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Author:John Gray McKendrick

Papers

 * A case of meningo-cerebritis, caused probably by exposure to the sun (1868)
 * The future of physiological research: address in the Department of Anatomy and Physiology, British Association, Glasgow, 1876) (1868)
 * On the physiological action of light: abstract of three communications read before the Royal Society of Edinburgh (1873)
 * Apparatus for maintaining artificial respiration in physiological experiments (1873)
 * On the necessary conditions of sensations, as illustrated by the sense of hearing (1873)
 * A review of recent researches on the physiology of the nervous system (1874)
 * Note on the perception of musical sounds (1874)
 * Introductory lecture ... at the opening of the session 1875-76 of the Edinburgh Royal Veterinary College, 27th October 1875 (1875)
 * Note of a method of studying the binocular vision of colour (1877)
 * On the chemical and microscopical analysis of an unsound wine (1878) (co-authored with James Robert Napier
 * Observations on the influence of an electromagnet on some of the phenomena of a nerve (1878)
 * On the earlier studies of the medical curriculum: address to the medical students at the opening of the Winter Session, University of Glasgow, Tuesday, October 29, 1878 (1878)
 * General physiology of the nervous system: a lecture delivered in the City Hall, Glasgow, under the auspices of the Glasgow Science Lectures Association (1879)
 * On the effects of chloroform, ethidene, and ether on blood-pressure: being the third provisional report of the Committee on Anaesthetics to the Scientific Grants Committee of the British Medical Association (1880) (co-authored with William Ramsay and Joseph Coats)
 * Waste and repair: A lecture delivered in the City Hall, on 10th October, 1881 (1881)
 * Report on the action of anaesthetics to the Scientific Grants Committee of the British Medical Association (1881) (co-authored with William Ramsay and Joseph Coats)
 * Explanation of plate XXII, in illustration of the Report on anaesthetics, page 387 (1881)
 * On the action of anaesthetics (1881)
 * Note on a simple form of Lippmann's capillary electrometer useful to physiologists (1883)
 * Syllabus of a course of ten lectures on physiological discovery : a retrospect, historical, biographical, and critical (1883)
 * To illustrate Dr. McKendrick's lectures on physiological discovery (1883)
 * Dr. Allen Thomson (1884)
 * Some thoughts on molecular physiology: an introductory lecture, delivered Wednesday, 28th October, 1885 (1885)
 * Chronological tables of scientific men, showing the names of the more distinguished anatomists and physiologists, and their contemporaries (1890)
 * A retrospect: an address to the medical and surgical graduates of the University of Glasgow, on 27th July, 1893 (1893)
 * On the Tone and Curves of the Phonograph, The Journal of Anatomy and Physiology 29: 583–592 (1896)
 * Note on Mr. Alfred Graham’s Method of Producing Sound by an Electrical Arrangement, Proceedings of the Philosophical Society of Glasgow 28: 46–48 (1896)
 * Sound and Speech Waves as Revealed by the Phonograph, Proceedings of the Philosophical Society of Glasgow 28: 201–235 (1897)
 * Graduation address by John Gray M'Kendrick, Professor of Physiology in the University of Glasgow: 17th July, 1906 (1906)

Books

 * Animal physiology (1877)
 * Outlines of physiology in its relations to man(1878)
 * A text book of physiology: Volume 1 - General physiology (1888)
 * A text book of physiology: Volume 2 - Special physiology (1888)
 * Life in motion; or, Muscle and nerve; a course of six lectures delivered before a juvenile auditory at the Royal Institution of Great Britain during the Christmas holidays of 1891-93] (1892)
 * The physiology of the senses (1893) Co-authored with William Snodgrass.
 * Sound, Hearing and Speech, Royal Institution Christmas Lectures (1895)
 * Elementary human physiology (1896)
 * Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz (1899)
 * Intoduction to The household physician: a family guide to the preservation of health and to the domestic treatment of ailments and disease, with chapters on food and drugs, and first aid in accidents and injuries (1898) by Joseph M'Gregor-Robertson
 * The principles of physiology (1912)

Contributions to EB1911

 * (History of Discovery)
 * (with Ernest Clarke)
 * (History of Discovery)
 * (with Ernest Clarke)
 * (History of Discovery)
 * (with Ernest Clarke)
 * (History of Discovery)
 * (with Ernest Clarke)
 * (with Ernest Clarke)

Works about McKendrick

 * The Story Of My Life John Gray McKendrick (1919)
 * The Late Professor-Emeritus John Gray McKendrick. (1926). Edinburgh Medical Journal, 33(3), pp.176–177.

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Page:A short history of social life in England.djvu/276

256 member presented the founder with his own portrait painted by Kneller. This interesting collection still exists at Bayfordbury near Hertford. Special canvasses were made (36 in. by 28), still called to-day the Kit-Cat size. Other clubs soon arose; among the most famous were the October Club, the Beef Steak Club, and the Calves' Head Club, Though these were confined to the gentlemen and wealthy tradesmen of the day, the little taverns had their own fraternities. Here are some rules in the Twopenny Club, for the poorer classes of Queen Anne's day:— "Every member shall fill his pipe out of his own box. "If any member swears or curses, his neighbour may give him a kick upon the shins. "If any member tell stories in the Club that are not true, he shall forfeit for every third Lie one Half-Penny. "If any member brings his wife into the club, he shall pay for whatever she drinks or smokes." It is difficult to remember that women and children smoked as a matter of course in these days. It is even asserted that children were sent to school with pipes in their satchels and that the schoolmaster made a pause in the course of lessons

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Rh for all to smoke. In 1702 we get a glimpse of a "sickly child of three years old filling its pipe of Tobacco and smoking it as a man of threescore years, and after that a second and third pipe, without the least concern, as it had done for the past year." Tobacco was kept in brass boxes, often beautifully engraved and embossed. But the snuff-boxes of this period testify to the increasing popularity of snuff-taking. Here again women played their part. "I have writ to you three or four times to desire you would take notice of an important custom the Women have lately fallen into, of taking Snuff. This silly Trick is attended by such a coquet air in some Ladies and such a sedate masculine air in others that I cannot tell which to complain of most, but they are to me equally disagreeable." So writes the editor of the Spectator, a paper which reflects the manners and fashions of the latter part of Queen Anne's reign with truth and humour. The first number came out on Thursday, March 1, 1711. It consisted of a little single sheet headed by a couple of Latin lines and written by Addison. The whole first number is taken up with an account of himself and his venture, while the second, issued on the following


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258 day and written by Richard Steele, contains an account of those concerned in the work and the famous Sir Roger de Coverley. These little dally sheets appeared with the morning coffee in every fashionable household, and their influence on the society of the day was enormous, though already a daily newspaper was in circulation. When Queen Anne came to the throne there were some nine or ten newspapers issued three times a week, the chief among them being the London Post, Flying Post, English Post, and Dyer's News Letter. Three days after her accession the first daily newspaper in England came out, under the name of the Daily Courant, a forerunner of that mighty press which is such a marked feature of our own day. Its size was fourteen inches by eight, a single sheet printed on one side only. It contained news from Naples, Rome, Vienna, Frankfort, Liége and Paris, and at the end in small print it justified its existence thus: "This Courant will be publish'd daily, being designed to give all the Material news as soon as every Post arrives, and is confin'd to half the Compass to save the Publick at least half the Impertinences of ordinary News Papers." The circulation of these daily papers was


text:
Executive Order 13554

By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, it is hereby ordered as follows:

{|cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0.5em" style="border-collapse:separate; empty-cells:hide; margin: 0em 0em 0em 3.0em;"

 * }

Barack Obama The White House, October 5, 2010. [FR Doc. 2010–25578 Filed 10–7–10; 8:45 am] Billing Code 3195–W1–P

title: Executive Order 13554


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Page:Buttered Side Down.djvu/4

 STORIES BY

BY

EDNA FERBER

AUTHOR OF

DAWN O’HARA

NEW YORK

GROSSET & DUNLAP

PUBLISHERS

title: Page:Buttered Side Down.djvu/4


text:
User talk:77.166.46.187

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Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Zwingli, Ulric

ZWINGLI (tsving'lē), or ZUINGLIUS (zwing'gli-us), ULRIC, a Swiss reformer born in the hamlet of Wildhaus, in the Toggenburg, Jan. 1, 1484.

After receiving instruction from his uncle the parish priest of Wessen, he was sent to study first at Basel, then at Berne, and afterward at Vienna. At the age of 18 he returned to his native village, but only to quit it again almost immediately, and renew his studies at Basel. He applied himself to scholastic theology, but gave it up in disgust as a mere waste of time, and soon after rejoiced to hear the teachings of Thomas Wittenbach. Zwingli eagerly studied the classics, and became one of the best scholars of his time. He was also passionately fond of music, and learned to play well on the flute, the lute, the violin, and other instruments. In 1506 he was ordained priest — he had been master of arts for several years — and accepted the place of pastor of Glarus, which he filled with zeal and devotedness for 10 years. During this period thoughts were working in his mind, which were the germs of the reformation to come. He twice accompanied the Swiss auxiliaries to the wars in Italy, fought at the battle of Marignano; and used his influence with his countrymen to dissuade them from foreign military service. In 1514 he had visited Erasmus at Basel, and was greatly influenced by his writings.

ULRIC ZWINGLI

The year of 1516 Zwingli has noted as the period of the commencement of the Swiss Reformation. That same year he removed to the secluded monastery of Einsiedeln, of which he was appointed priest and preacher. His clear and eloquent announcement of scriptural truth astonished his new hearers, and drew crowds from the surrounding country to hear him. In 1519, through his high reputation for learning, piety and eloquence, and the active influence of his friend Oswald Myconius, Zwingli was appointed preacher at the cathedral of Zurich, and was thus brought into the center of the political movement of Switzerland. His preaching produced immense excitement by its novelty; but while most were charmed, not a few were alarmed and angry. In the autumn of the same year he was attacked by the plague (known then as the “great death”), and it was reported that he was dead. He, however, recovered, and with a new vigor and devotedness, and fullness, resumed his work. In 1522 began the action of the court of Rome against the Reformation in Switzerland; the Bishop of Constance, by letter to the chapter of Zurich, attempted to stop the preaching of Zwingli. The latter replied in his “Architeles,” and the attempt failed. But an order of the Diet was soon after obtained, which prohibited preaching against the monks. About the same time Zwingli married Anna Reinhold, a widow, and mother of Zwingli's beloved disciple and friend, Gerold. He did not make his marriage known till two years later.

Meanwhile enmity was growing into persecution, and the reformer was sometimes overwhelmed with the forebodings of evil to come, and the failure of his hopes. Early in 1523 a conference between the advocates and opponents of the new doctrines was held at Zurich, by order of the Great Council; but the discussions, which lasted three days, left the controversy as it was; the reformers arguing on the basis of Scripture, and their opponents from the canon law, and there being no first principles in common with them. Not long after the reformation was publicly established in Zurich, pictures and statues, etc., were taken out of the churches, and instead of the mass a simple form of celebrating the Lord's Supper was adopted. Education was provided for, and convents were suppressed, just regard being had to the interests of their inmates. In 1528 Zwingli attended the important conferences of Baden, and in 1529 that of Marburg, where he agreed on certain articles of faith with Luther and Melanchthon. Two years later, the long suppressed enmity of the cantons which remained Catholic broke out in open war against Zurich and Berne. Delay, indecision, and half-heartedness among the citizens of Zurich made their cause hopeless; and at the battle of Cappel their handful of disorderly troops was easily destroyed or dispersed by the superior numbers and discipline of the Catholic army. Zwingli fell on that field, Oct. 11, 1531. His body was discovered, burnt, quartered, and his ashes mingled with those of swine, and scattered to the winds. The works of Zwingli were published in 1581, three volumes, 4to.


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Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Zenobia

ZENOBIA, a Queen of Palmyra, who succeeded to the throne as regent for her sons on the murder of her husband Odenathus, A. D. 266. Not content, however, with the independence granted by the indolent Emperor Gallienus and his successor, Claudius, she aimed at a dominion which should include Egypt, Syria, and Asia Minor, and make good her vaunted title of Queen of the East. The accession of Aurelian, however, in 270, once more placed a soldier at the head of the Roman empire, and in 273 the armies of Zenobia were defeated in two pitched battles, while Palmyra was taken and its queen made prisoner. According to Zosimus she died on her way to Rome, but according to Trebellius Pollio, whose narrative is much more particular, she was led in triumph through Rome in the train of Aurelian, and was afterward presented by her conqueror with a villa at Tibur, where she passed the remainder of her life with her sons after the manner of a Roman matron. Zenobia was one of the most remarkable women of antiquity. She resembled Cleopatra in her talents and her personal fascination, and she far surpassed her in purity and elevation of character. “She is,” says Gibbon, “perhaps the only female whose superior genius has broken through the servile indolence imposed on her sex by the climate and manners of Asia.”


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The New International Encyclopædia/Zenobia

ZENO'BIA (Lat., from Gk. ). Queen of Palmyra. She was the wife of Odenathus, lord of Palmyra, who had been recognized in A.D. 264 as king and imperator in the East by the Roman Emperor ../Gallienus/ (q.v.), and whose sway extended over almost all the eastern provinces. In 207 Odenathus and his son Herodes were murdered, and a younger son, Vahballathus, succeeded his father, though the actual government was in the hands of Zenobia, who ruled as an independent sovereign, caring little for the Roman emperors, with whose armies she repeatedly came into conflict. She even attempted to establish her dominion in Egypt, but in this she failed. When Aurelian came to the throne in 270, he at first continued to recognize the title and rights of Vahballathus, and even permitted Zenobia to assume the title of Augusta. In 271 Vahballathus died, and Zenobia continued to rule, in the name of her two younger sons. Attempting to extend her power over Asia Minor, she drew upon herself the anger of Aurelian, who marched against her with a large army and, after twice defeating her troops, besieged her in Palmyra (early in 272). Her hopes of being relieved by the Persians and Arabians being disappointed, she attempted to escape by flight, but was captured (spring of 272). Before the conqueror her courage failed, and she saved her own life by imputing the blame of the war to her counselors, especially the celebrated ../Longinus/ (q.v.), who was accordingly put to death. Zenobia was led in triumphal procession at Rome, and was presented by her conqueror with large possessions in the Villa of Hadrian, near Tibur (Tivoli), where in the society of her two sons she passed the rest of her life. She was a woman of great courage, high spirit, and striking beauty. With purity of morals in private life, she combined prudence, justice, and liberality in her administration. Her literary acquirements were considerable; she spoke Latin and Greek, as well as Syriac and Coptic.


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The New International Encyclopædia/Zwingli, Ulrich

ZWINGLI, tsvĭng'lḗ, or (1484-1531). The leader of the Protestant Reformation in Switzerland. He was born at Wildhaus, in the Toggenburg Valley, where his father was the Ammann of the village, a man of substance, who gave his son the best available education. Zwingli was directed from an early stage to the liberal humanistic methods of study, and formed his taste and judgment in this enlightened school. He spent two years at the University of Vienna and then studied at Basel, where he took his bachelor's degree at twenty and his master's degree at twenty-two. In 1506 he was made parish priest at Glarus and held this place for ten years. Glarus was one of the most important centres for the recruiting of young men for the various armies of Europe, and Zwingli entered into this foreign service as a field chaplain. This experience gave him at once an intimate acquaintance with Swiss public life and a settled conviction that the service in foreign armies was ruining the character of his countrymen. He opposed it so vigorously that he roused the enmity of all those classes who were thriving on this industry and was compelled to leave Glarus. At Einsiedeln he found new opportunities for study and began to shape his views on the questions afterwards to be of most importance in the Reformation. His conclusions on these matters were reached quite independently and before Luther had begun to express himself publicly.

In comparison with other Reformation leaders Zwingli appears primarily as the man of plain common sense, repelled by the abuses of the Church, inclined to remove from the daily practice of religion whatever seemed to interfere with the purity of original Christianity as he understood it, but, on the other hand, steadily opposing every form of fanaticism. His feeling of identity with his people was intense and governed his action throughout his life. His first opportunity to express his views of reform came, as it did with Luther, on the preaching of an indulgence. It is characteristic of the popular character of the Swiss reform that Zwingli was requested by the Bishop of Constance to preach against the abuse, and he did it with such effect that the commissioner was obliged to leave the canton. In 1519 he accepted a call to become ‘priest of the people’ at the Gross-Münster in Zurich, a place of much importance, where his novel method of preaching according to the Scripture itself rather than according to formulas derived from the Fathers attracted the widest interest. Again he succeeded in driving out the Papal indulgence agent, and such was the dependence of the Papacy on the men of Switzerland for its troops that the Pope especially authorized them to send the offender back to Italy and did not attempt to renew this form of exaction in the cantons. Thus supported by the temporal authorities, Zwingli was enabled to continue his studies and to enlarge the circle of his connections in such ways as would best contribute to the advance of the ideas of the Reform. No thought of a permanent separation from Rome seems to have occurred to him as yet, but his language in regard to the Papal power and the usages of the Church became increasingly liberal. An exhortation to support the position of Luther, written in 1520, is probably his work, and may be regarded as the first open declaration of hostility to Rome. Instead of laying down certain general principles and bringing the issue directly on these, Zwingli began to suggest definite measures of reform, speaking of the diminution of tithes, the revision of the breviary, the folly of fasts, the evils of image-worship, and above all the right and duty of the priests to marry openly, rather than to live, as he frankly confessed he was himself doing, in secret concubinage. The Swiss Diet was slow to accept these suggestions, but they commended themselves at once to the great body of the people, and this approval was soon reflected in the action of the cantonal and general governments. Zwingli was easily the leader of the nation in religious matters, but he found himself warmly supported by the strongest elements among the men of learning everywhere except in the original Forest Cantons, where the devotion to the ancient faith and to the political practices that went with it remained practically unshaken.

As a theologian Zwingli did not make any pretense to special originality. He believed himself to be in substantial agreement with Luther, and accepted heartily the efforts of Philip of Hesse and others to bring about an effective alliance of the two movements. Unfortunately for this result, Luther had convinced himself that the Swiss were moving along the line which had led already to the social upheaval in Germany and to the extravagances of the Anabaptist Party. The famous conference at Marburg in 1529 between the leading theologians of the German and the Swiss parties failed, because, on the test question of the Eucharist, Luther refused to make any admission which might have seemed to commit him to a spiritual or figurative interpretation of the doctrine of the sacraments. Zwingli was not afraid to trust the common sense of men to make a sound use of their right of interpretation, so long as they should admit the supreme authority of Scripture. Moreover, he did not dread, as Luther did, the formation of alliances to strengthen the position of the reformed faith. He saw Switzerland surrounded by eager enemies who were doing all they could to foment the dissent between the Catholic Forest Cantons and the other members of the Confederation, and he felt that these two objects, the integrity of the Confederation and the reform of religion, must go hand in hand. It was on this account that, man of peace as he was, he threw himself with

all his energy into the internal quarrel. Zurich became the active agent of the Confederation in combating the Forest Cantons, and Zwingli took the side of the war party. Twice, in 1529 and in 1531, bloody encounters ensued, the first time to the advantage of the Confederation, but the second time to their total defeat. Zwingli had supportcd his principles by his action and had gone into the campaign of ../Kappel/ (q.v.) as a fighting chaplain. His death on the field of battle, October 11, 1531, was the logical outcome of his teaching and was the seal of the permanent religious cleavage between the Catholic and the Protestant cantons.

The Life of Zwingli was written shortly after his death by his friend and associate, Myconius (ed. Neander, in Vitæ Quatuor Reformatorum, 1841). His complete works were published by Schuler and Schulthess (Zurich, 1828-61); a new edition is in progress. Consult the modern lives by Christoffel (Elberfeld, 1857); Mörikofer (Leipzig, 1867-69); Stähelin (Basel, 1895-97); Jackson (New York, 1901); Simpson (ib., 1902); also Thomas, Das Erkenntnisprincip bei Zwingli (Leipzig, 1902); Baur, Zwinglis Theologie (Halle, 1885-89); Finsler, Zwingli-Bibliographie (Zurich, 1897).


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Rh greatly helped by the penny post, which had been in existence in London since 1683. "Every two Hours," says the observant French traveller, "you may write to any Part of the City or Suburbs; he that receives it pays a Penny and you give nothing when you put it into the Post; but when you write into the Country, both he that writes and he that receives pays each a Penny." In 1709 distance still regulated the price of letters; thus, to send a single sheet 80 miles cost 2d., a letter to Dublin was 6d., to the West Indies, 1s. 3d. Other means of communication were also increasing. Hackney carriages had increased till there were now some 800 plying in London and the suburbs. They had no glass and no springs, and it is hardly to be wondered at if people preferred the sedan chair for short distances. Here they could see and be seen. By this means they were carried to the At Homes or "Days," as they were called, kept by every fashionable woman, when she received a formal circle of her acquaintances of both sexes. It is curious to remember that at this time the formal salutation between men and women of every class was still the kiss. "The other day, entering a room adorned with the fair Sex," says a contemporary, "I offered, after


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 as you curse me! My God! will the man arrive in time? What frightful suspense! I can see nothing. My whole brain is in a tumult. That bell—for whom does it toll?

Jane.The bell has ceased.

The Queen.That means that the procession has reached the place of execution. The man will not arrive in time.

[A distant report of a cannon.

Jane.Heaven be merciful!

The Queen.He ascends the scaffold.

[A second report.

He kneels.

Jane.This is horrible!

[A third report.

Both.Ah!

The Queen.But one is living now. In an instant we shall know which. O God! grant that he who will soon enter this hall may be Fabiano!

Jane.O my God! grant that it be Gilbert!

[The curtain at the back is drawn aside. ' appears, leading ' by the hand.

Gilbert!

[They rush into each other's arms.

The Queen.And Fabiano?

Renard.Dead.

The Queen.Dead! Dead? Who has dared—

Renard.I. I have saved the Queen and England.

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The New International Encyclopædia/Zwiedineck von Südenhorst, Hans

ZWIEDINECK VON SÜDENHORST, tsvē'dḗ-nĕk fṓn zụ'den-hôrst, (1845—). An Austrian historian, born in Frankfort. He was educated at Gratz, became privat-docent in the

university there (1875), and in 1885 was appointed professor of history. He completed Adam Wolf's Oesterreich unter Maria Theresia, Josef II, und Leopold II, (1882-84). Indepen- dently he published ''Dorfleben im 18. Jahrhundert'' (1877); Die Politik der Republik Venedig während des dreissigjährigen Krieges (1882-85); Die öffentliche Meinung in Deutschland im Zeitalter Ludwigs XIV, (1888); Deutsche Geschichte im Zeitraum der Gründung des preussischen Königtums (1890-94); Deutsche Geschichte von der Auflösung des alten bis zur Gründung des neuen Reichs (1895-1903). The last two appeared in the Bibliothek deutscher Geschichte, which the author began to issue in 1887. Venedig als Weltmacht und Weltstadt (1899) is his most recent work.


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The New International Encyclopædia/Zwickau

ZWICKAU, tsvik'ou. A town in the Kingdom of Saxony, situated on the left bank of the Zwickau Mulde, 20 miles by rail southwest of Chemnitz (Map: Germany, E 3). It is a quaint old city. The Gothic Church of Mary, dating from 1453 and restored in late times, is a notable structure. Other features of Zwickau are the house where Schumann was born, several fine old edifices, and the ancient château used as a penitentiary. There are a mining school and a collection of paintings. The manufacturing interests are important. Machinery, paper, and glass are among the varied productions. Trade is active. The adjacent coal mines are extensively exploited. The annual output is $5,000,000. Population, in 1900, 55,825.


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260 the usual manner, to each of them a kiss, but one more scornful than the rest turned her Cheek." By means of the sedan chair the fine ladies and gentlemen of Queen Anne's time were carried to church, as much to show off their clothes as anything else. "All ladies who come to church in the New-fashioned Hoods are desired to be there before Divine Service begins, lest they divert the Attention of the Congregation," runs an advertisement in the Spectator of January, 1712. These many-coloured hoods were supplanting the old commode, which was the favourite headgear of the early eighteenth century. The idea originated in a hunting party attended by Louis XIV. in France, at which the hair of Mademoiselle Fontange, a favourite of the King's, became loose. She hastily tied her lace handkerchief round her head, and the effect produced was so pretty that the King begged her to keep it thus. Next day all the Court ladies appeared "coiffée à la Fontange." The head-dress soon became elaborate. The hair was piled up high in front, and a wire frame covered with silk and trimmed with rows of lace and ribbons stood on the top. From each side hung broad ends of lace. It was very expensive, for all lace was real in those days, and enough for


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The New International Encyclopædia/Zweibrücken

ZWEIBRÜCKEN, tsvī-brụk ' en (Fr. ). A town of the Rhenish Palatinate, Bavaria, on the Schwarzbach, 66 miles southwest of Mainz (Map: Germany, B 4). It is well built, its principal building being the Alexanderskirche, with the ducal burial vaults. The chief manufactures include silk-plush, steam engines, and agricultural machinery, paper, chains, and leather. Population, in 1900, 13,716. The town was the capital of the Duchy of Zweibrücken, which arose in the Middle Ages and existed down to the close of the eighteenth century.


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The New International Encyclopædia/Zerbst

ZERBST, tsĕrpst. A town of the Duchy of Anhalt, Germany, 68 miles southwest of Berlin, on the river Nuthe, a tributary of the Elbe (Map: Germany, E 3). Close by is the beautiful ducal castle, built in the seventeenth century, containing the archives of Anhalt from 941 on. The Church of Saint Nicholas, begun in the eleventh century, is a fine specimen of Gothic architecture. The chief manufactures are articles in gold and silver, and silk, wax, soap, machinery, chemicals, stoneware, and carriages. There are

breweries famous for their bitter beer. Population, in 1900, 17,094. Zerbst is of Slavic origin. The town dates from 1007. From 1603 to 1793 it was the capital of the Principality of Anhalt-Zerbst.


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 MORWENSTOW

HERE cannot be a scene more graphic in itself, or more illustrative in its history of the gradual growth and striking development of the Church in Celtic and Western England, than the parish of St. Morwenna. It occupies the upper and northern nook of the county of Cornwall; shut in and bounded on the one hand by the Severn Sea, and on the other by the offspring of its own bosom, the Tamar River, which gushes, with its sister stream the Torridge, from a rushy knoll on the eastern wilds of Morwenstow.


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 Once, and in the first period of our history, it was one wide wild stretch of rocky moorland, broken with masses of dunstone and the sullen curve of the warrior's barrow, and flashing here and there with a bright rill of water or a solitary well. Neither landmarks nor fences nor walls bounded or severed the bold, free, untravelled Cornish domain. Wheel-tracks in old Cornwall there were none; but strange and narrow paths gleamed across the moorlands, which the forefathers said in their simplicity, were first traced by angel's feet. These, in truth, were trodden and worn by religious men—by the pilgrim as he paced his way toward his chosen and votive bourn, or by the palmer, whose listless footsteps had neither a fixed keblah nor a future abode. Dimly visible by the darker hue of the crushed grass, these straight and narrow roads led the traveller along from chapelry to cell, or to some distant and solitary cave. On the one hand, in this scenery of the past, they would guide us to the " Chapel-piece of St. Morwenna," a grassy glade along the gorse-clad cliff, where to this very day neither will bramble cling nor heather grow; and, on the other, to the walls and roof and the grooved stone for the waterflow, which still survive, halfway down a headlong precipice, as the relics of St.


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 Morwenna's Well. But what was the wanderer's guidance along the bleak, unpeopled surface of these Cornish moors? The wayside cross. Such were the crosses of St. James and St. John, which even yet give name to their ancient sites in Morwenstow, and proclaim to the traveller that, or ever a church was reared or an altar hallowed here, the trophy of old Syria stood in solemn stone, a beacon to the wayfaring man, and that the soldiers of God's army had won their honours among the unbaptised and barbarous people!

Here, then, let us stand and survey the earliest scenery of pagan Morwenstow. Before us lies a breadth of wild and rocky land; it is bounded by the billowy Atlantic, with its arm of waters, and by the slow lapse of that gliding stream of which the Keltic proverb said, before King Arthur's day,—

Barrows curve above the dead; a stony cross stands by a mossed and lichened well; here and there glides a shorn and vested monk, whose function it was, often at peril of life and limb, to sprinkle the brow of some hard-won votary,


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 and to breathe the Gospel of the Trinity on the startled ear of the Keltic barbarian. Let us close this theme of thought with a few faint echoes from the River of the West:—


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Then arrived, to people this bleak and lonely boundary with the thoughts and doctrines of the Cross, the piety and the legend of St. Morwenna. This was the origin of her name and place.

There dwelt in Wales in the ninth century a Keltic king, Breachan by name it was from him that the words "Brecon" and "Brecknock" received origin; and Gladwys was his wife and queen. They had, according to the record of Leland, the scribe, children twenty-and-four. Now either these were their own daughters and sons, or they were, according to the usage of those days, the offspring of the nobles of their land, placed for loyal and learned nurture in the palace of the king, and so called the children of his house.

Of these Morwenna was one. She grew up wise, learned, and holy above her generation; and it was evermore the strong desire of her soul to bring the barbarous and pagan people


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 BRAZIL ITS CONDITION AND PROSPECTS BT C. C. ANDREWS EX-CONSUL-GENERAL TO BRAZIL, AND FORMERLY UNITED STATES MINISTER TO SWEDEN AND NORWAY NEW YOEK D. APPLETON AND COMPANY


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THE FROG AND THE PUDDLE The cold cream and the salt tears mingled and formed a slippery paste. Gertie wept on because she couldn't help it. The longer she wept the more difficult her sobs became, until finally they bordered on the hysterical. They filled her lungs until they ached and reached her throat with a force that jerked her head back.

"Rap-rap-rap!" sounded sharply from the head of her bed.

Gertie stopped sobbing, and her heart stopped beating. She lay tense and still, listening. Everyone knows that spooks rap three times at the head of one's bed. It's a regular high-sign with them.

"Rap-rap-rap!"

Gertie's skin became goose-flesh, and cold-water effects chased up and down her spine.

"What's your trouble in there?" demanded an unspooky voice so near that Gertie jumped. "Sick?"

It was the Kid Next Door.

"N-no, I'm not sick," faltered Gertie, her mouth close to the wall. Just then a belated sob that had stopped halfway when the raps began hustled on to join its sisters. It took [7]

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Rh a cap of this kind cost £40 at the very least. It also varied considerably. "There is no such variable thing in Nature as a Lady's head-dress," says Addison. "Within my own memory I have known it rise and fall above 30 degrees. About ten years ago it shot up to a very great height, insomuch that the Female Part of our Species were much taller than men."

Bodices were laced open in front, showing tight stays made of "Black Tabby Stitched lined with Flannel," and worn very low, with "tuckers" or "modesty pieces" round the top. They had elbow sleeves and frilled skirts, at the back of which a piece of drapery was bunched into panniers, while in front hung an apron. These skirts grew wider and wider at the hips, till the ever-observant Spectator felt bound to draw attention to them: "The petticoats, which began to heave and swell before you left us, are now blown up into a most enormous concave and rise every day more and more." False hips in 1709 soon gave way to a hoop or mild compressible whalebone frame-work under the skirt or petticoat. These petticoats were numerous and variable, made of rich material; we hear of black Russell petticoats flowered, of ash colour silk quilted petticoats, of scarlet and gold


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262 Atlas petticoats edged with silver, of yellow chintz petticoats, black velvet petticoats, &c. But if women were thus fanciful over their hoop petticoats, men were quite as particular over their wigs. The wig dominated all good dressing, and was to be found on men and even boys of every class of society. Extravagant sums of money were expended on them. Though three guineas was a fair price, as much as forty guineas was frequently spent. While the full-bottomed wig was most usual at this time, the tie wig and the bob wig were both coming into fashion, though not approved of by the Queen. "I suppose his lordship will come to Court next time in his nightcap," she was heard to exclaim when one of her Ministers appeared before her in one of the new tie wigs, so familiar in the Georgian epoch. To be in perfect curl was the essential point, and numerous advertisements of hair-curling fluids appear in the current papers, in case the wig "be out of curl by the pressing of the hat or riding in windy and rainy weather." Such was the effeminacy of some of the men at this time that they used to carry ivory or tortoiseshell combs, and comb their wigs while sitting in the Park or in the theatre. Quaint


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Rh enough, too, were their long coats, with skirts stiffly held out with whalebone. "The skirt of your fashionable coats forms as large a circumference as our petticoats; as these are set out with whalebone, so are those with wire," says the Spectator. Add to this the new cravat or neck-cloth, the cocked hat, the fine holland shirt with ruffles, the silk stockings, the high-heeled shoes with buckles, the gloves, the silk handkerchief for snuff-taking and the indispensable sword, and the gentleman of Queen Anne's time is complete. It is a relief to find that they despised the newly-introduced umbrella, which was growing in popularity with women, in order to shade them from the sun and rain. Up to this time their only screen had been a fan, and in bad weather they had stayed within doors. Heavy, clumsy contrivances were these early umbrellas. They were used to hold over bare-headed clergy at funerals; sometimes it was possible to borrow one at a coffee-house, but it was some time before they became ordinary and indispensable possessions to every one, as they are to-day.

The manners of the early eighteenth century may have improved since the days when Queen Elizabeth thought it no indignity to spit at the


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Works

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Articles in Popular Science Monthly

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264 courtier who annoyed her, but Queen Anne's manners were not of the best She would sit and gnaw the end of her fan when bored with her subjects; she would frequently over-eat herself, though warned of the consequences. Etiquette-books of the period warn people not to wipe their knife and fork on the tablecloth, but rather on the newly-invented napkin or Doiley, made by a linen-draper of that name, as also to abstain from picking their teeth with their forks. But if these were the manners and customs of our ancestors at home, they were behaving with all the old strength and courage of their stalwart forefathers abroad. Queen Anne's soldiers and Queen Anne's sailors are famous to-day, and such victories as Blenheim, Ramillies, Oudenarde, and Malplaquet had not been seen since the days of Henry V. England was rising to her position as the leading commercial country of her day, while in the world of letters she was no whit behind. It was a period of energy, wit, and genius, an age of vast enterprise crowned with success, in the midst of which "it is half ludicrous, half pathetic to turn to the central figure of all, Anne Stuart, a fat, placid, middle-aged woman, full of infirmities, with little about her of the


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Rh picturesque yet artificial brightness of her time or of her race, and no gleam of reflection in her to answer to the wit and genius which have made her age so illustrious.


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Rh all this difference, why not in my father? thought Pierre.

Besides all this, Pierre considered the history, and, so to speak, the family legend of the smaller painting. In his fifteenth year, it was made a present to him by an old maiden aunt, who resided in the city, and who cherished the memory of Pierre's father, with all that wonderful amaranthine devotion which an advanced maiden sister ever feels for the idea of a beloved younger brother, now dead and irrevocably gone. As the only child of that brother, Pierre was an object of the warmest and most extravagant attachment on the part of this lonely aunt, who seemed to see, transformed into youth once again, the likeness, and very soul of her brother, in the fair, inheriting brow of Pierre. Though the portrait we speak of was inordinately prized by her, yet at length the strict canon of her romantic and imaginative love asserted the portrait to be Pierre's—for Pierre was not only his father's only child, but his namesake—so soon as Pierre should be old enough to value aright so holy and inestimable a treasure. She had accordingly sent it to him, trebly boxed, and finally covered with a waterproof cloth; and it was delivered at Saddle Meadows, by an express, confidential messenger, an old gentleman of leisure, once her forlorn, because rejected gallant, but now her contented, and chatty neighbour. Henceforth, before a gold-framed and gold-lidded ivory miniature,—a fraternal gift—aunt Dorothea now offered up her morning and her evening rites, to the memory of the noblest and handsomest of brothers. Yet an annual visit to the far closet of Pierre—no slight undertaking now for one so stricken in years, and every way infirm—attested the earnestness of that strong sense of duty, that painful renunciation of self, which had induced her voluntarily to part with the precious memorial.

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102 IV

'Tell me, aunt,' the child Pierre had early said to her, long before the portrait became his—'tell me, aunt, how this chair-portrait, as you call it, was painted;—who painted it?—whose chair was this?—have you the chair now?—I don't see it in your room here;—what is papa looking at so strangely?—I should like to know now, what papa was thinking of, then. Do, now, dear aunt, tell me all about this picture, so that when it is mine, as you promise me, I shall know its whole history.'

'Sit down, then, and be very still and attentive, my dear child,' said aunt Dorothea; while she a little averted her head, and tremulously and inaccurately sought her pocket, till little Pierre cried—'Why, aunt, the story of the picture is not in any little book, is it, that you are going to take out and read to me?'

'My handkerchief, my child.'

'Why, aunt, here it is, at your elbow; here, on the table; here, aunt; take it, do.—Oh, don't tell me anything about the picture, now; I won't hear it.'

'Be still, my darling Pierre,' said his aunt, taking the handkerchief, 'draw the curtain a little, dearest; the light hurts my eyes. Now, go into the closet, and bring me my dark shawl;—take your time.—There; thank you, Pierre; now sit down again, and I will begin.—The picture was painted long ago, my child; you were not born then.'

'Not born?' cried little Pierre.

'Not born,' said his aunt.

'Well, go on, aunt; but don't tell me again that once upon a time I was not little Pierre at all, and yet my father was alive. Go on, aunt,—do, do!'

'Why, how nervous you are getting, my child;—be patient; I am very old, Pierre; and old people never like to be hurried.'

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Rh 'Now, my own dear aunt Dorothea, do forgive me this once, and go on with your story.'

'When your poor father was quite a young man, my child, and was on one of his long autumnal visits to his friends in this city, he was rather intimate at times with a cousin of his, Ralph Winwood, who was about his own age,—a fine youth he was, too, Pierre.'

'I never saw him, aunt; pray, where is he now?' interrupted Pierre;—'does he live in the country, now, as mother and I do?'

'Yes, my child; but a far-away, beautiful country, I hope;—he's in heaven, I trust.'

'Dead,' sighed little Pierre—'go on, aunt.'

'Now, cousin Ralph had a great love for painting, my child; and he spent many hours in a room, hung all round with pictures and portraits; and there he had his easel and brushes; and much liked to paint his friends, and hang their faces on his walls; so that when all alone by himself, he yet had plenty of company, who always wore their best expressions to him, and never once ruffled him, by ever getting cross or ill-natured, little Pierre. Often, he had besought your father to sit to him; saying, that his silent circle of friends would never be complete, till your father consented to join them. But in those days, my child, your father was always in motion. It was hard for me to get him to stand still, while I tied his cravat; for he never came to anyone but me for that. So he was always putting off, and putting off cousin Ralph. "Some other time, cousin; not to-day;—tomorrow, perhaps;—or next week";—and so, at last cousin Ralph began to despair. But I'll catch him yet, cried sly cousin Ralph. So now he said nothing more to your father about the matter of painting him; but every pleasant morning kept his easel and brushes and everything in readiness; so as to be ready the first

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UEEN ANNE, dying without heirs, was succeeded by her cousin, Deorge, Elector of Hanover. A short, elderly, pale-faced man, addicted to drink, low in his tastes and conversation, knowing not a word of English and, moreover, disliking English ways and English manners—this was the man "suddenly thrust" upon the English people and proclaimed King of England. The mass accepted him with stolid indifference. It was not likely that he would interfere with existing conditions. The old sentiment of "blind unconditional homage" to the King was fast dying out. Stronger forces were at work. The romance of kingship was at an end. Moreover, the nation


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268 was solidly Protestant and unmoved by the pathetic appeals of the Pretender's claims.

So the new King reluctantly took up his abode in his new capital. His court was German; he had to converse with his Ministers in Latin; his divorced wife was pining away her life in a gloomy castle across the waters; his eldest son and heir was with him to learn English, but his heart was in his beloved Hanover. The ways of the English were passing strange to him.

"This is a strange country," he said. "The first morning after my arrival at St. James's, I looked out of the window and saw a park with canals which they told me were mine. The next day, the ranger of my park sent me a fine brace of carp out of my canal, and I was told I must give to the servant five guineas for bringing me my own carp out of my own canal in my own park."

There was much, indeed, to astonish him in London. Though the population of his kingdom was but about a fifth of what it is to-day, yet London with its seven hundred thousand inhabitants was considered a vast city, absorbing as it did one-tenth of the whole population of England and Wales. What must he have thought of London's great highway, the Thames, with its


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104 moment your father should chance to drop in upon him from his long strolls; for it was now and then your father's wont to pay flying little visits to cousin Ralph in his painting-room.—But, my child, you may draw back the curtain now—it's getting very dim here, seems to me.'

'Well, I thought so all along, aunt,' said little Pierre, obeying; 'but didn't you say the light hurt your eyes?'

'But it does not now, little Pierre.'

'Well, well; go on, go on, aunt; you can't think how interested I am,' said little Pierre, drawing his stool close up to the quilted satin hem of his good aunt Dorothea's dress.

'I will, my child. But first let me tell you, that about this time there arrived in the port, a cabinful of French emigrants of quality;—poor people, Pierre, who were forced to fly from their native land, because of the cruel, blood-shedding times there. But you have read all that in the little history I gave you, a good while ago.'

'I know all about it;—the French Revolution,' said little Pierre.

'What a famous little scholar you are, my dear child,' said aunt Dorothea, faintly smiling—'among those poor, but noble emigrants, there was a beautiful young girl, whose sad fate afterward made a great noise in the city, and made many eyes to weep, but in vain, for she never was heard of any more.'

'How? how? aunt;—I don't understand;—did she disappear then, aunt?'

'I was a little before my story, child. Yes, she did disappear, and never was heard of again; but that was afterward, some time afterward, my child. I am very sure it was; I could take my oath of that, Pierre.'

'Why, dear aunt,' said little Pierre, 'how earnestly you talk—after what? your voice is getting very strange; do now;—don't talk that way; you frighten me so, aunt.'

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Rh 'Perhaps it is this bad cold I have to-day; it makes my voice a little hoarse, I fear, Pierre. But I will try and not talk so hoarsely again. Well, my child, some time before this beautiful young lady disappeared, indeed it was only shortly after the poor emigrants landed, your father made her acquaintance; and with many other humane gentlemen of the city, provided for the wants of the strangers, for they were very poor indeed, having been stripped of everything, save a little trifling jewellery, which could not go very far. At last, the friends of your father endeavoured to dissuade him from visiting these people so much; they were fearful that as the young lady was so very beautiful, and a little inclined to be intriguing—so some said—your father might be tempted to marry her; which would not have been a wise thing in him; for though the young lady might have been very beautiful, and good-hearted, yet no one on this side the water certainly knew her history; and she was a foreigner; and would not have made so suitable and excellent a match for your father as your dear mother afterward did, my child. But, for myself, I—who always knew your father very well in all his intentions, and he was very confidential with me, too—I, for my part, never credited that he would do so unwise a thing as marry the strange young lady. At any rate, he at last discontinued his visits to the emigrants; and it was after this that the young lady disappeared. Some said that she must have voluntarily but secretly returned into her own country; and others declared that she must have been kidnapped by French emissaries; for, after her disappearance, rumour began to hint that she was of the noblest birth, and some ways allied to the royal family; and then, again, there were some who shook their heads darkly, and muttered of drownings, and other dark things; which one always hears hinted when people disappear,

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106 and no one can find them. But though your father and many other gentlemen moved heaven and earth to find trace of her, yet, as I said before, my child, she never reappeared.'

'The poor French lady!' sighed little Pierre. 'Aunt, I'm afraid she was murdered.'

'Poor lady, there is no telling,' said his aunt. 'But listen, for I am coming to the picture again. Now, at the time your father was so often visiting the emigrants, my child, cousin Ralph was one of those who a little fancied that your father was courting her; but cousin Ralph being a quiet young man, and a scholar, not well acquainted with what is wise, or what is foolish in the great world; cousin Ralph would not have been at all mortified had your father really wedded with the refugee young lady. So vainly thinking, as I told you, that your father was courting her, he fancied it would be a very fine thing if he could paint your father as her wooer; that is, paint him just after his coming from his daily visits to the emigrants. So he watched his chance; everything being ready in his painting-room, as I told you before; and one morning, sure enough, in dropped your father from his walk. But before he came into the room, cousin Ralph had spied him from the window; and when your father entered, cousin Ralph had the sitting-chair ready drawn out, back of his easel, but still fronting toward him, and pretended to be very busy painting. He said to your father—"Glad to see you, cousin Pierre; I am just about something here; sit right down there now, and tell me the news; and I'll sally out with you presently. And tell us something of the emigrants, cousin Pierre," he slyly added—wishing, you see, to get your father's thoughts running that supposed wooing way, so that he might catch some sort of corresponding expression, you see, little Pierre.'

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Rh variety of shipping, its swift little passenger boats plying incessantly for hire, carrying the smart world from place to place, the heavier craft removing merchandise from wharf to wharf? What of the narrow little lanes and streets leading to the great river, edged with shops and wooden booths? What of the stately red-brick houses built by Queen Anne on the fields which surrounded the Houses of Parliament? All houses at this time were difficult to find: they had no numbers, and could only be described as near the "Black Swan" or the "Red Lion," or some such sign. The paths were very narrow, divided from the road by a row of posts, and there was barely room for two persons to pass one another comfortably. Towards the City these streets were crowded with cumbersome coaches, sedan chairs, wheelbarrows, perhaps full of oysters, porters bearing huge burdens, funeral coaches, wedding processions, all jostling along. The noise and smells must have rivalled our motor-possessed London of to-day. There were the shouts of chair-menders, broom-sellers, old-clothes men, street fighters, hawkers; there was quarrelling, drinking, bell-ringing, and the creaking of many signboards on their rusty hinges as they swayed in


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Rh 'I don't know that I precisely understand, aunt; but go on, I am so interested; do go on, dear aunt.'

'Well, by many little cunning shifts and contrivances, cousin Ralph kept your father there sitting, and sitting in the chair, rattling and rattling away, and so self-forgetful too, that he never heeded that all the while sly cousin Ralph was painting and painting just as fast as ever he could; and only making believe laugh at your father's wit; in short, cousin Ralph was stealing his portrait, my child.'

'Not stealing it, I hope,' said Pierre, 'that would be very wicked.'

'Well, then, we won't call it stealing, since I am sure that cousin Ralph kept your father all the time off from him, and so, could not have possibly picked his pocket, though indeed, he slyly picked his portrait, so to speak. And if indeed it was stealing, or anything of that sort; yet seeing how much comfort that portrait has been to me, Pierre, and how much it will yet be to you, I hope; I think we must very heartily forgive cousin Ralph, for what he then did.'

'Yes, I think we must indeed,' chimed in little Pierre, now eagerly eyeing the very portrait in question, which hung over the mantel.

'Well, by catching your father two or three times more in that way, cousin Ralph at last finished the painting; and when it was all framed, and every way completed, he would have surprised your father by hanging it boldly up in his room among his other portraits, had not your father one morning suddenly come to him—while, indeed, the very picture itself was placed face down on a table and cousin Ralph fixing the cord to it—come to him, and frightened cousin Ralph by quietly saying, that now that he thought of it, it seemed to him that cousin Ralph had been playing tricks with him; but he

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108 hoped it was not so. "What do you mean?" said cousin Ralph, a little flurried. "You have not been hanging my portrait up here, have you, cousin Ralph?" said your father, glancing along the walls. "I'm glad I don't see it. It is my whim, cousin Ralph,—and perhaps it is a very silly one,—but if you have been lately painting my portrait, I want you to destroy it; at any rate, don't show it to any one, keep it out of sight. What's that you have there, cousin Ralph?"

'Cousin Ralph was now more and more fluttered; not knowing what to make—as indeed, to this day, I don't completely myself—of your father's strange manner. But he rallied, and said, "This, cousin Pierre, is a secret portrait I have here; you must be aware that we portrait-painters are sometimes called upon to paint such. I, therefore, cannot show it to you, or tell you anything about it."

'"Have you been painting my portrait or not, cousin Ralph?" said your father, very suddenly and pointedly.

'"I have painted nothing that looks as you there look," said cousin Ralph, evasively, observing in your father's face a fierce-like expression, which he had never seen there before. And more than that, your father could not get from him.'

'And what then?' said little Pierre.

'Why, not much, my child; only your father never so much as caught one glimpse of that picture; indeed, never knew for certain, whether there was such a painting in the world. Cousin Ralph secretly gave it to me, knowing how tenderly I loved your father; making me solemnly promise never to expose it anywhere where your father could ever see it, or any way hear of it. This promise I faithfully kept; and it was only after your dear father's death, that I hung it in my chamber. There, Pierre, you now have the story of the chair-portrait.'

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Rh 'And a very strange one it is,' said Pierre—'and so interesting, I shall never forget it, aunt.'

'I hope you never will, my child. Now ring the bell, and we will have a little fruit-cake, and I will take a glass of wine, Pierre;—do you hear, my child?—the bell—ring it. Why, what do you do standing there, Pierre?'

'Why didn't papa want to have cousin Ralph paint his picture, aunt?'

'How these children's minds do run?' exclaimed old aunt Dorothea, staring at little Pierre in amazement—'That indeed is more than I can tell you, little Pierre. But cousin Ralph had a foolish fancy about it. He used to tell me, that being in your father's room some few days after the last scene I described, he noticed there a very wonderful work on Physiognomy, as they call it, in which the strangest and shadowiest rules were laid down for detecting people's innermost secrets by studying their faces. And so, foolish cousin Ralph always flattered himself, that the reason your father did not want his portrait taken was, because he was secretly in love with the French young lady, and did not want his secret published in a portrait; since the wonderful work on Physiognomy had, as it were, indirectly warned him against running that risk. But cousin Ralph being such a retired and solitary sort of a youth, he always had such curious whimsies about things. For my part, I don't believe your father ever had any such ridiculous ideas on the subject. To be sure, I myself cannot tell you why he did not want his picture taken; but when you get to be as old as I am, little Pierre, you will find that everyone, even the best of us, at times, is apt to act very queerly and unaccountably; indeed, some things we do, we cannot entirely explain the reason of, even to ourselves, little Pierre. But you will know all about these strange matters by and by.'

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BUTTERED SIDE DOWN by surprise, and brought prompt response from the other side of the wall.

"I'll bet I scared you green. I didn't mean to, but, on the square, if you're feeling sick, a little nip of brandy will set you up. Excuse my mentioning it, girlie, but I'd do the same for my sister. I hate like sin to hear a woman suffer like that, and, anyway, I don't know whether you're fourteen or forty, so it's perfectly respectable. I'll get the bottle and leave it outside your door."

"No you don't!" answered Gertie in a hollow voice, praying meanwhile that the woman in the room below might be sleeping. "I'm not sick, honestly I'm not. I'm just as much obliged, and I'm dead sorry I woke you up with my blubbering. I started off with the soft pedal on, but things got away from me. Can you hear me?"

"Like a phonograph. Sure you couldn't use a sip of brandy where it'd do the most good?"

"Sure."

"Well, then, cut out the weeps and get your beauty sleep, kid. He ain't worthing sobbing over, anyway, believe me."

"He!" snorted Gertie indignantly. "You're cold. There never was anything in peg-tops [8]

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110 'I hope I shall, aunt,' said little Pierre.—'But, dear aunt, I thought Marten was to bring in some fruit-cake?'

'Ring the bell for him, then, my child.'

'Oh! I forgot,' said little Pierre, doing her bidding.

By and by, while the aunt was sipping her wine; and the boy eating his cake, and both their eyes were fixed on the portrait in question; little Pierre, pushing his stool nearer the picture, exclaimed, 'Now, aunt, did papa really look exactly like that? Did you ever see him in that same buff vest, and huge-figured neckcloth? I remember the seal and key, pretty well; and it was only a week ago that I saw mamma take them out of a little locked drawer in her wardrobe—but I don't remember the queer whiskers; nor the buff vest; nor the huge white-figured neckcloth; did you ever see papa in that very neckcloth, aunt?'

'My child, it was I that chose the stuff for that neck-cloth; yes, and hemmed it for him, and worked P.G. in one corner; but that ain't in the picture. It is an excellent likeness, my child, neckcloth and all; as he looked at that time. Why, little Pierre, sometimes I sit here all alone by myself, gazing, and gazing, and gazing at that face, till I begin to think your father is looking at me, and smiling at me, and nodding at me, and saying—Dorothea! Dorothea!'

'How strange,' said little Pierre, 'I think it begins to look at me now, aunt. Hark! aunt, it's so silent all round in this old-fashioned room, that I think I hear a little jingling in the picture, as if the watch-seal was striking against the key—Hark! aunt.'

'Bless me, don't talk so strangely, my child.'

'I heard mamma say once—but she did not say so to me—that, for her part, she did not like aunt Dorothea's picture; it was not a good likeness, so she said. Why don't mamma like the picture, aunt?'

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270 the wind. There were no police, and in the watchmen who patrolled the streets the public had no confidence.

sang Johnson in a period even later than this. If, with a wave of philanthropy, hospitals were rising into prominence, coffee-houses, chocolate-houses, taverns, and clubs were increasing almost daily. To them flocked all the wit and fashion of London as before, but a pernicious beverage had recently been added, and the wholesale distribution of gin, that "curse of English life," made the early Hanoverian age one of the most drunken on record.

"As the English," says a contemporary writer, "returning from the wars in the Holy Land brought the foul disease of leprosy, so in our fathers' days the English returning from the service in the Netherlands brought with them the foul vice of drunkenness." Though our forefathers had drunk heavily of beers and wines in the days of the Restoration, the introduction of coffee had diminished this to some extent Throughout the reign of Anne, the


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306 shuttle was followed by the spinning jenny, which worked several spindles at once. This innovation threw many out of work and was stoutly opposed by the uneducated workers, unable to look ahead. But no opposition can stay new inventions.

A new spinning machine, worked by water-power, was attacked by the old hand-workers, and the first water-mill in England was burned to the ground. But such things must be, and before long the water-wheel was an accepted thing and cotton workers were collected together in a factory on the banks of some little stream, the home industry slowly languished, and the old spinning-wheel became a thing of the past. These labour-saving inventions created an increasing demand for cotton goods, as the following figures distinctly indicate. In 1775 the importation of cotton into England was over four million pounds; ten years later it was over eleven millions, and in 1789 it had risen to over thirty-two millions, while as yet the American importation had hardly begun.

The carriage of these ever-increasing goods by means of rumbling wagons and pack-horses stumbling along the rotten and lonely roads was already totally inadequate, when the idea of


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Rh cutting canals supplied the requisite means of communication. The gain to industry was both immense and immediate. With three thousand miles of navigable canals all over England, and a race of navigators, or navvies, to manipulate the shallow boats which carried the merchandise from place to place, the problem of communication was for the moment solved.

But if these canals were useful for the transport of cotton goods, yet more invaluable were they to the owners of coal and iron mines, for whom, indeed, they were originally designed. A new importance was now gathering round the coal mines of the North. Through the long centuries that had passed, the vast stores of iron beneath the tread of man had lain unworked, owing to the prevalent idea that it could only be smelted by means of wood, and this was growing scarce with the advance of agriculture. An invention for smelting iron by means of coal revolutionised the whole trade and at once raised that material to take its high place in the modern working world. "It is," says a recent historian—"it is its production of iron which more than all else has placed England at the head of industrial Europe. The value of coal as a means of producing


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308 mechanical force was revealed in the discovery by which Watt transformed the steam engine from a mere toy into the most wonderful instrument which human industry has ever had at its command," Here was a new labour-saving machine, the crowning invention of an age which as yet had surpassed all others in ingenuity and that indomitable perseverance in the teeth of opposition which has ever been such a characteristic of our people.


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HE growing wealth of the commercial classes affected all ranks of society, and none more than the proud old aristocracy of England, the "quality" as they were called in the eighteenth century. Although George III. had decreed that "no individual engaged in trade, however ample might be his nominal fortune," should be created a British peer; although they were the natural heads of landed interest in England, the "centre of a traditional popular reverence unmistakable in its … sincerity," the acknowledged leaders of public life, inasmuch as they entirely constituted the House of Lords, and by their borough


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missed; so, too, the previous question could be moved when there was before the assembly a motion either to commit, or to postpone definitely or indefinitely, just as in Congress, notwithstanding that, according to English parliamentary law, the previous question could not be moved under such circumstances.

The old common parliamentary law gives the same rank to the motions for the previous question, to postpone definitely, to commit, and to postpone indefinitely, so that no one of them can be moved while another one of them is pending; the House makes them rank in the order just named; while the Senate does not admit the motion for the previous question, and makes to postpone indefinitely outrank all the others. The practice of the House in this matter establishes the parliamentary law of this country, as it does in all cases where its practice is not due to the great quantity of its business or the necessities of party government. This may be illustrated by the motions to lay on the table and the previous question. The House of Representatives has completely changed the use of the motion to lay on the table from that of merely laying aside a question until the assembly chooses to resume its consideration [see foot note, 28], to a motion to kill the pending proposition. To make it more effective for this purpose, they have allowed it to be made before the member reporting a bill from the committee is allowed to speak, and when a question is laid upon the table it cannot be taken up except by suspending the rules, which requires a two-thirds vote. For reasons previously given, such rules are necessary in Congress, but in ordinary assemblies they would do more harm than good. The same vote should be required (two-thirds vote) to stop debate and bring the assembly to a vote on the final disposition of the question, whether the intention is to adopt or to reject the proposition. The previous question and the motion to lay on the table require the same vote in Congress, and should in all assemblies where to lay on the table is used for killing propositions.

The modifications made by the House in regard to the previous question have made that motion extremely simple and useful, and its practice establishes the


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Rh 'My child, you ask very queer questions. If your mamma don't like the picture, it is for a very plain reason. She has a much larger and finer one at home, which she had painted for herself; yes, and paid I don't know how many hundred dollars for it; and that, too, is an excellent likeness, that must be the reason, little Pierre.'

And thus the old aunt and the little child ran on; each thinking the other very strange; and both thinking the picture still stranger; and the face in the picture still looked at them frankly, and cheerfully, as if there was nothing kept concealed; and yet again, a little ambiguously and mockingly, as if slyly winking to some other picture, to mark what a very foolish old sister, and what a very silly little son, were growing so monstrously grave and speculative about a huge white-figured neck-cloth, a buff vest, and a very gentleman-like and amiable countenance.

And so, after this scene, as usual, one by one, the fleet years ran on; till the little child Pierre had grown up to be the tall Master Pierre, and could call the picture his own; and now, in the privacy of his own little closet, could stand, or lean, or sit before it all day long, if he pleased, and keep thinking, and thinking, and thinking, and thinking, till by and by all thoughts were blurred, and at last there were no thoughts at all.

Before the picture was sent to him, in his fifteenth year, it had been only through the inadvertence of his mother, or rather through a casual passing into a parlour by Pierre, that he had any way learned that his mother did not approve of the picture. Because, as then Pierre was still young, and the picture was the picture of his father, and the cherished property of a most excellent, and dearly beloved, affectionate aunt; therefore the mother, with an intuitive delicacy, had refrained from

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310 patronage materially influenced the House of Commons—for all this, the position and power of the nobility and gentry were almost unconsciously diminishing year by year. And this change was to grow more marked with the inevitable rise of the democracy in the nineteenth century. But the "quality," as heretofore, still led the manners and fashions of the people, and it is to them we must still look for the momentous changes of the eighteenth century. The century divides itself into two parts: the first half coarse, godless, merry and careless; the latter part growing in refinement, delicacy, simplicity, and soberness.

Amid the numerous varieties in women's dress, the most marked characteristics were the hoop and the powdered head-dress. The famous hoop petticoats had been increasing steadily in size and clumsiness since the reign of Queen Anne. Extravagance throughout the reign of George II. afforded ample scope to the satirist of the period; their inconvenience and want of grace have been made well known to us by contemporary writings. We see the poor ladies, martyrs to this deplorable craze, sidling up and down stairs, edging themselves through narrow doors, occupying the whole of the narrow pavements, thereby compelling men


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112 knowingly expressing her peculiar opinion in the presence of little Pierre. And this judicious, though half-unconscious delicacy in the mother, had been perhaps somewhat singularly answered by a like nicety of sentiment in the child; for children of a naturally refined organisation, and a gentle nurture, sometimes possess a wonderful, and often undreamed of, daintiness of propriety, and thoughtfulness, and forbearance, in matters esteemed a little subtile even by then-elders, and self-elected betters. The little Pierre never disclosed to his mother that he had, through another person, become aware of her thoughts concerning aunt Dorothea's portrait; he seemed to possess an intuitive knowledge of the circumstance, that from the difference of their relationship to his father, and for other minute reasons, he could in some things, with the greater propriety, be more inquisitive concerning him, with his aunt, than with his mother, especially touching the matter of the chair-portrait. And aunt Dorothea's reasons accounting for his mother's distaste, long continued satisfactory, or at least not unsufficiently explanatory.

And when the portrait arrived at the Meadows, it so chanced that his mother was abroad; and so Pierre silently hung it up in his closet; and when after a day or two his mother returned, he said nothing to her about its arrival, being still strangely alive to that certain mild mystery which invested it, and whose sacredness now he was fearful of violating, by provoking any discussion with his mother about aunt Dorothea's gift, or by permitting himself to be improperly curious concerning the reasons of his mother's private and self-reserved opinions of it. But the first time—and it was not long after the arrival of the portrait—that he knew of his mother's having entered his closet; then, when he next saw her, he was prepared to hear what she should

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Rh say about the late addition to its embellishments; but as she omitted all mention of anything of that sort, he unobtrusively scanned her countenance, to mark whether any little clouding emotion might be discoverable there. But he could discern none. And as all genuine delicacies are by their nature accumulative; therefore this reverential, mutual, but only tacit forbearance of the mother and son, ever after continued uninvaded. And it was another sweet, and sanctified, and sanctifying bond between them. For, whatever some lovers may sometimes say, love does not always abhor a secret, as nature is said to abhor a vacuum. Love is built upon secrets, as lovely Venice upon invisible and incorruptible piles in the sea. Love's secrets, being mysteries, ever pertain to the transcendent and the infinite; and so they are as airy bridges, by which our further shadows pass over into the regions of the golden mists and exhalations; whence all poetical, lovely thoughts are engendered, and drop into us, as though pearls should drop from rainbows.

As time went on, the chasteness and pure virginity of this mutual reservation, only served to dress the portrait in sweeter, because still more mysterious attractions; and to fling, as it were, fresh fennel and rosemary around the revered memory of the father. Though, indeed, as previously recounted, Pierre now and then loved to present to himself for some fanciful solution the penultimate secret of the portrait, in so far as that involved his mother's distaste; yet the cunning analysis in which such a mental procedure would involve him, never voluntarily transgressed that sacred limit, where his mother's peculiar repugnance began to shade off into ambiguous considerations, touching any unknown possibilities in the character and early life of the original. Not that he had altogether forbidden his fancy to range in such fields of

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114 ; but all such imaginings must be contributory to that pure, exalted idea of his father, which, in his soul, was based upon the known acknowledged facts of his father's life.

V

If, when the mind roams up and down in the ever-elastic regions of evanescent invention, any definite form or feature can be assigned to the multitudinous shapes it creates out of the incessant dissolvings of its own prior creations; then might we here attempt to hold and define the least shadowy of those reasons, which about the period of adolescence we now treat of, more frequently occurred to Pierre, whenever he essayed to account for his mother's remarkable distaste for the portrait. Yet will we venture one sketch.

Yes—sometimes dimly thought Pierre—who knows but cousin Ralph, after all, may have been not so very far from the truth, when he surmised that at one time my father did indeed cherish some passing emotion for the beautiful young Frenchwoman. And this portrait being painted at that precise time, and indeed with the precise purpose of perpetuating some shadowy testification of the fact in the countenance of the original: therefore, its expression is not congenial, is not familiar, is not altogether agreeable to my mother: because, not only did my father's features never look so to her (since it was afterward that she first became acquainted with him), but also, that certain womanliness of women; that thing I should perhaps call a tender jealousy, a fastidious vanity, in any other lady, enables her to perceive that the glance of the face in the portrait, is not, in some nameless way, dedicated to herself, but to some other and unknown object; and therefore, is she impatient of it, and it is repelling to her; for she must naturally be intolerant

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 and Dippings of the Needle, in different places, and in the same place, at different times: The Winds, Weather, and Tempers of the Seasons every where: The great Depths, Ground, and Vegetables at the bottom of the Sea: The various Degrees of Saltness of the Sea-water, in several places, and at several Depths at the same place. If besides Astronomical things, to be hereafter lookt into, the following Experiments be carefully made, and Directions observed by as many Ingenious Persons, as have opportunity, it may fairly be hoped, that from multitudes of Experiments and Observations, such Rules may be framed, as may be of inestimable use for Seamen. To which purpose the Royal Society, having some years ago, ordered that Eminent Mathematician Master Rooke, one of their Fellows, and Geometry Professor of Gresham Colledge (since deceased, to the great detriment of the Common-wealth of Learning) to draw up some Directions for Seamen, the better to capacitate them for making such Observations abroad, as might be pertinent and suitable to the purposes above-mentioned; such Directions were drawn up accordingly, and soon after printed in Num. 8. of these Transactions. But, further to incourage and facilitate the Work of those, that shall be engaged to put them into practice, it was thought fit, that what of this Kind was heretofore but barely proposed, should now be publisht with ample and particular Explanations, and considerable Additions; which done, a good number of such printed Copies is, by the Care, and at the Expences of the R. Society, to be lodged with the Master of Trinity-house, to be recommended to such, as are bound for far Sea-Voyages, and shall be judged fit for the performance: who are also to be desired, to keep an exact Diary of such observations and Experiments, and deliver at their return a fair Copy thereof to the Lord High Admiral of England, his Royal Highness the Duke of York, and, another to Trinity-house, to be perused by the said R. Society. The


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Rh of any imputed reminiscence in my father, which is not in some way connected with her own recollections of him.

Whereas, the larger and more expansive portrait in the great drawing-room, taken in the prime of life; during the best and rosiest days of their wedded union; at the particular desire of my mother; and by a celebrated artist of her own election, and costumed after her own taste; and on all hands considered to be, by those who know, a singularly happy likeness at the period; a belief spiritually reinforced by my own dim infantile remembrances; for all these reasons, this drawing-room portrait possesses an inestimable charm to her; there, she indeed beholds her husband as he had really appeared to her; she does not vacantly gaze upon an unfamiliar phantom called up from the distant, and, to her, well-nigh fabulous days of my father's bachelor life. But in that other portrait, she sees rehearsed to her fond eyes, the latter tales and legends of his devoted wedded love. Yes, I think now that I plainly see it must be so. And yet, ever new conceits come vapouring up in me, as I look on the strange chair-portrait: which, though so very much more unfamiliar to me, than it can possibly be to my mother, still sometimes seems to say—Pierre, believe not the drawing-room painting; that is not thy father; or, at least, is not all of thy father. Consider in thy mind, Pierre, whether we two paintings may not make only one. Faithful wives are ever over-fond to a certain imaginary image of their husbands; and faithful widows are ever over-reverential to a certain imagined ghost of that same imagined image, Pierre. Look again, I am thy father as he more truly was. In mature life, the world overlays and varnishes us, Pierre; the thousand proprieties and polished finenesses and grimaces intervene, Pierre; then, we, as it were, abdicate ourselves, and take unto us another self, Pierre; in youth we are, Pierre, but

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ings, giving the words used by the chairman and speakers in making and putting various motions; and also a few pages devoted to the legal rights of deliberative assemblies and ecclesiastical tribunals, and to the trial of members of such societies. The beginner, especially, will find it useful to read sections 69-71 in connection with sections 1-10, thus obtaining correct ideas as to the methods of conducting business in deliberative assemblies.

The Plan for the Study of Parliamentary Law, pages 305-312, gives some helpful suggestions to clubs and individuals wishing to study parliamentary law, together with a series of eighteen Lesson Outlines. The Index refers to pages, not sections, and at the beginning are given some suggestions as to the best method of finding anything in these Rules. DEFINITIONS.

In addition to the terms defined above (taking precedence of, yielding to, and applying to [see p. 21]), there are other terms that are liable to be misunderstood, to which attention is called. Accepting a report is the same as adopting it, and should not be confused with receiving a report, which is allowing it to be presented to the assembly. Assembly. This term is used for the deliberative assembly, and should be replaced in motions, etc., by the proper name of the body, as society, club, church, board, convention, etc.

The Chair means the presiding officer, whether temporary or permanent.

The terms Congress and H. R., when used in this Manual, refer to the U. S. House of Representatives.

Meeting and Session. Meeting is used in this Manual for an assembling of the members of a deliberative body for any length of time during which they do not separate for longer than a few minutes, as the morning meeting, or the evening meeting, of a convention. In a society with rules providing for regular meetings every week, or month, etc., each of these regular meetings is a separate session. A called or special meeting is a distinct session. Should a


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116 in age we seem. Look again. I am thy real father, so much the more truly, as thou thinkest thou recognisest me not, Pierre. To their young children, fathers are not wont to unfold themselves entirely, Pierre. There are a thousand and one odd little youthful peccadilloes, that we think we may as well not divulge to them, Pierre. Consider this strange, ambiguous smile, Pierre; more narrowly regard this mouth. Behold, what is this too ardent and, as it were, unchastened light in these eyes, Pierre? I am thy father, boy. There was once a certain, oh, but too lovely young Frenchwoman, Pierre. Youth is hot, and temptation strong, Pierre; and in the minutest moment momentous things are irrevocably done, Pierre; and Time sweeps on, and the thing is not always carried down by its stream, but may be left stranded on its bank; away beyond, in the young, green countries, Pierre. Look again. Doth thy mother dislike me for naught? Consider. Do not all her spontaneous, loving impressions, ever strive to magnify, and spiritualise, and deify, her husband's memory, Pierre? Then why doth she cast despite upon me; and never speak to thee of me; and why dost thou thyself keep silence before her, Pierre? Consider. Is there no little mystery here? Probe a little, Pierre. Never fear, never fear. No matter for thy father now. Look, do I not smile?—yes, and with an unchangeable smile; and thus have I unchangeably smiled for many long years gone by, Pierre. Oh, it is a permanent smile! Thus I smiled to cousin Ralph; and thus in thy dear old aunt Dorothea's parlour, Pierre; and just so, I smile here to thee, and even thus in thy father's later life, when his body may have been in grief, still—hidden away in aunt Dorothea's secretary—I thus smiled as before; and just so I'd smile were I now hung up in the deepest dungeon of the Spanish Inquisition, Pierre; though suspended in outer darkness, still would

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Rh to walk in the roads, blocking church pews, filling aisles, ill at ease in shops and places of amusement—grotesque figures and conspicuous in their gaudy colours. For these hoop petticoats were made of the richest damask velvets, elaborately embroidered with gold and silver. Mrs. Delany tells us of a white brocaded lustring at 13s. a yard, "with great ramping flowers in shades of purples, reds, and greens," adding with quite unnecessary candour: "It will make a great show." A yet more startling petticoat was of black velvet embroidered with chenille, the "pattern being a large stone vase filled with ramping flowers that spread over the whole," and as if this was not enough, between the vases of flowers was a device of gold shells and foliage embossed and "most heavily rich." At the accession of George III., and before the dawn of moderation, the head-dress of women reached a climax of absurdity. Enormous structures were worn stuffed with horse-hair puffs and powdered with a preparation of pomatum and meal; they were surmounted with ribbons, jewels, artificial flowers or plumes of feathers, introduced by the famous Duchess of Devonshire. This raised the whole head-dress to such a


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Rh I smile with this smile, though then not a soul should be near. Consider; for a smile is the chosen vehicle of all ambiguities, Pierre. When we would deceive, we smile; when we are hatching any nice little artifice, Pierre; only just a little gratifying our own sweet little appetites, Pierre; then watch us, and out comes the odd little smile. Once upon a time, there was a lovely young Frenchwoman, Pierre. Have you carefully, and analytically, and psychologically, and metaphysically, considered her belongings and surroundings, and all her incidentals, Pierre? Oh, a strange sort of story, that, thy dear old aunt Dorothea once told thee, Pierre. I once knew a credulous old soul, Pierre. Probe, probe a little—see—there seems one little crack there, Pierre—a wedge, a wedge. Something ever comes of all persistent inquiry; we are not so continually curious for nothing, Pierre; not for nothing, do we so intrigue and become wily diplomatists, and glozers with our own minds, Pierre; and afraid of following the Indian trail from the open plain into the dark thickets, Pierre; but enough; a word to the wise.

Thus sometimes in the mystical, outer quietude of the long country nights; either when the hushed mansion was banked round by the thick-fallen December snows, or banked round by the immovable white August moonlight; in the haunted repose of a wide story, tenanted only by himself; and sentinelling his own little closet; and standing guard, as it were, before the mystical tent of the picture; and ever watching the strangely concealed lights of the meanings that so mysteriously moved to and fro within; thus sometimes stood Pierre before the portrait of his father, unconsciously throwing himself open to all those ineffable hints and ambiguities, and undefined half-suggestions, which now and then people the soul's atmosphere, as thickly as in a soft, steady snowstorm, the snowflakes people

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312 grotesque height that we hear of the tops of sedan chairs being removed to allow room for these unsightly heads, and ladies had to take refuge on the floors of their carriages to enable them to drive at all. Neither was it uncommon to find fruits mingled in the head-dress—"an acre and a hall of shrubbery," remarked Hannah More, "beside slopes, grass plots, tulip beds, clumps of peonies, kitchen gardens and greenhouses." The fashion was ended by the appearance of Garrick on the stage dressed as a woman of the age, with every kind of vegetable on his head and a large carrot hanging down on either side.

Equally artificial was the complexion of the day. Rouge and white lip salve, "Dutch Pink," "Bavarian Red," wash-balls made of poisonous chemicals, scented oils, cosmetics made of borax, vinegar, bread, eggs, and the wings of pigeons; false eyebrows and perfumed waters—all helped in the vital art of beautifying and rejuvenating the "quality" of the eighteenth century.

But changes were at hand. The flood of English-made cotton goods created new fashions. Expensive silks, damasks and velvets, which had played such a large part in the dress of the upper classes, began to disappear, and with them the