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 regard to the measure should be without acceleration, and if we had to judge only by what we observed in the spot where we were and which was falling itself, then we should get the impression that there was no gravitation at all. If the measure goes down with an acceleration equal to a half or a third of what it just was, then the relative motion of the body will, of course, be accelerated, but we should find the increase in velocity per second one-half or two-thirds of 981. If, finally, we let the measure rise with a uniformly accelerated movement, then we shall find a greater acceleration than 981 for the body itself.

Thus we see that we, also when the measure is not attached to the earth, disregarding its displacement,

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 may describe the motion of the body in respect to the measure always in the same way — i.e., as one uniformly accelerated, as we ascribe now and again a fixed value to the acceleration of the sphere of gravitation, in a particular case the value of zero.

Of course, in the case here under consideration the use of a measure fixed immovably upon the earth should merit all recommendation. But in the spaces of the solar system we have, now that we have abandoned the ether, no such support. We can no longer establish a system of co-ordinates, like the one just mentioned, in a universal intermediate matter, and if we were to arrive in one way or another at a definite system of lines crossing each

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

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 other in three directions, then we should be able to use just as well another similar system that in respect to the first moves this or that way. We should also be able to remodel the system of co-ordinates in all kinds of ways, for example by extension or compression. That in all these cases for fixed bodies that do not participate in the movement or the remodelling of the system other co-ordinates will be read off again and again is clear.

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What way Einstein had to follow is now apparent. He must — this hardly needs to be said — in calculating definite, particular cases make use of a chosen system of co-ordinates, but as he had no means of limiting his choice beforehand and in general, he had to reserve full liberty of action in this respect. Therefore he made it his aim so to arrange the theory that, no matter how the choice was made, the phenomena of gravitation, so far as its effects and its stimulation by the attracting bodies are concerned, may always be described in the same way

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 — i.e., through comparisons of the same general form, as we again and again give certain values to the numbers that mark the sphere of gravitation. (For the sake of simplification I here disregard the fact that Einstein desires that also the way in which time is measured and represented by figures shall have no influence upon the central value of the comparisons.)

Whether this aim could be attained was a question of mathematical inquiry. It really was attained, remarkably enough, and, we may say, to the surprise of Einstein himself, although at the cost of considerable simplicity in the mathematical form; it appeared necessary for the fixation of the field of gravitation in one or the other point in

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 space to introduce no fewer than ten quantities in the place of the one that occurred in the example mentioned above.

In this connection it is of importance to note that when we exclude certain possibilities that would give rise to still greater intricacy, the form of comparison used by Einstein to present the theory is the only possible one; the principle of the freedom of choice in co-ordinates was the only one by which he needed to allow himself to be guided. Although thus there was no special effort made to reach a connection with the theory of Newton, it was evident, fortunately, at the end of the experiment that the connection existed. If we avail ourselves of the simplifying circumstance that

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 the velocities of the heavenly bodies are slight in comparison with that of light, then we can deduce the theory of Newton from the new theory, the "universal" relativity theory, as it is called by Einstein. Thus all the conclusions based upon the Newtonian theory hold good, as must naturally be required. But now we have got further along. The Newtonian theory can no longer be regarded as absolutely correct in all cases; there are slight deviations from it, which, although as a rule unnoticeable, once in a while fall within the range of observation.

Now, there was a difficulty in the movement of the planet Mercury which could not be solved. Even after all the disturbances

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 caused by the attraction of other planets had been taken into account, there remained an inexplicable phenomenon — i.e., an extremely slow turning of the ellipsis described by Mercury on its own plane; Leverrier had found that it amounted to forty-three seconds a century. Einstein found that, according to his formulas, this movement must really amount to just that much. Thus with a single blow he solved one of the greatest puzzles of astronomy.

Still more remarkable, because it has a bearing upon a phenomenon which formerly could not be imagined, is the confirmation of Einstein's prediction regarding the influence of gravitation upon the

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 course of the rays of light. That such an influence must exist is taught by a simple examination; we have only to turn back for a moment to the following comparison in which we were just imagining ourselves to make our observations. It was noted that when the compartment is falling with the acceleration of 981 the phenomena therein will occur just as if there were no attraction of gravitation. We can then see an object, A, stand still somewhere in open space. A projectile, B, can travel with constant speed along a horizontal line, without varying from it in the slightest.

A ray of light can do the same; everybody will admit that in each case, if there is no gravitation, light

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 will certainly extend itself in a rectilinear way. If we limit the light to a flicker of the slightest duration, so that only a little bit, C, of a ray of light arises, or if we fix our attention upon a single vibration of light, C, while we on the other hand give to the projectile, B, a speed equal to that of light, then we can conclude that B and C in their continued motion can always remain next to each other. Now if we watch all this, not from the movable compartment, but from a place on the earth, then we shall note the usual falling movement of object A, which shows us that we have to deal with a sphere of gravitation. The projectile B will, in a bent path, vary more and more from a horizontal straight line, and the light

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 will do the same, because if we observe the movements from another standpoint this can have no effect upon the remaining next to each other of B and C.

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The bending of a ray of light thus described is much too light on the surface of the earth to be observed. But the attraction of gravitation exercised by the sun on its surface is, because of its great mass, more than twenty-seven times stronger, and a ray of light that goes close by the superficies of the sun must surely be noticeably bent. The rays of a star that are seen at a short distance from the edge of the sun will, going along the sun, deviate so much from the original direction that they strike the eye of an observer as if they came in a straight line from a point somewhat further removed than the real position of the star from the sun. It is at that point that we

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Rh her gay owner invited her to do. When we came up within shouting distance of the general, I cried out, in what I meant to seem like playful menace; but he had taken in the situation, and seeing that Polly was to be trusted, he mischievously laughed back at me and flew over the country. Finally we neared our little cabin, and my last fear came upon me. Mary had spread the clothes-line far and wide; it was at the rear of the house, but my escort saw no door, and Polly soon wound us hopelessly up in the line and two weeks' washing, while she quietly tried to kick her way through the packing-boxes and wood-piles! Mary and Ham extricated me, and started the old nag on the road homeward, and I waved a relieved good-bye to the retreating carriage.

Only such impossible wives as one reads of in Sunday-school books would have lost the opportunity for a few wrathful words. I was not dangerous, though, and the peals of laughter from my husband, as he described my wild eyes peering out from the side of the carriage, soon put me into a good-humor. Next day I was called to the steps, and found that Polly's owner had discovered that we had a door. He said an off-hand "How d'ye?" and presented a peace-offering, adding, "My wife tells me that I was hardly in a condition to deliver a temperance lecture yesterday. As what she says is always true, I bring my apologies." Ham carried in the hamper, and though I urged our guest to remain, he did not seem quite at ease and drove away.

While we were at Yankton, something happened that

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 think we see the star; so here is a seeming displacement from the sun, which increases in the measure in which the star is observed closer to the sun. The Einstein theory teaches that the displacement is in inverse proportion to the apparent distance of the star from the centre of the sun, and that for a star just on its edge it will amount to 1'.75 (1.75 seconds). This is approximately the thousandth part of the apparent diameter of the sun.

Naturally, the phenomenon can only be observed when there is a total eclipse of the sun; then one can take photographs of neighboring stars and through comparing the plate with a picture of the same part of the heavens taken at a time when the sun was far removed from

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 that point the sought-for movement to one side may become apparent.

Thus to put the Einstein theory to the test was the principal aim of the English expeditions sent out to observe the eclipse of May 29, one to Prince's Island, off the coast of Guinea, and the other to Sobral, Brazil. The first-named expedition's observers were Eddington and Cottingham, those of the second, Crommelin and Davidson. The conditions were especially favorable, for a very large number of bright stars were shown on the photographic plate; the observers at Sobral being particularly lucky in having good weather.

The total eclipse lasted five minutes, during four of which it was perfectly clear, so that good photo-

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 graphs could be taken. In the report issued regarding the results the following figures, which are the average of the measurements made from the seven plates, are given for the displacements of seven stars:

1".02, 0".92, 0".84, 0".58, 0".54, 0".36, 0".24, whereas, according to the theory, the displacements should have amounted to: 0".88, 0".80, 0".75, 0".40, 0".52, 0".33, 0".20.

If we consider that, according to the theory the displacements must be in inverse ratio to the distance from the centre of the sun, then we may deduce from each observed displacement how great the sideways movement for a star at the edge of the sun should have been. As the most probable result, therefore, the number 1".98 was found from all

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 the observations together. As the last of the displacements given above — i.e., 0".24 is about one-eighth of this, we may say that the influence of the attraction of the sun upon light made itself felt upon the ray at a distance eight times removed from its centre.

The displacements calculated according to the theory are, just because of the way in which they are calculated, in inverse proportion to the distance to the centre. Now that the observed deviations also accord with the same rule, it follows that they are surely proportionate with the calculated displacements. The proportion of the first and the last observed sidewise movements is 4.2, and that of the two most extreme of the calculated numbers is 4.4.

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 This result is of importance, because thereby the theory is excluded, or at least made extremely improbable, that the phenomenon of refraction is to be ascribed to a ring of vapor surrounding the sun for a great distance. Indeed, such a refraction should cause a deviation in the observed direction, and, in order to produce the displacement of one of the stars under observation itself a slight proximity of the vapor ring should be sufficient, but we have every reason to expect that if it were merely a question of a mass of gas around the sun the diminishing effect accompanying a removal from the sun should manifest itself much faster than is really the case. We cannot speak with perfect certainty here, as all the factors that

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 might be of influence upon the distribution of density in a sun atmosphere are not well enough known, but we can surely demonstrate that in case one of the gasses with which we are acquainted were held in equilibrium solely by the influence of attraction of the sun the phenomenon should become much less as soon as we got somewhat further from the edge of the sun. If the displacement of the first star, which amounts to 1.02-seconds were to be ascribed to such a mass of gas, then the displacement of the second must already be entirely inappreciable.

So far as the absolute extent of the displacements is concerned, it was found somewhat too great, as has been shown by the figures given

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36 filled us with wonder. The Indians from the reservation near brought in reports that came through other tribes of the Modoc disasters. It was a marvel to the general to find that at that distance north news could come to us through Indian runners in advance of that we received by the telegraph.

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 above; it also appears from the final result to be 1.98 for the edge of the sun — i.e., 13 per cent, greater than the theoretical value of 1.75. It indeed seems that the discrepancies may be ascribed to faults in observations, which supposition is supported by the fact that the observations at Prince's Island, which, it is true, did not turn out quite as well as those mentioned above, gave the result, of 1.64, somewhat lower than Einstein's figure.

(The observations made with a second instrument at Sobral gave a result of 0.93, but the observers are of the opinion that because of the shifting of the mirror which reflected the rays no value is to be attached to it.)

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During a discussion of the results obtained at a joint meeting of the Royal Society and the Royal Astronomical Society held especially for that purpose recently in London, it was the general opinion that Einstein's prediction might be regarded as justified, and warm tributes to his genius were made on all sides. Nevertheless, I cannot refrain, while I am mentioning it, from expressing my surprise that, according to the report in The Times, there should be so much complaint about the difficulty of understanding the new theory. It is evident that Einstein's little book

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 "About the Special and the General Theory of Relativity in Plain Terms," did not find its way into England during wartime. Any one reading it will, in my opinion, come to the conclusion that the basic ideas of the theory are really clear and simple; it is only to be regretted that it was impossible to avoid clothing them in pretty involved mathematical terms, but we must not worry about that.

I allow myself to add that, as we follow Einstein, we may retain much of what has been formerly gained. The Newtonian theory remains in its full value as the first great step, without which one cannot imagine the development of astronomy and without which the second step, that has now been made,

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 would hardly have been possible. It remains, moreover, as the first, and in most cases, sufficient, approximation. It is true that, according to Einstein's theory, because it leaves us entirely free as to the way in which we wish to represent the phenomena, we can imagine an idea of the solar system in which the planets follow paths of peculiar form and the rays of light shine along sharply bent lines — think of a twisted and distorted planetarium — but in every case where we apply it to concrete questions we shall so arrange it that the planets describe almost exact ellipses and the rays of light almost straight lines.

It is not necessary to give up entirely even the ether. Many natural philosophers find satisfaction in the

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 idea of a material intermediate substance in which the vibrations of light take place, and they will very probably be all the more inclined to imagine such a medium when they learn that, according to the Einstein theory, gravitation itself does not spread instantaneously, but with a velocity that at the first estimate may be compared with that of light. Especially in former years were such interpretations current and repeated attempts were made by speculations about the nature of the ether and about the mutations and movements that might take place in it to arrive at a clear presentation of electro-magnetic phenomena, and also of the functioning of gravitation. In my opinion it is not impossible that in the future

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 this road, indeed abandoned at present, will once more be followed with good results, if only because it can lead to the thinking out of new experimental tests. Einstein's theory need not keep us from so doing; only the ideas about the ether must accord with it.

Nevertheless, even without the color and clearness that the ether theories and the other models may be able to give, and even, we can feel it this way, just because of the soberness induced by their absence, Einstein's work, we may now positively expect, will remain a monument of science; his theory entirely fulfills the first and principal demand that we may make, that of deducing the course of phenomena from certain principles exactly and

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 to the smallest details. It was certainly fortunate that he himself put the ether in the background; if he had not done so, he probably would never have come upon the idea that has been the foundation of all his examinations.

Thanks to his indefatigable exertions and perseverance, for he had great difficulties to overcome in his attempts, Einstein has attained the results, which I have tried to sketch, while still young; he is now 45 years old. He completed his first investigations in Switzerland, where he first was engaged in the Patent Bureau at Berne and later as a professor at the Polytechnic in Zurich. After having been a professor for a short time at the University of Prague, he settled in Berlin, where

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 the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute afforded him the opportunity to devote himself exclusively to his scientific work. He repeatedly visited our country and made his Netherland colleagues, among whom he counts many good friends, partners in his studies and his results. He attended the last meeting of the department of natural philosophy of the Royal Academy of Sciences, and the members then had the privilege of hearing him explain, in his own fascinating, clear and simple way, his interpretations of the fundamental questions to which his theory gives rise.

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Rh CHAPTER IV.

CAVALRY ON THE MARCH. the day came for us to begin our march, the sun shone and the towns-people wished us good-luck with their good-bye.

The length of each day's march varied according to the streams on which we relied for water, or the arrival of the boat. The steamer that carried the forage for the horses and the supplies for the command was tied up to the river-bank every night, as near to us as was possible. The laundresses and ladies of the regiment were on board, except the general's sister, Margaret, who made her first march with her husband, riding all the way on horseback. As usual, I rode beside the general. Our first few days were pleasant, and we began at once to enjoy the plover. The land was so covered with them that the hunters shot them with all sorts of arms. We counted eighty birds in the gunny-sack that three of the soldiers brought in. Fortunately there were several shot-guns in the possession of our family, and the little things, therefore, were not torn to pieces, but could be broiled over the coals of the camp-fire. They were so plump that their legs were like tiny points coming from beneath the rounded outline that swept the grass as they walked. No butter was needed in cooking them, for

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ELVERTON is a corruption of Elford-town. The mansion near the station was formerly a seat of the Elfords of Sheeps Tor. The family is now extinct, at least in the neighbourhood where at one time it was of dignity and well estated. Yelverton is itself a mere collection of villa residences of Plymouth men of business, but it forms a convenient point of departure for many interesting expeditions.

The principal residence of the Elfords was at Longstone, in Sheeps Tor, where the old house remains little altered, and where the windstrew should be seen, a granite platform, raised above the field, on which thrashing could be carried on by the aid of the winds that carried away the chaff.

The tor which gives its name to the village and parish stands by itself, and rises to about 1,200 feet.

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Rh It is a picturesque hill, and only needs the addition of another couple of hundred put to its elevation to make it perfect.

The basin below the village was anciently a lake, the water being retained by a barrier of rock where stands now the dam for the reservoir. This, in time, was silted up to the depth of ninety feet, and now the Plymouth Corporation, by the construction of a fine and eminently picturesque barrier across the narrow gorge through which the Meavy flows, have reconverted this basin into a lake.

Near the summit of the tor is the Pixy Cave, in which Squire Elford remained concealed whilst the Roundheads searched Longstone for him. Some faithful tenants in the village kept him supplied with food till pursuit was at an end. The Elfords inherited Longstone from the Scudamores at the close of the fifteenth century. The parish was then called Shettes Tor, from the Celtic syth, steep; but the name has been altered in this or last century. The last Elford of Sheeps Tor was John, who married Admonition Prideaux, and died without issue in 1748, his six children having predeceased him. A side branch of the family—to which, however, Sheeps Tor did not fall—produced Sir William Elford, Bart, of Bickham, but he died in 1837, without male issue, and the title became extinct. His monument is in Totnes church.

A man named Cole, working at the granite quarries at Merrivale Bridge, a few years ago sang me a song concerning a doe that escaped from Elford Park, which was probably situated where is now Yelverton.

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222

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Rh I am a little puzzled as to whether the dry sarcasm in this song is intentional. The melody is peculiarly sweet and plaintive. When a royal duke hunted last on Dartmoor I have been unable to ascertain.

The red deer were anciently common on Dartmoor. It was not till King John's reign that Devon was disafforested, with the exception of Dartmoor and Exmoor. But the deer were mischievous to the crops of the farmer, and to the young plantations, and farmers, yeomen, and squires combined to get rid of them from Dartmoor. Still, however, occasionally one runs from Exmoor and takes refuge in the woods about the Dart, the Plym, and the Tavy.

But it is for fox, hare, and otter hunting that the sportsman goes to Dartmoor, and not for the deer. A very pretty sight it is to see a pack with the scarlet coats after it sweeping over the moorside in pursuit of Reynard, and to hear the music of the hounds and horns.

For the harriers the great week is that after hare-hunting is at an end in the lowlands or "in-country." Then the several packs that have hunted through the season on the circumference of the moor unite on it, and take turns through the week on the moor itself. The great day of that week is Bellever Day, when the meet is on the tor of that name. I have described it in my Book of the West, and will not repeat what has been already related. But I will venture to quote an account of otter-hunting on the Dart from the pen of Mr. William Collier, than whom no one

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— billinghurst  sDrewth  11:31, 17 December 2010 (UTC)

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224 has been more of an enthusiast for sport on the moor.

"The West Dart is the perfection of a Dartmoor river, flowing bright and rapid over a bed of granite boulders richly covered with moss and lichen, its banks bedecked with ferns and wild flowers of the moor, and fringed with the bog-myrtle and withy.

"Water holds scent well, and the whiff so fragrant to the nose of the hound rises to the surface and floats down stream, calling forth his musical chant of praise. For this reason otter-hunters draw up stream, and before the lair of the otter is reached the welkin rings with the music of the pack. The otter has left his trail on the banks, and on the stones where he has landed when fishing, his spoor can be seen freshly printed on a sandy nook, and he is very likely to be found in a well-known and remarkably safe holt, as they call it in the West, about half a mile above Dart Meet, which he shares at times with foxes, though his access to it is under water, and theirs, of course, above. If he were but wise enough to stay there he might defy his legitimate enemies to do their worst. But he knows not man or his little ways, and he has heard the unwonted strain of the hounds as they have been crying over his footsteps hard by. They mark him in his retreat, and the whole pack proclaim that he is in the otter's parlour, the strongest place on the river. It is in a large rock hanging over a deep, dark pool, in a corner made by a turn in the river, with an old battered oak tree growing somehow from the midst, and backed by a confused jumble of granite blocks. The artist and the fisherman both admire this spot, though for totally different reasons, but the hunter likes it not, for he knows too well that if he runs the fox or the otter here his sport is over. A fox or an otter if run here is likely to

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Rh stay; he has experienced the dangers and wickedness of the world at large; but if found here in his quiet and repose he takes alarm at the unusual turmoil, and incontinently bolts. The otter is known to have a way in under water, where no terrier can go, and he is so far safer than the fox. The most arduous otter-hunters, therefore, when the hounds mark, plunge up to their necks in the water to frighten him out with their otter-poles. He has long known the Dart as a quiet, peaceable, happy hunting-ground; and he makes the fatal mistake of bolting, little recking what a harrying awaits him for the next four hours. There immediately arises a yell of 'Hoo-gaze!' the view halloo of the otter-hunter, probably an older English hunting halloo than 'Tally ho!' and the din of the hounds and terriers, the human scream, and the horn, like Bedlam broken loose, which he hears behind him, make him hurry up-stream as best he may. The master of the hounds, if he knows his business, will now call for silence, and, taking out his watch, will give the otter what he calls a quarter of an hour's law. It is wonderful how fond sportsmen are of law; perhaps there is an affinity between prosecuting a case and pursuing a chase. He wants the otter to go well away from his parlour, and his object for the rest of the day will be to keep him out of it. If he is a real good sporting otter-hunter he will tell his field that he wants his hounds to kill the otter without assistance from them; for in the West of England the vice of mobbing the otter is too common, with half the field in the water, hooting, yelling, poking with otter-poles, mixing the wrong scent (their own) with the right, making the water muddy, and turning the river into a brawling brook with a vengeance. The true otter-hunter only wants his huntsman and whip, and perhaps a very knowing and trustworthy friend, besides himself, to help in hunting the otter with

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226 his hounds, and not with men. The master gives the chase a good quarter of an hour by the clock; and, leaving the unearthly, or perhaps too earthly sounds behind him, the otter makes up-stream as fast as he can go. It is surprising how far an otter can get in the time, but fear lends speed to his feet. Then begins the prettiest part of the sport. The hounds are laid on, they dash into the river, and instantly open in full cry. The water teems with the scent of the otter; but the deep pools, rapid stickles, and rocky boulders over which the river foams hinder the pace. There is ample time to admire the spirit-stirring and beautiful scene. The whole pack swimming a black-looking pool under a beetling tor in full chorus; now and then an encouraging note on the horn; the echoes of the deep valley; the foaming and roaring Dart flowing down from above; the rich colour from the fern, the gorse, the heather, the moss, and the wild flowers; a few scattered weather-beaten oaks and fir trees, and the stately tors aloft, striking on the eye and ear, make one feel that otter-hunting on Dartmoor is indeed a sport.

"The Dart is a large river, for a Dartmoor stream, and presents many obstacles to the hounds; but they pursue the chase for some distance, and at length stop and mark, as they did before. The otter has got out of hearing, and has rested in a lair known to him under the river-bank. The terriers and an otter-pole dislodge him, and the sport becomes fast and furious. He is seen in all directions, sometimes apparently in two places at once, which makes the novice think there are two or three otters afoot. 'Hoo-gaze!' is now often heard, as one or another catches sight of him, and the field become very noisy and excited. It is still the object to run him up-stream, whilst he now finds it easier to swim down. 'Look out below!' is therefore heard in the fine voice of the master.

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Page:A Book of Dartmoor.djvu/293

Rh There is a trusty person down-stream watching a shallow stickle, where the otter must be seen if he passes. Suddenly the clamour ceases, and silence prevails. The otter has mysteriously disappeared, and he has to be fresh found. The master is in no hurry. There is too much scent in the water of various sorts, and he will be glad to pause till it has floated away. He takes his hounds down-stream. The trusty man says the otter has not passed; but this makes no difference. Some way further down, with a wave of his hand, he sends all the hounds into the river again with a dash. They draw up-stream again, pass the trusty man still at his post, and reach the spot where the otter vanished. The river is beautifully clear again, and an old hound marks. A good hour, perhaps, has been lost, or rather spent, since the otter disappeared, and here he has been in one of his under-water dry beds. He is routed out by otter-poles, and liveliness again prevails, especially when he takes to the land to get down-stream by cutting off a sharp curve in the river—a way he has learnt in his frogging expeditions—and the hounds run him then like a fox. He is only too glad to plunge headlong into the river again, and he has reached it below the trusty man, who, however, goes down to the next shallow, and takes with him some others to turn the otter up from his safe parlour. They are hunting him now in a long deep pool, where he shifts from bank to bank, moving under water whilst the hounds swim above. He has a large supply of air in his lungs, which he vents as he uses it, and which floats to the surface in a series of bubbles. Otter-hunters calls it his chain, and it follows him wherever he goes, betraying his track in the muddiest water. He craftily puts his nose, his nose only, up to get a fresh supply of air now and then, under a bush or behind a rock, and then owners of sharp eyes call 'Hoo-gaze!' He

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228 finds himself in desperate straits, and he makes up his mind to go for his parlour at all hazards; but the hounds catch sight of him in the shallow of the trusty man, and the chase comes to an end. Otters are never speared in the West."

And now to return to Sheeps Tor and the picturesque village that nestles under it.

The one building-stone is granite, grey and soft of tone. The village is small, and consists of a few cottages about the open space before the church. This latter is of the usual moorland type, and in the Perpendicular style. Observe above the porch the curious carved stone, formerly forming part of a sun-dial, and dated 1640. It represents wheat growing out of a skull, and bears the inscription—

This church has most unfortunately been vulgarised internally. It once possessed not only a magnificent roodscreen, rich with gold and colour, but also a fifteenth-century carved pulpit that matched with the screen. The church was delivered over to a Tavistock builder to make watertight, as cheaply as might be, and he succeeded triumphantly in transforming what was once a treasury of art into a desolation. A few poor fragments of the screen have been set up in the church by the vicar, with an appeal to visitors to do something to obliterate the infamy of its destruction by a restoration out of what little remains. Most fortunately, working

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Rh drawings were taken of the screen before its destruction. I give not only a drawing to scale of a bay as it was, but also of a bay as it should be if restored, for the vaulting had disappeared before its final ruin and removal. Near the church stood formerly the old vicarage, a mediaeval dwelling, intact, with its oak, nail-studded door and its panelled walls. This also has been destroyed.

What of old times still remains is the bull-ring to the south-east of the church. On the churchyard wall sat the principal parishioners, as in a dress circle. Near by is S. Leonard's Well, but it possesses no architectural interest.

In Burra Tor Wood is a pretty waterfall. Burra Tor was the residence of Rajah Brooke when in England. It had been presented to him by the Baroness Burdett Coutts and other admirers. In Sheeps Tor churchyard he lies, but Burra Tor has been sold since his death.

Above the wood stands Roman's Cross, probably called after S. Rumon or Ruan, whose body lay at Tavistock. There is another on Lee Moor.

The drive from Douseland round Yennadon, above the dam and the reservoir, to Sheeps Tor village, is hardly to be surpassed for beauty anywhere on the moor.

A walk that will richly repay the pedestrian is one up the valley of the Narra Tor Brook, between Sheeps Tor and Down Tor. He follows the Devonport leat till he reaches the turn on the right to Nosworthy Bridge. He passes Vinneylake, where

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278 even better with heath than with oak-bark, and of it a brilliant yellow dye is produced.

But—ah, me! the heath and the heather!—it is not for the beer produced therefrom, not for the tan, not for the dye, that we love it. Wonderful is the sight of the moorside flushed with pink when the heather is in bloom—it is as though, like a maiden, it had suddenly awoke to the knowledge that it was lovely, and blushed with surprise and pleasure at the discovery.

But how shortlived is the heath!

It lies dead—a warm chocolate-brown, mantling the hills from October till July. Only in the midsummer does it timidly put forth its leaves—its spines rather—and then it flushes again in September. It blooms for about a fortnight, perhaps three weeks, and then subsides into its brown winter sleep. But what browns! what splendours of colour we have when the fern is in its russet decay and the heather is in its velvet sleep!

To him who wanders over the moor, and looks at the flowers at his feet, some day comes the proud felicity of lighting on the white heath—and that found ensures happiness. And I, as I make my congé, hand it to my reader with best wishes for his enjoyment of that region I love best in the world.

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User talk:128.187.80.2

Welcome

Hello, and welcome to Wikisource! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers:

 * Help pages
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title: User talk:128.187.80.2


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User talk:Yanajin33

— billinghurst  sDrewth  12:28, 17 December 2010 (UTC)

title: User talk:Yanajin33


text:
Author:William MacGillivray

Works

 * Lives of Eminent Zoologists from Aristotle to Linnaeus (1830)
 * A Systematic Arrangement of British Plants (1830)
 * The Travels and Researches of Alexander von Humboldt (1832)
 * A History of British Quadrupeds (1838)
 * A Manual of Botany, Comprising Vegetable Anatomy and Physiology (1840)
 * A History of the Molluscous Animals of Aberdeen, Banff and Kincardine (1843)
 * A Manual of British Ornithology (1840–1842)
 * A History of British Birds, indigenous and migratory, in five volumes (1837–1852)
 * Natural History of Deeside and Braemar (1855), published posthumously
 * A Hebridean Naturalist's Journal 1817-1818 (1996), published posthumously
 * A Walk to London (1998), published posthumously

title: Author:William MacGillivray


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 bullock-wagons—Scattered nature of cultivated districts—Narrow news of things in general—Difficulty of introducing tramways or railroads—Grain-bearing eastern districts—Railroad anxiously demanded—Can be formed only by Government funds—Different interests amongst the colonists—Want of means of locomotion—Monotony of colonial life—Seasons in Southern hemisphere—Sunday Lessons seem inappropriate—Hot weather at Christmas—Trouble of cooking—St. Thomas seems out of place at Midsummer—An old-fashioned Christmas—Excitement caused by cow—Khourabene makes a well-timed visit—Boils plum-pudding—Khourabene's old master—Servants' wages paid in live-stock—Temporary prosperity of colony—Reminiscences of hard-work and poverty—Listening for coach-wheels—Grinding flour by hand—Colonial-made steam-engine—Weddings and "traps"—More luxuries and less comfort—Shepherds and March-winds—Gin in the sheepfold—Shepherdesses—Spears in thatch—Poisoned sheep—Bringing home pigs—Gentleness necessary in tending sheep—Anecdote of little swineherd.

CHAPTER VII.

CHAPTER VIII.

Length of summer and winter—Rapid change of weather—Bull-frog—Perplexing sounds—Healthiness of hot weather—No palliatives to heat except sea-breeze—Flies—Ants—Housekeeping difficulties—Fleas—Flowers—Raspberry-jam blossoms—Cow-keeping—Goats and Sabbatarianism—Churning—Scarcity of cheese—Cow-tenting—Bells and herd attractive to cow—Sameness of diet—Australian mutton tastes differently to English mutton—Bunbury beef—Pink everlastings—Road making and mending—"Governor Hampton's

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text: Portal talk:Alchemy

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Page:United States Reports, Volume 545.djvu/1001

 , J., concurring would emphasize, should reconsider, on a fuller record, its interpretation of Sony’s product distribution holding.

, with whom and  join, concurring.

I agree with the Court that the distributor of a dual-use technology may be liable for the infringing activities of third parties where he or she actively seeks to advance the infringement. Ante, at 919. I further agree that, in light of our holding today, we need not now “revisit” Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc., 464 U.S. 417 (1984). Ante, at 934. Other Members of the Court, however, take up the Sony question: whether Grokster’s product is “capable of ‘substantial’ or ‘commercially significant’ noninfringing uses.” Ante, at 942 (, J., concurring) (quoting Sony, supra, at 442). And they answer that question by stating that the Court of Appeals was wrong when it granted summary judgment on the issue in Grokster’s favor. Ante, at 944. I write to explain why I disagree with them on this matter.

I
The Court’s opinion in Sony and the record evidence (as described and analyzed in the many briefs before us) together convince me that the Court of Appeals’ conclusion has adequate legal support.

A
I begin with Sony’s standard. In Sony, the Court considered the potential copyright liability of a company that did not itself illegally copy protected material, but rather sold a machine—a videocassette recorder (VCR)—that could be used to do so. A buyer could use that machine for non-infringing purposes, such as recording for later viewing (sometimes called “ ‘time-shifting,’ ” Sony, 464 U.S., at 421) uncopyrighted television programs or copyrighted programs with a copyright holder’s permission. The buyer could use


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 Courts that have considered the abandonment question have generally concluded that abandonment is an all-or-nothing proposition; an abandonment is effective only if the author renounces all rights in the work. This rule may limit courts’ receptivity to arguments that an author has abandoned her rights, because the consequence of accepting the argument is that the author loses all rights to prevent any copying or other use of the work. Judicial reluctance to impose such severe consequences, absent the most unequivocal indication that such was the author’s intent, may do much to explain the comparative scarcity of cases finding abandonment of copyright.

For whatever reason, however, it seems difficult to avoid the conclusion that the doctrine of copyright abandonment is presently something of a paper tiger. Courts refuse to apply the doctrine in nearly every case. In many, perhaps most, of the decisions in which the abandonment doctrine is cited with approval, the doctrine is unnecessary to the resolution of the case. Copyright abandonment, accordingly, thus likely does relatively little to counteract the strongly proprietary trend of recent statutory enactments, which have collectively tended to restrict the entry of new works into the public domain.

3. Abandonment by License
Perhaps influenced by highly restrictive judicial interpretations of the copyright abandonment doctrine, open-content advocates have sought to facilitate the growth of an expressive commons by drafting what are, in essence, copyright abandonment licenses—instruments that seek to express, with maximum clarity, an author’s attempt to abandon copyright and dedicate a work to the public domain. These projects remain both incomplete and untested. The very breadth and specificity of the extant abandonment licenses, however, only underscores the complexities entailed in seeking to depart from the strongly proprietary regime of current law.

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Portal:Gothic fiction

Gothic horror

 * The Castle of Otranto, 1764 by Horace Walpole
 * The History of the Caliph Vathek, 1786 by William Thomas Beckford
 * Things as They Are or The Adventures of Caleb Williams, 1794 by William Godwin
 * The Castle Spectre, 1797 by Matthew Gregory Lewis
 * Zastrozzi, 1810 by Percy Bysshe Shelley
 * Tales of the Dead, 1813 translated by Sarah Elizabeth Utterson
 * The Family Portraits, by Johann August Apel
 * The Fated Hour by Friedrich August Schulze
 * The Death's Head by Friedrich August Schulze
 * The Death-Bride by Friedrich August Schulze
 * The Storm by Sarah Elizabeth Utterson
 * The Spectre-Barber by Johann Karl August Musäus
 * Confessions of an English Opium-Eater, 1821 by Thomas de Quincey
 * The Private Memoirs and Confessions of a Justified Sinner, 1824 by James Hogg
 * The Hunchback of Notre Dame, 1831 by Victor Hugo
 * Berenice, 1835 by Edgar Allan Poe
 * Young Goodman Brown, 1835 by Nathaniel Hawthorne
 * The Minister's Black Veil, 1836 by Nathaniel Hawthorne
 * The Fall of the House of Usher, 1839 by Edgar Allen Poe
 * The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket, 1839 by Edgar Allan Poe
 * The Phantom Ship, 1839 by Frederick Marryat
 * The Masque of the Red Death, 1842 by Edgar Allan Poe
 * The Pit and the Pendulum, 1842 by Edgar Allan Poe
 * The Black Cat, 1843 by Edgar Allan Poe
 * The Tell-Tale Heart, 1843 by Edgar Allan Poe
 * The Quaker City; or, the Monks of Monk Hall, 1844 by George Lippard
 * Villette, 1850 by Charlotte Brontë
 * The House of the Seven Gables, 1851 by Nathaniel Hawthorne
 * Uncle Silas, 1864 by Sheridan Le Fanu
 * Carmilla, 1872 by Sheridan Le Fanu
 * The Horla, 1887 by Guy de Maupassant
 * The Picture of Dorian Gray, 1890 by Oscar Wilde
 * The Death of Halpin Frayser, 1891 by Ambrose Bierce
 * Death and the Woman, 1892 by Gertrude Atherton
 * The Yellow Wall Paper, by Charlotte Perkins Gilman
 * The King in Yellow, 1895 by Robert W. Chambers
 * The Repairer of Reputations
 * The Mask
 * In the Court of the Dragon
 * The Yellow Sign
 * The Demoiselle d'Ys
 * The Prophets' Paradise
 * The Street of the Four Winds
 * The Street of the First Shell
 * The Street of Our Lady of the Fields
 * Rue Barrée
 * The Striding Place, 1896 by Gertrude Atherton
 * Dracula, 1897 by Bram Stoker
 * The Monkey's Paw, 1902 by W. W. Jacobs
 * In the Dwellings of the Wilderness, 1904 by Charlotte Bryson Taylor
 * The Bell in the Fog by Gertrude Atherton
 * The Willows, 1907 by Algernon Blackwood
 * The House on the Borderland, 1907 by William Hope Hodgson
 * The Phantom of the Opera, 1910 by Gaston Leroux
 * The Lair of the White Worm, 1911 by Bram Stoker
 * The Call of Cthulhu, 1926 by Howard Phillips Lovecraft

Satire

 * Nightmare Abbey, 1818 by Thomas Love Peacock
 * The Ingoldsby Legends, 1840 by Thomas Ingoldsby
 * Northanger Abbey, 1817 by Jane Austen

French Wikisource

 * The Mummy's Foot (Le Pied de momie), 1863 by Pierre Jules Théophile Gautier

title: Portal:Gothic fiction


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The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Carlyle, Thomas

CARLYLE, Thomas, Scotch essayist, historian and miscellaneous writer; b. Ecclefechan, near Annandale, in Dumfriesshire, Scotland, 4 Dec. 1795; d. London, 4 Feb. 1881. Carlyle's ancestors were said to have come to Annandale from Carlisle, England, in the time of David II, but at the author's birth the immediate family was living in very straitened circumstances at Ecclefechan, where the grandfather, Thomas, was village carpenter and his five sons masons. The second of these, James, a man of “largest natural adornment,” assertive, choleric, honest and pious, with an uncommon gift of forcible expression, married as his second wife Margaret Aitken, a woman of affectionate nature and piety of mind. By her he had four sons and five daughters, of whom

the eldest was Thomas. The third son, John Carlyle (q.v.), became distinguished as the translator of Dante. Thomas, like the other children, was brought up with much affectionate care. His parents intended him for the Church and gave him all the education in their power. He early learned his letters and soon became a voracious reader. At 10 he was sent to the grammar school at Annan, where, as a moody, sensitive child, he was much bullied by the other boys, and probably suffered acutely. At the age of 13 he was ready to enter Edinburgh University, which he attended from 1809 to 1814, without, however, taking a degree. His individuality did not readily allow itself to be molded to the academic routine. Finding himself unable, because of religious doubts, to enter the ministry, he went to Annan Academy as tutor in mathematics, in 1814. Later he taught at Kirkcaldy, where he made the acquaintance of Edward Irving (q.v), one of his warmest friends. Irving's friendship was of great value to Carlyle, and his library enabled the latter to gratify his love of reading and to mitigate the distaste which he felt for teaching. In October 1818 the work became so repellent that he resigned from his school, saying that “it were better to perish than to continue school-mastering.” Then he went to Edinburgh to try to earn his living.

The next three years were perhaps the most trying of his life. He was tormented to an uncommon degree by his lifelong enemy, dyspepsia, and as a result was greatly depressed in spirit. Uncertain what career to follow, trying his hand at many vocations and different studies, miserably poor, finding his only employment for a time in writing hack articles, he was “mentally and physically adrift” in the sense that is described in his “Everlasting No” of ‘Sartor Resartus.’ Toward the middle of 1821, however, he seems, by much resolution and energy of will, to have shaken off much of the depression, to have attained the position of the “Everlasting Yea.” The men who at this time most influenced him were the Germans, particularly Goethe, the mystic Richter, and the philosopher Fichte. German literature was now his most absorbing study, and later this study bore fruit in his ‘Life of Schiller’ (1823-24), his translation of Goethe's ‘Wilhelm Meister’ (1824) and in several essays. These books mark his formal entrance into literature. Up to the time of their publication Carlyle's published writing had been a series of articles for Sir David Brewster's ‘Encyclopedia,’ a translation of Legendre's ‘Geometry,’ to which he prefixed an ‘Essay on Proportion,’ and miscellaneous hack work. The ‘Life of Schiller’ and the translation of ‘Wilhelm Meister’ met with favorable reviews, and the translation is usually regarded as one of the best of all renderings into English. While he was at work on these books he was (1822-24) tutor in a well-to-do family, the Bullers, from whom he received £200 a year for not disagreeable work. In spite of the kindness of his patrons, he managed, as was usual with him during life, to find much fault with his surroundings and to utter complaints with very little fairness or reserve. A trip (1824) to London and Paris broke the monotony of his existence, and gave him many new impressions and opinions in what was a critical period of his growth.

Returning to Scotland in 1825 he established himself at Hoddam Hill, a farm near the Solway, where he farmed and wrote. On 17 Oct. 1826, Carlyle, after a somewhat prolonged, vacillating and rather stormy wooing, succeeded in marrying Jane Baillie Welsh; a woman in many ways as remarkable as himself and distinguished as a descendant of John Knox. The humors and distempers of their married life have become proverbial and are to be found most fully recorded in Froude's biography. Both seem to have been extremely and unintelligently self-willed and so vain as to be wholly lacking in reticence about their domestic life. For two years they lived at Scotsbrig near Edinburgh, where they had the advantage of the intelligent society of the capital, and where Carlyle supported himself by writing for the reviews. In the Edinburgh Review, under the editorship of his friend Jeffrey (q.v.), he published, in 1827, his well-known esssy on ‘Richter’ and ‘The State of German Literature,’ an article which led to the famous correspondence with Goethe. For several years the Edinburgh and other reviews were his only medium of publication. He essayed a novel but failed, and was disappointed m his attempts to secure the chair in moral philosophy at Saint Andrews and a professorship in London University.

In May 1828 the Carlyles removed to a lonely farm, Craigenputtoch, overlooking the Solway. Here he wrote his ‘Essay on Burns,’ one of his most sympathetic pieces of criticism (Edinburgh Review, 1828), several other essays of much importance, as ‘Voltaire,’ ‘Novalis’ and his ‘Sartor Resartus,’ the book for which he is perhaps most famous. Refused by several publishers, ‘Sartor Resartus’ first saw light in Fraser's Magazine, between December 1833 and August 1834, where it excited such a storm of protest that no separate English edition appeared till 1838. Meanwhile (1836) it first appeared in book form in America, where it was especially commended by Emerson. This most characteristic book of Carlyle purports to be a review by an English editor of a treatise by a learned German professor, Herr Teufelsdröckh, with whose life and opinions it deals. The book is written around the famous Philosophy of Clothes, designed by Swift (q.v.), and is in the main symbolical of Carlyle's creed at this time — that as clothes express the taste of the wearer, so life in all its forms may be regarded as the vesture of the mind. The idea is not a very original one, but is expressed with such oddity of phrase and image that it appears as profound as forcible. The most interesting feature is the account of the moral and spiritual attire of Teufelsdröckh, who is Carlyle himself. It is the querulous, stormy tale of early suffering, lack of sympathy from fellowmen, disappointment alike in the business of the head and the affairs of the heart, despondency and despair over the great question why man is in the universe, doubt and wavering, and final acceptance of the facts of existence with the hope of solution through stern endeavor. The book might be called a prose epic of the inner life, and it is wholly egoistic and anthropocentric.

In 1834 the Carlyles removed to London, where they settled in Cheyne Row, Chelsea, and here were their headquarters for the remainder of their lives. Soon after the change he began his ‘French Revolution,’ which was completed in 1837 and which gave him much more reputation than he had heretofore enjoyed. During the same period he wrote the ‘Diamond Necklace’ and the articles on ‘Mirabeau’ and ‘Sir Walter Scott,’ the honorarium from which was of great benefit in his impecunious state. The success of the history enabled him, in the four following years, to gain audience for four series of lectures, ‘German Literature,’ the ‘History of European Literature,’ ‘Revolutions’ and the more characteristic ‘Heroes and Hero-Worship.’ Published in book form in 1841, this series remains to-day one of the most widely read of Carlyle's works and is perhaps the clearest expression of his philosophy of history. “As I take it,” he says, “universal history, the history of what man has accomplished in this world, is at bottom the history of the great men who have worked there.” The moral animus of the book is expressed farther on in the same introduction: “We cannot look, however imperfectly, upon a great man, without gaining something by him. He is the living light-fountain which it is good and pleasant to be near.” Again, speaking of the Hero as a man of letters, he tells us the purpose of all his own writing: “The writer of a book, is he not a preacher, preaching not to this parish or that, on this day or that, but to all men in all times and places?”

The book may conveniently mark an important time in Carlyle's life. The pamphlet on ‘Chartism’ of 1840 had enunciated a doctrine, of a political sort, that “Might is right,” — “one of the few strings,” says Nichol, “on which, with all the variations of a political Paganini, he played through life.” About this time, in short, his ideas of history, of morals, of politics, of his own mission, seem to have crystallized. Furthermore, his circumstances had definitively bettered. His name was well known and be was able to refuse a chair of history at Edinburgh University and later another at Saint Andrews. In 1842 the death of Mrs. Carlyle's mother threw an income of at least £200 in the hands of the Carlyles and relieved them of the fear of penury.

From this time on Carlyle's work falls mainly into two main classes: (1) the lives of great individuals and (2) pamphlets of a quasi-political sort, powerful lashings of modern institutions. The most important of the latter, ‘Past and Present,’ written in seven weeks, appeared in 1843. Herein Carlyle commits a common and characteristic fallacy in comparing a charming picture of monastic England with some of the worst things of modern life, to the obvious disadvantage of the latter and, by extension and implication, to modern civilisation as a whole. Nevertheless, the book makes a strong appeal to our humanity, and is perhaps the best example of Carlyle's many protests against modern barbarism. It is said to have been productive of good in factory legislation. Meanwhile he was engaged on an important work of the first class spoken of, — ‘Cromwell,’ which, after three years' preparation, appeared in 1845. Carlyle, with characteristic thoroughness, spent a large part of the summers of 1842 and 1843 in visiting the battlefields of the Civil War. It is significant that the “great man” was now, with Carlyle, not

necessarily a man of letters, as in his works previous to the ‘French Revolution,’ but a man of political prowess as well, and this tendency to exalt the man of might reached its climax in the ‘History of Frederick II.’ The years between ‘Cromwell’ and the beginning of ‘Frederick’ are marked by his notable ‘Latter-Day Pamphlets’ (1849), one of the most denunciatory of his books, and his ‘Life of John Stirling’ (1851), a dear friend who had died six years before and who, like Edward King and Arthur Hallam, is chiefly remembered through the work of a greater man. After a trip in the fall of 1851, with the Brownings, to France, where he met the chief literary celebrities of the time — and passed unfavorable comment on them as on all affairs French — he settled down to the planning of the ‘History of Frederick II.’ On the preparation of this work and the composition of it he was engaged for the next 13 years. His study was indefatigable and he made two trips to Germany, in 1852 and 1858, to study the battlefields of Frederick. In 1850 the first two volumes were published with great success, the third in 1862, the fourth in 1864 and the fifth and sixth in 1865. During the composition he had done practically no side work; a somewhat unintelligent dialogue, ‘Ilias Americana in Nuce,’ on the American War, and his ‘Prinzenraub’ are the only pieces.

The compilation of ‘Frederick’ marks the climax of Carlyle's life. It won for him recognition in England as the foremost of prose writers, and in Germany, too, his fame was naturally great. Even the Scotch decided to honor a prophet of their own country; he was elected lord rector of Edinburgh University, and in the spring of 1866 delivered the inaugural address, on the ‘Reading of Books.’ While on his trip he received news of the death of Mrs. Carlyle, which, in spite of their disagreements, was a severe blow to him and may be said to mark the beginning of his decline. He was over 70 years of age and the labor of ‘Frederick’ had left him worn and weary. Thereafter he wrote only three books of comparative importance. ‘Shooting Niagara — and After,’ of the type of ‘Past and Present,’ the ‘Early Kings of Norway,’ of the hero type, and ‘Reminiscences of Jane Carlyle and of Jeffrey and Edward Irving,’ written in the months following the death of his wife, but not published until after his death. His last public utterance, according to Froude, was a letter which he wrote, in May 1877, to the Times, protesting against the moral support which England was giving to Turkey in the war with Russia. His life at this time is described as one surrounded by honors and supported by a few staunch friends, but as one of growing weariness and desire to be at rest, until, after two years of physical feebleness, he died quietly in his 86th year.

Carlyle's character and place in literature have, since his death, as during his life, been subjects of much comment and of comment of the most diverse sorts. He has been extolled on the one hand as the greatest of prophets, the most eloquent of sages; and condemned, on the other, as the noisiest of egoists. It is therefore impossible to fix with any approximation his value as a character or as a man of letters, in the sense that Milton, Addison, Gray

and others may be tolerably well characterized. His severest critics, like Mr. Robertson, are undoubtedly right when they accuse him of inconsistency and irrationality and when they point out in his character certain elements of brutality and narrow egoism, and yet the fact remains that he has been the awakening force of many men and that there is a feeling abroad that he is one of the great names in English prose. Perhaps the most sensible of these opposing views may best be summed up in Huxley's words (letter to Lord Stanley, 9 March 1881): “Few men can have dissented more strongly from his way of looking at things than I; but I should not yield to the most devoted of his followers in gratitude for the bracing, wholesome influence of his writings when, as a very young man, I was essaying without rudder or compass to strike out a course for myself.”

In view of such diverse opinions, all of which contain truth, it seems necessary merely to protest against loose extremist views which have just been referred to. Whether one regards him as the wisest of men or the noisiest of hypocrites is, after all, a question of temper or of what one regards as valuable in the universe, and usually has value only as the expression of personal opinion. Carlyle's influence, like that of Dr. Johnson, is the personal influence of a powerful and upright man rather than that of a philosopher or a discoverer of new truth. His personal qualities as expressed in his writings — his integrity, his earnestness, his independence, his sincerity, his hatred of sham, cant and affectation, his vigor — are what count in his hold on people. As a system, his work, as his critics justly remark, is unscientific and untrue. His work, so voluminous and, on the face of it, consisting of translations, literary, biographical, historical essays and books, tracts of the times and satires, comes down to the glorification of a galaxy of interesting and, in different ways, powerful individuals: Schiller, Goethe, Cromwell, Frederick, himself (in ‘Sartor Resartus’) and others, and to the doctrine that their power is good. There is, of course, no means of testing the general truth of such views. They are really personal. He is, therefore, to be regarded as a seer, a prophet, a preacher, who feels deeply a, rather than the, meaning of life, and exhorts his readers to feel rightly and live rightly, to “do the duty which lies next them,” to “work and despair not.” These things he said with an impressiveness equaled by few men and to a very large body of listeners. See ../French Revolution, The (Carlyle); ../Heroes and Hero-worship; .

Bibliography. — Of the numerous editions of Carlyle's writings the best, aside from his correspondence, is probably the Ashburton Edition, in 17 volumes. The ‘Early Letters of Thomas Carlyle’ (1886; 2d series, 1888); the ‘Correspondence between Goethe and Thomas Carlyle’ (1887); and the ‘Correspondence of Thomas Carlyle and Ralph Waldo Emerson’ (1883), edited by C. E. Norton are the best editions of his letters. Froude's ‘Thomas Carlyle’ (in 4 vols., 1882-84) is the great biography, and is, incidentally, the most censured biography of recent times, because of the frankness with which it discloses the domestic life of the Carlyles. Excellent short lives are those of

John Nicoll, in the ‘English Men of Letters Series’ (1894), Richard Garnett, in the ‘Great Writers Series’ (1887) (to which there is added a very full bibliography), and Sir Leslie Stephen, in the Dictionary of National Biography. The critical essays of Matthew Arnold, Emerson in ‘Discourses in America,’ Augustine Birrell, ‘Obiter Dicta’, J. R. Lowell. ‘Prose Works,’ Vol. II, John Morley, ‘Miscellanies,’ Vol. I, J. M. Robertson, ‘Modern Humanists,’ the severest of Carlyle's critics, and Stephen, ‘Hours in a Library,’ Vol. III, may be cited as representing different views among the most eminent of modern critics. Consult also Froude's ‘Letters and Memorials of Jane Welsh Carlyle’ (1883); Roe, F. W., ‘Carlyle as a Critic of Literature’ (1910); Craig, R. S., ‘The Waking of Carlyle’ (1909); Wilson, ‘Froude and Carlyle’ (1898); Shepherd and Williamson, ‘Memoirs of the Life and Writings of Thomas Carlyle’ (1881); Wylie, ‘Thomas Carlyle the Man and his Books’ (1881).


text: United States Statutes at Large/Volume 1/3rd Congress/1st Session/Resolution 7


text: United States Statutes at Large/Volume 1/3rd Congress/1st Session/Resolution 8


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The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Ça ira

ÇA IRA, sä ē-rạ, a popular song of the great French Revolution. The origin and date of this song are both uncertain, and there are various versions of the words claiming to be original. The words are generally supposed to have been written by Ladre, a street singer, and the melody was originally a popular carillon by Bécourt, and a favorite air of Marie Antoinette. In all probability it dates from May or June

1790. French writers say that Benjamin Franklin, in speaking of the American Revolution, frequently used the expression “Ça ira” (“it will succeed”). The French republicans caught up the phrase, and “consecrated” it to their own revolution in a popular hymn. The refrain of one version runs thus: —

referring to the rain which fell during the taking of the Bastile. In 1797 the song was banned by the Directory.


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Portal:Cthulhu Mythos

Lovecraft Mythos
The Lovecraft Mythos is the term coined by the scholar S. T. Joshi to describe the imaginary mythical backdrop, settings, and themes employed by the American weird fiction writer H. P. Lovecraft. Lovecraft's mythos is the foundation of a fictional myth-cycle known as the "Cthulhu Mythos", first recognized and developed by the writer August Derleth, that places a particular group of Lovecraft's stories into a separate and distinct category.

 * Dagon, 1919
 * Nyarlathotep, 1920 (introduces Nyarlathotep)
 * The Statement of Randolph Carter, 1920
 * The Crawling Chaos, 1921
 * The Nameless City, 1921
 * The Picture in the House, 1921
 * Herbert West: Reanimator, 1922
 * The Hound, 1922 (introduces the Necronomicon)
 * The Festival, 1923
 * Under the Pyramids, 1924 (Ghostwritten for Harry Houdini)
 * The Colour Out of Space, 1927
 * The Call of Cthulhu, 1926 (introduces Cthulhu)
 * The Dunwich Horror, 1929
 * The Whisperer in Darkness, 1931 (first use of the Mi-go by name)
 * The Dreams in the Witch-House, 1933 (introduces the Elder Things)
 * From Beyond, 1934
 * Through the Gates of the Silver Key, 1934, by H. P. Lovecraft and E. Hoffmann Price
 * At the Mountains of Madness, 1936
 * The Haunter of the Dark, 1936
 * The Shadow Out of Time, 1936 (introduces the Great Race of Yith)
 * The Shadow Over Innsmouth, 1936 (introduces Deep Ones)
 * The Thing on the Doorstep, 1937
 * Azathoth, published posthumously in 1938, written in 1922 (introduces Azathoth)
 * The Descendant, 1938
 * The Case of Charles Dexter Ward, published posthumously in 1941, written in 1927 (introduces Yog-Sothoth)
 * The Dream-Quest of Unknown Kadath, published posthumously in 1943, written in 1926-27 (introduces the Elder Sign)

Pre-Lovecraft Mythos
Lovecraft borrowed terms and ideas from earlier writers he admired: Hastur, for example, was originally a benevolent deity mentioned in an Ambrose Bierce story, but took on more sinister traits when appropriated a few years later by Robert W. Chambers. Lovecraft's only references to Hastur are in "The Whisperer in Darkness".

 * Haïta the Shepherd, 1893, by Ambrose Bierce
 * The King in Yellow, 1895, by Robert W. Chambers
 * The Repairer of Reputations
 * The Mask
 * In the Court of the Dragon
 * The Yellow Sign
 * The Demoiselle d'Ys
 * The Prophets' Paradise
 * The Street of the Four Winds
 * The Street of the First Shell
 * The Street of Our Lady of the Fields
 * Rue Barrée
 * The Great God Pan, 1894, by Arthur Machen, was a major influence on the theme of half-human hybrids in "The Dunwich Horror", in which Machen and this story are explicitly referenced.
 * "The White People", 1904, also by Machen, is the source of the Aklo language referenced in "The Haunter of the Dark" and "The Dunwich Horror", but mentioned only as "the Aklo letters".

Contemporary Mythos
During the latter part of Lovecraft's life, there was much borrowing of story elements among the authors of the "Lovecraft Circle", and many others, a clique of writers with whom Lovecraft corresponded. This group included Clark Ashton Smith, Robert E. Howard, Robert Bloch, Frank Belknap Long, and Henry Kuttner. Most of the elements of Lovecraft's Mythos were not a cross-pollination of the various story-cycles of the Lovecraft Circle, but were instead deliberately created by each writer to become part of the Mythos. ... Lovecraft effectively connected Smith's creation to his story-cycle by placing Tsathoggua alongside such entities as Cthulhu, Yig, Shub-Niggurath, and Nug and Yeb in subterranean K'n-yan. Howard frequently corresponded with H. P. Lovecraft, and the two would sometimes insert references or elements of each others' settings in their works. Later editors reworked many of the original Conan stories by Howard; thus, diluting this connection. Nevertheless, many of Howard's unedited Conan stories are arguably part of the Cthulhu Mythos.

 * The Thing From—"Outside", 1923 by George Allan England (Not intended as a Mythos story but later included in The Ithaqua Cycle collection of stories)
 * The Space-Eaters, 1928 by Frank Belknap Long
 * The Hounds of Tindalos, 1929 by Frank Belknap Long
 * The Curse of Yig, 1929 by H. P. Lovecraft and Zealia Bishop (introduces Yig)
 * The Tale of Satampra Zeiros, 1931 by Clark Ashton Smith (introduces Tsathoggua)
 * "The Children of the Night", 1931 by Robert E. Howard (introduces Unaussprechlichen Kulten)
 * "The Black Stone", 1931 by Robert E. Howard
 * People of the Dark, 1932 by Robert E. Howard
 * Worms of the Earth, 1932 by Robert E. Howard
 * The Horror in the Museum, 1933 by H. P. Lovecraft and Hazel Heald
 * The Haunter of the Ring, 1934 by Robert E. Howard
 * The Shambler from the Stars, 1935 by Robert Bloch
 * The Challenge from Beyond, 1935 by Robert E. Howard, Frank Belknap Long, H. P. Lovecraft, A. Merrit and C. L. Moore
 * The Secret of Kralitz, 1936 by Henry Kuttner (introduces Iod)
 * The Horror in the Burying-Ground, 1937 by H. P. Lovecraft and Hazel Heald
 * Dig Me No Grave, 1937 by Robert Ervin Howard
 * Medusa's Coil, 1939 by H. P. Lovecraft and Zealia Bishop
 * Medusa's Coil, 1939 by H. P. Lovecraft and Zealia Bishop

Post-Lovecraft Mythos
The second stage began with August Derleth (The Derleth Mythos), who added to the mythos and developed the elemental system, associating the pantheon with the four elements of air, earth, fire, and water. Derleth combined Lovecraft's various cycles to create a large, singular story-cycle.
 * The House in the Valley, 1953, by August Derleth.

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Page:BirdWatchingSelous.djvu/183

 and with a kick up, as it were, of the legs and tail. If one sits on a height and they come sufficiently near inshore to look down on them at an acute angle, one can follow their course under the water, often for a considerable time. One remarks then that the wings are moved both together—flapped or beaten—so that the bird really flies through the water. In flight, however, they are spread straight out without a bend in them, whereas here they are all the while flexed at the joint, being raised from and brought downwards again towards the sides in the same position in which they repose against them when closed. These birds—and, no doubt, the other divers—dive not only to catch fish, but also for the sake of speed. I have seen them when travelling steadily along the shore duck down and swim or fly like this, in a straight line and but just below the surface of the water, always pursuing the same direction, and seeming to have no difficulty in guiding themselves. The speed was very much greater than when they merely paddled on the surface. Thus we may see, perhaps, how such birds as the great auk and the penguins came to lose the power of flight. They could fly in two ways, either through the air or the water. The first—as long as they retained it at all, probably—was much the quicker; but the other was quick enough for their purposes, and the effort required to rise from the water was thus dispensed with. These razorbills dived in order to get more quickly to some point for which they were making. They might have got there still sooner by flying, but the time saved was evidently not worth that effort to them. But the power of flight might be long retained by a bird—though useless to it

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The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Cabbage

CABBAGE, a biennial plant, too well known to need description, and constituting one of the most valuable classes of vegetables. The Brassica oleracea, the original species from which the numerous varieties of cultivated cabbages are derived, although in a wild state very remote in appearance from the full, round head which our plants present, is scarcely more so than the kale, cauliflower, broccoli, etc., all of which belong to the same family. There are two general classes of cabbage, smooth-leaved and wrinkle-leaved. The smooth-leaved are

either red or green and the head conical, oblong, round or flat. The principal varieties are known to have existed at least as far back as the 16th century, but minor varieties are being constantly produced by selection and intercrossing. The parent stock is of highly vegetable character, as its habitat and habit alike show; and placed in more favorable conditions, its growth becomes luxuriant. More normally it is carried back into the stem, and this may accordingly become swollen and turnip-like, in which case we have the kohl-rabi, of which an extreme subterranean and almost turnip-like variety has also arisen; or it may be, as in the Jersey cabbage, largely applied to the purpose of the growth of the stem, which may reach a height of 8 to 10 feet, and furnish not only walking-sticks, but even spars for small thatched roofs, etc. The vegetative overplus may, however, also be applied to the formation of buds, which accordingly develop with peculiar exuberance, giving us Brussels sprouts. The most evolved and final variety is the cauliflower, in which the vegetative surplus becomes poured into the flowering head, of which the flower is more or less checked; the inflorescence becoming a dense corymb instead of an open panicle, and the majority of the flowers aborting, so as to become incapable of producing seed. Let a specially vegetative cabbage repeat the excessive development of its leaf parenchyma, and we have the wrinkled and blistered savoy. Again a specially vegetative cauliflower gives us an easily grown and hardy winter variety, broccoli, from which, and not from the ordinary cauliflower, a sprouting variety arises in turn.

The common cabbage is by far the most valuable to both man and beast. It is also the most productive; for it is believed that an acre of ground will yield a greater weight of green vegetable matter (and thus be more profitable to the farmer) in the shape of cabbage than in that of any other vegetable whatever. It is very abundantly produced by clay soils which are unfit for turnips, and the farmers who cultivate such soils will find it a vegetable worthy of much attention. The cabbage furnishes green fodder for cows and sheep, which is at least as good as turnips or carrots, fattening the animals equally fast, and rendering their milk, butter, etc., to the full as sweet, and is far preferable, as it keeps later in the spring, and thus supplies green food when no other can be procured. It is eaten by men in three forms, all of which have their admirers, but which vary much in respect to their wholesomeness and digestibility. These forms are sliced raw, plain-boiled and salted cabbage or sauerkraut (q.v), the favorite dish of the German nation. Raw cabbage, sliced fine and eaten with vinegar, either cold, or hot enough merely to wilt the vegetable, is one of me lightest and most wholesome articles of vegetable food, and in this shape will supply a green summer vegetable through the whole of the winter. Its use cannot be too highly recommended. Boiled cabbage takes longer to digest and is more trying to a weak stomach.

Cultivation. — The cabbage being biennial, the main crop must be sown the autumn previous to that in which it is to be reaped. Field cabbages and the drum-head varieties that are used in gardens, being late in character, may be sown in July, or from the third week of that

month to the second week in August. But the smaller and earlier sorts used in gardens should not be sown before the first week of August, nor later than the second week of that month. If the plants are reared earlier, they are apt to run to seed the following spring; and if, on the other hand, they are reared later, they will not acquire strength enough to withstand the cold of winter before it comes upon them. For successive crops to be used in the shape of young summer cabbages, one or two sowings may be made from the beginning of March to the beginning of April. Autumn-sown plants may be planted out in rows permanently, as soon as they are strong enough. Additional plantations from the same sowing may be made in spring, to be followed by others, made at intervals, up till July, from spring-sown plants. Thus a close succession of usable cabbages may be obtained the year round. In the northern parts of the United States cabbages for the early summer market are sown about September, kept under glass or frames during winter and planted out in spring. For later markets the seed is sown in beds as early as possible in spring (about March), and transplanted later. Cabbages are sometimes preserved for winter by inverting them and burying them in the ground. Cabbage coleworts may be obtained from any good early variety of cabbage. They are simply cabbages which are not permitted to form hearts, but are used while the leaves are yet green and the hearts more or less open. Three sowings should be made for the rearing of these: the first about the middle of June, the second about the same time in July, and the third about the last week of the latter month, or the first week of August. These sowings will provide crops of green cabbages from October till March or April, if the winter is not destructive, after which they begin to run to seed.


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The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Cædmon

CÆDMON, kăd'môn, the first Anglo-Saxon poet: d. 680. According to Bede's 'Ecclesiastical History' Cædmon was a swineherd to the monks of Whitby, and never gave evidence of any poetical talent until one night a vision appeared to him, and commanded him to sing. When he awoke, he found the words of a poem in praise of the Creator of the world impressed upon his memory. This manifestation of talent obtained for him admission into the monastery at Whitby, where he continued to compose devotional poems. An edition of his paraphrase of parts of the Scriptures was printed at Amsterdam in 1655, edited by Junius. Thorpe published an edition of it (London 1832) for the Society of Antiquaries. It has been assumed by some that Milton took some ideas of ‘Paradise Lost’ from the poems of Cædmon. It is certain, that they were very popular among the English and the Saxon part of the Scottish nation, and furnish plentiful materials to the makers of mysteries and miracle plays. In the Bodleian Library at Oxford is a manuscript the contents of which are ascribed to Cædmon, but the best authorities do not consider it to be his. Consult Ten Brink, ‘Early English Literature’; Morley, ‘English Writers,’ Vol. II (1888); and the bibliograph in the “Cambridge History of English Literature.”


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Page:A Dictionary of the Targumim, the Talmud Babli and Yerushalmi, and the Midrashic Literature, Volume 1 (1903).djvu/26

 ch. Ithpe. (v. next w, a. foreg.). to be winged, to soar. Targ. Job XXXIX, 29.

m. b. h. wing, v. ; cmp. , ) 1) limb, part.— a part cut off from a living animal. Ḥull. 101$b$; a. fr.—2) membrum genitale. Snh. 107$a$. Y. Keth. V, 30$b$.—3) town quarter, projecting outskirts (v. Pi. 2).— limb by limb; piecemeal. Sabb. 40$a$. Y Yoma VI, 43$d$ bot. Koh. R. to X, 15.—Pl. ,, limbs, parts (of an animal). Shek. VII, 3 meat found in entire limbs (opp.  cut slices). Sabb. 82$b$ . Ms, M. (ed. ) does not make unclean when dismembered. Kel. XVIII, 9 (parts of a bedstead).— as sing. Ḥull. 11$b$. Treat. S'maḥ. II, 12.—Ber. I, 1 the fat and other pieces of the daily offerings. Ohol. I, 8 248 limbs (joints).—4) balance of a load, ballast. Sabb. 154$b$, v. .—Ch..

m. (v. ; b. h. ) lead. Snh. 52$a$ a string (bar) of lead. Ḥull. 8$a$ lead directly from the mine (hot). Y. Sabb. VII, 10$b$ bot. Kel. XIV, 5 the lead hanging down from the neck of the animal (as ornament or mark). Git. 19$a$; Sabb. 104$b$ if he wrote the document with lead (solution); a. fr.

ch. same. Targ. Ex. XV, 10. Targ. Y. Lev. XX, 14; a. e.—Snh. 64$a$ cast ye him into a kettle (of lead)  and cover him with lead (or heavy load; ed.  incorr.; Ms. M. omits ; oth. var. v. Rabb. D. S. a. l.). Git. 19$a$ (writing) with lead pencil,  with a solution of lead.

limb, v..

v..

Targ. Prov. XXX, 31 Ms. the cock, cmp. a. ; v..

adv. outside, freq. with prefix, opp. . Ḥull. 130$ab$ Ab. Zar. 2$b$ for the king to wait outside (of the court-room). R. Hash. 8$b$ . Ber. 18$b$ sat outside (of the gathering of the righteous in heaven). Cmp. .

Erub. 62$a$, Var., v,.

v. ch.

m. pl. (denom. of, cmp. ) 1) (cmp. Pi.) wings or corners of city walls (h. ), pinnacles, mural turrets. Sabb. 11$a$ ed. (Ar. , read ; Ms. M. ; Var. lect. v. Rabb. D. S. a. l. note) 2) (v. a. ) balance, freight arranged for balancing, ballast. B. Bath 24$b$ Ms. M. (ed. ) I may say, the small kegs were placed among the large for balancing purposes.

v..

v..

f. hash or brine of a certain fish (?). Succ. 18$a$ (Ms. M. a. ed., v. Rabb. D. S. a. l.) [Rashi: 'a very small fish'.]

m. (prob. a. geogr. term) ibrosi, name of a species of olive of medium size, also called q. v. Ber. 39$a$ its name is not egori, Ms. M. (ed., Ar. ed. Koh. ) but its original name is ibrosi or as some say  Ms. M, (ed. ); Y. Bicc. I, 63$d$ bot. .

v.

v..

m. (Pers. âfrôsah) a dish of flour, honey, and oil; a word in a marginal note in Ms. M. to Ber. 47$a$, quoted in Ar. and in Rashi to 36$b$ bot. (, corr. acc.), defining. V. Rabb. D. S. a. l.

Tosef. Neg. VIII, 2, v..

m. pl. (, v. ; cmp. h. equiv., ) prop. cutting, trimming, hence fur trimmed of its extremities (and pinked), in gen. carriage-robe, cover [R. Hai Gaon declares our w. to be Persian, v. Ar. ed. Koh. s. v., a. Fl. to Levy Targ. Dict. II, 579$b$.] B. Kam. 66$b$ (Ms. M. ) before its use was determined upon it was called mishkha (skin), and now (even before the trimming is done), it is called ăbirzin (fur, robe). V..

Pl. fem. (v. ) lit. outside places, hence villages, cottages. Y. Ber. VI, 10$a$ [Comment.  'to take refreshments' , v. ]. [ Cant. R. to II, 14, read, v. .]

Y. Sabb. XVI, 15$d$, v..

v..

(Gen. XLI, 43) Abrekh, a title; homiletically defined father in wisdom, tender in years. Gen. R. s. 90.

m. (prob. fr. ; well-winged) name of a bird, prob. sea-mew. Yalk. Esth. 1054; (Esth. R. to III, 6 ).

(Pers., v. Fl. to Levy Talm. Dict. s. v., a. Lagarde Ges. Abh. vol. 23) half-done meat. Pes. 41$a$ (explain. Ex. XII, 9)  (Yalk. Ex. 197 ) as the Persians say abarnim. [ does not necessarily refer to the Persian language, cmp. . Perh. our w. is a Hebrew expression known among Persian Jews, and a compound of (=, ) a tender piece. Cmp. .]

v..

v..


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The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Cagliostro, Alessandro

CAGLIOSTRO, käl-yōs'trō, Alessandro (real name Giuseppe Balsamo), Italian charlatan: b. Palermo, 8 June 1743; d. Saint Leon, Italy, 26 Aug. 1795. He entered the order of the Brothers of Mercy, where he found an opportunity to cultivate his talents for medical science, by which he afterward distinguished himself. But as he showed at the same time a great love of dissipation, he was compelled to separate from the order. He returned to Palermo, where, among other tricks, he deceived some credulous persons by his pretended skill in magic and the finding of hidden treasures. He also showed himself adroit in counterfeiting handwriting, and attempted to get possession of a contested estate by means of a forged document, but was discovered and was obliged to flee. He now determined to go to Rome, and in his journey through Calabria became acquainted with Lorenza Feliciani, daughter of a belt-maker, who appeared to him intended by fortune to assist his designs. He formed an intimacy with her, and they began their travels, in which he assumed the character

of a man of rank, first appearing under the name of the Marquis Pellegrini, and finally under that of the Count Cagliostro. He traveled through many countries of Europe, stopped in the capital cities, and by his chemical mixtures, his tricks, and by the amours of his companion, gained considerable sums. He knew how to cheat with great ingenuity, and was always fortunate enough to preserve himself by an early flight, if men's eyes began to be opened, or waking justice threatened him with imprisonment. The discovery of the philosopher's stone, the preparation of a precious elixir vitæ, etc., were the pretenses by means of which he extracted considerable sums from credulous people. Many had recourse to his assistance not indeed to be initiated into the mysteries of magic, but to purchase at a high rate different kinds of medicine, one of which was the water of beauty. This profitable business employed him many years; but his trade in medicine began to grow less lucrative, and he determined to seek his fortune as the founder of a new and secret sect. In pursuance of this plan he passed himself off during his second residence in London for a Free Mason, and played the part of a magician and worker of miracles, in which character he drew upon himself the eyes of all the enthusiasts in Europe. The Countess Cagliostro, on her part, did not remain idle. She was the first and most perfect scholar of her husband, and ably played the part of a priestess to this new order. His plan for reviving an old Egyptian order, the founders of which he declared to be Enoch and Elias, contained a mass of absurdities, but his pretensions to supernatural power, the mystery with which his doctrines were enveloped, his pretended ability to work miracles, his healing the sick without pay, with the greatest appearance of generosity, and the belief that, as the Great Kophta (this name he had taken as the restorer of Egyptian masonry), he could reveal the secrets of futurity, gained him many friends and supporters. Cagliostro again traveled through Europe, and attracted great attention in Mittau, Strassburg, Lyons and Paris. While in this last city (1785) he had the misfortune to be implicated in the scandalous affair of the Diamond Necklace, and was banished the country as a confidant of Cardinal Rohan. He now returned to London, and sent many epistles to his followers, wherein he bitterly complained of the injury he had received in France, and painted the French court in the blackest colors. From London, where he could not long remain, he went to Basel and other cities in that quarter. But at length, listening to the repeated entreaties of his wife and other friends, he returned (1789) to Rome. Here he busied himself about Freemasonry; but being discovered and committed to the Castle of Saint Angelo, he was condemned by a decree of the Roman Inquisition to imprisonment for life as a Freemason, an arch heretic and a very dangerous foe to religion. He died after five years' imprisonment. His wife retired to a convent. Consult the Cagliostro bibliography by W. E. A. Axon in ‘Notes and Queries’ (4th series, Vol. X, London 1872); Carlyle, Thomas, ‘The Life of Count Cagliostro’ (London 1787); ‘The Life of Joseph Balsamo, Commonly Called Count Cagliostro’ (London 1791); Trowbridge ‘Cagliostro; the Splendor and Misery

of a Master of Magic’ (New York 1910). There is much spurious material in existence concerning Cagliostro, such as the so-called ‘Mémoires authentiques’ (Paris 1786).


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Page:Best Russian Short Stories.djvu/128

108 them back from your widow at a quarter their value. Then wasn't I right when I said that you were in possession of your bed only part of the time?"

"Yes, you were right."

"Well, and I, too, was in possession of the bed in which I died part of the time. Proteus, the good guard of the prison, lent it to me for a period."

"Oh, if I had known what you were aiming at with your talk, I wouldn't have answered your wily questions. By Hercules, such profanation is unheard of—he compares himself with me! Why, I could put an end to you with two words, if it came to it"

"Say them, Elpidias, without fear. Words can scarcely be more destructive to me than the hemlock."

"Well, then, that is just what I wanted to say. You unfortunate man, you died by the sentence of the court and had to drink hemlock!"

"But I have known that since the day of my death, even long before. And you, unfortunate Elpidias, tell me what caused your death?"

"Oh, with me it was different, entirely different! You see I got the dropsy in my abdomen. An expensive physician from Corinth was called who promised to cure me for two minas, and he was given half that amount in advance, I am afraid that Larissa in her lack of experience in such things gave him the other half, too"

"Then the physician did not keep his promise?"

"That's it."

"And you died from dropsy?"

"Ah, Socrates, believe me, three times it wanted to vanquish me, and finally it quenched the flame of my life!"

"Then tell me—did death by dropsy give you great pleasure?"

"Oh, wicked Socrates, don't make sport of me. I told you it wanted to vanquish me three times. I bellowed like a steer under the knife of the slaughterer, and begged the Parcæ to cut the thread of my life as quickly as possible."

"That doesn't surprise me. But from what do you conclude that the dropsy was pleasanter to you than the


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Harcourt, Simon Harcourt, 1st Viscount


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