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United States Code/Title 11/Chapter 7/Section 727

§ 727. Discharge

 * (a) The court shall grant the debtor a discharge, unless—
 * (1) the debtor is not an individual;
 * (2) the debtor, with intent to hinder, delay, or defraud a creditor or an officer of the estate charged with custody of property under this title, has transferred, removed, destroyed, mutilated, or concealed, or has permitted to be transferred, removed, destroyed, mutilated, or concealed—
 * (A) property of the debtor, within one year before the date of the filing of the petition; or
 * (B) property of the estate, after the date of the filing of the petition;
 * (3) the debtor has concealed, destroyed, mutilated, falsified, or failed to keep or preserve any recorded information, including books, documents, records, and papers, from which the debtor’s financial condition or business transactions might be ascertained, unless such act or failure to act was justified under all of the circumstances of the case;
 * (4) the debtor knowingly and fraudulently, in or in connection with the case—
 * (A) made a false oath or account;
 * (B) presented or used a false claim;
 * (C) gave, offered, received, or attempted to obtain money, property, or advantage, or a promise of money, property, or advantage, for acting or forbearing to act; or
 * (D) withheld from an officer of the estate entitled to possession under this title, any recorded information, including books, documents, records, and papers, relating to the debtor’s property or financial affairs;
 * (5) the debtor has failed to explain satisfactorily, before determination of denial of discharge under this paragraph, any loss of assets or deficiency of assets to meet the debtor’s liabilities;
 * (6) the debtor has refused, in the case—
 * (A) to obey any lawful order of the court, other than an order to respond to a material question or to testify;
 * (B) on the ground of privilege against self-incrimination, to respond to a material question approved by the court or to testify, after the debtor has been granted immunity with respect to the matter concerning which such privilege was invoked; or
 * (C) on a ground other than the properly invoked privilege against self-incrimination, to respond to a material question approved by the court or to testify;
 * (7) the debtor has committed any act specified in paragraph (2), (3), (4), (5), or (6) of this subsection, on or within one year before the date of the filing of the petition, or during the case, in connection with another case, under this title or under the Bankruptcy Act, concerning an insider;
 * (8) the debtor has been granted a discharge under this section, under section 1141 of this title, or under section 14, 371, or 476 of the Bankruptcy Act, in a case commenced within 8 years before the date of the filing of the petition;
 * (9) the debtor has been granted a discharge under section 1228 or 1328 of this title, or under section 660 or 661 of the Bankruptcy Act, in a case commenced within six years before the date of the filing of the petition, unless payments under the plan in such case totaled at least—
 * (A) 100 percent of the allowed unsecured claims in such case; or
 * (B)
 * (i) 70 percent of such claims; and
 * (ii) the plan was proposed by the debtor in good faith, and was the debtor’s best effort;
 * (10) the court approves a written waiver of discharge executed by the debtor after the order for relief under this chapter;
 * (11) after filing the petition, the debtor failed to complete an instructional course concerning personal financial management described in section 111, except that this paragraph shall not apply with respect to a debtor who is a person described in section 109 (h)(4) or who resides in a district for which the United States trustee (or the bankruptcy administrator, if any) determines that the approved instructional courses are not adequate to service the additional individuals who would otherwise be required to complete such instructional courses under this section (The United States trustee (or the bankruptcy administrator, if any) who makes a determination described in this paragraph shall review such determination not later than 1 year after the date of such determination, and not less frequently than annually thereafter.); or
 * (12) the court after notice and a hearing held not more than 10 days before the date of the entry of the order granting the discharge finds that there is reasonable cause to believe that—
 * (A) section 522 (q)(1) may be applicable to the debtor; and
 * (B) there is pending any proceeding in which the debtor may be found guilty of a felony of the kind described in section 522 (q)(1)(A) or liable for a debt of the kind described in section 522 (q)(1)(B).

 * (b) Except as provided in section 523 of this title, a discharge under subsection (a) of this section discharges the debtor from all debts that arose before the date of the order for relief under this chapter, and any liability on a claim that is determined under section 502 of this title as if such claim had arisen before the commencement of the case, whether or not a proof of claim based on any such debt or liability is filed under section 501 of this title, and whether or not a claim based on any such debt or liability is allowed under section 502 of this title.

 * (c)
 * (1) The trustee, a creditor, or the United States trustee may object to the granting of a discharge under subsection (a) of this section.
 * (2) On request of a party in interest, the court may order the trustee to examine the acts and conduct of the debtor to determine whether a ground exists for denial of discharge.

 * (d) On request of the trustee, a creditor, or the United States trustee, and after notice and a hearing, the court shall revoke a discharge granted under subsection (a) of this section if—
 * (1) such discharge was obtained through the fraud of the debtor, and the requesting party did not know of such fraud until after the granting of such discharge;
 * (2) the debtor acquired property that is property of the estate, or became entitled to acquire property that would be property of the estate, and knowingly and fraudulently failed to report the acquisition of or entitlement to such property, or to deliver or surrender such property to the trustee;
 * (3) the debtor committed an act specified in subsection (a)(6) of this section; or
 * (4) the debtor has failed to explain satisfactorily—
 * (A) a material misstatement in an audit referred to in section 586 (f) of title 28; or
 * (B) a failure to make available for inspection all necessary accounts, papers, documents, financial records, files, and all other papers, things, or property belonging to the debtor that are requested for an audit referred to in section 586 (f) of title 28.

 * (e) The trustee, a creditor, or the United States trustee may request a revocation of a discharge—
 * (1) under subsection (d)(1) of this section within one year after such discharge is granted; or
 * (2) under subsection (d)(2) or (d)(3) of this section before the later of—
 * (A) one year after the granting of such discharge; and
 * (B) the date the case is closed.


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The New International Encyclopædia/Olshausen, Theodor

OLSHAUSEN, (1802-69). A German author and politician, prominent in the Patriotic Party in Schleswig-Holstein, brother of Justus Olshausen. He was born at Glückstadt, studied law at Kiel and Jena, and, for his part in the demagogic disturbances, was forced to live in France and Switzerland until 1830. Then he settled in Kiel, and became an ardent advocate of the independence of the provinces. He was imprisoned in 1846 for his bold opposition, but his influence was all the stronger in the Revolution of 1848, and he became a member of the provisional Government, resigning to enter the Diet. In 1851

he was excluded from the amnesty, went to America, and lived in New York City and Saint Louis until 1865, when he returned to Hamburg. He wrote two popular works on America, Geographisch-statistische Beschreibung der Vereinigten Staaten (1853-55, incomplete), and Geschichte der Mormonen (1856).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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 Sarah Trimmer [q. v.] (cf. Life and Writings of Mrs. Trimmer, 1825, p. 429). In 1806 appeared in two volumes a similar series of ‘Letters to a Young Lady.’ It was dedicated to the queen, who in 1799 had, on the advice of a bishop, purchased Mrs. West's soundly moral novels and plays (cf. Gent. Mag. 1799, ii. 1128). The young lady to whom the letters were addressed was Miss Maunsell, who died in her twenty-fifth year, 14 Aug. 1808. A second edition, in three volumes, was published the same year, and a fourth edition in 1811.

In 1810 Mrs. West paid a visit to Dromore. Her husband died on 23 Jan. 1823. Her last publication, ‘Ringrove, or Old-fashioned Notions,’ a novel in two volumes, appeared in 1827. In the introduction she states that she is writing again, after a silence of ten years. Her death took place on 25 March 1852 at Little Bowden.

Mrs. West's novels are better than her poems, and her poems are better than her plays. Miss Seward, however, praises her poems, but finds her tragedy ‘Edmund’ cold and declamatory (cf. Letters, iii. 113, 132). Mrs. West's poems were largely inspired by Gray, and her prose writings testified to a hatred of the new ideas of Mary Wollstonecraft and her school.

Other works by Mrs. West (many issued anonymously) are: 1. ‘Miscellaneous Poems, Translations, and Imitations,’ 1780. 2. ‘Miscellaneous Poetry,’ 1786. 3. ‘The Humours of Brighthelmstone: a Poem,’ 1788. 4. ‘Miscellaneous Poems and a Tragedy [called ‘Edmund’],’ 1791; other editions 1797 and 1804. 5. ‘The Gossip's Story,’ 1797, 2 vols. 6. ‘Elegy on Edmund Burke,’ 1797. 7. ‘Poems and Plays [including a second and a third tragedy, called respectively ‘Adela’ and ‘The Minstrel,’ and a comedy, ‘How will it end’],’ 1799–1805, 4 vols. 8. ‘The Infidel Father: a Novel,’ 1802, 3 vols. 9. ‘The Mother: a Poem in five books,’ 1809; 2nd edit. 1810. 10. ‘The Refusal: a Novel,’ 1810, 3 vols. 11. ‘The Loyalists: an historical Novel,’ 1812, 3 vols. 12. ‘Select Translation of the Beauties of Massillon,’ 1812. 13. ‘Alicia de Lacy, an historical romance,’ 1814, 4 vols. 14. ‘Scriptural Essays adapted to the Holy Days of the Church of England,’ 1816, 2 vols.; another edition, 1817. She was for many years a contributor to the ‘Gentleman's Magazine.’

[Allibone's Dict. iii. 2652; Nichols's Illustrations of Lit. passim; Halkett and Laing's Anonymous and Pseudonymous Lit.; Reuss's Register of Living Authors, 1804; Baker's Biographia Dramatica, 1812; Gent. Mag. 1799–1852, passim.]  WEST, JOHN, first (1693–1766), born on 4 April 1693, was son of John West, sixth (or fifteenth) baron De La Warr of the second creation, by Margaret, daughter and heir of John Freeman, merchant, of London and Westminster. He was descended from Thomas West, third or twelfth baron De La Warr [q. v.] On his return from his travels in 1712 he was nominated standard-bearer of the band of gentlemen pensioners, and on 18 Aug. was appointed clerk-extraordinary of the privy council. He was returned to parliament as member for Grampound in Cornwall on 27 Jan. 1714–15, and in April of the same year was gazetted guidon and first major of the first troop of horse guards. Two years later, on 24 Dec. 1717, he became lieutenant-colonel, and in the following year was made verderer of Windsor Park. He succeeded to the peerage as seventh (or sixteenth) Baron De La Warr in 1723. On 3 June 1725 he was named lord of the bedchamber to George I, and on the revival of the order of the Bath in the same year was created a knight. He was sworn of the privy council in June 1731, on becoming treasurer of the household. He held that office for six years. In March 1736 he was sent on a special mission to Saxe-Gotha to conduct the Princess Augusta to England, where she was to marry Frederick, prince of Wales. They landed at Greenwich on 25 April. Lord Hervey thought that no fitter selection could have been made to disarm the jealousy of the prince, and that a more unpolished ambassador for such an occasion could not have been found in any of the Goth or Vandal courts of Germany. On 2 July of the following year De La Warr was appointed captain-general and governor of New York and New Jersey. But he did not leave England, where he had for some time begun to take an active part in public affairs. In February 1732 he had denounced the reintroduction of Samuel Sandys's pension bill, which had twice previously been rejected by the lords, as an indignity to the house. On 18 April of the following year he was chosen speaker of the House of Peers, during the absence of Peter King, baron King [q. v.], the chancellor (Lords' Journals, xxiv. 237). According to the same authority, De La Warr was in that year ‘very zealous in the bill against Edinburgh’ which followed the Porteous riots. In February 1739 he spoke against allowing counsel to the petitioners against the recent convention with Spain, citing the precedent of the merchants heard against Bolingbroke's commercial treaty with France. On 9 Feb. 1739 he moved that the author and publisher (Paul White-


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 head [q. v.] and Robert Dodsley [q. v.]) of a satire called ‘Manners’ reflecting on the administration should be ordered to attend at the bar of the House of Lords. Three days later, when it was proposed that Whitehead should be taken into custody for non-attendance, Lord Abingdon opposed the motion, on the ground that he had not been personally served with the summons. De La Warr replied, and the motion was agreed to. On 14 May De La Warr moved the third reading of a bill settling annuities on George II's younger children. It was opposed by Carteret, but carried by 78 to 27.

During 1740 and 1741 he took a leading part on behalf of the Walpole ministry in several debates. Thus on 28 Feb. in the former year, when Lord Halifax moved that it was contrary to the usage of parliament, and derogatory to the privileges of the House of Lords, that a king's message asking for supplies to carry on the war should be sent to the commons singly, De La Warr in a weighty speech moved the previous question, and carried it in spite of the opposition of Carteret and Chesterfield. But in the course of a debate on 12 March of the following year he expressed his regret that the lords had given up their right to amend money bills, and his wish that it could be restored to them. In rejecting bills because they had been amended by the upper house, the commons would, in his opinion, do what they had no right to do. Hardwicke, the chancellor, supported his contention. In the course of the same year (1742) several changes were introduced into the procedure of the House of Lords at De La Warr's instance; and he procured the rejection of a motion to allow peers three proxies each (Parl. Hist. xi. 640–2, 768–76). In March 1754 he was a second time elected speaker during Hardwick's absence (Lords' Journals, xxviii. 249).

He showed not a little knowledge of commercial affairs. On 1 June 1742 he made a long and elaborate speech (which was ‘reported’ by Dr. Johnson in the ‘Gentleman's Magazine’) against a measure put forward by merchants for securing trade and navigation in time of war. Notwithstanding that it passed the commons unanimously, the second reading was refused in the lords by 59 to 25. On 15 Feb. 1743 he earnestly supported the ministerial spirituous liquors bill, which was strongly opposed by Chesterfield and the bishops. On 7 May 1744 he spoke at length against the bill for enlarging the trade to the Levant. He defended the Turkey Company, of which he was governor, denying that they held an absolute monopoly of the trade.

Meanwhile De La Warr had not given up the military profession. He commanded a brigade at the battle of Dettingen, and subsequently attained the rank of major-general (March 1745), lieutenant-general (September 1747), and general of horse (March 1765). In December 1747 he was appointed governor of Tilbury, and on 29 April 1752 of Guernsey. He moved the address in the lords in 1753, ‘in as parliamentary a manner as possible—very short and very nothing,’ as Rigby wrote to Bedford (Bedford Corresp. ii. 138). This appears to have been De La Warr's last public performance. In a ‘jubilee masquerade in the Venetian manner’ held at Ranelagh in May 1749 (which Horace Walpole declared to be the prettiest spectacle he ever saw) De La Warr appeared as Queen Elizabeth's porter, in a costume designed from a picture now at Hampton Court. At a Russian masquerade at Somerset House on 6 Feb. 1755 he resumed the character. He was created by George III, in March 1761, Earl De La Warr and Viscount Cantelupe. He died on 16 March 1766. A portrait of him, after J. Highmore, was engraved for Pine's ‘Knights of the Bath.’ Hervey speaks of his ‘long, lank, awkward person.’

De La Warr was twice married: first, in 1722, to Charlotte, daughter of Donough McCarthy, fourth earl of Clancarty [q. v.]; and secondly, in 1744, to Anne, dowager baroness Abergavenny, daughter of Nehemiah Walker. By the first marriage he had two sons and two daughters. Of the latter, Henrietta married General James Johnston of the Enniskillen dragoons, and Diana became the first wife of General Sir John Clavering [q. v.]

His son,, second (1729–1777), entered the army in 1746 as an ensign in the 3rd foot guards. He was gazetted colonel in the army on 8 May 1758, major-general 8 March 1761, and lieutenant-general 30 April 1770. He bore the title of Viscount Cantelupe from 1761 till his succession to the peerage. From 1761 to 1766 he was vice-chamberlain to Queen Charlotte, and was her master of the horse from that date till 1768. He was named lord chamberlain in November of that year. He died in Audley Square on 22 Nov. 1777, and was buried at St. Margaret's, Westminster. He married, in 1756, Mary, daughter of Lieutenant-general John Wynyard, leaving William Augustus, third earl (1757–1783), and John Richard, fourth earl (1758–1795).

The fourth earl's son,, fifth (1791–1869), born in Savile Row on 26 Oct. 1791, was educated at Harrow and Brasenose,


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Page:A Hebrew and English Lexicon (Brown-Driver-Briggs).djvu/20

 JHMich = J. H. Michaelis.

JLZ = Jenaer Lit.-Zeitung.

Jo = Joel.

Jon = Jonah.

Jos = Joshua.

Joseph = Fl. Josephus (sts.).

JosKi = Joseph Kimchi.

JPTh = Jahrbücher für Prot. Theol.

JQ = Jewish Quarterly.

Ju = Judges.

Jud. = Judæa, Judæan.

juss. = jussive.

1K, 2K = 1 & 2 Kings.

Kay = W. Kay.

Ke = C. F. Keil.

Kenn = B. Kennicott.

Kennedy = (usu.) A. R. S. Kennedy.

kg. = king.

Kgs. = Kings.

Ki = David Kimchi (Qamchi).

Kiep(ert) = H. Kiepert.

Kirkp = A. F. Kirkpatrick.

Kmp = A. Kamphausen.

Kn = A. Knobel.

Köh = A. Köhler.

Kp = A. F. Kirkpatrick.

Krae = R. Kraetzschmar.

Krochm = A. Krochmal.

KSGW = Königl. Sächs. Ak. d. Wiss.

Kt = Kethibh.

La = Lamentations.

Lay = A. H. Layard.

l. c. = in loco citato.

LCB = Litterarisches Centralblatt.

(v.)Leng = C. von Lengerke.

Levy = Jacob Levy.

Liḥy = Liḥyanian (language).

Littm = Enno Littmann.

Lo = R. Lowth.

loc. = local, locality.

Lu = Martin Luther.

Luz(z) = S. D. Luzzatto.

Lv = Leviticus.

Lyon = D. G. Lyon.

m., m. = masculine.

Mal = Malachi.

Mand. = Mandean.

Marti = K. Marti.

Mas(s) = Masora.

Me = A. Merx.

Meinh = J. Meinhold.

metaph. = metaphor, metaphorically.

MGWJ = Monatsschr., q. v.

MI = Mesha-Inscription.

Mi = Micah.

Mich = J. D. Michaelis.

Min. = Minaean.

Mish(n). = Mishna.

mng. = meaning

Mo = F. E. Movers.

mpl. = masculine plural


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West Oxford, graduating B.A. in 1812 and M.A. in 1819. He was appointed a lord of the bedchamber in July 1813, and again held that office from January 1820 to March 1828. On his marriage in November 1843 he assumed his wife's surname of Sackville before his own. On 8 Sept. 1841, when he was also made a privy councillor, he was named by Sir R. Peel, lord chamberlain. He again held that office under Lord Derby from February 1858 to June 1859. He died at Buckhurst Park, Kent, on 23 Feb. 1869. The fifth Earl De La Warr was the ‘Fair Euryalus’ of Byron's ‘Childish Recollections.’ Byron addressed to him the verses in ‘Hours of Idleness’ beginning ‘Oh yes, I will own we were dear to each other,’ and also the lines inscribed to D___. Both poems were prompted by a misunderstanding between them while at Harrow. Byron afterwards owned himself in the wrong and apologised. He subsequently drew a portrait of De La Warr, whom he calls very handsome. It was engraved by Harding. Another portrait, by E. D. Smith, was engraved by W. H. Mote for Ryall's ‘Eminent Conservatives.’ De La Warr married Lady Elizabeth, daughter and coheiress of John Frederick Sackville, third duke of Dorset [q. v.] She was on 27 April 1864 created Baroness Buckhurst in her own right, with remainder to her younger sons, and a special proviso that the barony and earldom of De La Warr should in no case be held by the same person (see, Peerage). In spite of this patent her third son, Reginald Windsor, baron Buckhurst, became also Earl de La Warr in April 1873. She died at 17 Upper Grosvenor Street on 9 Jan. 1870. Her second son, Charles Richard Sackville West, sixth earl De La Warr (1815–1873), is separately noticed.

[Doyle's Baronage; Burke's and G. E. C[okayne]'s Peerages; Gent. Mag. 1766 p. 152, 1777 p. 556, 1795 ii. 706; Parl. Hist. vols. viii–xiii. passim; Hervey's Memoirs, 1884, ii. 287–8, iii. 38, 108; Walpole's Letters, ed. Cunningham, ii. 152n., iii. 384, 419, &c.; Evans's Cat. Engr. Portraits; authorities cited; Moore's Life of Byron, pp. 23, 40; Byron's Works, 1859, pp. 377, 417; Ryall's Portraits of Eminent Conservatives, 2nd ser.; Boase's Mod. Engl. Biogr.]

 WEST, JOHN (1774–1862), admiral of the fleet, born in 1774, was the son of Lieutenant-colonel Temple West of the grenadier guards; grandson of Vice-admiral Temple West [q. v.], and, through his grandmother, great-grandson of Admiral Sir John Balchen [q. v.] His father, Colonel West, was the second cousin of William Pitt the younger. His grandfather's sister was the first wife of Alexander Hood, viscount Bridport [q. v.] He entered the navy in June 1788 on board the Pomona, with Captain (Sir) William Domett [q. v.], himself a follower of Alexander Hood. He was afterwards in the Salisbury, flagship of Vice-admiral Mark Milbanke, and in the London, bearing the flag of Alexander Hood (afterwards Viscount Bridport). He was promoted to be lieutenant on 27 July 1793, and in the following year was a lieutenant of the Royal George on 1 June, and in 1795 on 23 June. On 7 Sept. 1795 he was made commander; in December was appointed to the Diligence sloop, in the West Indies, and on 15 Nov. 1796 was posted to the 30-gun frigate Tourterelle. From 1807 to 1809 he commanded the Excellent in the Mediterranean, and from 1809 to 1814 the Sultan on the Mediterranean, home, and West Indies stations. He became a rear-admiral on 12 Aug. 1819; vice-admiral on 22 July 1830; admiral on 23 Nov. 1841. He was nominated a K.C.B. on 4 July 1840. From April 1845 to April 1848 he was commander-in-chief at Devonport, with his flag in the Queen. He was made admiral of the fleet on 25 June 1858, and a G.C.B. on 18 May 1860. He died, at his residence in Eaton Square, on 18 April 1862. He married, in May 1817, Harriett, daughter of John Adams of Northamptonshire, and left issue three sons and two daughters.

[O'Byrne's Nav. Biogr. Dict.; Gent. Mag. 1862, i. 644; Navy Lists.]  WEST, JOSEPH (fl. 1669–1684), governor of South Carolina, a native of England, was probably attached to the service of one of the eight proprietors of Carolina, chief among whom were the Duke of Albemarle and Lord Shaftesbury. From his correspondence, preserved at the Record Office, his relations appear to have been specially close with the latter. On 27 July 1669 he was given the command of a small fleet and ordered by the proprietors to sail from London for Kinsale and thence by way of Barbados to Port Royal, Carolina, in the vicinity of which place he was to settle a new plantation (South Carolina) under constitutions drawn up mainly by John Locke, the secretary of the proprietors. West was also appointed to act as storekeeper in the new colony (Cal. State Papers, America and West Indies, 1669–74, pp. 33–4 sq.). West sailed from the Downs in the ship Carolina on 17 Aug. 1669, and the expedition finally reached Port Royal on 17 March 1669–70. A few months later


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 they began to settle Ashley River, as the new plantation was called, and Charles Town, the site of which was subsequently removed (1679–80) to Oyster Point. West, though he had no experience as ‘a planter,’ took a leading part in the conduct of affairs as deputy for the governor, William Sayle [q. v.], whose health was breaking up. Sayle died on 4 March 1671, whereupon West was unanimously chosen governor by the colonial council. In the following December Sir John Yeamans [q. v.] claimed the governorship on the ground that he had been made a ‘landgrave’ by the proprietors. The council expressed themselves so well satisfied with the administration of West that they resolved not to disturb him in his government; but shortly afterwards an express nomination of Yeamans to the post arrived from England, and in this the colonists acquiesced. West was at the same time appointed ‘register of all writings and documents.’ But Yeamans proved popular neither with the settlers nor with the proprietors, his health was feeble, he was suspected of avarice in private trading, and early in 1674 he retired to Barbados, leaving the field clear for West, to whom the proprietors on 18 May 1674 sent a patent to be landgrave and a commission to be governor (ib. p. 578). His salary was 100l. as governor and 60l. as storekeeper. The new governor's administration was marked by ‘care, fidelity, and prudence.’ He obtained deeds of transfer of lands from Indian chiefs, made regulations respecting the militia, roads, the status of servants and slaves, and in his last parliament of May 1682 passed ‘acts for suppressing idleness, drunkenness, and profanity.’ In the same year was commenced the building of the English church in Charles Town; but the utmost tolerance was extended to the dissenters, who comprised the larger part of the population. West was removed from the governorship towards the close of 1682, having, it is supposed, incurred the displeasure of the proprietors by permitting the sale and transport of Indian slaves from Carolina into other colonies. His dismissal was soon regretted, and in September 1684 he was reappointed governor; but for private reasons he resigned his post and left the colony in the summer of 1685. It is supposed that he visited London, where he seems to have left his wife (ib. p. 168), and that he returned eventually to his estate upon the Ashley River; but nothing is known definitely of his later career.

[Cal. State Papers, America and West Indies, 1669–74, ed. Sainsbury, passim, incorporating the Shaftesbury Papers, briefly described in the Hist. MSS. Comm. 3rd Rep. App. pp. 216–17; Winsor's Hist. of America, 1887, v. 308; Carroll's Hist. Collections of South Carolina, New York, 1836, vol. ii. passim; Rivers's Sketch of the History of South Carolina, Charleston, 1856, chaps. iv. v. and vi. containing the best narrative of West's governorship.]  WEST, NICOLAS (1461–1533), bishop of Ely and diplomatist, was born in 1461 at Putney, Surrey. His father, John West, is alleged by Hatcher and all subsequent biographers to have been a baker at Putney. He was educated at Eton and became scholar of King's College, Cambridge, in 1477, being elected fellow in 1483. Wood, on Hatcher's authority, has a story, which is obviously an exaggeration of some college disturbance, that in connection with an election to the proctorship of the university he set fire to the provost's lodgings, stole some silver spoons, and ran away from the college. As a matter of fact he held his fellowship till the close of 1498, regularly took his degrees in arts, and became LL.D. before 1486, when he was admitted archdeacon of Derby (, Fasti, i. 577). In 1499 he was presented by Richard Foxe [q. v.], bishop of Durham, to the rectory of Egglescliffe; but at this time he must have been in deacon's orders only, for on 18 April 1500 Thomas Savage [q. v.], bishop of London, ordained him priest. He retained Egglescliffe until his preferment to a bishopric in 1515. In 1501, upon occasion of a dispute between William Smith or Smyth (1460?–1514) [q. v.], bishop of Lincoln, and the knights hospitallers, relative to a jurisdiction claimed by the knights in the archdeaconry of Leicester, West acted as counsel for the knights (, Life of Bishop Smyth, p. 185). This perhaps introduced him to the notice of Bishop Smyth, who presented him in 1502 to the rectory of Witney in Oxfordshire, a living which he also retained till his elevation to the bench. Godwin states that he was also rector of Elford, near Lichfield. In the same year (1502) he was styled chaplain to the king (, Fœdera, xiii. 35).

In Foxe West had found a powerful patron. Foxe controlled the foreign relations of the country, and on 18 Nov. 1502 appointed West as junior colleague of Sir Thomas Brandon [q. v.], ambassador to the Emperor Maximilian (ib.) In 1504 we find West a member of the king's council, for he appears sitting as such in the Star-chamber upon the occasion of a decree dated 26 Nov. 1504 which settled the conflicting relations of the merchants of the staple and the merchant adventurers (, Life of Bishop


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 Brady , being completed in 1726. Johnson says that 'when dragged into the world it did not live long enough to cry,' he had not seen it and believed that he had been informed of its existence by 'some old catalogue.' It is not in the library of the British Museum, and has not been seen by the present writer. (5) Two volumes of sermons, 1704-6, republished with a third volume by Brady's eldest son, Nicholas, vicar of Tooting, Surrey, in 1730, a volume of 'Select Sermons preached before the Queen and on other occasions,' 1713. A considerable number of sermons, most of them republished in collections, were also published separately. Among these was a sermon preached in Chelsea Church on the death of Thomas Shadwell, in November 1692 (London, 1693).

 BRADY, ROBERT (d. 1700), historian and physician, was born at Denver, Norfolk. He was admitted to Caius College, Cambridge, on 20 Feb. 1643, proceeded B.M. 1653, was created doctor by virtue of the king's letters in September 1660 (, Register, 251), and on 1 Dec. of the same year was appointed master of his college by royal mandate (, 870). At an uncertain date (1670 or 1685) he held the office of keeper of the records in the Tower, and took deep interest in studying the documents under his charge. He was admitted fellow of the College of Physicians on 12 Nov. 1680, and was physician in ordinary to Charles II and James II. In this capacity he was one of those who deposed to the birth of the Prince of Wales on 22 Oct. 1688. He was regius professor of physic at Cambridge, and was M.P. for the university in the parliaments of 1681 and 1685. He died 19 Aug. 1700, leaving land and money to Caius College.

He wrote: His historical works are laborious, and are based on original authorities; they are marked by the author's desire to uphold the royal prerogative. In his preface to his 'Treatise on Boroughs' he says that he is able to show that they 'have nothing of the greatness and authority they boast of, but from the bounty of our ancient kings and their successors.'
 * 1) A letter to Dr. Sydenham, dated 30 Dec. 1679, on certain medical questions, which is printed in Sydenham's ' Epistolæ Responsoriæ duæ,' 1680, 8vo.
 * 2) 'An Introduction to Old English History comprehended in three several tracts,' 1684, fol.
 * 3) 'A Compleat History of England,' 2 vols., 1685, 1700, fol.
 * 4) 'An Historical Treatise of Cities and Burghs or Boroughs, showing their original,' &c., 1690; 2nd edit. 1704, fol.
 * 5) 'An Inquiry into the remarkable instances of History and Parliamentary Records used by the author (Stillingfleet) of the Unreasonableness of a New Separation,' &c., 1691, 4to.

 BRADY, THOMAS (1752?–1827), general (feldzeugmeister) in the Austrian army, was born at Cavan, Ireland (one account has it Cootehill), some time between October 1752 and May 1753. He entered the Austrian service on 1 Nov. 1769. In the list for that date his name appears as 'Peter,' but in all subsequent rolls he is called 'Thomas.' He served till 4 April 1774 as a cadet in the infantry regiment 'Wied.' On 10 April 1774 he was promoted ensign in the infantry regiment 'Fabri;' he became lieutenant 30 Nov. 1775, first or ober-lieutenant 20 March 1784, and captain in 1788. He distinguished himself as a lieutenant at Habelschwerdt in 1778, and received the Maria Theresa cross for personal bravery at the storming of Novi on 3 Nov. 1788, during the Turkish war. He was appointed major 20 July 1790, served on the staff till 1793, and on 1 April of that year was nominated lieutenant-colonel of the corps of Tyrolese sharpshooters. He was transferred on 21 Dec. to the infantry regiment 'Murray,' of which he became colonel on 6 Feb. 1794, and fought with it at Frankenthal, in General Latour's corps, in 1795, and distinguished himself on 19 June 1796 at Ukerad. He was promoted to major-general 6 Sept. 1796, in which rank he served in Italy and commanded at Cattaro in 1799. He became lieutenant-general 28 Jan. 1801, and in 1803 was given the honorary colonelcy of the 'Imperial' or first regiment of infantry. In 1804 he was appointed governor of Dalmatia. In 1807 he was made a privy councillor in recognition of his services as a general of division in Bohemia. In 1809 be took a leading part in the battle of Aspern, a large portion of the Austrian army being under his conduct. General Brady was


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Author:William Garnett

Works

 * Elementary Dynamics
 * (in part)
 * (with Hugh Munro Ross)
 * (in part)
 * (in part)

title: Author:William Garnett


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 Smyth, p. 223). At the beginning of 1505 West was commissioned as sole plenipotentiary to conclude a treaty with George, duke of Saxony (Letters and Papers of Henry VIII, i. 1717). Calais was the place of negotiation. The real object of the treaty was to prevent the harbouring of Suffolk [see ] by the duke. The convention was ratified at Dresden on 30 Dec. 1505 (, Fœdera, xiii. 123). In 1506 West was one of the commissioners who negotiated a treaty of commerce with the Netherlands so favourable to England that it was known in Flanders as the ‘intercursus malus.’

On 10 May following this brilliant success West received another diplomatic mission. This was to take the ratification of a treaty of marriage between Henry VII and Margaret of Savoy, sister of Philip, king of Castille (ib. xiii. 128). The treaty, which had no practical result, was confirmed at Valladolid on 13 July 1506, West being present (ib. xiii. 155). In this document West is styled archdeacon of Derby.

In 1508 West was one of the commissioners for settling the conditions of a marriage between Charles, archduke of Austria and prince of Castille, and the Princess Mary, daughter of Henry VII. The Flemish embassy arrived in England to negotiate the treaty in December of that year. West, as one of a small deputation of the council, was appointed to meet them on their way (, Letters and Papers, Richard III and Henry VII, i. 371). It is clear from this that, though he retained his benefices and his archdeaconry, he was still about the court. The treaty was signed by Henry on 8 Dec. 1508 (, Fœdera, xiii. 187).

On 3 Nov. 1509 West received his first preferment from Henry VIII, the grant of the deanery of St. George's, Windsor (Letters and Papers of Henry VIII, i. 624). On 20 June 1510, having Sir Thomas Docwra [q. v.], a former colleague, as leader of the mission, West was despatched to France for the purpose of taking the oath of Louis XII to the observance of the treaty of 23 March 1509 (ib. i. 1104). After West's return he took up his residence at Windsor, and occupied himself with the completion of St. George's Chapel. In September 1511 a warrant was issued for the payment to him of 200l. for the vaulting of the building, to be repaid by the knights of the Garter to the exchequer (ib. ii. p. 1452).

On 3 Nov. 1511 West was nominated an ambassador to James IV of Scotland (Letters and Papers of Henry VIII, i. p. 1926). He set out in November and arrived as far as York (ib. ii. p. 1453). But his journey seems to have been arrested, and West returned. On 4 Feb. 1512 he was appointed to the sinecure office of receiver of petitions to parliament from Gascoigne and beyond seas (ib. i. 2082). On 15 Feb. he received a fresh appointment as commissioner to treat with Scotland for redress of grievances (ib. i. 3007). On 15 Feb. 1513 Lord Dacre and West were again appointed ambassadors to settle differences with the Scots (ib. 3726). The real object of Henry VIII was to keep Scotland quiet pending his invasion of France [see ]. James IV, on the other hand, was waiting the moment of England's embarrassment in France formally to declare war. The final result of West's embassy was the concession by James of a commission to treat of the grievances on the border, which met, without transacting any business, in June 1513. Meanwhile West had returned to England, and the fruitlessness of his mission was proved by the invasion of England by James in the following summer.

During his stay in Scotland West had availed himself of the hospitality of the Friars Observant at Stirling (ib. 3838). It was perhaps a consequence of this intimacy that on 25 Jan. 1514 he was admitted to the order, a favour recited in the deed of admission as granted ‘on account of the services he had rendered them’ (ib. 4678). That Henry VIII did not attribute the failure of his mission to any remissness upon West's part is evident from the fact that on 18 Aug. 1514 he nominated him, together with Charles Somerset, earl of Worcester [q. v.], the head of the mission, and his former colleague, Sir Thomas Docwra, a commissioner to take the oath of Louis XII to the treaty of peace of 7 Aug. 1513 and to receive that king's obligation for the payment of 1,000,000 crowns of gold (ib. 5335). The ambassadors arrived at Boulogne on 3 Sept. 1514 (ib. 5379), proceeding by way of Abbeville to Paris (ib. 5391). Part of their mission was the celebration by proxy of the marriage of the Princess Mary [see ], sister of Henry VIII, to Louis XII, which was among the terms of the treaty of peace (ib. 5482). On 1 Jan. 1515 Louis XII died, and West was again despatched, together with Suffolk and Sir Richard Wingfield [q. v.], to present to Francis I the condolences of Henry on the death of his predecessor (ib. ii. 24, 25).

The fruit of the diplomacy of West and his colleagues was a defensive alliance with France, dated 5 April 1515. This secured to Francis immunity from interference during the prosecution of his Italian campaign


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 (ib. 301). West was commissioned to receive from Francis his oath to the treaty (ib. 332), including his obligation for the payment of the million golden crowns claimed by Henry as due from Louis XII (ib. ii. 333, 428). The reward of West's mission in France was his nomination to the see of Ely through Wolsey's influence (ib. 295, 298, 299, 305). The temporalities of the see were granted to him on 18 May 1515 as from the death of his predecessor (, Fœdera, xiii. 510). He was consecrated on 7 Oct. (, Fasti, i. 341) at Lambeth by Warham. On 12 Nov. he took his seat in the House of Lords (Letters and Papers, ii. 1131), and officiated at the ceremonies attending the reception by Wolsey of the cardinal's hat three days later (ib. 1153).

In the following spring (1516) West began his episcopal visitation. The bishop wrote to Wolsey on 4 April that he ‘found such disorder at Ely that but for this visit it could not have been continued a monastery four years’ (ib. p. 1733). He appointed a new prior and other officers. On 30 May 1516 West was appointed to settle the terms of a treaty with Scotland, having Lord Dacre once more for his colleague, Thomas Magnus [q. v.], archdeacon of the East Riding, being the third commissioner (ib. 1957). Notwithstanding his activity, West's health was infirm (ib. ii. 2413). On 28 May 1517 he was nominated at the head of the commission to inquire into inclosures and imparkations of land, contrary to the statute of 4 Henry VII, c 19 (‘agaynst pullyng doun of Tounes’), in Cambridgeshire, Huntingdonshire, and Hertfordshire. On 1 Oct. 1517 he was nominated a member of a commission, presided over by the Duke of Norfolk, to arrange a league with France and Leo X, and settle the terms of the long-deferred restitution of Tournai (Letters and Papers, ii. 4467). This resulted in a treaty of universal peace (, xiii. 624), dated 2 Oct. 1518 (Letters and Papers, ii. 4469). He signed two days later another treaty for a marriage between the Princess Mary [see ] and the dauphin (ib. 4475), and on 8 Oct. a third treaty (ib. 4483) arranging a personal interview between the two kings. On 9 Nov. 1518 West was nominated one of four ambassadors to France (, Fœdera, xiii. 664). In this, as in his former embassy to France, the main conduct of negotiations appears to have devolved on West (Letters and Papers, iii. 9, 15, 22, &c.). To him also Wolsey had secretly entrusted the delicate discussion of the compensation he was to receive from Francis for the resignation of his bishopric of Tournai (ib. ii. 4664), and of the pension to be paid him (ib. iii. 9). On 21 Dec. West was, with the other ambassadors, a witness to the formal ratification by Francis of the treaty of marriage of Mary to the dauphin (ib. ii. 4669), and of other articles of treaty (ib.) In the summer of 1521 Wolsey summoned West to Calais to assist him in his arbitration upon the issues between Francis I and Charles V. On 27 Nov., however, Wolsey, in despair of bringing the negotiations to a successful issue, returned to England, accompanied by West (Chron. of Calais, pp. 30, 31). On 14 Aug. 1525, in conjunction with Sir Thomas More, West settled the articles of a truce between England and France (Letters and Papers, iv. 1570). The formal treaty, called the ‘Treaty at the More,’ was ratified after frequent conferences (ib. 1738) on 30 Aug., West being one of the signatories (ib. 1600 (4), 1601, cf. 1617) and principal negotiator (ib. 1738).

In November and December 1527 he sat in the chapter-house of Westminster with Wolsey and five other bishops, and received the submission of Thomas Bilney [q. v.] and Thomas Arthur (d. 1532) [q. v.], accused of heresy, of both of whom he was diocesan (ib. 3639;, Actes and Monuments). Upon the hearing of the divorce in July 1529 West filed an affidavit in behalf of the queen, whose chaplain he was. On 6 April 1533 Cromwell wrote that the king desired West to attend the council next term; ‘his grace had often lamented his absence and his infirmity’ (Letters and Papers, vi. 312). On 28 April 1533 West died. His will, executed at Downham, is of the same date (ib. 393). An inventory of the bishop's goods survives in the record office.

Upon matters of doctrine, as his admission to the Friars Observant indicates (see Roy's satire on Wolsey, Harl. Misc. ix. 45 foll.), West belonged to the older school of ecclesiastical conservatism. Pits speaks of him as ‘in defendenda catholica fide valde strenuus.’ Despite the exorbitant demands of the crown, he maintained a sumptuous state. A hundred servants were in his pay. He is said by Godwin to have fed two hundred poor daily with cooked victuals, and to have distributed large sums of money when corn was dear. According to Fuller he was a donor of plate to his college of King's at Cambridge. He was so far a patron of literature that Alexander Barclay's ‘Life of St. George,’ printed by Pinson, was dedicated to him as bishop of Ely, where Barclay was a monk. He had a cultivated architectural taste, and built a chapel of great beauty in the later Perpendicular style, with fan tracery, at the end of the south aisle of Putney


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USAMGIK Ordinance 42

 * HEADQUARTERS

 * UNITED STATES ARMY FORCES IN KOREA

 * Office of the Military Governor

 * Seoul, Korea

ORDINANCE NUMBER 42 14 January 1946

  All duties, functions, records, property and personnel of the Coast Guard of the Marine Section of the Bureau of Transportation of the Government of Korea except such as relate to Aids to Navigation(lighthouse service) are hereby transferred to the Office of the Director of National Defense of the Government of Korea.

  all duties, functions, records, property and civilian personnel of the Historical Research Division and the Modern Korean Code Drafting Division of the Bureau of Justice of the Government of Korea are hereby transferred to the General Affairs Section of the Secretariat of the Government of Korea.

  This order is effective at 2400, 18 January 1946

 * BY DIRECTION OF THE COMMANDING GENERAL

 * UNITED STATES ARMY FORCES IN KOREA

 * ARCHER L. LERCH

 * Major General, United States Army

 * Military Governor of Korea.

군정법령 제42호

title: USAMGIK Ordinance 42


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 parish church. The church was unfortunately rebuilt in 1836, and, according to Brayley, the chapel actually ‘removed’ to its present situation, north of the chancel (Hist. of Surrey, 1850, iii. 477). At Cambridge he built part of the provost's lodgings at King's. To Ely Cathedral he added an exquisite chapel, in the same style, with elaborate carved canopies and corbels ‘of endless variety in workmanship, size, shape, and decoration,’ now much defaced. Over the door is the bishop's favourite motto, ‘Gracia Dei sum id quod sum,’ with the date 1534 (, Description of Ely, 3rd edit. 1834, p. 94). Here he was buried. On a brass plate was formerly this inscription: ‘Of your charitie pray for the soule of Nicholas West, sometyme Bishop of this See, and for all Christian soules; in the whych prayer he hath graunted to every person so doing 40 days of pardon for every time they shall so pray.’ Here, as in his chapel at Putney, are his arms: the see of Ely impaling argent a chevron sa. between three roses gu. slipped vert.

[Cal. of Letters and Papers of Henry VIII; Rymer's Fœdera, vol. xiii.; Hatcher's manuscript Catalogue of Provosts, Fellows, and Scholars of King's Coll.; Foxe's Actes and Monuments; Wood's Athenæ Oxon. ed. Bliss, ii. 706; Fiddes's Life of Wolsey, London, 1726; Fuller's Hist. of the Univ. of Cambridge, 1655, p. 76; Wharton's Anglia Sacra, 1691, i. 676; Godwin, De Præsulibus, 1743; Pits, De Rebus Anglicis, 1619; Watson's Hist. of Wisbech, 1827; Surtees's Hist. of Durham, 1823, iii. 200; Manning and Bray's Hist. of Surrey, 1814, iii. 292; Brayley's Hist. of Surrey, 1850, iii. 477; Lewis's Life of Dr. John Fisher, Bishop of Rochester, 1855, 2 vols.; Brewer's Reign of Henry VIII; Schanz's Englische Handelspolitik, 1881; Ames's Typogr. Antiq.; Busch's England unter den Tudors, 1892; Warton's Hist. Engl. Poetry, ed. 1871, iii. 195; Andrews and Jackson's Illustrations of Bishop West's Chapel, Putney, 1825; MSS. Record Office.]  WEST, RICHARD (fl. 1606–1619), poet, was the author of several volumes of verse. In 1606 appeared ‘News from Bartolomew Fayre’ (London, 4to), of which a fragment is preserved at the Bodleian. The poem, though without much merit, is a lively description of the scenes at the fair and of the buyers and sellers who resorted to it. It was followed in 1607 by ‘The Court of Conscience, or Dick Whippers Sessions’ (London, 4to), a satire on the manners of the time. In 1619 a new edition of Francis Segar's ‘School of Vertue’ appeared with a second part by West; the second part was chiefly a summary recapitulation of Segar's precepts, and, like them, was in verse. It was frequently known as the ‘Booke of Demeanour.’ It was reprinted in 1677, and in 1817 in facsimile for the Roxburghe Club. In 1868 it was edited for the Early English Text Society by F. J. Furnivall together with ‘The Babees Book’ and other similar treatises. To West has also been attributed ‘The Wyttes A.B.C., or a Centurie of Epigrams by R.W., Bachelor of Arts in Oxon.,’ of which there is a copy in the Malone collection at the Bodleian, but the author of this work was undoubtedly a distinct person.

[Corser's Collectanea, v. 377–82; Gray's Index to Hazlitt's Collections; Collier's Bibliogr. Account of Early English Lit. i. 50, ii. 502; Arber's Transcript of the Stationers' Register, iii. 326, 358; Brit. Mus. Add. MS. 24488, f. 363.]  WEST, RICHARD (d. 1726), lawyer and playwright, is said in the printed list of ‘Masters of the Bench,’ to have been born in 1670, and to have been called to the bar at the Inner Temple in 1697, but, according to the ‘manuscript admissions at the Inner Temple,’ the only Richard West at this period was son and heir-apparent of Richard West of London, merchant, was admitted 23 June 1708, and called to the bar 13 June 1714. He became king's counsel on 24 Oct. 1717, and was made a bencher of his inn in 1718, but on the understanding that he was neither to have chambers in the inn nor claim the office of treasurer. A few years later he became counsel to the board of trade, attending twice a week and receiving three guineas for each attendance (Cal. of Treasury Papers, 1720–28, pp. 114, 313). He was returned to parliament at a by-election on 13 March 1720–21 for the Cornish borough of Grampound, and he sat for the adjoining borough of Bodmin from 10 April 1722 to his death.

West, who devoted his leisure to the lighter forms of literature, was author of ‘Hecuba: a Tragedy acted at the Theatre Royal in Drury Lane’ (anon.), 1726, which was brought out on 2 Feb. 1725–6, and was the only novelty offered at Drury Lane during the season. On the first night a full audience would not listen to it; on the next two nights there was no audience (, H. M. Servants, ed. Lowe, i. 379–380, ii. 155). It was lauded in ‘Reflections upon reading the Tragedy of Hecuba by Eugenio,’ and condemned in ‘Reflections upon Reflections,’ 1726.

West was very active as one of the managers in the trial of Lord-chancellor Macclesfield during May 1725, and at the conclusion summed up in a masterly speech. In


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 March 1725 it had been proposed to raise Sir William Thompson, then recorder of London, to the position of lord chancellor of Ireland, and to secure for West the vacant position of recorder. This scheme failed, and on the following 29 May West was made lord chancellor of Ireland. He landed in that country at the close of July, and was in due course made a privy councillor. On 2 April 1726 he was appointed one of the three lord justices of Ireland during the absence of the lord lieutenant.

West died on 3 Dec. 1726, and was buried in St. Anne's Church, Dublin, on 6 Dec. His death was much regretted, especially by the lawyers who practised before him. He married, in April 1714, Elizabeth, second daughter of Bishop Burnet, with whom he received the dowry of 1,500l. He had issue one son Richard (1716–1742) [q. v.] and one daughter Molly. He left scarcely sufficient to pay his debts, and a pension, vested in trustees, was obtained from the crown for the widow. Archbishop Boulter writes on 3 Jan. 1726–7 that ‘Mrs. West's conduct since the death has so far given countenance to some whispers which were about before.’ This probably gave rise to the rumour that with John Williams, his secretary, she had been faithless to her husband, and that she had caused his death with poison. The lord chancellor's father is said to have outlived his son, and to have died intestate, so that the daughter-in-law could not substantiate her right to any part of the old man's property. In these circumstances George II renewed the pension (which had lapsed on the death of George I) for the widow and her daughter. Williams afterwards married the daughter. Mrs. Williams, when a widow and fast drifting into penury, was taken by Josiah Tucker, dean of Gloucester, to his house.

West was eminent for ‘legal and constitutional learning.’ He wrote: 1. ‘A Discourse concerning Treasons and Bills of Attainder’ (anon.), 1716; 2nd ed. 1717. This was answered in ‘Rocks and Shallows Discovered, or the Ass kicking at the Lyons in the Tower.’ On 5 Jan. 1715–16 Lintot purchased for 4l. 6s. a half-share of West's work on treasons (, Lit. Anecdotes, viii. 295). 2. ‘An Enquiry into the Origin and Manner of creating Peers’ (anon.), 1719, reprinted with his name in 1782. This was attacked, it is said by James St. Amand, in ‘Animadversions on the Enquiry into creating Peers, with some Hints about pyrating in Learning, in a Letter to Richard W–st,’ 1724. The work of West was based on No. 536, vols. xi. and xii. in the Petyt manuscripts in the Inner Temple Library, entitled ‘De creatione nobilium,’ 2 vols. fol.

Apart from his tragedy of ‘Hecuba,’ his contributions to lighter literature included some papers in the ‘Freethinker’ of Ambrose Philips and others.

A full-length portrait of West in his official robes was presented to the Inner Temple by his grand-nephew, Richard Glover, M.P. for Penryn, and hangs in the parliament chamber. This Glover was a son of Richard Glover [q. v.] (author of ‘Leonidas’), whose mother was West's sister. Another portrait by an unknown painter is in the National Gallery, Dublin.

 WEST, RICHARD (1716–1742), poet and friend of Thomas Gray, born in 1716, was the only son of Richard West (d. 1726) [q. v.] He was educated at Eton with Thomas Ashton, Gray, and Horace Walpole, forming a ‘quadruple alliance’ of friendship, and was known among them as ‘Favonius.’ In youth he was ‘tall and slim, of a pale and meagre look and complexion,’ and he was then reckoned a more brilliant genius than Gray. The rest of the friends went to Cambridge, but West matriculated from Christ Church, Oxford, on 22 May 1735 at the age of nineteen.

West was from his youth marked out for the profession of the bar, through the influential positions of his father and his uncle, Sir Thomas Burnet [q. v.] On 21 Feb. 1737–8 he was at Dartmouth Street, Westminster; by the following April he had left Oxford, and was studying at the Inner Temple, where he had been admitted on 17 July 1733. Gray came to London in September 1738 to join him at the bar, but was drawn off into travelling with Horace Walpole. West then thought of the army as a profession, but his strength was failing, and in September 1741 Gray found his friend ill and weary in London.

In March 1742 West was at Pope's (or Popes), two miles to the west of Hatfield in Hertfordshire, the seat of David Mitchell. A few days later he was racked by a ‘most violent cough,’ and he died at Pope's on 1 June 1742. He was buried in the chancel of Hatfield church, immediately before the altar-rails, and a gravestone to his


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The New International Encyclopædia/Ölsnitz

ÖLSNITZ, ẽls'nĭts. A town in the Kingdom of Saxony, Germany, on the White Elster, 25 miles southwest of Zwickau (Map: Germany, E 3). The ancient Jakobskirche and a handsome Rathaus are the only buildings of note. The town has one of the largest carpet factories in Germany. Corsets, curtains, machinery, varnish, and dyes are also manufactured; and there is considerable trade, especially in cattle. Population, in 1900, 13,606.


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 memory was placed in the floor. The Countess of Huntingdon deplored his loss, in a letter to John Wesley (Life and Times of Countess of Huntingdon, i. 39, 40).

Among Mitford's manuscripts at the British Museum (Addit. MSS. 32561–2) are copies of letters to and from West, the originals of which belonged to Lady Frankland Lewis in February 1853. Many of these were published for the first time in the Rev. D. C. Tovey's ‘Gray and his Friends’ (pp. 65–172). Walpole's letters to him, twenty in all, were printed in 1798 in the set of Walpole's ‘Works’ which was edited by Miss Berry and her father, and are included, with the answers, in Cunningham's edition of Walpole's ‘Correspondence.’ His correspondence with Gray has been printed by Mason and Mitford in their editions of that poet. He sent Latin elegies to Gray when on his travels, and addressed to him the ‘Ode to May’ beginning with Dear Gray, that always in my heart Possessest still the better part. Gray embalmed his friend's memory in a very tender sonnet in English, and also addressed to him as ‘Favonius’ the Latin poem ‘De Principiis Cogitandi.’

Both Gray and Mitford designed to collect West's remains, but died before their work was done. A selection from his poems appeared in Park's ‘British Poets,’ vol. iv. of ‘Supplement,’ pp. 67–74, Bell's ‘Poets,’ vol. c., and Anderson's ‘Collection,’ vol. x.; all his known pieces are contained in Mr. Tovey's ‘Gray and his Friends.’ At Horace Walpole's request his ‘Monody on Queen Caroline’ was inserted in Dodsley's ‘Collection,’ ii. 274, and it was reprinted in Bell's ‘Fugitive Poetry,’ xv. 119–24; certain lines in it may be regarded as the germs of part of Gray's ‘Elegy.’ A poem signed ‘Richard West’ is in Alexander Dalrymple's ‘English Songs’ (1796), pp. 142–3. The ode on West's death, in the ‘European Magazine,’ January 1798, p. 45, is by Thomas Ashton (1716–1775) [q. v.] Some ‘very indecent poems by him’ are said by Samuel Rogers to be among the papers at Pembroke College. Mr. Tovey speaks of a lost tragedy by him entitled ‘Pausanias.’

West had ‘a fine sensibility to literary influences and a genius for friendship’ (Prof. Dowden, in Academy, 11 Oct. 1890, p. 309). His character was ‘extremely winning’ (, Gray, in ‘Men of Letters,’ pp. 5–54). Rogers said, ‘If West had lived he would have been no mean poet’ (Table Talk, pp. 40).

[Gray, ed. Mason, 1807 ed. passim; Gray, ed. Mitford, 1816, i. pp. ii–iii, xiv; Gray, ed. Gosse, i. and ii. passim; Corresp. of Gray and Mason, p. xxvii; Tovey's Gray and his Friends; Foster's Alumni, 1715–1886; Notes and Queries, 6th ser. ii. 27; Gent. Mag. 1802, i. 493; Jesse's Etonians, i. 337–43; Walpole's Letters, i. pp. i, 160, 170, 184, v. 479, 482, 487, vi. 15; Clutterbuck's Hertfordshire, ii. 367; Manuscript Admissions at Inner Temple, per Mr. J. E. L. Pickering.]  WEST, ROBERT (d. 1770), artist, was born at Waterford, the son of an alderman of that city, and is said to have been trained in Paris. He for some years conducted a drawing academy in George Lane, Dublin, and when the Royal Dublin Society established a school of design in Shaw's Court was appointed the first master. This position he held until 1763, when, becoming mentally deranged, he was superseded by a former pupil, Jacob Ennis. On the death of the latter in 1770 West was reappointed, but died in the same year. He was an accomplished draughtsman and an excellent teacher.

(1749?–1809), son of Robert, studied in Paris, where he was a pupil of Van Loo and worked in the French Academy. On 11 Oct. 1770 he succeeded his father as master of the Dublin school of design, and this post he filled with great success throughout his life. Like his father, he excelled as a draughtsman in crayons, having a profound knowledge of the human figure, which he could draw without models, but painted little in oils. There exists a set of ten plates of moral emblems, engraved from compositions by him, and dedicated to various Irish noblemen. West died at Dublin on 24 Jan. 1809. He had many good pupils, including Sir Martin Archer Shee [q. v.] His portrait, painted by his brother Robert Lucius, is in the Royal Hibernian Academy (Cat. Third Loan Exhib. No. 86).

(d. 1849) was a son of Francis Robert West, and for some years acted as assistant to his father. On the death of the latter in 1809 he succeeded to the mastership of the school, which he retained for about forty years. He painted portraits and historical subjects, and in 1808 exhibited at the Royal Academy in London a subject from Gray's ‘Elegy.’ He was a member of the Irish Society of Artists, and on the foundation of the Royal Hibernian Academy in 1823 was nominated an original academician. The National Gallery of Ireland possesses a portrait of J. H. Brocas, the landscape-painter, by West, also a miniature of the latter by himself. West died early in October 1849.


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  [Redgrave's Dict. of Artists; Pasquin's Professors of Painting, &c., who have practised in Ireland, 1795; Sarsfield Taylor's Fine Arts in Great Britain, 1841; information from S. Catterson Smith, esq., R.H.A., and W. Strickland, esq.]  WEST, TEMPLE (1713–1757), vice-admiral, born in 1713, was the son of Richard West, D.D., prebendary of Winchester, by his wife Maria, eldest daughter of Sir Richard Temple (1634–1697) [q. v.] and sister of Sir Richard Temple, viscount Cobham [q. v.], and of Hester, wife of Richard Grenville, viscountess Cobham and countess Temple [see ]. Gilbert West [q. v.] was his elder brother. He entered the navy in September 1727 as a volunteer per order on board the Revenge, with Captain Conningsby Norbury, in the fleet at Gibraltar under Sir Charles Wager [q. v.] In July 1728 he was moved into the Canterbury with Captain Edmund Hook, on the home station and in the Mediterranean, and as volunteer and midshipman continued in her for upwards of three years. In 1733 he was in the Dursley galley with Captain Thomas Smith (d. 1762) [q. v.], and passed his examination on 21 Dec. 1733, being then twenty, according to his certificate. Two months later, on 23 Feb. 1733–4, he was promoted to be lieutenant of the Dorsetshire, from which in May he was moved to the Norfolk. On 7 April 1737 he was promoted to be commander of the Grampus sloop; a month later he was appointed to the Alderney; and on 13 June 1738 he was posted to the Deal Castle frigate, which he commanded in the Channel or on the coast of Portugal till the beginning of 1741, when he was moved to the Sapphire, and from her to the Dartmouth, one of the ships with Rear-admiral Nicholas Haddock [q. v.] in the Mediterranean. There he was moved into the 60-gun ship Warwick, which he commanded in the action off Toulon on 11 Feb. 1743–4 [see ]. The Stirling Castle, followed by the Warwick, formed the head of the English line, and both ships kept aloof from the French, firing on them from a distance. The ships astern did the same, and thus in the van there was no close action. Cooper of the Stirling Castle and West were consequently brought to a court-martial on 13 Dec. 1745 and cashiered, notwithstanding their defence that had they not kept to the windward, the French, when they tacked, must have doubled on the van and overpowered it. As the battle had so clearly been left to conduct itself, their contention was perfectly reasonable, and West's connections were sufficiently influential to give it weight. Both he and Cooper were accordingly reinstated by order in council on 12 May 1746.

In 1747 he commanded the Devonshire, as flag-captain to Rear-admiral (Sir) Peter Warren [q. v.] in the action off Cape Finisterre on 3 May. In 1748 he was commodore and commander-in-chief at the Nore. During the peace he remained on shore; but on 4 Feb. 1755 he was promoted to be rear-admiral of the red, and during the summer commanded a small squadron in the Bay of Biscay. In the following spring, with his flag in the Buckingham, he went out to the Mediterranean as second in command, with Admiral John Byng [q. v.], and in the action near Minorca, on 20 May, had command of the van, which did engage close, and, being left unsupported, received a good deal of damage. He was afterwards summarily superseded and recalled to England, but, as no blame could be laid to his door, he was on 20 Nov. nominated a member of the board of admiralty, of which his cousin, Lord Temple, was the head. On 8 Dec. he was promoted to be vice-admiral of the blue, and shortly afterwards appointed to command a squadron on particular service. He hoisted his flag in the Magnanime; but after giving evidence on Byng's court-martial, and that by no means in Byng's favour, he refused to ‘serve on terms which subject an officer to the treatment shown Admiral Byng.’ He accordingly struck his flag, and some days later, when it appeared that the sentence on Byng would be carried out, he resigned also his seat at the admiralty. In July he resumed it, but only for a few weeks, dying on 9 Aug. 1757. He married a daughter of Sir John Balchen [q. v.], and left issue. Admiral of the fleet Sir John West [q. v.] was his grandson. A monument to his memory was erected in Westminster Abbey at the cost of his widow.

[Charnock's Biogr. Nav. iv. 419; Commission and Warrant Books in the Public Record Office; Minutes of Court-martial on West, on Mathews, and on Byng.]  WEST, THOMAS, eighth  and ninth  (1472?–1554), soldier and courtier, born about 1472, was son and heir of Thomas West, eighth baron De La Warr, by Elizabeth, sister and heir of Sir John Mortimer and daughter of Hugh Mortimer of Mortimer's Hall, Hampshire, where West was probably born in 1472 (Letters and Papers of Henry VIII, xiv.  544, 547). In 1492


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The New International Encyclopædia/Olsson, Olof

OLSSON, ōl'son, (1841-1900). An American theologian and educator, born in Vermland, Sweden. He studied at Upsala, became a Lutheran minister in 1863, and in 1869 came to the United States and received a charge in McPherson County, Kan. In 1891, Olsson left his congregation at Woodhull, Ill., to return to Augustana College, Rock Island, Ill., in which he had been professor (1877-88), and of which he now became president.


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 West was admitted to Gray's Inn. On 25 Jan. 1503 he was one of the esquires in attendance at the wedding feast of the Princess Margaret [see ] (Hist. MSS. Comm. 1888, Duke of Rutland's MSS. i. 18). On 30 June 1513 West was a captain in Henry VIII's army at the sieges of Thérouanne and Tournai, and was dubbed a knight-banneret at Lille on 14 Oct. 1513 (, Book of Knights, p. 45). On his return he resided at Halnaker or Halfnaker, Sussex, which he had acquired by marriage with Elizabeth, younger daughter and coheir of John Bonville. Here, on 23 May 1517, he received license to impark three hundred acres (Letters and Papers, ii. 3311). He occasionally attended court, and in 1520 was at the Field of the Cloth of Gold (ib. iii. 237, 241, 243; Chron. of Calais, p. 22), and at the interview of Henry VIII with Charles V at Gravelines on 10 July. At Christmas 1521 he was appointed carver to the king (Letters and Papers, iii. 1899). On 27 May 1522 he was at the meeting of Henry VIII with Charles V at Canterbury (ib. 2288). In 1523–4 he was a commissioner of subsidy for Sussex (ib. 3282, iv. 214, p. 83). On 10 Nov. 1524 he was pricked high sheriff for Surrey and Sussex (ib. 819). He succeeded to the title and estates of De La Warr on the death of his father, whose will was proved on 25 Feb. 1525–6. Having rebuilt Halnaker, he entertained Henry VIII there with ‘great cheer’ (ib. 2407) in August 1526. These expenses were probably the cause of his constant letters to Cromwell pleading ‘poverty’ and soliciting leave of absence from parliament (ib. v. 709, vi. 536, vii. 12, 1412, viii. 21). He was one of the peers who on 13 July 1530 subscribed the declaration to Clement VII urging the divorce (ib. iv. 6513). In January 1534, soliciting from Cromwell leave of absence from parliament on the ground of poverty, he adds that his proxy is as good as himself, ‘for I can reason no matter, but say yea or nay for the impediment God has given me in my tongue’ (ib. vii. 12). Nevertheless, he was summoned to sit upon the trial of Lord Dacre, and joined in his acquittal on 10 July 1534 (ib. 962, x.).

On 20 April 1534 De La Warr was nominated a commissioner for Sussex to receive the oaths to the act of succession (ib. 518). The nomination was an act of policy, for he was intimate with the Lisles [see ] (ib. vi. 1179, 1180, vii. 644, 1577), and with Robert Sherborne [q. v.], bishop of Chichester, who were known to be opposed to the ecclesiastical policy of the government. The clerical party spoke of him as ‘the whole stay of our corner of Sussex’ (ib. vii. 1243). Upon the dissolution of Boxgrove on 26 March 1537 he purchased the goods of the house (, Monasticon, iv. 649; Letters and Papers, ix. 509, 530, XII. i. 747), and, having vainly endeavoured to obtain an exchange of its lands for his hereditary estate of Shepton Mallet, Somerset, succeeded (29 Hen. VIII) in procuring a grant of a lease of the priory and rectory (ib. XIII. i. 585).

On 15 May 1536 De La Warr sat on a full panel of available peers (, Anne Boleyn, ii. 274) at the trial of Anne Boleyn and her brother, and his friend George Boleyn, lord Rochford [q. v.] He henceforth acted with the opposition, who disliked the religious changes. After the northern rebellion De La Warr was evidently anxious to strengthen his position at court, and in 1537 was twice an unsuccessful candidate for the Garter (Letters and Papers, i. 1008, ii. 445). He was among the peers who on 14 May 1537 convicted Lord John Hussey [q. v.] and Thomas, lord Darcy [q. v.] (ib. i. 1199, 1207), of complicity in the northern insurrection. On 15 Oct. he ‘uncovered the basins’ at the christening of Prince Edward (Edward VI; ib. XIII. ii. 911), and was one of the supporters of the canopy over the corpse at the funeral of Queen Jane Seymour [q. v.] at Windsor on 14 Nov. (ib. 1060). He was anxious to display vigilance on behalf of the government, and on 14 April 1538 sent Cromwell information of the disaffected language of the vicar of Walberton, a parish near Halnaker (ib. 759). Yet he was so vehement in his religious conservatism that he dismissed one of his servants who ‘were of the new opinions’ (ib. ii. 829, 1). It is evident that he was already under suspicion of disloyalty. A letter written by him to Cromwell from Halnaker on 9 Oct. 1538 (ib. 570) excuses his absence from London, and says he is ‘evil at ease.’ He had reason for the anxiety he felt (ib. 963). His intimate friends Sir Geoffrey Pole [q. v.] and Lord Montague, whom he had been entertaining at Halnaker the previous midsummer, had been arrested on suspicion of treason. Pole's confession implicated De La Warr (ib. p. 266) and George Crofts [q. v.], a prebendary of Chichester (ib. 695, 2, p. 264). Crofts confessed that De La Warr had made the particularly odious charge against the government that it only secured the conviction of Lord Darcy by a promise to the peers that he should be pardoned (ib. 803). On the other hand, De La Warr had expressed disapproval of the northern rebellion, and ‘rejoiced when the same was ended’ (ib. 822). More serious


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 was the evidence of De La Warr's brother-in-law, Sir Henry Owen, on 13 Nov. Not only had De La Warr frequently denounced ‘the plucking down of abbeys and the reading of these new English books;’ Sir Henry had ‘known much familiarity to have been between the Marquis of Exeter’ [see ], the arch-suspect, and De La Warr (ib. 821). It is significant that on 4 Nov. 1538 the marquis and Lord Montague were sent to the Tower and on the same day Cromwell received a gratuity of 20l. from De La Warr (ib. XIV. ii. 327). The depositions against De La Warr were collected (ib. XIII. ii. 831–2). At the end of November he was examined before the privy council and confined to his house in London (ib. 968). On 1 Dec. the council wrote to the king apologising for not proceeding ‘more summarily’ (ib.) On 2 Dec. De La Warr was sent to the Tower. On 15 Dec. information reached the government of mysterious nocturnal visits to Halnaker, presumably to put evidence out of the way (ib. 1062). But the house was not searched, and De La Warr evidently had powerful friends. The clerical party in Sussex boldly predicted his speedy return (ib.) About 20 Dec. he was released (ib. 1112) upon recognisances of 3,000l., the Dukes of Norfolk and Suffolk and the Earl of Sussex being among his sureties (ib. 1117).

But De La Warr's opposition had been crushed. Early in November 1539 Cromwell wrote to Lady De La Warr that the king had forgiven her husband (ib. XIV. ii. 481). As a sign of grace his recognisances were discharged on 18 Nov. 1539, before the twelvemonth had expired (ib. 619–45). The pardon was not gratuitous. Henry intimated that he would like to have Halnaker in exchange for a grant of crown land (ib. 481). There was no alternative but prompt submission. Within a fortnight Halnaker was surveyed for the crown (ib. 544). The nunnery of Wherwell, Hampshire, was accepted in exchange, the grant being dated 24 March 1540 (ib. xv. 436–72; cf. ib. p. 219, c. 74). On 11 Dec. 1539 Cromwell received from De La Warr a fee of 50l. for his services (ib. XIV. ii. 328), and the language of Lady De La Warr seems to point to him as the author of the release of her husband from confinement (ib. 481).

De La Warr now reappeared at court. He was present at Henry's reception of Anne of Cleves on 3 Jan. 1540 (ib. xv. 5). On the following 23 July he purchased from the court of augmentations a house and chapel in the White Friars, Fleet Street (ib. p. 567; Pat. Rolls, 36 Hen. VIII, pt. i.). He had vacated Halnaker, which the king suffered to go to ruin (State Papers, Dom. Edw. VI, i. 30), and had moved to his father's house at Offington, Sussex, where on 22 June he obtained license to enclose land for his park (Letters and Papers, xv. 831–59). In 1541 he again twice became an unsuccessful candidate for the Garter (ib. xvi. 449, 751). His proxies at the opening of parliament on 29 Jan. 1546 were Lord St. John, great master, and Lord Russell, privy seal (Lords' Journals), a proof that he had now surrendered to the court party. But on the opening of parliament on 4 Nov. 1547, and on 24 Nov. 1548, he nominated Lord Seymour of Sudeley and Lord Morley (ib. i. 316, 355), showing that on the death of Henry VIII he had passed into opposition. In this he was perhaps influenced by the marriage of his niece Jane Guildford with John Dudley, earl of Warwick and afterwards duke of Northumberland [q. v.] It was probably through the influence of the earl, then at the height of his power, that on 1 Dec. 1549 De La Warr was elected a knight of the Garter.

De La Warr, having no children, had adopted as his heir, at some date after 1540, William West, son and heir of Sir George West of Warbleton, Sussex. Sir George was De La Warr's younger half-brother by his father's second wife, Eleanor Copley (, Peerage, v. 16). According to Dugdale, William West was bred up by De La Warr in his own house; but ‘being not content to stay till his uncle's natural death, prepared poison to dispatch him quickly’ (Baronage, ii. 141). De La Warr thereupon brought in a bill of attainder to disinherit West. The record of De La Warr's attendances in the House of Lords during November 1549, when the bill passed the lords, confirms this (Lords' Journals). The bill was apparently thrown out by the commons, a new bill being introduced on 9 Jan. 1550. On 23 Jan. West, who had been imprisoned in the Tower, was brought to the bar of the house. ‘He clearly denied the fact, but confessed his hand to be at the confession, which he did for fear.’ Witnesses were called, the house considered his guilt proved, and the bill was passed two days later. It is possible that religious animosities played some part in this case. At any rate, it is certain that De La Warr not only forgave West but left him 350l. a year for life, a house in London, and his manors of Offington and Ewhurst (see West's statement in State Papers, Dom. Eliz. iii. 39).

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 Braham English singers were to appear, and that Braham revenged himself by appropriating all Mrs. Billington's embellishments and florid passages, which it was well known she only acquired by dint of hard work, being quite incapable of any sort of improvisation. Fortunately, the dispute ended in their becoming good friends, and Braham continued to sing at Milan for two years. At Genoa he sang with the famous sopranist Marchesi in 'Lodoiska' for thirty nights successively, which in those days was considered a remarkable run. At the same place he studied composition under Isola. Here Braham and Nancy Storace were offered an engagement at Naples, but declining it, they went to Leghorn, and then to Venice, where they arrived in 1799. During their stay here Cimarosa wrote an opera for Braham 'Artemisia' which the composer did not live to complete. From Venice the two singers went to Trieste, where Braham sang in Martin's 'Una Cosa Rara,' and thence to Vienna, where the offers of London managers caused the popular tenor and soprano to make for Hamburg without stopping to sing in Germany. They arrived in London early in the winter of 1801, and appeared on 9 Dec. in 'Chains of the Heart,' a feeble composition by Prince Hoare, with music by Mazzinghi and Reeve, which failed in spite of Braham's singing. After a few performances this work was replaced by the 'Cabinet,' the book of which was written by T. Dibdin, the music being supplied by different composers, but principally by Braham himself. The 'Cabinet' was produced on 9 Feb. 1802, Braham, Incledon, and Signora Storace playing the principal characters. It was followed on 15 March by the 'Siege of Belgrade,' a plagiarism from Martin's 'Cosa Rara,' 'Family Quarrels' (18 Dec. 1802), written by Dibdin, with music by Braham, Moorhead, and Reeve, and the 'English Fleet in 1342' (13 Dec. 1803). The music of this opera was entirely by Braham, who received for it what was then considered the enormous sum of 1,000 guineas. It contains one of his best remembered compositions, viz. the duet, 'All's Well.' About the same time Braham wrote music to the 'Paragraph,' and (10 Dec. 1804) sang in 'Thirty Thousand,' in which he collaborated with Reeve and Davy, and 'Out of Place' (28 Feb. 1805), part of the music in which was written by Reynolds. In the summer of 1805 Braham and Nancy Storace sang for six nights at Brighton, where the soprano distinguished herself by replacing a defaulting drummer in an accompaniment played behind the scenes to a great scena of Braham's in the 'Haunted Tower.' In the autumn season of the same year both singers seceded to Drury Lane, where Storace remained until her retirement in May 1808, and Braham continued to sing for many years. Here were produced most of his operas : 'False Alarms,' part of the music by King (3 Jan. 1807), 'Kais,' in which Reeve collaborated (11 Feb. 1808), the 'Devil's Bridge' (10 Oct. 1812), 'Narensky' (11 Jan. 1814), written conjointly with Reeve [see ], and 'Zuma' (1 Feb. 1818), a collaboration with Bishop. Braham's other operas were the 'Americans' (Lyceum, 27 April 1811), part of the music in which was by King, containing the famous song the 'Death of Nelson,' 'Isidore de Merida ' (1827), and the 'Taming of the Shrew' (1828), both of which were collaborations with T. S. Cooke. In 1806 he sang at the King's Theatre in Italian opera, appearing on 4 March in Nasolini's 'Morte di Cleopatra,' and on 27 March as Sesto in Mozart's 'Clemenza di Tito' for Mrs. Billington's benefit, the first performance in England of an opera by Mozart. In 1809 he was engaged at the Royal Theatre, Dublin, for fifteen nights, at the high salary of two thousand guineas ; this engagement was so successful that it was extended to thirty-six nights on the same terms. In 1810 he did not appear on the stage, but went on an extended provincial tour with Mrs. Billington. In 1816 he reappeared in Italian opera at the King's Theatre, singing his old part of Sesto in Mozart's 'Clemenza di Tito,' and Guglielmo in the same master's 'Cosi fan tutte.' In this year he was married to Miss Bolton of Ardwick, near Manchester. It was said that this marriage was the indirect cause of Nancy Storace's death, which took place in the following year.

Braham continued attached to Drury Lane, but for the next fifteen years there is scarcely a provincial festival or important concert or oratorio in the programme of which his name does not occur. He was the original Max in Weber's 'Freiscühtz' on its production in England at the Lyceum (20 July 1824), and created the part of Sir Huon in the same composer's 'Oberon' (Covent Garden, 12 April 1826), the scena in which, 'O 'tis a glorious sight to see,' was especially written to display his declamatory powers. On 14 Aug. 1825 he sang at the Lyceum in Salieri's 'Tarare,' in which he must have presented an extraordinary appearance, as Phillips (Recollections, i. 88) says that he was dressed in a home-made costume of many colours, with a huge turban, 'which would better have become some old lady at a card party than the sultan chief,' from beneath


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 with his personal security. On 29 Sept. 1550 he denounced a Sussex clergyman to the privy council for irreverent language about the sacrament (Acts of Privy Council). On 14 April 1551 he was nominated, jointly with Lord Arundel, lord lieutenant of Sussex (ib.), probably through Warwick's influence. But when, as Duke of Northumberland, that peer proclaimed Lady Jane Grey, De La Warr declared for Mary. His loyalty was rewarded by a grant of two hundred marks per annum and nomination to the privy council (, Fœdera, xv. 352). He died in October 1554. Henry Machyn [q. v.] the diarist, a political sympathiser, speaks of him as ‘the good Lord De La Warr,’ and describes him as ‘the best howssekeeper in Sussex’ (Diary, p. 71). His funeral was sumptuous (ib.) He was buried at Broadwater, near Offington, close to the magnificent tomb he had erected there to his father. His monument in that church also survives. The ‘powr chapell to be buryed in’ which he had originally destined for himself at Boxgrove is another splendid specimen of Tudor art. In it was buried his wife, who predeceased him, it being near her ancestral domain of Halnaker. A poetical epitaph, composed in his honour by his friend Henry Parker, lord Morley, is printed in Wood's ‘Fasti,’ i. 117.

West's nephew,, first (or tenth) (1519?–1595), who had been adopted by his uncle, and by act of parliament in 1549–50 was disabled from all honours on the ground that ‘he, being not content to stay till his uncle's natural death, prepared poison to despatch him quickly,’ was none the less on 10 April 1563 restored in blood, and on 5 Feb. 1569–70 is believed to have been created by patent Baron De La Warr; he was summoned to parliament by writs from 8 May 1572 to 19 Feb. 1591–2, and sat on the trials of the Duke of Norfolk and the Earl of Arundel; he died on 30 Dec. 1595; and a portrait of him, attributed to Holbein, was exhibited at Kensington in 1868 (Cat. Third Loan Exhib. No. 629). His son Thomas, second or eleventh baron, claimed the precedency of his great-uncle's ancient barony, which the House of Lords, by a decision of very doubtful legality, granted (see, Complete Peerage, iii. 48–9n.) The second or eleventh baron died on 24 March 1601–2, leaving, besides other issue, Thomas West, third or twelfth baron De La Warr [q. v.], Francis West [q. v.], John (d. 1659?), and Nathaniel, all of whom went to Virginia and took part in its government (see, Genesis U.S.A., ii. 1047–8).

[State Papers, Dom., Hen. VIII, Edw. VI, Eliz.; Pat. Rolls, Hen. VIII (Record office); Journals of the House of Lords; Journals of the House of Commons; Acts of the Privy Council, ed. Dasent, 1890, fol.; Nichols's Lit. Remains of Edward VI (Roxburghe Club), 1857; Machyn's Diary (Camden Soc.), 1847; Strype's Ecclesiastical Memorials, 1822, and Annals of the Reformation, 1824; Douthwaite's Gray's Inn, 1886; Foster's Register of Admissions to Gray's Inn, 1889; Dugdale's Monast. Angl. 1830, and Baronage of England, 1676; Nicolas's Testamenta Vetusta, 1826, 2 vols.; Jones's Hist. of Brecknockshire, 1809, 2 vols.; Collins's Peerage, ed. Brydges, 1812, vol. v.; Dallaway's Hist. of Sussex, 1815, vol. ii.; Elwes and Robinson's Castles, Manors, and Mansions of West Sussex, 1879; Cartwright's Rape of Bramber, 1830, 2 vols.; Tierney's History and Account of Arundel, 1834; Collinson's History of Somerset, 1791, 3 vols.; An Account of the Hospitals, &c., in Bristol, 1775; Cranidge's Mirror for the Burgesses and Commonalty of Bristol, 1818; Corry's History of Bristol, 1816, 2 vols.; Birch's Original Documents relating to Bristol, 1875; Carlisle's Endowed Grammar Schools, 1818, vol. ii.; Beltz's Order of the Garter, 1841.]  WEST, THOMAS, third or twelfth (1577–1618), born on 9 July 1577, and baptised at Wherwell, Hampshire, was the second but eldest surviving son of Thomas West, second or eleventh baron De La Warr (1566?–1602), by his wife Anne, daughter of Sir Francis Knollys [q. v.]. His grandfather, William West, first (or tenth) baron De La Warr, was nephew of Sir Thomas West, eighth baron West and ninth baron De La Warr.

Thomas, like his father and his brother Robert, was educated at Queen's College, Oxford, matriculating on 9 March 1591–2, but left the university without a degree, and appears to have travelled in Italy in 1595 with a son of Sir Thomas Shirley of Wiston, who was West's godfather (Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1595–7, p. 326; Cal. Hatfield MSS. v. 227). On 25 Nov. 1596 he married, at St. Dunstan's in the West, Cecilia, Shirley's youngest daughter, and possibly it was from his three famous brothers-in-law that West imbibed his love of travel and adventure. On 14 Oct. 1597 he was returned to parliament for Lymington (Official Return, i. 434), and probably in the following year served for a time in the Low Countries. In 1599 he was with Essex in Ireland, distinguishing himself in the fight near Arklow on 29 June, and being knighted by the lord deputy on 12 July (Cal. Carew MSS. 1589–1600, p. 311). His connection with Essex led him into difficulties, and in February 1600–1 he was


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12 Their wives accompanied them and they were to spend a month with us. Standing a little apart from them as the steamboat drew to the dock, his peering blue eyes already eagerly scanning the islands and mountains, was a lean, sinewy man of forty, with waving, reddish-brown hair and beard, and shoulders slightly stooped. He wore a Scotch cap and a long, gray tweed ulster, which I have always since associated with him, and which seemed the same garment, unsoiled and unchanged, that he wore later on his northern trips. He was introduced as Professor Muir, the Naturalist. A hearty grip of the hand, and we seemed to coalesce at once in a friendship which, to me at least, has been one of the very best things I have known in a life full of blessings. From the first he was the strongest and most attractive of

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 Bradley them in 1760, never saw the light, and were superseded by Mayer's own improvements in 1770. The regular work of the observatory, consisting in meridian observations of the sun, moon, planets, and stars, was meanwhile carried on with unremitting diligence and unrivalled skill.

The salary of astronomer-royal was then, as in Flamsteed's time, 100l. a year, reduced to 90l. by fees at public offices. This pittance was designed to be supplemented by Mr. Pelham's offer to Bradley, in the king's name, of the vicarage of Greenwich ; which was, however, refused on the honourable ground of incompatibility of clerical with official obligations. His disinterestedness was compensated by a crown pension of 250l. per annum, granted under the privy seal 15 Feb. 1752, and continued to his successors. Honours now fell thickly upon him. From 1725 he had frequently been chosen a member of the council of the Royal Society, and he occupied that position uninterruptedly from 1752 until his death. In July 1746 Euler wrote to announce his admission to the Berlin Academy of Sciences ; he was associated to those of Paris and St. Petersburg respectively in 1748 and 1750, and, probably in acknowledgment of his services in superintending the construction of a quadrant by Bird for the latter body, complimented with its full membership in 1754 ; while the institute of Bologna enrolled his name 16 June 1757. Scarcely an astronomer in Europe but sought a correspondence with him, which he usually declined, being averse to writing, and leaving many letters unanswered.

No direct descendant of Bradley survives. He married, 25 June 1744, Susannah,daughter of Mr. Samuel Peach of Chalford in Gloucestershire. She died in 1757, leaving a daughter, Susannah, born at Greenwich in 1745, who married in 1771 her first cousin, the Rev. Samuel Peach, and had in turn an only daughter, who died childless in 1806. Bradley's intimacy with the Earl of Macclesfield grew closer after his removal to Oxford in 1732. He co-operated with him in the establishment (about 1739) of an observatory at Shirburn Castle, and in the reform of the calendar, calculating the tables appended to the bill for that purpose. Until near the close of his life he continued to reside about three months of each year at Oxford, but resigned his readership through ill- health in 1760. For several years he had felt the approach of an obscure malady in occasional attacks of severe pain. His labours in correcting the lunar tables overtasked his hitherto robust strength, and from 1760 a heavy cloud of depression settled over his spirits, inducing the grievous apprehension of surviving his mental faculties, which remained nevertheless clear to the end. He attended, for the last time, a meeting of the Royal Society 31 Jan. 1761, and drew up a paper of instructions for Mason, on his departure to observe the transit of Venus, the latest astronomical event in which he took an active interest. But already in May he was obliged to ask Bliss to replace him, and when the day of the transit, 6 June 1761, arrived, he was unable to use the telescope. He, however, took a final observation with the transit-instrument in September, after which his handwriting disappears from the Greenwich registers. The few months that remained he spent at Chalford, being much attached to his wife's relations, and there died, in the house of his father-in-law, after a fortnight's acute suffering, 13 July 1762, in his seventieth year, and was buried with his wife and mother at Minchinhampton. His disease proved on examination to be a chronic inflammation of the abdominal viscera. The case was described by Daniel Lysons, M.D., in the 'Philosophical Transactions' (lii. 635). In character Bradley is described as 'humane, benevolent, and kind ; a dutiful son, an indulgent husband, a tender father, and a steady friend'(Suppl. to New Biog. Dict., 1767, p. 58). Many of his poorer relatives experienced his generosity. His life was blameless, his habits abstemious, his temper mild and placid. He was habitually taciturn, but was clear, ready, and open in explaining his opinions to others. No homage could overthrow his modesty or disturb his caution. He was always more apprehensive of injuring his reputation than sanguine of enhancing it, and thus shrank from publicity; polished composition, moreover, was irksome to him. His only elaborate pieces were the accounts of his two leading discoveries ; and the preservation of several unfinished drafts of that on aberration affords evidence of toil unrewarded by felicity of expression. Nor had he any taste for abstract mathematics. His great powers were those of sagacity and persistence. He possessed 'a most extraordinary clearness of perception, both mental and organic ; great accuracy in the combination of his ideas ; and an inexhaustible fund of that "industry and patient thought" to which Newton ascribed his own discoveries ' (, Memoirs of Bradley, p. cv). Less inventive than Kepler, he surpassed him in sobriety and precision. No discrepancy was too minute for his consideration ; his scrutiny of possible causes and their consequences was keen, dis-


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Rh these four fine personalities to me, and I began to recognize him as my Master who was to lead me into enchanting regions of beauty and mystery, which without his aid must forever have remained unseen by the eyes of my soul. I sat at his feet; and at the feet of his spirit I still sit, a student, absorbed, surrendered, as this "priest of Nature's inmost shrine" unfolds to me the secrets of his "mountains of God."

Minor excursions culminated in the chartering of the little steamer Cassiar, on which our party, augmented by two or three friends, steamed between the tremendous glaciers and through the columned canyons of the swift Stickeen River through the narrow strip of Alaska's cup-handle to Glenora, in British Columbia, one hundred and fifty miles from the river's mouth. Our captain was Nat. Lane, a grandson of the

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Author:William Henry Stanley Monck

Works

 * A Critical Examination of M. Cousin's Lectures on Locke (1862)
 * An Essay on the Christian Miracles (1862)
 * "The Fixed Stars" in Popular Astronomy, Vol. 1, No. 5 (1894)
 * An Introduction to Logic (1880)
 * An Introduction to Stellar Astronomy (1899)
 * An Introduction to the Critical Philosophy (1874)
 * Sir William Hamilton (1881)
 * Space and Vision (1872)

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14 famous Senator Joseph Lane of Oregon. Stocky, broad-shouldered, muscular, given somewhat to strange oaths and strong liquids, and eying askance our group as we struck the bargain, he was withal a genial, good-natured man, and a splendid river pilot. Dropping down from Telegraph Creek (so named because it was a principal station of the great projected trans-American and trans-Siberian line of the Western Union, that bubble pricked by Cyrus Field's cable), we tied up at Glenora about noon of a cloudless day. "Amuse yourselves," said Captain Lane at lunch. "Here we stay till two o'clock to-morrow morning. This gale, blowing from the sea, makes safe steering through the Canyon impossible, unless we take the morning's calm." I saw Muir's eyes light up with a

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Rh peculiar meaning as he glanced quickly at me across the table. He knew the leading strings I was in; how those well-meaning D.D.s and their motherly wives thought they had a special mission to suppress all my self-destructive proclivities toward dangerous adventure, and especially to protect me from "that wild Muir" and his hare-brained schemes of mountain climbing. "Where is it?" I asked, as we met behind the pilot house a moment later. He pointed to a little group of jagged peaks rising right up from where we stood—a pulpit in the center of a vast rotunda of magnificent mountains. "One of the finest viewpoints in the world," he said. "How far to the highest point?"

"About ten miles."

"How high?" "Seven or eight thousand feet."

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16 That was enough. I caught the D.D.s with guile. There were Stickeen Indians there catching salmon, and among them Chief Shakes, who our interpreter said was "The youngest but the headest Chief of all." Last night's palaver had whetted the appetites of both sides for more. On the part of the Indians, a talk with these "Great White Chiefs from Washington" offered unlimited possibilities for material favor; and to the good divines the "simple faith and childlike docility" of these children of the forest were a constant delight. And then how well their high-flown compliments and flowery metaphors would sound in article and speech to the wondering East! So I sent Stickeen Johnny, the interpreter, to call the natives to another hyou wawa (big talk) and, note-book in hand, the doctors "went gayly to the fray." I set the speeches

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Rh a-going, and then slipped out to join the impatient Muir.

"Take off your coat," he commanded, "and here's your supper."

Pocketing two hardtacks apiece we were off, keeping in shelter of house and bush till out of sight of the council-house and the flower-picking ladies. Then we broke out. What a matchless climate! What sweet, lung-filling air! Sunshine that had no weakness in it—as if we were springing plants. Our sinews like steel springs, muscles like India rubber, feet soled with iron to grip the rocks. Ten miles? Eight thousand feet? Why, I felt equal to forty miles and the Matterhorn! "Eh, mon!" said Muir, lapsing into the broad Scotch he was so fond of using when enjoying himself, "ye'll see the sicht o' yer life the day. Ye'll get that'll be o' mair use till ye than a' the gowd o' Cassiar."

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