text:
Copyright Law of the People's Republic of China (2010)

Article 1 This Law is enacted, in accordance with the Constitution for the purposes of protecting the copyright of authors in their literary, artistic and scientific works and rights related to copyright, of encouraging the creation and dissemination of works which would contribute to the construction of socialist spiritual and material civilization, and of promoting the development and flourishing of socialist culture and sciences.

Article 2 Works of Chinese citizens, legal entities or other organizations, whether published or not, shall enjoy copyright in accordance with this Law.

Any work of a foreigner or stateless person which enjoys copyright under an agreement concluded between the country to which the author belongs or in which the author permanently resides and China, or under an international treaty to which both countries are parties, shall be protected by this Law.

Any work of a foreigner or stateless person published for the first time and within the territory of China shall enjoy copyright in accordance with this Law.

Any work of an author from a country not having concluded an agreement with China or entered into an international treaty jointly with China or of a stateless person, which is published for the first time in a country as a member of the international treaty into which China has entered or published in a member country and non- member country at the same time, shall be protected by this Law.

Article 3 "Works" mentioned in this Law shall include works of literature, art, natural science, social science, engineering technology and the like made in the following forms:

 * (1) written works;
 * (2) oral works;
 * (3) musical, dramatic, quyi, choreographic and acrobatic art works;
 * (4) works of fine art and architecture;
 * (5) photographic works;
 * (6) cinematographic works and works created in a way similar to cinematography;
 * (7) drawings of engineering designs and product designs, maps, sketches and other graphic works as well as model works;
 * (8) computer software;
 * (9) other works as provided in laws and administrative regulations.

Article 4 Copyright owners, in exercising their copyright, shall not violate the Constitution or laws or infringe upon the public interests. The publication and dissemination of works shall be subject to the administration and supervision of the State.

Article 5 This Law shall not be applicable to:

 * (1) laws, regulations, resolutions, decisions and orders of state organs; other documents of legislative, administrative or judicial nature; and their official translations;
 * (2) news on current affairs;
 * (3) calendars, numerical tables, forms of general use and formulas.

Article 6 Regulations for the protection of copyright in expressions of folklore shall be separately established by the State Council.

Article 7 The copyright administration department under the State Council shall be responsible for the nationwide administration of copyright. The copyright administration department of the people's government of each province, autonomous region or municipality directly under the Central Government shall be responsible for the administration of copyright within its own jurisdiction.

Article 8 Copyright owners and the obligees related to copyright may authorize a collective management organization of copyright to exercise the copyright or the rights related to copyright. The collective management organization of copyright may, after being authorized, claim rights in its own name for the copyright owners and the obligees related to copyright, and may, as a party concerned, participate in the litigation and arbitration activities involved with copyright or the rights related to copyright.

A collective management organization of copyright shall be a non-profit organization, and the method of its establishment, its rights and obligations, the collection and distribution of the royalty for copyright licensing, as well as the supervision and management over it shall be separately provided by the State Council.

Article 9 "Copyright owners" shall include:

 * (1) authors;
 * (2) other citizens, legal entities and organizations enjoying copyright in accordance with this Law.

Article 10 "Copyright" shall include the following personal rights and property rights:

 * (1) the right of publication, that is, the right to decide whether to male a work available to the public;
 * (2) the right of authorship, that is, the right to claim authorship and to have the author's name mentioned in connection with the work;
 * (3) the right of alteration, that is, the right to alter or authorize others to alter one's work;
 * (4) the right of integrity, that is, the right to protect one's work against distortion and mutilation;
 * (5) the right of reproduction, that is, the right to produce one or more copies of the work by means of printing, Xeroxing, rubbing, sound recording, video recording, duplicating, or re-shooting, etc.;
 * (6) the right of distribution, that is, the right to provide the public with original copies or reproduced copies of works by means of selling or donating;
 * (7) the right of lease, that is, the right to nongratuitously permit others to temporarily exploit a cinematographic work, a work created in a way similar to cinematography or computer software, unless the computer software is not the main object under the lease;
 * (8) the right of exhibition, that is, the right to publicly display the original copies or reproduced copies of works of fine art and cinematographic works;
 * (9) the right of performance, that is, the right to publicly perform works, and to publicly transmit the performance of works by various means;
 * (10) the right of projection, that is, the right to make, by such technical equipment as projector, episcope, etc., the works of fine art, photographic works, cinematographic works and works created in a way similar to cinematography, etc. reappear publicly;
 * (11) the right of broadcasting, that is, the right to publicly broadcast or disseminate works by wireless means, to disseminate broadcast works to the public by wired dissemination or rebroadcast, and to disseminate broadcast works to the public by audio amplifier or other similar instruments for transmission of signs, sounds or images;
 * (12) the right of information network dissemination, that is, the right to provide the public with works by wired or wireless means, so as to make the public able to respectively obtain the works at the individually selected time and place;
 * (13) the right of production, that is, the right to fix works on the carrier by cinematography or in a way similar to cinematography;
 * (14) the right of adaptation, that is, the right to modify a work for the purpose of creating a new work of original creation;
 * (15) the right of translation, that is, the right to transform the language of a work into another language;
 * (16) the right of compilation, that is, the right to choose or edit some works or fragments of works so as to form a new work;
 * (17) other rights which shall be enjoyed by the copyright owners.

A copyright owner may permit others to exercise the rights provided in Items (5) through (17) of the preceding paragraph, and may receive remuneration as agreed upon in the contract or in accordance with the relevant provisions in this Law.

A copyright owner may wholly or partially transfer the rights provided in Items (5) through (17) of Paragraph 1 of this article, and may receive remuneration as agreed upon in the contract or in accordance with the relevant provisions in this Law.

Article 11 Except otherwise provided in this Law, the copyright in a work shall belong to its author.

The author of a work is the citizen who has created the work.

Where a work is created according to the intention and under the supervision and responsibility of a legal entity or another organization, such legal entity or organization shall be the author of the work.

The citizen, legal entity or organization whose name is affixed to a work shall, without the contrary proof, be the author of the work.

Article 12 Where a work is created by adaptation, translation, annotation or arrangement of a pre-existing work, the copyright in the work thus created shall be enjoyed by the adapter, translator, annotator or arranger, provided that the copyright in the original work is not infringed upon.

Article 13 Where a work is created jointly by two or more co-authors, the copyright in the work shall be enjoyed jointly by those co-authors. Co-authorship may not be claimed by anyone who has not participated in the creation of the work.

If a work of joint authorship can be separated into independent parts and exploited separately, each co-author shall be entitled to independent copyright in the parts that he has created, provided that the exercise of such copyright does not infringe upon the copyright in the joint work as a whole.

Article 14 A work created by compilation shall refer to the work which is compiled of some works, fragments of works or the data or other materials not constituting a work, and the choice or layout of the contents of which embodies the original creation. The copyright of the compilation work shall be enjoyed by the compiler, provided that the exercise of such copyright does not infringe upon the copyright of the pre-existing works included in the compilation.

Article 15 The copyright of a cinematographic work or a work created in a way similar to cinematography shall be enjoyed by the producer, while any of the playwright, director, cameraman, words-writer, composer and other authors of the work shall enjoy the right of authorship, and shall be entitled to obtain remuneration as agreed upon in the contract between him and the producer.

The authors of the screenplay, musical works and other works that are included in a cinematographic work or a work created in a way similar to cinematography and can be exploited separately shall be entitled to exercise their copyright independently.

Article 16 A work created by a citizen when fulfilling the tasks assigned to him by a legal entity or another organization shall be deemed to be a service work. Unless otherwise provided in Paragraph 2 of this article, the copyright of such a work shall be enjoyed by the author, but the legal entity or organization shall have a priority right to exploit the work within the scope of its professional activities. During the two years after the completion of the work, the author shall not, without the consent of the legal entity or organization, authorize a third party to exploit the work in the same way as the legal entity or organization does.

In the following cases the author of a service work shall enjoy the right of authorship, while the legal entity or organization shall enjoy other rights included in the copyright and may reward the author:

 * (1) drawings of engineering designs and product designs, maps, computer software and other service works, which are created mainly with the materials and technical resources of the legal entity or organization and under its responsibility;
 * (2) service works of which the copyright is, in accordance with the laws or administrative regulations or as agreed upon in the contract, enjoyed by the legal entity or organization.

Article 17 The ownership of copyright in a commissioned work shall be agreed upon in a contract between the commissioning and the commissioned parties. In the absence of such a contract or of an explicit agreement in the contract, the copyright in such a work shall belong to the commissioned party.

Article 18 The transfer of ownership of the original copy of a work of fine art or another work shall not be deemed to include the transfer of the copyright in such a work, however, the right to exhibit the original copy of a work of fine art shall be enjoyed by the owner of such original copy.

Article 19 Where the copyright of a work belongs to a citizen, his rights in respect of the work as provided in Items (5) through (17) of Paragraph 1 of article 10 of this Law shall, after his death, during the term of protection provided in this Law, be transferred in accordance with the Inheritance Law.

Where the copyright of a work belongs to a legal entity or another organization, its rights in respect of the work as provided in Items (5) through (17) of Paragraph 1 of article 10 of this Law shall, after the change or the termination of the status of the legal entity or organization, during the term of protection provided in this Law, be enjoyed by the succeeding legal entity or organization which has taken over the rights and obligations of the previous legal entity or organization, or, in the absence of such succeeding legal entity or organization, by the State.

Article 20 The rights of authorship, alteration and integrity of an author shall be unlimited in time.

Article 21 In respect of a work of a citizen, the term of protection of the right of publication and of the rights provided in Items (5) through (17) of Paragraph 1 of article 10 of this Law shall be the lifetime of the author and fifty years after his death, expiring on December 31 of the fiftieth year after his death. In the case of a work of joint authorship, such term shall expire on December 31 of the fiftieth year after the death of the last surviving author.

The term of protection of the right of publication and of the rights provided in Items (5) through (17) of Paragraph 1 of article 10 of this Law where the copyright belongs to a legal entity or another organization, or in respect of a service work where the legal entity or organization enjoys the copyright (except the right of authorship), shall be fifty years, expiring on December 31 of the fiftieth year after the first publication of such a work, however, any such work that has not been published within fifty years after the completion of its creation shall no longer be protected by this Law.

The term of protection of the right of publication and of the rights provided in Items (5) through (17) of Paragraph 1 of article 10 of this Law in respect of a cinematographic work or a work created in a way similar to cinematography shall be fifty years, expiring on December 31 of the fiftieth year after the first publication of such a work, however, any such work that has not been published within fifty years after the completion of its creation shall no longer be protected by this Law.

Article 22 In the following cases, a work may be exploited without the permission from, and without payment of remuneration to, the copyright owner, provided that the name of the author and the title of the work are mentioned and the other rights enjoyed by the copyright owner by virtue of this Law are not infringed upon:

 * (1) use of a published work for the purposes of the user's own private study, research or self-entertainment;
 * (2) appropriate quotation from a published work in one's own work for the purposes of introduction of, or comment on, a work, or demonstration of a point;
 * (3) inevitable reappearance or citation of a published work in newspapers, periodicals, radio stations, television stations or other media for the purpose of reporting current events;
 * (4) reprinting by newspapers or periodicals or other media, or rebroadcasting by radio stations or television stations or other media, of the current event article s on the issues of politics, economy and religion, which have been published by other newspapers, periodicals, radio stations or television stations or other media, except where the author has declared that publication or broadcasting is not permitted;
 * (5) publication in newspapers or periodicals or other media, or broadcasting by radio stations or television stations or other media, of a speech delivered at a public assembly, except where the author has declared that publication or broadcasting is not permitted;
 * (6) translation or reproduction, in a small quality of copies, of a published work for use by teachers or scientific researchers in classroom teaching or scientific research, provided that the translation or reproduction is not published or distributed;
 * (7) use of a published work by a State organ within the reasonable scope for the purpose of fulfilling its official duties;
 * (8) reproduction of a work in its collections by a library, archive, memorial hall, museum, art gallery or similar institution, for the purpose of the display or preservation of a copy of the work;
 * (9) free of charge performance of a published work, that is, with respect to the performance, neither fees are charged from the public nor the remuneration is paid to the performers;
 * (10) copying, drawing, photographing, or video recording of an artistic work located or on display in an outdoor public place;
 * (11) translation of a work published by a Chinese citizen, legal entity or organization, which is created in the Han language (Chinese), into a minority nationality language for publication and distribution within the country;
 * (12) translation of a published work into Braille and publication of the work so translated;

The provisions in the preceding paragraph shall be applicable to the limitations on the rights of publishers, performers, producers of sound recordings and video recordings, radio stations and television stations.

Article 23 Anyone who compiles or publishes textbooks for the purpose of implementing the nine-year compulsory education or State education planning may, without the permission from the copyright owner, except that the author has declared in advance that the exploitation is not permitted, compile published fragments of works, short written works or musical works, a single work of fine art, or photographic works into the textbooks, however, he shall pay the remuneration as provided, mention the name of the author and the title of the work, and shall not infringe upon other rights which the copyright owner shall enjoy in accordance with this Law.

The provisions in the preceding paragraph shall be applicable to the limitations on the rights of publishers, performers, producers of sound recordings and video recordings, radio stations and television stations.

Article 24 Anyone who exploits a work created by another shall conclude a contract of licensing with the copyright owner, unless it is provided in this Law that the exploitation need not be licensed.

A contract of licensing shall include the following main contents:

 * (1) the variety of the right to exploit the work covered by the license;
 * (2) the exclusive or non-exclusive nature of the right to exploit the work covered by the license;
 * (3) the territorial scope and term of the license;
 * (4) the amount of the remuneration and the method of its payment;
 * (5) the breach liability;
 * (6) any other contents that both parties consider necessary.

Article 25 Anyone who transfers any of the rights provided in Items (5) through (17) of Paragraph 1 of article 10 of this Law shall conclude a written contract with the transferee.

A contract of copyright transfer shall include the following main contents:

 * (1) the name of the work;
 * (2) the variety and territorial scope of the transferred right;
 * (3) the transfer price;
 * (4) the date and method of the delivery of the transfer price;
 * (5) the breach liability;
 * (6) any other contents that both parties consider necessary.

Article 26 In case of pledge of copyright, the pledger and the pledgee shall go through registration of the pledge with the copyright administration under the State Council.

Article 27 The licensee or the transferee shall not, without the consent of the copyright owner, exercise any right that the copyright owner has not expressly licensed or transferred in the contract.

Article 28 The standards of remuneration for the exploitation of a work may be either agreed upon by the parties concerned or be made by the copyright administration department under the State Council in collaboration with other departments concerned. Where the parties concerned fail to reach a clear agreement, the remuneration shall be paid in accordance with the standards of remuneration made by the copyright administration department under the State Council in collaboration with other departments concerned.

Article 29 Publishers, performers, producers of sound recordings and video recordings, radio stations, television stations and other entities who or which exploit the works of others pursuant to this Law shall not infringe upon the author's rights of authorship, alteration or integrity, or their right to remuneration.

Article 30 A book publisher who publishes a book shall conclude a publishing contract with, and pay remuneration to, the copyright owner.

Article 31 With respect to a work delivered to a book publisher by the copyright owner for publication, the exclusive right to publish the work enjoyed by the book publisher as agreed upon in the contract shall be protected by law, and the work may not be published by others.

Article 32 The copyright owner shall deliver the work within the term agreed upon in the contract. The book publisher shall publish the work in accordance with the quality requirements and within the term agreed upon in the contract.

The book publisher shall bear the civil liability provided in article 53 of this Law if he fails to publish the work within the term agreed upon in the contract.

The book publisher shall notify, and pay remuneration to, the copyright owner when the work is to be reprinted or republished. If the publisher refuses to reprint or republish the work when stocks of the book are exhausted, the copyright owner shall have the right to terminate the contract.

Article 33 Where a copyright owner has submitted the manuscript of his work to a newspaper or a periodical publisher for publication and has not received any notification of the said publisher's decision to publish the work, within fifteen days from the newspaper publisher or within thirty days from the periodical publisher, counted from the date of submission of the manuscript, the copyright owner may submit the manuscript of the same work to another newspaper or periodical publisher for publication, unless the two parties have agreed otherwise.

Except where the copyright owner has declared that reprinting or excerpting is not permitted, other newspaper or periodical publishers may, after the publication of the work by a newspaper or periodical, reprint the work or print an abstract of it or print it as reference material, but such other publishers shall pay remuneration to the copyright owner as provided in regulations.

Article 34 A book publisher may alter or abridge a work with the permission from the copyright owner.

A newspaper or periodical publisher may make editorial modifications and abridgments in a work, but shall not make modifications in the content of the work unless permission has been obtained from the author.

Article 35 When publishing works created by adaptation, translation, annotation, arrangement or compilation of pre-existing works, the publisher shall obtain permission from and pay remuneration to both the owners of the copyright in the works created by means of adaptation, translation, annotation, arrangement or compilation, and the owners of the copyright in the original work.

Article 36 A publisher shall be entitled to permit others to exploit the format design of a published book or periodical of his or prohibit others from doing so.

The term of protection of the right provided in the preceding paragraph shall be ten years, expiring on December 31 of the tenth year after the first publication of the book or periodical that uses such a format.

Article 37 A performer (an individual performer or a performing group) who for a performance exploits a work created by another shall obtain permission from and pay remuneration to the copyright owner. A performance organizer who organizes a performance shall obtain permission from and pay remuneration to the copyright owner.

A performer who for a performance exploits a work created by adaptation, translation, annotation or arrangement of a pre-existing work shall obtain permission from and pay remuneration to both the owner of the copyright in the work created by adaptation, translation, annotation or arrangement and the owner of the copyright in the original work.

Article 38 A performer shall, in relation to his performance, enjoy the rights:

 * (1) to show his/her identity;
 * (2) to protect the character in his performance from distortion;
 * (3) to authorize others to make live broadcasts or to publicly transmit his live performance, and to receive remuneration for it;
 * (4) to authorize others to make sound recordings and video recordings, and to receive remuneration for it;
 * (5) to permit others to reproduce and distribute the sound recordings or video recordings which record his performance, and to receive remuneration for it;
 * (6) to permit others to disseminate his performance to the public through information network, and to receive remuneration for it.

Anyone who is permitted to exploit the works in the ways provided in Items (3) through (6) of the preceding paragraph shall also obtain permission from and pay remuneration to the copyright owner.

Article 39 The term of protection of the rights provided in Items (1) and (2) of Paragraph 1 of article 37 of this Law shall not be limited.

The term of protection of the rights provided in Items (3) through (6) of Paragraph 1 of article 37 of this Law shall be fifty years, expiring on December 31 of the fiftieth year after the performance is made.

Article 40 A producer of sound recordings or video recordings who, for the production of a sound recording or video recording, exploits a work created by another, shall obtain permission from and pay remuneration to the copyright owner.

A producer of sound recordings or video recordings who exploits a work created by adaptation, translation, annotation or arrangement of a pre-existing work shall obtain permission from and pay remuneration to both the owner of the copyright in the work created by adaptation, translation, annotation or arrangement and the owner of copyright in the original work.

A producer of a sound recording who, for the production of a sound recording, exploits a musical work which has been lawfully recorded as a sound recording by another, does not need to obtain permission from, but shall, as provided in regulations, pay remuneration to the copyright owner; such work shall not be exploited where the copyright owner has declared that such exploitation is not permitted.

Article 41 When producing a sound recording or video recording, the producer shall conclude a contract with, and pay remuneration to, the performers.

Article 42 A producer of sound recordings or video recordings shall have the right to permit others to reproduce, distribute, lease and disseminate to the public through information network such sound recordings or video recordings and shall have the right to receive remuneration for it. The term of protection of such rights shall be fifty years, expiring on December 31 of the fiftieth year after the production of the recording is firstly completed.

A producer of sound recordings or video recordings who is permitted to reproduce, distribute, lease or disseminate to the public through information network a sound recording or video recording shall obtain permission from and also pay remuneration to both the copyright owner and the performer.

Article 43 A radio station or television station that broadcasts an unpublished work created by another shall obtain permission from and pay remuneration to the copyright owner.

A radio station or television station that broadcasts a published work created by another does not need to obtain permission from, but shall pay remuneration to the copyright owner.

Article 44 A radio station or television station that broadcasts a published sound recording does not need to obtain permission from, but shall pay remuneration to the copyright owner, unless the parties concerned have agreed otherwise. The specific measures shall be provided by the State Council.

Article 45 A radio station or television station is entitled to prohibit the following acts which it has not permitted:

 * (1) rebroadcasting the radio or television which it has broadcasted;
 * (2) recording the radio or television which it has broadcasted in the audio or video carrier and to reproduce the audio or video carrier.

The term of protection of the rights provided in the preceding paragraph shall be fifty years, expiring on December 31 of the fiftieth year after the first broadcasting of the radio or television.

Article 46 A television station that broadcasts another's cinematographic work, work created in a way similar to cinematography or videographic work shall obtain permission from and pay remuneration to the producer. A television station that broadcasts another's videographic work shall also obtain permission from and pay remuneration to the copyright owner.

Article 47 He who commits any of the following acts of infringement shall bear the civil liability for such remedies as ceasing the infringing act, eliminating the effects of the act, making a public apology or paying compensation for damages, depending on the circumstances:

 * (1) publishing a work without the permission from the copyright owner;
 * (2) publishing a work of joint authorship as a work created solely by oneself, without the permission from the other co-authors;
 * (3) having his name mentioned in connection with a work created by another, in order to seek personal fame and gain, where he has not taken part in the creation of the work;
 * (4) distorting a work created by another;
 * (5) plagiarizing the works of others;
 * (6) exploiting a work by means of exhibition, making cinematographic productions or a means similar to making cinematographic productions, or by means of adaptation, translation, annotation, etc. without the permission from the copyright owner, unless otherwise provided in this Law;
 * (7) exploiting a work of another without paying the remuneration;
 * (8) without the permission from the copyright owner or obligee related to the copyright of a cinematographic work or a work created in a way similar to cinematography, computer software, sound recordings or video recordings, leasing his work or sound recordings or video recordings, except where otherwise provided in this Law;
 * (9) without the permission from a publisher, exploiting the format design of his published book or periodical;
 * (10) without the permission from the performer, broadcasting or publicly transmitting his live performance or recording his performance;
 * (11) committing other acts of infringement upon copyright and upon other rights related to copyright.

Article 48 He who commits any of the following acts of infringement shall bear the civil liability for such remedies as ceasing the infringements, eliminating the effects of the act, making a public apology or paying compensation for damages, depending on the circumstances; where he damages public interests at the same time, the copyright administration department may order him to cease the act of tort, may confiscate his illegal gains, confiscate and destroy the reproductions of infringement, and impose a fine on him; if the case is serious, the copyright administration department may also confiscate the materials, instruments and equipment, etc. mainly used to make the reproductions of infringement; where his act has constituted a crime, he shall be investigated for criminal liabilities in accordance with the law:

 * (1) without the permission from the copyright owner, reproducing, distributing, performing, projecting, broadcasting, compiling, disseminating to the public through information network his works, except where otherwise provided in this Law;
 * (2) publishing a book where the exclusive right of publication belongs to another;
 * (3) without the permission from a performer, reproducing, distributing the sound recordings or video recordings of his performance, or disseminating his performance to the public through information network, except where otherwise provided in this Law;
 * (4) without the permission from a producer of sound recordings and video recordings, reproducing, distributing, disseminating to the public through information network the sound recordings or video recordings produced by him, except where otherwise provided in this Law;
 * (5) without the permission, broadcasting or reproducing the radio or television, except where otherwise provided in this Law;
 * (6) without the permission from the copyright owner or obligee related to the copyright, intentionally avoiding or destroying the technical measures taken by the obligee on his works, sound recordings or video recordings, etc. to protect the copyright or the rights related to the copyright, except where otherwise provided in laws or administrative regulations;
 * (7) without the permission from the copyright owner or obligee related to the copyright, intentionally deleting or altering the electronic information on the management of the rights on the works, sound recordings or video recordings, except where otherwise provided in laws or administrative regulations;
 * (8) producing or selling a work where the signature of another is counterfeited.

Article 49 The infringer shall, when having infringed upon the copyright or the rights related to copyright, make a compensation on the basis of the obligee's actual losses; where the actual losses are difficult to be calculated, the compensation may be made on the basis of the infringer's illegal gains. The amount of compensation shall also include the reasonable expenses paid by the obligee for stopping the act of tort.

Where the obligee's actual losses or the infringer's illegal gains cannot be determined, the people's court shall, on the basis of the seriousness of the act of tort, adjudicate a compensation of 500,000 Yuan or less.

Article 50 Where a copyright owner or obligee related to copyright has evidence to prove that another is committing or is going to commit an act infringing upon his right, and that his lawful rights and interests will suffer the damage which is difficult to be remedied if he does not stop it in time, he may, before bringing a lawsuit, apply to the people's court for an order to cease the relevant acts or for property preservation.

The people's court shall handle the application in the preceding paragraph in accordance with article 93 through article 96 and article 99 of the Civil Procedure Law of the People's Republic of China.

Article 51 For the purpose of stopping the acts of tort, a copyright owner or an obligee related to copyright may, under circumstances that the evidence may be destroyed or lost or difficult to obtain later on, apply to the people's court for the evidence to be preserved.

The people's court must, after receiving the application, make an order within 48 hours; if the preservation is granted by an order, its implementation shall start immediately.

The people's court may order the applicant to provide a surety; if the applicant fails to do so, his application shall be rejected.

If the applicant fails to bring a lawsuit within 15 days after the people's court has adopted the preservation measures, the people's court shall cancel the property preservation.

Article 52 The people's court may, when trying the cases of infringing upon copyright or the rights related to copyright, confiscate the illegal gains, the reproductions of infringement and the properties used for committing illegal acts.

Article 53 Where a publisher or producer of reproductions is unable to prove the lawful authorization of his publication or production, or the distributor of the reproductions or the lessor of the reproductions of a cinematographic work or a work created in a way similar to cinematography, computer software, sound recordings or video recordings is unable to prove the lawful sources of his distribution or lease of the reproductions, he shall bear the legal liabilities.

Article 54 Where a party concerned does not implement his contractual obligations or his implementation of the contractual obligations does not conform to the stipulated requirements, he shall bear the civil liabilities in accordance with the General Principles of the Civil Law of the People's Republic of China, the Contract Law of the People's Republic of China and other laws.

Article 55 A dispute over copyright may be settled by mediation or be submitted for arbitration to a copyright arbitration institution under a written arbitration agreement concluded between the parties concerned, or under the arbitration clause in the copyright contract.

Any party may bring a lawsuit directly to the people's court in the absence of a written arbitration agreement or an arbitration clause in the copyright contract.

Article 56 Any party who objects to an administrative penalty may bring a lawsuit to the people's court within three months as of the date when it received the written decision on the penalty. If a party neither bring a lawsuit nor implements the decision within the above time limit, the copyright administration department concerned may apply to the people's court for enforcement.

Article 57 The term "author's right" shall have the same meaning as "copyright" in this Law.

Article 58 The term "publication" mentioned in article 2 of this Law shall refer to reproduction and distribution of works.

Article 59 Regulations for the protection of computer software and of the right of information network dissemination shall be established separately by the State Council.

Article 60 The rights of copyright owners, publishers, performers, producers of sound recordings and video recordings, radio stations and television stations as provided in this Law, of which the term of protection specified in this Law has not yet expired on the date of this Law's entry into force, shall be protected in accordance with this Law.

Any infringements upon copyright and the rights related to copyright or breaches of contract committed prior to the entry into force of this Law shall be dealt with under the relevant regulations or policies in force at the time when the infringement was committed.

Article 61 This Law shall enter into force on June 1, 1991.

中华人民共和国著作权法 (2010年)


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Talk:Copyright Law of the People's Republic of China (2010)

Inaccuracy
This document seems to be quite inaccurate. Significantly, it omits the words "photographic work" in Article 21, paragraph three, which is causing confusion at Wikicommons. It should be replaced by this or this. -Zanhe (talk) 18:00, 28 February 2016 (UTC)
 * The Chinese text on fdi.gov.cn alongside the translation we're currently using (old link above seems to have died) has the mentioned "photographic work" clause, which suggests it's definitely a translation issue. And anyway the Investment Promotion Agency of the Ministry of Commerce probably isn't the first source we should go to to find an authoritative translation of a law from. I agree it should be replaced, will look into doing it when I have some time if noone beats me to it. Prosody (talk) 01:11, 29 February 2016 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Usage
For use when a word is illegible from transcription. It allows for text to be displayed through a 'hover' function of the template.

To note that when used that the text will display in in Page: namespace  as an indicator to emphasise to proofreaders that attention is required, and to display in standard color in main namespace to de-emphasise.

Shortcuts

 * unint

Examples
Gives
 * Using named parameter

Gives
 * Using positional parameter

Gives
 * To have an underlying dash

Note
This template has underlying functionality derived from tooltip.

TemplateData
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6 that are asked about our occupations, amusements, and mode of house-keeping, lead me to hope that the actual answers to these queries contained in this little story will be acceptable. This must also be my apology for entering in some instances so minutely into trifling perplexities and events, which went to fill up the sum of our existence.

E. B. C. 148 East 18th Street, New York City.

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 Dedicated

TO

THE ECHO OF WHOSE VOICE HAS BEEN MY INSPIRATION

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Copyright, 1885, by.

All rights reserved.

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CHAPTER I.

CHANGE OF STATION.

graduated at West Point just in time to take part in the battle of Bull Run. He served with his regiment—the 5th Cavalry—for a time, but eventually was appointed aide-de-camp to General McClellan. He came to his sister's home in my native town, Monroe, Michigan, during the winter of 1863, and there I first met him. In the spring he returned to the army in Virginia, and was promoted that summer, at the age of twenty-three, from captain to brigadier-general. During the following autumn he came to Monroe to recover from a flesh-wound, which, though not serious, disabled him somewhat. At that time we became engaged. When his twenty days' leave of absence had expired he went back to duty, and did not return until a few days before our marriage, in February, 1864.

We had no sooner reached Washington on our wedding-journey than telegrams came, following one another in quick succession, asking him to give up the rest of Rh

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User:DeirdreAnne/common.js

/* global $, mw, pathoschild */ importScript('User:Inductiveload/InlinePagenums.js');

importScript('User:Inductiveload/Metadata_form.js');

importScript('User:Inductiveload/Roman numerals.js'); importScript('User:Inductiveload/Running header.js');

importScript('User:Inductiveload/Visibility.js');

// MOST OF THIS IS COPIED STRAIGHT FROM USER:BILLINGHURST/MONOBOOK.JS popupFixDabs=true; /* No idea what this does */ popupAdminLinks=true; /* I'm guessing this is admin specific */

// == THIS AUTOFILLS SOME OF THE PARAMETERS IN THE AUTHOR HEADER == importScript('User:Phe/Author fill.js');

// == THIS SEARCHES FOR WORKS ABOUT THE AUTHOR IN CERTAIN REFERENCES BUT IF THERE AREN'T ANY IT JUST ADDS AN EDIT SUMMARY - IT IS IMPLEMENTED BELOW == importScript('User:Phe/Works about.js');

// == GLOBAL PARAMETERS == /*most from User:Billinghurst/monobook.js - those I don't need I'm keeping as models*/ /*set some global parameters for selection */ //preset variables, REMINDER THAT THESE HAVE UNDERSCORE WORD SEPARATORS for location.href var isUserNS = (-1 != location.href.indexOf("User_talk:")); var isPageNS = (-1 != location.href.indexOf("Page:")); var isAuthorNS = (-1 !== location.href.indexOf("Author:")); /*why double ==?*/ var isAgrippa = (-1 != location.href.indexOf("Page:[\w\_]+Occult_Philosophy")); /*not sure if I'll use this but it's a long project*/ var isIndianBio = (-1 != location.href.indexOf("Page:The_Indian_Biographical_Dictionary.djvu/"));/*model only*/ var isIrishBio = (-1 != location.href.indexOf("Page:A_Compendium_of_Irish_Biography"));/*model only*/ var isBiography = (-1 != location.href.indexOf("Page:[\w\_]+Biography")); var isDNB00 = (-1 != location.href.indexOf("DNB00")); var isMainspace = (-1 == location.href.search(/title=(Talk|User|User_talk|Wikisource|Wikisource_talk|File|File_talk|Mediawiki|Mediawiki_talk|Template|Template_talk|Help|Help_talk|Category|Category_talk|Portal|Portal_talk|Author|Author_talk|Page|Page_talk|Index):/));

// == SIDEBAR SCRIPTS /*I prefer the cleanness of a portlet like en:User:Jsimlo/shortcuts, I wonder if that's possible*/ == /** * TemplateScript adds configurable templates and scripts to the sidebar, and adds an example regex editor. * @see https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/TemplateScript * @update-token */ // $.ajax('//tools-static.wmflabs.org/meta/scripts/pathoschild.templatescript.js', { dataType:'script', cache:true }).then(function {	/*********	** Register scripts	*********/	// === CALLS FOR USE IN ALL NAMESPACES ===	pathoschild.TemplateScript.add([ {			name: 'clean up', script: cleanup }	]);

// === CALLS FOR USE IN THE PAGESPACE === if(isPageNS) { pathoschild.TemplateScript.add([			{				name: 'Indent',				script: function(editor) {					editor.forField('#wpHeaderTextbox')						.replace(//g, ' ');				}			},			{				name: 'IndianBio',				enabled: isIndianBio,				script: function(editor) {					// Page:The Indian Biographical Dictionary.djvu tools					// cleanup for Page:The Indian Biographical Dictionary.djv

editor.forField('#wpHeaderTextbox') .append('INDIAN BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY, 1915.\n\n');

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// VU -> VII; followed by U in the middle of a word -> ll						.replace(/VU/g, 'VII') .replace(/(\w)U(\w)/, '$1ll$2'); }			},			{				name: 'Anchor', enabled: isBiography, script: function(editor) { // applies // Page:A Compendium of Irish Biography tools editor.replaceSelection(function(pre) {						return '';					}); }			},			{				name: 'internal nslink', enabled: isBiography, script: function(editor) { //set to internal namespace link, set specifically for subpage xref editor.replaceSelection(function(pre) {						return '';					}); }			},			{				name: 'djvu pagelink', enabled: isBiography, script: function(editor) { //adds template 'DJVU page link' editor.replaceSelection(function(pre) {						var work = isIrishBio ? 24 : ;						return ;					}); }			},			{				name: 'Header', script: function(editor) { // PAGE NAMESPACE headerbox or footerbox // puts in to headerbox editor.forField('#wpHeaderTextbox') .append(''); }			},			{				name: 'Footer', script: function(editor) { //*Footerbox app; for archaic books where the first word on the next page is placed at bottom editor.forField('#wpFooterTextbox') .replace(/(<\/div>)/, '$1'); }			},			{				name: 'nop', script: function(editor) { // nop, though it puts it at the bottom of editbox, so only useful in Page: editor.append('\n'); }			},			{				name: 's to ſ', script: function(editor) { editor.replace(/s(?![\Wf])/g, 'ſ'); }			},			{				name: 'ſ to ', script: function(editor) { editor.replace(/ſ/g, ''); }			},			{				name: 'quoteleft', script: function(editor) { editor.replace(/([\s—'])(\")(?=[\w\[])/g, '$1“');				}			},			{				name: 'quoteright',				script: function(editor) {					editor.replace(/((\")(?=[\s—']))/g, '”'); }			},			{				name: 'squoteright', script: function(editor) { editor.replace(/(\w)(\')(\s)/g, '$1’$3'); }			},			{				name: 'squoteleft', script: function(editor) { editor.replace(/([\s—])(\')(?=\w)/g, '$1‘'); }			},			{				name: 'apostrophe', script: function(editor) { editor.replace(/(\w)(\')([tsTS][—\s\.\!\?])/g, '$1’$3'); }			}		]);	}

// === CALLS FOR USE IN THE MAIN NAMESPACE === if(isMainspace) { pathoschild.TemplateScript.add([			{				name: 'DefSort Subpage',				script: function(editor) {					editor.append();				}			},			{				name: 'DNBset',				script: function(editor) {					// replaces with 					editor.replace(/\{\{header[^\}]+\}\}\n/, );				},				enabled: isDNB00			},			//{			//	name: 'override transl',			//	script: otranslator // I don't see any script for this to call			//},			{				name: 'remove TQ',				script: function(editor) {					// removes 					editor.replace(/\{\{TextQuality\|\d{2,3}%\}\}/, );				}			},			{				name: ,				script: function(editor) {					// adds  above header					editor						.replace(/\{\{header/g, '\n{{header')						.appendEditSummary('');				}			},			{				name: 'Ch.prev & next',				script: function(editor) {					// from  section, wikis Chapter -1/+1 to Prev/Next					var newtitle = parseInt(mw.config.get('wgTitle').replace(/^.*\/Chapter (\d+)$/,'$1'))-1; var headerprevious = '../Chapter '+newtitle+'/'; var newtitle = parseInt(mw.config.get('wgTitle').replace(/^.*\/Chapter (\d+)$/,'$1'))+1; var headernext = '../Chapter '+newtitle+'/'; editor.replace(/\| previous  \= \n \| next       \= /, '| previous   \= ' + headerprevious +'\n \| next       \= ' + headernext); }			},			{				name: 'Pages', script: function(editor) { // subst: #tag and some fields // applies using #tag and index  fromsection tosection take editor.replaceSelection(''); }			}		]);	}

// === CALLS FOR USE IN THE USER NAMESPACE === if(isUserNS) { pathoschild.TemplateScript.add([			{				name: 'welcome',				script: function(editor) {					// applies 					editor						.append(' ' + )						.appendEditSummary('welcome');				}			},			{				name: 'welcomeip & test',				script: function(editor) {					// subst applies 					editor						.append(' ' + '\n')						.appendEditSummary('welcome & test');				}			},			{				name: 'welcomeip',				script: function(editor) {					// subst 					editor						.append(' ' + )						.appendEditSummary('welcome');				}			},			{				name: 'toggle in Page:',				script: function(editor) {					//subst: User:Billinghurst/HeaderToggle which tells how to toggle header in Page:					editor.append('');				}			}		]); }

/*********	** Define scripts *********/	//ALL NAMESPACE USE function cleanup(editor) { // all sorts of text cleaning from OCR editor // Digitized by Google (kill) .replace(/Digitized[\s\n]+by[\s\n]+Google/, '')

// remove trailing spaces at the end of each line .replace(/ +\n/g, '\n')

// remove trailing whitespace preceding a hard line break .replace(/ +/g, ' ')

// remove trailing whitespace at the end of page text .replace(/\s+$/g, '')

// remove trailing spaces at the end of refs .replace(/ +<\/ref>/g, ' ')

// remove trailing spaces at the end of template calls .replace(/ +}}/g, '}}')

// convert double-hyphen to mdash (avoiding breaking HTML comment syntax) .replace(/([^\!])--([^>])/g, '$1—$2')

// remove spacing around mdash, but only if it has spaces on both sides // (we don't want to remove the trailing space from "...as follows:— ",			// bearing in mind that the space will already be gone if at end of line). .replace(/ +— +/g, '—')

// join words that are hyphenated across a line break // (but leave "|-" table syntax alone) .replace(/([^\|])-\n/g, '$1');

// stuff to do only if the page doesn't contain a tag: if (editor.get.indexOf(" ") != -1) { editor // remove single line breaks; preserve multiple. // but not if there's a tag, template or table syntax either side of the line break .replace(/([^>}\n])\n([^<{\|\n])/g, '$1 $2')

// collapse sequences of spaces into a single space .replace(/ +/g, ' '); }

editor // remove unwanted spaces around punctuation marks .replace(/ ([;:\?!,])/g, '$1')

//OCR fixes // convert i9 to 19, etc.			.replace(/[il]([0-9])/g, '1$1')

// "the", "them", "their", etcetera .replace(/tlie/g, 'the')

// "U" -> "ll" when preceded by a lowercase letter. .replace(/([a-z])U/g, '$1ll'); } }); //

// == CUSTOM TABS == // === Adds a tab for soft redirects below "move" === /* Soft redirect */ /* See WS:SCRIPTS; adds "soft redirect" tab in Firefox. */      mw.loader.load('//en.wikisource.org/w/index.php?title=User:Bookofjude/softredirect.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript');

// == CUSTOM BUTTONS == /*Import from subpage*/ importScript('User:Doug/custombuttons.js');

title: User:DeirdreAnne/common.js


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576

 * 1) PAINTING ##

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Paint me as I am. If you leave out the scars and wrinkles, I will not pay you a shilling. Cromwell—Remark to the Painter, Lely. | seealso = (See also {{sc|Fields, Goldsmith, La Rochefoucauld) Hard features every bungler can command: To draw true beauty shows a master's hand. Dryden—To Mr. Lee, on his Alexander. L. 53. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Painting | page = 576 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Pictures must not be too picturesque. Emerson—Essays. Of Art. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Painting | page = 576 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = "Paint me as I am," said Cromwell, "Rough with age and gashed with wars; Show my visage as you find it, Less than truth my soul abhors." James T. Fields—Ore. a Portrait of Cromwell. | seealso = (See also {{sc|Cromwell) A flattering painter, who made it his care To draw men as they ought to be, not as they are. | author = Goldsmith | work = Retaliation^ L. 63. | seealso = (See also {{sc|Cromwell) | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Painting | page = 576 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = 15 | text = The fellow mixes blood with his colors. Said by Guido Reni of Rubens. | seealso = (See also {{sc|Opte}}) | topic = Painting | page = 576 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = One picture in ten thousand, perhaps, ought to live in the applause of mankind, from generation to generation until the colors fade and blacken out of sight or the canvas rot entirely away. Hawthorne—Marble Faun. Bk. II. Ch. XII. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Painting | page = 576 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Well, something must be done for May, The time is drawing nigh— To figure in the Catalogue, And woo the public eye. Something I must invent and paint; But oh my wit is not Like one of those kind substantives That answer Who and What? Hood—The Painter Puzzled. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Painting | page = 576 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = 15 | text = Delphinum sylvis appingit, fluctibus aprum. He paints a dolphin in the woods, a boar in the waves. Horace—Ars Poetica. XXX. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Painting | page = 576 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = He that seeks popularity in art closes the door on his own genius: as he must needs paint for other minds, and not for his own. Mrs. Jameson—Memoirs and Essays. Washington Allston. ' Nequeo monstrare et sentio tantum. I only feel, but want the power to paint. Juvenal—Satires. VII. 56. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Painting | page = 576 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = The only good copies are those which exhibit the defects of bad originals. La Rochefoucauld—Maxims. No. 136. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Painting | page = 576 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = The picture that approaches sculpture nearest Is the best picture. I-ongfellow—Michael Angela. Pt. II. 4. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Painting | page = 576 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Vain is the hope by colouring to display The bright effulgence of the noontide ray Or paint the full-orb'd ruler of the skies With pencils dipt in dull terrestrial dyes. Mason—Fresnoy's Art of Painting. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Painting | page = 576 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = I mix them with my brains, sir. John Opie. Answer when asked with what he mixed his colors. See Samuel Smiles—Self Help. Chap. V. | seealso = (See also {{sc|Gumo Reni}}) | topic = Painting | page = 576 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = He best can paint them who shall feel them most. | author = Pope | work = Ehisa and Abelard. Last line. Lely on animated canvas stole The sleepy eye, that spoke the melting soul. | author = Pope | work = Second Book of Horace. Ep. I. L. 149. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Painting | page = 576 }}


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 PERCEPTION PERFUME

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = You write with ease, to show your breeding, But easy writing's curst hard reading. R. B. Sheridan—Clio's Protest. See Moore's Life of Sheridan. Vol. I. P. 55. The feather, whence the pen Was shaped that traced the lives of these good men, Dropped from an Angel's wing. Wordsworth—Ecclesiastical Sonnets. Pt. III. V. Walton's Book of Lives. | seealso = (See also {{sc|Berry) PEOPLE (See Public, The) PERCEPTION | seealso = (See also {{sc|Mind, Sight}}) | topic = | page = 593 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = As men of inward light are wont To turn their optics in upon't. Butler—Hudibras. Pt. III. Canto I. L. 481. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 593 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = He gives us the very quintessence of perception. Lowelij—My Study Window. Coleridge. PERFECTION Trifles make perfection, and perfection is no trifle. Michael Angelo. See C. C. Colton—Lacon. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 593 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = What's come to perfection perishes, Things learned on earth we shall practise in heaven; Works done least rapidly Art most cherishes. Robert Browning—Old Pictures in Florence. St. 17. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 593 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = 5 | text = The very pink of perfection. | author = Goldsmith | work = She Stoops to Conquer. Act I. Sc. 1. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 593 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Whoever thinks a faultless piece to see, Thinks what ne'er was, nor is, nor e'er shall be. | author = Pope | work = Essay on Criticism. Pt. II. L. 53., Whose dear perfection hearts that scorn'd to serve Humbly call'd mistress. All's Well That Ends Well. Act V. Sc. 3. L. 16. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 593 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = How many things by season season'd are To their right praise and true perfection! Merchant of Venice. Act V. Sc. 1. L. 107. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 593 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = It is the witness still of excellency To put a strange face on his own perfection. Much Ado About Nothing. Act II. Sc. 3. L. 48. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 593 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = A man cannot have an idea of perfection in another, which he was never sensible of in himself. Steele—The Tatler. No. 227. In this broad earth of ours, Amid the measureless grossness and the slag, Enclosed and safe within its central heart, Nestles the seed perfection. Walt Whitman—Song of the Universal. PERFUME In virtue, nothing earthly could surpass her, Save thine "incomparable oil," Macassar! | author = Byron | work = Don Juan. Canto I. St. 17. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 593 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = And the ripe harvest of the new-mown hay Gives it a sweet and wholesome odour. Colley Cibber—Richard III. {Altered.) Act V. Sc. 3. L. 44. | author =  | work =  | place =  | note =  | topic =  | page = 593 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = I cannot talk with civet in the room, A fine puss gentleman that's all perfume. | author = Cowper | work = Conversation. L. 283. Soft carpet-knights all scenting musk and amber. Du Bartas—Divine Weekes and Workes. Third Day. Pt. I. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 593 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = And ever since then, when the clock strikes two, She walks unbidden from room to room, And the air is filled that she passes through With a subtle, sad perfume. The delicate odor of mignonette, The ghost of a dead and gone bouquet, Is all that tells of her story—yet Could she think of a sweeter way? Bret Harte—Newport Legend. Quoted by Augustus Thomas in The Witching Hour. | seealso = (See also {{sc|Meredith}} under {{sc|Jasmine}}) | topic = | page = 593 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Look not for musk in a dog's kennel. | author = Herbert | work = Jacula Prudentum. A stream of rich distill'd perfumes. | author = Milton | work = Comus. 556. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 593 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Sabean odours from the spicy shore Of Arabie the blest. i | author = Milton | work = Paradise Lost. | place = Bk. IV. L. 162. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 593 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = An amber scent of odorous perfume Her harbinger. | author = Milton | work = Samson Agonistes. L. 720. And all your courtly civet cats can vent Perfume to you, to me is excrement. | author = Pope | work = Epilogue to the Satires. Dialogue II. L. 188. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 593 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = And all Arabia breathes from yonder box. | author = Pope | work = The Rape of the Lock. Canto I. L. 134. So perfumed that The winds were love-sick. Antony and Cleopatra. Act II. Sc. 2. L. 198. From the barge A strange invisible perfume hits the sense Of the adjacent wharfs. Antony and Cleopatra. Act II. Sc. 2. L. 216. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 593 }}


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PHEASANT

PHILADELPHIA


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 624 PRAISE PRAISE

 * 1) PRAISE ##


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) | topic = Prayer | page = 626 }}


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 PROVERBS PROVIDENCE

 * 1) PROVIDENCE ##


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 646 PRUDENCE PRUDENCE

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Commodius esse opinor duplici spe utier. I th i nk it better to have two strings to my bow. Terence—Phormio. IV. 2. 13. 28 | seealso = (See also {{sc|Butler) Try therefor before ye trust; look before ye leap. John Trapp—Commentary on I Peter. III. 17. Tracing the saving to St. Bernard. | seealso = (See also {{sc|ButLer, Parkeh)


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18 of travel. And he describes also how the scheme of the book originated, and how it was developed. 'I began by observing men, and I believed that in their infinite diversity of laws and manners they were not exclusively led by their fancies. I laid down general principles, and I saw particular cases yield to them naturally. I saw the histories of all nations appear as the consequence of these principles, and each particular law bound with another law, or proceed from one more general.... I often began and often dropped the work: I followed my object without forming a plan. I was conscious of neither rule nor exceptions: but when I had discovered my principles, everything that I sought came to me. In the course of twenty years I saw my work begin, grow, advance, and finish.'

What, then, are the principles which after so long and painful a search, Montesquieu ultimately found? In brief, they are these. The world is governed, not by chance, nor by blind fate, but by reason. Of this reason, the laws and institutions of different countries are the particular expressions. Each law, each institution, is conditioned by the form of government under which it exists, and which it helps to constitute, and by its relations to such facts as the physical peculiarities of the country, its climate, its soil, its situation, its size; the occupations and mode of life of the inhabitants, and the degree of liberty which the constitution can endure; the religion of the people, their inclinations, number, wealth, trade, manners and customs; and finally by its relations to other laws and institutions, to the object of the legislator, to the order of things in which it is established, It is the sum total of these relations that constitutes the spirit of a law. The relativity of

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 PROVERBS PROVERBS

PROVERBS AND POPULAR PHRASES (Alphabetically arranged)


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Rh


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656


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Rh is Montesquieu's central doctrine. There is no one best form of state or constitution: no law is good or bad in the abstract. Every law, civil and political, must be considered in its relations to the environment, and by the adaptation to that environment its excellence must be judged. If you wish to know and understand the spirit of a law, its essence, its true and inner meaning, that on which its vitality and efficiency depend, you must examine it in its relations to all its antecedents and to all its surroundings. This is the theme which Montesquieu tries to develop and illustrate in the course of his book.

He begins with the relations of laws to different forms of government. There are three kinds of government—republics, with their two varieties of democracy and aristocracy, monarchies, and despotisms. The threefold division is, of course, as old as Plato and Aristotle, but the mode of distribution is new, and is not easily to be defended on scientific grounds. But the historical explanation of the distribution is quite simple. Montesquieu was thinking of the three main types of government with which he was familiar through study or observation. By a republic he meant the city states of the Greek and Roman world, and also such modern city states as Venice and Genoa. Monarchy was the limited monarchy of the West, which still preserved traditions of constitutional checks, but which was, in most countries, tending to become absolute. Despotism was the unbridled, capricious rule of the eastern world.

Each form of government has its peculiar principle or mainspring. The principle or mainspring of democracy is virtue (by which he practically meant 'public

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634

PROBABILITY

PROCRASTINATION (See Time, To-morrow)

  (See also, )


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 PROGRESS PROGRESS

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = If you strike a thorn or rose, Keep a-goin'! If it hails or if it snows, Keep a-goin'! 'Tain't no use to sit and whine 'Cause the fish ain't on your line; Bait you hook an' keep on tryin', Keep a-goin'! Frank L. Stanton—Keep a-goin.'


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 636 PROMISES PROPHECY

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = We promise according to our hopes, and perform according to our fears. La Rochefoucauld—Maxims. No. 39. | seealso = (See also {{sc|Macbeth) Giants in Their promises, but those obtained, weak pigmies In their performance. | author = Massinger | work = Great Duke. Act II. Sc. 3. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 636 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Thy promises are like Adonis' gardens That one day bloomed and fruitful were the next. Henry VI. Pt.. Act I. Sc. 6. L. 6. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 636 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = His promises were, as he then was, mighty; But his performance, as he is now, nothing. Henry VIII. Act IV. Sc. 2. L. 41. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 636 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = And be these juggling fiends no more believ'd, That palter with us in a double sense: That keep the word of promise to our ear, And break it to our hope. Macbeth. Act V. Sc. 8. L. 19. | seealso = (See also {{sc|La Rochefoucauld}}) | topic = | page = 636 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = There buds the promise of celestial worth. Young—Tht Last Day. Bk. III. L. 317. PROOF You may prove anything by figures. Quoted by Carlyle—Chartism,. No. 2. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 636 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = You cannot demonstrate an emotion or prove an aspiration. John Morley—Rousseau. P. 402. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 636 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = For when one's proofs are aptly chosen, Four are as valid as four dozen. Prior—Alma. Canto I. End. Prove all things; hold fast that which is good. J Thessalonians. V. 21. PROPERTY (See Possession) PROPHECY Be thou the rainbow to the storms of life! The evening beam that smiles the clouds away, And tints to-morrow with prophetic ray! Byron—Bride qfAbydos. Canto H. St. 20. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 636 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Of all the horrid, hideous notes of woe, Sadder than owl-songs or the midnight blast; Is that portentous phrase, "I told you so." Byron—Don Juan. Canto XIV. St. 50. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 636 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = The prophet's mantle, ere his flight began, Dropt on the world—a sacred gift to man. Campbell—Pleasures of Hope. Pt. I. L. 43. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 636 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Bene qui conjiciet, vatem hunc perhibebo optimum. I shall always consider the best guesser the best prophet. Cicero—De Divinatione. II. 5. (Greek ' SP.) | seealso = (See also {{sc|Lowell, Walpole}}) | topic = | page = 636 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Ancestral voices prophesying war. Coleridge—hubla Khan. We know in part, and we prophesy in part. I Corinthians. XIII. 9. From hence, no question, has sprung an observation. . . confirmed now into a settled opinion, that some long experienced souls in the world, before their dislodging, arrive to the height of prophetic spirits. Erasmus—Praise of Folly. (Old translation.) | seealso = (See also {{sc|Milton}}) | topic = | page = 636 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Thy voice sounds like a prophet's word; And in its hollow tones are heard The thanks of millions yet to be. Fitz-Greene Halleck—Marco Bozzaris. Prophet of evil! never hadst thou yet A cheerful word for me. To mark the signs Of coming mischief is thy great delight, Good dost thou ne'er foretell nor bring to pass. Homer—Iliad. Bk. I. L. 138. | note = {{sc|Bryant}}'s trans. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 636 }}


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Rh

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = You know you haven't got a singing face. Rhodes—Bombastes Furioso. | seealso = (See also {{sc|Beaumont) Every night he comes With musics of all sorts and songs compos'd To her unworthiness: it nothing steads us To chide him from our eaves; for he persists As if his life lay on't. All's Well That Ends Well Act III. Sc. 7. L. 39, Thou hast by moonlight at her window sung With feigning voice verses of feigning love. Midsummer Night's Dream. Act I. Sc. 1. L. 30. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 713 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = O! she will sing the savageness out of a bear. Othelb. Act IV. Sc. 1. L. 200. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 713 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = His tongue is now a stringless instrument. Richard II. Act II. Sc. 1. L. 149. Nay, now you are too flat And mar the concord with too harsh a descant. Two Gentlemen of Verona. Act I. Sc. 2. L. 94. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 713 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = But one puritan amongst them, and he sings psalms to hornpipes. Winter's Tale. Act IV. Sc. 3. L. 46. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 713 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Sing again, with your dear voice revealing A tone Of some world far from ours, Where music and moonlight and feeling Are one. Shelley—To Jane. The Keen Stars were Twinkling. SKY (The) And they were canopied by the blue sky, So cloudless, clear, and purely beautiful, That God alone was to be seen in Heaven. | author = Byron | work = The Dream. St. 4. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 713 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = "Darkly, deeply, beautifully blue," As some one somewhere sings about the sky. | author = Byron | work = Don Juan. Canto IV. St. 110. | seealso = (See also {{sc|Southey}} under {{sc|Fish}}) | topic = | page = 713 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Arrestment, sudden really as a bolt out of the blue has hit strange victims. Carlyle—French Revolution. Vol. III. P. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 713 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = ' | seealso = (See also {{sc|Homer, Vergil}}) | topic = | page = 713 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = The mountain at a given distance In amber lies; Approached, the amber flits a little,— And that's the skies! | author = Emily Dickinson | work = Poems. XLX. Second Series. (Ed. 1891) | topic = | page = 713 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = How bravely Autumn paints upon the sky The gorgeous fame of Summer which is fled! Hood—Written in a Volume of Shakspeare. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 713 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Bolt from the blue. Horace—Ode. I. 34. | seealso = (See also {{sc|Carlyle}}) | topic = | page = 713 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = The sky is that beautiful old parchment in which the sun and the moon keep their diary. Alfred Kreymborg—Old Manuscript. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 713 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = When it is evening, ye say it will be fair weather: for the sky is red. Matthew. XVI. %


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 PATIENCE PATIENCE

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Oh seize the instant time: you never will With waters once passed by impel the mill. Trench—Poems. (Ed. 1865) P. 303. Proverbs, Turkish and Persian. | seealso = (See also {{sc|Doudney) Many a woman has a past; but I am told she has at least a dozen, and that they all fit. | author = Oscar Wilde | work = Lady Windermere's Fan. Act I. A Woman with a Past. Title of a Novel by Mrs. Berens. Pub. 1886. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Patience | page = 583 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Though nothing can bring back the hour Of splendour in the grass, of glory in the flower. Wordsworth—Ode. Intimations of Immortality. St. 10. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Patience | page = 583 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = For old, unhappy, far-off things, And battles long ago. Wordsworth—The Solitary Reaper. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Patience | page = 583 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = That awful independent on to-morrow! Whose work is done; who triumphs in the past; Whose yesterdays look backward with a smile Nor, like the Parthian, wound him as they fly. Young—Night Thoughts. Night II. L. 322. PATIENCE With strength and patience all his grievous loads are borne, And from the world's rose-bed he only asks a thorn. Wm. R. Alger—Oriental Poetry, Mussud's Praise of the Camel. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Patience | page = 583 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = I worked with patience which means almost power. E. B. Browning—Aurora Leigh. Bk. III. L.. 12 And I must bear What is ordained with patience, being aware Necessity doth front the universe With an invincible gesture. E. B. Browning—Prometheus Bound. But there are times when patience proves at fault. Robert Browning—Paracelsus. Sc. 3. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Patience | page = 583 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = There is however a limit at which forbearance ceases to be a virtue. Burke—Observations on a Late Publication on the Present State of the Nation. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Patience | page = 583 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Patience and shuffle the cards. | author = Cervantes | work = Don Quixote. | place = Pt. II. Bk. I. Ch. VI. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Patience | page = 583 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Thus with hir fader for a certeyn space Dwelleth this flour of wyfly pacience, That neither by hir wordes ne hir face Biforn the folk, ne eek in her absence, Ne shewed she that hir was doon offence. Chaucer—The Clerkes Tale. V. L. 13,254. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Patience | page = 583 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Patience is sorrow's salve. CsancBiisu—Prophecy of Famine. L. 363. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Patience | page = 583 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = His patient soul endures what Heav'n ordains, But neither feels nor fears ideal pains. Crabbe—The Borough. Letter XVII. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Patience | page = 583 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Patience is a necessary ingredient of genius. Benj. Disraeli—Contarini Fleming. Pt. r^. Ch. V. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Patience | page = 583 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = But the waiting time, my brothers, Is the hardest time of all. Sarah Doudney—Psalms of Life. The Hardest Time of All, The worst speak something good; if all want sense, God takes a text, and preacheth patience. | author = Herbert | work = The Church Porch. St. 72. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Patience | page = 583 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Durum! sed levius fit patientia Quicquid corrigere est nefas. It is hard! But what can not be removed, becomes lighter through patience. Horace—Carmina. I. 24. 19. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Patience | page = 583 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = For patience, sov'reign o'er transmuted ill. | author = Samuel Johnson | work = The Vanity of Human Wishes. L. 352. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Patience | page = 583 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Patience et longueur de temps. Font plus que force ni que rage. By time and toil we sever What strength and rage could never. La Fontaine—Fables. II. 11. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Patience | page = 583 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Rule by patience, Laughing Water! | author = Longfellow | work = Hiawatha. Pt. X. Hiawatha's Wooing. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Patience | page = 583 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Still achieving, still pursuing, Learn to labor and to wait. | author = Longfellow | work = A Psalm of Life. St. 9. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Patience | page = 583 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = All things come round to him who will but wait. | author = Longfellow | work = Tales of a Wayside Inn. The Student's Tale. Pt. I. | seealso = (See also {{sc|Milton}} under {{sc|Service}})


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 POETRY POETRY

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = We hold that the most wonderful and splendid proof of genius is a great poem produced in a civilized age. Macaulay—On Milton. (1825)


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POTOMAC (River)

POTTERY


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 POVERTY POVERTY


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POWER

Give me a lever long enough And a prop strong enough, I can single handed move the world. Archimedes. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Power | page = 622 }}


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 618 POST POSTERITY

) | topic = | page = 618 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Thoubringest * * * | author = Tennyson | work = In Memoriam. Pt. X. M POSTERITY | seealso = (See also {{sc|Ancestry) Think of your forefathers! Think of your posterity! John Q. Adams—Speech at Plymouth. Dec. 22, 1802. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 618 }}
 * * * letters unto trembling hands.

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Herself the solitary scion left Of a time-honour'd race. Byron—The Dream. St. 2. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 618 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = He thinks posterity is a pack-horse, always ready to be loaded. Benj. Disraeli—Speech. June 3, 1862. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 618 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Posterity is a most limited assembly. Those gentlemen who reach posterity are not much more numerous than the planets. Benj. Disraeli—Speech. June 3, 1862. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 618 }}


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REFORM; REFORMATION


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678

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Utinam populus Romanus unam cervicem haberet! Would that the Roman people had but one neck! Suetonius. In Life of Caligula ascribes it to Caligula. Seneca and Dion Cassius credit it to the same. Ascribed to Nero by others.

ROSE Rosa

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = She wore a wreath of roses, The night that first we met. Thos. Haynes Bayly—She Wore a Wreath of Roses. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Rose | page = 678 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = The rose that all are praising Is not the rose for me. Thos. Haynes Bayly—The Rose That all are

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Go pretty rose, go to my fair, Go tell her all I fain would dare, Tell her of hope; tell her of spring, Tell her of all I fain would sing, Oh! were I like thee, so fair a tiding. Mike Beverly—Go Pretty Rose. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Rose | page = 678 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Thus to the Rose, the Thistle: Why art thou not of thistle-breed? Of use thou'dst, then, be truly, For asses might upon thee feed. F. N. Bodenstedt—The Rose and Thistle. Trans, from the German by Frederick Ricord. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Rose | page = 678 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = The full-blown rose, mid dewy sweets Most perfect dies. Maria Brooks—Written on Seeing Pharamond. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Rose | page = 678 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = This guelder rose, at far too slight a beck Of the wind, will toss about her flower-apples. E. B. Browning—Aurora Leigh. Bk. II. | note = | topic = Rose | page = 678 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = O rose, who dares to name thee? No longer roseate now, nor soft, nor sweet, But pale, and hard, and dry, as stubblewheat,— Kept seven years in a drawer, thy titles shame thee. E. B. Browning—A Dead Rose. | note = | topic = Rose | page = 678 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = 'Twas a yellow rose, By that south window of the little house, My cousin Romney gathered with his hand On all my birthdays, for me, save the last; And then I shook the tree too rough, too rough, For roses to stay after. E. B. Browning—Aurora Leigh. Bk. VI. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Rose | page = 678 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = And thus, what can we do, Poor rose and poet too, Who both antedate our mission In an unprepared season? E. B. Browning—A Lay of the Early Rose. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Rose | page = 678 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = "For if I wait," said she, "Till time for roses be,— For the moss-rose and the musk-rose, Maiden-blush and royal-dusk rose,— "What glory then for me In such a company?— Roses plenty, roses plenty And one nightingale for twenty?" E. B. Browning—A Lay of Che Early Rose. | author =  | work =  | place =  | note =  | topic = Rose | page = 678 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Red as a rose of Harpocrate. E. B. Browning—Isobel's Child. | seealso = (See also {{sc|Burmann}} under {{sc|Secrecy}}) | topic = Rose | page = 678 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = You smell a rose through a fence: If two should smell it, what matter? E. B. Browning—Lord Walter's Wife. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Rose | page = 678 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = A white rosebud for a guerdon. E. B. Browning—Romance of the Svmn'sN est. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Rose | page = 678 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = All June I bound the rose in sheaves, Now, rose by rose, I strip the leaves. Robert Browning—One Way of Love. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Rose | page = 678 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Loveliest of lovely things are they On earth that soonest pass away. The rose that lives its little hour Is prized beyond the sculptured flower. Bryant—A Scene on Ike Banks of the Hudson. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Rose | page = 678 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = I'll pu' the budding rose, when Phoebus peeps in view, For its like a baumy kiss o'er her sweet bonnie mou'! Burns—The Posie. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Rose | page = 678 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Yon rose-buds in the morning dew, How pure amang the leaves sae green! Burns—To Chforis. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Rose | page = 678 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = When love came first to earth, the Spring Spread rose-beds to receive him. Campbell—Song. When Love Came First to Earth. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Rose | page = 678 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Roses were sette of swete savour, With many roses that thei bere. Chaucer—The Romaunt of the Rose. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Rose | page = 678 }}


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 REGRET RELIGION REGRET


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 ROSE ) | topic = Rose | page = 679 }}


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712


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664

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = [Lord Shaftesbury said] "All wise men are of the same religion." Whereupon a lady in the room. . . demanded what that religion was. To whom Lord Shaftesbury straight replied, "Madam, wise men never tell." Lord Shaftesbury (Said by first and third Earl).. John Toiand—Cltdophorus. Ch. XIH. Attributed to Samuel Rogers by Froude—Short Studies on Great Subjects. Plea for the Free Discussion of Theological Difficulties. Attributed also to Franklin. | seealso = (See also {{sc|Burnet) I always thought It was both impious and unnatural That such immanity and bloody strife Should reign among professors of one faith. Henry VI. Pt. I. Act V. Sc. 1. L. 11. In religion, What damned error, but some sober brow Will bless it and approve it with a text. Merchant of Venice. Act III. Sc. 2. L. 77. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Religion | page = 664 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = The moon of Mahomet Arose, and it shall set: While, blazoned as on heaven's immortal noon, The cross leads generations on. Shelley—Hellas. L. 237. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Religion | page = 664 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = A religious life is a struggle and not a hymn. | author = Madame de Staël | work = Corinne. | place = Bk. X. Ch. V. | topic = Religion | page = 664 }}


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{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Non tihi illud apparere si sumas potest. If you spend a thing you can not have it. Plautus—Trinummus. II. 4. 12. | seealso = (See also {{sc|Herbert) Nihil enim seque gratum est adeptis, quam concupiscentibus. An object in possession seldom retains the same charms which it had when it was longed for. Pliny the Younger—Epistles. II. 15. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Possession | page = 616 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = La propriety, c'est le vol. Property, it is theft. Prud'hon—Principle of Right. Ch. I. Attributed to Fournier by Louis Blanc— Organization du Travail. | seealso = (See also {{sc|Brissot}}) | topic = Possession | page = 616 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = The goods we spend we keep; and what we save We lose; and only what we lose we have. Quarles—Divine Fancies. Bk. IV. Art. 70. Early instances of same in Seneca—De Beneficiis. LVI. Ch. III. Gesta Romanorum. Ch. XVI. Ed. 1872. P. 300. Jeremy Taylor. Note to Holy Dying. Ch. II. Sec. XIII. Vol. III. of Works. C. P. Eden's ed. | seealso = (See also {{sc|Martial}}, also {{sc|Courtenay}} under {{sc|Epitaphs, Miller}} under {{sc|Gifts}}) | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Possession | page = 616 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Ich heisse Der reichste Mann in der getauften Welt; Die Sonne geht in meinem Staat nicht unter. | trans = I am called the richest man in Christendom. The sun never sets on my dominions. | author = Schiller | work = Don Carlos. | place = I. 6. 60. | seealso = (See also {{sc|Gage}}) | topic = Possession | page = 616 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = The king of Spain is a great potentate, who stands with one foot in the east and the other in the west; and the sun never sets that it does not shine on some of his dominions. | author =Balthasar Schuppius | work = Abgenotigte Ehrenrettung. | note = (1660) | seealso = (See also {{sc|Gage}}) | topic = Possession | page = 616 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = The sun never sets on the immense empire of Charles V. | author = Scott | work = Life of Napoleon. | place = Ch. LIX. | seealso = (See also {{sc|Gage}}) | topic = Possession | page = 616 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = 17 | text = That what we have we prize not to the worth Whiles we enjoy it, but being lack'd and lost, Why, then we rack the value, then we find The virtue that possession would not show us While it was ours. | author = | work = Much Ado About Nothing. | place = Act IV. Sc. 1. L. 220. | topic = Possession | page = 616 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = 18 | text = I ne'er could any lustre see In eyes that would not look on me; I ne'er saw nectar on a lip But where my own did hope to sip. | author = R. B. Sheridan | work = Duenna. Air. | place = Act I. Sc. 2. | topic = Possession | page = 616 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = 19 | text = Why should the brave Spanish soldiers brag? The sunne never sets in the Spanish dominions, but ever shineth on one part or other we have conquered for our king. | author = Captain John Smith | work = Advertisements for the Unexperienced, etc. | note = Mass. Hist. Soc. Coll. Third Series. Vol. III. P. 49. | seealso = (See also {{sc|Gage}}) | topic = Possession | page = 616 }}


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) | topic = | page = 617 }}


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Rh

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = There will we make our peds of roses, And a thousand fragrant posies. Merry Wives of Windsor. Act III. Sc. 1. L. 19. Song. | seealso = (See also {{sc|Marlowe) ROSE Hoary-headed frosts Fall in the fresh lap of the crimson rose. Midsummer Night's Dream. Act II. Sc. 1. L. 107. The red rose on triumphant brier. Midsummer Night's Dream. Act III. L. 96. Sc. 1. And the rose like a nymph to the bath addrest, Which unveiled the depth of her glowing breast, Till, fold after fold, to the fainting air, The soul of her beauty and love lay bare. Shelley—The Sensitive Plant. Pt. I. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Rose | page = 681 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Should this fair rose offend thy sight, Placed in i hy bosom bare, 'Twill blush to find itself less white, And turn Lancastrian-there. James Somerville—The White Rose. Other versions of traditional origin. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Rose | page = 681 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = 15 | text = I am the one rich thing that morn Leaves for the ardent noon to win; Grasp me not, I have a thorn, But bend and take my being in. Harriet Prescott Spofford—Flower Songs. The Rose. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Rose | page = 681 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = It was nothing but a rose I gave her,— Nothing but a rose Any wind might rob of half its savor, Any wind that blows. Withered, faded, pressed between these pages, Crumpled, fold on fold,— Once it lay upon her breast, and ages Cannot make it old! Harriet Prescott Spofford—A Sigh. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Rose | page = 681 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = The year of the rose is brief; From the first blade blown to the sheaf, From the thin green leaf to the gold, It has time to be sweet and grow old, To triumph and leave not a leaf. Swinburne—The Year of the Rose. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Rose | page = 681 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = And half in shade and half in sun; The Rose sat in her bower, With a passionate thrill in her crimson heart. Bayard Taylor—Poems of the Orient. The Poet in the East. St. 5. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Rose | page = 681 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = And is there any moral shut Within the bosom of the rose? | author = Tennyson | work = The Day-Dream. Moral. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Rose | page = 681 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = The fairest things have fleetest end: Their scent survives their close, But the rose's scent is bitterness To him that loved the rose! Francis Thompson—Daisy. St. 10. I saw the rose-grove blushing in pride, I gathered the blushing rose—and sigh'd— I come from the rose-grove, mother, I come from the grove of roses. Gil Vicente—/ Come from the Rose-grove, Mother. Trans, by John Bowring. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Rose | page = 681 }}


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ROSE, MUSK Rosa Moschata

ROSE, SWEETBRIER (Eglantine), Rosa Rubiginosa

ROSE, WILD Rosa Lucirta

ROSEMARY Rosmarinus

ROYALTY


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 ROYALTY ROYALTY

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Es war ein Konig in Tule Gar treu bis an das Grab, Dem sterbend seine Buhle


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20 spirit'), of aristocracy moderation, of monarchy honour, of despotism fear. These are the principles which must be borne in mind in framing laws for each state. Having exhausted this branch of the subject, he goes on to consider laws in their relation to the military force, political liberty, taxation, church, soil, manners and customs, commerce, finance, religion. It is under the heading of political liberty that are to be found the first of the two famous chapters on the English constitution, and the famous arguments on the necessity for separating the three powers, legislative, executive and judicial.

Nothing is further from my purpose than to enter on a detailed analysis of the Spirit of Laws. Indeed, there are few books which it is less profitable to analyse. The spirit evaporates in the process. The value of the book consists, not in the general scheme of arrangement and argument, which is open to much criticism, but in the subtle observations and suggestions, the profound and brilliant reflections, with which it abounds. And the questions which are of most interest to us are, first, What was the cause of the rapid and enormous influence which the book exercised on political thought in all parts of the civilized world? and, secondly, What was the nature and what were the main effects of that influence?

But before passing to these questions I should like to touch on one or two points which must be borne in mind by all who read Montesquieu.

In the first place he was an aristocrat, a member of a privileged, exclusive, and fastidious class. He was no upstart of genius like Voltaire, who could be insulted with impunity by a sprig of nobility. He belonged

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