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 OF

OF

CONTAINING LISTS OF

LORD CHANCELLORS AND KEEPERS OF THE GREAT SEAL,

FROM THE EARLIEST PERIOD;

FESS AND ALLOWANCES FROM THE CROWN, TENURES OF OFFICES,

REFERENCES TO THE RECORDS, AND PATENTS OF PRECEDENCE.

ALSO,

Of the Law Officers

OUTLINE OF THE LEGAL HISTORY OF IRELAND

AND COPIOUS INDEXES.

BY CONSTANTINE J. SMYTH, B.A.,

OF LINCOLN'S INN

LONDON:

HENRY BUTTERWORTH, LAW BOOKSELLER AND PUBLISHER,

7, FLEET STRBET.

AND MILLIKEN AND SON, DUBLIN. 1839


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User talk:Peter coxhead

I think the EB articles are using bold for the topic, and I see that in the scan. Let me know if you have a query on proofreading. cygnis insignis 15:13, 1 January 2011 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

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 Tuam, Edward, Abp. of, 1715, 1717. Tullamore, C, Lord, 1756. Tullamore, J. Lord, 1715, 1717 Turner, A., 1682, 1684.

Vandeleur, T. B., 1821, 1822, 1880, 1834. Upton, A., 1702, 1714, 1717.

Wainwright, J., 1732, 1740. Walshe, N., 1583, 1596, 1598, 1603, 1610, 1615. Wandesforde, C, 1632, 1638, 1639. Ward, M., 1727, 176& West, R., 1724, 1726. Weston, R., 1566, 1572. Weston, Sir W., 1592, 1593. White, Sir P., 1558, 1660. Whitshed. W., 1709, 1711, 1714, 1726, 1727. Whyte, N., 1571, 1577, 1592. Wilbraham, R, 1585, 1603. Willes, E., 1756, 1760, 1766. Winche, Sir H., 1606, 1608, 1612. Witherington, J., 1714, 1716, 1718. Wolfe, A., (Viscount Kilwarden,) 1786, 1788, 1797, 1802. Wood, A., 1777, 1778, 1783. Worth, W., 1681, 1685, 1686. Woulfe, S., 1834, 1836,1837, 1838. Windham, T., Lord, 1724, 1726, 1727, 1736, 1739, 1745.

Yelverton, B., (Viscount Avonmore,) 1781, 1783, 1804. Yorke, Sir W., 1742, 1753, 1760, 1775.

G. Woodfall, Printer, Angel Court, Skinner Street, London,


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 Rigby,R., 1759, 1760, 1787. Robinson, C, 1767, 176O, 1786 Rochfort, Sir R., 1690, 1694, 1702, 1707, 1714. Rogeraon, J., I714, 1719, 1726, 1727, 1741. Rose, H., 1734, 1742. Russell, B., 1566, 1590. Ryves, Sir R., 1683, 1685, 1687, 1690, 1692, 1694. Ryves, Sir W., 1619, 1625, 1636, 1649.

Saarsfield, Sir D., (Viscount Kilmallock,) 1606, 1610, 1615, 1625. 1634. Sambach, Sir W., 1637, 1640, 1649. Santhey, J., 1657, 1659. Santry, Lord ; see Barry. Saunders, M., 1711, 1714. Saunders, R., 1702, 1708. Saurin, W., 1806, 1820, 1822, 1838. Saxey, W., 1598, 1601. Scott, J., (Earl of Clonmel,) 1774, 1777, 1781, 1783, 1789, 1797. Scott, W., 1757, 1769, 1760, 1767, 1775 Scurloke, B., 1558. Segrave, P., 1597, 1603. Segrave, R., 1577, 1597. Shapoott, R., 1658. Shurley, Sir G., 1620, 1625, 1649 Shute ; see Barrington. Sibthorpe, Sir C, 1607, 1625, 1633. Singleton, H., 1725, 1727, 1739, 1753, 1759. Smith, Sir E., 1665, 1669. Smith, J., 1700, 1702. Smith, Sir E., 1793, 1800, 1805, 1808. Smith, Sir W. C, 1800, 1801, 1820, 1830, 1836. Smith, G., 1768, 1771. Smythes, J., 1583, 1585. Snagg, T., 1577, 1579. Sparke, W., 1610, 1623. Stanley, E., 1793, 1800, 1802. Stannard, E., 1753, 1757. Staunton, J., 1711, 1714. Steele, W., 1656. Stephens, Sir R., 1680, 1682, 1690, 1692. Stewart, Sir J., I797, 1800, 1802, 1825. Stockton, T., 1660, 1685. Sugden, Sir E. B., 1834.

Talbot, R., 1558, 1677. Talbot, Sir W., 1689. Tempest, T., 1640, 1649. Temple, Sir J., 1639, 1644, 1649, 1660, 1677. Temple, J., 1685, 1691, 1694. Temple, Sir W., 1664, 1685, 1695. Tennison, T., 1759, 1760, 1761, 1778. Tisdall, P., 1741, 1751, 1760, 1766. Toler, J.,(Earl of Norburv,) 1783, 1786, 1788, 1797, 1800, 1820, 1827, 1831. Torrens, R., 1822, 1823, 1830, 1837. Tracey, R., 1698, 1699, 1700.


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 flowers; but some pollen must also be transported by the wind to the female flowers, especially in arctic species which, in spite of the poverty of insect life, set abundant fruit. The tuft of hairs at the base facilitates rapid dispersion of the seed, early germination of which is rendered desirable owing to its tenuity. Although the limitations of the genus are well marked, and its recognition in consequence easy, it is otherwise with regard to the species. The greatest difference of opinion exists among botanists as to their number and the bounds to be assigned to each; and the cross-fertilization that takes place between the species intensifies the difficulty. Andersson, a Swede, spent nearly a quarter of a century in their investigation, and ultimately published a monograph which is the standard authority on the subject. He admits about a hundred species. Professor C. S. Sargent (Silva of North America) suggests 160 to 170 as the number of distinguishable species. Some botanists have enumerated 80 species from Great Britain alone, while others count only 12 or 15. Dr Buchanan White, who made a special study of the British willows, grouped them under 17 species with numerous varieties and hybrids. To illustrate the great perplexity surrounding the subject, we may mention that to one species, S. nigricans, one hundred and twenty synonyms have been attached. Some of these are doubtless such as no botanist, with adequate material for forming an opinion, would accept; but, after making the necessary deductions for actual mistakes and misstatements, there still remains a large number upon which legitimate differences of opinion prevail. Andersson says that he has rarely seen two specimens of this species which were alike in the collective characters offered by the stature, foliage and catkins. No better example could be found of the almost limitless variation in so-called species.

Few genera have greater claims to notice from an economic point of view. As timber trees many of the species are valuable from their rapidity of growth and for the production of light durable wood, serviceable for many purposes. Among the best trees of this kind are S. fragilis, the crack willow (fig. 2), especially the variety known as S. fragilis, var. Russelliana and S. alba, the white or

Huntingdon willow. These trees are usually found growing by rivers' banks or in other moist situations, and are generally pollarded for the purpose of securing a crop of straight poles. This plan is, however, objectionable, as inducing decay in the centre of the trunk. Where poles are required, it is better to treat the trees as coppice and to cut the trunk level with the soil. The wood of S. fragilis is used for cricket-bats; there is a great difference in the value for this purpose of timber from different soils; and wood of the female tree is said to be preferable to that of the male. S. caprea (fig. 1), a hedgerow tree, generally grows in drier situations. It is a useful timber tree, and its wood, like that of S. alba, is prized in the manufacture of charcoal. Its catkins are collected in England in celebration of Palm Sunday, the bright-coloured flowers being available in early spring when other decorations of the kind are scarce. Certain sorts of willow are largely used for basket-making and wicker-work. The species employed for this purpose are mostly of shrubby habit, and are known under the collective name of osiers (see, and ). The best for planting is the bitter osier, S. purpurea; planted on rich, well-drained soil, subject to occasional immersion, this willow may be grown profitably for basket-work. It is also well adapted for forming wind-breaks or screens, or for holding the banks of streams and preventing the removal of the soil by the current. S. viminalis is one of the best of the green osiers, suitable for hoops and valuable for retaining the soil on sloping embankments. S. vitellina yields the yellow osiers. S. acuminata and other species do well by the seaside, and are serviceable as wind-screens, nurse-trees and hedges. S. daphnoides, S. repens and other dwarf kinds are useful for binding heathy or sandy soil. In addition to their use for timber or basket-making, willows contain a large quantity of tannin in their bark. A valuable medicinal glucoside named (q.v.) is also extracted from the bark. The wood, especially of S. alba, is used for paper pulp. As ornamental trees some willows also take a high rank. The white willow is a great favourite, while the drooping habit of the weeping willow renders it very attractive. Though named S. babylonica, it is really a native of China, from which it has been widely spread by man; the willow of the Euphrates (Ps. cxxxvii.) is in all probability Populus euphratica. S. babylonica is sometimes spoken of as Pope's willow, having been cultivated by that poet, or as Napoleon's willow, because his tomb at St Helena is overshadowed by a tree of this species, from which many offsets exist or are reputed to exist in modern gardens. S. regalis has very white, silvery leaves. S. rosmarinifolia is remarkable for its very narrow leaves—purplish above, silvery beneath.

The larvae of several nocturnal Lepidoptera feed upon the leaves of the willows, and the trunk of the sallow is often injured by the perforations of the lunar hornet sphinx (Trochilium crabroniforme).  WILLOW-HERB, in botany, the popular name for the species of Epilobium, a genus of often tall herbaceous plants, several of which are natives of Britain. The slender stems bear narrow leaves and pink or purple flowers, which in the rose-bay (E. angustifolium), found by moist river-sides and in copses, are 1 in. in diameter and form showy spikes. E. hirsutum, found by sides of ditches and rivers, a tall plant with many large rose-purple flowers, is known popularly as codlins-and-cream.  WILLS, WILLIAM GORMAN (1828–1891), Irish dramatist, was born at Kilmurry, Ireland, on the 28th of January 1828, the son of James Wills (1790–1868), author of Lives of Illustrious and Distinguished Irishmen (1839-1847). The son was educated at Waterford Grammar School and Trinity College, Dublin. After several years of journalistic and literary work in Dublin, he settled in London, where he wrote stories for the magazines. In 1868 he determined that he could make a better living at portrait-painting, for which, though his art education had been meagre, he had always had talent. He soon made a fair income, though in the long run his excessive Bohemianism, coupled with persistent absent-mindedness, lost him many sitters. Meanwhile he had begun to write for the stage. His first original work was the Man o'Airlie, produced at the Princess's theatre, London, in 1867. Early in 1872 he was engaged by Colonel Bateman as “dramatist to the Lyceum” at an annual salary. Under the terms of his agreement he wrote Medea in Corinth, Charles I. and Eugene Aram, all of which were produced at the Lyceum in 1872–1873. With Charles I., in which Mr (afterwards Sir Henry) Irving confirmed the reputation he had earned by his performance in The Bells, Wills made a popular success, which he repeated in Olivia (adapted from Goldsmith's Vicar of Wakefield) in 1873. From this date onwards Wills wrote continuously, and till 1887 his name was practically never absent from the bill of some London theatre. His work never, however, quite came up to the expectations which were based on his genuine ability,

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 hundreds, and finally to thousands, of copies of works of high repute and worth; of Livingstone's travels, for example, 3250 copies were taken on the day of publication.

In 1852, the library was removed to New Oxford-street, and year by year, as the business grew, house after house was added. These, with the great hall in their rear—one of the largest and best-proportioned rooms in London—hardly suffice to contain the vast accumulation of books which has been provided for the instruction and amusement of the multitude.

At the commencement of his enterprise, Mr. Mudie did not contemplate the circulation of works of fiction; but very soon afterwards it was quite clear to him that, as some of the best philosophy of the day came clothed in that attractive garb, it was not desirable to exclude them; and a considerable number of copies were taken of 'Margaret Maitland of Sunnyside,' 'Alton Locke,' 'Mary Barton,' 'Jane Eyre,' 'Vanity Fair,' and the earlier novels of the author of John Halifax;' and through the door, once open, a hundred other of the choicer novels found their way, and others followed the difficulty—of drawing any line, save for obvious reasons, having been frankly admitted.

It is almost a pity that the stricter rule and higher standard adopted in the first instance were not rigorously maintained throughout; but the principle of an index expurgatorius could never have commended itself to a man of Mr. Mudie's liberal views, and would never have been tolerated by the great multitude of his patrons.

Whether the library has accomplished all that might have been hoped for by the more sanguine of its early patrons, and whether, while offering the means of intellectual improvement and innocent enjoyment to many readers, it has not at the same time incidentally, and it may be injuriously, disturbed to some extent the old order of things, may be a matter of question; but as far as the founder is concerned, there can be no doubt that he has worked assiduously and effectually in the interests of literature.

Mr. Mudie is one of the members for Westminster of the London School Board; a director of the London Missionary Society; a Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society; and is, we believe, the author of a volume of poems called 'Stray Leaves,' of which some of the reviews speak in the highest terms.


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 PREVIOUSLY TO THE PUBLICATION OF THE FIRST EDITION OF THIS WORK.

here give a brief sketch of the progress of opinion on the Origin of Species. Until recently the great majority of naturalists believed that species were immutable productions, and had been separately created. This view has been ably maintained by many authors. Some few naturalists, on the other hand, have believed that species undergo modification, and that the existing forms of life are the descendants by true generation of pre existing forms. Passing over allusions to the subject in the classical writers, the first author who in modern times has treated it in a scientific spirit was Buffon. But as his opinions fluctuated greatly at different periods, and as he does not enter on the causes or means of the transformation of species, I need not here enter on details.

Lamarck was the first man whose conclusions on the subject excited much attention. This justly celebrated naturalist first published his views in 1801; he much enlarged them in 1809 in his "Philosophie Zoologique", and subsequently, in 1815, in the Introduction to his "Hist. Nat. des Animaux sans Vertébres". In these

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 works he upholds the doctrine that all species, including man, are descended from other species. He first did the eminent service of arousing attention to the probability of all change in the organic, as well as in the inorganic world, being the result of law, and not of miraculous interposition. Lamarck seems to have been chiefly led to his conclusion on the gradual change of species, by the difficulty of distinguishing species and varieties, by the almost perfect gradation of forms in certain groups, and by the analogy of domestic productions. With respect to the means of modification, he attributed something to the direct action of the physical conditions of life, something to the crossing of already existing forms, and much to use and disuse, that is, to the effects of habit. To this latter agency he seems to attribute all the beautiful adaptations in nature; — such as the long neck of the giraffe for browsing on the branches of trees. But he likewise believed in a law of progressive development, and as all the forms of life thus tend to progress, in order to account for the existence at the present day of simple productions, he maintains that such forms are now spontaneously generated.

Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, as is stated in his "Life", written by his son, suspected, as early as 1795, that what we call species are various degenerations of the same type. It was not until 1828 that he published his conviction that the same forms have not been perpetuated since the origin of all things. Geoffroy seems to have relied chiefly on the conditions of life, or the "monde ambiant" as the cause of change. He was cautious in drawing conclusions, and did not believe that existing species are now undergoing modification; and, as his son adds, "C’est donc un problème à réserver entièrement à l’avenir, supposé même que l’avenir doive avoir prise sur lui."

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 In 1813 Dr. W. C. Wells read before the Royal Society "An Account of a White Female, part of whose skin resembles that of a Negro"; but his paper was not published until his famous "Two Essays upon Dew and Single Vision" appeared in 1818. In this paper he distinctly recognises the principle of natural selection, and this is the first recognition which has been indicated; but he applies it only to the races of man, and to certain characters alone. After remarking that negroes and mulattoes enjoy an immunity from certain tropical diseases, he observes, firstly, that all animals tend to vary in some degree, and, secondly, that agriculturists improve their domesticated animals by selection; and then, he adds, but what is done in this latter case "by art, seems to be done with equal efficacy, though more slowly, by nature, in the formation of varieties of mankind, fitted for the country which they inhabit. Of the accidental varieties of man, which would occur among the first few and scattered inhabitants of the middle regions of Africa, some one would be better fitted than others to bear the diseases of the country. This race would consequently multiply, while the others would decrease; not only from their in ability to sustain the attacks of disease, but from their incapacity of contending with their more vigorous neighbours. The colour of this vigorous race I take for granted, from what has been already said, would be dark. But the same disposition to form varieties still existing, a darker and a darker race would in the course of time occur: and as the darkest would be the best fitted for the climate, this would at length become the most prevalent, if not the only race, in the particular country in which it had originated." He then extends these same views to the white inhabitants of colder climates. I am indebted to Mr. Rowley, of the United States, for having called my attention, through Mr. Brace, to the above passage of Dr. Well's work.

The Hon. and Rev. W. Herbert, afterward Dean of Manchester, in the fourth volume of the "Horticultural Transactions", 1822, and in his work on the "Amaryllidaceæ" (1837, pages 19, 339), declares that "horticultural experiments have established, beyond the possibility of refutation, that botanical species are only a higher and more permanent class of varieties." He extends the same view to animals. The dean believes that single species of each genus were created in an originally highly plastic condition, and that these have produced, chiefly by inter-crossing, but likewise by variation, all our existing species.

In 1826 Professor Grant, in the concluding paragraph in his well-known paper ("Edinburgh Philosophical Journal", vol. XIV, page 283) on the Spongilla, clearly declares his belief that species are

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 descended from other species, and that they become improved in the course of modification. This same view was given in his Fifty-fifth Lecture, published in the "Lancet" in 1834.

In 1831 Mr. Patrick Matthew published his work on "Naval Timber and Arboriculture", in which he gives precisely the same view on the origin of species as that (presently to be alluded to) propounded by Mr. Wallace and myself in the "Linnean Journal", and as that enlarged in the present volume. Unfortunately the view was given by Mr. Matthew very briefly in scattered passages in an appendix to a work on a different subject, so that it remained unnoticed until Mr. Matthew himself drew attention to it in the "Gardeners' Chronicle", on April 7, 1860. The differences of Mr. Matthew's views from mine are not of much importance: he seems to consider that the world was nearly depopulated at successive periods, and then restocked; and he gives as an alternative, that new forms may be generated "without the presence of any mold or germ of former aggregates." I am not sure that I understand some passages; but it seems that he attributes much influence to the direct action of the conditions of life. He clearly saw, however, the full force of the principle of natural selection.

The celebrated geologist and naturalist, Von Buch, in his excellent "Description Physique des Isles Canaries" (1836, p. 147), clearly expresses his belief that varieties slowly become changed into permanent species, which are no longer capable of intercrossing.

Rafinesque, in his "New Flora of North America", published in 1836, wrote (page 6) as follows: "All species might have been varieties once, and many varieties are gradually becoming species by assuming constant and peculiar characters;" but further on (page 18) he adds, "except the original types or ancestors of the genus."

In 1843-44 Professor Haldeman ("Boston Journal of Nat. Hist. U. States", vol. iv, page 468) has ably given the arguments for and against the hypothesis of the development and modification of species: he seems to lean toward the side of change.

The "Vestiges of Creation" appeared in 1844. In the tenth and much improved edition (1853) the anonymous author says (p. 155): "The proposition determined on after much consideration is, that the several series of animated beings, from the simplest and oldest up to the highest and most recent, are, under the providence of God, the results, first, of an impulse which has been imparted to the forms of life, advancing them, in definite times, by generation, through grades of organisation terminating in the

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RUINS OF THE CATHEDRAL TOWER, OLD PANAMA

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 highest dicotyledons and vertebrata, these grades being few in number, and generally marked by intervals of organic character, which we find to be a practical difficulty in ascertaining affinities; second, of another impulse connected with the vital forces, tending, in the course of generations, to modify organic structures in accordance with external circumstances, as food, the nature of the habitat, and the meteoric agencies, these being the 'adaptations' of the natural theologian." The author apparently believes that organisation progresses by sudden leaps, but that the effects produced by the conditions of life are gradual. He argues with much force on general grounds that species are not immutable productions. But I cannot see how the two supposed "impulses" account in a scientific sense for the numerous and beautiful co-adaptations which we see throughout nature; I cannot see that we thus gain any insight how, for instance, a woodpecker has become adapted to its peculiar habits of life. The work, from its powerful and brilliant style, though displaying in the early editions little accurate knowledge and a great want of scientific caution, immediately had a very wide circulation. In my opinion it has done excellent service in this country in calling attention to the subject, in removing prejudice, and in thus preparing the ground for the reception of analogous views.

In 1846 the veteran geologist M. J. d'Omalius d'Halloy published in an excellent though short paper ("Bulletins de l'Acad. Roy. Bruxelles", tom. xiii, p. 581) his opinion that it is more probable that new species have been produced by descent with modification than that they have been separately created: the author first promulgated this opinion in 1831.

Professor Owen, in 1849 ("Nature of Limbs", page 86), wrote as follows: "The archetypal idea was manifested in the flesh under diverse such modifications, upon this planet, long prior to the existence of those animal species that actually exemplify it. To what natural laws or secondary causes the orderly succession and progression of such organic phenomena may have been committed, we, as yet, are ignorant." In his address to the British Association, in 1858, he speaks (p. li.) of "the axiom of the continuous operation of creative power, or of the ordained becoming of living things." Further on (p. xc.), after referring to geographical distribution, he adds, "These phenomena shake our confidence in the conclusion that the Apteryx of New Zealand and the Red Grouse of England were distinct creations in and for those islands respectively. Always, also, it may be well to bear in mind that by the word 'creation' the zoologist means 'a process he knows not

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, the popular low comedian, is the son of the late Mr. Barnabas Brough, once well known as a dramatic author, writing under the nom de plume of 'Barnard de Burgh.'

Mr. Lionel Brough is a native of the Principality, having been born at Pontypool, in Monmouthshire, on March 10th, 1836. He is the brother of the late Robert and William Brough, known to all playgoers as the 'Brothers Brough,' and also of the late Mr. John C. Brough, author of works on scientific subjects, and the librarian to the London Institution.

Mr. Lionel Brough has taken to the stage; for, like many leading actors, he was not bred to the profession, but began life as clerk to Mr. John Timbs, editor of the 'Illustrated London News.' at the time when Douglas Jerrold, Albert Smith, John Leech, Charles Dickens, and W. M. Thackeray were in their prime; he was afterwards assistant publisher of the 'Daily Telegraph' for the first seven months of its existence.

He made his first appearance on the London stage at the Lyceum, under the celebrated management of Madame Vestris and Charles Mathews. The piece was an extravaganza entitled 'Prince Prettypet,' produced in December 1854. Madame Vestris died, and Mr. Mathews retired from the management of the Lyceum.

In 1858, Mr. Brough was again at the Lyceum under Mr. E. Falconer's management. He then deserted the stage, and was for five years on the 'Morning Star.' He next gave entertainments—'Cinderella,' 'Der Freischutz,' &c.—at the Polytechnic, afterwards travelling in the provinces with a 'Ghost' performance, which he produced 'by command' at Windsor. Mr. Brough played before the Queen and the late Prince Consort, with the members of the Savage Club, for the Lancashire Belief Fund, and also visited Liverpool and Manchester for the same object.

He next joined Mr. Henderson at the Prince of Wales's Theatre,


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 what.'" He amplifies this idea by adding that when such cases as that of the Red Grouse are "enumerated by the zoologist as evidence of distinct creation of the bird in and for such islands, he chiefly expresses that he knows not how the Red Grouse came to be there, and there exclusively; signifying also, by this mode of expressing such ignorance, his belief that both the bird and the islands owed their origin to a great first Creative Cause." If we interpret these sentences given in the same address, one by the other, it appears that this eminent philosopher felt in 1858 his confidence shaken that the Apteryx and the Red Grouse first appeared in their respective homes "he knew not how," or by some process "he knew not what."

This Address was delivered after the papers by Mr. Wallace and myself on the Origin of Species, presently to be referred to, had been read before the Linnean Society. When the first edition of this work was published, I was so completely deceived, as were many others, by such expressions as "the continuous operation of creative power," that I included Professor Owen with other palaeontologists as being firmly convinced of the immutability of species; but it appears ("Anat. of Vertebrates", vol. iii, p. 796) that this was on my part a preposterous error. In the last edition of this work I inferred, and the inference still seems to me perfectly just, from a passage beginning with the words "no doubt the type-form," &c.(Ibid., vol. i, p. xxxv), that Professor Owen admitted that natural selection may have done something in the formation of a new species; but this it appears (Ibid., vol. iii. page 798) is inaccurate and without evidence. I also gave some extracts from a correspondence between Professor Owen and the editor of the "London Review", from which it appeared manifest to the editor as well as to myself, that Professor Owen claimed to have promulgated the theory of natural selection before I had done so; and I expressed my surprise and satisfaction at this announcement; but as far as it is possible to understand certain recently published passages (Ibid., vol. iii. p. 798), I have either partially or wholly again fallen into error. It is consolatory to me that others find Professor Owen's controversial writings as difficult to understand and to reconcile with each other, as I do. As far as the mere enunciation of the principle of natural selection is concerned, it is quite immaterial whether or not Professor Owen preceded me, for both of us, as shown in this historical sketch, were long ago preceded by Dr. Wells and Mr. Matthews.

M. Isidore Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, in his lectures delivered in 1850 (of which a Résumé appeared in the "Revue et Mag. de

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 Zoolog.", Jan., 1851), briefly gives his reason for believing that specific characters "sont fixés, pour chaque espèce, tant qu’elle se perpétue au milieu des mêmes circonstances: ils se modifient, si les circonstances ambiantes viennent à changer." "En résumé, l’observation des animaux sauvages démontre déjà la variabilité limitée des espèces. Les expériences sur les animaux sauvages devenus domestiques, et sur les animaux domestiques redevenus sauvages, la démontrent plus clairment encore. Ces mêmes expériences prouvent, de plus, que les différences produites peuvent être de valeur générique."" In his "Hist. Nat. Générale" (tom. ii, p. 430, 1859) he amplifies analogous conclusions.

From a circular lately issued it appears that Dr. Freke, in 1851 ("Dublin Medical Press", p. 322), propounded the doctrine that all organic beings have descended from one primordial form. His grounds of belief and treatment of the subject are wholly different from mine; but as Dr. Freke has now (1861) published his Essay on the "Origin of Species by means of Organic Affinity", the difficult attempt to give any idea of his views would be superfluous on my part.

Mr. Herbert Spencer, in an Essay (originally published in the "Leader", March, 1852, and republished in his "Essays", in 1858), has contrasted the theories of the Creation and the Development of organic beings with remarkable skill and force. He argues from the analogy of domestic productions, from the changes which the embryos of many species undergo, from the difficulty of distinguishing species and varieties, and from the principle of general gradation, that species have been modified; and he attributes the modification to the change of circumstances. The author (1855) has also treated Psychology on the principle of the necessary acquirement of each mental power and capacity by gradation.

In 1852 M. Naudin, a distinguished botanist, expressly stated, in an admirable paper on the Origin of Species ("Revue Horticole", page 102; since partly republished in the "Nouvelles Archives du Museum", tom. i, p. 171), his belief that species are formed in an analogous manner as varieties are under cultivation; and the latter process he attributes to man's power of selection. But he does not show how selection acts under nature. He believes, like Dean Herbert, that species, when nascent, were more plastic than at present. He lays weight on what he calls the principle of finality, "puissance mystérieuse, indéterminée; fatalité pour les uns; pour les autres, volonté providentielle, dont l'action incessante sur les êtres vivantes détermine, a toutes les époques de l'existence du monde, la forme, le volume, et la durée de chacun d'eux, en raison

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 de sa destinée dans l'ordre de choses dont il fait partie. C'est cette puissance qui harmonise chaque membre à l'ensemble, en l'appropriant à la fonction qu'il doit remplir dans l'organisme général de la nature, fonction qui est pour lui sa raison d’être."

In 1853 a celebrated geologist, Count Keyserling ("Bulletin de la Soc. Geolog.", 2nd Ser., tom. x, page 357), suggested that as new diseases, supposed to have been caused by some miasma, have arisen and spread over the world, so at certain periods the germs of existing species may have been chemically affected by circumambient molecules of a particular nature, and thus have given rise to new forms.

In this same year, 1853, Dr. Schaaffhausen published an excellent pamphlet ("Verhand. des Naturhist. Vereins der Preuss. Rheinlands", etc.), in which he maintains the development of organic forms on the earth. He infers that many species have kept true for long periods, whereas a few have become modified. The distinction of species he explains by the destruction of intermediate graduated forms. "Thus living plants and animals are not separated from the extinct by new creations, but are to be regarded as their descendants through continued reproduction."

A well-known French botanist, M. Lecoq, writes in 1854 ("Etudes sur Géograph. Bot. tom. i, page 250), "On voit que nos recherches sur la fixité ou la variation de l’espèce, nous conduisent directement aux idées émises par deux hommes justement célèbres, Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire et Goethe." Some other passages scattered through M. Lecoq's large work make it a little doubtful how far he extends his views on the modification of species.

The "Philosophy of Creation" has been treated in a masterly manner by the Rev. Baden Powell, in his "Essays on the Unity of Worlds", 1855. Nothing can be more striking than the manner in which he shows that the introduction of new species is "a regular,

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 not a casual phenomenon," or, as Sir John Herschel expresses it, "a natural in contradistinction to a miraculous process."

The third volume of the "Journal of the Linnean Society" contains papers, read July 1, 1858, by Mr. Wallace and myself, in which, as stated in the introductory remarks to this volume, the theory of Natural Selection is promulgated by Mr. Wallace with admirable force and clearness.

Von Baer, toward whom all zoologists feel so profound a respect, expressed about the year 1859 (see Prof. Rudolph Wagner, "Zoologisch-Anthropologische Untersuchungen", 1861, s. 51) his conviction, chiefly grounded on the laws of geographical distribution, that forms now perfectly distinct have descended from a single parent-form.

In June, 1859, Professor Huxley gave a lecture before the Royal Institution on the "Persistent Types of Animal Life". Referring to such cases, he remarks, "It is difficult to comprehend the meaning of such facts as these, if we suppose that each species of animal and plant, or each great type of organisation, was formed and placed upon the surface of the globe at long intervals by a distinct act of creative power; and it is well to recollect that such an assumption is as unsupported by tradition or revelation as it is opposed to the general analogy of nature. If, on the other hand, we view "Persistent Types" in relation to that hypothesis which supposes the species living at any time to be the result of the gradual modification of pre-existing species — a hypothesis which, though unproven, and sadly damaged by some of its supporters, is yet the only one to which physiology lends any countenance; their existence would seem to show that the amount of modification which living beings have undergone during geological time is but very small in relation to the whole series of changes which they have suffered."

In December, 1859, Dr. Hooker published his "Introduction to the Australian Flora". In the first part of this great work he admits the truth of the descent and modification of species, and supports this doctrine by many original observations.

The first edition of this work was published on November 24th, 1859, and the second edition on January 7th, 1860.

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text: Author:Albert Richard Smith

title: Author:Albert Richard Smith


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Page:Panama-past-present-Bishop.djvu/9

 By

Farnham Bishop

New York

The Century Co.

1916

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text: Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Eads, James Buchanan


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 Copyright, 1913, 1916, by

Published February, 1913

Revised Edition, October, 1916

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text: Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Halstead, Murat


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 DEDICATION

To the Old Admiral, white and frail, Red Indian, swarthy Cimaroon, Conquistadores brave in mail, Beneath the blaze of tropic noon, To Morgan's swaggering bucaneers, To gallant Nuñez and his men; To Goethals and his engineers, Who cleft the peaks of Darien. Rh

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 INTRODUCTION

T is eminently fitting that this book should appear at the present time. No more suitable occasion for a popular treatise on the Panama Canal can be imagined than the eve of the opening of the greatest trade route known in the history of the world.

A study of this noteworthy undertaking is of especial value to us because this is an American achievement, projected by the people of the United States through their representatives at Washington; paid for from the revenues of this nation; accomplished by the grit, sagacity, and perseverance of some of the greatest Americans of this generation. We are not intelligent if we are uninformed on such a subject; we are unwise if we fail to appreciate its significance; we are unpatriotic if we do not applaud the doings of such citizens.

Rh

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 PREFACE

HIS book has been made possible by the kind assistance of many friends, to whom the author wishes to express his deepest gratitude. First and foremost, thanks are due to his father, Joseph Bucklin Bishop; who, ever since he became Secretary of the Isthmian Canal Commission, has been the official source of information for all who have either written or lectured about the Isthmus of Panama. Colonel Goethals and the men under him, from gang-foremen to divisional engineers, have been uniformly courteous and helpful. The librarians of Harvard University, the New York Historical Society, and the New York Public Library, have given every facility for historical research. Special thanks are due to the publishers of The World's Work, St. Nicholas, and the Harvard Illustrated Magazine, for permission to republish parts of articles written for them; and to Professor Kemp of Columbia University for authoritative information concerning the geologic formation of the Isthmus, and the closing of the prehistoric Straits of Panama.

It is hoped that this book will appeal to the average boy, as it is mainly about the two things that interest Rh

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x him most: fighting and machinery. Limitation of space has forced the omission of many interesting details: how Balboa's bloodhound, Leoncillo or the "little lion," could tell a hostile from a friendly Indian, and was entered on the muster-roll as a man-at-arms; how the aged Spanish admiral leapt into the sea to save his sailors who had been blown overboard by the explosion of a jar of gunpowder, in the fight with Ringrose's bucaneers; how a fleet of smugglers bombarded Porto Bello, to be revenged on the custom-house officers; how a Scotch soldier of fortune captured the city of Colon with a railroad train; or how an officer of the United States Navy arranged and refereed a battle between Panamanians and Colombians across the tracks of the Panama Railroad, in 1901. It would take a book many times the size of this to tell a tenth of the wonderful story of Panama.

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Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Eads, James Buchanan

EADS, JAMES BUCHANAN, an American engineer; born in Lawrenceburg, Ind., May 23, 1820. He early designed some useful boats for raising sunken steamers, and in 1861, when called to advise the National Government, constructed within 100 days eight ironclad steamers for use on the Mississippi and its tributaries. He afterward built a number of other ironclads and mortar-boats. His steel arch bridge (1867-1874) across the Mississippi at St. Louis, with its central arch embracing a clear span of 520 feet, ranks deservedly among the notable bridges of the world; his works for improving the South Pass of the Mississippi delta were successfully completed in 1875-1879; and his great plan for deepening the river as far as the mouth of the Ohio by means of jetties, has been demonstrated to be entirely practicable. In 1884 he received the Albert Medal of the Society of Arts, being the first American citizen so honored. He died in Nassau, New Providence, March 8, 1887.


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Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Halstead, Murat

HALSTEAD, MURAT, an American journalist; born in Ross, Butler co., O., Sept. 2, 1829. He spent his minority on a farm. At 18 he began writing for newspapers. In 1851 he finished his schooling at Farmers' College, near Cincinnati, and then decided to study law. He did local newspaper reporting on several Cincinnati papers; in 1853 became manager of a department on the Cincinnati “Commercial,” and subsequently part owner. In 1866 it was considered one of the most potent newspapers in the West. In 1890 he removed to Brooklyn, N. Y., and edited the “Union” newspaper. He wrote: “The Story of Cuba”; “Life of William McKinley”; “The Story of the Philippines”; “History of American Expansion”; “Life of Admiral Dewey”; “The Boer and British War”; etc. He died July 2, 1908.


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Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Pulaski, Count Casimir

PULASKI, COUNT CASIMIR, a Polish patriot and military officer, who participated in the war of the American Revolution; born in 1748. His father, a Polish nobleman, and his brothers were killed fighting against Russia for the liberty of Poland. Casimir escaped to Turkey, whence he proceeded by way of France to join the Americans, then fighting for independence, bearing recommendations from Franklin to Washington, whom he joined in 1777. Entering as a volunteer, he so distinguished himself at the battle of Brandywine as to be promoted by Congress to a cavalry command, with the rank of Brigadier-General. He afterward organized an independent corps of cavalry and light infantry, with which he rendered effectual service under General Lincoln, in South Carolina, in 1779, and in the siege of Savannah, Ga., where, in an assault on the latter place, he was mortally wounded. He died in 1779.


text: Panama, past and present

title: Panama, past and present


text: Talk:Panama, past and present

title: Talk:Panama, past and present


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Index talk:Panama-past-present-Bishop.djvu

Hesperian's Statement
Feydey, when Hesperian wrote his note to you he was referring to the images you used in "Panama-past-present-Bishop". Did you understand what he was referring to? Do you know how to correct those images? I refer to this one and the others done in this manner- https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:Panama-past-present-Bishop.djvu/121 Let me know if you do not know how to clean and use those images properly. I can help. Kind regards, —Maury (talk) 08:52, 12 October 2013 (UTC)

Abandoned Book - reclaimed
Enough time has passed and the editor "Feyday" who started this book and abandoned it has been notified long ago by Hesperian and me. Raul Gutierrez and I (William Maury Morris II) will now work on it. —Maury (talk) 20:12, 8 January 2014 (UTC)

Valued contributors to this book A-Z
Feyday, Gumr51(Raul Gutierrez), Hesperian, KathleenWright5, Marjoleinkl, William Maury Morris II —Maury (talk) 18:23, 9 January 2014 (UTC)


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Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Pulitzer, Joseph

PULITZER, JOSEPH, an American journalist; born in Budapest, Hungary, April 10, 1847. When quite young he came to the United States; served in the Civil War; and found a home in St. Louis, Mo. He began journalism as reporter on the “Westliche Post,” of which he afterward became editor and chief proprietor. He was well known in that city as a politician, legislator and Congressman. In 1878 he assumed control of the St. Louis “Post-Dispatch,” and in 1883 purchased the New York “World.” He endowed a School of Journalism at Columbia University (1903) and gave large sums for educational and philanthropic purposes. He died in 1911.


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The New International Encyclopædia/Halstead, Murat

HAL'STEAD, (1829—). An American journalist, born in Ross Township, Butler Co., Ohio. He was educated at Farmers' College, near Cincinnati, became a member of the staff of the Cincinnati Commercial in 1853, and in 1865 its chief owner. This journal was subsequently consolidated with the Gazette of Cincinnati, as the Commercial-Gazette, of which he became the editor-in-chief. He was afterwards editor of the Brooklyn Standard-Union, and then became a special newspaper correspondent and magazine writer, in which capacity he visited the Philippine Islands during the Spanish-American War. His books include a Life of William McKinley, a Life of Admiral Dewey, and The Galveston Tragedy.


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The New International Encyclopædia/Pulitzer, Joseph

PU'LITZER, (1847—). An American journalist, born at Budapest, Hungary. He was privately educated, and emigrated to the United States in 1864. He served in 1864-65 in a Federal cavalry regiment, after hardships arrived in Saint Louis, was a reporter there for Carl Schurz's Westliche Post, a Republican journal, and later became managing editor of the paper, in which he also obtained a proprietary interest. In addition to his activity in journalism, he studied law, and, having been admitted to practice in Missouri, became somewhat prominent in local politics, and in 1869 was elected to the State Legislature. He was also a member of the Missouri constitutional convention of 1874. In 1876-77 he was Washington correspondent of the New York Sun, and in 1878 purchased the Saint Louis Dispatch, which, combined by him with the Evening Post (Saint Louis) as the Post-Dispatch, became an important journal of the West. The New York World, which he acquired in 1883 and with which his name became chiefly identified, attained under his direction a very large circulation. In 1884 he was elected to the Federal House of Representatives as a Democrat from the Ninth New York District, but not very long afterwards resigned to give his undivided attention to business affairs. He made several donations to educational and charitable causes, and in 1903 provided an endowment fund for a school of journalism at Columbia University.


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 {| style="margin:auto; text-align:center; padding:5em 2em 5em 2em;" THIS BOOK IS DEDICATED TO THOSE MEN WHO HAVE DIFFICULTIES IN SHAVING, IN HOPE THAT ITS CONTENTS WILL BE OF ASSISTANCE IN REMEDY- ING THEIR TROUBLES.
 * }

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text:
1st Cavalry Regiment (United States)

Blazon

 * Shield: Tenné (Dragoon Yellow), a dragon passant Or. (And for informal use the escutcheon encircled with a sword belt Sable buckled at base with the belt plate of the Dragoons of 1836 Proper bearing the regimental motto in base and “FIRST CAVALRY” in chief between two eight-pointed mullets of rays one on dexter side, the other on sinister, all Or).

 * Crest: On a wreath of the colors, Or and Tenné (Dragoon Yellow), a hawk rising with wings addorsed and elevated Sable, langued and membered Gules.

 * Motto: ANIMO ET FIDE (Courageous And Faithful).

Symbolism

 * Shield:
 * 1) The color of the Dragoons was Dragoon yellow (orange-yellow), shown by the color of the shield and the dragon is in allusion to the name Dragoon.
 * 2) The gold eight-pointed star on the encircling belt was the insignia of the Dragoons until 1851.

 * Crest:
 * 1) This Regiment was organized in 1833 as the Regiment of United States Dragoons.
 * 2) Many of its officers and men came from the Battalion of Mounted Rangers which had taken part in the Black Hawk War.

Background

 * 1) The coat of arms was originally approved for the 1st Cavalry Regiment on 26 January 1921.
 * 2) It was amended to change the wording of the blazon and add the motto on 21 November 1923.
 * 3) It was redesignated for the 1st Armored Regiment on 7 September 1940.
 * 4) It was redesignated for the 1st Constabulary Squadron on 11 June 1947.
 * 5) The insignia was redesignated for the 1st Medium Tank Battalion on 13 August 1951.
 * 6) It was redesignated for the 1st Tank Battalion on 18 February 1955.
 * 7) The insignia was redesignated for the 1st Cavalry Regiment on 21 April 1958.
 * 8) It was amended to change the wording of the description on 23 June 1960.
 * 9) It was amended to correct the wording in the blazon of the shield on 20 October 1965.

Description

 * 1) On a heraldic wreath Or and Tenné (Dragoon Yellow) a hawk rising with wings addorsed and elevated Sable and membered Gules—charged upon an eight-pointed Dragoon Yellow star surrounded by a Black sword belt bearing the organizational motto “ANIMO ET FIDE” with the old Dragoon belt plate of 1836.
 * 2) The insignia is 1¼ inches (3.18 cm) in diameter.

Symbolism

 * 1) This Regiment was organized in 1833 as the Regiment of United States Dragoons. Many of its officers and men came from the Battalion of Mounted Rangers which had taken part in the Black Hawk War.
 * 2) The color of the Dragoons was Dragoon yellow (orange-yellow) and a gold eight-pointed star on the encircling belt was the insignia of the Dragoons until 1851
 * 3) The motto translates to “Courageous and Faithful.”

Background

 * 1) The distinctive unit insignia was originally approved for the 1st Cavalry Regiment on 21 November 1923.
 * 2) It was redesignated for the 1st Armored Regiment on 07 September 1940.
 * 3) It was redesignated for the 1st Constabulary Squadron on 11 June 1947
 * 4) The insignia was redesignated for the 1st Medium Tank Battalion on 13 August 1951.
 * 5) It was redesignated for the 1st Tank Battalion on 18 February 1955.
 * 6) The insignia was redesignated for the 1st Cavalry Regiment on 21 April 1958.
 * 7) It was amended to change the wording of the description on 20 October 1965.

Flag

 * a.Size:
 * 1) Hoist: Three Feet.
 * Fly: Four Feet.
 * 1) Fringe: 2½”

 * b.Description.
 * 1) The flag has a solid background with an embroidered American eagle displayed centered thereon. In its right talon the eagle holds an olive branch; in its left talon, a bundle of 13 arrows, all in proper colors. Its beak grasps a scroll inscribed with the unit motto. Below the eagle is a scroll inscribed with the designation of the organization. On the eagle’s breast is embroidered the shield of the coat of arms and the crest is above the eagle’s head.

 * c. Organizational colors:
 * 1) Organization: Calvary
 * 2) Background: Yellow
 * 3) Fringe: Yellow
 * 4) Letters and Numbers: Scarlet
 * 5) Scrolls.
 * 6) Outline:Scarlet
 * 7) Background: White

Lineage

 * Constituted 2 March 1833 in the Regular Army as the United States Regiment of Dragoons.
 * Organized 4 March 1833 at Jefferson Barracks, Missouri.
 * Redesignated 15 May 1836 as the 1st Regiment of Dragoons.
 * Redesignated 3 August 1861 as 1st Cavalry Regiment.
 * Assigned to 15th Cavalry Division during World War One.
 * Assigned to 1st Cavalry Division 20 August 1921.
 * Relieved from assignment to 1st Cavalry Division 3 January 1933.
 * Reorganized and redesignated 16 January 1933 as 1st Cavalry Regiment, Mechanized.
 * Redesignated 15 July 1940 as 1st Armored Regiment, Light and assigned to 1st Armored Division.
 * Regiment (less 2nd Battalion) reorganized and redesignated 20 July 1944 as 1st Tank Battalion, still assigned to 1st Armored Division. 2nd Battalion Disbanded.
 * 1st Tank Battalion converted and redesignated 1 May 1946 as 1st Constabulary Squadron; concurrently reassigned from 1st Armored Division to 15th Constabulary Regiment.
 * 1st Constabulary Squadron redesignated as 1st Medium Tank Battalion, Inactivated, and reassigned to 1st Armored Division.
 * 2nd Battalion, 1st Armored Regiment reconstituted 27 February 1951 in the Regular Army, Redesignated as the 100th Tank Battalion, and assigned to 1st Armored Division.
 * The following activities took place on 7 March 1951 at Fort Hood, Texas.
 * 1st Medium Tank Battalion Activated.
 * 100th Tank Battalion Activated
 * 1st Medium Tank Battalion Redesignated 20 May 1953 as 1st Tank Battalion.
 * The following activities took place at Fort Polk, Louisiana on 15 February 1957:
 * 1st Tank Battalion Inactivated (less Company A), and relieved from assignment to 1st Armored Division.
 * Company A, 1st Tank Battalion reorganized and redesignated as HHC, 1st Medium Tank Battalion, 1st Cavalry Regiment.
 * 100th Tank Battalion Inactivated.
 * 1st and 100th Tank Battalions consolidated and redesignated as 1st Cavalry Regiment under the Combat Arms Regimental System.
 * HHC, 1st Tank Battalion redesignated as HHT, 1st Cavalry Regiment.

Campaign Participation Credit

 * Mexican War:
 * 1) Buena Vista
 * 2) Coahuila 1846
 * 3) New Mexico 1846
 * 4) New Mexico 1847
 * 5) Chihuahua 1848
 * Indian Wars:
 * 1) Modocs
 * 2) Apaches
 * 3) Nez Perces
 * 4) Bannocks
 * 5) Pine Ridge
 * 6) California
 * 7) California 1846
 * 8) California 1852
 * 9) California 1860
 * 10) California 1868
 * 11) New Mexico
 * 12) New Mexico 1849
 * 13) New Mexico 1850
 * 14) New Mexico 1851
 * 15) New Mexico1854
 * 16) New Mexico 1855
 * 17) New Mexico1856
 * 18) Oregon
 * 19) Oregon 1851
 * 20) Oregon 1853
 * 21) Oregon 1855
 * 22) Oregon 1856
 * 23) Oregon 1860
 * 24) Oregon 1866
 * 25) Oregon 1867
 * 26) Oregon 1868
 * 27) Colorado 1855
 * 28) Arizona
 * 29) Arizona 1857
 * 30) Arizona 1859
 * 31) Arizona 1866
 * 32) Arizona 1868
 * 33) Arizona 1869
 * 34) Arizona 1870
 * 35) Arizona 1871
 * 36) Arizona 1872
 * 37) Arizona 1881
 * 38) Washington
 * 39) Washington 1858
 * 40) Idaho
 * 41) Idaho 1879
 * 42) Montana
 * 43) Montana 1887
 * Civil War
 * 1) Peninsula
 * 2) Antetam
 * 3) Fredericksburg
 * 4) Chancellorsville
 * 5) Gettysburg
 * 6) Wilderness
 * 7) Spotsylvania
 * 8) Cold Harbor
 * 9) Petersburg
 * 10) Shenandoah
 * 11) Appomattox
 * 12) New Mexico 1862
 * 13) Virginia
 * 14) Virginia 1862
 * 15) Virginia 1863
 * 16) Virginia 1864
 * 17) Virginia 1865
 * 18) Maryland 1863
 * War With Spain
 * 1) Santiago
 * Philippine Insurrection
 * 1) Luzon 1901
 * 2) Luzon 1902
 * World War II
 * 1) Algeria-French Morocco (With Arrowhead)
 * 2) Tunisia
 * 3) Napples-Foggia
 * 4) Anzio
 * 5) Rome-Arno
 * 6) North Apennines
 * 7) Po Valley
 * Vietnam
 * 1) Counteroffensive, Phase III
 * 2) Tet Counteroffensive

Decorations

 * None

title: 1st Cavalry Regiment (United States)