseded the ancient system of barter. Uniform royal weights were also issued by the various governments.

With the increase of trade and its implementation with money and official weights, and with the improvement and progress of agriculture, Seleucid Syria enjoyed a period of comparative prosperity. The general standard of living was high, despite the political unrest and the constant raids and invasions. The population increased in size, until in the early Roman period it is estimated that five to six million people dwelt in Syria, of whom two million lived in Palestine. Rh


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Rh drew on the cedars of Lebanon, always a royal domain, and on the oaks of Bashan. The exploitation of Syria's and Lebanon's forests was the privilege of the sovereigns under the Seleucids as it was under the Persians, the Assyrians and the Phoenicians. The Sea of Galilee supplied scented bushes and Jericho had a monopoly of balsam.

The textile industry maintained its primacy. Syrian manufacturers continued to use the same skill and technique but varied the designs to suit the tastes of a varied clientele. The demand for woollen cloth and purple-dyed stuffs remained brisk. In pottery and glassware, a specialty of the Near East from time immemorial, Syria upheld its ancient reputation. Greek pottery, which subsequent to Alexander's conquest flooded the Near Eastern market, was soon imitated by Syrians and produced locally. Especially popular at first was black-glazed pottery, later superseded by a type of red ware with a fine brilliant glaze introduced in the second century. Sidon, near which excellent sand for use in glass was found, Tyre and other Phoenician cities continued to manufacture and export the best glass in the Hellenistic world. This glass was cast, as the epoch-making invention of glass-blowing did not occur until the Roman period. In the Hellenistic age clay tablets give way as writing material to parchment or papyrus rolls. Parchment was a monopoly of Pergamum (whence it got its name) in Asia Minor, while Alexandria supplied papyrus, although some was evidently grown locally in Syria.

The art of metalwork took long strides forward at this time. Silver and gold came from Nabataean Arabia; silver and iron from the Taurus mountains. Iron was also obtained locally in Palestine and Lebanon. For economic purposes this metal was undoubtedly the most valuable. The Ptolemies may also have exploited the copper and other minerals of the Lebanon range. In all the Hellenistic monarchies the coinage of money was promoted as an instrument for developing trade. Money as a medium of Rh


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Page:The Effect of External Influences upon Development.djvu/33

Rh thoroughly explained. I refer to the neuters or workers of state-forming insects—bees, ants and termites. As is well known, these workers do not originate from special eggs, but it has been demonstrated in bees and termites, and shown to be very probable in the case of ants, that there is only one kind of egg, from which queens and workers as well as males arise. When female larvae are supplied with a very rich and nourishing diet, they give rise to queens; but workers are developed if the larvae receive scantier and less nourishing food. The differences between these two castes are manifold; but at present I wish to call your attention to one characteristic only, namely, the sterility of the workers—their relative or, in certain cases, absolute barrenness.

Let us inquire, in the first place, how this sterility has arisen. Many would possibly suppose that it is a direct consequence of the poorer nutrition of the larva. This view has frequently been maintained, and has been repeated by Herbert Spencer quite recently; but I cannot look upon it as a correct one in the sense implied. It is certainly true that bees have it in their power to cause a larva to become a queen or a worker according to the manner in which they feed it: it is equally true of all animals that they reproduce only feebly or not at all when badly and insufficiently nourished: and yet the poor feeding is not the causa efficiens of sterility among bees,


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Rh agricultural and industrial products of Syria as well as of goods in transit from lands east of it. An important com- ponent of this trade was the slave traffic, which was most active at this time, with the Seleucids more interested in it than the Ptolemies. War supplied the slave market with prisoners, and piracy supplied it with victims of kidnapping. Throughout the third and second centuries a steady flow of slaves moved from Syria and neighbouring lands into the cities of Greece. Slaves were in demand as domestic ser- vants and as labourers in mines, construction and public works.

In this commercial renaissance of Seleucid Syria the Jews seem to have played no more conspicuous a part than in any earlier period. In the words of their historian and spokesman Josephus : c We neither inhabit a maritime country nor delight in commerce, nor in such intercourse with other men as arises from it'.

In the later Hellenistic age Syria developed into an im- portant agricultural-horticultural country. The upward curve began under the Ptolemies in the Biqa, Phoenicia and Palestine. Stimulated by greater demand, the traditional crops of barley and wheat, grapes and other fruits, wine and vegetables were increased by improved methods. A wider market for unguents for which native flowers were used was now created. The lively intercourse with neighbouring foreign lands resulted in the exchange of agricultural pro- ducts and the introduction of new plants — Egyptian beans, lentils, mustard and gourds from Egypt; pistachio trees from Persia; apricot, peach and cherry trees from Persia by way, strangely enough, of Italy. Attempts to acclimatize aromatic and cinnamon shrubs were unsuccessful.

Under the Ptolemies the wine and oil industry became more lively. These two products, together with olives, bread and fish formed a substantial part of the diet of the people. In Hellenistic times the lumber industry was no less flourishing than in Pharaonic days. Treeless Egypt Rh


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Rh towns were required to pay taxes and obey occasional royal ordinances, but were allowed to administer their own in- ternal affairs and even to control neighbouring territories.

The native peasantry lived in villages that maintained their status and way of life unmindful of dynastic changes. The land they cultivated was mostly the king's or some landowner's and the tenants were bought and sold with it as serfs. In rural districts the Seleucids continued the practice customary in south-western Asia of collecting tithes, one-tenth of the harvest. From sporadic references it would seem that the tax was imposed not on the individual but on the community. A large part of it was paid in kind in the name of the city, people or tribe by the chief or high priest. Royal revenues were also derived from a poll tax and a tax on salt, while mines, quarries, forests and fisheries were probably owned and operated by the crown.

The trade of Syria on both the domestic and foreign levels was of great consequence to the kingdom and to its population. The Seleucid policy seems to have been first to attract to their country Arabian, Indian and Central Asian merchandise for local consumption and for transit, and secondly to promote Syrian commercial relations with the West, especially the Greco-Roman world. In bidding for transit trade Egypt was the rival of Syria. The unceasing military conflicts between Seleucids and Ptolemies, there- fore, had economic as well as political bases.

During the period when southern Syria was a part of the Ptolemaic domain, the Seleucids received their chief supply of Arabian and Indian merchandise by way of the Persian Gulf. This merchandise consisted of myrrh, frankincense and other aromatics, which burned on every altar in the Hellenistic world. Cinnamon was another prized tropical product. These commodities were partly consumed in Syria and partly re-exported westward. Seleucid trade with the West followed land as well as sea routes and contributed no small share to the prosperity of Syria. It consisted of Rh


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30 but is merely the stimulus which not only results in the formation of rudimentary ovaries, but at the same time calls forth all the other distinctive characters of the workers. It appears to me to be doubly incorrect to look upon the poor nourishment as the actual cause; for such a view not only confuses the stimulus with the real cause, but also fails to distinguish between an organ that becomes rudimentary and one that is simply imperfectly developed. Moreover the fact is overlooked that the ovaries of the workers are actually rudimentary organs: a great proportion of their really essential parts have disappeared, while only a small remnant is retained. The ovary of the queen-bee consists of from 180 to 200 egg-tubes, and numerous eggs may become mature in one of these. The queen is accordingly able in the course of her life to produce an immense number of eggs,—more than a hundred thousand. The ovary of the worker on the other hand contains from two to six egg-tubes only, and no matter how rich the food may be, no more can be formed in the imaginal state. The workers certainly produce eggs occasionally, when they have received exceptionally rich nourishment in the imaginal-stage; but even then their fertility is never great, for only a few eggs can find room to ripen at a time in the small number of ovarian-tubes present. And this is only exceptional, for the workers ordinarily only take just enough food to serve for the sustenance of the body, and not sufficient to allow the small egg-germs in their ovarian-tubes to become ripe.

It is now possible to show by experiment that poor


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Rh especially in the second and third centuries, sprang up along all the coasts of the Mediterranean and inland on the trade routes. The islands of Delos and Sicily, the ports of Naples and Ostia, the cities of Lyons and Aries were especially favoured. Syrian ships once again dotted the sea and the old Phoenician energy, adaptability, love of lucrative trade and ability to make bargains and close large and small deals were reactivated.

As importers Syrian merchants monopolized a great deal of the trade of the Latin provinces with the Levant; as bankers they had no rivals. Wines, spices, grain, glassware, fabrics and jewellery were their chief commodities. Wherever Syrian merchants settled, there they established their temples. As carriers of the Christian religion these merchants and Syriac-speaking colonists, soldiers and slaves were no less enthusiastic than as carriers of pagan cults. Their influence on its development in the West was manifest in the direction of asceticism, monasticism and a more emotional form of worship. Devotion to the cross and its adoption as a religious emblem were other Christian elements introduced by Syrians into Europe. In Rome their colony was strong enough to furnish the church with a number of popes, two of whom achieved canonization.

During the third century, while Syrian religious and economic influences were penetrating Latin as well as Greek provinces, all was not well with the empire. Its cultural homogeneity was being fragmented by resurgent provincial patriotisms. Its prosperity was being wrecked by exorbitant taxes unjustly apportioned. Its security was being undermined by protracted civil wars and repeated foreign invasions. Its tottering intellectual and spiritual pillars were subjected to the onslaught of new waves of Christian ideas. A new culture and state, the Byzantine, were emerging to replace those of Rome. Rh


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Rh Al-Harith was succeeded about 569 by his son al- Mundhir. The son followed in the footsteps of the father. He promoted the cause of Monophysitism and battled against the Lakhmid vassals of Persia. His zeal for the rite con- sidered unorthodox by Byzantium, however, alienated him from Justin, who even suspected his political loyalty. The emperor therefore tried to dispose of him by treachery, but he survived to receive a crown from a later emperor and burn the Lakhmid capital in 580. Two years later he was apprehended and sent with his wife and three children to Constantinople and thence to Sicily. The annual subsidy from Byzantium was cut off and all friendly relations were terminated.

Under the leadership of al-Numan, al-Mundhir's eldest son, several raids were directed from the desert against Roman Syria. About 584 he was himself tricked and carried to Constantinople. The Ghassanid nation was thereby broken up. The kingdom was split into several sections, each with a princeling of its own. Some princes allied themselves with Persia ; others maintained their indepen- dence ; still others remained on the side of Byzantium. At this point the Greek chroniclers lose all interest in the subject; the Arab chronicles remain confused. Anarchy prevailed until Persia conquered Syria in 61 1-6 14. When Heraclius regained Syria in 628, he may have restored the old dynasty, as at the time of the Moslem conquest the tribes of the former state of Ghassan were reported fighting on the Byzantine side.

The glowing splendour of the court of the Ghassanid kings has been immortalized in the anthologies of several pre- Islamic poets who found in its princes munificent patrons. Their military prowess, lavish hospitality and fabulous generosity were effusively extolled, but rested in fact on a flourishing economy. Like their Nabataean predecessors, they transmitted vital elements of Syrian culture to their kinsmen in Arabia, making possible the germination of Islam. Rh


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Rh Damascus and decimated its people by murder and captivity. In Jerusalem he left the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in ruins, and carried its treasures — including the bulk of the true cross — off as booty. The Byzantine emperor Heraclius, after six years of war with several reverses, in 628 succeeded in recovering the battered Syrian province, in 629 restored the cross to Jerusalem and was hailed as the deliverer of Christendom and the restorer of the unity of the empire.

One of the tactics used by both Greeks and Persians in this prolonged and mutually exhausting warfare was the maintaining of subsidized Arab kingdoms as allies and buffer states along the northern borders of Arabia. Against the Persian puppet monarchy — the Lakhmids of al-Hirah on the Euphrates — the Byzantines backed the Ghassanids, a South Arabian tribe which had settled in the Hawran plateau in the third century and been converted to Chris- tianity in the fourth. Its history is obscure, as Arabic chronicles are contradictory and vague, while Byzantine authors record only contacts with Constantinople. Only the last few monarchs, whose reigns cover the century pre- ceding the birth of Islam, are fairly well known.

First and greatest among these was al-Harith ibn- Jabalah, who makes his debut in 528 battling against the Lakhmids. In recognition of his services the emperor Justinian in the following year appointed al-Harith lord over all the Arab tribes of Syria. Loyal to the Byzantine crown, al-Harith continued his struggles against the Lakh- mids, contributed to the suppression of the Samaritan rebellion and fought in the Byzantine army under Belisarius in Mesopotamia. He killed his Lakhmid rival in a decisive battle (554), and in 563 visited Justinian's court, where the imposing bedouin sheikh made a profound impression on the courtiers. While in Constantinople al-Harith secured the appointment of Jacob Baradaeus of Edessa as prelate of the Syrian Monophysite Church. During his and his son's reigns the new doctrine spread all over Syria. Rh


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Rh shrine has become the greatest centre of pilgrimage in Shiite Islam. Deficient in the traits that make a politician, he was rich in those that, from the Arab point of view, constitute a perfect man. Eloquent in speech, sage in counsel, valiant in battle, true to his friends, magnanimous to his foes, he was raised by tradition to the position of paragon of Moslem chivalry. Proverbs, verses and anecdotes unnumbered have clustered around his name and even his sword. The youth movement in Islam, which developed later along lines parallel to those of the medieval orders of chivalry, took Ali for its model. Many dervish fraternities have likewise considered him their ideal exemplar and patron. To most of his partisans he has remained through the ages infallible; to the extremists among them he even became the incarnation of the deity. Rh


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Rh to fling tassels of silver streams across the plain. Its canals spread freshness and fertility throughout the city. About sixty remaining public baths, some with mosaics and decorated tiles, testify to the richness and distribution of its water supply. Rh


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Rh his successors. Typically, he employed his talent to extort remuneration from influential and wealthy personages under threat of changing his encomiums to lampoons. He was interested in wine and had a real ability to describe palaces, pools and wild animals—a rather rare feature in Arabic poetry.

In the non-poetical realm one man stands out, the theologian and jurist Abd-al-Rahman ibn-Amr al-Awzai. Born in Baalbek in 707, he flourished in Beirut, where he died in 774. Al-Awzai was noted for his learning, asceticism and moral courage, speaking out in disapproval of excessive harshness in the treatment of Christians, such as destroying their churches and homes, cutting down their trees and expelling the villagers from al-Munaytirah. The legal system worked out by this jurist was applied in Syria for about two centuries before it was supplanted. Rh


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Rh inland places as Baalbek. Warfare with the Byzantines continued sporadically throughout Sad's reign, but his son Said-al-Dawlah (991-1001) appealed for Byzantine aid against the Fatimids, then seeking to control all of Syria. The emperor Basil rushed with 17,000 men to Aleppo and the enemy withdrew for the time being, though later Said had to acknowledge Fatimid suzerainty. Being young he had over him a regent whose daughter he married. The regent now coveted the throne for himself and disposed of both his son-in-law and daughter by poison. For two years after that he held the regency in the name of the Fatimid caliphs over Said's sons. In 1003 he sent the two young princes to Cairo with the Hamdanid harem and appointed his own son co-regent. Thus ended the life-cycle of the Hamdanid dynasty, which did not differ in essence—except for its Arabian origin—from that of its two predecessors, the Ikhshidids and the Tulunids. A dominant leader carves out a principality for himself, is followed by incompetent successors; the state moneys are squandered; discord within and foes without bring the story to an end. In this case the munificence of Sayf in his patronage of science and art was the first great drain on the treasury. Rh


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Rh the Hellespont. With one stroke the traditional frontier separating Islam from Christendom was pushed four hundred miles west. For the first time Turks gained a foothold in that land—a foothold that was never lost.

Fragmentation of the vast sultanate soon followed. Asia Minor (Rum) was held by a cousin of Alp, Sulayman, who in 1077 established himself in Nicaea, not far from Constantinople. In 1084 the capital shifted south-east to Konya (Iconium). In the same year Antioch was recovered for Islam from the Byzantines by the Seljuks. Syria was in anarchy among Arabs, Seljuks, Turkomans and Fatimids until in 1075 Atsiz occupied Damascus. He exasperated its people by his exactions for two years before Alp Arslan's son Tutush took the city and killed him. At Malikshah's death (1079) Tutush became virtually independent. He took Antioch from the Byzantines (1084) and captured Aleppo (1094), but fell in battle in 1095. His holdings were split between his sons Ridwan at Aleppo and Duqaq at Damascus. The two amirs were soon involved in a family war, and a couple of years later Duqaq was forced to recognize the overlordship of his brother. In 1098 a brother-in-law of Tutush who held Jerusalem as fief surrendered it to the Fatimids.

Thus in 1097, when the Crusaders arrived in Syria after fighting their way across Seljuk Anatolia, they found Antioch under a Seljuk amir named Yaghi-Siyan, Aleppo under Ridwan and Damascus under Duqaq. The Fatimids held only a few ports—Acre, Tyre, Sidon, Ascalon—and were about to retake Jerusalem. Rh


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Rh nourishment does not induce any degeneration of the ovaries of insects.

In many respects flies (Diptera) resemble bees from a biological point of view: they develop from footless maggots, which live in the midst of suitable nourishment and absorb food almost without interruption. They grow rapidly, and after a short rest in the pupal stage develop into the perfect insect and reproduce abundantly soon afterwards. I reared large numbers of the eggs of a female blow-fly (Musca vomitoria) (see Note IX, p. 61), after separating them into two lots, one of which was uninterruptedly supplied with rich food, while the other was most sparingly fed. In the latter case the larvae were from time to time removed from the flesh into which they had bored and left for a number of hours without food. These larvae grew slowly, and all remained more or less noticeably small. But in point of time their development was not delayed: they underwent metamorphosis simultaneously with the normally fed larvae, only a few of them being one day later. In both cases the larval period lasted from nine to ten days and the pupal stage for from twenty-eight to twenty-nine days. Almost simultaneously all of the several hundreds of flies escaped from the pupa; and from that stage onwards they were kept in large airy cages exposed to the sun, and were well supplied with food (see Note X, p. 62).

Now if the reproductive organs had remained rudimentary in consequence of the poor nourishment, this would necessarily have become apparent by the ill-fed


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32 flies not reproducing, or doing so only feebly. But this was not the case: though they were all smaller than ordinary flies—many of them indeed being strikingly small, having doubtless absorbed less food than the normally fed larvae,—yet on the 6th of June, the same day on which the flies derived from the latter began laying eggs, they too laid abundantly for the first time. And the matter did not stop here, for the process was often repeated subsequently. In order to be sure, however, that even the smallest of them,—that is, those which had been most affected by the bad feeding—were reproducing, I isolated five of the smallest flies. After seven days they had produced two large packets of eggs; and this process was repeated four times within the next fortnight.

There could therefore be no doubt that, in spite of the scanty supplies of food during larval life, the organs of reproduction, or at any rate their essential part—the ovaries, were normally constituted; so that with good nutrition during the imago-stage these flies reproduced in a perfectly normal manner.

I was however able to prove that the external reproductive parts were also normally developed. A number of females were isolated in small cages immediately after their escape from the pupa and abundantly fed. These too in course of time laid eggs, not a single one of which developed into a larva. It therefore follows that the eggs, of Musca vomitoria lack the capacity of developing parthenogenetically; and hence all the eggs of the ill-fed flies were fertilized. This however would only have been possible if the entire


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Rh got yourself to blame, as the sayin' is. But I'll say no more about it, as the sayin' is, an' as the fruit season's on, as the sayin' is, I'll take yer on with Brennan and the horses and the wagons, as the sayin' is, and—and you can sleep in the house if you like till I get a tenant, as the sayin' is."

Think of the last favour!

There are unwritten laws amongst men in English lanes as well as in the Bush. Bob had a woman to keep now, and Billy none, so there was no reason why he should leave his job or be displaced in favour of Billy, even if Billy had wished it. It was all otherwise.

But the brick-makers, becoming used to Bob's grammar and punctuation, chaffed him about Lizzie until the heavy labouring man, who made nasty remarks, tried them on Bob once. Bob knocked him down without a word, glance, or gesture of warning.

"Lie there, you ———! " he said through his teeth. "You ———! If it had not have been for your wife and daughter, I'd not have been living with another man's wife to-day!"

When Lizzie left Bob, which she did as if it was nothing in particular to do, she went to housekeep for a widower in Staines, where, I believe, she was some class, and respected by tradespeople, and looked up to by upper maids.

I heard some more of the story in Nineteen Three, coming along down by Italy, which looks like our own coast, on board the N.D.L. Gera. Billy was aboard—no matter how. I had had chats with him,


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92 and a little talk with Tom. Tom and I understood each other without asking questions. Bob, I knew, by one of the merest accidents that always happen in London (or on the road past Suez), was aboard the Karlshruhe, a fortnight ahead. There was another man aboard the Gera—the old suspected Chawlton poacher, George Bowels. Yes, there were poachers at Chawlton. I know, because I have been accessory both before and after the fact, and only lack of experience prevented me from aiding and abetting. However, I've been sort of volunteer, or anauthorised scout, once or twice, sort of non-commissioned spy. The silent language of wrong-doing is learnt and understood like lightning. Wonderful, isn't it? They reckoned I was a gent, and would never give them away: the first time I felt proud of being a gent in England.

George, or Jarge, Bowels was going to Australia as William Southern, an alias that prepossessed me in his favour. Billy and he were shipmates comfortably enough, and neither spoke of the Chawlton in the other's presence, that I could hear. But I got Bowels in a confidential mood one beautiful evening on the fo'c'le head, while Billy was playing cards.

Jarge came to the subject promptly and cheerfully.

"Yes, I was in the ditch, an' see it all. Yes, we as 'as to 'ide in ditches at nights sees many things. We often sees what bigger folk 'ud lose. That Lizzie wasn't no good, she wasn't, and 'ad a child in Lunnen afore ever she seed 'Smilin' Billy.' I knowed it


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 exasperating, maddening and sickening and ruining unending of it all.

Billy was a little man who used to run out of the house, and through a gap in the back hedge, and round through brooks, over stiles and gates, across lanes, and so in a circle home, when very much upset. Lizzie's persistent silence used to make him do this. Some men have wives who nag eternally; others will wait on them for days in obstinate, idiotic silence.

Lizzie considered in a practical, nothing-in-particular way that she might have to see a doctor about Billy's head if he went on like that, and that the doctor might have to put him in the mad-house if he got too bad. They call a spade a spade amongst Lizzie's class in England.

Some wives "never quarrel," but can drive any husband mad, all the same; so one day Billy suddenly felt his arm stiffen and hand clench! . . . . He wrenched himself out of the kitchen in time, and from the verge of "It," and half ran all the way to Shepperton, having stumbled into the Farmers' Arms to borrow a cap, which the Farmers' Arms hastened to lend him without question, and with a rough show of understanding. But neither the Farmers' Arms nor Billy understood yet, though the Arms thought it did. Billy was soon to understand. He caught the train for London with a wild idea of going to some people he'd been "warm" with—but never so warm as he'd been with Bob.

Then the reaction came, and Billy began to think, wildly at first, but he began to think, and the elastic


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 reins of Fate to draw him back, and the more he thought, the stronger they drew, and the more the home he was warm in seemed to ward him off and repel him. He had never yet carried his troubles outside his own home—his father's, brother's, or his own—and his head and limbs gave an impatient jerk of shame at the sharp, sudden thought of having contemplated doing so now.

Then "Lizzie." Then "poor Lizzie!" Then the swift review of his married life, which had been happy compared with past homes and life. Then the horror of "It" (the stiffened arm and clenched fist) struck him with full force in all its sickening, stomach chilling hideousness. The horror that It might happen; but he would see to that.

He got out of the train at Waterloo, but would not go back the same way. He hurried across to the Staines line platform, and caught a train there. That would give him time to think, and calm down. Glimpse of slanting lights on sinister dark water somewhere. He had been a lunatic, a brute, etc. He could see it all now. Lizzie was the best little wife in the world. All her good points were remembered, or imagined, and his bad qualities loomed and ran before him on the same line.… Then the thought that perhaps he'd lost her affections for good and all. But—God forgive Billy!—he'd win her back.… Then the thought the black, tormenting, devilish one.… The thought of the Thing sent him sick to the stomach.

And it was only natural—"A woman must have


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 summon." He took hurried, insane comfort in finding all excuses for Something he feared might happen. Perhaps he had been driving her to summon else's arms all the time in his cursed blindness and obstinacy. If he only had Bob to talk to! But then he had driven Bob away from him too. … It was only natural; a woman would go to summon sooner or later. But he—— He got up and leaned out of the window, and looked ahead with wild nervousness. Then he sat down determinedly, and glanced round quietly, ashamed of his foolishness. The carriage was full, but it was not that; Billy was alone. You can be more alone in an English railway carriage than in any other place in the world. He filled his pipe and lit it as stolidly as the rest, but it was not "acting." Then It all came over again. And the wheels: "Too late—too—late—too late God forgive Billy! God forgive Billy! God forgive Billy! "Bricks and bricks, and lights and streets, and "circuses" swinging. Suburbs and bridges and houses and gardens, and "grounds" and a village, and the London road, and avenues, hedges and fields and lights and river. He took his hand from his pipe, clamping it decisively.

Flashes of reason and comfort—"Too late—too late—too late—God forgive Billy—God forgive Billy, God forgive Billy."

The long walk from Staines in the moonlight seemed as nothing, though he walked for all in the world. It was a dream till he neared Sunbury, where he started and went cold and sick again with a new unexpected sensation or apprehension. He


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 was in that state when a man sees his wife everywhere, in the impossible places and times, with the impossible other man, and whose first instinct is to hide and get away, and next, when it is too late, to follow. I wonder how many mistakes have been made through these states of minds. Just as he reached "Chawlton" the strain snapped, leaving him oh so gratefully tired! It was all over now. He'd go in and go to bed like a sensible man, and——.

The house was shut up and dark, and Lizzie not upstairs, but the signs of having changed her dress hurriedly were in the room. Its very cleanliness rebuked him. This was the first time he'd run out so long, and she'd got anxious and gone to Shepperton to look for him, of course. Her mother's home was shut up, so she wasn't there. But Lizzie was not the one to go to her mother with her troubles, and Billy felt a pang of shame that he had with his. She'd hear in Shepperton that he'd gone in the London train, of course, and was waiting there for him, at a friend's place no doubt. He walked sanely on towards Shepperton. Just before he reached the Four Lanes he saw some one ahead, coming towards him, and in a sudden wave of shame he slipped into the ditch—he had often done that as a lad, but when in mischief. The couple came close, and a feeling of curiosity and mischief came to Billy. It was a happy relief. He drew himself up and laid against the grassy bank of the six-foot ditch. The blurred couple came nearer. "Banged if it ain't that skangtimonious painter's daughter with her fiddle lesson,"


text: The Time Machine (Holt text)/When the Night Came


text:
John L. Sullivan (Howard)

Bellowing, blustering, old John L. Fearing nothing 'tween sky and hell! Rushing, roaring, swinging his right. Smashing, crashing, forcing the fight. Battering foes until they fell, Tilt your glasses to old John L.!

Mitchell he knocked, from the ring clear out! Dropped Kilrain with a single clout! Laflin he beat and Burke he flayed, Knocked out the Maori Giant, Slade! Packed in each fist, damnation and hell! Tilt your glasses to old John L.!

Old John L.'s in town today He's hitting it down the Great White way. Look at his swallow tail coat, silk hat! Mustache too, say he's on a bat! Living it in, that you can tell, Tilt your glasses to old John L.!

He's cleaned out the roughest, toughest saloon, He's licked O'Rourke and Jem McClune, Sampled every saloon on the streets, Buying drinks for all he meets, He's taking the bowery in pell-mell! Tilt your glasses to old John L.!

Stick in your head in the grog-shop door, Look at him! Listen to his roar! "Set out eh whiskey. Jimmy, ye bum! Belly the bar, ye half bred scum! I can lick any guy from here to hell!" Tilt your glasses to old John L.!

The world moves on and the ring moves too Old fighters have long given way to new. But here;s a health to the olden days, To the wild old, mad old, bad old ways, When a fight was a fight and not a sell, And tilt your glasses to old John L.

title: John L. Sullivan (Howard)


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 thought Billy. "I'd 'a took her for Lizzie in a minute. An' who's him? An' who'd 'a thought it? I wonder what the henchbeck and her daughter's bin doin' with their time?"

They came closer, hip to hip, the girl walking haltingly and awkwardly, as girls do when held tightly in such a position. They paused nearly opposite Billy's eyes in the grass, and the man seemed trying to draw the girl aside to the shadow of the opposite hedge, where there was a gate—and some words were spoken. Then Billy was out and at him, and Lizzie, in her new hat, walking rapidly towards "Chawlton." She had dropped the cardboard box as if it were nothing in particular—a holly spray, perhaps.

There was another man in the ditch who crept and ran along the bottom of it. The taller of the two went down, of course, in the unexpectedness of the attack. He got up, threw out his hands blindly and went down again; he was slow this time and started to get up "gropin' like," the watcher said, "when the little 'un laid 'olt on 'im, tryin' to lift 'im an' workin' an' bustin' hisself like a loon- antic."

No doubt Bob was stricken and handicapped with the swift consciousness of his own guiltiness, and it flashed through his mind, at the first blow, that it was vengeance and not footpads that had him.

"God forgive Billy? Get up, you——? Get up, you——? God forgive ——. Are you hurt, you —— ——? Are you hurt, you —— ——? Say it—or—I'll—I'll ——" Bob said "No." A "naw" was sorter jerked out on 'im, the watcher said.


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 Billy slipped round behind him, got his hands under his armpits and strove to lift him.

Then suddenly, Billy let him down on his back and started to run. "He run like a lunatic, towards 'Sumpthin-on-the-Mud.'" "An' it was well he did," said the watcher. "There were a stake layin' alongst 'andy 'an I saw the little 'un glare at it sideways as if it was a snake or a peeler's helmet over the hedge——" (he was a poacher) "In then the 'orrors seemed to come on him an' he runned. I never seed a man run like 'im. He runned tords Sumpthin-on-Mud."

Bob got up, groped for his hat, turned to all Four Lanes, hesitated a moment, and then started to walk swiftly towards "Chawlton."

Little Billy, panting, stumbled into the gutter of Sumpthin-on-Mud, scrambled up, and knocked at his brother's door. There was a light in the " top front winder."

"Who's there?"

"Billy!"

Tom came down and let Billy in without a word, and closed the door behind him.

"'Old me, Tom! 'old me!—All this night!"

Tom struck another match, keeping one hand on Billy's shoulder. Then he lit the lamp—and, the old-sideboard, the old armchair, the old prints, and all the old things that were the old folks' started out in the darkness in the close little room.

Rose came down in an old chintz wrapper, uncovered the fire, put some kindling wood and the


text: The Time Machine (Holt text)/The Palace of Green Porcelain


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 kettle on, set out bread and cheese, and, at a jerk of Tom's head, went upstairs again.

Then Billy got up restlessly.

"I—I must go out 'n walk up an' down in the yard a bit, Tom," he said.

" All right, Billy—I'll go out with you."

"I ain't going away, Tom."

"It's all right, Billy, I'll go out with yer. I'll take me pipe an' have a smoke in the open."

Tom sat down on the old stump outside, and Billy walked to and fro rapidly.

He raved, maudlingly, at first. "I tried to be a good husband t'her, Tom!—I did try——" Then incoherently and insanely. Strange to say he never mentioned Bob's name. It was as though Bob were a detail—a forgotten accident, or the unknown man or men in Billy's great life trouble. Tom smoked in silence until the first likely interval.

"Billy, where's your pipe?" he said, smoking his.

"I—I can't smoke, Tom!—Tom—I did try——" "You can smoke while you're walkin' up an' down. Gimme your pipe." Tom filled the pipe.

"Now light up." Presently Billy sat down on the wash-stool and said: "You go into bed now, Tom, you've got to go to work in the morning. I'm alright. I'll be in presently."

"And what about you?" said Tom. "You've let your pipe go out—here, catch the matches."

"I'll go in now, Tom, I'm only keeping you up."

Billy sat down in the armchair. Tom on another,


text: The Time Machine (Holt text)/In the Darkness of the Forest


text: Talk:John L. Sullivan (Howard)

title: Talk:John L. Sullivan (Howard)


text: The Time Machine (Holt text)/The Trap of the White Sphinx


text: The Time Machine (Holt text)/The Further Vision


text: The Time Machine (Holt text)/After the Time Traveler's Story


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Graham, Robert (1786-1845)


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  into German and Servian. In acknowledgment of his services in regard to this question he was created a knight commander of the Servian order of St. Saviour of Takhova, and a grand cross of the order of St. Saba. He died at 22 Westbourne Square, Paddington, on 2 Jan. 1888.

Besides the works mentioned and several lectures Denton was the author of: He also edited 'The Warnings of Advent' (London, 1853, 8vo), a course of sermons; 'Sacra Privata' (London, 1853, 8vo) of (1663–1755) [q. v.], bishop of Sodor and Man (the first edition printed entire from the original manuscripts); and Chedomil Miyatović's 'Serbian Folklore,' London, 1874, 8vo.
 * 1) 'A Commentary on the Gospels for the Sundays and other Holy Days of the Christian Year,' London, 1861-3, 3 vols. 8vo; 2nd edit. 1869-71, 2 vols.; vol. ii. 3rd edit. 1880.
 * 2) 'Servia and the Servians,' London, 1862, 8vo; German translation, Berlin, 1865, 8vo.
 * 3) 'A Commentary on the Lord's Prayer,' London, 1864, 8vo.
 * 4) 'A Commentary on the Epistles,' London, 1869-71, 2 vols. 8vo.
 * 5) 'A Commentary on the Acts of the Apostles,' London, 1874-6, 2 vols. 8vo.
 * 6) 'Montenegro: the People and their History,' London, 1877, 8vo.
 * 7) 'The Ancient Church in Egypt,' London, 1883, 8vo.
 * 8) 'Records of St. Giles's, Cripplegate,' London, 1883, 8vo.
 * 9) 'England in the Fifteenth Century,' London, 1888, 8vo.

 DEVON, twelfth. [See, 1807–1888.]

 DEVONSHIRE, seventh. [See, 1808–1891.]

 DICKENS, CHARLES (1837–1896), compiler, born at Furnival's Inn, Holborn, on 6 Jan. 1837, was the eldest son of the great novelist by Catharine, eldest daughter of George Hogarth, journalist and musical critic. 'I am delighted with Charles's precocity,' wrote the father in 1841; 'he takes arter his father, he does.' In his boyhood he became a frequent visitor with his father at Gore House, where he made the acquaintance of Louis Napoleon. In 1849, at the charge of his father's friend, (Lady) Burdett Coutts he was moved from King's College to Eton, and in 1853 he went to Leipzig to acquire German. In 1855 he returned to England and obtained a post in Baring's establishment. Banking, however, was little to his taste, and in 1860, as a preparation for the position of an eastern merchant, he visited Hong Kong, Shanghai, and Japan. Soon after his return in 1861 he married Bessie Evans, daughter of a partner in Bradbury & Evans, and set up in business in the city. His lack of business capacity was a source of some anxiety to his father, but in 1869 the younger Charles, who had already contributed to 'Household Words,' became sub-editor of 'All the Year Round,' and on his father's death he became (under a codicil to his will) sole proprietor of that journal, with which he was connected until within two or three years of his death. Subsequently he became chief partner in the printing concern of Dickens & Evans. In all his business enterprises he fell short of success, though while this firm was under his management he launched with considerable success the various dictionary-guides which are known by his name. Charles Dickens's 'Dictionary to London' appeared in 1879, and it was followed by similar dictionaries to the Thames (1880), to Continental Railways (1880), 'Dictionary of Days' (1881), to Paris (1882), to Oxford and to Cambridge (1884). In the compilation of the most useful, 'The Dictionary to London,' he was aided by Richard Halkett Lord. In 1887 he made a tour in the United States, giving readings from his father's books. He was an excellent reader and reciter, and he inherited to the full the gift of the great novelist as an after-dinner orator. On his return to England he accepted a readership in the firm of Macmillan & Co., and he edited for the same firm, during 1892-3, a new edition of his father's novels, commencing with 'Pickwick.' After his father's death in 1870 he had purchased Gad's Hill, but he resided latterly at West Kensington, and died of paralysis at 43 Fairholme Road on 20 June 1896. He was buried in Mortlake cemetery. Three days later his sister, Mary Dickens, died at Sevenoaks. A few months afterwards appeared posthumously, with family portraits, her 'My Father as I recall him,' by 'Mamie' Dickens. Charles Dickens the younger left, with other issue, a son Charles and a daughter, Mary Angela Dickens the novelist.

 DICKSON, JAMES ROBERT (1832–1901), Australian statesman, was born at Plymouth, England, on 30 Nov. 1832, but went to live at Glasgow when quite young


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Rh all ambiguities, all transcendentals, and all manner of juggling. Now some imaginatively heterodoxical men are often surprisingly twitted upon their wilful inverting of all common-sense notions, their absurd and all-displacing transcendentals, which say three is four, and two and two make ten. But if the eminent Juggularius himself ever advocated in mere words a doctrine one thousandth part so ridiculous and subversive of all practical sense, as that doctrine which the world actually and eternally practises, of giving unto him who already hath more than enough, still more of the superfluous article, and taking away from him who hath nothing at all, even that which he hath,—then is the truest book in the world a lie.

Wherefore we see that the so-called Transcendentalists are not the only people who deal in transcendentals. On the contrary, we seem to see that the Utilitarians,—the everyday world's people themselves, far transcend those inferior Transcendentalists by their own incomprehensible worldly maxims. And—what is vastly more—with the one party, their transcendentals are but theoretic and inactive, and therefore harmless; whereas with the other, they are actually clothed in living deeds.

The highly gravelling doctrine and practice of the world, above cited, had in some small degree been manifested in the case of Pierre. He prospectively possessed the fee of several hundred farms scattered over part of two adjoining counties; and now the proprietor of that popular periodical, the Gazelle Magazine, sent him several additional dollars for his sonnets. That proprietor (though in sooth he never read the sonnets, but referred them to his professional adviser; and was so ignorant, that, for a long time previous to the periodical's actually being started, he insisted upon spelling the Gazelle with a g for the z, as thus: Gagelle; maintaining, that in the

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366 Gazelle connection, the z was a mere impostor, and that the g was soft; for he was a judge of softness, and could speak from experience); that proprietor was undoubtedly a Transcendentalist; for did he not act upon the transcendental doctrine previously set forth?

Now, the dollars derived from his ditties, these Pierre had always invested in cigars; so that the puffs which indirectly brought him his dollars were again returned, but as perfumed puffs; perfumed with the sweet leaf of Havanna. So that this highly celebrated and world-renowned Pierre—the great author—whose likeness the world had never seen (for had he not repeatedly refused the world his likeness?), this famous poet, and philosopher, author of The Tropical Summer: a Sonnet; against whose very life several desperadoes were darkly plotting (for had not the biographers sworn they would have it?); this towering celebrity—there he would sit smoking, and smoking, mild and self-festooned as a vapoury mountain. It was very involuntarily and satisfactorily reciprocal. His cigars were lighted in two ways: lighted by the sale of his sonnets, and lighted by the printed sonnets themselves.

For even at that early time in his authorial life, Pierre, however vain of his fame, was not at all proud of his paper. Not only did he make allumettes of his sonnets when published, but was very careless about his discarded manuscripts; they were to be found lying all round the house; gave a great deal of trouble to the housemaids in sweeping; went for kindlings to the fires; and were forever flitting out of the windows, and under the door-sills, into the faces of people passing the manorial mansion. In this reckless, indifferent way of his, Pierre himself was a sort of publisher. It is true his more familiar admirers often earnestly remonstrated with him, against this irreverence to the primitive vestments of his immortal

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Rh productions; saying, that whatever had once felt the nib of his mighty pen, was thenceforth sacred as the lips which had but once saluted the great toe of the Pope. But hardened as he was to these friendly censurings, Pierre never forbade that ardent appreciator of 'The Tear,' who, finding a small fragment of the original manuscript containing a dot (tear), over an i (eye), esteemed the significant event providential; and begged the distinguished favour of being permitted to have it for a brooch; and ousted a cameo-head of Homer, to replace it with the more invaluable gem. He became inconsolable, when being caught in a rain, the dot (tear) disappeared from over the i (eye); so that the strangeness and wonderfulness of the sonnet was still conspicuous; in that though the least fragment of it could weep in a drought, yet did it become all tearless in a shower.

But this indifferent and supercilious amateur—deaf to the admiration of the world; the enigmatically merry and renowned author of 'The Tear'; the pride of the Gazelle Magazine, on whose flaunting cover his name figured at the head of all contributors—(no small men either; for their lives had all been fraternally written by each other, and they had clubbed, and had their likenesses all taken by the aggregate job, and published on paper, all bought at one shop), this high-prestiged Pierre—whose future popularity and voluminousness had become so startlingly announced by what he had already written, that certain speculators came to the Meadows to survey its water-power, if any, with a view to start a paper-mill expressly for the great author, and so monopolise his stationery dealings;—this vast being,—spoken of with awe by all merely youthful aspirants for fame; this age-neutralising Pierre;—before whom an old gentleman of sixty-five, formerly librarian to Congress, on being introduced to him at the Magazine publishers', devoutly took

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text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Graham, Robert (1744-1836)


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368 off his hat, and kept it so, and remained standing, though Pierre was socially seated with his hat on;—this wonderful, disdainful genius—but only life-amateur as yet—is now soon to appear in a far different guise. He shall now learn, and very bitterly learn, that though the world worship Mediocrity and Commonplace, yet hath it fire and sword for all contemporary Grandeur; that though it swears that it fiercely assails all Hypocrisy, yet hath it not always an ear for Earnestness.

And though this state of things, united with the ever-multiplying freshets of new books, seems inevitably to point to a coming time, when the mass of humanity reduced to one level of dotage, authors shall be scarce as alchemists are to-day, and the printing-press be reckoned a small invention:—yet even now, in the foretaste of this let us hug ourselves, oh, my Aurelian! that though the age of authors be passing, the hours of earnestness shall remain!

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text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Graham, Robert (d.1797?)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Baldwin (d.1190)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Graham, Robert (d.1701)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Graham, Robert (d.1437)


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 above; and verso to title-page, blank,—both unpaged; 3 to 6, "Prefatory Remarks"; 7 to 404, "The Federalist"; 405 to 431, "Appendix. The Letters of Pacificus"; 432 to 459, "The Letters of Helvidius"; 460 to 466, "Original Articles of Confederation"; 467 to 479, "Constitution of the United States"; 480 to 484, "Index."

It is printed in signatures of sixteen pages each, with small-pica type, solid,—the "Prefatory Remarks" in long primer, leaded, the "Appendix" in long primer, solid, and the "Index" in brevier, solid,—on paper of fair quality; and it is entirely without illustrations.

This description is the result of an examination by, Esq., of Boston, of a copy which is in his library.

An edition of The Fœderalist, "which should combine the typographical convenience of the edition of 1818, with the additional matter of that of 1831, seeming to be called for by the general voice," in September, 1845, Messrs., of Washington, appear to have responded by publishing an edition, probably the seventeenth in book-form, possessing the peculiar features which had been thus demanded by the public, and with the additional one of "some improvements in the Index" which had previously appeared.

In none of the libraries which have been examined while searching for materials for this work does this edition find a place; and, beyond the indefinite remarks of the "Advertisement" which have been quoted above, no account of it whatever has been obtained.

In 1847, a new edition, probably the eighteenth, of The Fœderalist was published at Philadelphia, with the following title:—

"The | Federalist, | on | the new constitution, | written in | the year 1788, | by |, and . | With an appendix, |


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I interpolated the missing characters at the left of each line in the first column. This should be checked against an alternate source. -Arch dude (talk) 17:07, 16 October 2010 (UTC)
 * ✅ — billinghurst  sDrewth  04:11, 17 October 2010 (UTC)


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 containing | the letters of Pacificus and Helvidius on the proclamation of neu- | trality of 1793; the original articles of confederation; the let- | ter of General, as president of the convention, | to the president of congress; the constitution of the | United States; the amendments to the constitution; | and the act of congress in relation to the elec- | tion of President, passed January 23, 1845. | Sixth edition, | with | a copious alphabetical index. | The numbers written by Mr. corrected by himself. | Philadelphia: |, 18 South Fourth Street. | 1847."

It forms an octavo volume of five hundred and two pages, which are thus arranged: Title-page, as above; verso to title-page, blank; "Advertisement," signed "," and dated "Washington, September, 1845"; verso, blank,—all unpaged; iii. to v., "Contents"; vi., blank; 1 to 356, "The Federalist"; 357 to 364, "Appendix. The original articles of confederation"; 365, the letter which General addressed, as President of the Fœderal Convention, to the President of the Congress, when he forwarded the new Constitution to the latter body; 366, blank; 367 to 380, "Constitution of the United States," to which is appended the "Act to establish a uniform time for holding elections for electors of President and Vice President in all the States of the Union," approved January 23, 1845; 381 to 391, "Index to the Federalist"; 392, blank; full page title to the letters of Pacificus and Helvidius, with the imprint, "Washington: Printed and published by J. and G. S. . 1845"; verso to the title-page, blank; "Proclamation of neutrality, April 22, 1793"; verso to the "Proclamation," blank,—the last four unpaged; 5 to 102, "Letters of Pacificus and Helvidius, on the Proclamation of President ."

The text and "Appendix" of this edition are printed


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 in signatures of sixteen pages each, with a small-sized small-pica type, solid,—the "Contents" and "Index" in brevier, solid, the "Letters of Pacificus and Helvidius" in pica, leaded,—on paper of fair quality; and it is without any illustrations.

This is probably a reprint of the edition of J. & G. S., 1845, including the alphabetical index; and it forms a very useful volume for general use.

In 1852, another edition of The Fœderalist, probably the nineteenth, appeared at Hallowell. The following is a copy of the title-page of this edition:—

"The | Federalist, | on | the new Constitution, | written in 1788, | by | Mr., Mr. , and Mr. : | with | an Appendix, | containing the | Letters of Pacificus and Helvidius | on the | Proclamation of Neutrality of 1793; | also, | the original articles of confederation, | and the | Constitution of the United States. | New Edition: | the numbers written by Mr. corrected by himself. | Hallowell: |  & Company | 1852."

It forms an octavo of four hundred and ninety-six pages, which are thus arranged: The title-page, as above; and verso to the title-page, blank,—both unpaged; iii. to vi., "Prefatory Remarks"; 7 to 404, "The Federalist"; 405 to 431, "Appendix. The Letters of Pacificus. By "; 432 to 459, "The Letters of Helvidius. By "; 460 to 466, "The original articles of Confederation"; 467 to 479, "Constitution of the United States"; 480, blank; 481 to 496, "Index."

It is printed in signatures of eight pages each, with long-primer type,—the "Prefatory Remarks" and "Appendix " being printed with bourgeois, and the "Index" with brevier,—on paper of fair quality; and it is without any illustrations.

The Index refers by Roman numerals to the successive


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 numbers. The headings of the several essays follow on the same lines in small capitals, a copious analysis of each essay being given below.

This description is the result of an examination, under the direction of C. C., Esq., of the copy which is in the Public Library, in the city of Boston.

In 1857, the twentieth edition of The Fœderalist appeared at Hallowell. It formed a neat octavo volume, the title-page of which is as follows:—

"The | Federalist, | on the | new constitution, | written in 1788. | By | Mr., Mr. , and Mr. : | with | an appendix, | containing the letters of | Pacificus and Helvidius | on the | proclamation of neutrality of 1793; | also, | the original articles of confederation, | and the | constitution of the United States. | New edition: | the numbers written by Mr. corrected by himself. | Hallowell: | , & Co. | 1857."

It forms a neat volume of four hundred and ninety-six pages, which are arranged as follows: The title-page, as above; and verso to the title-page, blank,—both unpaged; iii. to vi., "Prefatory Remarks"; 7 to 404, "The Federalist"; 405 to 431, "Appendix. The Letters of Pacificus. By "; 432 to 459, "The Letters of Helvidius. By "; 460 to 466, "The original articles of confederation"; 467 to 479, "Constitution of the United States"; 480, blank; 481 to 496, "Index."

It is printed in signatures of eight pages each, with small-pica type, solid,—the "Prefatory Remarks" in long primer, leaded, the "Appendix" and the "Index" in long primer, solid,—on paper of fair quality; and it is entirely without illustrations.

Like all the editions which had preceded it from that press, it was a careful reprint of the edition of Mr., Washington, 1818.


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Baldwin of Clare


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 It is not impossible that other collective editions of The Fœderalist, beside the twenty here referred to, have sometime been issued from the press in America or Europe; but a careful search through the various public and many of the private libraries in this vicinity, and as careful an examination of the catalogues of various libraries in more distant parts of our own country and in Europe, have failed to produce any evidence of the existence of any other edition or impression.

A new edition, probably the twenty-first in book-form, differing in its text from all others except the originals, and possessing other features which are even more peculiar to itself than its text, is contained in these volumes.

It is the result of a careful examination of the work, in its various forms, editions, and versions, and of a long-continued and anxious study of the important subject on which it treats; it is confidently believed, therefore, that in no other form or edition has The Fœderalist been issued with greater correctness in the text, or with more useful and important apparatus for the use of the student and scholar.

In thus bespeaking for this edition of The Fœderalist the entire confidence of the reader, the Editor is actuated by no other motive than a desire to promote a general knowledge of the true principles of the Government of the United States; and as the learned once said, on a similar occasion, with equal sincerity he can say on this:—"He that knoweth the secrets of all Mens Hearts, doth know that my aim in this work is neither at Scepter or Crosier, nor after Popular Dotage, but that Justice and Truth may moderate in all. This is a Vessel, I confess, ill and weakly built, yet doth it adventure into the vast Ocean of your Censures, Gentlemen, who are Antiquaries, Lawyers, and Historians; any one of whom might have steered in this course much better than my self. Had my own credit


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1651, 4to. 5. ‘A Treatise of the Covenant of Grace,’ 1659, 8vo; 1662, 12mo; 1671, 8vo (sermons) 6. ‘The Danger of not obeying the Voice of God,’ 1728, 12mo (edited by Benjamin Colman). II. Church Government. 7. ‘A Coppy of a Letter … in Answer of certain Points made against the Discipline,’ 1641, 4to. 8. ‘The True Constitution of a Particular … Church,’ 1642, 4to. 9. ‘The Doctrine of the Church to which are committed the Keys of the Kingdom of Heaven,’ 1643, 4to. 10. ‘The Keyes of the Kingdom of Heaven,’ 1644, 4to; two editions same year (this treatise made John Owen (1616–1683) [q.v.] an independent). 11. ‘Sixteene Questions … with his Answers,’ 1644, 4to. 12. ‘The Way of the Churches … in New-England,’ 1645, 4to. 13. ‘Conference … with the Elders of New England,’ 1646, 8vo (reported by F. Cornwell). 14. ‘Severall Questions of Serious … Consequence,’ 1647, 4to. 15. ‘The Way of the Congregational Churches cleared,’ 1648, 4to (two parts). III. Doctrinal. 16. ‘The Way of Life,’ 1641, 4to (edited by W. Morton). 17. ‘God's Mercie mixed with His Justice,’ 1641, 4to. 18. ‘Milk for Babes,’ 1646, 8vo (a catechism). 19. ‘Singing of Psalms, a Gospel-ordinance,’ 1647, 4to; 1650, 4to. 20. ‘The Grounds and Ends of the Baptisme of the Children of the Faithfull,’ 1647, 4to (dialogue; with epistle by Thomas Goodwin, D.D. [q. v.]). 21. ‘Of the Holinesse of Church Members,’ 1650, 4to. 22. ‘The Covenant of Grace,’ 1654–55, 8vo (two parts). 23. ‘The Saint's Support and Comfort,’ 1658, 4to. IV. Controversial. 24. ‘A Modest … Answer to Mr. Ball's Discourse of Set Formes of Prayer,’ 1642, 4to (against John Ball (1585–1640) [q. v.]) 25. ‘A Letter … to Mr. Williams,’ 1643, 4to. 26. ‘A Treatise of Mr. Cotton's … concerning Predestination … with an Examination … by W. Twisse,’ 1646, 4to [see, D.D.]. 27. ‘The Controversie concerning Liberty of Conscience … truly stated,’ 1646, 4to; 1649, 4to. 28. ‘The Bloudy Tenent Washed,’ 1647, 4to. 29. ‘A Censure … upon … Mr. Henden,’ 1656, 4to. V. Expository. 30. ‘The … Seven Vials … Exposition of the 16th Chapter of the Revelation,’ 1642, 4to; 1645, 4to. 31. ‘A Brief Exposition … of Canticles,’ 1642, 8vo; 1648, 8vo; 1655, 8vo. 32. ‘A Practical Commentary … upon the First Epistle … of John,’ 1656, fol. 33. ‘A Briefe Exposition … upon … Ecclesiastes,’ 1654, 8vo; 1657, 8vo. 34. ‘An Exposition upon the Thirteenth Chapter of the Revelation,’ 1655, 4to; 1656, 4to. He prefaced J. Norton's ‘Orthodox Evangelist,’ 1654, 4to. Two of his tracts were published by the Narragansett Club, 1866 (ed. R. A. Guild). The Cotton Papers in the Boston (U.S.A.) Public Library fill six folio volumes.

 COURTENAY, WILLIAM REGINALD, eleventh (1807–1888), politician and philanthropist, eldest son of William Courtenay, tenth earl (d. 19 March 1859), by his first wife, Lady Harriet Leslie, daughter of Sir Lucas Pepys, bart., was born in Charlotte Street, Bedford Square, London, on 14 April 1807. He was admitted at Westminster School on 16 Sept. 1818, and matriculated from Christ Church, Oxford, on 30 March 1824. He took a first class in classics in 1827, graduated B.A. in 1828 and B.C.L. in 1831, and from 1828 to 1831 was a fellow of All Souls' College. He was created D.C.L. on 27 June 1838, and was elected in 1869 a governor of Westminster School.

Courtenay was called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn on 27 Jan. 1832, and with three others edited vol. vi. of 'Cases decided in the House of Lords on appeal from the Courts of Scotland' (1832-3). From July 1841 he sat in parliament, first in the conservative interest and then as a Peelite, for the division of South Devon, but retired in February 1849 on his appointment as a poor-law inspector. From 1850 to 1859 he was secretary to the poor-law board. He succeeded to the peerage on 19 March 1859. The family estates in Devonshire and Ireland were worth about 35,000l. per annum, but they had been heavily mortgaged by his two predecessors. He at once set to work to free them from these incumbrances, and was fast realising his wishes when the extravagance of his eldest son involved them in


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 BOOK XIX

THE CHURCH OF THE APOSTLES

I

the lower old-fashioned part of the city, in a narrow street—almost a lane—once filled with demure-looking dwellings, but now chiefly with immense lofty warehouses of foreign importers; and not far from the corner where the lane intersected with a very considerable but contracted thoroughfare for merchants and their clerks, and their carmen and porters; stood at this period a rather singular and ancient edifice, a relic of the more primitive time. The material was a grayish stone, rudely cut and masoned into walls of surprising thickness and strength; along two of which walls—the side ones—were distributed as many rows of arched and stately windows. A capacious, square, and wholly unornamented tower rose in front to twice the height of the body of the church; three sides of this tower were pierced with small and narrow apertures. Thus far, in its external aspect, the building—now more than a century old—sufficiently attested for what purpose it had originally been founded. In its rear was a large and lofty plain brick structure, with its front to the rearward street, but its back presented to the back of the church, leaving a small, flagged, and quadrangular vacancy between. At the sides of this quadrangle, three stories of homely brick colonnades afforded covered communication between the ancient church and its less elderly adjunct. A dismantled, rusted, and forlorn old railing of iron fencing in a small courtyard in front of the

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text: Index:The perverse widow by Sir Richard Steele and The Widow by Washington Irving (1909).djvu


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370 rearward building, seemed to hint, that the latter had usurped an unoccupied space formerly sacred as the old church's burial enclosure. Such a fancy would have been entirely true. Built when that part of the city was devoted to private residences, and not to warehouses and offices as now, the old Church of the Apostles had had its days of sanctification and grace; but the tide of change and progress had rolled clean through its broad-aisle and side-aisles, and swept by far the greater part of its congregation two or three miles up town. Some stubborn and elderly old merchants and accountants, lingered awhile among its dusty pews, listening to the exhortations of a faithful old pastor, who, sticking to his post in this flight of his congregation, still propped his half-palsied form in the worm-eaten pulpit, and occasionally pounded—though now with less vigorous hand—the moth-eaten covering of its desk. But it came to pass, that this good old clergyman died; and when the gray-headed and bald-headed remaining merchants and accountants followed his coffin out of the broad-aisle to see it reverently interred; then that was the last time that ever the old edifice witnessed the departure of a regular worshipping assembly from its walls. The venerable merchants and accountants held a meeting, at which it was finally decided, that, hard and unwelcome as the necessity might be, yet it was now no use to disguise the fact, that the building could no longer be efficiently devoted to its primitive purpose. It must be divided into stores; cut into offices; and given for a roost to the gregarious lawyers. This intention was executed, even to the making offices high up in the tower; and so well did the thing succeed, that ultimately the church-yard was invaded for a supplemental edifice, likewise to be promiscuously rented to the legal crowd. But this new building very much exceeded the body of the church in

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Rh height. It was some seven stories; a fearful pile of Titanic bricks, lifting its tiled roof almost to a level with the top of the sacred tower.

In this ambitious erection the proprietors went a few steps, or rather a few stories too far. For as people would seldom willingly fall into legal altercations unless the lawyers were always very handy to help them; so it is ever an object with lawyers to have their offices as convenient as feasible to the street; on the ground-floor, if possible, without a single acclivity of a step; but at any rate not in the seventh story of any house, where their clients might be deterred from employing them at all, if they were compelled to mount seven long flights of stairs, one over the other, with very brief landings, in order even to pay their preliminary retaining fees. So, from some time after its throwing open, the upper stories of the less ancient attached edifice remained almost wholly without occupants; and by the forlorn echoes of their vacuities, right over the head of the business-thriving legal gentlemen below, must—to some few of them at least—have suggested unwelcome similitudes, having reference to the crowded state of their basement-pockets, as compared with the melancholy condition of their attics;—alas! full purses and empty heads! This dreary posture of affairs, however, was at last much altered for the better, by the gradual filling up of the vacant chambers on high, by scores of those miscellaneous, bread-and-cheese adventurers, and ambiguously professional nondescripts in very genteel but shabby black, and unaccountable foreign-looking fellows in blue spectacles; who, previously issuing from unknown parts of the world, like storks in Holland, light on the eaves and in the attics of lofty old buildings in most large seaport towns. Here they sit and talk like magpies; or descending in quest of improbable dinners, are to be

title: Page:Pierre.djvu/385


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Courtenay, William Reginald


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Devon, 12th Earl of


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372 seen drawn up along the curb in front of the eating-houses, like lean rows of broken-hearted pelicans on a beach; their pockets loose, hanging down and flabby, like the pelican's pouches when fish are hard to be caught. But these poor, penniless devils still strive to make ample amends for their physical forlornness, by resolutely revelling in the region of blissful ideals.

They are mostly artists of various sorts; painters, or sculptors, or indigent students, or teachers of languages, or poets, or fugitive French politicians, or German philosophers. Their mental tendencies, however heterodox at times, are still very fine and spiritual upon the whole; since the vacuity of their exchequers leads them to reject the coarse materialism of Hobbs, and incline to the airy exaltations of the Berkeleyan philosophy. Often groping in vain in their pockets, they cannot but give in to the Descartian vortices; while the abundance of leisure in their attics (physical and figurative), unite with the leisure in their stomachs, to fit them in an eminent degree for that undivided attention indispensable to the proper digesting of the sublimated Categories of Kant; especially as Kant (can't) is the one great palpable fact in their pervadingly impalpable lives. These are the glorious paupers, from whom I learn the profoundest mysteries of things; since their very existence in the midst of such a terrible precariousness of the commonest means of support, affords a problem on which many speculative nut-crackers have been vainly employed. Yet let me here offer up three locks of my hair, to the memory of all such glorious paupers who have lived and died in this world. Surely, and truly I honour them—noble men often at bottom—and for that very reason I make bold to be gamesome about them; for where fundamental nobleness is, and fundamental honour is due, merriment is never accounted irreverent. The fools

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text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Devonshire, 7th Duke of


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Rh and pretenders of humanity, and the impostors and baboons among the gods, these only are offended with raillery; since both those gods and men whose titles to eminence are secure, seldom worry themselves about the seditious gossip of old apple-women, and the skylarkings of funny little boys in the street.

When the substance is gone, men cling to the shadow. Places once set apart to lofty purposes, still retain the name of that loftiness, even when converted to the meanest uses. It would seem, as if forced by imperative Fate to renounce the reality of the romantic and lofty, the people of the present would fain make a compromise by retaining some purely imaginative remainder. The curious effect of this tendency is oftenest evinced in those venerable countries of the old transatlantic world; where still over the Thames one bridge yet retains the monastic title of Blackfriars; though not a single Black Friar, but many a pickpocket, has stood on that bank since a good ways beyond the days of Queen Bess; where still innumerable other historic anomalies sweetly and sadly remind the present man of the wonderful procession that preceded him in his new generation. Nor—though the comparative recentness of our own foundation upon these Columbian shores, excludes any considerable participation in these attractive anomalies,—yet are we not altogether, in our more elderly towns, wholly without some touch of them, here and there. It was thus with the ancient Church of the Apostles—better known, even in its primitive day, under the abbreviative of The Apostles—which, though now converted from its original purpose to one so widely contrasting, yet still retained its majestical name. The lawyer or artist tenanting its chambers, whether in the new building or the old, when asked where he was to be found, invariably replied,—At the Apostles'. But because now, at last, in the course of

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PICTURES BY


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text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Dickens, Charles (1837-1896)


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374 the inevitable transplantations of the more notable localities of the various professions in a thriving and amplifying town, the venerable spot offered not such inducements as before to the legal gentlemen; and as the strange nondescript adventurers and artists, and indigent philosophers of all sorts, crowded in as fast as the others left; therefore, in reference to the metaphysical strangeness of these curious inhabitants, and owing in some sort to the circumstance, that several of them were well-known Teleological Theorists, and Social Reformers, and political propagandists of all manner of heterodoxical tenets; therefore, I say, and partly, peradventure, from some slight waggishness in the public; the immemorial popular name of the ancient church itself was participatingly transferred to the dwellers therein. So it came to pass, that in the general fashion of the day, he who had chambers in the old church was familiarly styled an Apostle.

But as every effect is but the cause of another and a subsequent one, so it now happened that finding themselves thus clannishly, and not altogether infelicitously entitled, the occupants of the venerable church began to come together out of their various dens, in more social communion; attracted toward each other by a title common to all. By and by, from this, they went further; and insensibly, at last became organised in a peculiar society, which, though exceedingly inconspicuous, and hardly perceptible in its public demonstrations, was still secretly suspected to have some mysterious ulterior object, vaguely connected with the absolute overturning of Church and State, and the hasty and premature advance of some unknown great political and religious Millennium. Still, though some zealous conservatives and devotees of morals, several times left warning at the police-office, to keep a wary eye on the old church; and

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Rh though, indeed, sometimes an officer would look up inquiringly at the suspicious narrow window-slits in the lofty tower; yet, to say the truth, was the place, to all appearance, a very quiet and decorous one, and its occupants a company of harmless people, whose greatest reproach was efflorescent coats and crack-crowned hats all podding in the sun.

Though in the middle of the day many bales and boxes would be trundled along the stores in front of the Apostles'; and along its critically narrow sidewalk, the merchants would now and then hurry to meet their cheques ere the banks should close; yet the street, being mostly devoted to mere warehousing purposes, and not used as a general thoroughfare, it was at all times a rather secluded and silent place. But from an hour or two before sundown to ten or eleven o'clock the next morning, it was remarkably silent and depopulated, except by the Apostles themselves; while every Sunday it presented an aspect of surprising and startling quiescence; showing nothing but one long vista of six or seven stories of inexorable iron shutters on both sides of the way. It was pretty much the same with the other street, which, as before said, intersected with the warehousing lane, not very far from the Apostles'. For though that street was indeed a different one from the latter, being full of cheap refectories for clerks, foreign restaurants, and other places of commercial resort; yet the only hum in it was restricted to business hours; by night it was deserted of every occupant but the lamp-posts; and on Sunday, to walk through it, was like walking through an avenue of sphinxes.

Such, then, was the present condition of the ancient Church of the Apostles; buzzing with a few lingering, equivocal lawyers in the basement, and populous with all sorts of poets, painters, paupers, and philosophers above. A mysterious professor of the flute was perched in one of

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376 the upper stories of the tower; and often, of silent, moonlight nights, his lofty, melodious notes would be warbled forth over the roofs of the ten thousand warehouses around him—as of yore, the bell had pealed over the domestic gables of a long-departed generation.

II

On the third night following the arrival of the party in the city, Pierre sat at twilight by a lofty window in the rear building of the Apostles'. The chamber was meagre even to meanness. No carpet on the floor, no picture on the wall; nothing but a low, long, and very curious-looking single bedstead, that might possibly serve for an indigent bachelor's pallet, a large, blue, chintz-covered chest, a rickety, rheumatic, and most ancient mahogany chair, and a wide board of the toughest live-oak, about six feet long, laid upon two upright empty flour-barrels, and loaded with a large bottle of ink, an unfastened bundle of quills, a pen-knife, a folder, and a still unbound ream of foolscap paper, significantly stamped, 'Ruled; Blue.'

There, on the third night, at twilight, sat Pierre by that lofty window of a beggarly room in the rear building of the Apostles'. He was entirely idle, apparently; there was nothing in his hands; but there might have been something on his heart. Now and then he fixedly gazes at the curious-looking, rusty old bedstead. It seemed powerfully symbolical to him; and most symbolical it was. For it was the ancient dismemberable and portable camp-bedstead of his grandfather, the defiant defender of the Fort, the valiant captain in many an unsuccumbing campaign. On that very camp-bedstead, there, beneath his tent on the field, the glorious old mild-eyed and warrior-hearted General had slept, and but waked to buckle his knight-making sword by his side; for it was noble knighthood to be slain by grand Pierre;

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"Hærent infixi pectore vultus"—.

my first Description of the Company in which I pass most of my Time, it may be remembered that I mentioned a great Affliction which my Friend Sir had met with in his Youth; which was no less than a Disappointment in Love. It happened this Evening, that we fell into a very pleasing Walk at a Distance from his House: As soon as we came into it, "It is, quoth the good Old Man, looking round him with a Smile, very hard, that any Part of my Land should be settled 5


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 THE PERVERSE WIDOW well dressed, at the Head of a whole County, with Musick before me, a Feather in my Hat, and my Horse well Bitted. I can assure you I was not a little pleased with the kind Looks and Glances I had from all the Balconies and Windows as I rode to the Hall where the Assizes were held. But when I came there, a Beautiful Creature in a Widow's Habit sat in Court to hear the Event of a Cause concerning her Dower. This commanding Creature (who was born for Destruction of all who behold her) put on such a Resignation in her Countenance, and bore the Whispers of all around the Court with such a pretty Uneasiness, I warrant you, and then recovered her self from one Eye to another, 'till she was perjectly confused by meeting something so wistful in all she encountered, that at last, with a Murrain to her, she cast her bewitching Eye upon me. I no sooner met it, but I bowed like a great surprized Booby; and knowing her Cause to be the first which came on, I cried, like a Captivated 9


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 THE PERVERSE WIDOW upon one who has used me so ill as the perverse Widow did; and yet I am sure I could not see a Sprig of any Bough of this whole Walk of Trees, but I should reflect upon her and her Severity. She has certainly the finest Hand of any Woman in the World. You are to know this was the Place wherein I used to muse upon her; and by that Custom I can never come into it, but the same tender Sentiments revive in my Mind, as if I had actually walked with that Beautiful Creature under these Shades. I have been Fool enough to carve her Name on the Bark of several of these Trees; so unhappy is the Condition of

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