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152 nothing is wrong with your equipages, and your harness; for no assistance is to be met with there. If they see that you are in difficulties, they laugh; if that you are in danger, they pass by on the other side of the way. Should a parched traveller venture to pluck a bunch of grapes, it is well for him if this slight indiscretion does not bring on him blows of a cudgel, a stone, or a shot from the gun of the owner. The cries of the peasants are those of the tiger, and like the tiger is their vivacity and their fury. Quarrels lead to insults, and insults are met with a blow of a stick, a stone, or the stab of a knife, often enough mortal in its effects. He who has committed such a crime thinks nothing of its consequences, save how they may affect himself. He abandons his victim, or else puts him out of the way of deposing against him. He runs away. Watching for his prey either in the ravines of Ollioules or in the depths of the forests of the Estérel, he waylays the traveller. He begins as a robber, and speedily becomes an assassin by trade. This is how the brigands are recruited who infest the roads of Provence."

Now all that is of the past. The French Tourists' Club has made paths and roads in all directions, and the Estérel may be traversed even more safely than Regent Street. The Estérel can be visited from Cannes or S. Raphael, but the real centre for excursions is Agay, an ideal nook for a winter resort. The Mornes Rougés, a hemicycle of heights, curves about the harbour, and cuts off every huffle of the Mistral. The Cap Dramont intercepts the winds from the west. It possesses good hotels, and if a visitor for the winter could tear himself away from the gaieties of Cannes, he would spend a month here with perfect comfort, in a warmer climate, and with any number of delightful excursions to be made from it. Agay and Anthéor are two settlements

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 shared many traits of character. His correspondence is wonderful for terse clearness, lighted by irony, full of epigram, often abrupt, rarely betraying any trace of sentiment. In controversy he was a consummate master of apt and telling statement of a case; as he never wrote without conviction, he convinced others. Hampson says (iii. 160) he offered his services to the government in answer to ‘Junius;’ if this is true, the government missed a powerful ally. Controversy never soured him against persons; he rejoiced to receive the communion (1762) with his old adversary Lavington; [q. v.], who had bitterly opposed him, turned at once to Wesley in his distress; and he never deserted a fallen friend (cf. his relations with [q. v.], and the case of William Shent,, iii. 289). His prejudices were vivid rather than strong, for his mind opened to facts with the utmost readiness; when young, he was ‘sure of everything,’ but in a few years ‘not half so sure of most things’ (London Magazine, 1765, p. 26). To claim him for any one ecclesiastical party is as futile as the attempt to fix the religion of Shakespeare. He was continually breaking bounds. He had ‘no doubt’ of the salvation of Marcus Antoninus, whom he contrasts with ‘nominal Christians’ (Journal, 11 Oct. 1745). Those who adopted John Taylor's view of original sin were ‘silver-tongued antichrists’ (ib. 28 Aug. 1748); yet his challenge to Taylor (3 July 1759) is a fine specimen of the true temper of serious debate; nay, he could ‘guess’ Pelagius to be ‘a wise and a holy man’ (7 July 1761; Works, xii. 224), and he had used exactly the same expressions of Servetus (in a Dialogue, 1741, mainly borrowed from (1634–1692) [q. v.], but this phrase is Wesley's own); in 1786 he abridged the life of  [q. v.] for the ‘Arminian Magazine,’ with a preface allowing that an antitrinitarian might be ‘truly pious.’ His intense biblicism (he called himself a ‘Bible bigot’) led him to write ‘the giving up witchcraft is, in effect, giving up the Bible’ (Arminian Magazine, 1782, p. 366); but, after reading (1769) Glanville's ‘Saducismus Triumphatus’ (1681), he remarks ‘supposing the facts true, I wonder a man of sense should attempt to account for them at all.’ Yet he had his heresies; he was (quite disinterestedly) for marriage with a deceased wife's sister, and he believed in a future life for the brute creation. Great as methodism is, as a religious power, the personal influence of Wesley is greater, and has affected every section of English religion.

As a religious poet his reputation has paled beside that of Charles Wesley; but allowing for Charles greater spontaneity and (at his best) richer quality, it must not be forgotten that his hymns were indebted to John Wesley's editing hand. The latter's best hymns are translations from the German (for his conspicuous merits as a translator see, John Wesley's Translations of German Hymns, Baltimore, 1896). Wesley, by himself or with Charles, published between 1737 and 1786 twenty-three collections of hymns, including compositions by various writers (for the bibliography see, Dictionary of Hymnology, 1892). His pieces are contained in Osborn's ‘Poetical Works of John and Charles Wesley,’ 1868–1872, 13 vols.; but it is difficult to apportion in all cases the respective work of the two brothers.

Wesley's prose ‘Works’ were first collected by himself (Bristol, 1771–4, 32 vols. 12mo). The edition used above is the eleventh (1856–62, 15 vols. 12mo), containing only the religious writings, edited by Thomas Jackson (1783–1873) [q. v.], whose first edition is 1829–31, 14 vols. 8vo. Tyerman gives under each year an annotated list of Wesley's publications; to pursue the bibliography of reprints would be endless. Green's ‘Bibliography’ (1896) of the works of John and Charles Wesley gives the fullest account of original editions. Wesley's ‘Sermons,’ numbering 141 (1726–1790), and his ‘Notes on the New Testament’ (1754) are of special importance, as containing the authorised standard of methodist doctrine, specified as such in chapel deeds. His copy of Shakespeare, the margin ‘filled with critical notes,’ was destroyed by John Pawson (, Anecdotes of the Wesleys, 1870, p. 319).

[Wesley's public career is best studied in his published Journals (extending from 1735 to 1790) and his correspondence, parts of which are collected in his Works (vols. xii. xiii.) Omitting brief pamphlets, the first biography is the Life (1791, 3 vols.) by [q. v.], a publication viewed by Methodists with suspicion, but containing some valuable details. The Life by Coke and Moore (chiefly by the latter) was issued by conference in 1792 to forestall Whitehead, and had the disadvantage of being drawn up without access to Wesley's papers. For the dispute see. Whitehead's Life was published 1791–3, 2 vols. The best proof of its worth is the constant borrowing from it by Moore in his amended Life, 1824–5, 2 vols. Southey's Life (1820, 2 vols.) had not the advantage of Moore's additions; it first brought home to the public mind a distinct sense of Wesley's place in the history of English religion. It should be read

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Rh of artists, and any one who enjoys sketching can follow that pursuit in the open air in the Estérel throughout the winter. Among the many points of interest near Agay may be mentioned the Roman quarries of blue porphyry, les Caous. Of these there are three. It was for a long time supposed that the Romans transported the greyish-blue porphyry spotted with white, found in their structures at Fréjus and Orange from Egypt, till these quarries were discovered. In them remain some shafts of columns twenty-two feet long, roughed out, but never completed. Grooves cut in the rock, and blocks dropped on the way down to the sea, point out the fact that the working of these quarries must have been abandoned abruptly. There were workshops hard by, and numerous remains of pottery and tools have been picked up. One of the quarries was utilised for columns, another for blocks and facing-slabs. The Cap Roux, which stands forth as an advanced sentinel, with feet in the sea, and starts up 1,360 feet, with its red needles shooting aloft from the water, and pierced below with caverns, is consecrated to the memory of S. Honoratus, whose cave, La Sainte Baume, is in the lurid cliff. Numerous pilgrims were wont to visit it at one time, but now it is hardly frequented at all, save by tourists. There is a fashion in saints; and poor old Honoratus is now shouldered into the background, and thrust into the shade. But he is not a man who should be forgotten. His is one of the most lovable characters in the calendar. His life was written by his kinsman and disciple, the great Hilary of Aries, and it may be thoroughly relied on. He is also spoken of with much love by another pupil, S. Eucherius of Lyons. But there exists another Life, which is a tissue of fables,

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154 and a late composition, utterly worthless, one "which," says Baronius, the Church historian, "cannot be read without disgust, except by those possessed of iron stomachs, and wits cankered with the rust of ignorance."

Honoratus was son of a Romano-Gaulish nobleman, living it is not certain where. When quite a young man he longed to embrace a solitary life, away from the distractions and pleasures of the corrupt society and the degenerate civilization of the time. His father, noticing the direction of the lad's mind, charged his eldest son, Venantius, a gay and impetuous youth, to turn him from this purpose; but on the contrary, it was he who gained his brother; and the two young men left their home and wandered to the East. There, overcome by the hardships of the journey, Venantius, who was delicate, succumbed, and Honoratus buried him. Then he set his face westward, and on reaching Provence made the acquaintance of Leontius, Bishop of Fréjus, and opened to him his heart. Leontius advised him to test the sincerity of his purpose, and recommended him to find some solitary nook in the Estérel where he might spend time in preparation and prayer. Then Honoratus, wandering among the forests and the flaming red rocks, lighted on a cave on Cap Roux and made that his place of retreat. Later, being resolute in purpose, he departed, and, accompanied by a few others of like mind, crossed over to the Isle of Lerins and made that his abode. By degrees a little community formed there about him. Honoratus, whose fine face, as Eucherius says, was radiant with a sweet and attractive majesty, received a multitude of disciples of all nations, who flocked to him; and the island became the great centre

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Rh of learning and holiness for Gaul. He showed the utmost tenderness in the management of those who committed themselves to his guidance. He sought to penetrate to the depths of their hearts, to understand their troubles and difficulties. He neglected no effort to dispel every sadness, all painful recollection of the world. He watched their sleep, their health, their labours, that he might draw each to serve God according to the measure of his strength. Thus he inspired them with a love more than filial. "In him," they said, "we find not only a father, but an entire family, a country, the whole world." When he wrote to any of those who were absent, they were wont to say, on receiving a letter, written, according to the usage of the time, upon tablets of wax, "He has poured back honey into the wax, honey drawn from the inexhaustible sweetness of his heart."

The monks, who had sought happiness by renouncing secular life, protested that they had found it on the Isle of Lerins, under the guidance of Honoratus. But every now and then, overburdened with the care of a great community, Honoratus longed to be alone, to rest from these engrossing cares, and to spend his time in searching his own heart and communing with God.

He had a young kinsman, Hilary by name, of whom I have already spoken, living in the world. Honoratus sought him out in his old home and earnestly endeavoured to draw him to embrace the monastic life. But his persuasion failed. Hilary stubbornly refused. Before he left, Honoratus said, "Well, then, I will obtain from God what you now refuse me." And he retreated, either to his cave in the Estérel or to his island of Lerins, to

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156 pray for his relative. Three days after he was gone Hilary changed his mind. "On the one hand," he says, I thought I saw God calling me; on the other the world seducing me. How often did I embrace, and then reject, will and then not will, the same thing. But in the end, Jesus Christ triumphed in me." And going to the sea-coast he boated over to Lerins. Honoratus was elected Bishop of Aries in 426, and died in the arms of Hilary, who succeeded him, in 429. Who thinks of this saintly old man when in the bustling rue S. Honore, in Paris, that is called after him?

There is no need for me to describe the marvels of rock scenery in Mal Infernet, the Ravin d'Uzel, the Rochers du Pigeonnier, or the many other sights of the Estérel, for there are two or three excellent little guide-books to this most fascinating region, easily obtainable at Cannes. In addition to Agay, there are other comfortable places well furnished with hotels, where one may spend many pleasant days, as Théoule and Le Trayas. And as there is not only the New Corniche Road, but also the main line skirting the Estérel, it is easily accessible and easily abandoned should books run short and rain fall.

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158 who desires to explore the magnificent scenery of the Loup, the curious country in the great loop made by the River Var, S. Vallier, and the upper waters of the Siagne; Vence also and S. Jeannet under its marvellous crag, full of crevasses and caves.

Grasse must always have been a place where men settled, from the earliest days, as there is a foux, a great outburst of purest water from the rock. The cave from which it rushes is now closed up, and the water is led to the place where the women wash clothes, and by pipes is conveyed about the town. There is, however, no evidence that the town was one in Greek or Roman times, and it first appears in history in 1154; but then it was a place of some consequence, and shortly after that it contracted alliances on an equal footing with the Pisans and the Genoese. Throughout the Middle Ages it throve on its manufactures of soap, its leather, its gloves, its refined oil and scents. It was a free and independent town, governing itself like the Italian communities, as a Republic, with its annually elected consuls; and when it submitted in 1227 to Raymond Berenger, Count of Provence, it made its own terms with him. Grasse attained to great prosperity under the celebrated seneschal Romeo de Villeneuve, a remarkable man, whose story may here be told. Douce, the heiress of the Counts of Provence, married Raymond Berenger I., Count of Barcelona, who died in 1131. From him in direct line descended Raymond Berenger IV., whose most trusty servant was Romeo de Villeneuve. This man arrived at the court of the Count as a pilgrim, staff in hand and cockleshell in hat, coming from a visit to S. James of Compostello. Something attractive about the man drew the attention

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Author:Kingsley Garland Jayne

Works

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Rh of the Count, and he made of him his chief minister, High Constable of Provence, and treasurer. His strict integrity, his great prudence, and his justice, endeared him to the people as they did to his master. Through his instrumentality, Eleanor, the daughter of the Count, was married to Henry III. of England, and the niece of the Count to Richard, Duke of Cornwall. Nice had revolted against the Count, and Romeo reduced it to submission, and was appointed Governor of the town. Raymond Berenger had succeeded to his Countyship when the barons of Provence had asserted their independence and were warring against each other and harassing the towns. Romeo clipped their wings, and did all in his power to favour commerce and give prosperity to the towns. Without curtailing the splendour of his master's court, he took care that there should be no extravagance there; and he gathered about it the ablest men of the time, poets and the learned.

This was the period when mortal war was being waged between Pope Gregory IX. and the Emperor Frederick II. The Emperor had been cursed and excommunicated, a holy war proclaimed against him. Gregory issued a summons to all the prelates of Europe for a General Council to be held in the Lateran palace, at Easter, in which he would pour out all his grievances against Frederick, and unite the whole church in pronouncing Anathema Maranatha against him. But the Emperor himself had appealed to a General Council against the Pope; one sitting in Rome, presided over by Gregory, was not the tribunal to which he would submit. The Count of Provence commissioned Romeo to go to Rome with a fleet conveying bishops and

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160 cardinals to attend the Council. But Frederick had prepared a powerful fleet in Sicily and Apulia, under the command of his son, Enzio. Pisa joined him with all her galleys. The Genoese and Provençal fleet met that of the Emperor off the island of Meloria; the heavily laden Genoese and Provengal vessels were worsted after a sharp conflict; three galleys were sunk, twenty-two were taken. Some of the prelates went down in the sunken galleys; among the prisoners were three cardinals, four archbishops, and six bishops.

Cardinal Otho was in the fleet, returning to Rome with English plunder. He had been collecting enormous sums by exactions on the clergy and free-will offerings for the replenishing of the Papal treasury, and the prosecution of the holy war against Frederick. All this now fell into the hands of the Imperialists. Romeo was not taken prisoner; he fought with determined courage, and even captured one of the hostile vessels, and brought it back to Marseilles. Raymond Berenger died in 1245; by his will he had confided the regency to Romeo, along with the guardianship of his daughters. Romeo assembled the Provençal nobles and the representatives of the chief towns, and made them swear allegiance to Beatrix, the daughter of his old master, who had been constituted heiress of Provence. Romeo succeeded in getting her married to Charles of Anjou, brother of Louis IX. This was done with wise purpose, but events proved—events over which Romeo had no control—that it was a disastrous mistake.

In his determination to root out the Hohenstauffen from Italy, Pope Clement IV. offered the crown of Naples and Sicily to this Charles. This was, as

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Rh Mr. Addington Symons well says, "the most pernicious of all the evils inflicted by the papal power on Italy and on Provence." Then followed the French tyranny, under which Boniface VIII. expired at Anagni; Benedict XI was poisoned at the instigation of Philip le Bel, and the Papal see was transferred to Avignon. Provence was henceforth involved in the bloody wars of Italy; its wealth, its manhood, were drained away, its Count passed to Naples to keep there his Court as a King, to the neglect of good government at home.

Romeo underwent the fate of all honest and strong men. He had made himself enemies, who accused him to the prince of having enriched himself at the expense of the province.

Romeo produced his accounts before the prince, showing that he had not betrayed his trust to the value of a denier; and then, resuming his pilgrim's habit, resumed also his wanderings. Finally he retired to the castle of Vence, where he died. His will was dated December i8th, 1250. Dante places him in Paradise:—

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162 Charles of Anjou was at all points opposite to his brother Louis IX.—the Saint. The latter was true to his word, just, merciful, and devoid of personal ambition. But Charles was rapacious, cruel, and of a vehement character. His young wife, moreover, the sister of three queens, excited him to aspire after a crown; and he saw in the county of Provence only a stepping-stone towards a throne. He hoped to acquire that of Constantinople, and he supposed that he was on his way thereto when he listened to the summons of the Pope to dispossess Manfred of the Sicilies. This disastrous resolve decided the fate of Provence, and was the prime cause of its ruin. If in the Count of Anjou there had been a glimmer of political sense, he would have seen how precarious a matter it was to accept a sovereignty as a feudatory of the Holy See, and to become the sport of circumstances ever shifting. He would have perceived how fatal it would be to his fortunes to oscillate between two centres; to exhaust the sources of his real strength in Provence to maintain himself in Naples. The nobility of Provence shared in his infatuation and eagerly joined in the undertaking. At the accession of Charles under the wise government of Raymond Berenger, and the judicious husbanding of its resources by Romeo de Villeneuve, Provence was at its acme of prosperity. Charles brought it to ruin. After the execution of Conradin, he rode roughshod over the people of Naples and Sicily. To his exactions there was no end. The great fiefs were seized and granted to Provençal or Angevin favourites; the foreign soldiers lived at free quarters, and treated the people with the utmost barbarity. There ensued an iron reign of force without justice, without law, without humanity, without mercy.

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Rh Conradin, from the scaffold, had cast his glove among the crowd, and called on Peter of Aragon, husband of Constance, daughter of the noble Manfred, to avenge him, and assume his inheritance. In Sicily, where the exactions, the tyranny of the French were most intolerable, a secret correspondence was kept up with Peter of Aragon, and he was entreated to deliver the island from its French masters. But before he was ready, an outbreak of the populace precipitated matters. On Easter Tuesday the inhabitants of Palermo had gone forth in pilgrimage to a church outside the town to vespers. French soldiers, mingling with the people, began to assault the young women. The Sicilians, the fathers, brothers, lovers, remonstrated, and bade the French keep away from the festival. The French gathered together and laid their hands on their swords. At this juncture a beautiful girl, with her betrothed, approached the church. A Frenchman, named Drouet, in wantonness of insult, went up to her and thrust his hand into her bosom. The girl fainted in her bridegroom's arms. A cry was raised of "Death to the Frenchmen!" and a youth started forward and stabbed Drouet to the heart. This was the signal for a general insurrection. The cry spread to the city: every house was searched, and every person whose dress, speech, appearance, proclaimed him a Frenchman was massacred without mercy. Neither old age, nor sex, nor infancy, was spared. And in those Sicilian vespers, over two thousand of the Provençal and Angevin nobles and their wives perished under the knives of the justly incensed Sicilians. When Charles heard of the massacre he burst into paroxysms of wrath. He is described as next having

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164 sat silent, gnawing the top of his sceptre, and then breaking forth into the most horrible vows of revenge. Nor was the Pope behindhand in threats. It was to the Pope that Naples and Sicily owed the incubus of Charles and his Provençals. Clement IV. indeed was dead; Martin IV. now sat in his chair; but though there was a change in the person of the Chief Pontiff, there was no change of mind and policy. The Palermitans sent an embassy to the Pope to deprecate his wrath, addressing him : "O Lamb of God, that takest away the sins of the world, have mercy on us!" But even this adulation could not abate his rage. He proclaimed a crusade against the Sicilians. Heaven was promised to those who should draw the sword against them. Anathema was proclaimed against all who took their side. But Peter of Aragon was indifferent to this ecclesiastical bluster, and the Sicilians were desperate. In spite of the blessings and promises of the Pope, Charles encountered only disaster. His fleet was destroyed, his son, Charles of Salerno, was captured; his treasury was exhausted, and the principal nobility of Anjou and Provence had been decimated in the Sicilian vespers. He sank into despondency and died, 1285. Eventually, at the intercession of King Edward I. of England, the young prince, Charles the Lame, was released. He swore to pay 20,000 marks, and surrender his two sons as hostages till the sum was paid, and allow the claim to the Two Sicilies to drop. But no sooner was he freed than Pope Nicolas IV. annulled the treaty, released Charles of his oaths, and crowned him with his own hands. Charles did not surrender his sons, nor pay his ransom.

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Rh time of warfare was over. It was made up of petty quarrels, of scandals and gossip. Even in the cathedral, the bishop and the dean and the chapter were at loggerheads over the merest trifles—whether two or three coups of the censer should be given to the bishop, whether a bow to him should extend to the hams of the canons. Perhaps the funniest quarrel was about the patronage of the diocese. The bishop issued a pastoral, in which he announced that he had constituted S. Honoratus the patron of the clergy of Grasse, and did not say "with the assent of the chapter." Whereupon the incensed chapter cut the name of Honoratus out of their calendar, and refused to celebrate his festival. Some of the bishops were engaged in incessant strife. When one died, to him might be applied the epigram written on Clement XI.:—

" A vermibus terrae consumendus in tumulo, A vermibus ecclesiae jam consumptus in throno."

"The happy little town of Grasse," says Lenthéric, "seems to be the very home of flowers and perfumes. Its forests Of olives furnish the finest and sweetest oil of Provence; its groves of oranges and lemons yield at the same time flowers in abundance and fruit in maturity. About it are roses, jessamine, mint, heliotrope, Parma violets, mignonette, cultivated over wide tracts, as are also everywhere the common pot-herbs. The transformation of these natural products into perfumery has become the predominant industry of the district; and the neighbourhood of the Alps allows of the addition to this domestic flora of a thousand wild flowers and herbs—thyme, lavender, rosemary—all to be gathered close at hand."

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Rh "This decree of Nicolas," says Dean Milman, "was the most monstrous exercise of the absolving power which had ever been advanced in the face of Christendom: it struck at the root of all chivalrous honour, at the faith of all treaties."

But Charles was fain to content himself with his counties of Provence and Anjou, and not allow himself to be drawn or impelled into wars by the Pope. In Provence he found wounds to staunch, ruins to repair.

It is highly to his credit that he frankly accepted this difficult and not very brilliant part. He avoided war, paid his father's debts, re-established his finances, and acquired in return the nickname of Charles the Miserly. After a reign of twenty-four years he died in 1309.

Grasse had been in the diocese of Antibes, but in 1243 Pope Innocent IV. transferred the seat of the bishop from Antibes to Grasse, on account of the unhealthiness of the former, and its liability to be plundered by the Moorish corsairs. The bishops of Grasse were not in general men of great mark. Perhaps the least insignificant of them was Godeau.

Antoine Godeau, born at Dreux in 1605, lived in Paris with a kinsman named Couart; and as he thought he had the poetic afflatus he composed verses and read them to his kinsman. Couart took the lyrics to some literary friends, and they were appreciated. Godeau went on writing, and a little coterie was formed for listening to his compositions; and this was the nucleus out of which grew the Academic Francaise. Couart introduced Godeau to Mile, de Rambouillet, and he became her devoted admirer, and a frequenter of her social gatherings. The lady says, in one of her

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166 letters to Voiture: "There is here a man smaller than yourself by a cubit, and, I protest, a thousand times more gallant." Godeau, who entered holy orders and became an abbé, through his devotion to Mile, de Rambouillet, obtained the nickname of "Julie's Dwarf." Voiture was jealous of him, begrudged the favour of the lady who dispensed the literary reputations of the day, and he addressed a rondeau to Godeau:—

Godeau lived at a time when dancers about the saloons of the toasts and blue stockings of Paris were rewarded with spoils from the Church; and Godeau, when aged only thirty, was offered and accepted the united dioceses of Grasse and Vence. He was consecrated, and went to Grasse. Thence he wrote to Julie:—

However, Godeau did his duty at Grasse. Indeed, eventually, wearied with squabbles with his chapter

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Rh there, he threw up Grasse and retained only Vence, the poorest of all the sees in France. Godeau was a voluminous writer, theological, historical, and poetic; and excelled in none of these lines. In fact, all his works have been consigned to the literary dust heap. His appointment to Grasse had followed on his presentation of a paraphrase of the Benedicite to Richelieu. The Cardinal said, "Sir, you have given me Benedicite. I in return render you Grasse (Grâce)."

The Cathedral of Grasse is of singularly uncouth Gothic, of the twelfth century, with huge drums of pillars, and the crudest of vaulting without any moulding being afforded to the ribs. Grasse possessed formerly a very curious feature, shared with Vence, of having the choir for bishop and chapter in the west gallery, over the porch. As this was so exceptional, and as the early apse would not admit of seats for the chapter, a late bishop built out a hideous structure behind the high altar to accommodate himself and the clergy. But at Vence the arrangement remains intact. That church of Vence is of very early architecture, I am afraid of stating how early. It consists of a nave with double aisles on each side, and the double aisles are carried round at the west end. Each of the aisles on both sides of the nave is stone-floored and vaulted underneath, forming a gallery. At the west end, both aisles are so floored, and here, above the narthex or porch, is the choir, with most beautifully carved stalls, bishop's throne at the extreme west end; and in the middle of this odd little upstairs choir is the lectern with its vellum MS. book of antiphons left as last used. The date of the stalls is 1455-1460, and the lectern is but little later.

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text:
Author:Walcot Gibson

Works

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Becoming acquainted with William Day, the publisher in Gate Street, Lincoln's Inn Fields, he entered into a kind of partnership with him. A series of works were produced by them, which raised lithography to perhaps the highest point to which it ever attained. Haghe was a first-rate draughtsman, and his facility and ingenuity made his lithographs works of art in themselves, and not mere reproductions of the original paintings. Among the works published by him and Day were Vivian's ‘Spanish Scenery’ and ‘Spain and Portugal,’ Lord Monson's ‘Views in the Department of the Isere,’ Atkinson's ‘Views and Sketches in Afghanistan,’ and David Roberts's ‘Holy Land and Egypt’ (a work which occupied from eight to nine years). He often visited Belgium, and many of the architectural sketches which he brought back were published in lithography, in three sets, entitled ‘Sketches in Belgium and Germany.’ His last work in lithography was published in 1862, being a set of views of St. Sophia at Constantinople. He had just before completed a large and elaborate lithograph of David Roberts's ‘Destruction of Jerusalem,’ which unfortunately failed in the printing.

Haghe was also continually occupied in water-colour painting, and in 1835 was elected a member of the New Society (now the Royal Institute) of Painters in Water-colours. He was the society's chief supporter in its early years, but did not produce any important work till 1852. At that date he forsook lithography altogether for water-colour painting, and rapidly won for himself as high a place among water-colour painters as he already held among lithographers. In 1854 he exhibited ‘The Council of War at Courtray,’ which passed into the Vernon collection, was engraved in the ‘Art Journal’ for 1854 (by J. Godfrey), and is now in the National Gallery. He continued to exhibit regularly until his death. His favourite subjects were old Flemish interiors, which gave plenty of scope for his architectural training, but at the same time he was often occupied by Italian subjects and scenes from English history. He was president of the society from 1873 till 1884. In 1856 he made his first venture in oil, sending to the British Institution ‘The Choir of Santa Maria Novella at Florence,’ but he never attained the same success in that method. Haghe received in 1834 the gold medal at Paris for lithography, in 1847 was elected an associate member of the Belgian Academy, and later a member of the Antwerp Academy; he also received the cross of the order of Leopold, the second-class gold medal at Paris in 1855 for water-colour painting, and the gold medal of the Manchester Academy. He died at Stockwell Green, Brixton, 9 March 1885, leaving two sons and a daughter. Hague's personal character secured for him the affection of his fellow-artists. Examples of his work are at the South Kensington Museum and in the print room at the British Museum. A fine set of drawings by him of St. Peter's, Rome, are in the Bethnal Green Museum.

(d. 1888), lithographer, an artist of great merit, was younger brother of the above, and devoted his life to helping in his brother's work. He died 24 Jan. 1888.

[Art Journal, 1859, p. 13; Printing Times and Lithographer, 15 Oct. 1877; Athenæum, 14 March 1885; Champlin and Perkins's Dict. of Artists; Immerzeels Dict. of Dutch and Flemish Artists, and Kramm's continuation of the same; Ottley's Dict. of Recent and Living Painters; Arnold's Library of the Fine Arts, i. 201.]  HAGTHORPE, JOHN (fl. 1627), poet, was undoubtedly the son of Rowland Hagthorpe (d. 1593) of Nettlesworth in the parish of Chester-le-Street, Durham, by his first wife, Clare, daughter of Sir Ralph Hedworth, knt., of Harraton in the same county. He was baptised 12 Feb. 1585 (, Durham, ii. 204). In his writings he refers to the time when he lived in Scarborough Castle, Yorkshire. He married Judith, daughter of Anthony Wye, who had a lawsuit in 1605 with Elizabeth Saltonstall, mother of Wye Saltonstall, the poet (, Chorus Vatum, i. 105). In 1607 he sold his manor and estate of Nettlesworth to John Claxton. On 27 Feb. 1608, being then of Whixley, Yorkshire, he surrendered certain copyhold lands in Chester-le-Street to the use of Henry Thompson and Jane his wife, who was his father's widow. In 1611 license was granted to him and Judith, his wife, to alienate to Francis Wright the half of Greenbury Grange in the parish of Scorton, near Scarborough. He does not seem to have profited by these transactions, for he complains bitterly in the dedication of his ‘Divine Meditations’ to James I of poverty caused by lawsuits in which he had been worsted. Fearing that he might be compelled to emigrate with his family to Virginia, he entreated the king to procure for his son a presentation to Charterhouse School. He added that there was not a man named Hagthorpe in England 'beside myself and mine.' If this statement be literally true he must be identical with the Captain John Hagthorpe who, on 22 April 1626, was certified by Robert Hemsworth as a fit person to


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command 'one of the ships to waft the cloth fleet to the East land' (Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1625-6, p. 316). During the same year Captain Hagthorpe did good service in protecting the Hull ships bound for Holland against the attacks of the 'Dunkirkers' (ib. 1625-6, pp. 352, 405, 420). He had also taken part in the Cadiz expedition of 1625, and with four other captains petitioned Buckingham on 20 Sept. 1626 for payment of the king's gratuity of one hundred nobles (ib. 1625-6, p. 433). A week later he was charged by William Hope, gunner of the Rose of Woodbridge, with illegally selling ship's stores (ib. 1625-6. p. 438), a course he was probably driven to adopt on account of the persistent neglect of the admiralty to furnish him with victuals and beer. Captain Hagthorpe was alive in January 1630, when he presented a petition to the admiralty (ib. 1629-31, p. 179).

John Hagthorpe the poet was the author of: 1. ‘Divine Meditations and Elegies,’ 16mo, London, 1622. A selection from this tiny volume was presented to the Roxburghe Club in 1817 by Sir S. E. Brydges under the clumsy title of ‘Hagthorpe Revived; or Select Specimens of a forgotten Poet.’ The ‘Meditations’ are laboured, but the lyrics ‘To Earth,’ ‘To Time,’ and ‘To Death’ have much charm. 2. ‘Visiones Rervm. The Visions of Things, or foure Poems,’ 16mo, London, 1623, dedicated to Charles, prince of Wales, to whom he renews the suit addressed in his former volume to the king. 3. ‘Englands-Exchequer, or a Discovrse of the Sea and Navigation, with some things … concerning plantations,’ &c., 4to, London, 1625, an eloquently written prose tract, with poetry interspersed, inscribed to the Duke of Buckingham. He has also laudatory verses prefixed to Captain John Smith's ‘Sea Grammar,’ 1627. In the sale catalogue of William Roscoe's library (1816) ‘The Divine Wooer; composed by I. H.,’ 8vo, London, 1673, is attributed to Hagthorpe (p. 153, lot 1392).

[Hunter's Chorus Vatum, Addit. MS. 24487, ff. 105, 107, xviii.; British Bibliographer, i. 236; Ellis's Specimens of Early English Poets, iii. 139.]  HAGUE, CHARLES (1769–1821), professor of music at Cambridge, was born in 1769 at Tadcaster in Yorkshire, and was taught music and the violin by an elder brother. In 1779 he removed with his brother to Cambridge, where he studied the violin under Manini and thorough-bass and composition under Hellendaal the elder. Here he rapidly acquired celebrity as a violin-player, which led to a friendship with Dr. Jowett, then regius professor of civil law. Manini dying in 1785, Hague removed to London and studied under Salomon and Dr. Cooke. On his return to Cambridge he took pupils, among whom was Dr. William Crotch [q. v.], and in 1794 proceeded Mus.B. In 1799 he succeeded Dr. Randall as professor of music, and in 1801 proceeded Mus.D. His principal works are:

1. ‘By the Waters of Babylon. An Anthem composed for the Degree of Bachelor of Music, and performed 29 June 1794.’ 2. ‘Glees.’ 3. ‘Twelve Symphonies by Haydn, arranged as Quintets.’ 4. ‘The Ode as performed in the Senate-house at Cambridge at the Installation of his Royal Highness the Duke of Gloucester, Chancellor of the University.’ This ode was written by William Smyth, professor of history. He also assisted Mr. Plumptre, fellow of Clare College, Cambridge, in the publication of ‘A Collection of Songs,’ 1805.

Hague died at Cambridge 18 June 1821. His eldest daughter, Harriot, an accomplished pianist, who published in 1814 ‘Six Songs, with an Accompaniment for the Pianoforte,’ died in 1816, aged 23.

[Dict. of Musicians, 1824, i. 312; Grove's Dict. of Music and Musicians, 1879, i. 643 (from preceding); Fétis's Biographie Universelle des Musiciens, 1839, v. 15.]  HAIGH, DANIEL HENRY (1819–1879), priest and antiquary, son of George Haigh, calico printer, was born at Brinscall Hall, near Chorley, Lancashire, on 7 Aug. 1819. Before he had completed his sixteenth year he lost his parents, and was placed in a position of responsibility as the eldest of three brothers who had inherited a large fortune. He spent some time in business at Leeds, but soon resolved to take orders in the church of England. He went to live with the clergy of St. Saviour's Church, Leeds, contributing liberally towards various parochial objects and buildings, and when the four clergymen of this church joined the Roman catholic church Haigh followed their example, and was admitted at St. Mary's, Oscott, on 1 Jan. 1847. He ascribed his own conversion to the writings of Bede. Before taking this step he had in great part built a new church, dedicated to All Saints, in York Road, Leeds. He studied at St. Mary's College, Oscott, was admitted to the priesthood on 8 April 1848, and immediately afterwards laid the foundation-stone of St. Augustine's Church, Erdington, near Birmingham, on the erection and endowment of which he spent 15,000l. He lived near this church until 1876, much loved by the large population of poor Roman


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catholics among whom he worked. He made his house an asylum for orphans. On resigning his Erdington mission he went to live in the college at Oscott, and died there on 10 May 1879, aged 59. He had suffered much from chronic bronchitis.

Haigh's varied learning embraced Assyrian lore, Anglo-Saxon antiquities, numismatics, and biblical archæology. He was the chief authority in England on runic literature, and was of much assistance to Professor G. Stephens, who dedicated the English section of his work on ‘Runic Monuments’ to him. The bulk of his literary work is preserved in the transactions of societies, especially in the ‘Numismatic Chronicle,’ ‘Archæologia Cantiana,’ ‘Archæologia,’ ‘Æliana,’ ‘Royal Irish Academy,’ ‘Yorkshire Archæological Journal,’ ‘Archæological Journal,’ ‘Transactions of the Lancashire and Cheshire Historic Society,’ British Archæological Association (Winchester Congress, 1845), and ‘Zeitschrift fur ägyptische Sprache und Alterthumskunde.’ He published also the following independent works: 1. ‘An Essay on the Numismatic History of the Ancient Kingdom of the Angles,’ Leeds, 1845, 8vo. 2. ‘On the Fragments of Crosses discovered in Leeds in 1838,’ Leeds, 1857, 8vo. 3. ‘The Conquest of Britain by the Saxons,’ &c., 1861, 8vo. 4. ‘The Anglo-Saxon Sagas; an examination of their value as aids to History,’ 1861, 8vo.

 HAIGH, THOMAS (1769–1808), violinist, pianist, and composer, was born in London in 1769, and studied composition under Haydn in 1791 and 1792. Haigh's numerous compositions, which deserve some praise, show Haydn's influence very distinctly. They include sonatas for pianoforte solo and for pianoforte and violin or flute, serenatas, capriccios, and arrangements. Some of them were reprinted at Paris and others at Offenbach. The better known of them are: Two sets of three sonatas, each for pianoforte, dedicated to Haydn, 1796(?); three sonatas for pianoforte, with accompaniment for violin or flute, London, 1798(?); three sonatas for pianoforte, airs by Giardini introduced, Op. 13, 1800(?); sonata for pianoforte, with air from ‘Beggar's Opera’ introduced, Op. 28, 1800(?); sonata, with air Viva tutte, accompaniment flute or violin, 1812(?); sonata, pianoforte, dedicated to Miss Bain, 1817(?); grand sonata, dedicated to Miss Heathcote, 1819; ‘Yesterday,’ ‘Whan you told us,’ and other ballads, about 1800. A violin concerto and a parody on the 'Lodoiska' for flute (see Clementi's Catalogue) are also ascribed to Haigh in the ‘Dictionary of Music’ of 1827. From 1793 to 1801 Haigh lived in Manchester, where he probably had family connections. He died in London in April 1808.

 HAIGHTON, JOHN (1755–1823), physician and physiologist, was born in Lancashire about 1755, and, after being a pupil of Else at St. Thomas's Hospital, became a surgeon to the guards, but resigned on being appointed demonstrator of anatomy at St.Thomas's, under Henry Cline [q. v.] He had already become a skilful surgeon. He was so promising an anatomist that John Hunter (1728–1793) [q. v.] had almost concluded an agreement for him to assist him in his lectures. Haighton, however, was not so agreeable and accessible to students as his junior, Astley Paston Cooper [q. v.], whose developing talent and influence hindered his advancement. Consequently Haighton resigned his demonstratorship in 1789 and turned his attention to physiology (in which he succeeded Dr. Skeete as lecturer in 1788 or 1789) and to midwifery, in which he at first lectured in conjunction with Dr. Lowder. Both these courses were for the united hospitals, St. Thomas's and Guy's. He never succeeded to a physiciancy, though he obtained the degree of M.D. He was somewhat suspicious, irritable, and argumentative, but a good lecturer on physiology and an excellent obstetric operator. For his physiological experiments, which were certainly ruthless and numerous, he was called by his opponents 'the Merciless Doctor' (see Pursuits of Literature, p. 419). When Sir Astley Cooper disputed the result of some of Haighton's experiments, the latter killed a favourite spaniel, on which he had previously operated, in order to prove Sir Astley in the wrong. He often presided at the meetings of the Physical Society at Guy's Hospital, was joint editor of 'Medical Records and Researches' (1798), and assisted Dr. William Saunders in his 'Treatise on the Liver (1793). The silver medal of the Medical Society of London for 1790 was adjudged to him for his paper on 'Deafness.' In later years he suffered much from asthma, and his nephew, Dr. James Blundell [q. v.], began to assist him in his lectures in 1814, and took the entire course from 1818. Haighton died on 23 March 1823. Blundell describes him


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as kind-hearted, generous, and scrupulously truthful, and a cautious and able physician. Dr. Blundell's nephew, Dr. G. A. Wilks of Torquay, has a good portrait of Haighton.

Haighton's original papers, which are all of interest, are: 1. 'The History of Two Cases of Fractured Olecranon,' in 'Medical Commentaries' (vol. ix.), 1785. 2. 'An Attempt to Ascertain the Powers concerned in the Act of Vomiting,' in 'Memoirs of the Medical Society of London' (ii. 250), 1789. 3. 'Two Experiments on the Mechanism of Vomiting' (ib. p. 512). 4. 'A Case of Original Deafness' (ib. iii. 1), 1792. 5. 'Experiments made on the Laryngeal and Recurrent Branches of the Eighth Pair of Nerves' (ib. p. 422). 6. 'An Experimental Inquiry concerning the Reproduction of Nerves,' in 'Philosophical Transactions,' 1795, and 'Medical Facts and Observations,' vol. vii. His method in this paper is to test the repair of nerves by the recovery of their physiological function after division; the first paper of the kind. 7. 'An Experimental Inquiry concerning Animal Impregnation,' in 'Philosophical Transactions,' 1797. In this paper he relates many experiments on rabbits, most skilfully varied, but producing an unsound conclusion owing to the lack of microscopic knowledge at that time. 8. 'A Case of Tic Douloureux,' in 'Medical Records,' 1798 (p. 19). 9. 'An Inquiry concerning the True and Spurious Cæsarian Operation ' (ib. p. 242).

He also published extended syllabuses of his courses of lectures at various dates. The manuscript of his lectures on physiology and natural philosophy, 1796, is in the library of the Medico-Chirurgical Society.

[Georgian Era; Life of Sir Astley Cooper, pp. 119-28, 197-202, 279, and elsewhere; Pettigrew's Medical Portrait Gallery, i., in notice of Blundell, p. 3; Wilks and Bettany's Biog. Hist. of Guy's Hospital.]


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 of the Mary, and in October was advanced to the command of the Soldado. In her he took part in the action of Bantry Bay on 1 May 1689, and was shortly afterwards promoted to the Defiance, which he commanded in the battle off Beachy Head, 30 June 1690. In 1692 he commanded the Hampton Court in the battle off Cape Barfleur, and with the grand fleet through 1693. From 1695 to 1697 he commanded the Vanguard, also with the grand fleet. In April 1701 in the Assistance he convoyed the trade to Newfoundland, and seeing the trade thence into the Mediterranean was back in England by the spring of 1702. In June, while in command of the Triumph at Portsmouth, he was promoted to be rear-admiral of the blue, and ordered out to join Sir George Rooke on the coast of Spain. He was with him in the attempt on Cadiz, and in the destruction of the enemy's ships at Vigo; and having his flag in the Lancaster returned home in company with Sir Clowdisley Shovell in charge of the prizes. The following January he was promoted to be vice-admiral of the white, and appointed commander-in-chief of a squadron sent out to the West Indies. He sailed with special orders to make the best of his way out, to collect such force, both of ships and troops, as might be available, and going north to reduce the French settlement of Placentia. A few days after he sailed, on 18 March, he fell in with a squadron of four French ships of force clearly inferior to the five with him. Graydon, however, considered that he was bound by his instructions to avoid all chances of delay; he allowed them to pass him unhindered, and did not pursue. He arrived at Barbadoes on 12 May, and at Jamaica on 4 June but the necessity of refitting, the crazy condition of several of the ships, some of which had been long on the station, the utter want of stores, and the ill feeling which sprang up between Graydon and 'some of the chief persons of Jamaica,' all combined to delay the expedition, so that it did not reach Newfoundland till the beginning of August. From that time for thirty days it was enveloped in a dense fog; it was 3 Sept. before the fleet was again assembled, and then a council of war, considering the lateness of the season, the bad condition of the ships, the sickly state of the men, the want of provisions, and the strength of the enemy at Placentia, decided that the attack ought not to be made. On 24 Sept. the fleet accordingly sailed for England; the weather was very bad, the ships were scattered, and singly and in much distress reached home in the course of October. The expedition had been such an evident failure, and the neglect to engage the French squadron passed on the outward voyage appeared so culpable, that a committee of the House of Lords, with little or no examination, reported that Graydon by his conduct had been a prejudice to the queen's service and a great dishonour to the nation,' and recommended that he should 'be employed no more in her majesty's service,' all which was agreed to. He was not tried, but was condemned on hearsay by an irregular process which might almost be compared to a bill of attainder; but Burchett, who was secretary of the admiralty at the time, is of opinion that, so far as the French squadron off Ushant was concerned, Graydon's conduct was fully warranted by his instructions and the pressing necessities before him; and the very crazy condition in which the ships returned to England seems to warrant the decision of the council of war at Newfoundland. Graydon, however, was virtually cashiered, his pension was stopped, and he was not reinstated. He died on 12 March 1725-6. His portrait, a half-length by Sir Godfrey Kneller, is in the Painted Hall at Greenwich, to which it was presented by George IV.

 GRAYLE or GRAILE, JOHN (1614–1654), puritan minister, was the son of John Grayle, priest, of Stone, Gloucestershire, where he was born in 1614. At the age of eighteen he entered Magdalen Hall, Oxford, as a batler, and proceeded B.A. in 1634 and M.A. on 15 June 1637. Wood states that in 1645 he succeeded George Holmes as master of the free school, Guildford, but this is erroneous. The John Grayle who then became master held the post until his death, at the age of eighty-eight, in January 1697-8, and was buried in Guildford Church (, Hist. of Surrey, iii. 302). Brook (Lives of the Puritans, iii. 229) states that Grayle, having married, in the end of 1645, a daughter of one Mr. Henry Scudder, went in the next year, probably as minister, to live at Colling-bourne-Ducis, Wiltshire. He subsequently became rector of Tidworth in the same county, 'where,' says Wood, 'he was much followed by the precise and godly party.' He was a man of much erudition, and a 'pious, faithful, and laborious minister,' much beloved by his parishioners. While a strict presbyterian Grayle was apparently charged with Arminianism, and defended his principles in a work, which was published after his death with a preface by Constantine Jessop, minister


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Fredericksburg, Virginia 1608-1908/4

Encouraging Home Industries — Further Extension of the Town — Tobacco Inspectors — Modes of Punishment — Prosperity — Military Ardor — Under the United States — New Order of Things.

In 1759 an act was passed by the General Assembly to encourage the "Arts and Manufactures in the Colony," but wine and silk making seemed to have predominated all others, wine having the decided preference as will readily be seen. In the act it was set forth that five hundred pounds should be paid as a premiun to the person who should, in any one year, within eight years from the date of its passage, make the best wine in quantity not less than ten hogsheads, and one hundred pounds should be paid to the person making the second best. It was provided that the money for these premiums should be raised by the annual subscriptions of public-spirited gentlemen who were willing to encourage the undertaking; and it was further provided that, if the subscriptions would justify it, a handsome premium should be given for silk making. It was also stipulated that if there was an "overplus of money," after the premiums on wine and silk making were provided for, it was to "be given for the encouragement of such other articles as should appear to the committee most advantageous to the colony." Among those who contributed the first year for this purpose, who were then, or had been, citizens of Fredericksburg, were the following gentlemen who subscribed two pounds each: Robert Carter, Pressley Thornton, George Washington, James Mercer, William Bernard, David Ker, Philip Rootes, Thomas Reade Rootes, Alexander Ross, John Champ.

FURTHER EXTENSION OF THE TOWN.

In 1763 an act was passed by the General Assembly extending the corporate limits of the town, but to what extent we do not know, as we have been unable to find the act or any of its provisions.

REGULATING TOBACCO INSPECTORS.

In 1764 the General Assembly passed an act for "Amending the Staple of Tobacco and for Preventing Frauds in his Majesty's Customs." It was a very lengthy bill, having seventy-seven sections, ten more than any other act ever before passed by that body, and severe penalties were prescribed for its violation. The bill was necessarily long and severe penalties were prescribed because it had reference to the raising, curing, packing and sale of tobacco, which was one of the principal products of Virginia, and the duties and responsibilities of tobacco inspectors and their proper management of tobacco warehouses. Besides tobacco being one of the important crops raised in the colony, if not the most important one, large quantities of it were shipped to the old country and sold for good prices. In addition to this, tobacco was used in the colony as a substitute for money, as all debts between private individuals, as well as those due the colony, were paid in tobacco. The bill provided for public warehouses, for the proper inspection of tobacco and for public inspectors, appointed by the Governor and his Council, not less than two at each warehouse, who, besides taking an oath of office, were placed under heavy bonds with security, the penalty being five hundred pounds sterling for the faithful performance of their duties. One of these public warehouses was located in Fredericksburg, and may have been the old stone house on Water street, just below the free bridge. The oath required to be taken by these public inspectors was as follows:— "You shall swear that you will diligently and carefully view and examine all tobacco brought to any public warehouse or warehouses where you are appointed to be inspector, and that not separately and apart from your fellow, but in his presence; and that you will not receive any tobacco that is not in your judgment sound, well conditioned, merchantable and clear of trash, nor receive, pass or stamp any tobacco, hogshead or cask of tobacco, prohibited by one act of Assembly, entitled an act for amending the sample of tobacco, and preventing frauds in his Majesty's customs; and that you will not change, alter or give out any tobacco, other than such heads or casks for which the receipt to be taken was given; but that you will in all things well and faithfully discharge your duty in the office of inspector, according to the best of your skill and judgment and according to the directions of said act, without fear, favor, affection, malice or partiality. So help me God." The receipts given by the inspectors of the public warehouse in Fredericksburg, according to the provisions of the act, were to pass and be current in the town and county of Spotsylvania for the payment of all quit-rents, county and town levies and for officers' fees. As this provision of law made them current for public dues, the public also adopted them as currency and they were used for the payment of all obligations. These receipts were protected by severe penalties against counterfeiting and forgery, and each one represented so many hundred pounds of tobacco deposited at the public warehouse.

MILITARY ARDOR OF THE TOWN.

Fredericksburg continued to grow in population and material prosperity, and also improve in the intelligence and public spirit of its inhabitants, until the year 1775, when the affairs between Great Britain and the American Colonies were verging to a crisis. Her leading citizens were among the very first in Virginia to adopt the principle that the American Colonies ought not only to be exempt from taxation by the Mother Country, but should be free and independent States. The battle of Lexington was fought on the 19th day of April, 1775, and on the 20th, the following day, Lord Dunmore secretly removed twenty barrels of gunpowder from the public magazine in Williamsburg to the Magdalen Man-of-war, which anchored off Yorktown. When the news of the battle of Lexington, and of the removal of the powder, reached Fredericksburg, great excitement prevailed. Over six hundred men armed themselves, from the town and surrounding country, assembled at the Courthouse in town and offered their services to George Washington, who was then in Williamsburg, to defend that city from Lord Dunmore's threatened attack, and the country from his tyranny. After assembling they dispatched delegates to Richmond and Williamsburg to ascertain the condition of affairs and to what point they should report for duty. In the meantime, those ardent patriots, George Washington, Peyton Randolph and Edmund Pendleton, transmitted their advice to the people of Fredericksburg, and especially those who had formed the military organization, to abstain for the present from hostilities until a congress, then called or soon to be called, should decide upon a general plan of resistance. On the receipt of this advice, these patriots held a council, consisting of more than one hundred men, representing fourteen companies, who, by a majority of one vote, decided to disperse for the present They were burning with indignation at the murderous attack made upon their brethren of Lexington, Mass., by the armed soldiers of Great Britian, and the unlawful arrests, and retention as prisoners, of some of the leading citizens of Massachusetts by British military officers. And this feeling of indignation was intensified when they saw that this outrage was followed the next day by another perpetrated in their own colony and by their own Governor; and when he threatened to return from Yorktown, whither he had fled for safety, and attack Williamsburg with a man-of-war they were convinced that the enemies of the Patriots, the British and Tories, understood each other and were acting in concert. Yet, upon the advice of those whose lead they were willing to follow, and whose commands they were ready to obey, they agreed to disband for the present. Before dispersing, however, they drafted an address, which was tantamount to a declaration of independence, in which they firmly resolved to resist all attempts against their rights and privileges, from whatever quarter they might be assailed. They went further than to just pass resolutions; they pledged themselves, solemnly and firmly one to the other, to be in readiness, at a moment's warning, to reassemble, and, by force of arms, to defend the laws, liberties and the rights of this or any sister colony,from unjust and wicked invasions. They then sent dispatches to patriots assembled in Caroline, Berkeley, Frederick and Dunmore counties, thanking them for their offer of service and acquainting them with the condition of public affairs and their determination to be ready at a moment's notice to respond to any call that might be made by the patriotic leaders, who were then holding a council in Williamsburg. The resolutions and pledges were read at the head of each company of patriots encamped at Fredericksburg, and unanimously approved and adopted. The address concluded with the impressive words,"God, save the Liberties of America," which were a substitute for oft-repeated words," God, save the King." These resolutions were passed twenty-one days before the celebrated Mecklenburg resolutions in North Carolina were, and more than a year before the Declaration of Independence by the American Congress, which showed the intense patriotic fervor of the people of Fredericksburg at that early period, many of whom bore a heroic part in the subsequent struggle of the Seven Years' war that followed. Among the number assembled with these lovers of liberty, and most prominent, were Gen. Geo. Weedon, who served on Gen. Washington's staff, commanded with distinction a division at the surrender of Yorktown, and afterwards for several terms served as mayor of the town; Gen. Hugh Mercer, who rose to the rank of Major-General and was killed at Princeton, New Jersey, on January 3, 1777, and Gen. Gustavus B. Wallace, who served gallantly through the war, attaining to the rank of Brigadier-General.

FREDERICKSBURG UNDER THE UNITED STATES.

The long tobacco act of the House of Burgesses was the last act passed by that body that affected the commercial interest of the town or the agricultural interest of the surrounding country that we have any knowledge of. The Revolutionary war soon followed and our independence and new government was the result. It is not considered necessary in this work to attempt to give the part Fredericksburg bore in that struggle—the generals she furnished to command the armies and navy of the country, the line officers and soldiers she sent forth to meet and repel the invader, the statesmen she gave to provide for the armies or to form the new government and to guide it to a successful, permanent and solid establishment. All of these things are told by the records and histories of the State and country more accurately and in a more pleasing style than we can narrate them. We therefore pass to the new order of things.

FREDERICKSBURG IN THE REPUBLIC.

The first act of the Legislature of Virginia in reference to Fredericksburg, after the establishment of the young republic, was to grant it a charter, which bill was passed in 1781. It provided for the town a Mayor, Recorder, Board of Aldermen and a Common Council, and required that all of them should be freeholders. They were made a body politic by the name and designation of Mayor and Commonalty of the town of Fredericksburg, and by that title were to have perpetual succession. The Mayor, Recorder and the four Aldermen were ex-officio Justices of the Peace, and had power to hold a court of hustings once a month, and to "hold pleas in all cases whatsoever originating within the limits" of the town and to "low water mark on the northwest side of the Rappahannock river and half a mile without and around the other limits of the said town." They were given the sole authority and power of "licensing tavern keepers and settling their rates," to appoint a sergeant with the powers of sheriffs, a "constable and other necessary officers of court and surveyors of the streets and highways." A surveyor of the streets was appointed at the first hustings court held by the Mayor and his fellow magistrates, but he was known as the "Geographer" of the town for more than half a century, and was often so entered upon the court records. In civil cases the hustings court was not to have jurisdiction where the amount in controversy exceeded one thousand pounds of leaf tobacco, or its value in money, unless both parties to the suit were citizens of the town when the suit was instituted. The corporate authorities were authorized to assess the inhabitants and all property within the actual bounds of the town for all the charges of repairing the streets, and other matters of municipal expense. They were empowered to erect workhouses, houses of correction, prisons and other public buildings, and to pass all necessary ordinances for the good government of the town. They were to have two market days in each week, and appoint a clerk of the market, "who shall have assize of bread, wine, wood and other things," and perform all the duties of Clerk of the Market. The market days were fixed by law on Wednesdays and Saturdays. It was also provided in the charter that if any person elected to an office failed or refused to serve, he was to be fined. The fines were regulated as follows: "For a Mayor-elect, fifty pounds; for the Recorder, forty pounds; for any Alderman, thirty pounds; for any Common Councilman, twenty-five pounds; for the City Sergeant, one hundred pounds; for the Constable, fifty pounds; for the Clerk of the Hustings Court and the Clerk of the Market, each fifty pounds; the Surveyor of Streets or Roads, each thirty pounds." These several fines were to be imposed by the hustings court, and "to be levied by execution against the goods and chatties of the offender." The charter also provided that in case of "misconduct in the office of Mayor, Recorder, Aldermen or Common Councilmen, or either of them, the others, being seven at least, shall have power to remove the offenders," and in case the other officers were guilty of misconduct, the power appointing them was clothed with the authority of revoking the appointment. It was provided that if the office of Mayor should become vacant, the Recorder was to succeed to the office, the oldest Alderman was to become Recorder, and "so on according to priority." It was further provided "that all the property, real and personal, now held and possessed by the trustees of the said town of Fredericksburg, in law or equity, or in trust, for the use and benefit of the inhabitants thereof, and particularly the charity donation of Archibald McPherson, deceased, now vested in the trustees of said town in trust, for the education of poor children, shall be and the same are hereby transferred and vested in the Mayor and Commonalty of said town, to and for the same uses, intents and purposes as the trustees of the town now hold the same." At the session of the Legislature in 1782 the charter of the town was amended and the jurisdiction of the hustings court was extended one mile without and around the former limits of the town on the south side of the Rappahannock river, and made a court of record and as such was authorized to receive probate of wills and deeds and grant administrations in as full and ample manner as the county courts could or might do. But no will was to be admitted to proof and no administration was to be granted unless the parties were citizens and residents of the town at the time of their death, and no deeds for conveyance of land were to be admitted to record unless the lands conveyed lay within the limits of the corporation. The court was empowered and authorized to appoint a person skilled in the law to prosecute for the Commonwealth and pay him a reasonable salary for his services, and when the Attorney for the Commonwealth was appointed for the town, it was to be exempt from paying any part of the salary of the Attorney for the Commonwealth of Spotsylvania county.

RAPID GROWTH OF THE TOWN.

On the petition of sixty-four of the leading citizens of the town, property owners and tax payers, complaining that certain provisions and requirements of the original charter of the town, granted in 1727, had not been enforced by the Council and complied with by lot owners, the Common Council, in 1782, passed an order which resulted in great benefit to the town in the way of improving vacant lots, erecting buildings and furnishing permanent homes for artisans, mechanics and laboring men. In the memorial submitted to the Council, these property owners complained of "being frequently subjected to the payment of many heavy Taxes and charges for the general benefit and improvement of the said Town of which many proprietors of unimproved Lotts pay no part, although their property is thereby daily rendered more valuable; That the proprietors of said Lotts, although wealthy, will neither build on them, nor sell to those who would, unless for exorbitant prices, by means whereof Rents are high and many useful tradesmen are prevented from residing in the said Town, to remedy which your petitioners pray that you, as Guardians of the said Corporation, will take into your consideration an Act of Assembly, passed in the year of our Lord One thousand, seven hundred and twenty seven, entitled an Act for erecting a Town in each of the counties of Spotsylvania and King George or so much of the said Act as may relate to the said Town of Fredericksburg. A due execution of said Law, your petitioners Conceive, will be productive of many real and very essential advantages to the said corporation; by encouraging the peopling of it and increasing its Trade and Navigation. Your petitioners do not wish that any immediate advantage may be taken of failures or defaults already heretofore suffered, by noncompliance with the above mentioned Act, but that Public notice may be given to the proprietors of such unimproved Lotts that a strict execution of the above mentioned Act of Assembly will be observed with all such as shall, in future, fail to perform, fulfil and comply with the rules and directions therein set forth." In consideration of the complaints of these citizens and the wise suggestions made in their communication, as well as the requirements of the act referred to, the Council ordered "that notice be given to the Proprietors of unimproved Lotts within this corporation, by advertisement in the Public News Papers, that they immediately pay up the Taxes due on said Lotts within this Town and that they be informed that they must build on their unimproved Lotts, agreeable to the Act of Assembly, passed in One thousand seven hundred and Twenty-seven, for establishing a Town in the County of Spotsylvania, otherwise the Lotts will be sold agreeble to the said Act." In consequence of the enforcement of this order of the Common Council, both the taxable values, and the inhabitants of the town, increased rapidly. Instead of an empty treasury, as the town then had, and the necessity it found itself under of appealing to the public for subscriptions for money with which to repair and enlarge the church, to repair the market house, the courthouse and jail, so they could be used, the town soon had money for ordinary purposes, and also for repairing the public buildings, many of which had been used during the war by the soldiers of General Washington's army, leaving a good balance in the treasury, after the work was done. Nor was that all; in 1791, under the "Domestic Loan Act" of Congress, the town loaned to the general government $3,500. This loan was evidenced by four certificates, issued by the "Loan office" of the Government in Washington and are duly recorded in the record book of the Common Council.

METHODS OF PUNISHMENT.

It may be interesting to note that in the olden times there were other methods resorted to for punishing criminals besides fines, jails and penitentiaries, which are not used in this day and time. The Common Council, in 1785, passed a resolution ordering Sergeant John Richards to "erect immediately a whipping post, stocks and ducking stool." The whipping post was used mainly for the slaves who were guilty of small infractions of the law, but for aggravated offences, the penalty was "thirty-nine lashes on his bare back, well laid on," to which was added "burning in the left hand, in the presence of the court." The whipping post is said to have been used for habitual persistent absence from church, but it was very seldom used for that purpose, and never in Fredericksburg so far as we have discovered from the records. The stocks were used to punish white persons for petty offences, such as vagrancy, trespassing and similar infractions of the law. The stocks consisted of a frame of timber, with holes in which the ankles and wrists of the offenders were confined. The stocks were erected in the public square and it is said the passers-by, and those who had gathered around them, through curiosity, would taunt and jeer at the criminals thus confined for punishment. The ducking stool was used for punishing common scolds, refractory women and dishonest tradesmen, especially brewers and bakers. The ducking stool for Fredericksburg was erected on the bank of the Rappahannock river, at the foot of Wolfe street, near where the old Stafford bridge spanned the river. There are several of our old citizens now living who remember when it was in use, and when it was dispensed with, nearly seventy years ago. A "ducking" always brought together a large crowd, most of whom were rude and disorderly, and jeers at and ridicule of the party "ducked" would rend the air, while the sentence of the court was being carried out. It is said that some of the "scolding women," as they would emerge from the water would send forth volumes of abuse at the disorderly crowd, while the officer waited for the next bath, and this was kept up until the order of the court was fully executed. It seemed to be the wish of the authorities that the whole population would turn out and witness these different modes of punishment, with the hope that it would deter others from committing similar offences.

title: Fredericksburg, Virginia 1608-1908/4


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at Wimborne, Dorsetshire, entitled ‘A Modest Vindication of the Doctrine of Conditions in the Covenant of Grace and the Defenders thereof from the Aspersions of Arminianism and Popery which Mr. W. Eyre cast on them,’ London, 1655. The preface (dated 15 Sept, 1654) says that the book had been delivered to Eyre in the author's lifetime. Grayle died, aged 40, early in 1654, after a lingering illness. He was buried in Tidworth Church, and a neighbouring minister, Dr. Humphry Chambers, preached his funeral sermon ‘before the brethren, who were present in great numbers.’ It is published with the ‘Modest Vindication.’

A son of the same names, educated at Exeter College, Oxford, was rector of Blickling, Norfolk, and published many sermons.

 GRAYSTANES, ROBERT (d. 1336?), a fourteenth-century chronicler of the church of Durham, describes himself as 'Doctor Theologicus.' He had been sub-prior of St. Mary's for twenty-six years or more when Louis de Beaumont, bishop of Durham [q. v.], died, 24 Sept. 1333 (Hist. Dun. pp. 119-20;, i. Pref. p. xlix). On 15 Oct. he was elected to the vacant see, after the king's permission had been obtained. William Melton, the archbishop of York, promised to confirm the election; but in the meanwhile (31 Oct.) Robert, who had visited Edward III at 'Lutogersale' (Ludgershall in Wiltshire or Buckinghamshire?), had been told that the pope had given the see 'by provision' to Richard de Bury, 'the king's clerk' [q. v.] The archbishop, however, after consulting his canons and lawyers, consecrated Robert (Sunday, 14 Nov.), with the assistance of the bishops of Carlisle and Armagh. The new bishop was installed at Durham on 18 Nov., and then, returning to the king to claim the temporalities of his see, was refused an audience and referred to the next parliament for an answer. Meanwhile (14 Oct.) the temporalities had been granted to Richard de Bury, who, having the archbishop now on his side, received the oath of the Durham clergy (10 Jan. 1334). Robert, knowing that his convent was too poor to oppose the king and the pope (Hist. Dun. pp. 120-3), refused to continue the struggle. He seems to have resumed his old office, and to have died about 1336 (, Pref. p. xlix;, p. 340; Hist. Dun. p. 121). Surtees says that he 'survived his resignation scarcely a year' (Hist. of Durh. p. 46), and died of disappointment (ib.; cf., p. xlix). Richard de Bury, upon hearing of his death, apologised for the grief he showed by declaring that Graystanes was better fitted to be pope than he was to hold the least office in the church (, p. 129). Graystanes was buried in the chapter-house. Hutchinson has preserved his epitaph : De Graystanes natus jacet hic Robertus humatus, Legibus armatus, rogo sit Sanctis sociatus. His birthplace was perhaps Greystanes three miles south-west of Sheffield.

Graystanes continued the history of the church of Durham, which had been begun by Simeon of Durham, an anonymous continuator, and Geoffrey de Coldingham [q. v.] He takes up Coldingham's narrative with the election of King John's brother Morgan (1213), and carries it down to his own resignation. According to Wharton, however, he has copied his history as far as 1285 (1283?) A.D. from the manuscript now called Cotton Julius, D. 4 (, p. xlix; cf., p. 15). His work is of considerable value, especially as it nears the writer's own time. The 'Historiæ Dunelmensis Scriptores Tres' —including Galford, Graystanes, and William de Chambre— was first printed with excisions by Wharton in 1691. The best edition is that of Raine for the Surtees Society (1839). The chief manuscripts are (1) that in the York Cathedral Library (xvi. 1-12), which belongs to the fourteenth century; (2) the Bodleian MS. (Laud 700, which Hardy assigns to the same century), and the Cotton. MS. (Titus A. ii.) Leland had seen another manuscript in the Carmelite Library at Oxford (Collectanea, iii. 57). Wharton followed the Cotton and Laud MSS.

 GREATHEAD, HENRY (1757–1816), lifeboat inventor, was a twin child, born at Richmond, Yorkshire, on 27 Jan. 1757. His father, who was in the civil service, removed to Shields in 1763. Greathead was at first apprenticed to a boatbuilder, and subsequently went to sea as a ship's carpenter. In 1785 he returned to South Shields, and set up in business on his own account as a boatbuilder, marrying in the following year. The ship Adventure of Newcastle stranded in 1789 on the Herd Sands, a shoal off Tynemouth Haven, not far from Greathead's home. The crew were all lost in sight of many spectators, and


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Greathead resolved to construct a lifeboat. Luken had written a pamphlet upon 'insubmergible boats,' and took out a patent in 1785. Wouldhave, parish clerk of South Shields, had also studied the subject. A public subscription was now got up to offer a reward for the best lifeboat. Greathead won it against the competition of Wouldhave and many others. Dr. Hayes in a letter to the Royal Humane Society described Greathead's boat, in minute detail. It was 30 feet long by 10 feet in width, and 3 feet 4 inches deep. The whole construction much resembled a 'Greenland boat, except that it was considerably flatter, and lined inside and out with cork. Greathead's was a ten-oared boat, and although of very light draft, it could carry twenty people. It succeeded admirably. Greathead made his first lifeboat for the Duke of Northumberland, who presented it to North Shields. Numerous learned societies awarded honours to Greathead, and voted him money grants. The Trinity House gave him handsome recognition, as did also the Society of Arts, and eventually government paid him 1,200l. in consideration of the value of his invention to the nation. Dr. Trotter, physician to the fleet, wrote an adulatory ode. Greathead published 'The Report of Evidence and other Proceedings in Parliament respecting the Invention of the Lifeboat. Also other Documents illustrating the Origin of the Lifeboat, with Practical Directions for the Management of Lifeboats,' London, 1804. He died in 1816. There is an inscription to his memory in the parish church of St. Hilda, South Shields.

 GREATHED, WILLIAM WILBERFORCE HARRIS (1826–1878), major-general, C.B., royal engineers, the youngest of the five sons of Edward Greathed of Uddens, Dorsetshire, was born at Paris 21 Dec. 1826. He entered the military college of the East India Company at Addiscombe in February 1843, and received a commission in the Bengal engineers on 9 Dec. 1844. In 1846 he went to India, and was attached to the Bengal sappers and miners at Meerut. The following year he was appointed to the irrigation department of the north-west provinces, but on the outbreak of the second Sikh war in 1848 he joined the field force before Mooltan. He took part in the siege, and at the assault of the town, on 2 Jan. 1849, he was the first officer through the breach. After the capture of Mooltan he joined Lord Gough, and was present at the battle of Guzerat, 21 Feb. 1849. This concluded the campaign, and he at once resumed his work in the irrigation department, taking a furlough in 1852 to England for two years. On his return to India he was appointed executive engineer in the public works department at Barrackpore, and in 1855 he was sent to Allahabad as government consulting engineer in connection with the extension of the East India railway to the upper provinces. He was here when the mutiny broke out at Meerut, followed by the seizure of Delhi in May 1857. As soon as the catastrophe at Delhi was known, John Russell Colvin [q. v.], lieutenant-governor of the northwest provinces, who had formed a very high opinion of Greathed's character and capacity, summoned him to Agra, attached him to his staff, and employed him to carry despatches to the general at Meerut, and to civil officers on the way. In spite of the disorder of the country and the roaming bands of mutineers, Greathed succeeded not only in reaching Meerut, but in returning to Agra. He was then despatched in command of a body of English volunteer cavalry to release some beleaguered Englishmen in the Doab, and a month later was again sent off with despatches from Colvin and Lord Canning to the general commanding the force which was moving against Delhi. A second time he ran the gauntlet and reached Meerut in safety. On his first visit he was the first traveller who had reached Meerut from 'down country' since the mutiny broke out; on this occasion he remained the last European who passed between Alygurh and Meerut for four months. From Meerut he made his way across country and joined Sir H. Barnard beyond the Jumna. Appointed to Sir H. Barnard's staff, Greathed took part in the action of Badlee-ka-Serai (8 June), which gave the Delhi field force the famous position on the ridge it held so long. When the siege was systematically begun, Greathed was appointed director of the left attack. He greatly distinguished himself in a severe engagement on 9 July on the occasion of a sortie in force from Delhi. Towards the end of the day he and Burnside of the 8th regiment were with their party in a 'serai' surrounded by Pandees. They resolved on a sudden rush, and, killing the men immediately in front with their swords, led the way out, saved their little party, and put the enemy to flight. Greathed had two brothers with him at Delhi, Hervey Greathed, the civil commissioner attached to the force, and Edward (now Sir Edward), colonel of the 8th regiment. When the morning of the assault of 14 Sept. came, he found himself senior engineer of the column


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Author:Samuel Hall Young

Works

 * Adventures in Alaska (1919) Fleming H. Revell Company, New York
 * Alaska days with John Muir (1915)

title: Author:Samuel Hall Young


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54 hung a couple of white, ghastly-looking, carcasses of a couple of sheep; a great gutter ran down the court—a gutter of blood!'—the dog was devouring his beef-steak (our beef-steak) in silence,—and we could see through the little window the girls bustling about to pack up the supper-things, and presently the shop-door opened, old Brisket entered, staggering, angry, and drunk. What’s more, we could see, perched on a high stool, and nodding politely, as if to salute old Brisket, the feather of Dobble’s cocked hat! When Dobble saw it he turned white, and deadly sick; and the poor fellow, in an agony of fright, sunk shivering down upon one of the butcher’s cutting blocks, which was in the yard.

We saw old Brisket look steadily (as steadily as he could) at the confounded impudent, pert, waggling feather; and then an idea began to draw upon his mind, that there was a head to the hat; and then he slowly rose up—he was a man of six feet, and fifteen stone—he rose up, put on his apron and sleeves, and took down his cleaver.


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Rh at last? Had this Mrs. Manasseh been imposing upon me, and were the words of the wretch I met at the table-d'hôte at Leamington, only meant to mislead me and take me in? I determined to send for my wife, and know the whole truth. I saw at once that I had been the victim of an infernal plot, and that the carriage, the house in town, the West India fortune, were only so many lies which I had blindly believed. It was true the debt was but a hundred and fifty pounds; and I had two thousand at my bankers. But was the loss of her £80,000 nothing? Was the destruction of my hopes nothing?—The accursed addition to my family of a Jewish wife, and three Jewish children nothing? and all these I was to support out of my two thousand pounds. I had better have stopped at home, with my mamma and sisters, whom I really did love, and who produced me eighty pounds a year.

I had a furious interview with Mrs. Stubbs; and when I charged her, the base wretch! with cheating me, like a brazen serpent, as she was, she flung back


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Rh the guinea I have had from her in that way; and so she enabled me to cut a very pretty figure.

Papa was for having me at this time articled to a merchant, or put to some profession; but mamma and I agreed that I was born to be a gentleman and not a tradesman, and the army was the only place for me. Every body was a soldier in those times, for the French war had just begun, and the whole country was swarming with militia regiments. "We'll get him a commission in a marching regiment," said my father; "as we have no money to purchase him up, he'll fight his way, I make no doubt;"—and papa looked at me, with a kind of air of contempt, as much as to say he doubted whether I should be very eager for such a dangerous way of bettering myself.

I wish you could have heard mamma's screech, when he talked so coolly of my going out to fight. "What, send him abroad! across the horrid, horrid sea—to be wrecked and, perhaps, drowned, and only to land for the purpose of fighting the wicked French-men,—to be wounded, and perhaps kick—


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4


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18 penny for a penny, pay me a quarter of his bread and butter at breakfast, and a quarter of his cheese at supper; and before the half-year was out, I got from him a silver fruit knife, a box of compasses, and a very pretty silver-laced waistcoat, in which I went home as proud as a king: and, what's more, I had no less than three golden guineas in the pocket of it, besides fifteen shillings, the knife, and a brass bottle screw, which I got from another chap. It wasn't bad interest for twelve shillings, which was all the money I'd had in the year, was it? Heigh ho! I've often wished that I could get such a chance again in this wicked world; but men are more avaricious now than they used to be in those dear early days.

Well, I went home in my new waistcoat as fine as a peacock; and when I gave the bottle screw to my father, begging him to take it as a token of my affection for him, my dear mother burst into such a fit of tears as I never saw, and kissed and hugged me fit to smother me. "Bless him, bless him," says she, "to think of his old father. And where did you purchase


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Rh it, Bob?"—"Why, mother," says I, "I purchased it out of my savings" (which was as true as the gospel).—When I said this, mother looked round to father, smiling, although she had tears in her eyes, and she took his hand, and with her other hand drew me to her. "Is he not a noble boy?" says she to my father: "and only nine years old!"—"Faith," says my father, "he is a good lad, Susan. Thank thee, my boy: and here is a crown piece in return for thy bottle screw; it shall open us a bottle of the very best, too," says my father: and he kept his word. I always was fond of good wine (though never, from a motive of proper self-denial, having any in my cellar); and, by Jupiter! on this night I had my little skin full,—for there was no stinting,—so pleased were my dear parents with the bottle screw.—The best of it was, it only cost me three-pence originally, which a chap could not pay me. Seeing this game was such a good one, I became very generous towards my parents: and a capital way it is to encourage liberality in children. I gave mamma a very neat brass thimble, and she gave me a half-guinea


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User:Xxagile/POTM awards

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title: User:Xxagile/POTM awards


title: User talk:Kmmbando


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Atherton v. Fowler (96 U.S. 513)/Dissent Waite

MR. CHIEF JUSTICE WAITE, with whom concurred Mr. JUSTICE CLIFFORD, dissenting.

I dissent from this judgment. It is not claimed that, when the defendants entered, Page had title to the lands on which the hay was cut. After the judgment of this court in United States v. Vallejo (1 Black, 541), against the validity of the 'Soscol' grant, the lands became public lands of the United States; and the occupancy of Page from that time, covering as it did a tract of more than eight hundred acres, did not, in my opinion, prevent a peaceable entry by the defendants, in good faith, for the purposes of pre-emption. The case was fairly put to the jury upon that question.