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 which formed an elaborate combination against the emperor without first soberly estimating his offensive strength, and in the perversity which sought in a dispute about the occupation of four Italian towns a pretext for plunging Europe into war in order to shatter the only continental power which could then hold its own against a united house of Bourbon. Lord Hervey (Memoirs, ed. Croker, i. 108) charges him with faithlessness. As a statesman, however, he had no more of that quality than was then deemed part of the indispensable equipment of a foreign minister. ‘Never minister had cleaner hands than he had’ (, Letters, ed. Mahon, ii. 442), nor is there reason to suppose that in private life his integrity was less exemplary. His only passion was business (cf. Lady Mary Wortley Montagu's estimate of him in the ‘Account of the Court of George I’ prefixed to her ‘Letters and Works,’ ed. Wharncliffe). A portrait by Kneller was engraved by J. Simon and J. Smith.

Townshend married twice: first, Elizabeth (m. 3 July 1698; d 11 May 1711), second daughter of Thomas Pelham, first baron Pelham [q. v.]; secondly, Dorothy (m. shortly before 25 July 1713; d 29 March 1726), sixth daughter of Robert Walpole of Houghton Hall, Norfolk, and sister of Sir Robert Walpole. By his first wife Townshend had issue four sons and a daughter Elizabeth, who married, on 28 Nov. 1722, Charles, fifth baron (afterwards Earl) Cornwallis of Eye, and died in February 1729 [see ].

Townshend's heir,, third (1700–1764), was returned to parliament on 22 March 1721–2 for Great Yarmouth, which seat he vacated on 24 May 1723, on taking his seat in the House of Lords among the barons, pursuant to writ of 22 May, in which he is described as ‘de Lynn Regis.’ In the lords' journals (xxii. 213) he is called Lord Lynn. His proper title would seem to have been Baron Townshend de Lynn Regis. He was appointed at the same time lord of the bedchamber, and held that office during the rest of the reign of George I. He was appointed on 15 June 1730 custos rotulorum and lord-lieutenant of Norfolk, and master of the jewel office, but resigned these offices on succeeding his father as third Viscount Townshend. He died on 12 March 1764. By his wife Etheldreda or Audrey (m. 29 May 1723; d. 9 March 1788), daughter of Edward Harrison of Balls Park, Hertfordshire, governor of Madras (1711–20), he left issue two sons—George, first marquis Townshend [q. v.], and Charles Townshend (1725–1767) [q. v.], chancellor of the exchequer in Lord Chatham's administration—and a daughter, Etheldreda (m. the Rev. Robert Orme; d in February 1781).

Townshend's second son, by his first wife, (1701–1780), born on 2 June 1701, was educated at Eton and King's College, Cambridge, of which he was M.A. (1727). He was M.P. for Winchelsea 1722–7, and for Cambridge University 1727–1774. He acted for some years as his father's private secretary, and was a man of scholarly accomplishments and great social charm. He was teller of the exchequer from 12 Aug. 1727 until his death in May 1780 (Hist. Reg. Chron. Diary, 1727, p. 31; Ann. Reg. 1780, p. 250). By his wife Albinia (m. 2 May 1730; d. 7 Sept. 1739), daughter of John Selwyn of Matson, Gloucestershire, and Chislehurst, Kent, he had, with other issue, a son Thomas (first Viscount Sydney) [q. v.], who is separately noticed.

(1702?–1738), Charles Townshend's third son, born about 1702, was returned to parliament for Great Yarmouth on 11 June 1723, and retained the seat until his death on 29 Jan. 1737–8 (Hist. Reg. Chron. Diary, 1738, p. 7). By his wife Henrietta (m. 29 May 1725; d. in January 1755), only daughter of Lord William Paulet or Powlett, he had, with other issue [see ], a son Charles Townshend, baron Bayning [q. v.] (Lords' Journals, xli. 451).

(1708–1760), the youngest son by the first marriage, born on 15 June 1708, cavalry officer, M.P. for Great Yarmouth 1737–8–1747, and for Eye, Suffolk, 1747–8, present as aide-de-camp to George II at the battle of Dettingen on 27 June 1743 (N.S.), was governor of North Yarmouth garrison from 5 Jan. 1744–5, and receiver of customs from 28 Feb. 1747–8 until his death (unmarried) on 7 Aug. 1760 (Gent. Mag. 1760, p. 394; Court and City Reg. 1759, p. 173).

By his second wife Townshend had four sons and two daughters: (1) George Townshend (1715–1769) [q. v.]; (2) Augustus Townshend (baptised on 24 Oct. 1716; d. captain of an East Indiaman at Batavia in 1746); (3) Horatio Townshend, commissioner of the victualling office (d. unmarried at Lisbon in February 1764); (4) Edward Townshend. The last-named was of Trinity College, Cambridge (M.A. 1742, D.D. 1761) took holy orders, was collated to the rectory of Pulham, Norfolk, on the death, 16 Nov. 1745, of William Broome [q. v.], appointed on 27 Nov. and installed on 9 Dec. 1749


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"Transcendentalism: A Poem in Twelve Books"

Stop playing, poet! May a brother speak? 'T is you speak, that's your error. Song's our art: Whereas you please to speak these naked thoughts Instead of draping them in sights and sounds. —True thoughts, good thoughts, thoughts fit to treasure up! But why such long prolusion and display, Such turning and adjustment of the harp, And taking it upon your breast, at length, Only to speak dry words across its strings? Stark-naked thought is in request enough: Speak prose and hollo it till Europe hears! The six-foot Swiss tube, braced about with bark, Which helps the hunter's voice from Alp to Alp— Exchange our harp for that,—who hinders you?

But here's your fault; grown men want thought, you think; Thought's what they mean by verse, and seek in verse. Boys seek for images and melody, Men must have reason—so, you aim at men. Quite otherwise! Objects throng our youth, 't is true; We see and hear and do not wonder much: If you could tell us what they mean, indeed! As German Boehme never cared for plants Until it happed, a-walking in the fields, He noticed all at once that plants could speak, Nay, turned with loosened tongue to talk with him. That day the daisy had an eye indeed— Colloquized with the cowslip on such themes! We find them extant yet in Jacob's prose. But by the time youth slips a stage or two While reading prose in that tough book he wrote (Collating and emendating the same And settling on the sense most to our mind), We shut the clasps and find life's summer past. Then, who helps more, pray, to repair our loss— Another Boehme with a tougher book And subtler meanings of what roses say— Or some stout Mage like him of Halberstadt, John, who made things Boehme wrote thoughts about? He with a "look you!" vents a brace of rhymes, And in there breaks the sudden rose herself, Over us, under, round us every side, Nay, in and out the tables and the chairs And musty volumes, Boehme's book and all— Buries us with a glory, young once more, Pouring heaven into this shut house of life.

So come, the harp back to your heart again! You are a poem, though your poem's naught. The best of all you showed before, believe, Was your own boy-face o'er the finer chords Bent, following the cherub at the top That points to God with his paired half-moon wings.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Talk:Jacobi's letter on Acaranga controversy of meat-eating

Acaranga Sutra/Jacobi's Letter
Gday. Have you evidence that the work Acaranga Sutra/Jacobi's Letter is in the public domain? As it is a letter it would need to be demonstrated either that the author is dead by 70 years, and that the work has been published, or that the author has put the letter into the public domain. — billinghurst  sDrewth  12:29, 18 November 2010 (UTC)

 * Thanks for your note. Hermann Jacobi died in 1937, i.e. past 73 years. Hence it is in public domain. Check the article on wikipedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Jacobi .--Anishshah19 (talk) 14:26, 18 November 2010 (UTC)
 * Unfortunately it is not that simple. We have an AND test not solely that the person is deceased.  If the work was published in their lifetime and they are deceased by more than 70 years, then it is in the public domain.  If it was not published we are okay; however, if it was published posthumously, then we have a series of tests.  Please see http://www.copyright.cornell.edu/resources/publicdomain.cfm .  Once we determine that we can work out how we handle that.
 * Further, the letter was not part of the work Acaranga Sutra so it is not subsidiary to the title, and as such should be classed as a work of its own right and would therefore sit at the top level. Let us work on 1) can we keep it; if yes then 2) what should we entitle it and 3) the appropriate copyright tag. — billinghurst  sDrewth  00:03, 19 November 2010 (UTC)

 * This is interesting. However I am of opinion that this is in public domain as:
 * The author died in 1937 i.e. 73 years before, and
 * This letter was published in 1933 i.e. before the death of the author in the book The Review of Philosophy and Religion" (vol. IV, No. 2). (1933) . It was published in the chapter Prohibition of flesh-eating in Jainism' by H. R. Kapadia. . Kindly go through the evidence. I hope this should resolve the issue.--Anishshah19 (talk) 08:38, 19 November 2010 (UTC)
 * That ticks the boxes for me. We need to
 * move the letter to something at the top of the namespace, with a name that is more explanatory
 * tag the letter with
 * add  to the header and we can add a previous link to the work to which this is the subpage
 * probably can add a NEXT link from the other work to this
 * we'll need to build the author page, though I can do that after — billinghurst  sDrewth  12:25, 19 November 2010 (UTC)

 * Thanks you very much for takeng interest in improving this page. However, to give a background, this letter addresses a controversy due to authors translation of a particular passage. Hence it is quite important. Translation of Acaranga Sutra should be accompanied by this letter so as to bring a proper perspective to the translation. Hence I suggest that it remain as a sub-page of Acaranga sutra.--Anishshah19 (talk) 13:02, 19 November 2010 (UTC)
 * Can you suggest a good name for this sub-page if Jacobi's letter is not appropraite. How about Jacobi's letter on Acaranga controversy of meat-eating? I will make other changes suggested by you but I am logging off for now. Thanks--Anishshah19 (talk) 13:07, 19 November 2010 (UTC)


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1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tagore, Rabindranath

TAGORE, RABINDRANATH (1861-      ), Indian poet and author, was a member of a well-known Bengali family noted for its activities in literature, art and religious reform as well as for its public benefactions. In 1921 the head of the orthodox Hindu branch was Maharaja Bahadur Sir Prodyot Coomar Tagore (b. 1873), a great-nephew of Prosunno Coomar, who was the first Indian to be nominated to the Viceroy's Legislative Council and founded the Tagore law professorship in the university of Calcutta. The grandfather of Rabindranath was Dwarkanath, “merchant, philanthropist and reformer,” who was known to his contemporaries as “Prince Tagore.” He visited England in 1842 and again in 1845, sat to D'Orsay for his portrait, and, dying of fever in London in 1846, was buried at Kensal Green. In conjunction with Raja Rammohan Roy he initiated the movement of religious reform which took shape as the Adi Brahmo Somaj. This work was continued by his son Maharshi Devendranath, of whose seven sons, Dwijendranath, the eldest, devoted himself to the study of philosophy; Satyendranath, the second, was the first Indian to enter the covenanted civil service and served for 35 years in the Bombay Presidency; and Jyotirendranath, the third, was an accomplished musician. Their cousins, Abanindranath (b. 1871), Gogonendranath and Narendranath, became distinguished artists. Rabindranath, the youngest son, was sent to England to study law, but soon returned. In 1901 he established the famous Shantiniketan, or abode of peace, at Bolpur, a village 93 m. from Calcutta. Originally organized as an asram, or retreat, by the Maharshi, it was developed by Rabindranath into a school conducted on unconventional lines, and he aimed at enlarging it into an international university which should comprehend the whole range of eastern culture. His outlook upon the west was thus summarized by him in a letter published in the Indian press at the close of 1919: “The bulk of English people can never be in a normal state of mind with regard to us, our situation being unnatural, and I am impelled to think that it is best for us to do our own work quietly in our own surroundings.” Gandhi's policy of non-coöperation was, however, severely condemned by him as perverted nationalism, “which was making of India a prison,” in a letter addressed to the principal of his school at Bolpur in June 1921. He paid frequent visits to Europe, Japan and the United States (where his son Rathindranath became a student in the university of California), and carried through several lecturing tours. His reputation as a writer among his own countrymen was early assured, and the 30 poetical and 28 prose works composed by him in Bengali are now regarded as classics. The English public first became interested in his works in 1912, and his fame rapidly spread. In 1913 he was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature and utilized the whole amount, £8,000, for the upkeep of the school at Bolpur. He was given the degree of Doctor of Letters in the university of Calcutta and accepted a knighthood in 1915, but addressed a letter to the Viceroy in 1919, resigning the title as a protest against the methods adopted for the repression of disturbances in the Punjab.

(H. E. A. C.)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Green, William (1725-1811)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Green, William (1761-1823)


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Rh Stephanus Infessura, a contemporary diarist, writes on his death:—

"Sixtus died, on which most happy day God showed His power on earth, in that He liberated His Christian people from the hand of such an impious and iniquitous ruler, in whom was no fear of God, no love for the rule of Christian people, no charity, no tenderness, nothing but vile lusts, avarice, pride, and vain glory."

He goes on with a catalogue of his crimes too horrible to be quoted. So impressed was the College of Cardinals, on the death of Sixtus IV., with the injury done to the Church by the nepotism of the deceased Pope, by his alienation of Church fiefs to his kinsmen and favourites, that on the election of his successor, Innocent VIII., they made him swear on every relic and by everything that is held most sacred in Christendom, that he would not continue the same abuses. He took the required oath, and no sooner was he enthroned than he absolved himself from the oaths he had taken.

The same farce was enacted with Julius II. in 1503. It really seemed like a Nemesis, that the Popes, who, since the time of Gregory VII., had shown a rare ingenuity in inventing oaths by means of which to entangle men's consciences and bring everything under their power, now themselves took oaths, which they as regularly broke, Indeed, it became obvious that no solemn oath taken by a Pope was worth the breath that uttered it, as he could at once absolve himself from observing it; and it is a riddle how the cardinals should have persisted in exacting capitulations from the Popes, when they must have known that they would break their plighted word as soon as ever they assumed the

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  of Westminster, and preferred to the deanery of Norwich in August 1760 (when he resigned the Westminster stall; he died on 27 Jan. 1765, leaving issue by his wife Mary (m. 4 May 1747), daughter of Brigadier-general Price. The statesman's daughters by his second wife were (1) Dorothy, who married in 1743 Spencer Cowper [q. v.], dean of Durham, and died without issue on 19 May 1779 (''Gent. Mag''. 1779, p. 271); and (2) Mary, who married on 17 March 1753 Colonel (afterwards Lieutenant-general) Edward Cornwallis, governor of Nova Scotia, 1749–1752, and of Gibraltar, 1762–76, and died without issue on 29 Dec. 1776 (St. George's, Hanover Square, Marriage Reg. Harl. Soc. p. 49; ''Ann. Reg''. 1776, pp. 222, 230).

[Information kindly supplied by Sir Ernest Clarke, F.S.A.; Macpherson's Orig. Papers, ii. 270, 475, 489, 596; Burnet's Own Time; Prior's Own Time; Boyer's Annals of Queen Anne, 1707 pp. 305, 373, 1709 pp. 4 et seq., 1710 pp. 39, 40, 1711 pp. 7–8, 348; Wentworth Papers, 1705–39, ed. Cartwright; Defoe's Hist. of the Union, p. 110; Miscellaneous State Papers, 1501–1726, ii. 556; Coxe's Horatio, Lord Walpole; Coxe's Memoirs of Marlborough, ed. Wade; Marlborough's Letters and Despatches, ed. Murray; Private Corresp. of the Duchess of Marlborough, 1838; Mémoires de Torcy, Petitot, 2me série, lxvii–lxviii; Mémoires de Villars et De Vogüé, 1892; Lord Cowper's Private Diary (Roxburghe Club); Lady Cowper's Diary; Letters of Humphrey Prideaux to John Ellis (Camden Soc.); Memoirs of Thomas, Earl of Ailesbury (Roxburghe Club); Marchmont Papers, ed. Rose; Baillon's Lord Walpole à la Cour de France; Luttrell's Relation of State Affairs; Report from the Committee appointed by order of the House of Commons to examine Christopher Layer and others, 1722; Parl. Hist. vi. et seq.; Rogers's Protests of the House of Lords; Atterbury's Memoirs, ed. Williams, i. 437 et seq.; Stair Annals and Corresp. ed. Graham, i. 242; Elliott's Life of Godolphin; Ballantyne's Life of Lord Carteret; Ernst's Life of Lord Chesterfield; Suffolk Corresp. i. 346; Sundon Memoirs, i. 255; Macky's Memoirs (Roxburghe Club); Noble's Continuation of Granger's Biogr. Hist. of England, iii. 15; Addit. MS. 28153, ff. 144, 195, 247, 297, 301; Stowe MSS. 224 f. 103, 226 ff. 413, 416, 242 ff. 212–13, 246 ff. 69–71, 248 f. 24, 256 ff. 18–67; Hist. MSS. Comm. 2nd Rep. App. pp. 64, 79, 188, 3rd Rep. App. pp. 218, 222, 248, 368, 382–3, 4th Rep. App. p. 513, 8th Rep. App. i. 16–21, 39–40, 10th Rep. App. i. 239–43, ii. 427–33, 11th Rep. App. iv. 48 et seq.; Der Congress von Soissons, ed. Höfler, Oesterreich. Gesch.-Quell. Abth. ii. Bde. xxxi. xxxviii.; De Garden, Hist. des Traités de Paix, ii–iii.; Dumont, Corps Dipl. viii., and Suppl. ii. pt. ii. pp. 169–82; Stanhope's Hist. of England; Lecky's Hist. of England in the Eighteenth Century; Ranke, Engl. Gesch.; Klopp, Fall des Hauses Stuart; Michael, Engl. Gesch. im achtzehnten Jahrhundert, 1896; Brosch, Engl. Gesch. im achtzehnten Jahrhundert, 1897; C[okayne]'s Complete Peerage; Doyle's Official Baronage; Collins's Peerage, ii. 464, vi. 319, viii. 551; Misc. Gen. et Herald. 2nd ser. ed. Howard, i. 373; Genealogist, ed. Murray, vi. 210; Gent. Mag. 1745 p. 52, 1760 p. 394, 1781 p. 94; Chamberlayne's Mag. Brit. Not. 1748, pt. ii. bk. iii., General List, p. 259; Members of Parl. (official lists); Haydn's Book of Dignities, ed. Ockerby; Grad. Cant.; Clutterbuck's Hertfordshire, ii. 316; Blomefield's Norfolk, v. 392, vii. 136; Le Neve's Fasti Eccl. Angl. ii. 477, iii. 366.]  TOWNSEND, CHARLES (1725–1767), chancellor of the exchequer, born on 29 Aug. 1725, was the second son of Charles, third viscount Townshend [see under second ], by his wife Etheldreda or Audrey (d. 1788), daughter of Edward Harrison of Balls Park, Hertfordshire. His mother was ‘celebrated for her gallantries, eccentricities, and wit’ (, George Selwyn, i. 160–1). One of her witticisms, a reply to the question whether George Whitefield had recanted by the remark ‘he has only been canting,’ was considered by Gladstone to be Lord John Russell's most brilliant retort when repeated in another form. Charles Townshend's elder brother was George, fourth viscount and first marquis Townshend [q. v.]

Charles was educated with Wilkes and Dowdeswell at Leyden, where he was admitted on 27 Oct. 1745 (, Index of Leyden Students, p. 99). Alexander Carlyle [q. v.] met him there in that year, and gives an amusing account of Townshend's being challenged by an irate Scot, (Sir) James Johnstone of Westerhall, in revenge for Townshend's jokes at his expense. Carlyle attributes to Townshend wit, humour, a turn for mimicry, and above all ‘a talent of translating other men's thoughts … into the most charming language’ (Autobiogr. ed. Burton, p. 170). On his return from Leyden he is said to have been sent to Oxford (, Charles Townshend), but his name does not occur in Foster's ‘Alumni.’ On 30 June 1747 he was returned to parliament for Great Yarmouth. He attached himself to George Montagu Dunk, second earl of Halifax [q. v.], and, when Halifax was placed at the head of the board of trade late in 1748, he gave Townshend a post in that office. Townshend soon ‘distinguished himself on affairs of trade and in drawing up plans and papers for that province. … His figure was tall and advantageous, his action


text: Author:William Pitt Preble Longfellow

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298 But the favourite nephew of all was Pedro Riario, whom his uncle loaded with ecclesiastical benefices, though aged only five-and-twenty. Scandal asserted, and Muratori believed it, that this Pietro was really the son of the Pope. When scarce out of the hobbledehoy age, he was made Cardinal Patriarch of Constantinople and Archbishop of Florence. His annual income was 60,000 gold florins, in our money about £100,000; and yet when he died, broken down by his debaucheries, in 1474, three years after he had been made Cardinal Archbishop, he was deep in debt.

"He had no virtues, no abilities, nothing but his beauty, the scandalous affection of the Pope, and the extravagant profligacy of his own life, to recommend him to the notice of posterity. All Italy during two years rang with the noise of his debaucheries. When Leonora of Aragon passed through Rome, on her way to wed the Marquess of Ferrara, this fop of a Patriarch erected a pavilion in the Piazza di' Sante Apostole for her entertainment. The air of the banquet hall was cooled with pure water; on a column in the centre stood a naked gilded boy, who poured forth water from an urn. The servants were arrayed in silk, and the seneschal changed his dress of richest stuffs and jewels four times in the course of the banquet. Nymphs and centaurs, singers and buffoons, drank choice wines from golden goblets. … Happily for the Church and for Italy, he expired at Rome in January, 1474, after parading his impudent debaucheries through Milan and Venice, as the Pope's Legate."

Another nephew was Girolamo Riario, who married a natural daughter of Galeazzo Sforza. For him the Pope bought the town of Imola with Church money. He had created him Count of Bosco in 1472. As Imola did not content his ambition, his uncle gave him Forli,

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text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Greenacre, James


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 vehement, his voice loud, his laugh louder’ (, Mem. of the Reign of George II, ed. Holland, i. 340). He first made his mark in debate by his speech on 21 May 1753 in opposition to Hardwicke's proposed changes in the marriage law [see, first ]. In the redistribution of offices which followed Henry Pelham's death in March 1754, Townshend sought appointment as a lord of the treasury, but at length with some reluctance accepted a lordship of the admiralty (, i. 451). He was elected for Saltash at the general election in April, yielding his former seat at Yarmouth to his cousin, Charles Townshend, afterwards Lord Bayning [q. v.] (see Notes and Queries, 10th ser. xi. 282–3). On 11 Dec. following he made some stir by his attack on Lord Egmont [see, second ], the ‘warmth, insolence, and eloquence’ of which deterred Egmont from accepting office. Some time in 1755 Townshend seems to have resigned, and in December he vigorously attacked Newcastle for his employment of German mercenaries. When Devonshire became prime minister, with Pitt secretary of state, in November 1756, Townshend was appointed treasurer of the chamber, being re-elected for Yarmouth on 13 Dec., and in April 1757 he was sworn of the privy council. The vacillation of his attitude towards the execution of Admiral Byng brought upon him the contempt of Pitt, but he retained his office throughout Pitt's great administration (1757–61).

On 15 Aug. 1755 Townshend married at Adderbury Caroline, eldest daughter and coheir of John Campbell, second duke of Argyll [q. v.], and widow of Francis Scott, earl of Dalkeith. In 1758 he visited Dalkeith, and was presented with the freedom of the city of Edinburgh; he thought of standing for that city at the next general election, but was dissuaded by Alexander Carlyle, who was ‘considered as chaplain-in-ordinary to the family,’ and told Townshend that even the countess would oppose him. The ‘Select Society’ of Edinburgh broke its rules and elected Townshend a member in order to hear him talk one night (, Autobiogr. pp. 386–90). On 18 March 1761 he succeeded Barrington as secretary-at-war, and in that capacity took an active part in the conduct of government business in the House of Commons. At the general election in the same month he was elected for Harwich. He was apparently opposed to the war with Spain, and in 1762, soon after Bute became prime minister, Townshend was succeeded as secretary-at-war by Welbore Ellis. He seems to have resigned in the expectation that Pitt would lead a vigorous opposition and soon return to power; but when he saw the weakness of the opposition and Pitt's disinclination to lead it, he repented, and at the end of February 1763 accepted the presidency of the board of trade. Grenville succeeded Bute in April, and offered Townshend the post of first lord of the admiralty; he refused to kiss the king's hand unless his nominee (Sir) William Burrell [q. v.] were also appointed to the board. This was refused, and it was intimated to Townshend that the king no longer required his services.

Townshend now became a frequent and unsparing critic of Grenville's administration. The death of Egremont and the necessity of strengthening his cabinet led Grenville to offer Townshend Egremont's secretaryship of state in August; but Townshend refused to take office without Pitt, and continued his attacks on Grenville's ministry. On 17 Feb. 1764 he ‘made a most capital speech, replete with argument, history, and law,’ against the legality of general warrants and the outlawry of John Wilkes, whom, however, in spite of his former acquaintance, he said he abhorred. A few weeks later he issued a pamphlet, ‘Defence of the Minority in the House of Commons on the Question relating to General Warrants.’ Almon says it was ‘universally read and highly esteemed’ (Anecdotes, 1797, i. 78–82); but Horace Walpole, who wrote a rival pamphlet on the same side, describes it as quite ineffective (Mem. of the Reign of George III, ii. 6). Nevertheless, in May 1765, when Henry Fox was dismissed, Townshend accepted from Grenville his office of paymaster-general (Cal. Home Office Papers, 1760–5, p. 553), and retained it throughout Rockingham's ministry, which succeeded Grenville in July, and fell twelve months later. That result was not a little due to Townshend's conduct. He ‘treated his colleagues with undisguised contempt, described the government of which he was a member as a “lute-string administration fit only for summer wear,” and ostentatiously abstained from defending its measures’ (, ed. 1892, iii. 273).

Pitt was now prevailed upon to form a second ministry, and on 2 Aug. 1766 Townshend was appointed chancellor of the exchequer. The cabinet was a piece of patchwork, including politicians of every shade of opinion. Pitt weakened his own authority by retiring to the House of Lords, and ill-health soon prevented him from exercising any control over his colleagues. ‘In the


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Rh and elevated this boatboy to a dukedom. The young ruffian found that the Medici family stood in the way of extending his power over Florence, and he formed a plot for their destruction. In the conspiracy were involved Francis di Pazzi, head of the bank of that name in Rome, and Salviati, a Florentine, Archbishop of Pisa, whose elevation had been opposed by the Medici. The plot was atrocious; it was no less than to assassinate Giuliano and Lorenzo di Medici in the duomo at Florence on Easter Day at high mass. It had the hearty concurrence of him who held the keys of heaven and hell. Into the wicked confederacy was taken a Captain Montesecco, an intimate friend of Girolamo Riario, the Pope's nephew, and Bandini, a hired murderer. It was arranged among them that Montesecco was to poignard Giuliano, and Bandini was to stab Lorenzo; and the signal for the deed was to be the Elevation of the Host. On the Sunday appointed, 1478, the assassin Montesecco embraced the two Medici as they entered the church and assured himself by his touch that they were unprotected with coats of chain-mail, such as they usually wore under their silken habits. But at the last moment this captain, cut-throat though he was, felt hesitation at committing the deed in the sacred building and at such a solemn moment, and communicated his scruples to Girolamo Riario; and the latter had hastily to open his scheme to a couple of priests and induce them to undertake the murder. As a chronicler of the time says: "Another man was found, who, being a priest, was more accustomed to the place and therefore less scrupulous about its sanctity." The second priest was to take the place of Bandini should he entertain qualms.

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 scene of anarchy which ensued it was left for the strongest man to seize the helm. Unfortunately in the absence of Chatham that man was unquestionably the chancellor of the exchequer, Charles Townshend’ (ib. iv. 105). In November he openly flouted Chatham's authority by declaring that the East India Company ‘had a right to territorial revenue,’ of which Chatham was then promoting a measure to deprive it. At the same time he afforded a glaring example of the prevalent political corruption by using his position as chancellor of the exchequer to secure for himself a large share in a public loan (, Const. Hist. i. 383–4). But the most disastrous results of Townshend's predominance were seen in America.

Parliament met on 16 Jan. 1767, and Townshend presented his first budget. It included the usual land tax of four shillings in the pound; but his rivals, Grenville and Dowdeswell, combined to defeat it and reduce the tax to three shillings. Their motion was carried by 204 to 188 votes, and, according to long-standing precedent, a ministry defeated on a money bill should have resigned. Instead, Townshend set to work to devise means for meeting the deficiency of half a million thus created. On 26 Jan. he declared himself a firm advocate of the principle of the Stamp Act repealed a few months before by Rockingham's ministry, of which he had himself been a member; and, to the astonishment of his colleagues, ‘pledged himself to find a revenue in America nearly sufficient for the purposes that were required.’ This pledge was perfectly unauthorised, ‘but, as the Duke of Grafton afterwards wrote, no one in the ministry had sufficient authority in the absence of Chatham to advise the dismissal of Townshend, and this measure alone could have arrested his policy’ (, iv. 108; Chatham Corresp. iii. 178–9, 188–9, 193; Grenville Papers, iv. 211, 222).

Meanwhile the East India Company's affairs again came before the house, and on 8 May Townshend made his famous ‘champagne speech,’ which, to judge from the accounts of contemporaries, must have been one of the most brilliant speeches ever delivered in the House of Commons. It had little relevance to the question at issue, but its wit and satire produced an extraordinary effect on those who heard it; even so critical an observer as Horace Walpole said ‘it was Garrick writing and acting extempore scenes of Congreve’ (Memoirs of George III, iii. 17–19). After its delivery Townshend went to supper at Conway's, where ‘he kept the table in a roar till two o'clock in the morning’ (ib.) Five days later Townshend introduced his measures for dealing with America. The legislative functions of the New York assembly were to be suspended; commissioners of customs were to be established in America to superintend the execution of the laws relating to trade; and a port duty was imposed on glass, red and white lead, painters' colours, paper, and tea. The Americans received the news of these proposals with a burst of fury; anti-importation associations were formed, riots broke out, and the loyalist officials were reduced to impotence. Townshend did not live to see these developments. In July the city of London conferred its freedom upon him for his behaviour on the East India bill, and on 4 Sept. he died, at the premature age of forty-two, ‘of a neglected fever.’

Townshend was one of those statesmen whose abilities are the misfortune of the country they serve. He impressed his contemporaries as a man of unrivalled brilliance, yet to obtain a paltry revenue of 40,000l. he entered a path which led to the dismemberment of the empire. Burke lavished upon him a splendid panegyric (Select Works, ed. Payne, i. 147–9), and ‘the most gorgeous image in modern oratory,’ when he said (Speech on American Taxation, 19 April 1774) ‘even before this splendid orb [Chatham] was entirely set, and while the western horizon was in a blaze with his descending glory, on the opposite quarter of the heavens arose another luminary [Townshend], and, for his hour, became lord of the ascendant.’ He was, declared Burke, ‘the delight and ornament of this house, and the charm of every private society which he honoured with his presence.’ According to Walpole ‘he had almost every great talent and every little quality … with such a capacity he must have been the greatest man of this age, and perhaps inferior to no man in any age, had his faults been only in a moderate proportion’ (Memoirs of George III, iii. 72). These faults are set forth in Smollett's character of him in ‘Humphrey Clinker:’ ‘He would be a really great man if he had any consistency or stability of character. … There's no faith to be given to his assertions, and no trust to be put in his promises. … As for principle, that's out of the question.’ ‘Nothing,’ says Mr. Lecky, ‘remains of an eloquence which some of the best judges placed above that of Burke and only second to that of Chatham, and the two or three pamphlets which are ascribed to his pen hardly surpass the average of the political literature of the time. Exuberant animal spirits, a brilliant and ever ready wit, bound-


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Greenbury, Robert


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Greene, Anne


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 less facility of repartee, a clear, rapid, and spontaneous eloquence, a gift of mimicry which is said to have been not inferior to that of Garrick and Foote, great charm of manner, and an unrivalled skill in adapting himself to the moods and tempers of those who were about him, had made him the delight of every circle in which he moved, the spoilt child of the House of Commons’ (History of England, ed. 1892, iv. 115-16). Townshend's portrait was painted by Reynolds and engraved by Dixon and J. Miller.

Townshend's widow, who had been created Baroness of Greenwich on 28 Aug. 1767, died at Sudbrooke, Surrey, on 11 Jan. 1794. She had issue by Townshend two sons—Charles (1758–1782), a captain of the 45th foot, who died unmarried on 28 Oct. 1782; and William John (1761–1789), a captain, first in the 59th and then in the 44th foot, who died unmarried on 12 May 1789—and a daughter Anne, born 29 June 1756, who married, first, Richard Wilson, M.P. for Barnstaple, from whom she was divorced in 1798; and secondly, John Tempest.

[A memoir of Townshend, entitled Charles Townshend, Wit and Statesman, was published by Mr. Percy Fitzgerald in 1866. See also Addit. MSS. 32720 et seq.; Home Office Papers; Off. Ret. of Members of Parl.; Parl. Hist. esp. vol. xvi.; Cavendish's Parl. Debates; Walpole's Memoirs of the Reign of George II, ed. Lord Holland; Mem. of the Reign of George III, ed. Barker, and Letters, ed. Cunningham; Alexander Carlyle's Autobiogr. ed. Burton; Chatham Correspondence, 4 vols.; Almon's Anecdotes, 1797, vol. i.; Grenville Papers; Sir George Colebrooke's Memoirs; Burke's Speeches on American Taxation; Macknight's Life of Burke, i. 272–3, 283; John Nicholls's George III, 1822; Fitzmaurice's Life of Shelburne; Wilkes's Correspondence; Jesse's Selwyn, i. 124–5 et sqq.; Stanhope's Hist. of England; Forster's Life of Goldsmith; Lecky's History; Wood's Douglas, i. 113, 256; Burke's Peerage.]  TOWNSHEND, CHARLES, first (1728–1810) of Honingham, Norfolk, and Foxley, Berkshire, born on 27 Aug. 1728, was the only son of William Townshend (third surviving son of Charles, second viscount Townshend [q. v.]), by Henrietta, daughter of Lord William Paulet or Powlett, second son of Charles Paulet, first duke of Bolton [q. v.] He was educated at Eton and Clare Hall, Cambridge, and graduated M.A. in 1749. He was appointed secretary to the British embassy at Madrid on 17 Sept. 1751, and remained in Spain for five years. Henceforth he became known as ‘Spanish Charles,’ in contradistinction to his brilliant namesake and cousin, Charles Townshend (1725–1767) [q. v.] He returned to England in 1756, and at the general election of that year succeeded his cousin Charles as member for Great Yarmouth, which he continued to represent until 1784, and again from 1790 to 1796. He acted generally with the Rockingham whigs, but was not prominent as a speaker. He was present at the great gathering of whigs held at Claremont (Newcastle's house at Esher) on 30 June 1765, and was one of the minority who thought it unadvisable to take office without Pitt. When, however, Rockingham became premier, Townshend was made a lord of the admiralty on 30 April 1765. In Feb. 1770 he exchanged this office for a commissionership of the treasury in Lord North's administration. He was sworn of the privy council on 20 June 1777 and on 17 Sept. was appointed joint vice-treasurer of Ireland. In the coalition ministry of 1783 he held the office of treasurer of the navy. He was created a peer on 20 Oct. 1797, with the title of Baron Bayning of Foxley. In 1807 he was elected high steward of Yarmouth in succession to George, first marquis Townshend [q. v.] He died on 19 May 1810. A portrait of him at Honingham has been engraved (, No. 12545;, Hist of Yarmouth, ed. Palmer, ii. 333).

Bayning married, in August 1777, Annabella, daughter of the Rev. Richard Smith, by Annabella, granddaughter of Lord William Powlett. She became heir of her brother, Powlett Smith-Powlett of Sombourne, Hampshire, and died on 3 Jan. 1825. By her he had two sons, Charles Frederick Powlett Townshend (1785–1823) and Henry Powlett (1797–1866), who assumed by royal license the name of his maternal great-grandfather, William Powlett. Both sons died without surviving issue, and on the death of the younger in 1866 the peerage became extinct.

[G. E. C[okayne]'s Peerage; Burke's Extinct Peerage; Gent. Mag. 1810 i. 594, 1866 ii. 405–6; Walpole's Memoirs of George III (Barker), ii. 134 n., 137, iv. 58, and Last Journals ii. 616; Albemarle's Memoir of Rockingham, i. 220; Wraxall's Memoirs (Wheatley), iii. 55.]  TOWNSHEND, CHARLES FOX (1795–1817), founder of the Eton Society, born at Balls Park, Hertfordshire, on 28 June 1795, was the eldest son of John Townshend (1757–1833), member of parliament successively for Cambridge University, Westminster, and Knaresborough, by his wife Georgiana Anne, daughter of William Poyntz of Midgham [see under ]. George Townshend, second


text:
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300 But this change of persons spoiled all. The priest, though more irreligious, was less expert. Giuliano was indeed stabbed to death by Bandini di Pazzi, at the moment of the Elevation of the Host, but Lorenzo escaped with a flesh wound from the inexperienced hand of the priest, and fled into the sacristy. The congregation, the whole populace of Florence, rose as a man, and pursued the murderers. The Archbishop Salviati di Pazzi, and some of the others, were seized and hung from the windows of the Palazzo Pubblico, the same day; and the eighteen-year-old Cardinal Raphael Riario was flung into prison.

Sixtus was furious at the failure of the plot, and demanded the liberation of his great nephew, the boy-Cardinal, and at the same time the expulsion of the Medici from Florence. As the citizens refused to do this, he excommunicated Lorenzo di Medici, and all the heads of the Republic, and placed Florence under an interdict. After a few days the boy was released; but that was as far as the Florentines would go. Accordingly the Pope, his nephew Riario, and the King of Naples, who had entered into league with the Pope, raised armies to attack Florence, and a savage war of revenge raged for years. It was not till 1481 that a descent of the Turks on Otranto made Sixtus tremble for his own safety, and forced him to make peace with Florence. After the death of Pietro, Sixtus took his nephew, Giovanni della Rovere, into the favour that Pietro had enjoyed. He married him to Giovanna, daughter of the Duke of Urbino, and created him Duke of Sinigaglia. This fellow founded the second dynasty of the Dukes of Urbino.

"The plebeian violence of the Della Rovere temper," says Mr. Addington Symonds, "reached a climax in Giovanni's son,

title: Page:Book of the Riviera.djvu/380


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Rh the Duke Francesco Maria, who murdered his sister's lover with his own hands, when a youth of sixteen, and stabbed the Papal Legate to death in the streets of Bologna, when at the age of twenty, and knocked Guicciardini, the historian, down with a blow of his fist during a council of war in 1526.

"Christendom beheld in Sixtus the spectacle of a Pope who trafficked in the bodies of his subjects, and the holy things of God, to squander basely-gotten gold upon abandoned minions. The peace of Italy was destroyed by desolating wars in the advancement of the same worthless favourites. Sixtus destroyed to annex Ferrara to the dominions of Girolamo Riario. Nothing stood in his way but the House of Este, firmly planted for centuries and connected by marriage or alliance with the chief families of Italy. The Pope, whose lust for blood and broils were equalled only by his avarice and his libertinism, rushed with wild delight into a project which involved the discord of the whole peninsula. He made treaties with Venice and unmade them, stirred up all the passions of the despots and set them together by the ears, called the Swiss mercenaries into Lombardy, and when, finally, tired of fighting for his nephew, the Italian powers concluded the peace of Bagnolo, he died of rage in 1484. The Pope did actually die of disappointed fury, because peace had been restored to the country he had mangled for the sake of a favourite nephew."

This Pope seemed unable to exist without some cringing favourite about his person. In 1463 he made his valet, a lad of no character and parts, of base birth, with nothing but his good looks and obsequiousness to speak for him—Cardinal and Bishop of Parma, when his age was only twenty. Sixtus was always impecunious. To replenish his treasury he had two resources. One was the public sale of places about the Court, and of benefices and of ecclesiastical privileges. "Our churches, priests, altars, sacred rites, our prayers, even heaven and our God, are

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302 all purchasable," is the exclamation of Baptista Mantuanus, a scholar of the period. His second expedient was the monopoly of corn throughout the Papal States. Fictitious dearths were created; the value of wheat was raised to famine prices, and good grain was sold out of the States of the Church and bad grain was imported, that the Pope might pocket the profits of the transaction. Sixtus forced his subjects to buy at his stores, and regarded their sufferings, and the disease bred of famine, with indifferent eye.

But, bad as he was, Sixtus did some good things. He laid the basis of the great Vatican library, built a bridge over the Tiber, and widened some of the streets. To him is due the introduction into the calendar of the Feasts of the Conception of the Blessed Virgin, also of the Presentation in the Temple, and of Ste. Anne, all three of which find their place in the Anglican calendar; also of S. Joseph.

Sixtus happily put an end to the cruel persecution of the "Spirituals," a branch of the Franciscan Order which advocated absolute poverty, and adherence to the original mandates of the founder. Their prophet and theologian had been d'Oliva. Pope John XXII. had pronounced the writings of d'Oliva heretical, and had handed over the "Spirituals" to the Inquisition, to be dealt with as heretics. Between 1316 and 1352 as many as 114 of them were burnt at the stake ; but Sixtus IV. reversed the judgment of John XXII. and declared this teaching of Oliva to be orthodox; so that those who had been burnt in accordance with the judgment of one Pope, were martyrs for the truth according to the decision of another. Sixtus died in 1484.

title: Page:Book of the Riviera.djvu/384


text: Index:Shakespeare - First Folio Faithfully Reproduced, Methuen, 1910.djvu


text: Page:Shakespeare - First Folio Faithfully Reproduced, Methuen, 1910.djvu/12


text:
Portal:Navigation

General

 * The American Practical Navigator, 1802 by Nathaniel Bowditch
 * Physical Geography Of The Sea 1855, by Matthew Fontaine Maury

Articles

 * Reef in the Pacific, as it appeared in the 1831 Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London
 * Finding the Way at Sea, by Richard Anthony Proctor as it appeared in the October 1873 Popular Science Monthly
 * Telegraphic Determination of Longitude, by Francis Mathews Green as it appeared in the August 1875 Popular Science Monthly
 * Hydrography, as it appeared in the March 1876 Popular Science Monthly
 * Maps and Map-Making Before Mercator, by Charles Patrick Daly as it appeared in the February 1880 Popular Science Monthly
 * Ocean Meteorology I, by T. A. Lyons as it appeared in the November 1879 Popular Science Monthly
 * Ocean Meteorology II, by T. A. Lyons as it appeared in the December 1879 Popular Science Monthly
 * The Formation of Sea-Waves, by Emile Sorel as it appeared in the August 1883 Popular Science Monthly

title: Portal:Navigation


text: Portal talk:Navigation

title: Portal talk:Navigation


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Toup, Jonathan


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Tournay, Simon of


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Tourneur, Cyril


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Tours, Berthold


text:
Author:Edward Gomersall Charlesworth

Works

 * The ministry of the Bible (1861)
 * "The Thrush" in the Sunday Magazine

title: Author:Edward Gomersall Charlesworth


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Tovey, De Blossiers


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Tovey-Tennent, Hamilton


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Towerson, Gabriel (d.1623)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Towerson, Gabriel (1635?-1697)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Towerson, William


text:
Author:Stephen Edward de Vere

Works

 * Is the hierarchy an aggression?
 * Translations from Horace

title: Author:Stephen Edward de Vere


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Towne, John


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Towne, Joseph


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Towneley, Charles


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Towneley, Christopher


text:
Page:Men-at-the-Bar.djvu/516

 Valpy, Robert Arthur, B.A., Exeter Coll., Oxon (2nd class honours in law and modern history), 1868, from Harrow, a member of the Western circuit, a student of the Inner Temple 17 Nov., 1868 (then aged 24), called to the bar 6 June, 1871 (eldest son of Robert Harris Valpy, Esq., of Enborne Lodge, Berks); born 9 Aug., 1844; married 13 Jan., 1874, Edith Alicia, only dau. of Robert Oliver Jones, Esq., of Fonmon Castle, co. Glamorgan, and of the Middle Temple, bar.-at-law.
 * 10, Bina Gardens. South Kensington, S.W.; 1, Hare Court, Temple, E.C.

Vane, Henry de Vere, B.A., Brasenose Coll., Oxon, 1876, from Eton, late lieut. Northampton and Rutland militia, a clerk in Charity Commission, a student of the Inner Temple 12 Jan., 1876 (then aged 21), called to the bar 27 Jan., 1879 (eldest son of Sir Henry Morgan Vane, bar.-at-law, etc.); born 10 May, 1854; married 28 June, 1881, Lady Catherine Sarah Cecil, 3rd dau. of William Alleyne, 3rd marquis of Exeter, and has issue (see Foster's Peerage, ).
 * 15, Chester Square, S.W.; Oxford and Cambridge Club.

Vane, Sir Henry Morgan, knighted at Osborne 31 Dec., 1883, secretary to the Charity Commission since 1853, D.L. co. Durham, heir presumptive to the barony of Barnard, a student of the Inner Temple 11 Jan., 1851 (then aged 41), called to the bar 17 Nov., 1853 (eldest son of John Henry Vane, Esq., of London); born 29 Nov., 1808; married 6 July, 1853, Louisa, younger dau. and co-heir of Rev. Richard Farrer, rector of Ashley, Northants; she died 16 Dec., 1878, leaving issue (see Foster's Peerage, ).
 * East Farndon, Market Harborough; 74, Eaton Place S.W.; Gwydyr House, Whitehall, S.W.; Reform and Road Clubs.

Vansittart, Henry, practises before the High Court North-west Provinces India, a student of the Middle Temple 17 April, 1872, called to the bar 26 Jan., 1874 (eldest son of Henry Vansittart, of Bareilly, India, civil and session judge); born, ; married 19 Oct., 1878, Mary Virginia, 4th dau. of late Francis Johnson Jessop, Esq., of Derby.
 * Bareilly, North-west Provinces India.

Vaudagne, Emile, practises before the supreme court of the Mauritius, a student of the Middle Temple 6 June, 1864, called to the bar 30 April, 1867 (2nd son of late Emile Vaudagne, Esq., of Port Louis, Mauritius); born,.
 * Port Louis, Mauritius.

Vaughan, Gerald Osmond, a student of the Middle Temple 28 Oct., 1880, called to the bar 6 June, 1883 (3rd surviving son of Jonas Daniel Vaughan, of Singapore, and of the Middle Temple, bar.-at-law); born,.
 * Singapore.

Vaughan, Harry Cleveland, matric. London Univ. 1870 from Univ. Coll. School, practises before the supreme court at Penang, a student of Lincoln's Inn 18 Oct., 1871 (then aged 17), called to the bar 7 June, 1875 (eldest son of Jonas Daniel Vaughan, of Singapore, and of the Middle Temple, bar.-at-law, dec.); born, 1854.
 * Penang, Straits Settlements.

Vaughan, Henry Halford, M.A., Oriel Coll., Oxon, 1837, B.A., Christ Church, Oxon, 1833, clerk of assize and arraigns and associate on the South Wales circuit since 1841, sometime regius professor of modern history Oxon, a student of Lincoln's Inn 7 June, 1833 (then aged 21), called to the bar 8 May, 1838 (2nd son of Sir John Vaughan, baron of the Court of Exchequer and a justice of common pleas); born 27 Aug., 1811; married 21 Aug., 1856, Adeline Maria, dau. of John Jackson, M.D.; she died 14 April, 1881, leaving issue (see Foster's Baronetage, ).
 * Upton Castle, Pembroke; 6, Danes Inn, Strand, W.C.

Vaughan, James, B.A. Oxon 1835, police magistrate at Bow Street since 1864, chairman of election inquiry commission for Gloucester 1859 and for Berwick-on-Tweed 1860, J.P. Middlesex, Kent, Surrey, Herts, and Essex, a student of the Middle Temple 22 April, 1835, called to the bar 22 Nov., 1839 (eldest son of Richard Vaughan, Esq., of Cardiff); born, 1814; married 1st, 23 Aug., 1849, Esther, dau. of late Jacob Bright, Esq., of Rochdale; she died, ; he married 2ndly, 21 Dec., 1854, Joanna Russell, younger dau. of late Richard Smethurst, Esq., J.P., D.L., of Chorley.
 * 40, Gloucester Terrace, Hyde Park, W.; Police Office Bow Street, W.C.

Vaughan, Jonas Daniel, police magistrate Straits Settlement since 1869, a student of the Middle Temple 8 June, 1867, called to the bar 7 June, 1869 (eldest son of Jonas Vaughan, late of London and of the Bengal marine, dec.); born, ; married and has issue.
 * Singapore.

Vawdrey, Daniel, M.A. Corpus Christi Coll., Oxon, B.A. 1874, a student of Lincoln's Inn 3 May, 1873 (then aged 21), called to the bar 28 June, 1876 (2nd son of Benjamin Llewellyn Vawdrey, of Tushingham Hall, Cheshire, solicitor); born, 1852.
 * Tushingham Hall, Malpas, Cheshire.

Velge, Charles Eugene, a student of the Middle Temple 30 Oct., 1867, called to the bar 17 Nov., 1870 (5th son of John Henry Velge, of Malacca, justice of the peace); born,.
 * Malacca, Straits Settlements.

Vels, Henry Bernard Isaac, a student of the Inner Temple 9 April, 1880 (then aged 22), called to the bar 26 Jan., 1883 (eldest son of Cornelius Johan Vels, attorney-general Bloemfontein, Orange Free State); born, 1858.
 * Bloemfontein, Orange Free State.

title: Page:Men-at-the-Bar.djvu/516


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Towneley, Francis


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Towneley, John


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Townley, Charles


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Townley, James (1714-1778)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Townley, James (1774-1833)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Townsend, Aurelian


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Townsend, George (1788-1857)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Townsend, George Henry


text:
Author:Francis Cowley Burnand

Works

 * Happy Thoughts
 * Cox and Box with Arthur Sullivan
 * The Doom of St. Querec (1875, with Arthur William à Beckett)
 * The Shadow Witness (1876, with Arthur William à Beckett)

Works about Burnand

 * "Illustrated Interviews: Mr. F. C. Burnand" in The Strand Magazine
 * "Illustrated Interviews: Mr. F. C. Burnand" in The Strand Magazine
 * "Illustrated Interviews: Mr. F. C. Burnand" in The Strand Magazine
 * "Illustrated Interviews: Mr. F. C. Burnand" in The Strand Magazine
 * "Illustrated Interviews: Mr. F. C. Burnand" in The Strand Magazine
 * "Illustrated Interviews: Mr. F. C. Burnand" in The Strand Magazine

title: Author:Francis Cowley Burnand


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Townsend, Isaac


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Townsend, John


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Townsend, Joseph


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Townsend, Richard (1618?-1692)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Townsend, Richard (1821-1884)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Townsend, William Charles


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Townshend, Charles (1674-1738)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Townshend, Charles (1725-1767)


text:
Author:Hermann Jacobi

Works

 * (tr.) Acaranga Sutra (1884)
 * "Jacobi's letter on Acaranga controversy of meat-eating" (1933)
 * Index:Sacred Books of the East - Volume 22.djvu

title: Author:Hermann Jacobi


text:
Author:Thomas Noon Talfourd

Works

 * Ion (1835)
 * The Athenian Captive (1837)
 * Glencoe, or the Fate of the Macdonalds (1839)
 * Recollections of a First Visit to the Alps (1841)
 * Vacation Rambles and Thoughts (1844)

title: Author:Thomas Noon Talfourd


text:
Author:Alexander Innes Shand

Works

 * General John Jacob
 * The Life of General Sir Edward Bruce Hamley, K.C.B., K.C.M.G.
 * "The Novelists and their Patrons" in Fortnightly Review
 * "The Novelists and their Patrons" in Fortnightly Review

title: Author:Alexander Innes Shand


text: Author talk:Archibald John Stuart-Wortley


text:
User:Charles Matthews/DNB 6001-7000

6001-6050

6051-6100

6101-6150

6151-6200

6201-6250

6251-6300

6301-6350

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6451-6500

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6901-6950

6951-7000

title: User:Charles Matthews/DNB 6001-7000


text:
Author:Augustus Edward Hough Love

Works

 * (Functions of Real Variables)
 * A Treatise on the Mathematical Theory of Elasticity
 * A Treatise on the Mathematical Theory of Elasticity
 * A Treatise on the Mathematical Theory of Elasticity
 * A Treatise on the Mathematical Theory of Elasticity

title: Author:Augustus Edward Hough Love


text:
Fredericksburg, Virginia 1608-1908/9

The Courts of Fredericksburg — The Freedman's Bureau — Court Orders and Incidents — First Night Watch — Ministers

Qualify to Perform Marriage Ceremony — First Notary Public— Fixing the Value of Bank Notes — Prison Bounds for Debtors — Public

Buildings, &c.

If every one in this Christian land was a Christian, and was governed by the rule laid down and inculcated by the Christ, "whatsoever ye would that men should do to you, do ye even so to them," there would have been but little, if any, use for courts in this country. But all people are not Christians, and all Christians are not governed by that golden rule, therefore courts were necessary to punish crime, settle disputes, protect the weak against the strong, secure the widow and orphan in their rights, enforce provision for the indigent poor, and perform other functions for the benefit of society and the well-being of the country. What courts Fredericksburg had before the Revolutionary war is unknown, as no record seems to have been left of them. In all probability the successors of Major Lawrence Smith were also authorized to execute martial law and hear and determine all questions, as a county court might do, until the town was chartered in 1727 and placed in the hands of trustees. These trustees had certain powers conferred upon them by act of the House of Burgesses, and they were to keep records of their proceedings, but these records cannot now be found and quite likely have long ago been destroyed. It may have been possible that the Colonial Governors appointed magistrates to hear and determine causes within certain limits and to punish petty offences, while causes beyond those limits and felonies were heard and determined by the court sitting at Williamsburg. Of this, however, we are left to conjecture, as no records are at our command. But if this had been the manner of dispensing justice prior to 1781, it furnished a pattern for the Virginia Legislature for many years thereafter with respect to the town, as is referred to elsewhere. The first court established in Fredericksburg, that we now have any records of, was by an act of the General Assembly of Virginia, passed during the session of 1781. At that session Fredericksburg was regularly incorporated and given a Common Council and a hustings court, but the court did not organize until April 15,1782. At its organization the following justices were present:— Charles Mortimer, Wm. McWilliams, James Somerville, Charles Dick, Samuel Roddy and John Julien, "the same being Mayor, Recorder and Aldermen of the town," elected to their respective offices on the 18th day of March, 1782, in the order above named. This continued as the only court of the town until 1788, when nineteen district courts were established in the State by the General Assembly, one of which was located at Fredericksburg. These courts were presided over by two judges of the General Court, located at Richmond, the number of judges of that court having been, by the same act, increased from five to ten judges. This district court was regarded as a very important court, and was attended by some of the ablest lawyers in Virginia and adjoining States. Edmund Randolph, after he was Governor and twice a Cabinet Minister, (Attorney-General and Secretary of the Treasury in Washington's Cabinet.) and also James Monroe, a citizen of this place, after he was Minister to England, France and Spain, were attorneys before and practised in this court. While attending a session of this court, on the 3rd day of May, 1798, Governor Randolph published the following card in the Virginia Herald:— "My business in the Court of Appeals and High Court of Chancery render it impossible for me to attend constantly the district court holden at this place. I have, therefore, come hither, during the present term, with a hope of finishing almost every cause in which I was employed; and have refused all fees, which have been offered to me in any suits, which I may not try before I leave the town. I am apprehensive, however, that I shall not succeed in concluding everything; and I have accordingly, made the following arrangement:— To some of my clients I have personally returned the fees; to all others, where the business has not been absolutely finished, or any step remains to be taken, except to move for the opinion of the court, the fee will be returned on application to John Chew, Esq., clerk of the court, who has been so obliging as to accept from me a list of all my suits, still depending, of the money received, and of their situation. Although the fees are to be returned yet I have obtained the favor of Colonel Monroe, (President James Monroe.) Colonel John Minor and Francis Brooke, Esq., (Afterwards one of the Judges of the Supreme Court) to attend to these suits, agreeably to the memorandum which I have given each of them, with every paper and information in my power. In two of the cases, which are of peculiar importance, I shall attend myself at a future day; and in all instances, will cheerfully assist with my advice. If required, I will be ready to attend the trial of any particular suits, now or hereafter depending in this court whensoever the business of the Court of Appeals and High Court of Chancery will permit" This court continued in existence for about twenty years, when, by an act of the General Assembly of 1808-9, it was abolished, and a "Circuit Court or a Superior Court of Law," was established in its stead. This new court was presided over by one of the judges of the General Court, the number of judges of that court, it appears, having been increased from ten to fifteen, to correspond with the number of circuits established in the State. These courts have continued to the present time, with slight changes at different periods as to their powers and territory, and are presided over by circuit judges. In the year 1852 the State was divided into ten districts and a court was established for each district, known as the District Court of Appeals. The court for the Fourth district was located at Fredericksburg, and was held up-stairs in the north wing of the present courthouse. This court consisted of the judges of the circuit courts constituting the district and the judge of the Court of Appeals, elected from this section of the State, as president. It was provided that no judge should sit in any appeal case sent up from his circuit. This court continued until the adoption of what was known as the Underwood Constitution, which failed to make provision for district courts. Prior to 1870 the corporation or hustings court was held by three or more justices of the peace, but when the State constitution of that year was adopted it raised that court to a higher dignity, its powers and jurisdiction were enlarged, and a judge prescribed "who shall be learned in the law." Since the establishment of this court it has had five judges to preside over it—John M. Herndon, John T. Goolrick, Montgomery Slaughter, A. Wellington Wallace, and Alvin T. Embrey. The new State constitution abolished all county courts and provided four annual terms of the circuit court, which were regarded ample for all purposes. In this change in the present constitution Fredericksburg lost her session of the circuit court and also her hustings court, but authority was conferred upon the City Council to continue the hustings court if it judged it necessary, the Legislature to elect the judge, whose term of office was to be ten years, and the Council was to pay his salary. In accordance with this authority the Council decided to continue the court, and Judge John T. Goolrick was elected by the General Assembly to preside over it. The police court, established by the State constitution of 1870, is held by the Mayor of the town, and in his absence by the Recorder, or in his absence by any justice of the peace who may be designated by the Mayor for that purpose. This court has jurisdiction of misdemeanors and of civil cases, where the amount involved is less than one hundred dollars, with the right of appeal to the corporation court when the amount in controversy is ten dollars or more. After the first of January, 1909, by provision of State law, this court will be conducted by a police justice.

CIRCUIT COURT.

The new State constitution increased the number of circuits, when the county courts were abolished, to twenty-nine, and also increased the terms of the court to four annually, in order to enable the judges to do what the circuit courts previously did and most of the work formerly allotted to the old county courts. In order to do this the duties of the circuit clerks were greatly enlarged, that they might do much of the business heretofore transacted by the county courts. Fredericksburg is in the fifteenth circuit, but no session of the court is held within her borders. The circuit consists of five counties—King George, Stafford, Spotsylvania, Caroline and Hanover. Our circuit judge is the Hon. John E. Mason, who resides most of the time in Fredericksburg.

CHANGE IN CITY AFFAIRS.

The same constitution that changed the circuit courts and abolished the county courts made many changes also with government of cities and towns. In Fredericksburg, divided into two wards as it had been for some years, the six Councilmen from each ward were elected at the same time to serve two years, the Mayor being the presiding officer of the body. In these changes each ward is to elect three Councilmen every two years, who are to serve a term of four years, and the presiding officer is to be elected from the body of the Council. The present president is William E. Bradley, Esq., the first one having been Col. E. D. Cole.

THE FREEDMAN'S BUREAU.

The Freedman's Bureau was established in Fredericksburg in 1865. It was an unique judicial tribunal, and found its way in our midst by reason of the disjointed condition of the country at that time. It was brought into being by congressional enactment, to be operated alone in the Southern States that had formed the Southern Confederacy, which government had then ceased to exist. The geographical divisions in the South were no longer States, as heretofore stated, but military districts, designated by numbers, and it was the opinion of the Federal authorities, it seems, that in the chaotic condition of society and the impotency of our courts, or from some other cause, the colored people, who had just been emancipated from slavery, would not be justly dealt with by their former owners, hence the necessity of this civil-military tribunal. These Freedman's bureaus were composed of three judges—one an army officer and two citizens. In the organization of the bureau in Fredericksburg two of the judges were appointed by the commander of the military district and the third one was elected by the Common Council. Being thus formed it was supposed that all parties brought before the court would receive justice. It had original jurisdiction over misdemeanors, controversies involving labor and the observance of contracts, and appellate jurisdiction from the decisions of magistrates and police justices, where the rights of colored people and United States soldiers were involved. The first court of this kind organized in Fredericksburg was composed of Major James Johnson, a United States army officer, Major Charles Williams, an ardent Union man, and James B. Sener, who was unanimously elected by the Common Council "a commissioner on the part of the citizens of the town in the Freedman's bureau, about to be organized." Many absurd and amusing stories were put in circulation about this court, and the colored people were variously impressed with its functions and purposes, as well as of its powers and jurisdiction. Persons who followed the Union army to town, and who professed great friendship for the colored people and secured their confidence, told them that one purpose of the Freedman's Bureau was to adjust financial matters between ex-slaves and their former owners and to remunerate them for labor performed while they were in slavery. The money for this purpose was to be made from the property of those who owned the slaves and who received the benefit of their services. The most of the colored people believed these, as they did the other absurd stores, and it was agreed that a test case should be made in Fredericksburg, and if it was decided in favor of the ex slave that all the other ex-slaves should bring similar suits for their ante-bellum services. The papers were prepared in such a case by one of the so-called lawyers, who made their appearance in our midst in those troublous times, one of our colored men being the plaintiff, but it was soon ascertained that such a suit would be "laughed out of court," and therefore the matter was dropped and nothing more was heard from it. It is said that after this the bureau was not popular even with the colored people.

COURT ORDERS AND INCIDENTS.

There are many orders made and incidents that happened in the old courts that will be of interest to-day, if for no other reason than for their age and the fact that they are not practised in our present courts. Among the first things that claimed the attention of the hustings court, after its organization and appointment of the officers of the court, was to fix the rates of charges for the tavern keepers. This it did on the 20th day of May, 1782, entering the following schedule:— "Good West India Rum, one pound per gallon; bread, ten shillings; whiskey, six; strong beer, four; good West India Rum toddy, ten shillings; Brandy toddy, seven shillings and six pence; Rum punch, fifteen shillings; Brandy punch, twelve; Rum Grog, six; Brandy Grog, five. Diet:— one meal, one shilling and six pence; lodging, one shilling and three pence; "stablidge" and hay, two shillings; oats and corn, nine pence per gallon." Nearly half a century passed before another order in reference to tavern rates was made, or recorded if made. It is presumed that the schedule of rates made in 1782 was in force until the 10th day of May, 1838, or was renewed from time to time, with slight changes. On the 10th of May, 1838, another list of prices was adopted by the court, and entered as follows, dollars and cents being substituted for pounds and shillings:— Breakfast, 50 cents; dinner 50; supper, 50; lodging, 25; grain per gallon, 12 1/2 "stablage" and hay per night, 25; Madeira wine, per quart, 1.00; champagne, per quart, 1.50; other wine per quart, 50; French brandy, 12 1/2 per gill; rum, 12 1/2; gin, 12 1/2; whiskey, 12 1/2; corn per gallon, 25. Another order was made by the court on the first day of March, 1784, when it "proceeded to settle the allowances to the officers of the corporation." That order gave to the officers their salaries as follows:— Mr. John Minor, Jr., attorney for the Commonwealth, 2000 pounds of tobacco; Henry Armistead, clerk, 1200 pounds; John Legg, sergeant, 1200 pounds; Henry Armistead, for attending all courts of inquiry, 400 pounds; sergeant for same, 570 pounds, and Wm. Jenkins, "gaoler," 364 pounds. For several years the salaries of the corporation officers were paid in the same manner and in the same currency. On the 2nd of August, 1784, it was "ordered that the clerk certify that this court do recommend Robert Brooke[1] as a person of probity, honesty and good demeanor. This recommendation, it is understood, was necessary in order for Mr. Brooke to obtain a license from the General Court to practise law; and on the 7th of February, 1785, Robert Brooke and Bushrod Washington [2] were admitted as practising lawyers before the court. Henry Armistead, the first clerk of the court, died about the first of August, 1787, and on the 6th of August John Chew, Jr., was appointed clerk to fill the vacancy. By that appointment we have this remarkable record, that from the appointment of John Chew, Jr., on the 6th of August, 1787, to the death of Colonel Robert S. Chew, on the 17th of August, 1886, the clerkship of the hustings court was in the Chew family, except the short time it was held by W. C. Strait under military appointment. It went from father to son for the fourth generation, covering a period of ninety-nine years and eleven days. These generations served as follows:— John Chew, Jr., from 1787 to 1S06; Robert S. Chew, from 1806 to 1826; John James Chew, from 1826 to 1867, and Robert S. Chew, from 1870 to 18S6. On the 27th of February, 1889, we are told that "James Mercer, Esq., Chief Justiee of the General Court this day in open court took the oath of a Judge to the District Court, pursuant to an act of the General Assembly entitled an act establishing district courts, and for regulating the General Court, which is ordered to be certified accordingly." From this entry we learn that James Mercer,[3] a Fredericksburg lawyer, was not only the chief justice of the General Court, which was held in Richmond, but the judge of the first district court held in Fredericksburg. This district court was the first court held in the town having jurisdiction over higher crimes than misdemeanors. Before the institution of this court all white persons charged with felonies were sent to Richmond for trial by the General Court. [1] Governor of Virginia In 1794-96, and afterwards Attorney-General of the State. [2] Appointed a Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States by President Washington. [3] Wrote Mary Washington's will and was one of the witnesses to her signature. From the records of the hustings court it appears that the "Gentlemen Justices" for many years after the introduction of United States money entered up fines and judgments in pounds, shillings and pence. The clerk used dollars and cents in entering up costs as early as 1795, but the court did not adopt the American count until about July, 1797. It is also noticeable that the clerk in nearly all entries placed the dollar mark after the figures, instead of in front of them, according to the present custom. The first intimation that the town needed a watch or police, in addition to the town sergeant, is given in an order of the court, entered April 25, 1801, when it was "ordered that the sergeant of this corporation do (within the time limited for the collection of the other taxes in this corporation) collect of the housekeepers, within the jurisdiction of this court, two per cent, on the amount of their rents, agreeable to the assessed value thereof, and that he pay the same to the chamberlain to be appropriated to paying a watch to be kept in said corporation, the same being this day levied for that purpose." On March 27, 1802, the grand jury of the corporation presented "as a nuisance the numerous obstructions in the streets, particularly in St. George street lot, burying the dead in George and Princess Ann streets; also the irregular burying in the ground west of and adjoining Prince Edward street." The most of the obstructions complained of were on Hanover street, west of Princess Ann, and on George street, from Main to the river. The burying ground adjoining Prince Edward street about twenty-five years ago was converted into Hurkamp park. The court had been in existence more than twenty-two years before any record is found where a minister of the gospel, of any denomination, qualified to perform the rites of matrimony. It may have been that the law did not require such qualification prior to 1804, and was enacted that year. At any rate, the first one to appear before the court was on the 24th day of December, 1804. On that day "Benj. Essex, having produced to the court credentials of his ordination and of his being in regular communion with the Methodist Society, and having taken the oath of fidelity to the Commonwealth and entered into bond with security according to law, a testimonial is granted him to celebrate the rites of matrimony according to the forms and customs of the said Methodist church." Similar orders were entered by the court for ministers of other denominations as they applied to the court. From the record we find they applied as follows:— Samuel Wilson, of the Presbyterian church, September 22, 1806; Samuel Low, of the Episcopal church, September 8, 1808, and Wm. James, of the Baptist church, June 13, 1811. So it is found that as early as 1811 any one could be married in Fredericksburg, according to the customs of the Methodist, Presbyterian, Episcopalian and Baptist churches. On the 24th of December, 1805, John T. Lomax and Carter L. Stevenson qualified to practise law in the hustings court. They were two leading citizens of the town and served the public long and faithfully. John T. Lomax afterwards was made judge of the circuit court and one of the judges of the district court He was also the author of several law books. Mr. Stevenson was thirty five years Commonwealth's attorney in the town, holding the office a longer period than any other attorney, before or since his day. The first notary public to qualify in the hustings court was John Metcalfe. He was appointed by Governor James Barbour, and on the 12th day of November, 1812, came into court and produced his commission as a notary public, "whereupon the said John Metcalfe took the oath of fidelity to the Commonwealth, and that he will without favor or partiality, honestly, intelligently and faithfully discharge the duties of a notary public."

REGULATING THE CURRENCY.

In the early part of the nineteenth century "paper money" superseded tobacco and tobacco warehouse receipts as currency, and therefore much of it was issued. The notes of the denomination of one dollar, and more, were generally designated as bills, while those below one dollar were called "shin plasters." At first these notes were issued by States, cities and banks, but in a few years incorporated companies, and sometimes individuals, issued them. These notes were not always taken at their face value, especially when they were found any distance from their place of issue. This being the case, it was difficult for the people to distinguish between the good and the doubtful, or to fix the proper rate of discount. Therefore the courts took the matter in hand. The question was considered and passed upon, for the first time in our courts, on the 14th of March, 1816, the subject being the difference between the paper currency of Virginia and the bank notes of other places, which were found in circulation in Fredericksburg. Having properly investigated and reached a conclusion, the court declared and entered on record, as follows:— "It appears to the satisfaction of the court that the chartered bank notes of the District of Columbia, State of North Carolina, and cities of Philadelphia and Baltimore, are current in this town, and it is the opinion of the court that the chartered bank notes of the District of Columbia, when compared with the chartered bank notes of Virginia, are at a depreciation of six per cent.; that the said notes of the cities of Philadelphia and Baltimore are at a depreciation of five per cent, and that the said notes of the State of North Carolina are of equal value with the said notes of Virginia." A similar declaration was made by the court each year for several years thereafter. On the 10th day of November, 1831, the will of Thomas Seddon [4] [4] Thomas Seddon was the father of Hon. James A. Seddon, Confederate Secretary of War, and lived in the residence now owned and occupied by George W. Shepherd. was admitted to probate. Philip Alexander, John Moncure and Arthur A. Morson were appointed and qualified as executors and entered into bond, without security, the deceased requesting that none be required, in the sum of $240,000, it being the largest bond ever before required by the court. Appraisers were appointed by the court to appraise his property in the town of Fredericksburg and the counties of Spotsylvania, Stafford, Prince William, Culpeper, Fauquier, Shenandoah and Page, and they were ordered to make returns to this court. The court entered the following certificate on its records on the 12th day of January, 1832:— "The court orders it to be certified that it was proved to their satisfaction by the evidence of Francis S. Scott, a witness sworn in court, that Major Robert Forsythe, of the Revolutionary army, had two children, one of whom, Robert, died under age and unmarried, and the other son, John, is now alive, being the Senator in Congress from Georgia."

THE POOR DEBTOR'S PRISON BOUNDS.

In the olden times, when some claim that the people were more honest and just and the laws more righteous than they are now, a person who failed or refused to pay his debts could, by proper process, be placed in "prison bounds," and kept there until he exhibited to the court a schedule of his property, made under oath. If he had nothing more in the opinion of the court, than a reasonable allowance under the law, the court could discharge him as a poor debtor from custody. For more than fifty years the prison bounds was the square on which the jail is located. The poor debtor was allowed the full width of the streets around the square, but was not allowed to enter a building on the opposite side. Many distinguished men, it is said, have been confined to this central point in the town because they were unable at the time to meet their obligations. In 1840 the court extended the liberty of the poor debtor by enlarging the prison bounds to four squares, probably because the law had relaxed its hold upon him. He could roam anywhere on those four squares and in the streets bounding them, but he could not go beyond the limits without being in contempt and becoming liable to additional punishment by the court. This order of extension was made on the 11th of June, 1840, and recorded as follows:— "The court doth fix the prison bounds as follows, to-wit:— Beginning at the intersection of Caroline and William streets, thence up William to Charles street, thence down Charles street to Hanover street thence down Hanover street to Caroline street, thence up Caroline street to William street, including the footways on each side."

title: Fredericksburg, Virginia 1608-1908/9


text:
Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 06.djvu/225

 Brand in York till the last night of the season, 21 May 1794, when she appeared in her own play of 'Agmunda,' in which she was derided. In the summer she played in Liverpool with no greater success. Starched in manner, virtuous in conduct, and resolute in her objection to a low-cut dress, she seems, according to Tate Wilkinson, to have had little chance of succeeding on the stage. Her defeat she attributed to the jealousy of Mrs. Siddons and the Kembles. Of her play she thought so highly that she would not for fear of theft trust the whole manuscript to the prompter, but copied out with her own hand the entire play, except her own part, which she reserved. Many curious stories show how high was her estimate of her own capacity. Wilkinson says that, apart from her tragedy airs, she possessed many good qualities, that she was estimable in her private character, and endowed with a good understanding. The editors of the 'Biographia Dramatica,' who saw her performance in 'Huniades,' find fault with her deportment, but say that her acting was marked by discrimination. In 1798 she published in Norwich, in 8vo, a volume of 'Dramatic and Poetical Works,' containing: (1) 'Adelinda,' a comedy founded on 'La Force du Naturel' of Destouches; (2) 'The Conflict, or Love, Honour, and Pride,' an heroic comedy adapted from 'Don Sanche d'Arragon,' by Pierre Corneille; and (3) 'Huniades, or the Siege of Belgrade,' a tragedy, with some miscellaneous poems. After her failure on the stage, Miss Brand again became a governess. Her pupil was a married lady, and her eccentric conduct was the cause of much unpleasantness between husband and wife. Miss Brand died in March 1821.

 BRAND, JOHN (1668?–1738), minister of the church of Scotland, author of 'A Brief Description of Orkney,' was educated at the university of Edinburgh, where he graduated M.A. on 9 July 1688. After completing his divinity course, he was licensed to preach by the presbytery of Edinburgh, and on 3 Jan. 1694-5 was ordained minister of the parish of Borrowstouness, Linlithgowshire. In February 1700-1 he was appointed by the general assembly one of a deputation to visit Shetland, and, if convenient, Orkney and Caithness. His journey occupied from 18 April to 24 June, and after his return he published an account of his experiences under the title, 'A Brief Description of Orkney, Zetland, Pightland-Firth, and Caithness; wherein, after a short journal of the author's voyage thither, these northern places are first more generally described, then a particular view is given of the several isles thereto belonging; together with an account of what is most rare and remarkable therein, with the author's observations thereupon.' The book was reprinted in vol. iii. of Pinkerton's 'Voyages and Travels,' and was also republished separately in 1883. Although, as may be supposed, of no special value in reference either to the antiquities or natural history of the islands, there is considerable interest in its descriptions of their condition, and of the mode of life of the inhabitants at a period when intercourse with the south was of the most limited kind. He died on 14 July 1738, aged about seventy. By his wife, Elizabeth Mitchell, whom he married in 1700, he had a large family, and he was succeeded in the parish by his son William.

 BRAND, JOHN (1744–1806), antiquary and topographer, was born on 19 Aug. 1744 at Washington, in the county of Durham, where his father, Alexander Brand, was parish clerk. His mother dying immediately after his birth, and his father having married again, he was taken, when a child, under the protection of his maternal uncle, Anthony Wheatley, cordwainer, residing in Back Row, Newcastle-upon-Tyne,to whom he was bound apprentice on 4 Sept. 1758. He was educated at the Royal Grammar School in that town under the direction of the Rev. Hugh Moises, where he acquired a taste for classical studies; and after leaving the school he was so indefatigable in the acquisition of learning as to secure the esteem and friendship of his former master, Mr. Moises, who interested some opulent friends in his behalf and assisted in sending him to Oxford. He was entered at Lincoln College, and graduated B. A. in 1775. Previously to this he had been ordained to the curacy of Bolam in Northumberland; in June 1773 he was appointed curate of St. Andrew's, Newcastle; on 6 Oct. 1774 he was presented to the perpetual curacy of Cramlington, a chapel of ease to St. Nicholas at Newcastle, from which town it is distant about eight miles. He was elected a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries 29 May 1777. In 1778 he was appointed under-usher of the grammar school at Newcastle (, Hist. of Newcastle, i. 99), but he does not appear to have held that situation very long. In 1784 he was presented by his


text: A Book of the Riviera/Preface

title: A Book of the Riviera/Preface


text:
Author:Georg Lunge

Works

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 * (. 2. Gas for Fuel and Power)
 * (Gaseous)

title: Author:Georg Lunge


text: A Book of the Riviera/Chapter 2

title: A Book of the Riviera/Chapter 2