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 and numbers. This quick flow of fortune entailed enormous and an altogether disproportionate amount of labour, From mine to mine, from territory to territory, Mr. Woodward hastened. Every goldfield of the colony was personally visited by him. From Esperance to Wyndham his duties required his presence. His geological knowledge of the colony is as extensive as it is interesting. Many parts, he admits, are geologically uninteresting, but the Kimberley and north-west district teem with attractions.

Many considerations finally induced Mr. Woodward to resign his appointment in 1895. Shortly afterwards he joined the firm of Bewick, Morling, and Co., wealthy capitalists, financiers, investors, mining and consulting engineers. He manages for the firm, in conjunction with Mr. Hooper. Their business connection is vast and their capital considerable. Mines are bought and managed for English companies, and theirs is the largest firm of the kind in Western Australia.

Mr. Woodward was created a Justice of the Peace in 1893. He has contributed to the literature of the colony by the publication of his "Handbook of Western Australia." This handbook, euphemistically so christened, is an exhaustive and valuable volume. Its multifarious information on all the scientific aspects of the colony, on the extent and nature of local mineral wealth, and its valuable contributions to geological knowledge render it a highly erudite treatise. Many a reminiscence can Mr. Woodward relate of strange adventures and incidents during his travels. His official capacities were often geological in name only. Telegraph communication and the ever-recurring question of the blacks had to be reported on from time to time. A mixture such as this of elements possessing no affinity to each other was not always pleasing. It is like a pantomimic act, where the same actor appears in successive roles as the hero, the missionary, and the mechanic.

The attainments and scientific skill of Mr. Woodward have won for him admission into various institutes and halls of science. He is a Fellow of the Imperial Institute, Associate Member of the North of England Institute of Mining and Mechanical Engineers, and (1896) president of the Western Australian branch of the same. He is besides a mining member of the Institute of Mines and Metallurgy, London. Theory blended with practice, intuition brought to bear on empiricism, are secrets of success. His services to the colony have been commensurate with his skill. The geological facts and treasures of the colony have been carefully expounded and lucidly narrated by him, and his advent heralded a new regime in the scientific conduct of geological and chemical affairs.

JOHN ERNEST McDONALD.

N difficult and dangerous enterprises there is a great deal of difference in the degree of merit, which should be ascribed to those who take the lead and those who merely follow. This is especially true of the prospectors of a few years ago and those of to-day. The explorers, who were the first to force their progress through the interior in search of gold, had neither the incentive nor the knowledge of those who came after them to profit by their perils and discoveries. At the outset it was merely an experiment to go and look for new eldorados in the desert; the expense, the heat and burden, and the risk of crossing waterless tracts had to be borne without much of the sustaining presence of hope, without the evidence that has since been forthcoming that there is a very large extent of remarkably rich auriferous area in the interior of the colony, and that any day a great prize might be within the reach of the hand that was strong enough to make the grasp. All might be risked and nothing won, but still day after day the march, through the desert under the pitiless sun was kept up by those sturdy pioneer bands of gold seekers in spite of every obstacle, until some of them, like the subject of this notice, reached the goal for which they were striving.

John Ernest McDonald, the son of Peter McDonald, of Lancashire, was born in Bury, Lancashire, in 1861. His father was largely interested in the cotton trade, a circumstance that was destined to have an important influence on the fortunes of the son by giving him the opportunity of pushing his way in Australia. Thirty years ago Queensland was attracting a great deal of attention as a new cotton growing country, and Mr. Peter McDonald went to Queensland as the representative of a Manchester Cotton Company, and established a plantation. By one of those strange and sudden vicissitudes of trade which have wrecked so many well laid plans, cotton fell so low in price that it did not pay to grow it in Queensland, and the plantation was abandoned. John was nine years old when his father died. He was educated in Brisbane, and passed examinations as school teacher. But eager for any spirited enterprise outside the ordinary routine, he accepted the offer of his elder brother, Peter James McDonald, to go into partnership with him in sugar growing at

title: Page:History of West Australia.djvu/526


text: Popular Tales from the Norse/Rich Peter the Pedlar

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text: Popular Tales from the Norse/Gertrude's Bird


text: Popular Tales from the Norse/Boots and the Troll


text: Popular Tales from the Norse/Goosey Grizzel


text: Popular Tales from the Norse/The Lad who went to the North Wind


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Translation:Not for Grishka-Thief you've fallen, over-Polacked ...

* * *

Not for Grishka-Thief you’ve fallen, over-Polacked Not for Peter-Tsar you’ve grovelled, over-Germaned Not so haughty, mother-Moscow, now? – ‘You call it.’ Are you weeping, Moscow-sweetheart, now? – ‘Assuréd.’

Where now doves of thine, my Moscow? – ‘I’ve no millet.’ But from golden field who took it? – ‘Raven spill it.’ Where now crosses light that shone? – ‘Stoop unslotted.’ Where thy sons are gone to, Mother? – ‘They are slaughtered.’

Москве_(1-3_—_Цветаева)/2


text:
User:Davidwil

Proofreading
Essay on Crimes and Punishments (1775) (in progress)

Validated
A Short History of Social Life in England

Is Mars Habitable?

title: User:Davidwil


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Page:Prometheus Unbound - Shelley.djvu/192

 ODE TO THE WEST WIND.

I.

West Wind, thou breath of Autumn's being, Thou, from whose unseen presence the leaves dead Are driven, like ghosts from an enchanter fleeing,


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Rh Yellow, and black, and pale, and hectic red, Pestilence-stricken multitudes: O, thou, Who chariotest to their dark wintry bed

The winged seeds, where they lie cold and low, Each like a corpse within its grave, until Thine azure sister of the spring shall blow

Her clarion o'er the dreaming earth, and fill (Driving sweet buds like flocks to feed in air) With living hues and odours plain and hill:

Wild Spirit, which art moving every where; Destroyer and preserver; hear, O, hear!

II. Thou on whose stream, 'mid the steep sky's commotion, Loose clouds like earth's decaying leaves are shed, Shook from the tangled boughs of Heaven and Ocean,

Angels of rain and lightning: there are spread On the blue surface of thine airy surge, Like the bright hair uplifted from the head


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190 Of some fierce Mænad, even from the dim verge Of the horizon to the zenith's height The locks of the approaching storm. Thou dirge

Of the dying year, to which this closing night Will be the dome of a vast sepulchre, Vaulted with all thy congregated might

Of vapours, from whose solid atmosphere Black rain, and fire, and hail will burst: O, hear!

III. Thou who didst waken from his summer dreams The blue Mediterranean, where he lay, Lulled by the coil of his crystalline streams,

Beside a pumice isle in Baiæ's bay, And saw in sleep old palaces and towers Quivering within the wave's intenser day,

All overgrown with azure moss and flowers So sweet, the sense faints picturing them! Thou For whose path the Atlantic's level powers


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Rh Cleave themselves into chasms, while far below The sea-blooms and the oozy woods which wear The sapless foliage of the ocean, know

Thy voice, and suddenly grow grey with fear, And tremble and despoil themselves: O, hear!

IV. If I were a dead leaf thou mightest bear; If I were a swift cloud to fly with thee; A wave to pant beneath thy power, and share

The impulse of thy strength, only less free Than thou, O, uncontroulable! If even I were as in my boyhood, and could be

The comrade of thy wanderings over heaven, As then, when to outstrip thy skiey speed Scarce seemed a vision; I would ne'er have striven

As thus with thee in prayer in my sore need. Oh! lift me as a wave, a leaf, a cloud! I fall upon the thorns of life! I bleed!


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192 A heavy weight of hours has chained and bowed One too like thee: tameless, and swift, and proud.

V. Make me thy lyre, even as the forest is: What if my leaves are falling like its own! The tumult of thy mighty harmonies

Will take from both a deep, autumnal tone, Sweet though in sadness. Be thou, spirit fierce, My spirit! Be thou me, impetuous one!

Drive my dead thoughts over the universe Like withered leaves to quicken a new birth! And, by the incantation of this verse,

Scatter, as from an unextinguished hearth Ashes and sparks, my words among mankind! Be through my lips to unawakened earth

The trumpet of a prophecy! O, wind, If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?


text: Translation:Attempt of a Theory of Electrical and Optical Phenomena in Moving Bodies/Introduction


text: Translation:Attempt of a Theory of Electrical and Optical Phenomena in Moving Bodies/Definitions


text:
Ode to the West Wind

 * "Ode to the West Wind", in Prometheus Unbound; a lyrical drama in four acts with other poems (1820), by Percy Bysshe Shelley
 * "Ode to the West Wind", in The Complete Poetical Works of Percy Bysshe Shelley (1914)
 * "Ode to the West Wind" in the Oxford Book of English Verse 1250-1900 (1931), edited by Arthur Quiller-Couch
 * "Ode to the West Wind" in the Oxford Book of English Verse 1250-1918 (1940), edited by Arthur Quiller-Couch

title: Ode to the West Wind


text:
Author:Arthur Twining Hadley

Works

 * Economics: An Account of the Relations between Private Property and Public Welfare (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1897)
 * Railroad Transportation, its History and Laws (1885)
 * The Education of the American Citizen (1901)
 * The Relations between Freedom and Responsibility in the Evolution of Democratic Government (1903, in Yale Lectures on the Responsibilities of Citizenship)
 * Baccalaureate Addresses (1907)
 * Standards of Public Morality (1907)

title: Author:Arthur Twining Hadley


text: Prometheus Unbound; a lyrical drama in four acts with other poems


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sorrento

title: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sorrento


text:
Talk:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sorrento

Sources:
 * http://en.wikisource.org/w/index.php?title=User:Tim_Starling/ScanSet_PNG_demo&vol=25&page=ED5A450


text: Prometheus Unbound; a lyrical drama in four acts with other poems/Preface


text:
Author:John Scott Haldane

Works

 * (Physiology)

title: Author:John Scott Haldane


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 xx


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 he served with his regiment in the defence of Boston, and at the actions of Brooklyn, Whiteplains, Princeton, Brandywine, Monmouth, and others. In 1780 he was in command of a company serving as marines on the Alfred, and shared in Rodney's victory off Cape St. Vincent. On 17 May 1781 he was made captain of an independent company which he had raised, and which was embodied in the 104th foot on 2 March 1782.

He exchanged to the 11th foot on 16 April 1783, served six years with that regiment at Gibraltar, and accompanied the Duke of Kent to Canada in 1790. He was aide-de-camp to the duke during the operations under Sir Charles Grey in the West Indies, and he received two wounds at the taking of Martinique in March 1794. He had become major in the 11th on 1 March, and in August, when the Duke of Kent took command of the troops at Halifax, Nova Scotia, he was appointed deputy adjutant-general there. On 20 May 1795 he obtained the lieutenant-colonelcy of Keppel's regiment, newly raised for service in the West Indies. He served with it in San Domingo, and while on his way to Barbados with despatches he was wounded and taken prisoner. He was kept in irons at Guadeloupe for nine months before he was exchanged, and suffered such privations that some men of the 32nd, who were also prisoners, raised a subscription for him. On 3 Aug. 1796 he was transferred to the lieutenant-colonelcy of the 82nd regiment, which was then in San Domingo.

When the Duke of Kent became commander-in-chief in North America in 1799, Wetherall again served on his staff as adjutant-general, but the duke resigned next year. On 29 April 1802 Wetherall was made brevet colonel, and in 1803 he raised a regiment of Nova Scotia fencibles, and was made colonel of it on 9 July. In May 1806 he was appointed brigadier in the Caribee Islands, and in October at the Cape of Good Hope. On 25 Oct. 1809 he was promoted major-general, and placed on the staff in India. On his way there, in the East India Company's ship Wyndham, he was taken prisoner early in 1810 after a severe action in the Mozambique Channel, and was carried to Ile de France (Mauritius). He was exchanged after two months' captivity, and went on to Calcutta.

In November 1810 he was appointed second in command, under Sir Samuel Auchmuty [q. v.], in the expedition to Java. He was thanked in general orders for his share in the battle of Cornelis, on 26 Aug. 1811, and received the thanks of parliament and the gold medal for the conquest of Java. He afterwards returned to India, and held command in Mysore till June 1815. He had became lieutenant-general on 4 June 1814. He was equerry, and afterwards executor, to the Duke of Kent, and received the grand cross of the Hanoverian order in 1833. He was promoted general on 10 Jan. 1837, and was given the colonelcy of the 62nd foot, from which he was transferred to his old regiment, the 17th, on 17 Feb. 1840.

He died at Castlehill, Ealing, on 18 Dec. 1842, aged 88. He married, first, Elizabeth, daughter of George Mytton, by whom he had a son, (Sir) George Augustus Wetherall [q. v.]; and, secondly, in 1817, the widow of Major Broad, and daughter of W. Mair of Kensington.

[Royal Military Calendar, ii. 359; Gent. Mag. 1843, i. 318; Cannon's Records of the 17th Regiment; Burke's Landed Gentry, 1894, ii. 2181; Neale's Life of the Duke of Kent; Thorn's Conquest of Java.]  WETHERALL, GEORGE AUGUSTUS (1788–1868), general, born in 1788, was the son of General Sir Frederick Augustus Wetherall [q. v.] He was educated at the Hyde Abbey school, Winchester, and the Military College, Farnham, being already commissioned as lieutenant in the 7th (royal fusiliers) on 29 July 1795. In 1798 he was placed on half-pay, but on 9 July 1803 he joined the regiment of Nova Scotia fencibles formed by his father. Hitherto his name had been shown in the army list as ‘F. Augustus,’ but the seniority given to him marks his identity. He became captain on 13 May 1805, and exchanged to the 1st (royals) on 27 Nov. 1806.

He was brigade-major under his father at the Cape of Good Hope in 1809, was taken prisoner with him on passage to India in 1810, and served as his aide-de-camp in the conquest of Java in 1811. He was made brevet major on 12 Aug. 1819, and regimental major on 30 Dec. He was military secretary to the commander-in-chief at Madras from 1822 to 1825, and deputy judge-advocate-general in 1826. On 11 Dec. 1824 he was made brevet lieutenant-colonel, and on 7 Aug. 1828 lieutenant-colonel of the royals. He commanded the second battalion of it at Bangalore, in the Madras presidency, brought it home in 1831, and went with it to Canada in 1836. He was in command of the troops at Montreal when the insurrection broke out in the autumn of 1837. On 25 Nov., at the head


text: Author:George Ellery Hale

title: Author:George Ellery Hale


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Edwin


text:
Author:Richard Vesey Hamilton

Works

 * (British)

title: Author:Richard Vesey Hamilton


text:
Author:Edward Walter Hamilton

Works

 * (Conversions (in part))

title: Author:Edward Walter Hamilton


text: Travels with a Donkey in the Cevennes/Our Lady of the Snows


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Edwin, Elizabeth Rebecca


text: Travels with a Donkey in the Cevennes/The Country of the Camisards


text:
The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Keller, Gottfried

KELLER, Gottfried, the best writer of short stories (Novellen) in German literature: b. Zürich, Switzerland, 19 July 1819; d. there, 17 July 1890. His father was a lathe-worker from Glattfelden (1791-1824); his mother's maiden name was Scheuchzer (1787-1864). After his father's death, Keller's family lived in constant poverty, and, because of his difficulties with his teachers, in continual disagreement with school authorities. Keller later gave a good rendering of his experiences in this period in his long novel, ‘Der grüne Heinrich’ (1850-55; 2d version, 1879). His mother seems to have brought him up in as carefree a condition as possible, sparing for him from her scanty meals, and allowing him the greatest possible liberty in the disposition of his time, the choice of a calling, etc. With some changes, a treatment of her relations to him may be found in his short story, ‘Frau Regel Amrain und ihr jüngster’ (in the collection ‘Die Leute von Selawyla’). After numerous unsuccessful attempts to find a good teacher of painting, which was Keller's first passion, in his native town, he went to Munich in 1840 to study at the Royal Academy of Arts. But he soon recognized that painting was not for him and spent six years at Zürich in almost total inactivity (1842-48), inclining strongly toward radicalism in politics, but subject to much temptation and se l f-indulgence. In 1848 he went to Heidelberg to pursue serious studies, coming under the influence of the philosopher Feuerbach and extending his radicalism also to matters of religion. But it was chiefly his stay in Berlin (1850-56) which molded Keller's character into its final shape, toned down his rather bitter pessimism to a more moderate form and prepared him (not without the privations of hunger), in the whirl of a large city, for an enjoyment of the more restricted pleasures of his native Zürich. It was in Berlin that he turned definitely away from other pursuits and took up literature as a career. In this period fall ‘Der grüne Heinrich’ and the first collection of ‘Die Leute von Seldwyla,’ (five stories averaging 60 pages each: ‘Pankraz der Schmoller,’ ‘Frau Regel Amrain und ihr jüngster,’ ‘Die drei gerechten Kammacher,’ ‘Romeo und Julie auf dem Dorfe,’ ‘Spiegel das Kätzchen’). ‘Der grüne Heinrich’ is the most personal of all his works; under the influence of J. J. Rousseau's doctrine of a return to nature, this book, at first intended as a short narrative of the collapse of the life of a young artist, expanded, as its composition progressed, into a huge work that treats, in poetically transfigured manner, all the events in Keller's life up to his return to Zürich in 1842. Its reception by the literary world was cool, but the later version (1879) is a rounded and satisfying artistic product. ‘Die Leute von Seldwyla’ includes at least two stories that are immortal: ‘Die drei gerechten Kammacher,’ the most satyric and scorching attack on the sordid petit bourgeois morality ever penned by any writer, and ‘Romeo und Julie auf dem Dorfe,’ one of the most pathetic tales in literature (Shakespeare's plot in a Swiss

village setting). In 1861 Keller became city registrar (Staatsschreiber) of Zürich. The routine duties of this position were a sort of fixed point about which his artistic activities could revolve, but he produced little of permanent value in these years. After 15 years at this post he was retired in 1876, and began a period of literary activity that was to last to his death, living the life of an old bachelor with his sister Regula as his housekeeper. In spite of his often unsympathetic manner, his extreme reserve and idiosyncrasy in dealing with others, he had gained the affection of his fellow-townsmen and an almost universal reputation before his death.

His fame is based chiefly on 15 short stories, the five mentioned above, the five contained in the second volume of ‘Die Leute von Seldwyla’ (1874); ‘Die missbrauchten Liebesbriefe,’ ‘Der Schmied seines Glücks,’ ‘Dietegen,’ ‘Kleider machen Leute,’ ‘Das verlorene Lachen’; and five in ‘Züricher Novellen’ (1878); ‘Hadlaub,’ ‘Der Narr auf Manegg,’ ‘Der Landvogt von Greifensee,’ ‘Das Fähnlein der sieben Aufrechten,’ ‘Ursula.’ The milieu is always that of an orderly bourgeois existence, within which the most manifold human destinies, the most humorous relations are progressing, the most peculiar and hardy types of endurance and reticence being formed. Some of the stories contain a note that is new in German literature, that has endeared them particularly to Germans, as embodying an ideal as yet unrealized in their own country: they narrate the development of character under the relatively free conditions of little Switzerland, picturing an unbureaucratic civic life and an independence of business initiative that cannot but attract those who have been denied these privileges. As short stories, they cannot compare with Maupassant's or Thomas Mann's for artistic construction; they resemble those of Henry James chiefly in complexity and wealth of detail, not in sophistication and elegance; but they deal intimately and understandingly, often by caricature and exaggeration, with the motives of plain middle class persons, or those on the lower fringe of the middle class (‘Romeo und Julie auf dem Dorfe’). Physical description of a painfully detailed, yet entrancing variety, is their chief external grace: pages are devoted to the portrayal of the tiled stove (Dietegen) or a cheap cabinet (Kammacher). Keller's most mature collection of short stories is ‘Das Sinngedicht,’ containing ‘Die arme Baronin,’ ‘Der Geisterseher,’ ‘Regine,’ ‘Don Correa,’ ‘Berlocken’ (1882). In the form of what the Germans call “eine Rahmenerzählung” (a framework story, stories within a story), it unites a continuous narrative with a number of interposed, independent tales, a device of which Boccaccio is the most illustrious exponent, and which German writers have consciously developed to a high degree of perfection. ‘ Die sieben Legenden’ (1872, containing ‘Eugenia,’ ‘Die Jungfrau und der Teufel,’ ‘Die Jungfrau und der Ritter,’ ‘Das Tanzlegendchen,’ etc.) is a similar collection, in which the author has adopted his merry art of narrative to an ecclesiastical outline. His last work is ‘Martin Salander,’ in which his creative and descriptive powers seem no longer at their full height. It is the old opposition of the risen and the rising generation, in his usual Swiss setting.

The significance of family life and the relation of the individual to society are well put. By German critics, Keller is also placed very high as a lyric poet. (See ).

The ‘German Classics’ (Vol. XIV, New York 1914) has translations of ‘A Village Romeo and Juliet,’ ‘The Governor of Greifensee,’ ‘The Company of the Upright Seven,’ ‘Ursula,’ with ‘Life of Keller’ by J. A. Walz. Consult ‘Werke’ (10 vols., Stuttgart 1909); ‘Nachgelassene Schriften und Dichtungen’ (Berlin 1893); Hauch, Edward F., ‘Gottfried Keller as a Democratic Idealist’ (New York 1916); Baechtold, Jakob, ‘Gottfried Kellers Leben, Briefe, und Tagebücher’ (3 Vols., Stuttgart and Berlin 1894-97); Baechtold, ‘Keller: Bibliographie’ (Berlin 1897); Baldensperger, Ferdinand, ‘Gottfried Keller, sa vie et ses œuvres’ (Paris 1899); Huch, Ricarda, ‘Gottfried Keller’ (Berlin n.d.); Köster, Albert, ‘Gottfried Keller’ (Leipzig 1907); Köster, ‘Der Briefwechsel zwischen Theodor Storm und Gottfried Keller’ (Berlin 1909).


text: Travels with a Donkey in the Cevennes/Upper Gévaudan (Continued)


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exiles about the use of the English liturgy. On the death of Queen Mary, Grindal returned to England in January 1559.

He was at once recognised as a man of rank among the protestant divines, and was appointed one of the commissioners for the revision of the liturgy, and was also one of the disputants in the conference held at Westminster for the purpose of silencing the Roman divines. When the revised prayer-book was brought into use in May, Grindal was the preacher selected to explain what had been done. On 19 July he was appointed one of the royal commissioners for the visitation of the clergy. Honours and emoluments were now showered upon him. On 20 July Dr. Young, master of Pembroke Hall, was ejected from his office because he refused the oath of supremacy. Grindal was elected master in his stead. The refusal of the Marian bishops to submit to the new state of things in the church was all but universal. They were ejected, and their places were difficult to fill. On 26 July Grindal was elected to take the place of Bonner as bishop of London.

Grindal did not accept this office without some scruples of conscience, and he consulted Peter Martyr on the lawfulness of wearing vestments and receiving impropriations of tithes. Martyr advised him not to decline a bishopric on such slender grounds, and Grindal had himself come to the same conclusion, for he accepted his office before Martyr's answer reached him. However, he eased his conscience by joining Parker and other bishops elect in protesting against Elizabeth's measure for exchanging impropriate tithes for lands belonging to their sees. The protest was unavailing, and Grindal felt justified in joining in the prevailing scramble for good things by retaining his mastership of Pembroke Hall for three years, without ever setting foot inside its walls. On 21 Dec. he was consecrated at Lambeth, and on 23 Dec. was enthroned in St. Paul's.

As bishop of London Grindal did not fulfil the expectations of Archbishop Parker, who had selected him for the post. He was too infirm of purpose and not sufficiently sure of his own position to hold any clear principles for building up the shattered fabric of the English church. The question was, How could a religious system be best maintained which, without any formal breach with the past, should be able to contain and direct the national life, which had been profoundly affected by new ideas alike in theology and politics? Grindal's sympathies were with the ideas of Calvin, and he did not cordially approve of the retention of so much of the forms of the ancient liturgy. He did not help much in establishing the Anglican system in his diocese. Like all weak men he was subject to panics, in which he acted with a harshness contrary to his real gentleness of nature. Sometimes it was the Romanists, sometimes the puritans, who were exposed to his sudden severity. As an instance of this may be mentioned the search for popish papers made among the books of Stow the antiquary, whom Grindal denounced to the council as a fautor of papistry (, Grindal, p. 124). Grindal was kept busy by many formal duties. He was the superintendent of the foreign congregations in London, and a member of the court of high commission; he was one of the commissioners who in 1561 revised the lectionary, and in 1562 was a commissioner to examine into the alleged marriage between the Earl of Hertford and Lady Catharine Grey. On 4 June 1561 St. Paul's Cathedral was burnt, and Grindal had to devise means for its restoration. The laity were not open-handed, and the money for the rebuilding was mostly raised by a tax upon the benefices of the diocese. Grindal wished to take the lead from the decaying parish church of St. Bartholomew, but was prevented by the opposition of Sir Walter Mildmay. It is said that he himself contributed 1,200l.

In 1562 Grindal took a prominent part in the proceedings of convocation, which revised the articles of religion and framed rules for discipline. On 15 April 1564 he was admitted to the degree of D.D. at Cambridge, and on 3 Oct. preached a funeral sermon at St. Paul's in honour of the Emperor Ferdinand, which was published, and was translated by Foxe into Latin. He found, however, his position increasingly difficult, as he sympathised with the puritan clergy, whom the queen and Archbishop Parker wished to bring into obedience to the Act of Uniformity. The diocese of London was the chief centre of puritanism, and Grindal was not the man to cope with it. Perhaps he felt happier in dealing with Romanists who were committed to his custody and lived at Fulham, among them Feckenham, abbot of Westminster, Watson, the deprived bishop of Lincoln, and Marshall, formerly dean of Christchurch. He found it hard to justify his position to his friends abroad, and in 1566-7 was engaged in a correspondence with Bullinger on the subject (Zurich Letters, i. 68, 175, 182, 357). It was extremely distasteful to Grindal to order his clergy to wear the surplice, but Elizabeth commanded him to do so, and he obeyed half-heartedly. In 1567 a separatist meeting was discovered at Plummer's Hall, and fifteen were brought before Grindal, who weakly endeavoured to


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win them to obedience by admitting his sympathy with their scruples and urging them to follow his example of conformity. He interfered to save them from legal penalties.

It would seem that Archbishop Parker was annoyed at the inefficient support which he received from Grindal, who himself was weary of his position. Parker therefore recommended him for the vacant see of York, saying that he 'was not resolute and severe enough for the government of London.' Grindal, as a north-countryman, was likely to be acceptable at York, and he was elected to that see on 11 April 1570. He went thither to undertake the more congenial task of rooting out Romish superstitions, as he wrote to Cecil in August (Remains, p. 325). He carefully visited his new diocese, issued a commission for pulling down rood-lofts, and in May 1571 began a metropolitan visitation of his province, for which he issued injunctions of his own, refusing to follow the articles which had been drawn up for the southern province (ib. pp. 123-55). They mostly aim at reducing the standard of ritual already existing, and at abolishing old customs. In fact, his work at York was to enforce uniformity against the Romish party, and this Grindal did with goodwill and considerable tact.

It would have been well for Grindal if he had remained at York; but after Parker's death in August 1575 Cecil urged upon the queen the choice of Grindal as his successor at Canterbury. It was a time when Elizabeth's policy required a leaning towards puritanism, a leaning which Cecil himself genuinely possessed. So Grindal was elected archbishop of Canterbury on 10 Jan. 1575, and presided over convocation in the following March. Doubtless Cecil hoped that a more conciliatory attitude towards the puritans than that of Parker might lead to a religious settlement, and he urged Grindal to make the exercise of the metropolitical power more popular than it had been under his predecessor. The archbishop's courts had been left unreformed, and after the abolition of the papal jurisdiction very imperfect arrangements had been made for the discharge of many duties which had hitherto been undertaken by the Roman court. The court of faculties for the issue of dispensations was especially grievous, and Grindal undertook its reform. He began a visitation of his province and issued articles and injunctions accordingly (ib. pp. 157-89). He was not, however, permitted to achieve much as archbishop. Scarcely had he been appointed before Elizabeth's foreign relations changed and she began to draw nearer to the catholic powers on the continent. Grindal was too sincere a man to change with her, and she found that in choosing a weak man she had not secured a yielding one. The courtiers were similarly disappointed when they found that Grindal's conscience prevented him from granting all their petitions. The current rumour that Leicester set Elizabeth against Grindal because he would not grant a dispensation for bigamy to Leicester's Italian physician, Julio, was an exaggerated way of expressing what was doubtless true in the main (, Grindal, pp. 225-6). From a number of causes it happened that no sooner was Grindal in his place than the queen and her favourite wished to get rid of him. The subject that provoked the rupture was the continuance of 'prophesyings,' or clerical meetings for the exposition and discussion of scripture. These meetings were chiefly attended by the puritan party among the clergy, who were the more zealous. For this reason Parker had looked upon them with some suspicion, and Elizabeth, who disliked all zeal, objected to them on political grounds. To Grindal it seemed natural that the clergy should meet to discuss the scriptures; but with a view of appeasing objections he issued orders that such meetings should be licensed by the bishop and presided over by the archdeacon or his deputy; that only approved persons be permitted to speak, and that all political or personal references be rigidly excluded. This did not satisfy Elizabeth, who thought that all speech was dangerous, and that these 'prophesyings' would train up a body of preachers who might utter dubious sermons instead of steadily reading a homily. She ordered Grindal not only to suppress 'prophesyings,' but to discourage preaching. This was more than Grindal could endure, and in a dignified letter to the queen, dated 20 Dec. 1576, he reminded her of the relations between the spiritual and temporal power, asserted in moderate terms the rights of bishops, and deprecated the queen's intervention (Remains, p. 376). Elizabeth answered on 7 May 1577 by issuing letters to all the bishops ordering them to put down 'prophesyings' within their dioceses (, Grindal, Appendix, No. x.) In June Grindal was suspended from his functions for six months, for non-compliance with the queen's orders, an unheard-of interference with an archbishop. But though there was much personal sympathy for Grindal, neither he nor any of his friends were likely to disturb the peace of England. His vicar-general discharged his judicial duties for him, and he bowed before the


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storm. In November Cecil sent him a kindly message advising him to make his peace with the queen ; but though Grindal returned a submissive answer, he remained firm on the point at issue. His sequestration was therefore continued, and there was talk of his deprivation. But it was seen that this would be an unwise step for the queen to take, and Grindal was allowed to keep the title of archbishop and to discharge his spiritual functions. In 1580 he consecrated the bishops of Winchester and Coventry and pursued the visitation of his diocese. When convocation met in 1581 it presented a petition for Grindal's reinstatement, and there were even some who proposed that no business should be undertaken till the sequestration was removed. The queen was obdurate, nor did convocation show much zeal in dealing with a matter which Grindal submitted to them, the reformation of church discipline (Remains, pp. 451-7).

Grindal was afflicted by the advance of a cataract on his eyes, which rendered him almost blind, and Elizabeth suggested to him that he should resign. Grindal did not think his case bad enough for resignation ; he was prevailed upon by his friends to make a sort of submission, in which he said that he acted 'by reason of scruple of conscience,' but was persuaded that the queen had only sought the quietness of her people: he was therefore sorry that he had offended her, and had no intention of being disobedient (ib. pp. 400-1). After this he seems to have been fully restored in his office at the end of 1582; but his blindness increased and his general health failed. It was obvious that he must resign, and arrangements were made for this purpose; but before they were finished the archbishop died in his house at Croydon on 6 July 1583. He was buried, according to his own request, in the parish church of Croydon, where a tomb was erected to him on the south side of the altar. His effigy is laid on a sarcophagus within an arched recess adorned with Corinthian columns and the arms of the various sees over which he presided. There is a long historical epitaph, which Strype prints with his will (Appendix xx.), dated 8 May 1583. He left gifts to the queen, Lord Burghley, Walsingham, Whitgift, and others, plate to Pembroke Hall, Cambridge, and Queen's College, Oxford, and the parish church of St. Bees, and bequests to the poor of Canterbury, Lambeth, Croydon, and St. Bees. Previously, in April 1583, he endowed a free grammar school at St. Bees, and was a benefactor of Pembroke Hall and Christ's College, Cambridge, and Queen's College, Oxford.

Grindal disappointed the expectations formed of him. Sensible, judicious, learned, with much personal charm, he seemed likely to take a prominent part in shaping the future of the church under Elizabeth; but though he was put in positions of importance he made little mark, and his tenure was disastrous to the dignity of the archi-episcopal office. He was admired by those who knew him for his private virtues, and Spenser in the 'Shepherd's Calendar' for May and July speaks warmly of his wisdom and goodness under the transparent disguise of 'the shepherd Algrind.' He was a friend of Whitgift and Nowell, whose book in answer to Dolman he revised before its publication. He was fond of music and was a patron of the chief musicians of his time. He was also fond of gardening, and sent grapes from Fulham as a present to the queen.

His writings consist entirely of occasional pieces, special services, episcopal injunctions and examinations of accused persons, and letters. He published in his lifetime 'A Profitable and Necessarye Doctrine with Certayne Homelyes adjoyned therunto,' London (by Jhon Cawoode), 1555, 4to, and the sermon on the Emperor Ferdinand (1564). His only treatise of importance is 'A Fruitful Dialogue betwen Custom and Verity declaring these words of Christ, This is my body; 'this was given by Grindal to Foxe, and appeared first anonymously in the 'Acts and Monuments,' Most of his writings are collected in 'The Remains of Archbishop Grindal,' ed. W. Nicholson (Parker Society) ; Cooper, 'Athenæ Cantabrigienses,' i. 478-80, has added a few more from the Petyt MSS. and the Record Office.

 GRINDAL, WILLIAM (d. 1548), tutor to Queen Elizabeth, and friend of Roger Ascham, probably came from Cumberland, like Archbishop Grindal, but we know nothing of his family or birthplace. He went to St. John's College, Cambridge, as a poor student, and became a favourite pupil of Ascham, in whose rooms he lived and studied for seven years (, Epist. i. 5). Ascham praises him as surpassing all his contemporaries in character, intelligence, memory, and judgment combined, while as a Greek scholar he ranks him as the equal of Cheke and Smith (ib. ii. 15). He was admitted a fellow of St. John's on 14 March 1543, ''Hist. of''


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St. John's, ed. Mayor, i. 284), and probably at the end of 1546 was summoned to court at Cheke's recommendation to act as tutor to the Lady Elizabeth. Cheke had gone as tutor to Prince Edward in 1544 and had taken part in Elizabeth's education as well; but in December 1546 the children were separated and Elizabeth was sent to Enfield. It was probably at this time that Grindal entered upon his duties, and it says much for his power as a teacher if he managed to teach Elizabeth anything during the time when in her fifteenth year she was beginning her career as a coquette under the guidance of Lord Thomas Seymour. However, before the scandal of this intrigue became notorious Grindal died of the plague in the summer of 1548, and was succeeded by his friend Ascham in his post as Elizabeth's tutor.

 GRINFIELD, EDWARD WILLIAM (1785–1864), biblical scholar, was the son of Thomas Grinfield and Anna Joanna, daughter of Joseph Foster Barham of Bedford, and brother of Thomas Grinfield [q. v.] He was born in 1785, and was a schoolfellow of Thomas de Quincey [q. v.] at Winkfield, Wiltshire. He entered Lincoln College, Oxford, proceeded B.A. 1806, M.A. 1808, and was ordained in the same year by the Bishop of Lincoln. After studying in the Temple he became minister of Laura Chapel, Bath; afterwards he removed to London, where he occasionally preached at Kensington, and wrote many pamphlets, articles, and reviews, all favouring extreme orthodoxy. In 1859 he founded and endowed a lectureship at Oxford on the Septuagint. Grinfield died at Brighton on 9 July 1864, and is buried in Hove churchyard. His works are: 1. ‘Reflections on the Connection of the British Government with the Protestant Religion,’ 1807. 2. ‘The Crisis of Religion,’ 1811, and with ‘Strictures on Mr. Lancaster's System of Popular Education,’ 1812. 3. ‘Reflections upon the Influence of Infidelity and Profaneness on Public Liberty, with a Plan for National Circulating Libraries,’ 1817. 4. ‘Connection of Natural and Revealed Theology,’ 1818. 5. ‘Cursory Observations upon the Lectures in Physiology, Zoology, and Natural History of Man, by Mr. Laurence,’ 2nd edition, 1819. 6. ‘Sermons on the Parables,’ 1819. 7. ‘The Researches of Physiology,’ 1820. 8. ‘Thoughts on Lord Brougham's Education Bill,’ 1821. 9. ‘Vindiciæ Anglicanæ, Letter to Dr. Copleston on his Inquiry into the Doctrine of Necessity and Predestination, with a second part,’ 1822. 10. ‘Sermon on Paley's Exposition of the Law of Honour,’ 1824. 11. ‘The Doctrinal Harmony of the New Testament,’ 1824. 12. ‘A Reply to Mr. Brougham's Practical Observations upon the Education of the People,’ 1825. 13. ‘The Nature and Extent of the Christian Dispensation with reference to the Salvability of the Heathen,’ 1827. 14. ‘A Scriptural Inquiry into the Nature and Import of the Image and Likeness of God in Man,’ 1830. 15. ‘Sketches of the Danish Mission on the Coast of Coromandel,’ 1831. 16. ‘Christian Sentiments suggested by the Present Crisis; or, Civil Liberty founded upon Self-Restraint,’ 1831. 17. ‘Reflections after a Visit to the University of Oxford,’ on the proceedings against R. D. Hampden [q. v.], 1836. 18. ‘The Chart and Scale of Truth,’ 1840. 19. ‘Novum Testamentum Græcum. Editio Hellenistica,’ 1843. 20. ‘Scholia Hellenistica in Novum Testamentum,’ &c., 1848. 21. ‘An Expostulatory Letter to the Right Rev. Bishop Wiseman on the Interpolated Curse in the Vatican Septuagint,’ 1850. 22. ‘An Apology for the Septuagint,’ 1850. 23. ‘The Jesuits: an Historical Sketch,’ 1851, 1853. 24. ‘The Christian Cosmos: the Son of God the revealed Creator,’ 1856.

 GRINFIELD, THOMAS (1788–1870), divine and hymn-writer, son of Thomas Grinfield and brother of Edward William Grinfield [q. v.], was born at Bath in 1788, and educated at Wingfield, near Trowbridge, and afterwards at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he proceeded B.A. 1811. He was ordained 1813. He married his first cousin, Mildred Foster Barham; became curate at St. Sidwell's, Exeter; then rector of Shirland, Derbyshire; he subsequently resided at Clifton, and was for twenty-three years curate in charge of St. Mary-le-Port, Bristol. He died at Clifton on 8 April 1870, and was buried in the cemetery at Weston-super-Mare. Though he published little, his compositions were numerous, especially his sermons. Studious and contemplative, he mingled little with society. He was an accomplished scholar and poet. His works are: ‘Epistles and Miscellaneous Poems’(1815), ‘The Omnipotence of God, with other Sacred Poems’ (1824), ‘The Visions of Patmos’ (1827), ‘A Century of Original Sacred Songs,’ 'Sacred Poems,’


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 ‘Fifty Sermons by Robert Hall, from Grinfield's Notes,’ 1843, dedicated to Dr. Chalmers, ‘The Moral Influence of Shakespeare's Plays’ (1850), ‘The History of Preaching’ (ed. Canon Eden, 1880, with preface and memoir), and a multitude of small poems and lectures, many of which were published in the ‘Weston Mercury.’ There remain unpublished several manuscripts, especially a valuable series of theological lectures.

GRISAUNT, WILLIAM, also called (fl. 1350), physician, as a young man taught philosophy at Oxford, and in 1299 was either fellow or student of Merton College. He incurred the suspicion of having practised magic, and when of mature age left England and studied medicine at Montpelier. He afterwards settled at Marseilles, where he acquired great fame as a physician; he is said in his practice to have paid special attention to the nature and cause of the disease and to the constitution of the patient. Grisaunt is commonly stated to have been the father of Grimoald or Grimoard (1309-1370), abbot of St. Victor at Marseilles, who became pope as Urban V in 1362. In a contemporary chronicle (Chr. Angliæ ab anno 1328 usque ad annum 1388, p. 52, Rolls Ser.) Urban, who is there called Gillerinus, is said to have been the son of an Englishman. But his latest biographer (, Histoire d'Urbain V see also, Lives of the Popes, vii. 3, and , Hist. Eccl. xx. 201) makes him son of William Grimoard, lord of Grisac in Gevaudin, who died in 1366, aged 99, and there are extant grants of John II and Charles V of France to this William Grimoard in which he is styled father of the pope (see , La Famille de Grimoard, p. 53). Anglic Grimoard, Urban's brother, whom Godwin called Grimoaldus de Grisant, was made by him bishop of Avignon and cardinal bishop of Albano (, vii. 3, and Chron. Angliæ, p. 53). According to Godwin, Anglic Grimoard is the cardinal John Anglicus, who was admitted dean of York 11 Nov. 1366, and was deprived by the pope 1 May 1381 (, Fasti, iii. 123).

Bale and Pits, following Boston of Bury, ascribe the following works to Grisaunt: They also add: The treatise in Cotton. MS. Vitellius C. iii. to which Tanner refers is in a hand of the early twelfth century, and therefore cannot be Grisaunt's.
 * 1) ‘Speculum Astrologiæ.’
 * 2) ‘De Qualitatibus Astrorum.’
 * 3) ‘De Magnitudine Solis.’
 * 4) ‘De Quadratura Circuli.’
 * 5) ‘De Motu Capitis.’ Of all these they give the first words, but they are not now known to exist.
 * 1) ‘De Significatione Astrorum.’
 * 2) ‘De Causa Ignorantiæ.’
 * 3) ‘De Judicio Patientis.’
 * 4) ‘De Urina non Visa,’ inc. ‘Ne ignorantiæ vel potius invidiæ;’ a treatise with this title is extant in manuscript at Hertford College, Oxford (, Cat. Cod. MSS. Coll. Oxon. Aul. B. Mariæ Magdalenæ, ii. 3, f. 39).

GRISONI, GIUSEPPE (1692–1769), painter, son of a painter at Florence, was a pupil of Tommaso Redi. He travelled and studied at Venice and Rome, and at the latter place was employed by John Talman, who subsequently brought him over to England in 1715. Here Grisoni remained some years, practising as a history and portrait painter, and also designing illustrations for books, many of which were engraved. His portraits were much esteemed; among them was one of Colley Cibber (now at the Garrick Club), which was engraved in mezzotint by J. Simon. In 1720 he was a subscriber to Cheron and Vanderbank's drawing academy in St. Martin's Lane. In 1728 Grisoni, finding his business decline, sold his pictures by auction and returned to Rome with his wife, a lady of good birth and fortune related to the family of St. John. He resided for many years in Rome, and obtained great repute in Italy. There is a full-length seated portrait of him in the Gallery of Painters at Florence, engraved by G. B. Cecchi. He died at Rome in 1769.

GROCYN, WILLIAM (1446?–1519), Greek scholar, is described as 'filius tenentis de Colerna' in the Winchester College register. He was therefore born at Colerne, Wiltshire, where Winchester College owned property. His father was probably a copy-holder. The youth was admitted a scholar of Winchester College in September 1463; entered New College, Oxford, in 1465, and became full fellow there in 1467. Bristol is stated to have been his place of residence when he first went to Oxford, but there is no trace of his family in the records of that city. The date usually assigned for his birth is 1442, but he must, in accordance with the statutes, have been under nineteen in 1465 when he left Winchester, and he cannot


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 of four companies of the royals, a detachment of the 66th, and a troop of Montreal cavalry, with two six-pounders, he stormed a stockade held by the insurgents at St. Charles. His horse was shot and he lost twenty-one men. On 15 Dec., at the head of a brigade consisting of the royals and some colonial troops, he took part in the action of St. Eustache under Sir John Colborne, afterwards Lord Seaton [q. v.] (London Gazette, 26 Jan. 1838). He had received the Hanoverian order (K.H.) in 1833. He was made C.B. on 13 June 1838, brevet colonel on 28 June, and aide-de-camp to the queen on 29 July 1842.

He left the royals on 14 July 1843, being appointed deputy adjutant-general in North America, whence he passed on 8 April 1850 to a similar post at headquarters. He was promoted major-general on 11 Nov. 1851, and was appointed adjutant-general on 1 Dec. 1854. He held this office for six years, and has been described as ‘an officer of the Lord Hill type,’ well acquainted with his duties, and genial in the discharge of them (, Personal History of the Horse Guards, p. 251). From 1860 to 1865 he had command in the northern district, and on 21 Aug. 1866 he was appointed governor of Sandhurst College. He had been given the colonelcy of the 84th foot on 15 June 1854, and had become lieutenant-general on 8 Sept. 1857, and general on 23 Oct. 1863. He was made K.C.B. on 5 Feb. 1856, and received the grand cross on 28 March 1865.

He died at Sandhurst on 8 April 1868, aged 80. In 1812 he married Frances, daughter of Captain Denton, E.I.C.S., and left one son.

His son, (d. 1869), major-general, entered the army on 27 June 1834, as ensign in his father's regiment, the 1st (royals). He became lieutenant on 22 Aug. 1837, and served in the Canadian rebellion. He distinguished himself in the attack on St. Eustache (, Early Reminiscences, p. 86). Promoted captain on 19 Dec. 1845, he exchanged to the Scots fusilier guards on 15 July 1854. He served in the Crimea, as assistant quartermaster-general, till the fall of Sebastopol, and was the guide of the cavalry in the flank march to Balaclava (, iii. 82, 494). He was made brevet major on 12 Dec. 1854, and brevet lieutenant-colonel on 17 July 1855. He was afterwards deputy quartermaster-general to the Turkish contingent at Kertch, and director-general of land transport (which he reorganised) in the Crimea. He received the medal with four clasps, C.B., Legion of Honour (fifth class), Medjidie (third class), and Turkish medal. On 11 Dec. 1855 he was made aide-de-camp to the queen, and colonel.

He was appointed deputy quartermaster-general to the forces in China in 1857, but was employed in India, owing to the outbreak of the mutiny. He was chief of the staff of the central India field force under Sir Hugh Henry Rose (afterwards Lord Strathnairn) [q. v.]; and was present at the storming of Kunch and the battle of Gulauli, 22 May 1858, in which his horse was shot. He afterwards commanded a field force in South Oude, as brigadier, and on 3 Nov. stormed the fort of Rampur Kussia, taking twenty-three guns. He lost seventy-eight men; and Sir Colin Campbell was ‘much put out’ that he had not waited for Sir Hope Grant, as had been arranged (, Incidents of the Sepoy War, p. 365). He received the medal and clasp, and was given an unattached lieutenant-colonelcy for his services in central India (London Gazette, 26 April 1859).

He was appointed deputy quartermaster-general to the forces in Ireland on 28 Jan. 1859, and one of the rewards for distinguished service was conferred on him on 20 Dec. 1861. On 28 April 1865 he was made deputy quartermaster-general at headquarters, and in 1868 he succeeded Sir Thomas Larcom as under-secretary in Ireland. He was made K.C.S.I. on 16 Sept. 1867, and promoted major-general on 8 March 1869.

He died suddenly in Dublin on 11 May 1869, having already won ‘the cordial respect of all with whom he had official intercourse’ (Times, 14 May 1869). On 26 Jan. 1847 he married Katherine, daughter of John Durie of Astley Hall, Lancashire, and left three sons and three daughters.

[Gent. Mag. 1868, i. 690; Cannon's Records of the 1st (Royals), pp. 256, &c.; Annual Reg. 1838, p. 10; Burke's Landed Gentry; United Service Mag. 1869, ii. 285.]  WETHERELL, CHARLES (1770–1846), politician and lawyer, third son of Nathan Wetherell (1726–1807), dean of Hereford and master of University College, Oxford, was born at Oxford in 1770. He was a precocious child, and his father destined him for the bar almost from his birth. He was sent to St. Paul's school, where he was admitted on 4 Aug. 1783, and at the early age of fifteen he became a commoner of University College, Oxford (14 Jan. 1786), and was shortly afterwards nominated to a demy-


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 possibly have been more than twenty-two when elected full fellow of New College in 1467. Hence 1446 seems a more probable date of birth than 1442. While at New College Grocyn acted as tutor to William Warham, who afterwards, when archbishop of Canterbury, was liberal in gifts of preferment. In 1481 Grocyn resigned his fellowship, and was presented to the college living of Newnton, or Newton Longueville, near Bletchley, Buckinghamshire. Soon after 1481 he accepted the office of divinity reader at Magdalen College, Oxford, which he held with his living. In that capacity he took part with three others in a disputation before Richard III and Bishop Waynflete in 1483, when he received a buck and a gift of money from the king. In 1485 he became prebendary of Lincoln Cathedral. In 1488 he resigned his post at Magdalen, and spent two years in Italy. Returning to Oxford in 1491, he rented rooms in Exeter College until 1493. The date of his appointment to the benefice of Deepdene, Surrey, is not known, but he resigned it also in 1493.

The interest of Grocyn's career at Oxford lies in the circumstance that he was among the first—if not the first—to publicly teach Greek in the university. Erasmus (Epist. ccclxiii.) and George Lily, son of William Lily, Grocyn's godson, both assert that Grocyn taught Greek at Oxford before his visit to Italy in 1488. This statement has been disputed on the ground that Oxford provided no opportunities of instruction in Greek before 1490. But Professor Burrows has shown that Thomas Chaundler, warden of New College in Grocyn's day, was a man of singular enlightenment, and that Chaundler invited Cornelio Vitelli, an Italian visitor to Oxford, to act as prælector of the college about 1475. Vitelli was undoubtedly a Greek scholar, and from him Grocyn could readily have obtained tuition in Greek literature at an early date. While in Italy Grocyn spent much time at Florence studying under Politian and Chalcondyles. His friend Linacre went to Italy in 1485, and another friend, William Latimer, followed in 1489; the three often met in Italy, and studied together. Grocyn also made the acquaintance of the great Venetian printer Aldus Manutius. On returning to Oxford Grocyn gave daily lectures in Greek in public. The work was done voluntarily, but the chief students of the day attended. When Erasmus arrived on his first visit to Oxford in 1497, he found Grocyn closely associated with More, Colet, and Linacre in spreading the light of the new learning in the university. Grocyn and Erasmus quickly grew intimate, but Erasmus noted that Grocyn, although a devoted student of the Greek classical writers, still studied the mediæval schoolmen. His preference of Aristotle to Plato was frequent matter of comment, and in his religious views he seems to have been more inclined to conservatism than any of his scholarly friends. About 1499 Aldus, the Venetian printer, printed Linacre's ‘Procli Sphæra,’ to which he prefixed a preface by himself and a letter he had received from Grocyn. Aldus, when introducing Grocyn's letter, describes the writer as 'a man of exceeding skill and universal learning, even in Greek, not to say Latin.' In the letter itself Grocyn thanks Aldus for his kind treatment of their common friend Linacre, and congratulates Aldus on preparing an edition of Aristotle before approaching an edition of Plato. 'For my own part,' he says, 'I think the difference between these philosophers is simply that between πολυμαθή and πολυμυθή' (sic), i.e. a world of science and a world of myths. Encouraging congratulations on other of Aldus's projects conclude the letter, which is dated 'Ex urbe Londini, vi. Calend. Septembris.'

The date at which Grocyn finally removed from Oxford is uncertain. In 1496 he became rector of St. Lawrence Jewry, a living belonging to Balliol College, but the appointment had lapsed on this occasion to the Bishop of London. One 'master Bell' acted for a time as Grocyn's deputy in the parish, and he does not seem to have resided in London doubtedly became his favourite home. At Colet's request he often preached in St. Paul's Cathedral. Very early in Colet's tenure of office he gave a remarkable series of lectures on the book known as 'The Ecclesiastical Hierarchy of Dionysius.' This mystical account of primitive Christian doctrine had been generally assigned (by Colet among others) to Dionysius the Areopagite, St. Paul's convert. Grocyn boldly contested that theory of authorship, which later criticism has demolished [see under ]. Mr. Seebohm has treated Grocyn's attack on the old views of authorship of the Dionysian books as wholly original. He was, however, anticipated by Lorenzo Valla. Erasmus described Grocyn's addresses on the subject in his 'Declarationes,' published in 1532.

Linacre, Lily, Colet, More, and Erasmus (when he was in England) were Grocyn's intimate associates in London. More, writing to Colet in Colet's temporary absence about 1504, tells him that 'Grocyn is in your absence the master of my life.' Erasmus a year or so


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Talk:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Witchcraft

Sources:
 * http://en.wikisource.org/w/index.php?title=User:Tim_Starling/ScanSet_PNG_demo&vol=28&page=ED8A776

Deleting part pages
This article on Witchcraft was created as several pages, inspite the article being only some 4500 words long. I have merged the part pages back into the main article. The part pages should probably be deleted:

Let me emphasize that these pages belong to Witchcraft in spite of some of their titles failing to indicate so, such as 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ecclesiastical and Civil Law. --Dan Polansky (talk) 15:41, 12 November 2010 (UTC)
 * 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Witchcraft among Primitive Peoples
 * 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Witchcraft in Classical Times
 * 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Medieval Witchcraft
 * 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Development of Ideas
 * 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ecclesiastical and Civil Law
 * 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Further Development
 * 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Rise of the Critical Spirit
 * 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Psychology of Witchcraft


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 ship at Magdalen, which he resigned in 1791. He graduated B.A. on 2 June 1790, and M.A. on 9 July 1793. He had become a student of the Inner Temple on 15 April 1790, and was called to the bar on 4 July 1794.

He practised in the first instance at the common-law bar, joining the home circuit and Surrey sessions, but he devoted himself to equity business shortly after Eldon first became lord chancellor, being something of a favourite with him for the sake of his father and his college. During the next twenty years he enjoyed an important practice, and frequently appeared not only in the courts of chancery, but before the privy council, the House of Lords, and parliamentary committees. He was appointed a king's counsel in 1816, but when his patent expired on the death of George III he resumed his stuff gown for some little time before it was renewed. He was elected a bencher of his inn in 1816, and in 1825 was treasurer.

For several years he considered himself slighted and his claims to high legal office overlooked. Partly from pique, partly to show that he was fully the equal of the law officers of the crown, he broke away from the usual routine of his practice in June 1817, and defended James Watson (1766–1838) [q. v.] on his trial for high treason for his share in the Spa Fields riots (see, Chancellors, viii. 17; , Lyndhurst, pp. 127, 132, 136; , State Trials, xxxii. 1). Watson, the first of the prisoners to be tried, was found not guilty and the government did not then proceed against Thistlewood, for whom also Wetherell was retained, or against the other prisoners. Wetherell distinguished himself by the ability and vigour of his defence, and the strength of the language in which, though a tory, he denounced the tory government and their informer witnesses, but he did nothing to advance himself towards office. He was returned to parliament for Rye on 21 Dec. 1812, but on 19 Feb. 1813 the returns for Shaftesbury in Dorset were amended by order of the house and his name was substituted as one of the members returned, and he then elected to sit for Shaftesbury, and did so until 1818. He sat for the city of Oxford from March 1820 to 1826, for Hastings from June to December 1826, for Plympton Earl in Devonshire from the end of 1826 to 1830, and for Boroughbridge in Yorkshire from 1830 to 1832. That seat was extinguished by the Reform Act, and, though in 1832 he contested the university of Oxford, he retired after the first day's poll, and gave up parliamentary life.

In the House of Commons he was prominent but not influential, often effective in debate but pedantic and bigoted, slovenly in his dress, and somewhat of a buffoon. In 1820 he gave powerful support to the proposal for the insertion of Queen Caroline's name in the liturgy. He regularly and vehemently defended Lord Eldon and the existing practice of the courts of chancery against all criticism or proposals for reform, and even Brougham's bankruptcy bill in 1831 he fought relentlessly (, Life of Lord Denman, i. 352). He was equally uncompromising in resisting Roman catholic emancipation and parliamentary, municipal, and university reform. It was difficult for the government to overlook the claims of so active a debater, and at last, on 31 Jan. 1824, he was appointed solicitor-general, and was knighted on 10 March 1824. In September 1826 he succeeded Copley as attorney-general, but when Canning took office he sacrificed not merely the attorney-generalship but the vice-chancellorship, which would have fallen to him instead of to Sir Lancelot Shadwell [q. v.], and followed Lord Eldon and the other unbending tories in refusing to join the new administration. In January 1828 he became attorney-general again under the Duke of Wellington. He was, however, staunch to the extreme protestant cause, voted against the Roman catholic emancipation bill, and violently attacked the ministry, declaring, but not apparently with truth, that his refusal to draft the bill was due to fidelity to his oath of office. So violent was his speech that he was currently reported to have been drunk when he made it. At any rate, its language exhausted the patience of his colleagues, and shortly after the debate on the second reading he was dismissed. He became a bitter opponent alike of the Wellington and of the whig administrations. During the reform debates he was one of the most conspicuous opponents of the ministry, and spoke often and long in support of the existing franchise and representation. So much was he identified in the popular imagination with extreme and even fanatical opposition to reform (ib. i. 392) that it was his appearance in Bristol which provoked the riots of 1831. He had succeeded Gifford in the recordership of Bristol, and proceeded on 29 Oct. 1831 to open the assizes (State Trials, new ser. iii. 30), in spite of warnings that his appearance would provoke disturbances. These warnings he simply reported to the home secretary, intimating his intention to carry out his duty in the ordinary way, whatever the risk to himself, and leaving the government to take precautions to protect the public peace. He was mobbed, hooted,


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 later informs Colet that Grocyn, 'the most upright and best of all Britons,' has undertaken to distribute his 'Adagia' in England. About the same time Grocyn took Erasmus to Lambeth to introduce him to Archbishop Warham. In 1514 Erasmus wrote that when in London he lived at the expense of Grocyn, 'the patron and preceptor of us all.'

Grocyn's residence in London was interrupted in 1506, when his old friend Warham presented him to the mastership of the collegiate church of All Hallows, Maidstone. He contrived, however, to hold the rectory of St. Lawrence Jewry until 1517, and obtained in addition the rectory of Shepperton, which he held from 1504 to 1513, and in 1511 that of East Peckham, on condition of his placing a vicar there. His emoluments were considerable, but he was very generous in his gifts to Erasmus and other friends. Towards the end of his life he suffered from pecuniary difficulties, and borrowed money on his plate. An attack of paralysis in 1518 disabled him. He made his will on 2 June 1519, and died before the October following. He was buried in the church of All Hallows, Maidstone. A monument to his memory has been placed by New College in the church to which he was first presented—that at Newton Longueville. Grocyn was a clever talker, fond of a jest, and always expressing himself briefly and to the point. Until his death, as his will proves, Grocyn, despite his varied learning, adhered strictly to the old form of religious belief.

Except the letter to Aldus and an epigram on a lady who threw a snowball at him (cf., Worthies, 1811, ii. 298), no writings by Grocyn are known. Erasmus explains in his dialogue called ‘Ciceronianus’ that weak eyesight made Grocyn chary of writing, but Erasmus praises highly his Ciceronian style in Latin, and was clearly acquainted with some works from his pen. Wood supplies the following list of works: ‘Tractatus contra Hostiolum Jo. Wiclevi,’ ‘Epist. ad Erasmum et alios,’ ‘Grammatica,’ and ‘Vulgaria puerorum,’ to which Tanner adds: ‘Notse in Terentium’ and ‘Isagogicum quoddam.’ Menckenius, in his ‘Life of Politian’ (Leipzig, 1736), refers to ‘Grocyn's epistles to learned men, and especially Erasmus, and other most excellent monuments of his ability.’ But these references are devoid of authority. Wood and Tanner obviously constructed their bibliographies out of vague rumours. It is possible that in his early days Grocyn may have written against Wycliffe's ‘Wicket,’ although the work has never been seen. An interesting catalogue of his library, found in Merton College in 1889, and printed by Professor Burrows for the Oxford Historical Society, illustrates the character of his studies. The inventory was drawn up after his death by his executor, Linacre, and some of his books were disposed of before it was compiled. Little can therefore be inferred by the absence of any well-known author. The printed volumes number 105, and the manuscripts 17. The works of St. Augustine are lavishly represented. There are the Greek and Latin versions of the New Testament, the ‘Concordantiæ Biblii,’ some commentaries on the Psalms and the Sarum Breviary, together with nearly complete copies of Origen, Cyprian, Eusebius, Ambrose, Jerome, and Gregory the Great. The schoolmen include Anselm, Aquinas, Duns Scotus, Ockham, Bonaventure, and Nicholas de Lyra. In the Latin classics Cicero holds the first place, but all the leading authors appear with him, together with Valerius Maximus, Aulus Gellius, Boethius, and Cassiodorus. The Greek classics include only Aristotle and Plutarch. There are many books on astronomy, together with the works of such modern Italians as Ficino, Filelfo, Lorenzo Valla, Æneas Sylvius, Gaguinus, Perotti, Petrarch, and Boccaccio. There is only one work of Erasmus, the ‘Adagia.’ A few of Grocyn's manuscripts were purchased by John Claymond, the president, for Corpus Christi College, and are still in the library there. They include his ‘Theophylact,’ ‘Chrysostom,’ and Suidas's ‘Lexicon.’

By his will, which was dated 2 June 1519, and proved at Lambeth by his executor, Linacre, on 20 July 1522, Grocyn, after a few bequests to friends, including William Lily, his godson, leaves the residue of his property to Linacre, 'to bestowe such parte therof for the wele of my soule and the soules of my fader, moder, benefactors, and all Xtian soules as it shall please hym.' The manner in which Linacre fulfilled this direction is set forth in his accounts of his expenses, which are preserved among the archives of Merton College, Oxford. We thus learn that, besides providing relief for the poor, he purchased books at Louvain for distribution to studious Oxford scholars, and gave 'Master Lilly' 40s. to procure Greek books to give away.

[The most complete account of Grocyn is that appended by Professor M. Burrows to the list of Grocyn's books and Linacre's accounts, as executor, which he printed for the first time from the Merton College MSS. in the Oxf. Hist. Soc.'s Collectanea, 1890, ii. 319-80. See also George Lily's Virorum aliquot ad Britannia … Elogia, 1548, appended to Paolo Giovio's Descriptio Britanniæ; Wood's Athenæ Oxon. ed. Bliss, i. 30-33; Seebohm's Oxford Reformers; Tanner's Bibl.


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 and stoned, and with some difficulty made his escape from Bristol by night, and after considerable risk of his life (see Pinney's trial, State Trials, new ser. vol. iii.). For three days Bristol was in the hands of a riotous mob, and a considerable part of the town was burnt. Wetherell returned to practice for some years, and remained recorder of Bristol till his death. He had been standing counsel for Magdalen College, Oxford, since 1804, and in 1830 became standing counsel to the university of Oxford. He was made a D.C.L. on 13 June 1834, and deputy steward in 1846. On 10 Aug. 1846 he received injuries in a carriage accident which proved fatal on the 17th, and he was buried in the Temple church on the 25th. He married, 28 Dec. 1826, his cousin Jane Sarah Elizabeth, second daughter of Sir Alexander Croke. She died in 1831, and in 1838 he married Harriet Elizabeth, second daughter of Colonel Warneford, of Warneford Place, Wiltshire. There was no surviving issue of either marriage. Wetherell, who had inherited a considerable fortune on his father's death in 1807, accumulated a very large one himself. He died intestate, leaving upwards of 200,000l. personalty, and a great deal of landed property. A statue of him was erected at Clifton in 1839.

Wetherell's reputation has suffered by the indiscretion and violence of his speeches as an ultra tory and protestant champion from 1826 to 1832. He is probably now best remembered by the sarcasm evoked by his speech on the second reading of the catholic relief bill, that ‘the only lucid interval was that between his waistcoat and his breeches.’ Yet his political conduct generally was fair and honourable, and at the bar he was always considered a man of scrupulous bearing and honour (see History of the Whig Ministry, i. 328).

[Times, 19 Aug. 1846; Gent. Mag. October 1846; Greville Memoirs, 1st ser.; Walpole's Hist. of England, vol. ii; Campbell's Lives of the Chancellors, iii. 99, viii. 163; Law Mag. new ser. vi. 280; St. Paul's School Register; Alumni Oxon. 1715–1886; Bloxam's Magd. Coll. Reg. vi. 106.]  WETHERELL, NATHANIEL THOMAS (1800–1875), geologist, was born at the Grove, Highgate, on 6 Sept. 1800, where his father, William Roundell Wetherell, was in practice as a surgeon. His mother's maiden name was Anne Maria Gibson. He was educated first at private schools, then at the Middlesex Hospital, and, after passing the examinations of the Royal College of Surgeons, settled at Highgate.

Wetherell's attention was early turned to geology, and to this all his spare time was given. He was an active member of the London Clay Club [see ], and a zealous searcher after the fossils of that formation. Sundry deep excavations, like that at Highgate Archway, afforded him good opportunities for forming an unusually fine collection, which was ultimately purchased by the British Museum authorities and is now at South Kensington. He also acquired a large series of interesting specimens from the glacial drift of Muswell Hill, Finchley, &c., which is preserved in the Jermyn Street Museum; and he paid especial attention to the banded structure of flints. He was elected F.G.S. in 1863, but resigned, owing to increasing deafness, in December 1869. He died at Highgate on 22 Dec. 1875, having spent his whole life at the Grove, which had been the home of his father and grandfather, also members of the same profession. He married, on 20 March 1837, Louisa Mary Capon of Highgate. She, with four sons and three daughters, survived him.

Most of the time which Wetherell could spare from professional duties was taken up in forming and arranging his collections. He was the author of thirteen papers, some of which appeared in the publications of the Geological Society, and of a few short notes.

[Obituary notices, Quarterly Journal Geol. Soc. xxxii. (1876), Proc. p. 90, Geol. Mag. 1876, p. 48; information from Dr. H. Woodward, Professor T. R. Jones, and Mrs. Wetherell (widow).]  WETHERSET, RICHARD (fl. 1350), theological writer, was a native of Wetheringsett, Suffolk, and became chancellor of the university of Cambridge in 1349–50 (, Fasti, iii. 598). He wrote: 1. A ‘Summa’ or ‘Speculum Ecclesiæ,’ in which William de Monte [see ] is largely used. It is copied in the Digby MS. 103 without indication of the author's name, in the Cambridge University Library, Ii. iv. 12, and Addit. MS. 3471 (formerly Phillipps 22339 and 7402), and in the New College MS. 145. This is the work which Boston of Bury names under the title ‘De Vitiis et Virtutibus et de Sacramentis’ (, p. xxxvii). 2. In MS. ccclvi. Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, is a ‘Tractatus qui dicitur Numerale’ by him, probably taken from William de Monte's ‘Numerale,’ which is largely quoted in the ‘Summa.’ 3. The jesuit manuscripts of Louvain contain, besides the above, ‘Sermones de Sanctis,’ under the name of Ric. Wedringler (, Bibl. Belg. MSS. p. 327). Wetherset also appears to


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Brit.; Lupton's Life of Colet; Knight's Life of Erasmus (where Grocyn's will appears); Erasmi Epistolæ, ed. Leclerc.]

GROENVELDT, JOHN, M.D. (1647?–1710?), physician, born about 1647, was a native of Deventer in Holland. He was educated partly in Holland and then under F. Zypæus at Louvain, and in Paris. On 13 Sept. 1667 he was entered as a medical student at Leyden, but graduated M.D. at Utrecht on 18 March 1670. His thesis, 'De Calculo Vesicæ' (Utrecht, 1670), was translated into English and published in London in 1677, and with large additions in 1710. About 1673 he was appointed physician in chief to the garrison at Grave. Ten years afterwards he came to England, settled in Throgmorton Street, London, and was admitted a licentiate of the College of Physicians on 2 April 1683. Supported by powerful patronage he passed as a specialist on gout and stone, but was regarded by most of his brethren as a quack. In 1693 he was summoned before the college for mala praxis in the internal use of cantharides, but was not punished. In April 1697 he was again summoned for the same offence, and was fined and committed to Newgate, but was soon released (, Brief Historical Relation, iv. 214). A female patient, to whom he is said to have administered thirty-six grains of the medicine, brought an action against him on the following 7 Dec., but though nearly twenty members of the college appeared on her behalf, a verdict was given in his favour (ib. iv. 316). He in turn sued the college for wrongful imprisonment, but the court gave judgment for the defendants on 8 June 1700 (ib. iv. 654). Groenveldt, or Greenfield, as he sometimes styled himself in England, was the author of a small treatise on his favourite medicine, entitled 'Tutus Cantharidum in medicina Usus internus,' 1698 (2nd edition, 1703), which was translated into English, with additions, by John Marten, surgeon, in 1706. He wrote also: In May 1710 Groenveldt was living opposite the Sun Tavern, Threadneedle Street, but died apparently in the same year.
 * 1) ‘Dissertatio Lithologica,’ 1684; 2nd edition, 1687.
 * 2) ‘Practica Medica,’ 1688.
 * 3) ‘Arthritology; or a Discourse of the Gout,’ 1691.
 * 4) ‘Fundamenta Medicinse scriptoribus … præstantioribus deprompta’ [anon.], 1714; 2nd edition, with author's name (1715). This handbook, compiled by Groenveldt from the dictation of Zypæus, was published in English in 1715 and 1753.

GROGAN, CORNELIUS (1738?–1798), United Irishman, born about 1738, was eldest son of John Grogan of Johnstown Castle, Wexford, by his wife Catherine, daughter and heiress of Major Andrew Knox of Rathmacknee. His father, a protestant landlord, was a member of the Irish parliament. Grogan succeeded to the family estates, was high sheriff of Wexford, and was from 1783 to 1790 M.P. for Enniscorthy in the Irish parliament. On the outbreak of the Irish rebellion in 1798 Grogan joined the insurgents, and became commissary-general in their army. When Wexford was taken by the government forces Grogan was tried by court-martial. He pleaded that he had been forced to take a nominal lead, but had been guilty of no overt act, but was beheaded on Wexford Bridge on 28 June 1798. Two other landlords of Wexford who had taken the same action as himself, [q. v.] and [q. v.], suffered with him. Their heads were set up on the court-house, and their bodies flung into the Slaney; but Grogan's body was recovered by his followers, and secretly buried at Rathaspick, near Johnstown. His estates were escheated by the crown, but were restored on the payment of a heavy fine to his youngest and only surviving brother, John Knox. Another brother, Thomas, a lieutenant in the British army, was killed at the battle of Arklow on 9 June 1798. A cousin, Edward Grogan, born in 1802, M.P. for Dublin from 1841 to 1868, was created a baronet on 23 April 1859.

GROGAN, NATHANIEL (d. 1807?), painter, a native of Cork, served first as an apprentice to a wood-turner, but becoming acquainted with John Butts, the painter, at Cork, desired to become a painter. He entered the army, however, and served through the American war, at the close of which he returned to Cork to devote himself to art. He was mainly occupied in painting landscapes, but gained his chief successes in humorous subjects, especially drawn from Irish peasant life. In 1782 he sent four pictures to the exhibition of the Free Society of Artists in London. Some pictures by him were exhibited at the Irish Exhibition in London, 1888. Grogan also worked in aquatint, and executed in this method a large plate of 'The Country Schoolmaster' (an impression is in the print room at the British Museum), and some views in the neighbourhood of Cork.


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 have written against the power of the mendicants to hear confessions, for Adam Wodham or Godham replied to him (, Grey Friars at Oxford, p. 173 n.)

[Authorities cited.]  WETHERSHED, RICHARD (d. 1231), archbishop of Canterbury. [See .]

WETWANG, JOHN (d. 1684), captain in the navy, had possibly been with Prince Rupert or the French privateers during the Commonwealth (cf., First Dutch War, i. 21). The first mention of him is in 1665, when he was appointed captain of the Norwich, a fifth-rate attached to the red squadron in the action off Lowestoft on 3 June. In 1666 he was captain of the Tiger, in 1668 of the Dunkirk, a third-rate. In 1672 he commanded the 70-gun ship Edgar, one of the blue squadron, in the battle of Solebay; in 1673 he was flag-captain to Prince Rupert in the Sovereign. In November he was appointed to the Newcastle, in which, in March 1674, he captured a large Dutch East Indiaman ‘of very great value.’ At the end of the war he took the Newcastle out to the Mediterranean, whence he brought home the ‘trade’ in the spring of 1676. In 1678 he commanded the Royal James as flag-captain to Sir Thomas Allin [q. v.]; in 1679 he was captain of the Northumberland, in 1680 of the Woolwich. On 20 Nov. 1680 he was knighted. In October 1683 he was appointed captain of the East India Company's ship Royal James, with a double commission from the king and the company to command the fleet in the East Indies for reinstating the king of Bantam and re-establishing the trade there. With him was Sir Thomas Grantham [q. v.], who had a commission to command in his absence. Wetwang died at Fort St. George, Madras, within a few weeks of his arrival in 1684. His will (in Somerset House: Cann, 50)—signed 18 Oct. 1683, proved 8 April 1685—constitutes his ‘dear and well-beloved wife Isabel’ sole executrix, and leaves everything to her during her natural life; after her death, which happened in 1691, to be equally divided among his four sons—Robert, John, Samuel, and Joseph. A brother Joseph, a captain in the navy, is mentioned by Charnock (ii. 58).

[Charnock's Biogr. Nav. i. 184; Bruce's Annals of the East India Company, vol. ii.; Yule's Diary of Hedges (Hakluyt Soc.), ii. 52, 164; Pringle's Consultation Books of Fort St. George, 1684; notes kindly furnished by Mr. William Foster.]  WEWITZER, RALPH (1748–1825), comedian, was born of respectable parents on 17 Dec. 1748 in Salisbury Street, Strand, and was apprenticed to a jeweller. He made his first appearance at Covent Garden in May 1773 as Ralph in the ‘Maid of the Mill,’ it is said for the benefit of his sister, Miss Wewitzer (see below). The first time his name can be traced to a part is 21 Nov. 1775, when he was the original Lopez in Sheridan's ‘Duenna.’ During fourteen years he remained at Covent Garden, acquiring gradually a reputation in Frenchmen, Germans, Jews, and old men. Near the outset of his Covent Garden career Wewitzer, who was heavily in debt, went to Dublin, where he acted under Ryder, though his performances cannot be traced. Among his parts at Covent Garden were Filch in the ‘Beggar's Opera,’ Champignon in ‘Reprisal,’ Jerry Sneak in ‘Mayor of Garratt,’ Simon Pure in ‘Bold Stroke for a Wife,’ Dr. Pinch in ‘Comedy of Errors,’ Coromandel (an original part) in Pilon's ‘Liverpool Prize,’ 22 Feb. 1779, Dr. Caius in ‘Merry Wives of Windsor,’ Vandervelt (an original part) in Holcroft's ‘Duplicity’ on 13 Oct. 1781, Cutbeard in ‘Epicœne,’ Basil in ‘Follies of a Day’ on 14 Dec. 1785, Juno in ‘Midas,’ Smuggler in ‘Constant Couple,’ Gardiner in ‘King Henry VIII,’ Frenchman in ‘Lethe,’ Tattle in ‘Love for Love,’ Lord Plausible in ‘Plain Dealer,’ Puritan in ‘Duke and no Duke,’ Grutti in Shirley's ‘Bird in a Cage,’ Razor in ‘Provoked Wife,’ first carrier in the ‘First Part of King Henry IV,’ Sir Philip Modelove in ‘Bold Stroke for a Wife,’ Oldcastle in ‘Intriguing Chambermaid,’ Papillion in the ‘Lyar,’ Rigdum Funnidos in ‘Chrononhotonthologos,’ Tipkin in ‘Tender Husband,’ Medium in ‘Inkle and Yarico,’ and very many parts, chiefly servants or the like, in forgotten comedies of Holcroft, O'Keeffe, Pilon, and others. In ‘Omar, or a Trip round the World,’ by O'Keeffe, with music by Shield, produced at Covent Garden on 20 Dec. 1785, Wewitzer delivered with very great effect a species of ‘state harangue-pomposo’ (, Recollections, ii. 115), in what purported to be the language of a Polynesian chief.

On 8 July 1780 Wewitzer's name appears at the Haymarket as Fripon in Miles Peter Andrews's comic opera ‘Fire and Water,’ then first produced. At the same house, at which he appeared during many consecutive summers, he was Diana Trapes on 8 Aug. 1781, when the female parts in the ‘Beggar's Opera’ were played by men, and vice versa. In 1785 John Palmer (1742?–1798) [q. v.] built the Royalty Theatre in Wellclose Square,


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 which he opened in 1787. On his failure and imprisonment in 1789 he entrusted the management to Wewitzer, who severed his connection with Covent Garden and sought to make of the place a popular house, such as Sadler's Wells. On the collapse of the speculation he retired with loss of money and reputation. In August 1790 he was at the Haymarket Theatre, where he was seen for two or three summers, and in September 1791 was with the Drury Lane company at the King's Theatre in the Haymarket. Here he was on 20 April 1792 the first Larron, a smuggler, in the ‘Fugitive,’ altered by Richardson from the ‘Coxcomb’ of Beaumont and Fletcher. At Drury Lane he played Gripe in ‘Cheats of Scapin,’ Moses in ‘School for Scandal,’ Sir William Wealthy in Foote's ‘Minor,’ Ephraim Smooth (an original part) in O'Keeffe's ‘Nosegay of Weeds’ on 6 June 1798, Canton in ‘Clandestine Marriage,’ Shadrach in the ‘Young Quaker,’ Elbow in ‘Measure for Measure,’ Abednego in the ‘Jew and the Doctor,’ Abraham (an original character) in Holcroft's ‘Vindictive Man’ on 20 Nov. 1806, and Gibbet in ‘Beaux' Stratagem.’

After Drury Lane was burned down he went with the company to the English Opera House (Lyceum), where he was on 30 Sept. 1811 the first La Fosse in Moore's ‘M.P., or the Blue Stocking.’ On the reopening night of Drury Lane (10 Oct. 1812) he was one of the gravediggers in ‘Hamlet.’ Soon after this time his name, which had been infrequently seen on the bills, disappeared. He drew during his later years a pension of 65l. from the Covent Garden fund, and died in extreme poverty at lodgings in Wild Passage, Drury Lane, on 1 Jan. 1825, his body being removed by his landlady, to whom he was in debt, from the expensive coffin supplied by his sister.

A good actor in secondary parts, Wewitzer won the approval of good judges, but never rose to the front rank. He was a French scholar, and left behind him the reputation of an intelligent companion and a wit. The witticisms that survive do not appeal very directly to the present generation. He had a share in arranging the marriage of Harriot Mellon [q. v.], subsequently Duchess of St. Albans, with Mr. Coutts, and was for a short time of her household. A pamphlet, the title of which begins ‘Mr. Percy Wyndham's Strictures on an Impostor’ (see, Bibliographical Account of Theatrical Literature, p. 237), is written in Wewitzer's interest, and taxes the duchess with falsehood and ingratitude.

Wewitzer contributed to the Haymarket the ‘Gnome,’ a pantomime (unprinted), acted in 1788, and to Covent Garden the ‘Magic Cavern,’ a pantomime, 27 Dec. 1784; 1785, 8vo. To Wewitzer are also assigned the ‘Pedigree of King George III, lineally deduced from King Egbert,’ 1812, 8vo; the ‘School for Wits, a Choice Collection of Bons Mots, Anecdotes, and other Poetical Jeux d'Esprit,’ 1815, 12mo; ‘Dramatic Reminiscences, by Ralph Wewitzer, Comedian,’ 12mo—no copy known with a title-page; ‘Theatrical Pocket-book, or brief Dramatic Chronology,’ London, 1814, 12mo; and ‘A brief Dramatic Chronology of Actors, &c., to which is added a Miscellaneous Appendix,’ London, 1817, 12mo—a compilation of no authority or merit.

A portrait, by Dewilde, of Wewitzer as Dr. Caius in the ‘Merry Wives of Windsor’ is in the Mathews collection at the Garrick Club, with a rhyming quotation from Anthony Pasquin: His Caius and clowns we may see and admire, And his Bellair, like glass, is engendered by fire. Frenchmen are free from unpleasant grimace, And his Jews you would swear were all born in Duke's Place. A portrait, by Wageman, in the same character, accompanies his memoir in the sixth volume of Oxberry's ‘Dramatic Biography.’

(fl. 1772–1789) made her appearance on 4 Nov. 1772 at Covent Garden as Daphne in ‘Daphne and Chloe,’ and played several parts of no great importance. Genest announces her first appearance as Elmira in Dibdin's ‘Seraglio,’ 14 Nov. 1776. She seems to have played at Covent Garden or in Dublin until 1789, when she quitted the stage. Subsequently—after 1808—she is said to have become the second wife of James Cuffe, lord Tyrawley. She was dead when Lord Tyrawley died on 15 June 1821 (Gent. Mag. 1821, ii. 88; cf. Complete Peerage, vii. 443).

[No full or quite trustworthy life of Wewitzer is accessible. The nearest approach may be found in Oxberry's Dramatic Biography (vol. vi.), and in a notice of death in the Roscius, the first number of which appeared on 4 Jan. 1825. Genest's Account of the English Stage; Baker, Reed and Jones's Biographia Dramatica; Thespian Magazine and Literary Repositor; Thespian Dictionary; Gilliland's Dramatic Mirror; Clark Russell's Representative Actors; New Monthly Magazine; Georgian Era; Notes and Queries, 9th ser. i. 168, 252, 373; Secret Memoirs of the Green Room; Authentic Memoirs of the Green Room; Boaden's Life of Mrs. Jordan have, in addition to works cited, been consulted.]


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 WEY or WAY, WILLIAM (1407?–1476), traveller and author, born in Devonshire apparently in 1407, was educated at Oxford, where he graduated M.A. and B.D. before the autumn of 1430, when he became fellow of Exeter College. He held his fellowship at least till 1442, if not later, and then became an original fellow of Eton College, though his name does not occur, as Harwood implies, in the charter of foundation. Early in 1456 he started on a pilgrimage to the shrine of St. James of Compostella, leaving Eton on 27 March, and sailing from Plymouth on 17 May. He reached Coruña on 21 May, and left it on his return home on 5 June, arriving at Plymouth on the 9th. As the statutes of Eton College forbade fellows to be absent more than six weeks, Wey probably obtained leave of absence similar to that granted him in a letter from Henry VI, among the archives at Eton dated 11 Aug. [1457], to go on a second pilgrimage to holy places. He left Venice on 18 May 1458, reached Jaffa on 18 and Jerusalem on 24 June, leaving again on 2 July, and returning to Eton late in the autumn, the whole journey having taken thirty-nine weeks. On 26 Feb. 1462 Wey left Eton for a second visit to Palestine, sailing from England on 13 March, and arriving at Venice on 22 April. He remained there five weeks, witnessing the ceremonies of St. Mark's day and those connected with the installation of Nicolas Moro as doge in succession to Pascale Malopero. He left on 26 May, arriving at Jaffa on 16 July; he started back from Jerusalem on the 25th, and landed at Dover on 1 Dec.

Of all of these pilgrimages Wey left a remarkably detailed and interesting account, formerly preserved in Edingdon monastery (not, as Aungier states, at Syon), and now in the Bodleian Library (MS. 565); it was edited with introduction and notes for the Roxburghe Club in 1857. The manuscript begins with two introductory treatises in prose, giving information useful for travellers, much in the manner of a modern guidebook; the narratives in verse follow in a stilted metre, said to resemble Lydgate's. That of the journey to St. James of Compostella is the least interesting of the three, though it contains some information on the ecclesiastical condition of Spain. The narrative of the first journey to Jerusalem is detailed after Wey's departure from Venice, while that of the second journey is fuller on his travels across Europe.

Soon after his return from his third pilgrimage, Wey resolved to take the monastic vow, thereby vacating his fellowship at Eton. He entered the Augustinian monastery at Edingdon, Wiltshire, where he passed the remainder of his days. He gave that house some church furniture, relics, and curiosities which he had collected in Palestine, and died on 30 Nov. 1476.

Besides his itineraries, Wey wrote, ‘Sermones dominicales super Evangelia per totum Annum’ and ‘Sermones de Festis principalibus et Sanctis cum ahis multis Sermonibus generalibus;’ both were formerly extant in Syon MS. Q. 14 (, Cat. Libr. Syon Monastery, 1898, p. 162).

WEYLAND, JOHN (1774–1854), writer on the poor laws, born on 4 Dec. 1774, was the eldest son of John Weyland (1744–1825) of Woodrising, Norfolk, and Woodeaton, Oxfordshire, by his wife Elizabeth Johanna (d. 1822), daughter and coheiress of John Nourse, of Woodeaton. He matriculated from Christ Church, Oxford, on 10 Nov. 1792, and was called to the bar by the society of the Inner Temple in 1800. He devoted much time to the study of the English poor-law system, and in 1807 published ‘A Short Enquiry into the Policy, Humanity, and Effect of the Poor Laws,’ London, 8vo. In this treatise, and in a supplemental pamphlet published in the same year entitled ‘Observations on Mr. Whitbread's Poor Bill and on the Population of England,’ London, 8vo, he deprecated too much education for the poor, and affirmed that a certain degree of hardship was a necessary incentive to industry.

On 31 July 1830 he was returned to parliament for Hindon in Wiltshire, and retained his seat until December 1832. He died, without issue, at Woodrising on 8 May 1854. On 12 March 1799 he married Elizabeth, daughter and heiress of Whitstead Keene of Richmond.

Besides the works mentioned, Weyland was the author of ‘A Letter to Sir Hugh Inglis on the State of Religion in India’ (London, 1813, 8vo), and ‘The Principles of Population and Production as they are affected by the Progress of Society’ (London, 1816, 8vo); he edited Robert Boyle's ‘Occasional Reflections’ (London, 1808, 8vo).


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 WEYLAND, THOMAS (fl. 1272–1290), judge, was a member of a Norfolk family that since the beginning of the thirteenth century had possessed land at Oxburgh and elsewhere in that county (Black Book of Exchequer in  Norfolk Antiquarian Miscellany, i. 48, 95). The gossip of the Dunstable annalist ‘de imo in altum elevatus’ (p. 356) ignores the respectability of his descent. The name comes from Weyland, a wood near Watton, which gives its name to a Norfolk hundred. The family had also possessed lands in Ireland since about 1248, at which time one William de Weyland was in Ireland, in the service of Aymer de Valence (d. 1260) [q. v.], the half-brother of Henry III (Cal. Doc. Ireland, 1171–1251, pp. 439, 450). This William is probably the same as the Sir William de Weyland whom a pedigree in Blomefield's ‘Norfolk,’ vi. 173, makes, with his wife Marsilia (who afterwards married John de Brandon), the father of Thomas the judge. This William is generally identified with the William de Weyland who was escheator south of Trent between 1261 and 1265, justice itinerant, holder of many particular assizes, and justice of the common pleas in 1272 and 1273 (, Biographia Juridica, p. 720). However, an entry in ‘Calendar of Documents relating to Ireland,’ 1252–84 (p. 499), makes this William a brother of Thomas Weyland. There were several other Weylands mentioned in the records of this time whose precise relationship to each other and to the judge is hard to determine. The most important of these, Sir Nicholas de Weyland, also a son of Sir William, was probably the justice's elder brother, or possibly his nephew. He got the manor of Oxburgh with his wife, Juliana Burnell, and was knight of the shire for Suffolk in 1297, 1298, and 1305 (Parl. Writs, i. 901).

Thomas de Weyland became a clerk and a subdeacon in early life, but, attaining success as a lawyer, he kept his clerical status in the background, and before 1272 had married a lady named Elizabeth (Cal. of Patent Rolls, 1 Edward I, in Deputy-Keeper's Forty-second Report, p. 560). It is possible, however, that this Thomas was Thomas de Weyland of Rydon, who, with his wife Elizabeth, acknowledged a fine so late as 28 Edward I (, Cal. of Norfolk Feet of Fines, pp. 138, 153). About 1271 or 1272 he was associated as justice itinerant with Roger de Seyton in Essex and Hertfordshire (, Chronica Series, p. 25). In the early years of Edward I's reign he was constantly employed in holding particular assizes, especially in the eastern counties. There are innumerable instances of this in the ‘lexicographical’ calendar of the early patent rolls of Edward I, scattered in the reports of the deputy-keeper of the records. Before Michaelmas 1274 he became justice of the bench at Westminster, that is, in more modern phrase, of the court of common pleas, though in 1275 he is described as one of the ‘servientes regis ad legem’ (ib. p. 26). In July or August 1278, during the parliament at Gloucester, Edward reorganised the staff of the bench at Westminster, appointing Weyland chief justice, with a salary of sixty marks a year (Parl. Writs, i. 382). On 29 Sept. of the same year Weyland was present at the homage of Alexander III, king of Scots, at Westminster (ib. i. 7).

During the eleven years that Weyland acted as chief justice he showed great activity in the administration of the law, but neglected no opportunity of furthering his own interest and building up a great landed estate. His behaviour, always questionable, became exceptionally scandalous between 1286 and 1289, when the absence of Edward I and the chancellor Burnell on the continent removed the chief checks upon his action and that of his colleagues. In November 1276 he obtained from his mother and her new husband, John de Brandon, a release of all her dower rights both in Ireland and in England, in return for the manor of Middleton for life (Cal. Doc. Ireland, 1252–84, p. 211). He was already in possession of his father's Irish estates, and in February 1281 had letters of protection in England for two years (ib. p. 376). Again, on 1 July 1285 he had protection in Ireland for three years ‘on remaining in England on the special affairs of the king’ (ib. 1285–92, p. 39). In England he collected a large amount of property. On 29 June 1276 he received the manor of Great Massingham, and two years later that of Northall, both in Norfolk (, Norfolk, ix. 262–3). In 1288 he bought a large property at Grimestone, Crongham, and Gayton, Norfolk (ib. viii. 450). He made other acquisitions in Suffolk and in Essex, where in 1286 he had license for making parks at Chigwell and Writtle. In Kent he obtained the manor of Gravesend, and in Gloucestershire inherited that of Sodbury from William, his father, where in 1280 he had license for holding a market and fair (Cal. Rot. Cartarum, p. 107). The estates he held at the time of his fall are enumerated in ‘Calendarium Inquisitionum post mortem,’ i. 102, 106, 115, 130, 144, 317.

On Edward I's return to England in August 1289, a chorus of complaints were