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 commission as regius professor of medicine and botany. He was soon afterwards elected a physician to the Edinburgh Royal Infirmary, a post which he held till his death. The medical botanical garden (where the Waverley station is now) was swampy and unsuitable, and he caused it to be exchanged in 1776 for one to the west of Leith Walk, where he arranged the plants according to the Linnean system. He was elected a fellow of the Royal Society of London, was highly appreciated by Linnæus, who named the genus Hopea after him; he was president of the Edinburgh College of Physicians when he died on 10 Nov. 1786, aged 61. He married Juliana, daughter of Dr. Stevenson, physician, of Edinburgh, by whom he left four sons and one daughter. His third son, Thomas Charles Hope, is noticed separately.

Hope was an enthusiastic admirer of Linnæus, and put up at his own expense an imposing monument to him in the Edinburgh botanical gardens. He published Alston's lectures on materia medica in two quarto volumes in 1770, and edited Linnæus's ‘Genera Animalium’ in 1781.

HOPE, JOHN, fourth (1765–1823), general, son of John Hope, second earl, by his second wife, Jane, daughter of Robert Oliphant of Rossie, Perthshire, and elder half-brother of Generals Sir  [q. v.] and Charles Hope (d. 1825), was born at Hopetoun House, Abercorn parish, Linlithgowshire, 17 Aug. 1765. He was educated at home, and travelled on the continent with his brother Alexander in charge of their tutor, Dr. (1747–1836) [q. v.], afterwards historiographer royal for Scotland. He is stated to have served for a short time as a volunteer. He was appointed cornet 10th light dragoons (now hussars) 28 May 1784, became lieutenant 100th foot, and afterwards in 27th Inniskillings, captain 17th light dragoons (now lancers) in 1789, major 1st royals foot 1792, and lieutenant-colonel 25th foot 26 April 1793. He was returned to parliament for Linlithgowshire in 1790, and again in 1796 (, Members of Parl. for Scotland, p. 186). When the Mediterranean and Channel fleets under Lords Hood and Howe put to sea in April-July 1793, the 25th foot was one of the regiments sent on board by detachments to supply the want of marines. Hope remained on shore with the headquarters at Plymouth until December 1794, by which time the regiment had been augmented to two battalions by the drafting of independent companies into it. On 9 Feb. 1795 he sailed in command of ten companies of the regiment for the West Indies, and on reaching Grenada on 30 March was invalided home (, Hist. 25th K. O. Borderers). He returned to the West Indies in 1796 as adjutant-general to the troops under Sir Ralph Abercromby. He was present at the reduction of the French and Spanish West Indian Islands in 1796–7, and was repeatedly commended by Abercromby and other general officers. He returned home in 1797. In August 1799 he was deputy adjutant-general of the advanced force sent to North Holland under Sir [q. v.], but received a severe wound in the ankle on landing, and was sent home. On 27 Aug. 1799 he was promoted from the 25th foot to colonel of the North Lowland Fencible Infantry (raised in 1794 and disbanded in 1802). At the end of September he returned to Holland as adjutant-general of the main body of the expeditionary force under the Duke of York; was present in the actions of 2 and 8 Oct. 1799, and was one of the officers deputed to arrange the convention of Alkmaar. He was adjutant-general to Sir Ralph Abercromby in the Mediterranean in 1800, and in the expedition to Egypt, where at the great battle of 21 March 1801, before Alexandria, when Abercromby fell, he received a severe wound. On his recovery he asked for a brigade, and was appointed to one composed of two of the most distinguished regiments with the army, the 28th foot and 42nd highlanders, at the head of which he joined the army before Cairo, and was deputed by General Hutchinson to arrange the terms of surrender of the French army there. He was afterwards sent into Alexandria for the like purpose. He became a major-general in 1803, commanded a brigade in the eastern district of England under Sir J. H. Craig during the invasion alarms of 1803–5, and in 1805 was appointed lieutenant-governor of Portsmouth, a post he resigned the same year to join the expedition to Hanover under Lord Cathcart. He became a lieutenant-general in 1808, was second in command of the troops sent to Sweden under Sir John Moore, and in August the same year landed in Portugal. He was in command at Lisbon at the time of the French evacuation of the city, and had the difficult task of restraining the Portuguese populace from acts of violence against the invaders. When Moore advanced into Spain, Hope commanded one of the two divisions of the army. Moving in the direction of the Tagus, after some very critical operations, he joined Moore at Salamanca,


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 of money has helped the sons of to-day to rise to positions hitherto undreamt of in a country of slowly dying feudalism and haunting tradition. The possession of wealth can force position and power, gaining for a man of obscure origin the entrance to that sphere of society where he would be, for there is no committee of ladies of quality to bar his entrance to an exclusive society as prevailed at Almack's a hundred years ago. A modern Englishman of any birth, class, or occupation can represent his fellows in the House of Commons and rise to the House of Lords, he can have a seat in the Cabinet and attend the highest social functions in the land. There is hardly a local committee throughout the country without its working man representative; on borough council and county council he sits side by side with the local grocer, the lord of the manor, or the hereditary peer. They are elected by the same community, they speak on the same subjects, they vote on the same amendments. At home they read the same newspapers, the same books are within their reach, they dress in the same clothes, they play the same games, they eat the same food. Never was any social revolution more silent, more swift and resistless.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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 Everywhere the old order of things is slipping away, everywhere the new and unexpected is asserting itself. Perhaps one of the greatest modern developments is that which has taken place in regard to the position of woman in England. The steps whereby she obtained her "emancipation" have already been noted. Today society is still somewhat bewildered over her new status. Due to a series of uncontrollable circumstances, she has found herself independent, and often forced to support herself by finding labour in the overcrowded markets of our great cities. Emigration has not yet appealed to the women of England as it has to her sons, hence the extraordinary numerical inequality of the sexes at home. But in physique and general happiness the girl of the present is an infinitely happier being than her predecessor of some fifty years ago. She is better fed, better educated, better developed, and altogether better fitted for the great struggle of existence wheresoever it may lead her. Athletics, indeed, are common to all in these days. Their popularity has increased with astounding rapidity during the last decade, and in the absence of military training for purposes of national defence common to other


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 nations, athletics are a necessary development for the physique of our rising manhood. Never was the desire for amusement stronger than it is now. The exchange of agriculture for that of factory life, the rush and competition of business instead of the quiet monotony of the country, forcing the rural population into England's large towns, those "vast hives of toil," where "labour crowds in hopeless misery"—these conditions have done much to depress and sadden modern life. The age has been called one of "growing and inevitable sadness." Gone are the gay-coloured garments of medieval England, gone the merry manners of Elizabeth's light-hearted subjects, gone the boisterous jokes of the century that is past. And in place of this there is a dim yearning for amusement, a restless love of excitement, a desire to drown depression and stifle worry. Men, women, and even children, flock to places of cheap amusement for recreation which endeavour to supply the pathetic demand, thereby deteriorating public taste without satisfying morbid discontent. It is the same with cheap literature. Though the world's masterpieces are within the reach of all, the cry is for something sensational,


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, or romantic. Athletics, then, form a healthful antidote, and the facility introduced by the bicycle has added happiness and health to all classes of the community. This age has seen

If it has been the rich man's hobby, it has been the poor man's carriage—it has taken him from the crowded slum to the fresh air of the country, it has enabled him to live far from his work and rear his children among more possible surroundings. Indeed, rapid transit is a necessity of modern city life, and never was it growing more rapid than it is to-day, thanks to the wonderful discoveries in the application of electricity, which has bidden fair to revolutionise modern society.

It was one December evening in 1858 that the first electric light flashed over the troubled sea from the South Foreland Lighthouse, but private houses were not lit with it till 1878, when the introduction of the incandescent lamp made it possible. The advance of this huge force has been strong and steady, and year by


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 year we have been compelled to acknowledge its irresistible power. The motor force of electricity has persistently compelled attention, and a road speed hitherto undreamt of has been attained. Electric railways, with no smell and no smoke, have replaced the old steam engine, and motors, though still far from perfect, are designed to run at a high speed, though the arguments used against their noise, vibration and smell are precisely the same as those which were used in the days of the early railways. This tremendous acceleration in speed must in course of time effect a redistribution in the population of the overcrowded cities: the working man can make his home in yet purer air, the merchant and professional man can live on the coast, and the desolate land may once more ring with life and bustle. Only within the last few years has the telephone—that union of two great forces, sound and electricity—been making its way in England. In America it is already largely used but the old country moves more slowly in these latter days and leaves the younger nations to go "full steam ahead." As with the telephone, still run by private enterprise, so it is with wireless telegraphy, which is bridging over the


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 human silence of the great waters, independent of storm or wind, truly one of the most wonderful developments of a wonderful age.

And still at the beginning of the twentieth century we await the air ship. It is now over sixty years since Tennyson prophesied its success:

The fulfilment will surely come, and that before very long now. But this age of transition and experiment has also been called an age of materialism. It has been stated again and again that commercial prosperity has raised England to a perilous height, and that with the wealth, luxury, and worldly ambitions that have come in its train, Englishmen have lost that faith to which their ancestors owed so much of their content and happiness; that commercial immorality has taken the place of the integrity that of old characterised our commerce and raised


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 Pretyman the Honors, Ceremonies, and Ensigns of the Common Wealth under the Protectorship of Oliver Cromwell; together with the Names, Armorial Bearings, Flags, and Pennons of the different Commanders of English, Scotch, Irish, Americans, and French; and an Alphabetical Roll of the Names and Armorial Bearings of upwards of Three Hundred Families of the present Nobility and Gentry of England, Scotland, and Ireland,’ London, 1787, 4to. This curious heraldic work is inscribed to Lord Sydney. Notwithstanding its title, it is replete with loyalty. In the British Museum there is a copy with indices of names and mottoes in manuscript.

Prestwich left unpublished an incomplete ‘Historical Account of South Wales’ and a ‘History of Liverpool,’ which was withheld, by the author's direction, on a similar work being announced by John Holt [q. v.]

[Courthope's Extinct Baronetage, p. 162; Gent. Mag. 1795, pt. ii. pp. 879, 967; Moule's Bibl. Heraldica, p. 455; Nichols's Lit. Anecd. ix. 23; Notes and Queries, 4th ser. viii. 47, 5th ser. i. 269; Palatine Note-book, ii. 185, 249.]  PRETYMAN, GEORGE (d. 1827), bishop of Winchester. [See Tomline.]

PREVOST, GEORGE (1767–1816), soldier and governor-general of Canada, was eldest son of Major-general Augustine Prevost (d. 1786), who served under Wolfe, by his wife Anne, daughter of Chevalier George Grand of Amsterdam. Born on 19 May 1767, he entered the army and became a captain on 9 June 1783, took a company in the 25th foot on 15 Oct. 1784, was promoted major in the 60th (Royal American) foot on 18 Nov. 1790, and shortly afterwards was sent to the West Indies with his regiment. Becoming lieutenant-colonel on 6 Aug. 1794, he commanded the troops in St. Vincent in that and the following year, and saw much active service. On 20 Jan. 1796 he was twice wounded in repeated attempts to carry Baker's Ridge, St. Vincent. On 1 Jan. 1798 he became a colonel, and on 8 March brigadier-general.

In May 1798 Prevost was nominated military governor of St. Lucia. Applying himself to abate the discontent of the French population, and to reform the disorganised law courts, he so won the hearts of the people that, on their petition, he was appointed civil governor on 16 May 1801. In the following year his health compelled his return to England. On 27 Sept. 1802 Prevost was appointed captain-general and governor-in-chief in Dominica. In 1803 he aided in retaking St. Lucia from the French, and in February 1805 had a severe tussle with the French for the possession of Dominica. On 10 May 1805 he again obtained leave to visit England, was placed in command of the Portsmouth district, and on 6 Dec. 1805 was created a baronet. He was now major-general, and on 8 Sept. 1806 became colonel in his regiment. In the same year he was second in command when Martinique was captured. In January 1808 he became lieutenant-general.

In 1808 Prevost became lieutenant-governor and commander-in-chief of Nova Scotia, where he increased his reputation. On 14 Feb. 1811 he was, at a critical juncture, chosen to be governor of Lower Canada and governor-general of British North America, in succession to Sir James Henry Craig [q. v.] He found the Canadians suspicious and untractable, while the United States were threatening war, of which Canada was to bear the brunt. Prevost's first action was to undertake a tour of military observation; he next remodelled his executive council. On 21 Feb. 1812 he met his parliament, and was cordially received. The house responded to his request for unusual supplies, and on 19 May the assembly was prorogued. On 18 June the United States declared war; on the 24th the news reached Quebec. Prevost acted with promptitude, yet showed every consideration to American subjects then within his jurisdiction. When the news of the repeal of the orders in council was received, he concluded an armistice with the American general; but it was disavowed by the States, and the war went on. Through his influence Canada made it primarily a defensive war, and the British government retained the confidence of the Canadian people, in spite of the ill-feeling which smouldered in the House of Assembly. But in 1813 the house, irritated with the governor's cautious reception of the impeachment of two judges, Sewell and Monk, resolved that by his answer to the address he had violated the privileges of the house. A few days later, however, the house resolved that ‘they had not in any respect altered the opinion they had ever entertained of the wisdom of his excellency's administration.’

Prevost's intervention in the military operations of the campaigns of 1812–14 was most unfortunate. Though nominally commander-in-chief, he left the chief conduct of the war to others, and his own appearance in the field on two occasions was followed by the humiliation of the British arms. In the one case—on 17 Feb. 1813—Prevost started for Upper Canada, and, after waiting at Montreal for


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text: Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Raumer, Friedrich Ludwig Georg von


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 of Holywell and Needingworth, Huntingdonshire, by the Earl of Manchester, whose chaplain, and whose son's tutor, he became. His first book, ‘The Creed of Mr. Hobbes examined,’ was published in 1670. In 1674 he was chosen ‘upper minister’ of St. Peter Mancroft. In 1678 he published ‘Baconiana’ and a ‘Discourse of Idolatry.’ The latter was ‘some part of it meditated and the whole revised in the castle of Kimbolton’ (preface), and directed chiefly against the church of Rome. Already a chaplain in ordinary to the king, he was presented to the rectory of St. Martin-in-the-Fields on 8 Oct. 1680. From 1686 to 1692 he was also minister of St. James's, Piccadilly (, Novum Repertorium. 1898, p. 250).

In the large parish of St. Martin-in-the-Fields he came at once into prominence, and during the eleven years he was rector he made acquaintance with all the most eminent men of the day. first heard him preach on 5 Nov. 1680, and in 1683 notes that he is ‘one of the most profitable preachers in the church of England, being also of a most holy conversation, very learned and ingenious. The pains he takes and care of his parish will, I fear, wear him out, which would be an inexpressible loss’ (Diary, 21 March 1683). He ministered to the notorious [q. v.] on his deathbed on 18 Dec. 1681 (Throckmorton manuscripts, Hist. MSS. Comm. 10th Rep. App. iv. 174), to [q. v.] at Tyburn on 20 June 1684, and in 1685 to the Duke of Monmouth before his execution (details of the duke's statements to Tenison in Diary, 15 July 1685; see also Hist. MSS. Comm. 12th Rep. App. v. 93).

While still a parish priest Tenison won fame by his controversy with, then head of the jesuits settled in the Savoy. He published a large number of pamphlets, the most important of which are: ‘A True Account of a Conference held about Religion, September 29, 1687, between Andrew Pulton, a Jesuit, and Tho. Tenison, D.D., as also of that which led to it and followed after it’ (1687), and ‘Mr. Pulton considered in his Sincerity, Reasonings, and Authority’ (1687). He states that when his father was ejected from his living during the Commonwealth, ‘a Roman catholic got in.’ An acrimonious correspondence was long continued on both sides. Tenison's arguments are far from clear, but he appears to deny the ‘corporal presence.’ More or less connected with this controversy was his attack on the system of indulgences (in ‘A Defence of Dr. Tenison's sermon of Discretion in giving Alms,’ 1687), his ‘Discourse concerning a Guide in Matters of Faith,’ published anonymously in 1683, the ‘Difference betwixt the Protestant and Socinian Methods’ (1687), and, in the ‘Notes of the Church as laid down by Cardinal Bellarmin examined and confuted’ (1688), the tenth note on ‘Holiness of Life’ (manuscript note in Bodleian copy). Tenison was assisted in this controversy by [q. v.], whose patron he remained during his life.

Meanwhile Tenison engaged in political controversy. In ‘An Argument for Union,’ 1683, he urged the dissenters to ‘do as the ancient nonconformists did, who would not separate, tho' they feared to subscribe’ (p. 42); and a sermon against self-love, preached before the House of Commons, 1689, in which he attacked Louis XIV. During James II's reign he had preached before the king (, Diary, 14 Feb. 1685), but he was early in the confidence of those who planned the invasion of William III (ib. 10 Aug. 1688). It was chiefly by his interest that the suspension of [q. v.] for preaching against popery was removed (1688; ). He joined the seven bishops when they drew up the declaration which led to their imprisonment.

Tenison's activity in general philanthropic works also extended his reputation. [q. v.], bishop of Ely, ‘blesses God for having placed so good a man in the post’ (Autobiography, p. 84). He erected for his parish, in Castle Street, Leicester Square, a library, on the design of Wren and after consultation with Evelyn. It was the first public library in London. The deed of settlement was dated 1695 (, Handbook to British Museum Library, 1854, p. 395). He also endowed a school, which he located under the same roof as the library. In June 1861 the library, which included valuable manuscripts, was sold for the benefit of the school endowment for nearly 2,900l. This school was removed to a new building erected in Leicester Square in 1870, on the site of a house once tenanted by Hogarth. Tenison lihewiselikewise [sic] distributed large sums during times of public distress. Preaching a funeral sermon on the death of, whom he attended in her last illness, he represented her as a penitent. When this was subsequently made the ground of exposing him to the reproof of Queen Mary, she remarked that the good doctor no doubt had said nothing but what the facts authorised.

Tenison was presented by the new king and queen to the archdeaconry of London, 26 Oct. 1689, and in the same year he was one of the commission appointed to prepare the


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Bordone, Paris


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 agenda for convocation. He became prominent for his ‘moderation towards dissenters’ (see his Discourse concerning the Ecclesiastical Commission open'd in the Jerusalem Chamber, October 10, 1689), having been already employed by Sancroft to consider a possible revision of the Book of Common Prayer. He had long considered the differences between the church and the more moderate dissenters to be easy of reconciliation (cf. his Argument for Union, e.g. pp. 4–5, where he comments on the impossibility of the presbyterians agreeing with ‘Arians, Socinians, Anabaptists, Fifth Monarchy-men, Sensual Millenaries, Behmenists, Familists, Seekers, Antinomians, Ranters, Sabbatarians, Quakers, Muggletonians, Sweet Singers; these may associate in a caravan, but cannot join in the communion of a church’).

On 25 Nov. 1691, it is said on the direct suggestion of Queen Mary, he was nominated bishop of Lincoln. He was elected on 11 Dec., consecrated at Lambeth on 10 Jan. 1691–2. The writ of summons to the House of Lords is dated 25 Jan. 1692 (Hist. MSS. Comm., 14th Rep. App. vi. 53), and he took the oath and his seat the same day (Lords' Journals, xv. 56). He was offered the archbishopric of Dublin on the death of [q. v.] in 1693, and then requested the king to secure the impropriations belonging to the forfeited estates to the parish churches; but, the estates being granted to the king's Dutch favourites, the design was not carried out. On the death of Tillotson he was made archbishop of Canterbury. White Kennet (Hist. of England, iii. 682) says that he had at Lincoln ‘restored a neglected large diocese to some discipline and good order,’ and that his elevation was ‘most universally approved by the ministry, and the clergy and the people,’ and Burnet endorses the approbation, though he says that Stillingfleet would have been more generally approved; but the appointment was far from popular among the high-church clergy. He was nominated 8 Dec. 1694, elected 15 Jan., confirmed 16 Jan., and enthroned 16 May 1695. Immediately after his appointment, he revived the jurisdiction of the archbishop's court, which had not been exercised, and, summoning (d. 1717) [q. v.] before it on the charge of simoniacal practices, he deprived him of his see of St. David's in 1697. He attended Queen Mary on her deathbed, and preached her funeral sermon, which was severely censured by Ken. He made no answer to the attack, his relations with the queen being under the seal of confession (, Memoirs, 1757, p. 100); but he reproved the king for his adultery with Elizabeth Villiers, and, on his promise to break off the connection, preached the sermon ‘Concerning Holy Resolution’ before the king on 30 Dec. (published by his command, 1694). He is said also to have been the means of reconciling the Princess Anne to the king (, Hist. of Queen Anne, introd. p. 7).

He was from time to time given political duties, and was thoroughly trusted by William III. In 1696 his action in voting for the attainder of [q. v.] was much commented on. He was placed at the head of the new ecclesiastical commission appointed in 1700. He ministered to the king on his deathbed.

On 23 April 1702 he crowned Queen Anne in Westminster Abbey. From the beginning of the new reign his favour was at an end. He voted against the occasional conformity bill, corresponded with the Electress Sophia, urging her to come to England, and was regarded as a leading advocate of the Hanoverian succession. His negotiations with Frederick of Prussia (1706, 1709, and 1711) as to a project of introducing episcopacy into Prussia (see correspondence in Life of Archbishop Sharp, i. 410–49) aroused much unfavourable comment, as did his apparent favour to Whiston (, Diary, ed. Doble, ii. 252). His visitation of All Souls' College was not popular in Oxford (ib.), and he was severely criticised as of a ‘mean spirit’ (ib. iii. 350).

It was attributed to Anne's disfavour more than to his sufferings from the gout that he was replaced as president of the convocation of Canterbury by a commission (, History of his own Times, vol. ii.; see also His Grace the Lord Archbishop of Canterbury's Circular Letter to the Bishops of his Province, 1707, for his relations to convocation, and An Account of Proceedings in Convocation in a Cause of Contumacy, 1707). During the last years of the reign he never appeared at court, but he took active measures to secure the succession of George I, was the first of the justices appointed to serve at his arrival in England, and was very favourably received by that king, whom he crowned on 20 Oct. 1714. His last public act was the issue of a ‘Declaration [signed also by thirteen of the bishops] testifying their abhorrence of the Rebellion’ (London, 1715), in which the danger to the church which would ensue from the accession of a popish prince was pointed out.

He died without issue at Lambeth on 14 Dec. 1715, and was buried in the chancel of Lambeth parish church. In 1667 he married Anne (1633–1714), daughter of


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 of [q. v.], master of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, and dean of Ely.

Probably his most important work as archbishop was the support he gave to the religious societies, especially the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel, of which he was the ardent and continued benefactor, and to a considerable extent the founder. He was also urgent in declaring the need of bishops in the American colonies, and generous in support of the scheme suggested for founding an episcopate (cf. Hist. MSS. Comm. 14th Rep. App. x. 2). He took great interest in the societies for the reformation of manners (1692), and issued a circular letter urging the clergy to support them. His character, in spite of the strong political opposition he aroused, has never been very unfavourably judged. James II spoke of him as ‘that dull man,’ and the epithet stuck. Swift spoke of him as ‘a very dull man who had a horror of anything like levity in the clergy, especially of whist’ (Works, x. 231). Calamy said that he ‘was even more honoured and respected by the dissenters than by many of the established church’ (Life, ii. 334). Evelyn, who was his intimate friend, wrote, ‘I never knew a man of more universal and generous spirit, with so much modesty, prudence, and piety’ (Diary, 19 July 1691). By high tories he was considered, apparently without much reason, too much of a partisan, and his constant essays in controversy were not regarded as universally successful. A witticism attributed to Swift summed up his character in this regard: ‘he was hot and heavy, like a tailor's goose.’ Swift's acrimony was probably due to Tenison's opposition to his appointment as chaplain to Lord Wharton and to his success in hindering his nomination to the bishopric of Waterford (, Life of Swift).

Tenison's will (printed, London, 1716) contains a large number of charitable bequests. A portrait is at Lambeth, and an engraving by Vertue is prefixed to his ‘Memoirs.’

[Memoirs of the Life of Archbishop Tenison; C. M. Tenison's Tenisoniana in Misc. Geneal. et Herald. 3rd ser. vol. ii.; private information; Evelyn's Diary; Abbey's English Church and its Bishops, 1700–1800; Burnet's History of his own Times; and the authorities quoted in the text.]

TENNANT, CHARLES (1768–1838), manufacturing chemist, born on 3 May 1768 at Ochiltree, Ayrshire, was son of John Tennant by his wife Margaret McLure. He received his early education at home and afterwards at the parish school of Ochiltree. He was then sent to Kilbachan to learn the manufacture of silk, and subsequently to the bleachfield at Wellmeadow, where he studied the processes employed for bleaching fabrics. After having learned this business he set up a bleachfield at Darnly in partnership with one Cochrane of Paisley.

The old process of bleaching consisted in boiling or ‘bucking’ the cloth in weak alkali, and finally ‘crofting’ it or exposing it to the sun and air for eight to ten days on grass. At the close of the eighteenth century this second process was being gradually displaced by the use of chlorine, a substance which was discovered by the Swedish chemist Scheele, and was first applied to bleaching on the large scale by Berthollet in 1787. A solution of the gas in water was first employed, but the water was afterwards replaced by dilute potash ley, the resulting liquid being known as ‘eau de Javelle.’

In 1798 (23 Jan.) Tennant took out a patent (No. 2209) for the manufacture of a bleaching liquor by passing chlorine into a well-agitated mixture of lime and water, a strong bleaching liquor being thus obtained very cheaply. A number of Lancashire bleachers made use of the process without acknowledgment, and an action was brought against them by Tennant for infringement of patent rights (Tennant v. Slater). It was proved that the process had been secretly used near Nottingham by a bleacher who had communicated it only to his partners and to the workmen actually employed upon it. Lord Ellenborough nonsuited the plaintiff ‘on two grounds: 1. That the process had been used five or six years prior to the date of the patent. 2. That the plaintiff was not the inventor of the agitation of the lime-water, an indispensable part of the process’ (, Reports of Patent Cases, i. 125;, Digest of Patent Cases, p. 87; cf. , Reports on Patent Cases, i. 177).

Tennant was subsequently presented with a service of plate by the bleachers of Lancashire in recognition of his services to the industry. In 1799 he took out a new patent (No. 2312) for the manufacture of solid bleaching powder by the action of chlorine on slaked lime, and in 1800 removed to St. Rollox, near Glasgow, where, in partnership with Charles Mackintosh, William Cowper, and James Know, he established the well-known chemical works for the manufacture of bleaching powder and the other products of the alkali industry. His time was mainly devoted to the development of this undertaking, but he also took an active interest in the railway movement, especially in the neighbourhood of Glasgow, and was present at the opening of the Liverpool and Manchester railway. He died on 1 Oct. 1838 at


text:
Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 60.djvu/196

 Wellesley Brussels at 3 P.m., and he sent off orders for his troops to be in readiness to move. At 10 .—when reports from Mons had satisfied him that the attack was not a feint—-he directed them on Nivelles and Quatre Bras (Desp. 15 June, and, p. 230). He then went to the Duchess of Richmond's ball to allay anxiety (see, The Waterloo Ball, 1897; this famous entertainment was held, not in the Hotel de Ville, as Byron's well-known lines would imply, but in a coach-maker's depot in the Rue de la Blanchisserie). A brigade of Perponcher's Dutch division was engaged that evening near Quatre Bras, but held its ground, and was reinforced by the other brigade before morning.

Wellington reached Quatre Bras about 10. on the 16th, and, seeing little of the enemy rode over to Brye, where he met Blücher at 1. Three Prussian corps, eighty-two thousand men, were drawn up behind the Ligny brook, in a position which made Wellington sure they would be 'damnably mauled' (, p. 109). He did not hide his opinion, but he promised that he would bring his troops to their support if he were not attacked himself. He had sent a note to Bliicher at 10.30 ., stating generally the situation of his troops at that time. The statements were inexact, for his staff were over sanguine in their calculations; but there is nothing to show that they influenced Blücher's decision to accept battle, or led him to count on assistance, much less that they were deliberately misleading, as Dr. Hans Delbriick has alleged (, p. 257;, p. 125).

On his return to Quatre Bras Wellington found that the troops there had been attacked by Ney, with about eighteen thousand men, at 2. They were being overpowered when Picton's division arrived, followed by the Brunswick and Nassau troops. In spite of brilliant charges by the French cavalry, in one of which Wellington narrowly escaped capture, Quatre Bras was held, and by evening Ney was outnumbered and forced back. D'Erlon's corps, which had been allotted to him, was afterwards diverted towards Ligny, and then, on his urgent summons, marched back to join him. It took no part in either action, but nevertheless Wellington could claim that he had relieved his ally of one-third of the French army. He lost nearly five thousand men.

Next morning he learnt that the Prussians had been beaten and had retreated on Wavre, and he fell back to the position in front of Waterloo which he had caused to be surveyed in 1814. Except for a cavalry skirmish, his retreat was unmolested; but it was made under heavy rain, which lasted all night. He had sent word to Blücher that he would hold his position if he could count upon the support of one or two Prussian corps, and in the night of the 17th he received a reply promising two corps and perhaps more. He is said to have mentioned long afterwards that he himself rode over to Wavre that night and saw Blücher (, p. 533). The Prussian commander was over seventy, and had been badly bruised at Ligny, but his energy was unabated; he wrote next morning that, ill as he was, he should put himself at the head of his troops, to attack the right wing of the enemy as soon as Napoleon should attempt anything against the duke. This letter was to Müffling, the Prussian representative at the English headquarters; and Gneisenau, the chief of the start' (who had previously warned Müffling that Wellington surpassed Indian nabobs in duplicity), added a postscript begging him to find out whether Wellington really meant to fight, as his retreat would place the Prussian army in the greatest danger (, pp. 187-9;, p. 212).

Wellington believed that only one corps instead of two had been detached under Grouchy to follow the Prussians, and that he had all the rest of the French army before him (Desp. 19 June); but he was still so anxious lest his right should be turned that he kept nearly fifteen thousand men, including one British brigade of two thousand four hundred men, at Hal and Tubize, eight miles to the west. He reckoned on early help from the Prussians to enable him to hold his ground, and he had no reason to suppose that Napoleon was unaware of their position or would disregard it. He always afterwards maintained that Napoleon should have turned his right instead of taking the bull by the horns (, p. 539;, i. 39). Reille, from large experience in Spain, warned the emperor that English troops in a good position were 'inexpugnable' by front attack, and advised him to manœuvre; but Napoleon was incredulous (, Mélanges, p. 273). His only fear was that Wellington would retire, and it was with equal satisfaction that the two commanders saw on the morning of Sunday, 18 June, that the issue was to be settled on that ground. Wellington would not allow the front of his position to be intrenched lest he should deter Napoleon from direct attack, and the latter satisfied himself that there were no intrenchments before he issued his orders (, i. 384;, p. 247).


text:
Page:Triangles of life, and other stories.djvu/186

 "But, Emma, you were asleep when I came in."

"How can you tell such infernal lies? I——. To think I'm chained to a man who can't say a word of truth! God help me! To have to lie night after night in the same bed with a liar!"

The child in the first room lay quaking with terror, dreading one of those cruel and shameful scenes which had made a hell of his childhood.

"Hush, Emma!" the man kept saying. "Do be reasonable. Think of the children. They'll hear us."

"I don't care if they do. They'll know soon enough, God knows! I wish I was under the turf!"

"Emma, do be reasonable."

"Reasonable! I——"

The child was crying again. The father came back to the first room, got something from his coat pocket, and took it in.

"Nils, are you quite mad, or do you want to drive me mad? Don't give the child that rattle! You must be either mad or a brute, and my nerves in this state. Haven't you got the slightest consideration for——"

"It's not a rattle, Emma; it's a doll."

"There you go again! Flinging your money away on rubbish that'll be on the dust-heap to-morrow, and your poor wife slaving her finger-nails off for you in this wretched hole, and not a decent rag to her back. Me, your clever wife that ought to be——. Light those candles and bring me a wet towel for my head. I must read now, and try and compose my nerves, if I can."

When the father returned to the first room,


text:
User talk:142.206.2.12

Welcome

Hello, and welcome to Wikisource! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers:

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title: User talk:142.206.2.12


text:
Author:Hannah More

Works

 * Slavery, a poem (1788)
 * The Sorrows of Yamba (1797)
 * Strictures on the modern system of female education. With a view of the principles and conduct prevalent among women of rank and fortune. (1800) Text in Oxford Text Archive Volume 1 page scans in Google Books Volume 2 page scans in Internet Archive
 * Coelebs In Search of a Wife
 * Essays on Various Subjects; Principally Designed for Young Ladies
 * Percy A Tragedy
 * The Shepherd of Salisbury Plain and Other Tales
 * Stories for the Young Or, Cheap Repository Tracts: Entertaining, Moral, and Religious. Vol. VI.

Works about More

 * Hannah More by Charlotte Mary Yonge (1888)
 * Hannah More by Charlotte Mary Yonge (1888)
 * Hannah More by Charlotte Mary Yonge (1888)
 * Hannah More by Charlotte Mary Yonge (1888)
 * Hannah More by Charlotte Mary Yonge (1888)
 * Hannah More by Charlotte Mary Yonge (1888)
 * Hannah More by Charlotte Mary Yonge (1888)

title: Author:Hannah More


text:
United States Code/Title 11/Chapter 11/Section 1106

§ 1106. Duties of trustee and examiner

 * (a) A trustee shall—
 * (1) perform the duties of the trustee, as specified in paragraphs (2), (5), (7), (8), (9), (10), (11), and (12) of section 704;
 * (2) if the debtor has not done so, file the list, schedule, and statement required under section 521 (1) of this title;
 * (3) except to the extent that the court orders otherwise, investigate the acts, conduct, assets, liabilities, and financial condition of the debtor, the operation of the debtor’s business and the desirability of the continuance of such business, and any other matter relevant to the case or to the formulation of a plan;
 * (4) as soon as practicable—
 * (A) file a statement of any investigation conducted under paragraph (3) of this subsection, including any fact ascertained pertaining to fraud, dishonesty, incompetence, misconduct, mismanagement, or irregularity in the management of the affairs of the debtor, or to a cause of action available to the estate; and
 * (B) transmit a copy or a summary of any such statement to any creditors’ committee or equity security holders’ committee, to any indenture trustee, and to such other entity as the court designates;
 * (5) as soon as practicable, file a plan under section 1121 of this title, file a report of why the trustee will not file a plan, or recommend conversion of the case to a case under chapter 7, 12, or 13 of this title or dismissal of the case;
 * (6) for any year for which the debtor has not filed a tax return required by law, furnish, without personal liability, such information as may be required by the governmental unit with which such tax return was to be filed, in light of the condition of the debtor’s books and records and the availability of such information;
 * (7) after confirmation of a plan, file such reports as are necessary or as the court orders; and
 * (8) if with respect to the debtor there is a claim for a domestic support obligation, provide the applicable notice specified in subsection (c).

 * (b) An examiner appointed under section 1104 (d) of this title shall perform the duties specified in paragraphs (3) and (4) of subsection (a) of this section, and, except to the extent that the court orders otherwise, any other duties of the trustee that the court orders the debtor in possession not to perform.

 * (c)
 * (1) In a case described in subsection (a)(8) to which subsection (a)(8) applies, the trustee shall—
 * (A)
 * (i) provide written notice to the holder of the claim described in subsection (a)(8) of such claim and of the right of such holder to use the services of the State child support enforcement agency established under sections 464 and 466 of the Social Security Act for the State in which such holder resides, for assistance in collecting child support during and after the case under this title; and
 * (ii) include in the notice required by clause (i) the address and telephone number of such State child support enforcement agency;
 * (B)
 * (i) provide written notice to such State child support enforcement agency of such claim; and
 * (ii) include in the notice required by clause (i) the name, address, and telephone number of such holder; ::and
 * (C) at such time as the debtor is granted a discharge under section 1141, provide written notice to such holder and to such State child support enforcement agency of—
 * (i) the granting of the discharge;
 * (ii) the last recent known address of the debtor;
 * (iii) the last recent known name and address of the debtor’s employer; and
 * (iv) the name of each creditor that holds a claim that—
 * (I) is not discharged under paragraph (2), (4), or (14A) of section 523 (a); or
 * (II) was reaffirmed by the debtor under section 524 (c).
 * (2)
 * (A) The holder of a claim described in subsection (a)(8) or the State child enforcement support agency of the State in which such holder resides may request from a creditor described in paragraph (1)(C)(iv) the last known address of the debtor.
 * (B) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, a creditor that makes a disclosure of a last known address of a debtor in connection with a request made under subparagraph (A) shall not be liable by reason of making such disclosure.


text:
United States Code/Title 11/Chapter 11/Section 1107

§ 1107. Rights, powers, and duties of debtor in possession

 * (a) Subject to any limitations on a trustee serving in a case under this chapter, and to such limitations or conditions as the court prescribes, a debtor in possession shall have all the rights, other than the right to compensation under section 330 of this title, and powers, and shall perform all the functions and duties, except the duties specified in sections 1106 (a)(2), (3), and (4) of this title, of a trustee serving in a case under this chapter.

 * (b) Notwithstanding section 327 (a) of this title, a person is not disqualified for employment under section 327 of this title by a debtor in possession solely because of such person’s employment by or representation of the debtor before the commencement of the case.


text:
United States Code/Title 11/Chapter 11/Section 1108

§ 1108. Authorization to operate business

Unless the court, on request of a party in interest and after notice and a hearing, orders otherwise, the trustee may operate the debtor’s business.


text:
Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 56.djvu/67

 his house in Abercrombie Place, Glasgow. He was the father of John Tennant of St. Rollox, whose son, Charles Tennant, created a baronet in 1885, was M.P. for the city of Glasgow from 1879 to 1880, and for Peebles and Selkirk from 1880 to 1886.

[Walker's Memoirs of Distinguished Men of Science of Great Britain living in 1807–1808 (1862), p. 186 (a portrait is included in the engraving accompanying this work, taken from a picture by A. Geddes); Roscoe and Schorlemmer's Treatise on Chemistry, 1897, ii. 426.]

TENNANT, JAMES (1789–1854), brigadier-general, colonel commandant Bengal artillery, second son of William Tennant, merchant of Ayr, and of his wife, the daughter of William Dalrymple [q. v.], was born on 21 April 1789. He was educated at the military school at Great Marlow, and sailed as cadet of the East India Company on 31 Aug. 1805 in the East India fleet which accompanied the expedition of Sir David Baird and Sir Home Popham to the Cape of Good Hope. The East India Company cadets and recruits under Lieutenant-colonel Wellesley of the Bengal establishment took part in the operations by which Cape Town was captured, and were usefully employed in different branches of the service (Despatch of Sir David Baird, 12 Jan. 1806). Tennant arrived in India on 21 Aug. 1806, and received a commission as lieutenant in the Bengal artillery antedated to 29 March for his service at the Cape.

In 1810 Tennant commanded a detachment of artillery on service on the ‘vizier's dominions.’ On 1 Jan. 1812 he was appointed acting adjutant and quartermaster to Major G. Fuller's detachment of artillery, and on 15 Jan. marched from Bauda with the force under Colonel Gabriel Martindell to the attack of Kalinjar, a formidable fort on a large isolated hill nine hundred feet above the surrounding level. Kalinjar was reached on 19 Jan.; by the 28th the batteries opened, and on 2 Feb. the breaches being practicable, an unsuccessful attempt was made to storm. On 3 Feb. the place capitulated, and was taken possession of on the 8th. The governor-general noticed in general orders the distinguished part taken by the artillery on 2 Feb. Tennant was employed throughout this and the following year in various minor operations in the districts bordering on Bandelkhand.

On 27 Dec. 1814, with two 18-pounder guns and four mountain pieces of the 3rd division, he joined Sir David Ochterlony [q. v.] at Nahr, on the north-north-east side of the Ramgarh ridge, to take part in the operations against Nipal. In March 1815 Tennant ascended the Ramgarh ridge, with the force under Lieutenant-colonel Cooper, and, bringing up his 18-pounders with incredible labour, opened upon Ramgarh, which soon surrendered, Jorjori capitulating at the same time. Taragarh (11 March) and Chamha (16th) were reached and taken. All the posts on this ridge having been successively reduced, the detachment took up the position assigned to it before Malown on 1 April. Malown was captured by assault on 15 April before the 18-pounders, which were dragged by hand over the hills at the rate of one or two miles a day, had arrived; these guns were eventually left in the fort.

Tennant was promoted to be second captain in the regiment and captain in the army on 1 Oct. 1816, and first captain in the Bengal artillery on 1 Sept. 1818. His next active service was in the Pindari and Maratha war of 1817 to 1819. He joined the centre division under Major-general T. Brown of the Marquis of Hastings's grand army at Sikandra in the Cawnpore district, but moving forward to Mahewas on the river Sind in November 1817, it was attacked by cholera. He took part in some of the operations of this war, as captain and brigade-major of the second division of artillery, and received a share of the Dakhan prize-money for general captures. He held the appointment of brigade-major of artillery in the field in 1819 and 1820. He was selected to command the artillery at Agra on 23 Dec. 1823, and on the 31st of the month he was nominated first assistant secretary to the military board.

On 28 May 1824 Tennant was appointed assistant adjutant-general of artillery. In November 1825 he accompanied the commandant of artillery, Brigadier-general Alexander Macleod, to Agra, where and at Muttra the commander-in-chief, Lord Combermere [see ], assembled his army for the siege of Bhartpur. The siege began in the middle of December; on the 24th the batteries opened fire, breaches were found practicable on 18 Jan. 1826, and this formidable place was carried by assault. Tennant, who, as assistant adjutant-general of artillery, had the management of all details connected with the artillery generally, was thanked by the commandant in regimental orders (21 Jan. 1826) for the assistance he had rendered. Tennant's ‘methodical habits and mathematical talent rendered labour easy to him which would have been difficult to others.’ In February he accompanied Combermere to Cawnpore and to the presidency.

Tennant was promoted to be major on 3 March 1831. He was appointed to officiate


text:
Talk:The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire

Untitled
Is there actually a difference between these two editions? Are scans available for the 1776 edition? If "no" to either question, I'd say it makes more sense to just use the 1897 edition as the primary (no disambig) until someone decides to start working on a 1776 scan edition. —Spangineerwp (háblame) 15:26, 18 October 2010 (UTC)
 * Admittedly, I just took the information on the 1776 version at face value (I have no idea what the source was for this). I was trying to provide a space for the incoming scans but I seem to have problems with this text whenever I try to do something.  I'll move everything back and match&split it to the scans. - AdamBMorgan (talk) 16:29, 18 October 2010 (UTC)
 * I'm very glad you're working on this; it's a shame that this widely-cited work is in such disrepair. If you find that the existing text lines up with the scans, by all means do a match&split as you mention, but if they turn out to be different (in formatting, spelling, whatever), don't worry about it—you can also just proofread the scans and step by step replace the chapters without scans.  I'll try to keep abreast of your progress and do some validating too. —Spangineerwp (háblame) 16:35, 18 October 2010 (UTC)
 * I think I've fixed most of the damage I did (or, rather, had it fixed); now it's one edition again. I should say it's more Tannertsf working on this than me but I do intend to take part as well.  Apparently matching & splitting is unnecessary for Gutenberg-sourced text (which this probably is), so I woon't do that at the moment.  A potential problem is the lack of a complete collection of scans at the Internet Archive.  I've transferred a few editions to Commons (The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire) now but each one seems to miss a volume, although the different editions are probably the same or similar and can cover each other.  However, that's not an issue for the near future. - AdamBMorgan (talk) 18:22, 22 October 2010 (UTC)
 * Be careful. It's a significant benefit to have the complete work in one edition.  Have you or Tannertsf researched the various editions to figure out which is the best?  According to The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, it was originally published in 6 volumes, so perhaps the 1777 edition on commons is complete.  What was added to the 1897 edition?  Is it worth adding?  Is there an alternate source of volume 2 of the 1897 edition?
 * According to WP, the 1909 (Bury) edition was a long-time standard, so if the other volumes can be found, it may be preferable.
 * I've found that it's much easier to address these problems before much proofreading has been done. We don't have the manpower to spare doing double work. —Spangineer (háblame) 19:18, 22 October 2010 (UTC)
 * I see the 1897 is also Bury, and it looks like his edition is the best available. So let's find that 2nd volume... —Spangineer (háblame) 19:34, 22 October 2010 (UTC)
 * I've found one at last. It's a Google scan from Harvard University that was partially mislabelled on the Internet Archive.  I've added it to Commons, so everything should now be in place. - AdamBMorgan (talk) 13:39, 24 October 2010 (UTC)
 * Excellent! Good catch—I looked through a few dozen on IA but didn't have your success. —Spangineer (háblame) 13:25, 25 October 2010 (UTC)


text: Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Rauschenbusch, Augustus


text:
United States Code/Title 11/Chapter 11/Section 1109

§ 1109. Right to be heard

 * (a) The Securities and Exchange Commission may raise and may appear and be heard on any issue in a case under this chapter, but the Securities and Exchange Commission may not appeal from any judgment, order, or decree entered in the case.

 * (b) A party in interest, including the debtor, the trustee, a creditors’ committee, an equity security holders’ committee, a creditor, an equity security holder, or any indenture trustee, may raise and may appear and be heard on any issue in a case under this chapter.


text:
Author:Elizabeth Carter

Works

 * Poems upon Particular Occasions (1738)
 * Poems upon Particular Occasions (1762)
 * A Series of Letters between Mrs. Elizabeth Carter and Miss Catharine Talbot from the year 1741 to 1770, to which are added Letters from Mrs. Elizabeth Carter to Mrs. Vesey between the years 1763 and 1787 (1809), in 4 vols.
 * Letters from Mrs. Elizabeth Carter to Mrs. Montagu, between the years 1755 and 1800, chiefly upon Literary and Moral Subjects (1817), in 3 vols.

Translations

 * Il newtonianismo per le dame (1737), by Francesco Algarotti
 * (tr) Sir Isaac Newton’s Philosophy explained for the use of the Ladies, in six Dialogues on Light and Colour (1739)

 * An examination of Mr. Pope's Essay on man (1739), by Jean-Pierre de Crousaz
 * All the Works of Epictetus, Which Are Now Extant; Consisting of His Discourses, Preserved by Arrian, in Four Books, the Enchiridion, and Fragments (1758)

Works about Carter

 * "A Woman of Wit and Wisdom" (1906), by Alice C. C. Gaussen
 * Memoirs of the life of Mrs. Elizabeth Carter (1807) by Montagu Pennington
 * Memoirs of the life of Mrs. Elizabeth Carter (1807) by Montagu Pennington
 * Memoirs of the life of Mrs. Elizabeth Carter (1807) by Montagu Pennington
 * Memoirs of the life of Mrs. Elizabeth Carter (1807) by Montagu Pennington

title: Author:Elizabeth Carter


text:
Page:Triangles of life, and other stories.djvu/187

Rh the boy was sitting up in bed, looking deathly white. "Why, what's the matter, sonny?" said the father, bending over him, and putting a hand to his back. "Nothing, father. I'll be all right directly. Don't you worry, father." "Where do you feel bad, sonny?" "In my head and stomach, father; but I'll be all right d'rectly. I've often been that way." In a minute or two he was worse. "For God's sake, Nils, take that boy into the kitchen, or somewhere," cried the woman, "or I'll go mad. It's enough to kill a horse. Do you want to drive me into a lunatic asylum?" "Do you feel better now, sonny?" asked the father. "Yes, ever so much better, father," said the boy, white and weak. "I'll be all right in a minute, father." "You had best sleep on the sofa to-night, sonny. It's cooler there." "No, father, I'd rather stay here; it's much cooler now." The father fixed the bed as comfortably as he could, and, despite the boy's protest, put his own pillow under his head. Then he made a fire in the kitchen, and hung the kettle and a big billy of water over it. He was haunted by recollections of convulsions amongst the children while they were teething. He took off his boots, and was about to lie down again when the mother called— "Nils, Nils, have you made a fire?"

"Yes, Emma."


text:
Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 56.djvu/68

 as agent for the manufacture of gunpowder at Ishapur on 28 April 1835, and being confirmed in that appointment on 28 July, he ceased to be assistant adjutant-general of artillery. On 11 April 1836 he became a member of the special committee of artillery officers (see, Hist. of the Bengal Artillery, iii. 579). The minutes drawn up on various subjects by members of the board, when there was any difference of opinion, are both interesting and valuable. One by Tennant on the calibre of guns for horse and field artillery, and on the substitution in the latter of horse for bullock draught, is particularly so. He was promoted to be lieutenant-colonel on 18 Jan. 1837, and in consequence vacated the agency for gunpowder.

For his services on the committee of artillery officers he received the approbation and thanks of the government of India. On 21 March 1837 he was posted to the command of the 4th battalion of artillery. On 28 Nov. 1842 he was given the command of the Cawnpore division of artillery, and in the following year was specially mentioned for the superior state of discipline and equipment of his command. On 17 Nov. 1843 he was appointed to command, with the rank of brigadier-general, the foot artillery attached to the army of exercise assembled at Agra under Sir Hugh (afterwards Lord) Gough [q. v.] This force left Agra for the Gwalior campaign on 16 Dec., crossing the river Chambal on the 21st. In spite of great exertions, Tennant and the heavy ordnance got considerably behind. Gough did not wait for his heavy guns, and the battle of Maharajpur (29 Dec.) was rather riskily fought without them (cf. Gough's despatch ap. London Gazette, 8 March 1844).

On 10 Feb. 1844 Tennant was again appointed to be commandant of the artillery at Cawnpore. On 3 July 1845 he was promoted to be colonel in the army, and was sent on special duty to inspect and report on field magazines of the upper provinces. He, however, resigned this appointment, to the regret of the government, and resumed his command at Cawnpore. In 1846–7 Tennant was associated with Colonel George Brooke of the Bengal artillery, on a committee at Simla, on the equipment of mountain batteries. The experience of both, drawn from the Nipal war, 1814–16, produced valuable minutes. On 2 Sept. 1848 Tennant was appointed brigadier-general to command the Maiwar field force. He was then attached to the army of the Punjab to command the artillery with the rank of brigadier-general. He commanded this arm at the battle of Chilianwala on 13 Jan. 1849, and was mentioned in despatches (London Gazette, 3 and 23 March 1849). He also commanded it at the battle of Gujerat on 21 Feb. 1849, and was again mentioned in despatches (ib. 19 April 1849). He received the thanks of both houses of parliament, of the government of India, and of the court of directors of the East India Company (general order, 7 June 1849). He was made a companion of the Bath on 5 June 1849, and received the war medal and clasp.

On 13 March 1849 Tennant resumed his appointment at Cawnpore, and on 19 Dec. was transferred to Lahore as brigadier-general commanding. On 30 Jan. 1852 he was given the command of the Cis-Jhilam division of the army. He was made a knight commander of the Bath on 8 Oct. 1852. He died at Mian Mir on 6 March 1854. He married a daughter of Charles Pattenson of the Bengal civil service. Lieutenant-general J. F. Tennant, C.I.E., F.R.S., of the royal engineers, is his son. Tennant's attainments were of a very high order, and ‘he was better acquainted with the details of his profession than perhaps any officer in the regiment’.

[India Office Records; Despatches; Stubbs's Hist. Bengal Artillery, 1st and 2nd vols. 1877, 3rd vol. 1895; Life of Sir David Baird, 2 vols. 1832; Ross of Bladensburg's Marquess of Hastings (Rulers of India); East India Military Cal.; Thornton's Hist. of India; Prinsep's Hist. Political and Military Trans. in India during Administration of Marquess of Hastings, 2 vols. 1825; Grant Duff's Hist. of the Mahratas, 1826; Blacker's Memoir of Operations of British Army in India during the Mahrata War of 1817–19–21; Journal of Artillery Operations before Bhurtpore in East India United Serv. Journ. vol. ii.; Creighton's Narrative of the Siege and Capture of Bhurtpore, 1830; Seaton's From Cadet to Colonel, 1866; Thackwell's Second Sikh War.]

TENNANT, JAMES (1808–1881), mineralogist, was born on 8 Feb. 1808 at Upton, near Southwell, Nottinghamshire, being the third child in a family of twelve. His father, John Tennant, was an officer in the excise; his mother, Eleanor Kitchen, came from a family of yeomen resident at Upton for more than two centuries. His parents afterwards removed to Derby, and he was partly educated at a school in Mansfield. In October 1824 he was apprenticed to G. Mawe, dealer in minerals at 149 Strand, and after the death of the latter he managed, and afterwards purchased, the business, residing on the premises. Industrious and eager to learn from the first, he attended classes at a mechanics' institute and the lectures of Michael Faraday [q. v.] at the Royal Institution. This gained him a friend, and he was also much helped


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 by one of his master's customers. In 1838, on Faraday's recommendation, Tennant was appointed teacher of geological mineralogy at King's College, the title being afterwards changed to professor. In 1853 the professorship of geology was added, but he resigned that post in 1869, retaining the other till his death. He was also from 1850 to 1867 lecturer on geology and mineralogy at Woolwich. He had an excellent practical knowledge of minerals, and, when diamonds were first found in South Africa, maintained the genuineness of the discovery, which at first was doubted. He was an earnest advocate of technical education, giving liberally from his own purse to help on the cause, and persuading the Turners' Company, of which he was master in 1874, to offer prizes for excellence in their craft. The results of this proceeding proved highly satisfactory. When the koh-i-nor was recut Tennant superintended the work, becoming mineralogist to Queen Victoria in 1840, and he had the oversight of Miss (afterwards Baroness) Burdett-Coutts's collection of minerals. He was elected a fellow of the Geological Society in 1838, and president of the Geological Association (1862–3). He died, unmarried, on 23 Feb. 1881. A portrait, painted by Rogers, was in the collection of Lady Burdett-Coutts. A copy was placed in the Strand vestry in commemoration of services to the church schools and parish.

Tennant wrote the following books or pamphlets: He also, in conjunction with David Thomas Ansted and Walter Mitchell, contributed ‘Geology, Mineralogy, and Crystallography’ to Orr's ‘Circle of Sciences’ in 1855.
 * 1) ‘List of British Fossils,’ 1847.
 * 2) ‘Gems and Precious Stones,’ 1852.
 * 3) ‘Catalogue of British Fossils in the Author's Collection,’ 1858.
 * 4) ‘Description of the Imperial State Crown,’ 1858.
 * 5) ‘Descriptive Catalogue of Gems, &c., bequeathed to the South Kensington Museum by the Rev. Chauncy Hare Townshend’ (1870), with two or three scientific papers, one on the koh-i-nor.

TENNANT, SMITHSON (1761–1815), chemist, born on 30 Nov. 1761 at Selby, Yorkshire, was son of Calvert Tennant, vicar of Selby, by his wife Mary Daunt. After receiving his early education in the grammar schools at Tadcaster and Beverley, he studied medicine in 1781 at Edinburgh, where he attended the lectures of [q. v.] In 1782 he became pensioner and then fellow commoner at Christ's College, Cambridge, where he studied chemistry and botany, and satisfied himself of the truth of the antiphlogistic theory of combustion, which was not at that time generally accepted in England. In 1784 he travelled in Denmark and Sweden, and visited the Swedish chemist Scheele. He was elected a fellow of the Royal Society in 1785, and in 1786 he removed from Christ's College to Emmanuel. He graduated M.B. in 1788. During the following years he travelled in Europe, and on his return took up his residence in London in the Temple, and in 1796 graduated M.D. at Cambridge. At this period he became interested in agricultural matters, and, after some preliminary trials in Lincolnshire, purchased land in Somerset, near Cheddar, which he farmed with some success, although resident for the greater part of the year in London. He lived a very retired life, occupied in literary and scientific studies. In 1804 he was awarded the Copley medal of the Royal Society, in recognition of his investigations. In 1812 he delivered a course of informal lectures on mineralogy in his chambers to a number of friends. In 1813 he was appointed professor of chemistry at Cambridge, and in 1814 delivered his first and only course of lectures, which met with a good reception. On 22 Feb. 1815 he accidentally met his death in France, near Boulogne, through the collapse of a bridge over which he was riding.

Although Tennant's published work is small in volume, it includes several discoveries of capital importance. In his first paper (Phil. Trans. 1791, ii. 182) he demonstrated that when marble is heated with phosphorus, the carbon of the fixed air which it contains is liberated. This experiment affords the analytical proof of the composition of fixed air (carbonic acid gas) which had been synthetically proved by Lavoisier. In his next paper, ‘On the Nature of the Diamond’ (ib. 1797, p. 123), Tennant proved that this precious stone consists of carbon, and yields the same weight of carbonic acid gas as had been previously obtained by Lavoisier from an equal weight of charcoal. In 1799 he showed (ib. 1799, ii. 305) that the lime from many parts of England contains magnesia, and that this substance and its carbonate are extremely injurious to vegetation. In 1804 he published his discovery of two new metals, osmium and iridium, which occur in crude platinum and are left behind when the metal is dissolved in aqua regia (ib. 1804, p. 411).

Tennant was a man of wide culture and of severe taste in literature and arts. He


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176 "Then for God's sake make me a cup of tea. I must have it after all this." He hurried up the kettle—she calling every few minutes to know if "that kettle was boiling yet." He took her a cup of tea, and then a second. She said the tea was slush, and as sweet as syrup, and called for more, and hot water. "How do you feel now, sonny?" he asked as he lay down on the sofa once more.

"Much better, father. You can put out the light now if you like." The father blew out the candle, and settled back again, still dressed, save for his coat, and presently the small, weak hand sought the hard, strong, horny, knotted one; and so they lay, as was customary with them. After a while the father leaned over a little and whispered— "Asleep, sonny?" "No, father."

"Feel bad again?" "No, father."

Pause. "What are you thinking about, sonny?" "Nothing, father."

"But what is it? What are you worrying about? Tell me." "Nothing, father, only—it'll be a good while yet before I grow up to be a man, won't it, father?" The father lay silent and troubled for a few moments. "Why do you ask me that question to-night, sonny?


text:
Author:Elizabeth Montagu

Works

 * An essay on the writings and genius of Shakespear, compared with the Greek and French dramatic poets. With some remarks upon the misrepresentations of Mons. de Voltaire (1772) archive.org

title: Author:Elizabeth Montagu


text:
United States Code/Title 11/Chapter 11/Section 1110

§ 1110. Aircraft equipment and vessels

 * (a)
 * (1) Except as provided in paragraph (2) and subject to subsection (b), the right of a secured party with a security interest in equipment described in paragraph (3), or of a lessor or conditional vendor of such equipment, to take possession of such equipment in compliance with a security agreement, lease, or conditional sale contract, and to enforce any of its other rights or remedies, under such security agreement, lease, or conditional sale contract, to sell, lease, or otherwise retain or dispose of such equipment, is not limited or otherwise affected by any other provision of this title or by any power of the court.
 * (2) The right to take possession and to enforce the other rights and remedies described in paragraph (1) shall be subject to section 362 if—
 * (A) before the date that is 60 days after the date of the order for relief under this chapter, the trustee, subject to the approval of the court, agrees to perform all obligations of the debtor under such security agreement, lease, or conditional sale contract; and
 * (B) any default, other than a default of a kind specified in section 365 (b)(2), under such security agreement, lease, or conditional sale contract—
 * (i) that occurs before the date of the order is cured before the expiration of such 60-day period;
 * (ii) that occurs after the date of the order and before the expiration of such 60-day period is cured before the later of—
 * (I) the date that is 30 days after the date of the default; or
 * (II) the expiration of such 60-day period; and
 * (iii) that occurs on or after the expiration of such 60-day period is cured in compliance with the terms of such security agreement, lease, or conditional sale contract, if a cure is permitted under that agreement, lease, or contract.
 * (3) The equipment described in this paragraph—
 * (A) is—
 * (i) an aircraft, aircraft engine, propeller, appliance, or spare part (as defined in section 40102 of title 49) that is subject to a security interest granted by, leased to, or conditionally sold to a debtor that, at the time such transaction is entered into, holds an air carrier operating certificate issued pursuant to chapter 447 of title 49 for aircraft capable of carrying 10 or more individuals or 6,000 pounds or more of cargo; or
 * (ii) a vessel documented under chapter 121 of title 46 that is subject to a security interest granted by, leased to, or conditionally sold to a debtor that is a water carrier that, at the time such transaction is entered into, holds a certificate of public convenience and necessity or permit issued by the Department of Transportation; and
 * (B) includes all records and documents relating to such equipment that are required, under the terms of the security agreement, lease, or conditional sale contract, to be surrendered or returned by the debtor in connection with the surrender or return of such equipment.
 * (4) Paragraph (1) applies to a secured party, lessor, or conditional vendor acting in its own behalf or acting as trustee or otherwise in behalf of another party.

 * (b) The trustee and the secured party, lessor, or conditional vendor whose right to take possession is protected under subsection (a) may agree, subject to the approval of the court, to extend the 60-day period specified in subsection (a)(1).

 * (c)
 * (1) In any case under this chapter, the trustee shall immediately surrender and return to a secured party, lessor, or conditional vendor, described in subsection (a)(1), equipment described in subsection (a)(3), if at any time after the date of the order for relief under this chapter such secured party, lessor, or conditional vendor is entitled pursuant to subsection (a)(1) to take possession of such equipment and makes a written demand for such possession to the trustee.
 * (2) At such time as the trustee is required under paragraph (1) to surrender and return equipment described in subsection (a)(3), any lease of such equipment, and any security agreement or conditional sale contract relating to such equipment, if such security agreement or conditional sale contract is an executory contract, shall be deemed rejected.

 * (d) With respect to equipment first placed in service on or before October 22, 1994, for purposes of this section—
 * (1) the term “lease” includes any written agreement with respect to which the lessor and the debtor, as lessee, have expressed in the agreement or in a substantially contemporaneous writing that the agreement is to be treated as a lease for Federal income tax purposes; and
 * (2) the term “security interest” means a purchase-money equipment security interest.


text: Author:Elizabeth Robinson

title: Author:Elizabeth Robinson


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Rh I thought you'd done with all that. You were always asking me that question when you were a child. You're getting too old for those foolish fancies now. Why have you always had such a horror of growing up to be a man?"

"I don't know, father. I always had funny thoughts—you know, father. I used to think that I'd been a child once before, and grew up to be a man, and grew old and died." "You're not well to-night, sonny—that's what's the matter. You're queer, sonny; it's a touch of sun—that's all. Now, try to go to sleep. You'll grow up to be a man, in spite of laying awake worrying about it. If you do, you'll be a man all the sooner." Suddenly the mother called out— "Can't you be quiet? What do you mean by talking at this hour of the night? Am I never to get another wink of sleep? Shut those doors, Nils, for God's sake, if you don't want to drive me mad—and make that boy hold his tongue!" The father closed the doors. "Better try to go to sleep now, sonny," he whispered, as he lay down again. The father waited for some time, then, moving very softly, he lit the candle at the kitchen fire, put it where it shouldn't light the boy's face, and watched him. And the child knew he was watching him, and pretended to sleep, and, so pretending, he slept. And the old year died as many old years had died. The father was up about four o'clock—he worked at his trade in a farming town about five miles away,


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 was a brilliant conversationalist, and ‘in quick penetration united with soundness and accuracy of judgment he was perhaps without an equal.’ In addition to the papers mentioned above he published the following: ‘On the Action of Nitre upon Gold and Platina’ (ib. 1797, ii. 219); ‘On the Composition of Emery’ (ib. 1802, p. 398); ‘Notice respecting Native Concrete Boracic Acid’ (Geol. Soc. Trans. 1811, p. 389); ‘On an Easier Mode of procuring Potassium’ (Phil. Trans. 1814, p. 578); ‘On the Means of procuring a Double Distillation by the same Heat’ (ib. 1814, p. 587).

TENNANT, WILLIAM (1784–1848), linguist and poet, son of Alexander Tennant, merchant and farmer, and his wife, Ann Watson, was born in Anstruther Easter, Fifeshire, on 15 May 1784. He lost the power of both feet in childhood, and used crutches through life. After receiving his elementary education in Anstruther burgh school, he studied at St. Andrews University for two years (1799–1801). On settling at home in 1801 Tennant steadily pursued his literary studies. For a time he acted as clerk to his brother, a corn factor, first in Glasgow and then at Anstruther. Owing to a crisis in business the brother disappeared, and Tennant suffered a short period of vicarious incarceration at the instance of the creditors. He began the study of Hebrew about this time, while continuing to increase his classical attainments. His father's house had all along been a centre of literary activity—visitors of the better class in town had met there on occasional evenings for mutual improvement and recreation—and Tennant's literary aspirations had been early stirred. In 1813 he formed, along with Captain [q. v.] and others, the ‘Anstruther Musomanik Society,’ the members of which, according to their code of admission, assembled to enjoy ‘the corruscations [sic] of their own festive minds.’ Their main business was to spin rhymes, and some of them span merrily and well. Honorary members of proved poetic worth were admitted, Sir Walter Scott assuring the members, on receipt of his diploma in 1815, of his gratification at the incident, and his best wishes for their healthy indulgence in ‘weel-timed daffing’ (, Life and Writings of William Tennant, p. 213).

In 1813 Tennant was appointed parish schoolmaster of Dunino, five miles from St. Andrews. Here he not only matured his Hebrew scholarship, but gained a knowledge of Arabic, Syriac, and Persian. In 1816, through the influence of Burns's friend [q. v.] and others, Tennant became schoolmaster at Lasswade, Midlothian, where his literary note gained for him the intimate acquaintance of Lord Woodhouselee and Jeffrey. In 1819 he was elected teacher of classical and oriental languages in Dollar academy, Clackmannanshire, and held the post with distinction till 1834, when Jeffrey, then lord-advocate for Scotland, appointed him professor of Hebrew and oriental languages in St. Mary's College, St. Andrews. He retired, owing to ill-health, in 1848. He died, unmarried, at Devon Grove on 14 Oct. 1848, and he was buried at Anstruther, where an obelisk monument with Latin inscription was raised to his memory.

While at the university Tennant made some respectable verse translations; and a Scottish ballad, ‘the Anster Concert,’ 1811, is an early proof of uncommon observation and descriptive vigour. In ‘Anster Fair,’ published anonymously in 1812, Tennant instantly achieved greatness. Based on the diverting ballad of ‘Maggie Lauder’ (doubtfully assigned to Francis Sempill), it is an exceedingly clever delineation of provincial merry-making. It is written in the octave stanza of Fairfax's ‘Tasso,’ ‘shut,’ as the author explains in his short preface, ‘with the alexandrine of Spenser, that its close may be more full and sounding.’ For this stanza, without Tennant's device of the alexandrine, Byron gained a name in his ‘Beppo,’ and he gave it permanent distinction in ‘Don Juan.’ A reissue in 1814 won from Jeffrey, in November of that year, an encomium in the ‘Edinburgh Review.’ Six editions of the poem appeared in the author's lifetime, and a ‘people's edition’ was issued in 1849. In 1822 Tennant published the ‘Thane of Fife,’ based on the Danish invasion of the ninth century. In 1823 appeared ‘Cardinal Beaton,’ a tragedy in five acts, and in 1825 ‘John Baliol,’ an historical drama. Nowise dramatic, these works, except in occasional passages, have but little poetic distinction. In 1827, in his ‘Papistry Storm'd, or the dingin' doon o' the Cathedral’ (i.e. the destruction of St. Andrews Cathedral at the time of the Reformation), Tennant affected, with fair success but too persistently, the method and style of Sir David Lyndsay. To the ‘Scottish Christian Herald’ of 1836–37 he contributed five ‘Hebrew Idylls.’ In 1840 he


text:
United States Code/Title 11/Chapter 11/Section 1111

§ 1111. Claims and interests

 * (a) A proof of claim or interest is deemed filed under section 501 of this title for any claim or interest that appears in the schedules filed under section 521 (1) or 1106 (a)(2) of this title, except a claim or interest that is scheduled as disputed, contingent, or unliquidated.

 * (b)
 * (1)
 * (A) A claim secured by a lien on property of the estate shall be allowed or disallowed under section 502 of this title the same as if the holder of such claim had recourse against the debtor on account of such claim, whether or not such holder has such recourse, unless—
 * (i) the class of which such claim is a part elects, by at least two-thirds in amount and more than half in number of allowed claims of such class, application of paragraph (2) of this subsection; or
 * (ii) such holder does not have such recourse and such property is sold under section 363 of this title or is to be sold under the plan.
 * (B) A class of claims may not elect application of paragraph (2) of this subsection if—
 * (i) the interest on account of such claims of the holders of such claims in such property is of inconsequential value; or
 * (ii) the holder of a claim of such class has recourse against the debtor on account of such claim and such property is sold under section 363 of this title or is to be sold under the plan.
 * (2) If such an election is made, then notwithstanding section 506 (a) of this title, such claim is a secured claim to the extent that such claim is allowed.


text:
Author:Thomas Gregor Brodie

Works

 * (Anatomy and Physiology)

title: Author:Thomas Gregor Brodie


text:
United States Code/Title 11/Chapter 11/Section 1112

§ 1112. Conversion or dismissal

 * (a) The debtor may convert a case under this chapter to a case under chapter 7 of this title unless—
 * (1) the debtor is not a debtor in possession;
 * (2) the case originally was commenced as an involuntary case under this chapter; or
 * (3) the case was converted to a case under this chapter other than on the debtor’s request.

 * (b)
 * (1) Except as provided in paragraph (2) of this subsection, subsection (c) of this section, and section 1104 (a)(3), on request of a party in interest, and after notice and a hearing, absent unusual circumstances specifically identified by the court that establish that the requested conversion or dismissal is not in the best interests of creditors and the estate, the court shall convert a case under this chapter to a case under chapter 7 or dismiss a case under this chapter, whichever is in the best interests of creditors and the estate, if the movant establishes cause.
 * (2) The relief provided in paragraph (1) shall not be granted absent unusual circumstances specifically identified by the court that establish that such relief is not in the best interests of creditors and the estate, if the debtor or another party in interest objects and establishes that—
 * (A) there is a reasonable likelihood that a plan will be confirmed within the timeframes established in sections 1121 (e) and 1129 (e) of this title, or if such sections do not apply, within a reasonable period of time; and
 * (B) the grounds for granting such relief include an act or omission of the debtor other than under paragraph (4)(A)—
 * (i) for which there exists a reasonable justification for the act or omission; and
 * (ii) that will be cured within a reasonable period of time fixed by the court.
 * (3) The court shall commence the hearing on a motion under this subsection not later than 30 days after filing of the motion, and shall decide the motion not later than 15 days after commencement of such hearing, unless the movant expressly consents to a continuance for a specific period of time or compelling circumstances prevent the court from meeting the time limits established by this paragraph.
 * (4) For purposes of this subsection, the term “cause” includes—
 * (A) substantial or continuing loss to or diminution of the estate and the absence of a reasonable likelihood of rehabilitation;
 * (B) gross mismanagement of the estate;
 * (C) failure to maintain appropriate insurance that poses a risk to the estate or to the public;
 * (D) unauthorized use of cash collateral substantially harmful to 1 or more creditors;
 * (E) failure to comply with an order of the court;
 * (F) unexcused failure to satisfy timely any filing or reporting requirement established by this title or by any rule applicable to a case under this chapter;
 * (G) failure to attend the meeting of creditors convened under section 341 (a) or an examination ordered under rule 2004 of the Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure without good cause shown by the debtor;
 * (H) failure timely to provide information or attend meetings reasonably requested by the United States trustee (or the bankruptcy administrator, if any);
 * (I) failure timely to pay taxes owed after the date of the order for relief or to file tax returns due after the date of the order for relief;
 * (J) failure to file a disclosure statement, or to file or confirm a plan, within the time fixed by this title or by order of the court;
 * (K) failure to pay any fees or charges required under chapter 123 of title 28;
 * (L) revocation of an order of confirmation under section 1144;
 * (M) inability to effectuate substantial consummation of a confirmed plan;
 * (N) material default by the debtor with respect to a confirmed plan;
 * (O) termination of a confirmed plan by reason of the occurrence of a condition specified in the plan; and
 * (P) failure of the debtor to pay any domestic support obligation that first becomes payable after the date of the filing of the petition.

 * (c) The court may not convert a case under this chapter to a case under chapter 7 of this title if the debtor is a farmer or a corporation that is not a moneyed, business, or commercial corporation, unless the debtor requests such conversion.

 * (d) The court may convert a case under this chapter to a case under chapter 12 or 13 of this title only if—
 * (1) the debtor requests such conversion;
 * (2) the debtor has not been discharged under section 1141 (d) of this title; and
 * (3) if the debtor requests conversion to chapter 12 of this title, such conversion is equitable.

 * (e) Except as provided in subsections (c) and (f), the court, on request of the United States trustee, may convert a case under this chapter to a case under chapter 7 of this title or may dismiss a case under this chapter, whichever is in the best interest of creditors and the estate if the debtor in a voluntary case fails to file, within fifteen days after the filing of the petition commencing such case or such additional time as the court may allow, the information required by paragraph (1) of section 521, including a list containing the names and addresses of the holders of the twenty largest unsecured claims (or of all unsecured claims if there are fewer than twenty unsecured claims), and the approximate dollar amounts of each of such claims.

 * (f) Notwithstanding any other provision of this section, a case may not be converted to a case under another chapter of this title unless the debtor may be a debtor under such chapter.


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Rh imposing entrance are seen for some distance before entering the avenue which leads to the front of the mansion. Like Mill Grove it stands on a natural terrace, and has an extensive outlook over the Schuylkill and Valley Forge. This house was built by James Vaux in 1760. He was a member of the Society of Friends and an Englishman, but in sympathy with the colonists. One end of Sullivan's Bridge was not far from the house; the spot where it once stood is now marked by the remains of a red-sandstone monument. Washington spent a night in the mansion house with Mr. Vaux, and left only twelve hours in advance of the arrival of Howe, who lodged there the following night. The old walled garden still remains, and the stable with accommodation for many horses. A little withdrawn from all these and on the edge of a wood are "the graves of a household," not neglected, as is so often the case, but preserved and cared for by those who own Fatland Farm as well as Mill Grove. Dear as Mill Grove was to Audubon, he left it with his young bride the day following their wedding, which took place at Fatland Ford on April 8, 1808, and departed for Louisville, Ky., where he and Rozier, his partner, had previously done some business. Though they had both lost money they liked the place, which reason seemed quite sufficient to decide them to return and lose more money, as they promptly did. They remained at Louisville till 1810,

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Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 56.djvu/82

Tenterden His lyric gift was considerable, his poetic workmanship choice and fine, and the atmosphere of his poetry always noble. But he has remained almost unknown to the modern student of poetry, and a selection of four lyrics in Palgrave's second ‘Golden Treasury’ has probably for the first time made Frederick Tennyson something more than a name to the readers of 1898. The poet was for some years under the influence of Swedenborg and other mystical religionists, but returned in his last years to the more simple Christian faith of his childhood.

[Life of Alfred Tennyson, by his son, passim; Athenæum, 5 March 1898; Times, 28 Feb. 1898; Edward Fitzgerald's Letters, 1889; private information.]  TENTERDEN, titular. [See, d. 1695.]

TENTERDEN,. [See, first lord, 1762–1832; , third lord, 1834–1882.]

TEONGE, HENRY (1621–1690), chaplain in the navy and diarist, born 18 March 1621 (Diary, p. 145), a native of Wolverton, Warwickshire, was son of George Teonge, was educated at Warwick, became sizar of Christ's College, Cambridge, 28 June 1639, and graduated B.A. 1642–3. He seems to have been appointed to Sleaford 13 Nov. 1648. Previous to 1670 he was rector of Alcester. On 7 June 1670 he was presented to the living of Spernall. In May 1675, being, it appears, in exceeding want, he obtained a warrant as chaplain on board the Assistance then in the Thames preparing for a voyage to the Mediterranean. She visited Malta, Zante, Cephalonia, different ports in the Levant, and took part in the operations against Tripoli under Sir John Narbrough [q. v.], returning to England in Nov. 1676. In March 1678 Teonge, who, in the former voyage, had ‘gott a good summ of monys,’ and by this time ‘spent greate part of it,’ living also ‘very uneasy, being daily dunnd by som or other, or else for feare of land pyrates, which I hated worse then Turkes,’ joined the Bristol, again for the Mediterranean under Narbrough. In Jan. 1678–9 he was moved, with his captain, to the Royal Oak, in which he returned to England in June. In October he returned to Spernall, where he died on 21 March 1690. He was twice married, and by his first wife, Jane, had three sons, of whom Henry Teonge, vicar of Coughton, Warwickshire (1675–83), took duty at Spernall in his father's absence.

The interest of Teonge's life is concentrated in the diary of the few years he spent at sea, which gives an amusing and precious picture of life in the navy at that time. This journal, from 20 May 1675 to 28 June 1679, having lain in manuscript for over a century, was purchased from a Warwickshire family by Charles Knight, who edited it in 1825 as ‘The Diary of Henry Teonge,’ with a facsimile of the first folio of the manuscript (London, 8vo). The narrative reveals the diarist as a pleasant, lively, easy-going man, not so strict as to prevent his falling in with the humours of his surroundings, and with a fine appreciation of punch, which he describes as ‘a liquor very strange to me.’

[The Diary of Henry Teonge … now first published from the original manuscript, with biographical and historical notes, 1825.]

 TERILL verè BOVILLE or BONVILL, ANTHONY (1621–1676), Jesuit, son of Humphrey Boville, was born at Canford, Dorset, in 1621. He was brought up there till his fifteenth year, when he passed over to the college of the English Jesuits at St. Omer, where he prosecuted his humanity studies for nearly three years. He entered the English College at Rome, as an alumnus, in the name of Terill, on 4 Dec. 1640, for his higher course. Having received minor orders in July 1642, and being unwilling to subscribe the usual college oath, he became a convictor and paid his own pension. He was ordained priest at St. John's Lateran on 16 March 1647, and entered the Society of Jesus at St. Andrew's novitiate. Rome, on 30 June following. He was professed of the four vows on 25 March 1658. He was for some years penitentiary at Loreto, and afterwards professor of philosophy and theology at Florence, Parma, and Liege; and ‘was consulted far and wide as an oracle of learning’ (Florus Bavaricus, p. 50). From 1671 to 1674 he was rector of the college of the English Jesuits at Liège, where he died on 11 Oct. 1676.

His works are: 1. ‘Conclusiones Philosophicæ Rationibus illustratæ,’ Parma, 1657, 12mo. 2. ‘Problema Mathematico-Philosophicum Tripartitum, de Termino Magnitudinis, ac Virium in Animalibus,’ Parma, 1660, 12mo. 3. ‘Fundamenturn totius Theologiæ Moralis, seu Tractatus de Conscientia Probabili,’ Liège, 1668, 4to, dedicated to Lord Castlemaine. 4. ‘Regula Morum, sive Tractatus Bipartitus de Sufficienti ad Conscientiam rite formandam Regula in quo usus cujusvis Opinionis practice probabilis convincitur esse licitus. . . Opus posthumum,’ Liège, 1677, fol.

[De Backer's Bibl. de la Compagnie de Jesus (1876), iii. 1079, and edit. 1854, ii. 631; Foley's Records, iii. 420, vi. 352, 379, vii. 75; Oliver's Collectanea S. J. p. 204; Southwell's Bibl. Scriptorum Soc. Jesu, p. 86; Theux's Bibl. Liègeoise, p. 132.]