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viii petition asking for the release of a noted anarchist who was said to be dying in a French prison. This man, said the letter, had thrown everything away for the "cause,"—his entire fortune, his title, and his birthright as a subject of Russia, to which he could never return; while comparatively young in years, he presented the appearance of an old man, with hair prematurely white and his health broken by confinement in a damp, unsanitary prison. My husband's name was to head the list. "Poor devil," he said, as he dipped his pen in the ink. But he laid it down again thoughtfully, and, instead of signing the petition, wrote a letter stating that he had read the trial, and asking why the Russian gentleman had refused to say whether he had had a hand in the blowing up of a workingman's café in Lyons, in which catastrophe many persons, mostly peasants with their families, had been killed or shockingly injured. He could not, he said, withhold his admiration for a man who had given so much, but he could and would withhold his signature until he was satisfied on this point. No such assurance being forthcoming, the petition was returned with the remark "I think Monsieur had better complete his sacrifice by dying in prison." For street musicians and wandering performers—acrobats, jugglers, etc.—my husband showed


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ANY assume that to sketch successfully in pencil one need only know how to draw. This is an error. Pencil is a medium and like other mediums—charcoal, water color or paint—has a technique which must be learned before happy expression is possible.

To give some hints as to this technique is the purpose of this pamphlet. It takes for granted that one who would sketch from nature has already mastered the elementary principles of drawing—proportion, foreshortening, perspective—and can successfully translate the relations of three dimensioned space to the flat page of a drawing book.

Upon the knowledge of these principles will depend what may be called, the structural excellence of every sketch. No success in pencil work may be hoped for, until the draughtsman is able to map out with a few light touches the main outlines of his picture and then boldly to draw in the great masses, correct in their proportions and so completely presented that no re-drawing is necessary. The timid and hesitant hand makes a timid and uncertain sketch with wooly lines and scumbled surfaces in place of crisp strokes and even tones made up of lines as broad as brush marks.

A few words may be devoted to pencils and paper. The best of pencils should be secured. The writer prefers the Kohinoor pencil made in Austria, but purchasable in every large city. The practiced hand will use at least five different grades (a 3B, an HB, an H, an F


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 and a 5H.) for the beginner, the HB, F, and 5H will suffice, the first for the dark shadows and accents and the last for the broad "washes" of tint. The full length pencil should be cut in half and sharpened to a blunt point well supported by wood and chiseled off at the end so that lines of all widths, from hair-like strokes to broad brush-like marks may be made with the protruding lead (See Figure 1).

For sketching purposes a good drawing paper with a slight grain is best. A smooth paper is unsatisfactory, while one of coarse tooth will render delicate effects impossible. For practice work any cheap paper will answer: but when one goes to work in the field, one

should have the best procurable. For convenience a small smooth covered port-folio is recommended, say one 12 X 15 inches. This will serve to hold the paper cut to a convenient size and will offer a good surface on which to draw. One or two spare sheets should be placed beneath the sheet drawn upon, that its surface may be made more resilient, while a broad elastic band stretched about the portfolio will serve to hold down the extreme upper edge of the sheets which may be slid beneath it.

That the student may learn control of his medium, he is urged to devote some time to preliminary practice in making smooth and forceful lines and building up masses by strokes so close together that the penciled surface when completed shows atone as even as a wash of water color. This trick cannot be learned in an hour or a day, but the learner must persevere, holding his


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Page:Lyrics of Life, Coates, 1909.djvu/91

vast cathedral-crown of the high hill,

The long, low-vaulted nave, the transepts where

The light is glory shed through windows rare

In rainbow tintings: glory deep and still,

Gift of a past forever present there!

Beyond the lantern, the carved Gothic Choir,

And, as interpreting the hallowed place

Athrob with harmonies, a boyish face—

English, yet with the look of awed desire

Which speaks America,—the younger race.

In the half parted lips without a smile,

In the whole rapt, impassioned gaze,

I read the travail of the distant days,

The wistful hunger of the Long Exile—

The yearning that survives through all delays:

I read thy soul, my Country! thou dear Land

Across the deep and all-dividing sea!

I read thy soul and theirs who founded thee

With sacrifices few could understand—

Renouncing and enduring silently.


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 72 And I perceived that thou hast still retained

Their strength to toil, their courage to resist:

That seeking ardently whate'er they missed,

Thou hast remained—in spite of all, remained—

That which they made thee—an idealist!

And once again I felt how blest it is

To hunger and to thirst: anew I saw

That by eternal high-appointed law,

Sublimity and beauty most are his

In whom they move the deepest thrill of awe!


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Rh an understanding and sympathy that always won their confidence. "We're in the same boat," he would say, "earning our bread by amusing the public." "I always divide with a brother artist," he would remark, as he emptied his pockets into their hands. His acquaintance with such people, and his knowledge of the lives they led, gave him an almost morbid sense of the pitiless cruelty of modern civilization. It was only his strong intelligence and common sense that kept him from the ranks of the anarchists. He came to America with exaggerated views of the meaning of democracy, believing that there he would find the ideal social as well as political life. In the beginning he encountered many rude shocks, but he soon readjusted his point of view, though he never ceased regretting that this great country should have been lost to England. The name of George the Third was hardly to be spoken in his presence. "Had it not been for that idiot," he would cry, "we should now be one nation." Of New York, at this time, he saw very little, but on a later visit grew to love it as he would not have thought possible when he first arrived in America. A particularly attractive spot to him was Washington Square, where he spent many hours sitting on the benches under the trees enjoying the frank conversation of the children who used the park as a playground. On one


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x memorable occasion he passed an afternoon there with Mark Twain. At first the apparent rudeness of the average American repelled him, but when he found that the gentlest, most kindly acts accompanied the off-hand address, his heart warmed towards his "younger brother." In San Francisco he made many friendships that were only broken by death,—Mr. and Mrs. Virgil Williams, to whom he dedicated The Silverado Squatters: Dr. Chismore, Dr. Willy, Judge Rearden, who recognized a kindred spirit in the unknown, shabbily dressed young Scot living in the poor little lodging house on Bush Street kept by Mr. and Mrs. Carson. For the last few years on each thirteenth of November a small band of those who love to do honour to my husband's memory have met in San Francisco to celebrate his birthday. Nor would the party be considered complete without Jules Simoneau, now far past eighty years of age, but still as clear in mind and as strong in heart as when my husband first knew him in Monterey, the best beloved of all the friends of that time of adversity. The journey by emigrant train across the continent was an experience far worse than that on shipboard, but through all the fatigue and active misery of it my husband managed to keep his diary posted up to date, and two months later, in


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brother's face is turned from me;

He sees a thing I must not see,—

Alas! what may the vision be?

His form is wasted as with pain;

A fever feeds upon his brain

Whose fire, extinguished, burns again.

Sometimes he seems to hear a cry,—

And the ravens croak on the turrets nigh,

And the echoes shudder as they die.

Sometimes a cloud o'er his sight is cast,

And something viewless, whirling past,

Is borne away on the moaning blast.

And still his face is turned from me,

To hide the thing I must not see,—

Alas! what may the vision be?

Her lips apart, her blue eyes wide,

My mother lay in her state and pride,—

The fairest thing that yet had died!


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 Rh Like a royal rose,—the story saith,—

Peerless and pale, with a rose's breath

At her parted lips, she lay in death.

Her braids were held by a jewelled dart,—

And, where her bodice fell apart,

A jewelled dagger pierced her heart.

To find her foe, men strove in vain;

They sought again and yet again,—

But no one mourned with my brother's pain;

For he had loved her from the hour

His father won her with that dower

Of beauty, rare as an aloe's flower;

And she loved him till our father died;

Then something—was it grief or pride?—

Made her as marble at his side.

They say—the vassals of our race—

She wore thenceforth a wintry grace,

Like the frozen scorn on her fair dead face;

And though my brother strove at morn

And eve to comfort her, forlorn,

She met him still with that cruel scorn.


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Rh, he wrote to Mr. Colvin: "The Amateur Emigrant is about half drafted. It was from Monterey that he also wrote to Mr. Colvin: "I am a reporter for the Monterey Californian at a salary of two dollars a week!" From this feeble joke the most foolish tales have arisen, and grown in the re-telling, of his having been a reporter connected with a San Francisco paper. The Monterey Californian was a tiny sheet that was hardly in a position to pay any one so much as two dollars a week. The editor was also the printer and did all the work on his paper with his own hands. The idea of a reporter in a place where "the population is about that of a dissenting chapel on a wet Sunday. . . mostly Mexican and Indian," was thought very amusing by both my husband and Mr. Bronson, the editor, but some one seems to have taken it very seriously. The Amateur Emigrant was partly written in Monterey, and almost finished in San Francisco under the most depressing circumstances of ill health, poverty, and letters of adverse criticism from friends in England. In an unfinished letter dated Calistoga, June 4, 1880, he writes: "To-day at last I send the last of the Double Damned Emigrant. It was all written, after a fashion, months ago, before I caved in; yet I have not had the pluck and strength to finish copying these few


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User:Vernon39

Hi

I am Vernon.

I live in the UK.

I also edit Wikipedia/ My WP user page is User:Vernon39

title: User:Vernon39


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xii sheets before to-day. The attempt has cost me many a heavy heart. . . . I have done a quaint action—I have sent three of my poems to the Atlantic Monthly, and a fourth, heaven of heavens! to Stephen! I am not mad; only a poet."

F. V. G. S.


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 76 O poor, my Mother! Soon, they say,

She hid herself with her child away,

And looked no longer on the day;

But sometimes, when our towers were white,—

Bathed in the moon's celestial light,—

Her casement opened on the night

All tremulous with mystery,

And, motionless, without a sigh,

She stood there, gazing on the sky;

And they who saw her then, declare

There was nor pride nor passion there,—

Only a tearless, mute despair.

I knew her not,—or if I knew,

Forgot her quickly, as children do,—

Alas! as little children do;

But when she died, men say that I

So plaintive wailed in the chamber nigh,

That summoned thither by the cry.

They brought my brother; who, that hour,

Bore me away to this lonely tower—

This fortress of our ancient power,


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Our friendship was not only founded before we were born by a community of blood, but is in itself near as old as my life. It began with our early ages, and, like a history, has been continued to the present time. Although we may not be old in the world, we are old to each other, having so long been intimates. We are now widely separated, a great sea and continent intervening; but memory, like care, mounts into iron ships and rides post behind the horseman. Neither time nor space nor enmity can conquer old affection; and as I dedicate these sketches, it is not to you only, but to all in the old country, that I send the greeting of my heart.

R. L. S.

1879


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 Rh Where ever near me, night and day,—

And happiest with me to stay,—

He kept the vexing world away. . ..

Ah, then, he did not seem to see

The haunting thing so constantly!—

Dear God! what may the riddle be?

Mother! I scarce have grieved for you,—

So close to me my brother drew—

So gave me all the joys I knew,—

But I am frightened now, and cry,

Stretching my arms out to the sky.

Without my brother's love, I die!

And though I do not understand

Where lies yon far fair Heavenly Land,

I think that soon, hand locked in hand,

We two will find you where you dwell—

Will see the face he loved so well,

And, weeping, all our sorrows tell.

And then, I know, through me beguiled,

You'll smile on him,—as once you smiled,

Who was so good to your lonely child!


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Rh :Borrowing, 81.
 * Beggary.
 * Plagiarism.
 * Quotation.

 * Boston, 81.

 * Boyhood, see
 * Childhood.
 * Youth.

 * Bravery, 82.
 * Audacity.
 * Character.
 * Courage.
 * Daring.
 * Heroes.
 * Navy.
 * Soldiers.
 * Valor.
 * War.

 * Bribery, 83.
 * Corruption.
 * Crime.
 * Gold.
 * Guilt.
 * Money.
 * Politics.
 * Statesmanship.

 * Bronx (River), 84.

 * Brooks, 84.
 * Rivers.
 * Water.

 * Building, see
 * Architecture.
 * Carpentry.
 * Masons.

 * Burdens, see
 * Care.

 * Business, 85.
 * Labor.
 * Occupations.
 * Work.

 * Butchering, 87.
 * Animals.
 * Eating.

 * Buttercup, 88.

 * Butterfly, 88.

 * Cabinet-making, see
 * Carpentry.

 * Calmness, 88.
 * Content.
 * Death.
 * Peace.
 * Repose.
 * Rest.
 * Resignation.

 * Calumny, 89.
 * Gossip.
 * Reputation.
 * Scandal.
 * Slander.

 * Cam (River), 89.

 * Camomile, 89.

 * Canary, 89.

 * Candor, see
 * Honesty.
 * Sincerity.
 * Truth.

 * Capacity, see
 * Ability.
 * Character.
 * Genius.
 * Talents.

 * Carcassonne, 89.

 * Cardinal-Flower, 89.

 * Cards, 89.
 * Amusements.
 * Gambling.

 * Care; Carefulness, 90.
 * Economy.
 * Prudence.

 * Carpentry, 90.
 * Architecture.

 * Carriages, see
 * Livery.

 * Cassia, 91.

 * Cat, 91.

 * Cattle, see
 * Animals.

 * Cause, 91.
 * Beginnings.
 * Reason.

 * Cedar, 91.

 * Celandine, 91.

 * Ceremony, 92.
 * Honor.
 * Royalty.
 * Society.

 * Challenge, 92.
 * Contention.
 * Cowardice.
 * Duelling.

 * Champac, 92.

 * Chance, 92.
 * Accident.
 * Destiny.
 * Fate.
 * Fortune.
 * Luck.
 * Opportunity.

 * Change, 93.
 * Choice.
 * Destiny.
 * Fate.
 * Inconstancy.
 * Luck.
 * Novelty.
 * Variety.

 * Chaos, 97.
 * Creation.
 * Ruin.
 * World, The.

 * Character, 97.
 * Ability.
 * Example.
 * Fame.
 * Genius.
 * Man.
 * Quality.
 * Reputation.
 * Worth.

 * Charity, 106.
 * Beggary.
 * Benefits.
 * Favor.
 * Friendship.
 * Gifts.
 * Kindness.
 * Liberality.
 * Love.
 * Philanthropy.

 * Chase, The, 107.
 * Amusements.
 * Animals.
 * Sport.

 * Chastity, 108.
 * Innocence.
 * Modesty.
 * Purity.
 * Vice.
 * Virtue.
 * Woman.

 * Chattahoochee (River), 109.

 * Cheerfulness, 109.
 * Content.
 * Happiness.
 * Joy.
 * Merriment.
 * Pleasure.

 * Cherry Tree, 109.

 * Chestnut Tree, 109.

 * Childhood, 109.
 * Babyhood.
 * Motherhood.
 * Youth.

 * Choice, 113.
 * Chance.
 * Change.
 * Luck.
 * Opportunity.
 * Prudence.

 * Christ, 114.
 * Church.
 * Doctrine.
 * Easter.
 * God.
 * Redemption.
 * Religion.
 * Resurrection.

 * Christianity, 115.
 * Belief.
 * Charity.
 * Christ.
 * Church.
 * Doctrine.
 * Faith.
 * Hope.
 * Redemption.
 * Religion.
 * Repentance.
 * Resurrection.
 * Worship.

 * Christmas, 116.
 * Christ.
 * December.
 * Holidays.
 * Fir Tree.

 * Chrysanthemum, 117.

 * Church, 117.
 * Bells.
 * Christ.
 * Christianity.
 * Doctrine.
 * Easter.
 * Religion.
 * Worship.

 * Circles, 119.

 * Circumstance, 119.
 * Destiny.
 * Fate.
 * Fortune.
 * Life.
 * Opportunity.

 * Cities, 121.

 * Civility, see
 * Courtesy.
 * Manners.

 * Cleanliness, 122.
 * Apparel.
 * Appearance.
 * Life.

 * Cleverness, see
 * Ability.
 * Character.
 * Wit.

 * Clouds, 122.
 * Aurora.
 * Shadows.
 * Sky.
 * Sunrise.
 * Sunset.
 * Twilight.

 * Clover, 123.

 * Clyde (River), 123.

 * Cock, 124.

 * Cologne, 124.

 * Columbine, 124.

 * Comfort, 124.
 * Content.


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On love, meekness, and watching over each other

Isaac Penington's letter to Amersham Friends Meeting 1667

To Friends in Amersham,

Friends,

Our life is love, and peace, and tenderness; and bearing one with another, and forgiving one another, and not laying accusations one against another; but praying one for another, and helping one another up with a tender hand, if there has been any slip or fall; and waiting till the Lord gives sense and repentance, if sense and repentance in any be wanting.

O wait to feel this spirit, and to be guided to walk in this spirit, that ye may enjoy the Lord in sweetness, and walk sweetly, meekly, tenderly, peaceably, and lovingly one with another. And then ye will be a praise to the Lord, and any thing that is, or hath been, or may be amiss, ye will come over in the true dominion, even in the Lamb's dominion; and that which is contrary shall be trampled upon, as life rises and rules in you.

So, watch your hearts and ways; and watch one over another in that which is gentle and tender, and knows it can neither preserve itself, nor help another out of the snare; but the Lord must be waited upon to do this in and for us all. So, mind Truth, the service, enjoyment, and possession of it in your hearts, and so to walk as ye may bring no disgrace upon it, but may be a good savour in the places where ye live - the meek, innocent, tender, righteous life reigning in you, governing over you, and shining through you in the eyes of all with whom ye converse.

Your Friend in the Truth, and a desirer of your welfare and prosperity therein.

I. P.

Aylesbury,

4th of 3rd Month, 1667.


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children played at naming, every one

Her favorite blossom, in the mild June even;

When, at the last, the others having done,

A little maid—her years but numbered seven—

Stood shyly forth and answered in her turn:

"Pale violets I love,—and love full well

Red poppies, which the elves for torches burn,—

But for my own I choose—the asphodel."

Indignant stared the children; then they cried—

Amid their pastime ready still for strife—

"The asphodel! You only choose through pride

A flower you never saw in all your life!"

Abashed, the culprit hung her pretty head,

As she accusèd of a crime had been;

Then, bravely, with conviction sweet she said:—

"But I love best the flower I have not seen!"

Ah, wistful child! Such lonely dreams as thine

Others have cherished in their hearts, I ween,—


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 Brandon accompanied by plans of each drawn to a uniform scale and a short letterpress description. It was first published in parts between March 1846 and December 1847. The work is a faithful record of antiquities which few can visit for themselves. Their 'Analysis of Gothic Architecture' (London, 1847), which the authors say aims at being a practical rather than an historical work on English church architecture, consists of a collection of upwards of 700 examples of doors, windows, and other details of existing ecclesiastical architecture industriously compiled from actual measurements taken from little known parish churches throughout the country, with illustrative remarks on the various classes of items. The last of the series, and probably the most useful to the profession, is their 'Open Timber Roofs of the Middle Ages' (London, 1849), a collection of perspective and geometric and detail drawings of thirty-five of the best roofs found in different parish churches in eleven different English counties, with an introduction containing some useful hints and information as to the timber roofing of the middle ages. The drawings given show at a glance the form and principle of construction of each roof, and the letterpress proves how fully the authors appreciated the spirit of the mediæval builders. The work 'serves the one useful and necessary purpose of showing practically and constructively what the builders of the middle ages really did with the materials they had at hand, and how all those materials, whatever they were, were made to harmonise' (Builder, xxxv. 1051). Of Brandon's original professional labours the best known are the large church in Gordon Square, London, executed in conjunction with Mr. Ritchie for the members of the catholic apostolic church; the small church of St. Peter's in Great Windmill Street, close to the Haymarket; and a third in Knightsbridge, unfortunately not favourably situated for architectural display. In these he faithfully endeavoured to carry out the mediæval spirit and mode of work, and no doubt in the first case he has to a great extent succeeded. But he failed to become a successful architect. His temperament was over-sensitive, and he latterly fell into extreme mental dejection; on 8 Oct. 1877 he committed suicide by shooting himself in his chambers, 17 Clement's Inn. His wife and one child predeceased him.

(1802-1847), architect and joint author with his brother, John Raphael Brandon, prosecuted his profession with zeal and ability, and had before his early death at the age of twenty-five attained what promised to become a considerable practice, particularly in church architecture, for which his studies along with his brother and the fame of their joint publications so well fitted him. The brothers were most intimately associated in their professional studies and labours, and their names cannot be separated.

 BRANDON, RICHARD (d. 1649), executioner of Charles I, was the son of Gregory Brandon, common hangman of London in the early part of the seventeenth century, and the successor of Derrick. Anstis tells the story that Sir William Segar, Garter king of arms, ignorant of the elder Brandon's occupation, was led by Ralph Brooke, York herald, to grant him a coat of arms in December 1616 (Register of the Garter, ii. 399). Both father and son were notorious characters in London, the former being commonly called 'Gregory,' and the latter 'Young Gregory,' on account of the elder Brandon's long tenure of office. From an early age 'Young Gregory' is said to have prepared himself for his calling by decapitating cats and dogs. He succeeded his father shortly before 1640 (Old Newes Newly Revived, 1640). In 1641 he was a prisoner in Newgate on a charge of bigamy, from which he seems to have cleared himself (The Organ's Eccho, 1641). He was the executioner of Strafford (12 May 1641) and of Laud (10 Jan. 1644-5) (cf. Canterbury's Will, 1641). Brandon asserted, after judgment had been passed on Charles I (27 Jan. 1648-9), that he would not carry out the sentence. On 30 Jan., however, he was 'fetched out of bed by a troop of horse,' and decapitated the king. He 'received 30 pounds for his pains, all paid in half-crowns, within an hour after the blow was given,' and obtained an orange 'stuck full of cloves' and a handkerchief out of the king's pocket; he ultimately sold the orange for 10s. in Rosemary Lane, where he lived. He executed the Earl of Holland, the Duke of Hamilton, and Lord Capel in the following March, with the same axe as he had used on the king, suffered much from remorse, died on 20 June 1649, and was buried the next day in Whitechapel churchyard. On 15 Oct. 1660 William Hulett, or Hewlett, was condemned to death for having been Charles's executioner; but three witnesses asserted positively that Brandon was the guilty person, and their statement is corroborated by three tracts, published at the time of Brandon's death—'The Last Will and Testament of Richard Brandon, Esquire, headsman and hangman to the Pretended Parliament,' 1649;


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Author:Isaac Penington

Works

 * On love, meekness, and watching over each other

title: Author:Isaac Penington


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 80 And, grateful for all good, with thee incline

To love the best the flower they have not seen!

brought you some flowers, mother!

Please look at them, mother, look!

See this one!—and here's another

I found beside the brook!

They're very warm, for I held them tight;

You'll want them, I know, to keep,

When they wake again and you see them right,—

But now they're all asleep.


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FROM NATURE

BY JAMES PARTON HANEY

PUBLISHED BY THE DAVIS PRESS

WORCHESTER, MASS.


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Page:Pencil Sketching from Nature.djvu/7

 Pencil Sketching from Nature

By James Parton Haney


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 Copyrighted by The Davis Press, Worcester, Massachusetts 1906


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leaned above the river's sedgy brink—

The little wife—half-minded there to drink

Forgetfulness of all the grief and pride

That overwhelmed her spirit like a tide.

She had so blindly trusted! Yet doubt grew—

Whence it had sprung, alas! she hardly knew,—

A hydra-headed monster that devoured

Her happiness ere fully it had flowered.

He who had been her truth!—could he betray?

"Ah, let me die," she cried, "or quickly stay,

Thou who bestowed, unasked, this gift of breath,

Imaginings more terrible than death!"

Lone and forespent, she leaned her heavily

Against a willow; when she seemed to see—

Doubting if that indeed she saw or dreamed,

So full of mystery the vision seemed—

A form unknown, ineffable in grace,

With look compassionate bent on her face.

"Thy tears have moved the Heart Omnipotent,

Wherefore I come, to thee in pity sent,—"


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 90 So, as she thought, the wondrous vision spake,—

"To serve thee, if I may, e'en though I make

Confession, grievous unto me, who know

My folly was forgiven long ago. . ..

"A youth was I who fondly pleasure sought,

Careless to ask how dearly it was bought;

Who passed my days in idleness, nor guessed

How close the coils of evil round me pressed,

"Till, like some swimmer boastful of his strength

Who dares too far, I faced the truth at length—

Perceived the awful distance I had come,

And, battling back, despaired of reaching home.

"Then I had perished in my utter need,

Had no one trusted me beyond my meed;

But—I reached port at last, my fate withstood,

Because one woman still believed me good."

Softly the vision faded, and was gone.

The young wife by the river stood alone;

Musing, she lingered there a little while,

And to her pensive lips there came a smile.


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text:
Meyr v. Board of Education of Affton School District

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Missouri.

The judgment is affirmed.

Mr. Joel Case, Manchester, Missouri, made argument for Appellant and filed briefs for Appellant.

Mr. Robert W. Saitz, St. Louis, Missouri, made argument for and filed brief for Appellees.

Gibson, Chief Judge, Van Oosterhout, Senior Circuit Judge, and Ross, Circuit Judge.


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Page:Pencil Sketching from Nature.djvu/16

 pencil with the unsharpened end in the palm of the hand and gripped close to the end by thumb and middle finger, while the forefinger bears down so heavily that the lead in its stroke "irons" out the paper and leaves a smooth and even line. (See Figure 2). Work of this kind will be found not a little fatiguing when it is first undertaken, half an hour's continuous drawing, leaving the fingers numb from pressure. Such practice however is to be insisted upon. It leads to a virile, forceful line, one which distinguishes the adept from the apprentice hand. Figure 3 shows the woolly surface left by too light pressure, and Figure 4 the "liny" uneven tint due to a failure to keep the whole "face" of the lead firmly pressed upon the paper.

After practice has given facility, the student will find it of advantage to copy some good example of pencil drawing, choosing at first some simple detail and rendering this over and over again until the freshness and directness of the original re-appear in the copy. Especially should this effort be directed toward rendering of masses of foliage, bits of brick work, etc. which so often puzzle the beginner when he is called upon to reproduce them in the field. Excellent examples of this nature can be found in magazines like The Studio, where the pencil sketches of men like E. Borough Johnson, Tony Grubhofer, Charles Cottel, Frank Emanuel and a host of others, are reproduced with striking fidelity.

From a study of these the student will be led to see that the successful sketch largely depends upon the development of satisfactory contrasts of light and dark. Natural contrasts are emphasized and others are created at will by the draughtsman, who seeks rather to suggest the planes of his drawing than to represent them in their true values. Indeed the latter were impossible.


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Page:Pencil Sketching from Nature.djvu/20

 they are suggested by a few serrate lines and smartly accented dots.

In the center of the sketch, the planes which go to make the forms constructive in character, have been carefully considered, and by use of outline leading away from mass, the eye has suggested to it these planes even where there is little but blank paper. Lastly there is to be noted the sparing use of deep black which has here and there been spotted in near some white, to give depth to a shadow and sparkle to the sketch as a whole. By one device and another, the eye is led into the picture and coaxed to the center of interest, where the old Spanish garden clings to the crag in a blaze of August sunshine.

This analysis will show in a measure how such a sketch is to be made. The subject once chosen one notes lightly upon the paper a few dots and a line or two to mark the proportions of the most salient forms. (Figure 5). One must then determine upon the contrasts which one will show, must determine, in other words, whether one will draw the tree as a light or a dark mass, whether window or door shall gape cavernously or shall exist merely as a few well drawn lines. The light and dark planes of the model will condition certain of these contrasts but it must be understood that for the most part, the translation and representation of these tones is a matter of choice— of nice appreciation of "effect."

The center of interest will of course be the point to which attention is chiefly to be directed. Some moments may be advantageously spent in simply studying the model with a view to its simplification, to determining just how few things may be put into the sketch without its becoming empty and uninteresting. For the most


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text:
Prince Hohenstiel-Schwangau, Saviour of Society/III

"Age! Age and experience bring discouragement," You taunt me: I maintain the opposite. Am I discouraged who, — perceiving health. Strength, beauty, as they tempt the eye of soul, Are uncombinable with flesh and blood, — Resolve to let my body live its best, And leave my soul what better yet may be Or not be, in this life or afterward? — In either fortune, wiser than who waits Till magic art procure a miracle. In virtue of my very confidence Mankind ought to outgrow its babyhood, I prescribe rocking, deprecate rough hands, While thus the cradle holds it past mistake. Indeed, my task's the harder — equable Sustainment everywhere, all strain, no push — Whereby friends credit me with indolence, Apathy, hesitation. "Stand stock-still If able to move briskly? 'All a-strain' — So must we compliment your passiveness? Sound asleep, rather!"

Just the judgment passed Upon a statue, luckless like myself, I saw at Rome once! 'T was some artist's whim To cover all the accessories close I' the group, and leave you only Laocoön With neither sons nor serpents to denote The purpose of his gesture. Then a crowd Was called to try the question, criticize Wherefore such energy of legs and arms. Nay, eyeballs, starting from the socket. One — I give him leave to write my history — Only one said "I think the gesture strives Against some obstacle we cannot see." All the rest made their minds up. "'T is a yawn Of sheer fatigue subsiding to repose: The Statue's 'Somnolency' clear enough!" There, my arch stranger-friend, my audience both And arbitress, you have one half your wish, At least: you know the thing I tried to do! All, so far, to my praise and glory — all Told as befits the self-apologist, — Who ever promises a candid sweep And clearance of those errors miscalled crimes None knows more, none laments so much as he, And ever rises from confession, proved A god whose fault was — trying to be man. Just so, fair judge, — if I read smile aright — I condescend to figure in your eyes As biggest heart and best of Europe's friends, And hence my failure. God will estimate Success one day; and, in the mean time — you! I daresay there's some fancy of the sort Frolicking round this final puff I send To die up yonder in the ceiling-rose, — Some consolation-stakes, we losers win! A plague of the return to "I — I — I Did this, meant that, hoped, feared the other thing!" Autobiography, adieu! The rest Shall make amends, be pure blame, history And falsehood: not the ineffective truth, But Thiers-and-Victor-Hugo exercise. Hear what I never was, but might have been I' the better world where goes tobacco-smoke! Here lie the dozen volumes of my life: (Did I say "lie?" the pregnant word will serve.) Cut on to the concluding chapter, though! Because the little hours begin to strike. Hurry Thiers-Hugo to the labour's end!

Something like this the unwritten chapter reads.

Exemplify the situation thus! Hohenstiel-Schwangau, being, no dispute, Absolute mistress, chose the Assembly, first, To serve her: chose this man, its President Afterward, to serve also, — specially To see that they did service one and all. And now the proper term of years was out. When the Head-servant must vacate his place; And nothing lay so patent to the world As that his fellow-servants one and all Were — mildly make we mention — knaves or fools, Each of them with his purpose flourished full I' the face of you by word and impudence, Or filtered slyly out by nod and wink And nudge upon your sympathetic rib — That not one minute more did knave or fool Mean to keep faith and serve as he had sworn Hohenstiel-Schwangau, once that Head away. Why did such swear except to get the chance, When time should ripen and confusion bloom, Of putting Hohenstielers-Schwangauese To the true use of human property? Restoring souls and bodies, this to Pope, And that to King, that other to his planned Perfection of a Share-and-share-alike, That other still, to Empire absolute In shape of the Head-servant's very self Transformed to master whole and sole: each scheme Discussible, concede one circumstance — That each scheme's parent were, beside himself, Hohenstiel-Schwangau, not her serving-man Sworn to do service in the way she chose Rather than his way: way superlative, Only, — by some infatuation, — his And his and his and everyone's but hers Who stuck to just the Assembly and the Head. I niake no doubt the Head, too, had his dream Of doing sudden duty swift and sure On all that heap of untrustworthiness — Catching each vaunter of the villany He meant to perpetrate when time was ripe, Once the Head-servant fairly out of doors, — And, caging here a knave and there a fool, Cry "Mistress of the servants, these and me, Hohenstiel-Schwangau! I, their trusty Head, Pounce on a pretty scheme concocting here That's stopped, extinguished by my vigilance. Your property is safe again: but mark! Safe in these hands, not yours, who lavish trust Too lightly. Leave my hands their charge awhile! I know your business better than yourself: Let me alone about it! Some fine day, Once we are rid of the embarrassment, You shall look up and see your longings crowned!" Such fancy may have tempted to be false, But this man chose truth and was wiser so. He recognized that for great minds i' the world There is no trial like the appropriate one Of leaving little minds their liberty Of littleness to blunder on through life, Now, aiming at right end by foolish means. Now, at absurd achievement through the aid Of good and wise means: trial to acquiesce In folly's life-long privilege — though with power To do the little minds the good they need, Despite themselves, by just abolishing Their right to play the part and fill the place I' the scheme of things He schemed who made alike Great minds and little minds, saw use for each. Could the orb sweep those puny particles It just half-lights at distance, hardly leads I' the leash — sweep out each speck of them from space They anticize in with their days and nights And whirlings round and dancings off, forsooth, And all that fruitless individual life One cannot lend a beam to but they spoil — Sweep them into itself and so, one star, Preponderate henceforth i' the heritage Of heaven! No! in less senatorial phrase. The man endured to help, not save outright The multitude by substituting him For them, his knowledge, will and way, for God's: Not change the world, such as it is, and was And will be, for some other, suiting all Except the purpose of the maker. No! He saw that weakness, wickedness will be, And therefore should be: that the perfect man As we account perfection — at most pure 0' the special gold, whate'er the form it take, Head-work or heart-work, fined and thrice-refined I' the crucible of life, whereto the powers Of the refiner, one and all, were flung To feed the flame their utmost, — e'en that block. He holds out breathlessly triumphant, — breaks Into some poisonous ore, its opposite. At the very purest, so compensating The Adversary — what if we believe? For earlier stern exclusion of his stuff. See the sage, with the hunger for the truth, And see his system that's all true, except The one weak place that's stanchioned by a lie! The moralist, that walks with head erect I' the crystal clarity of air so long. Until a stumble, and the man's one mire! Philanthropy undoes the social knot With axe-edge, makes love room 'twixt head and trunk! Religion — but, enough, the thing's too clear! Well, if these sparks break out i' the greenest tree. Our topmost of performance, yours and mine, AVhat will be done i' the dry ineptitude Of ordinary mankind, Ipark and bole. All seems ashamed of but their mother-earth? Therefore throughout his term of servitude He did the appointed service, and forbore Extraneous action that were duty else, Done by some other servant, idle now Or mischievous: no matter, each his own — Own task, and, in the end, own praise or blame! He suffered them strut, prate and brag their best. Squabble at odds on every point save one, And there shake hands, — agree to trifle time, Obstruct advance with, each, his cricket-cry "Wait till the Head be off the shoulders here! Then comes my King, my Pope, my Autocrat, My Socialist Republic to her own — To-wit, that property of only me, Hohenstiel-Schwangau who conceits herself Free, forsooth, and expects I keep her so!" — Nay, suffered when, perceiving with dismay His silence paid no tribute to their noise, They turned on him. "Dumb menace in that mouth, Malice in that unstridulosity! He cannot but intend some stroke of state Shall signalize his passage into peace Out of the creaking, — hinder transference O' the Hohenstielers-Schwangauese to king. Pope, autocrat, or socialist republic! That's Exact the cause his lips unlocked would cry! Therefore be stirring: brave, beard, bully him! Dock, by the million, of its friendly joints, The electoral body short at once! who did, May do again, and undo us beside. Wrest from his hands the sword for self-defence, The right to parry any thrust in play We peradventure please to meditate!" And so forth; creak, creak, creak: and ne'er a line His locked mouth oped the wider, till at last O' the long degraded and insulting day, Sudden the clock told it was judgment-time. Then he addressed himself to speak indeed To the fools, not knaves: they saw him walk straight down Each step of the eminence, as he first engaged, And stand at last o' the level, — all he swore. "People, and not the people's varletry, This is the task you set myself and these! Thus I performed my part of it, and thus They thwarted me throughout, here, here, and here: Study each instance! yours the loss, not mine. What they intend now is demonstrable As plainly: here's such man, and here's such mode Of making you some other than the thing You, wisely or unwisely, choose to be, And only set him up to keep you so. Do you approve this? Yours the loss, not mine. Do you condemn it? There's a remedy. Take me — who know your mind, and mean your good, With clearer head and stouter arm than they, Or you, or haply anybody else — And make me master for the moment! Choose What time, what power you trust me with: I too Will choose as frankly ere I trust myself With time and power: they must be adequate To the end and aim, since mine the loss, with yours If means be wanting; once their worth approved, Grant them, and I shall forthwith operate — Ponder it well! — to the extremest stretch 0' the power you trust me: if with unsuccess, God wills it, and there's nobody to blame."

Whereon the people answered with a shout "The trusty one! no tricksters any more!" How could they other? He was in his place.

What followed? Just what he foresaw, what proved The soundness of both judgments, — his, o' the knaves And fools, each trickster with his dupe, — and theirs The people, in what head and arm should help. There was uprising, masks dropped, flags unfurled, Weapons outflourished in the wind, my faith! Heavily did he let his fist fall plumb On each perturber of the public peace, No matter whose the wagging head it broke — From bald-pate craft and greed and impudence Of night-hawk at first cliance to prowl and prey For glory and a little gain beside, Passing for eagle in the dusk of the age, — To florid head-top, foamy patriotism And tribunitial daring, breast laid bare Thro' confidence in rectitude, with hand On private pistol in the pocket: these And all the dupes of these, who lent themselves As dust and feather do, to help offence O' the wind that whirls them at you, then subsides In safety somewhere, leaving filth afloat, Annoyance you may brush from eyes and beard, — These he stopped: bade the wind's spite howl or whine Its worst outside the building, wind conceives Meant to be pulled together and become Its natural playground so. What foolishness Of dust or feather proved importunate And fell 'twixt thumb and finger, found them gripe To detriment of bulk and buoyancy. Then followed silence and submission. Next, The inevitable comment came on work And work's cost; he was censured as profuse Of human life and liberty: too swift And thorough his procedure, who had lagged At the outset, lost the opportunity Through timid scruples as to right and wrong. "There's no such certain mark of a small mind" (So did Sagacity explain the fault) "As when it needs must square away and sink To its own small dimensions, private scale Of right and wrong, — humanity i' the large, The right and wrong of the universe, forsooth! This man addressed himself to guard and guide Hohenstiel-Schwangau. When the case demands He frustrate villany in the egg, unhatched, With easy stamp and minimum of pang E'en to the punished reptile, 'There's my oath Restrains my foot,' objects our guide and guard, 'I must leave guardianship and guidance now: Rather than stretch one handbreadth of the law, I am bound to see it break from end to end. First show me death i' the body politic: Then prescribe pill and potion, what may please Hohenstiel-Schwangau! all is for her sake: 'T was she ordained my service should be so. What if the event demonstrate her unwise, If she unwill the thing she willed before? I hold to the letter and obey the bond And leave her to perdition loyally.' Whence followed thrice the expenditure we blame Of human life and liberty: for want O' the by-blow, came deliberate butcher's-work!" "Elsewhere go carry your complaint!" bade he. "Least, largest, there's one law for all the minds, Here or above: be true at any price! 'T is just o' the great scale, that such happy stroke Of falsehood would be found a failure. Truth Still stands unshaken at her base by me, Reigns paramount i' the world, for the large good O' the long late generations, — I and you Forgotten like this buried foohshness! Not so the good I rooted in its grave."

This is why he refused to break his oath, Rather appealed to the people, gained the power To act as he thought best, then used it, once For all, no matter what the consequence To knaves and fools. As thus began his sway, So, through its twenty years, one rule of right Sufficed him: govern for the many first, The poor mean multitude, all mouths and eyes: Bid the few, better favoured in the brain, Be patient, nor presume on privilege. Help him, or else be quiet, — never crave That he help them, — increase, forsooth, the gulf Yawning so terribly 'twixt mind and mind I' the world here, which his purpose was to block At bottom, were it by an inch, and bridge, If by a filament, no more, at top, Equalize things a little! And the way He took to work that purpose out, was plain Enough to intellect and honesty And — superstition, style it if you please, So long as you allow there was no lack O' the quality imperative in man — Reverence. You see deeper? thus saw he, And by the light he saw, must walk: how else Was he to do his part? the man's, with might And main, and not a faintest touch of fear Sure he was in the hand of God who comes Before and after, with a work to do Which no man helps nor hinders. Thus the man, So timid when the business was to touch The uncertain order of humanity, Imperil, for a problematic cure Of grievance on the surface, any good I' the deep of things, dim yet discernible — This same man, so irresolute before, Show him a true excrescence to cut sheer, A devil's-graft on God's foundation-stone, Then — no complaint of indecision more! He wrenched out the whole canker, root and branch, Deaf to who cried the world would tumble in At its four corners if he touched a twig. Witness that lie of lies, arch-infamy. When the Republic, with all life involved In just this law — "Each people rules itself Its own way, not as any stranger please" — Turned, and for first proof she was living, bade Hohenstiel-Schwangau fasten on the throat Of the first neighbour that claimed benefit O' the law herself established: "Hohenstiel For Hohenstielers! Rome, by parity Of reasoning, for Romans? That 's a jest Wants proper treatment, — lancet-puncture suits The proud flesh: Rome ape Hohenstiel forsooth!" And so the siege and slaughter and success Whereof we nothing doubt that Hohenstiel Will have to pay the price, in God's good time, Which does not always fall on Saturday When the world looks for wages. Any how. He found this infamy triumphant. Well, — Sagacity suggested, make this speech! "The work was none of mine: suppose wrong wait, Stand over for redressing? Mine for me, My predecessors' work on their own head! Meantime, there's plain advantage, should we leave Things as we find them. Keep Rome manacled Hand and foot: no fear of unruliness! Her foes consent to even seem our friends So long, no longer. Then, there's glory got I' the boldness and bravado to the world. The disconcerted world must grin and bear The old saucy writing, — 'Grunt thereat who may, So shall things be, for such my pleasure is — Hohenstiel-Schwangau.' How that reads in Rome I' the Capitol where Brennus broke his pate! And what a flourish for our journalists!"

Only, it was nor read nor flourished of, Since, not a moment did such glory stay Excision of the canker! Out it came, Root and branch, with much roaring, and some blood, And plentiful abuse of him from friend And foe. Who cared? Not Nature, that assuaged The pain and set the patient on his legs Promptly: the better! had it been the worse, 'T is Nature you must try conclusions with, Not he, since nursing canker kills the sick For certain, while to cut may cure, at least. "Ah," groaned a second time Sagacity, "Again the little mind, precipitate, Rash, rude, when even in the right, as here! The great mind knows the power of gentleness, Only tries force because persuasion fails. Had this man, by prelusive trumpet-blast, Signified 'Truth and Justice mean to come. Nay, fast approach your threshold! Ere they knock, See that the house be set in order, swept And garnished, windows shut, and doors thrown wide! The free State comes to visit the free Church: Receive her! or . . or . . never mind what else!' Thus moral suasion heralding brute force, How had he seen the old abuses die, And new life kindle here, there, everywhere. Roused simply by that mild yet potent spell — Beyond or beat of drum or stroke of sword — Public opinion!"

"How, indeed?" he asked, "When all to see, after some twenty years, Were your own fool-face waiting for the sight. Faced by as wide a grin from ear to ear O' the knaves that, while the fools were waiting, worked — Broke yet another generation's heart — Twenty years' respite helping! Teach your nurse 'Compliance with, before you suck, the teat!' Find what that means, and meanwhile hold your tongue!"

Whereof the war came which he knew must be.

Now, this had proved the dry-rot of the race He ruled o'er, that, in the old day, when was need They fought for their own liberty and life, Well did they fight, none better: whence, such love Of fighting somehow still for fighting's sake Against no matter whose the liberty And life, so long as self-conceit should crow And clap the wing, while justice sheathed her claw, — That what had been the glory of the world When thereby came the world's good, grew its plague Now that the champion-armour, donned to dare The dragon once, was clattered up and down Highway and by-path of the world at peace, Merely to mask marauding, or for sake O' the shine and rattle that apprized the fields Hohenstiel-Schwangau was a fighter yet. And would be, till the weary world suppressed A peccant humour out of fashion now. Accordingly the world spoke plain at last. Promised to punish who next played with fire.


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Page:Lyrics of Life, Coates, 1909.djvu/115

ferns and mosses brown,

From the little mountain-town,

Through the driving rain they bore him,

Kearsarge frowning down:

Onward bore him, wrapped from sight

Under palms and blossoms white,—

While the grieving hearts of thousands

Followed through the night

To that grave, love-sanctified,

Where, in the full summer-tide,

Low they laid him, who had cherished

Sympathies world-wide.

Honored grave! Yet Azrael's dart

Only slays the mortal part,

And they die not who have written

On the human heart.

Sad Roumania, far Peking,

East with West, his praise to sing

Who deemed justice more than power,

Hither tribute bring;


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 Pencil sketching is suggestive and not photographic. Subtleties must perforce be ignored and contrasts often forced, that simplicity may be secured while the illusion of solidity is created. As the student has but few tones of black at his command, he cannot hope to reproduce values as a painter reproduces them. He must instead, seek pleasing relations of light and shade and familiarize himself with those devices which will enable him to suggest color and present attractive relations of sunlight and shadow in his sketch.

An analysis of a simple sketch will serve to show some of these devices, and the manner in which they have been employed. Turning to the little note made at Ronda, one sees pencil drawing reduced almost to its lowest terms. We have the steep edge of the cliff, the hanging vines, the dark cedar, and the whitewashed houses, all suggested rather than drawn. The center of interest is in the center of the picture. Here a scrap or two of detail is shown. The garden wall stands up clearly, the masses of the foliage break into leaves, the windows show their iron balconies and the edge of the roof has a hint of tiling. But once we leave the center of the picture, we pass to broad masses of light and dark, which are placed one against the other, that an effective contrast and a pleasing pattern may result. Where it is required that the roofs be dark to emphasize the white- washed house fronts, a few heavy strokes of the pencil have effected the purpose, but that the more distant house-tops may not disengage the eye from the center of interest, they are shown by lighter touches rapidly melting off into line and terminal spots. The same is true of the masses of foliage. Where they must be dark "to count", they have been drawn boldly, but where they must be light to tell against the gray cliffs,


text: Behemoth/Dedication

title: Behemoth/Dedication


text: Behemoth/Preface

title: Behemoth/Preface


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I present your Lordship with four short dialogues concerning the memorable civil war in his Majesty’s dominions from 1640 to 1660. The first contains the seed of it, certain opinions in divinity and politics. The second hath the growth of it in declarations, remonstrances, and other writings between the King and Parliament published. The two last are a very short epitome of the war itself, drawn out of Mr. Heath’s chronicle. There can be nothing more instructive towards loyalty and justice than will be the memory, while it lasts, of that war. Your Lordship may do with it what you please. I petition not to have it published. But I pray your Lordship not to desist to be favourable as you have been, to me that am,

title: Page:Behemoth 1889.djvu/11


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 96 And the mother-land who bore—

She whom most he labored for—

Bows her head in sorrow, knowing

He returns no more.

Fame has crowned her own again,

Writing with illumined pen,—

Lincoln's friend, who loved and truly

Served his fellow-men.


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Page:Behemoth 1889.djvu/13

F Hobbes’s Behemoth, or (as it was commonly called) the Dialogue of the Civil Wars of England, though written probably a few years after the Restoration, there was no genuine edition during the author’s lifetime, which lasted until 1679. But three years later his old publisher, William Crooke, issued a volume entitled, ''Tracts of Mr. Th. H. of Malmsbury, containing in the first place the treatise entitled Behemoth'', which is followed by three other pieces, and introduced by the following remarks: “My duty, as well to the Public as to the memory of Mr. Hobbs, has obliged me to procure, with my utmost diligence, that these Tracts should come forth with the most correct exactness. I am compelled by the force of Truth to declare, how much both the world and the name of Mr. Hobbs have been abused by the several spurious editions of the ‘History of the Civil Wars,’ wherein, by various and unskilful transcriptions, are committed above a thousand faults, and in above a hundred places whole lines left out, as I can make appear. I must confess Mr. Hobbs, upon some considerations, was averse to the publishing thereof; but since it is impossible to suppress it, no book being more commonly sold by all book-sellers, I hope I need not fear the offence of any man, by doing right to the world and this work, which I now publish from the original manuscript, done by his own amanuensis, and given me by himself above twelve years since,” &c. In the meantime, Mr. Crooke had been printing a letter by

title: Page:Behemoth 1889.djvu/13


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Page:Behemoth 1889.djvu/14

 Hobbes, written to him shortly before the philosopher’s death, and relating to the same affair, which in part explains, in part modifies, his foregoing statements. This letter he prefixed to his new edition of Hobbes’s apology for his own life and character, in 1680 (Considerations upon the reputation, loyalty, manners, and religion of Thomas Hobbes of Malmsbury written by himself by way of letter to a learned person), inserting it in the following “advertisement to the readers”: “I do here present you with a piece of Mr. Hobbes’s writing, which is not published from an imperfect MS., as his ‘Dialogue of the Civil Wars of England’ was (by some that had got accidentally a copy of it) absolutely against his consent, as you may see by some passages out of some of his letters to me which I have here inserted. In his letter of June, 1679, he saith: I would fain have published my ‘Dialogue of the Civil Wars of England’ long ago, and to that end I presented it to his Majesty; and some days after, when I thought he had read it, I humbly besought him to let me print it; but his Majesty (though he heard me graciously, yet he) flatly refused to have it published. Therefore I brought away the book, and gave you leave to take a copy of it; which, when you had done, I gave the original to an honourable and learned friend, who about a year after died. The king knows better, and is more concerned in publishing of books than I am: therefore I dare not venture to appear in the business, lest it should offend him. Therefore I pray you not to meddle in the business. Rather than to be thought any way to further or countenance the printing, I would be content to lose twenty times the value of what you can expect to gain by it,” &c. To this now may be added the following unprinted passage from a letter, which was addressed at a still later date (August 19, 1679) by the aged philosopher to his friend John Aubrey (the end of it being inserted in Aubrey’s Sketch of Hobbes’s Life, published in “Letters from the Bodleian,” vol. ii., ubi vid. p. 614), running thus: “I have been told that my book of the civil war is come abroad,

title: Page:Behemoth 1889.djvu/14


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 and am sorry for it, especially because I could not get his Majesty to license it, not because it is ill printed or has a foolish title set to it, for I believe that any ingenious man may understand the wickedness of that time, notwithstanding the errors of the press.” (Bodl. MS., Wood E., 4.)

Now, though it is true that Crooke’s edition was very much improved as compared with the spurious ones, yet it was not made from the original copy, which I believe myself to have discovered and made use of now for the first time. The copy of which I speak is a beautifully written MS., preserved in St. John’s College, Oxford; and upon this, as a matter of course, the present new edition, after a careful collation, has been founded, and may justly be said to stand in the same relation to the text as hitherto known, which this one had to the unauthorized pamphlets above mentioned. For not only are there in this edition a very great number of places corrected, but also many deficient passages have been supplied. Amongst the latter there were some, erased with great care in the MS. itself, which I had great trouble in deciphering, though with very few exceptions I succeeded in so doing. I have not hesitated to insert these passages into the text, since they were evidently suppressed, not for reasons connected with the style and composition of the work, but as containing statements of opinion too strong to be made known, even through the medium of a manuscript copy; as will be better understood from the purport of the foregoing letters. The

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 value of the corrections and additions made in this edition will in part be seen from the notes at the foot of the page, in which the more important of them are indicated.

As to the book itself, it will give not a little pleasure to any thinking reader, being, in the words of Warburton, “full of shrewd remarks;” and it may be recommended as of high interest to the historical student as well as to the philosopher and politician. For, “in spite of his estrangement from the world around him, Hobbes continues to possess an increasing historical importance. Men and things change, but ideas expressed in words and in writing can soar above this change, and exercise an influence over the most distant epochs” (Leopold von Ranke, History of England, Engl, trans., vol. iii. p. 576). And in confirmation of this view it may not be amiss also to quote the words by which a former editor (Mr. Maseres) justifies the republication of “Behemoth.”

“As Mr. Hobbes,” he says (vol. ii. p. 657), “was a man of great ability and learning, and well acquainted with the history and forms of government of many different nations, both ancient and modern; and was also, as I believe, a very honest man and a great lover of truth; and as he lived through the two reigns of King James the First and King Charles the First, and through the Interregnum after King Charles’s death to the Restoration of King Charles the Second, and through the next following eighteen years; and as he was, for the most part, resident in England during the ten years immediately preceding the civil war, and had conversed with several of the most eminent persons who afterwards were engaged in it, both on the king’s side

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 and that of the Parliament—I thought he was a writer singularly fit to be consulted and cited as a witness of the several events and transactions in those preceding years of King Charles’s reign, which might justly be considered as the causes of the unhappy contest,” &c.

It will be needful, perhaps, to give an explanation of the aged philosopher’s complaint, quoted above (p. viii), as to the ‘foolish title’ prefixed to previous editions of the present work. The fact is that the words, “or the Long Parliament,” now inserted according to the MS., had been left out in those editions, and consequently the meaning of the principal title (viz. Behemoth) failed to be suggested to the reader’s mind; which meaning, as will now be sufficiently evident, implies a relation of contrast to the better known Leviathan, as representing the idea of a lawful government.

F. T.

 * March, 1889.

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text: Pencil Sketching from Nature

title: Pencil Sketching from Nature


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 part the beginner will err in putting in too much rather than in leaving out too much.

Once the contrasts have been determined upon, and the forms "felt round" by the pencil tracing imaginary lines, the draftsman should proceed to block in the masses (Figure 6). So sure should he be of his drawing that it should be possible for him to begin above and work downward, changing his pencil from time to time as a harder or a softer lead is needed, but never remodeling any form or hatching one tone over another. Anything like the erasure of lines is, of course, not to be thought of. Light must be left out and darks must be put in of their full depth at the first drawing. From the center of interest, where they are found the sharpest contrasts, he will proceed to the masses which lead out in grayer tones until they break into line and spot. This direct drawing will require the use of the intermediate and harder pencils. When it is finished, careful thought must be given to the placing of the deep blacks which lie in the softest lead. These should be added with a firm but sparing hand.

Such, in brief, is a description of the making of a sketch. To it may be added a few suggestions to guide the beginner. Texture should be sought in the pencil line. When one is drawing stone, one should think in terms of stone, and seek to have the pencil convey a sense of hardness and solidity (Figure 7). When one is drawing wood, one should think wood and feel the splintered roughness of the old plank or the gnarled and seamed surface of the tree trunk. Direction of the pencil stroke will help strengthen the structural idea. The upward stroke suggests growth and support, the horizontal stroke a flat plane as of the earth, or the even tiers of brick work or of stone. One should seek


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 with the pencil to model round each form, giving through the strokes the sense of direction which the form conveys (Figure 8). A broken bit of rock work, a group of bushes, or a group of out buildings will give capital practice in simplifying details and in modeling planes in three or four values.

If the student has access to reproduction of sketches such as have been named, he is urged to turn back to these repeatedly, that he may analyze them, and then betake himself to the field once more, to seek similar scenes for reproduction. A crooked street end, a window garden full of blossoms, a church tower or porch, or the trim doorway of a colonial mansion all offer excellent material. There is no town but presents countless "good subjects," and the student with eye a-search for the subtle beauty of contrasting light and shadow will have revealed to him the picturesque where it is quite hidden from his companions. Simple sketches should be at first attempted, bits of detail and uncomplicated masses. Only when these have been successfully rendered should there be an attempt to draw a prospect filled with brilliant lights and shadows. It is good practice at times to render the same scene in different ways, using one scheme of contrasts in the first drawing and a varying scheme in a second. This will reveal the range of such variations and will cause a realization of the fact that the successful pencil sketch is one dependent largely upon the taste of the draughtsman. Other things equal, he will make the best and who can as a pattern, weave together his blacks and whites most skilfully.

Director of Art and Manual Training, New York City (Manhattan and The Bronx.)


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Meyr v. Board of Education of Affton School District/Opinion of the Court

[p1230] VAN OOSTERHOUT, Senior Circuit Judge.

This is a timely appeal from the final judgment of the district court dismissing plaintiff's complaint on defendants' motion for summary judgment and denying plaintiff's motion for summary judgment. Plaintiff, Mrs. Meyr, was employed as a teacher by the defendant school district by separate annual contracts for the school years commencing in 1972, 1973, 1974 and 1975 under probationary contracts which recited that the contracts shall be continued from year to year until modified or terminated under Mo. Ann. Stat. §§ 168.101 et seq. (Vernon 1965 & Supp. 1977) and that they also are subject to the rules, regulations and policies of the Board, receipt of copies of which was acknowledged by the plaintiff.

On April 7, 1976, during the plaintiff's fourth year as a probationary teacher, a notice was personally served upon her which read:

"The Affton Board of Education, at its March 30, 1976 meeting, unanimously voted to terminate your employment by not retaining your contract as a probationary teacher in the Affton School District effective the end of this current school year, June 4, 1976."

Plaintiff in Count I of her complaint asserted that her right to due process under the fourteenth amendment was violated. After depositions were taken, Count VI was added by leave of the court asserting that her first amendment right of free speech was violated. Jurisdiction under 42 U.S.C. §§ 1981 and 1983 is asserted. Jurisdiction of this court is not contested. Counts II through V alleged claims of violation of Missouri statutes and invoked pendent jurisdiction.

In passing on the summary judgment motions, the court had before it depositions of the defendants, affidavits of the parties, interrogatories and answers thereto, and numerous exhibits.

The court (Judge Regan), for reasons set forth in a memorandum opinion reported at 435 F. Supp. 1155 (E.D. Mo. 1977), found plaintiff was not a tenured teacher, that she had no property rights, that her liberty rights were not violated, and that violation of her free speech rights was not established.

For a reversal the plaintiff urges that the trial court erred in the following respects:

 * I. Holding plaintiff had no property interest in continued employment.

 * II. Holding that plaintiff's liberty interests had not been infringed by the defendants.

 * III. Holding that termination was not based, even partially, upon plaintiff's exercise of her first amendment free speech rights.

We affirm for the reasons hereinafter set out.

The facts are fairly set out in the trial court's opinion and additional facts to the extent necessary will be set out in the course of this opinion.

I.
The court committed no error in determining plaintiff had no property right in [p1231]  continued employment. The plaintiff in effect concedes that she had not obtained tenure under Mo. Ann. Stat. § 168.104(5) (Vernon Supp. 1977), which reads:

"(5) 'Probationary teacher', any teacher as herein defined who has been employed full time in the same school for five successive years or less. A teacher recognized as a full-time teacher by a public school retirement system shall be recognized as a full-time teacher under sections 168.102 to 168.130. In the case of any probationary teacher who has been employed in any other school system as a full-time teacher for two or more years, the board of education shall waive one year of his probationary period."

It is conceded that plaintiff had many years of prior teaching experience and that she would acquire tenure after completing four years of service unless appropriate notice of non-renewal was served upon her as provided by Missouri law.

Plaintiff states:

"However, the Court wrongly suggests that plaintiff urged the Court to rule that she had obtained tenure pursuant to state statute. . . . This is not her position. Joyce Meyr alleged in her Complaint and in her Motion for Summary Judgment that she was entitled to certain due process protections because of the notice requirements of the Rules and Regulations of the school board, and that these notice requirements were not met."

In any event, the record reflects that the plaintiff had not acquired tenure at the time notice of non-renewal was served.

Plaintiff urges that the Board is required to provide the benefits conferred by Board Policy No. 4118 III D, which reads:

"If the Board determines that a teacher is not doing satisfactory work, the Board through its administrative representative shall give the teacher a written statement definitely setting forth his alleged incompetency and specifying the nature thereof. . .."

and by Board Policy No. 4119 which reads:

"Teachers not considered satisfactory shall be notified by their supervisor and be given such reasonable time to improve as the Board of Education may determine."

Board Policy No. 4118 III D is substantially identical to Mo. Ann. Stat. § 168.126 (Vernon Supp. 1977), which the Missouri Court of Appeals in White v. Scott County School District, 503 S.W.2d 35 (Mo. App. 1973) holds to be applicable only to termination within the contract period and not to a failure to renew an existing contract of a probationary teacher.

We find nothing in Policy No. 4119 which indicates that it is applicable to probationary teachers whose contracts are not renewed. As a probationary teacher under Missouri law plaintiff has no property interest in continued employment. Plaintiff was properly notified that her contract would not be renewed as required by Missouri law. The Board is entitled to refuse to renew a probationary contract without assigning reasons therefor and without affording a due process hearing.

The Board's minutes of March 30, 1976, show:

"It was tentatively agreed that both Mrs. Joyce Meyr and Mr. Michael Wieter not be re-hired and that their contractual relationship with the district be terminated."

Since Mrs. Meyr was about to leave early for Easter vacation, the superintendent received oral directions from all Board members on April 7 to serve notice upon her that her contract would not be renewed. The Board minutes of April 8 show:

The record clearly reflects that the school had suffered a substantial decrease in enrollment, [p1232]  that it was economically necessary to substantially reduce the teaching staff and that the policy of the Board was to limit acquisition of tenure to exceptionally qualified teachers. Such policy was reasonable under the circumstances to protect the rights of teachers who had attained tenure. Many probationary contracts were not renewed in pursuance of this policy.

The Board's minutes reflect a clear intention not to renew plaintiff's contract for the school year commencing in the fall of 1976. The Board had a right to do so without a finding of incompetency and without assigning any other reason for its action. Plaintiff continued to serve under her existing contract until its expiration.

II.
Plaintiff has not in her affidavit or otherwise set out any material facts as distinguished from legal conclusions to support her contention that her liberty interests have been violated by the Board's failure to renew her teaching contract.

The failure to receive tenure does not constitute the deprivation of a liberty interest protected by the fourteenth amendment. Buhr v. Buffalo Public School District, 509 F.2d 1196 (8th Cir. 1974); Calvin v. Rupp, 471 F.2d 1346 (8th Cir. 1973).

Plaintiff has failed to show that she has any evidence to support her claim that she was stigmatized by any action of the defendants in refusing to renew her probationary contract.

The record reflects that when the President and President-elect of the Affton school teachers acting as a grievance committee, at the request of the plaintiff, went to the superintendent to investigate the non-renewal of plaintiff's contract, they were told that many probationary teachers were not re-employed by reason of the economic necessity of reducing the teaching staff, and that Mrs. Meyr was not re-employed for the additional reason that she was not considered a satisfactory teacher because of excessive absences and tardiness and poor staff relations. Nevertheless, economic necessity for reduction of the teaching staff remained the prime reason for not renewing plaintiff's contract. The Board's minutes above quoted do not set forth the additional factors as a basis for not rehiring, and as heretofore emphasized the Board's action was not to renew and was not termination of the plaintiff's existing contract prior to expiration. Such does not constitute the publication by defendants of stigmatizing information. The posting of the vacancy in the position held by Mrs. Meyr does not, standing alone, support stigmatization. Mrs. Meyr herself told many people she had not been re-employed.

In any event, the burden is on Mrs. Meyr to prove the charges made by the superintendent were false. Plaintiff admits that she had a substantial number of absences and tardiness and has set out no facts in her affidavits to disprove such charges. Plaintiff has not shown that she has any evidence to establish the falsity of any charges made against her. See Codd v. Velger, 429 U.S. 624, 51 L. Ed. 2d 92, 97 S.C.t. 882 (1977). Plaintiff has not indicated that she has any evidence that stigmatizating information was given to school districts in which she applied for employment. She admits in her deposition the fact that she had too many years of experience, which resulted in entitlement to a higher salary and was a substantial factor in her failure to obtain a teaching contract. She admits that she was employed as a substitute teacher by several school districts.

We recognize that cases should not be disposed of by summary judgment if any dispute exists as to a material fact. The record here is voluminous and extensive. We believe the court properly concluded that no dispute as to material facts existed. We believe the court properly determined plaintiff has suffered no deprivation of her liberty rights on the basis of the extensive record before it.

III.
The trial court committed no error in determining that plaintiff's exercise of her right of free speech was not a substantial factor in the non-renewal of her contract. In Mt. Healthy City Board of Education v. Doyle, 429 U.S. 274, 287, 50 L. Ed. 2d 471, 97 S.C.t. 568 (1977), the Court holds:

"[p1233] Initially, in this case, HN4Go to the description of this Headnote.the burden was properly placed upon respondent to show that his conduct was constitutionally protected, and that this conduct was a 'substantial factor' - or, to put it in other words, that it was a 'motivating factor' in the Board's decision not to rehire him."

Judged by such standard, we are satisfied that the plaintiff by affidavit or otherwise has failed to establish that her exercise of free speech was a substantial or motivating factor in the Board's decision not to renew.

Plaintiff in a speech to the mothers' club in January 1976 criticized the Board for not supplying equipment the plaintiff deemed essential for her physical education classes. Board member Lemp was present at this meeting and was upset by such remarks and reported the incident to Superintendent Onkle. Plaintiff under the first amendment had a right to make such remark. School boards and other public boards are as a matter of public knowledge frequently subjected to public criticism for making or failing to make appropriations for various projects or for failure to grant salary increases. The statement made by the plaintiff is not the kind of statement that could be reasonably supposed to upset the school board officials.

The power to determine whether a contract should be renewed is in the school board. The superintendent can make recommendations which the board can accept or reject.

Each of the board members serving at the time here material, except Mrs. Lemp, filed affidavits stating that they had no knowledge of plaintiff's statement at the time they voted not to renew plaintiff's contract and that no consideration was given to such statement. Mrs. Lemp in her affidavit states plaintiff's speech was not a factor in her vote not to renew, and Superintendent Onkle filed a similar affidavit.

Plaintiff in her affidavit has merely claimed by way of conclusion that the speech was a substantial factor in inducing the Board's action. She points to no evidence available to her to disprove the sworn statements made by the Board members, and we consequently see no reasonable possibility that plaintiff could meet the burden of refuting these statements. The trial court on the basis of the extensive record before it properly determined:

"Thus, this court must conclude that the School Board did not base its decision to terminate Ms. Meyr, even partially, upon the exercise by her of her First Amendment rights. Additionally, the plaintiff has not provided in her testimony and affidavits any evidence that conflicts with School Board's account."

435 F. Supp. at 1159.

The judgment is affirmed.


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from all,

"Child of the World's old age,"

Heedful of naught beyond the billowy wall

That closely girt her island hermitage,

She pondered still, with half-averted look,

The early lessons of the great World-book,

Nor cared to turn the page,

For a strange dread

Possessed her. To invoke

Aid of her gods she tried,—scarce comforted

That countless barrier-waves about her broke;

But when, with bold command, in Yeddo bay

A squadron anchored,—oh, prodigious day!—

The Orient awoke!

Though one long blind,

At first in fruitless quest

Must grope her course, yet, with enlarging mind,

She quickly clearer saw; and from her breast

Sent forth brave sons—of her new hunger taught—

Who, one by one returning, to her brought

The wisdom of the West.


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 Then earth beheld,

With awe and wonderment,

Goliath by this stripling nation felled,

Which—rising by no tedious ascent—

Swift as the upward flight of wind-swept flame,

Leapt from obscurity to dazzling fame,—

Star of the Orient!

And yet she won

Sublimer victories,

Who, high enlightened all excess to shun,

Did not exact remorseless penalties,

Nor force a brave and fallen foe to drain

Humiliation's brimming cup of pain

Down to the poisoned lees.

In lieu of things

Ephemeral—less worth,

She full-revealed the sweep of her strong wings,

And gained the suffrage of the grateful earth;

Choosing, as war should from her realms depart,

To give herself to the enduring Art

That was her own at birth.

Ah, great Japan,—

Who, staying griefs appalling.


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 100 Approved thyself magnanimous to man,—

The World, that long had felt thy charm enthralling,

Has laid full many laurels on thy brow;

But with a new, diviner accent now

She hears the East a-calling!


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Timothy W. v. Rochester, New Hampshire School District

Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of New Hampshire, Hon. Martin F. Loughlin, U.S. District Judge.

Ronald K. Lospennato, Disabilities Rights Center, Inc., for Appellant.

William R. Yeomans, Department of Justice, with whom Wm. Bradford Reynolds, Assistant Attorney General, Roger Clegg, Deputy Assistant Attorney General, and Jessica Dunsay Silver, Department of Justice, were on brief for the United States, Amicus Curiae.

John D. MacIntosh and Epstein, Burke, MacIntosh & Devito, P.A., on brief for The Association for Retarded Citizens of the United States and The Association for Retarded Citizens of New Hampshire, Amici Curiae.

Frank J. Laski and Judith A. Gran, Public Interest Law Center of Philadelphia, on brief for TASH: The Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps, TASH: New England, and The National Association of Protection and Advocacy Systems, Amici Curiae.

Kathleen B. Boundy, Center for Law and Education, Inc., on brief for Senators Harkin, Weicker, Simon, and Stafford, Amici Curiae.

Gerald M. Zelin with whom Soule, Leslie, Zelin. Sayward & Loughman was on brief for Appellee.

Gwendolyn H. Gregory, Deputy General Counsel, August W. Steinhilber, General Counsel, and Thomas A. Shannon, Executive Director, on brief for the National School Boards Association, Amicus Curiae.

Bradley F. Kidder, Edward E. Lawson and Bradley F. Kidder Law Firm on brief for the New Hampshire School Boards Association, Amicus Curiae.

Bownes, Aldrich, and Breyer, Circuit Judges.