text:
USAMGIK Ordinance 19

HEADQUARTERS

UNITED STATES ARMY FORCES IN KOREA

Office of the Military Governor

Seoul, Korea

ORDINANCE NUMBER 19 30 October 1945

 After four long years of war, form which they emerged victorious, American Forces landed upon your shores the friends and protectors of the Korean people. They came for the avowed purpose of requiring the complete and permanent eviction of all Japanese military forces from Korea and eliminating all Japanese Militaristic and nationalistic ideology. In addition to that objective, the Military Government was instructed to take steps to effect complete political and administrative separation of Korea from Japanese social, economic, and financial control; to facilitate development of a sound Korean economy and to work towards the restoration of a free, independent and responsible Korea. The program of Military Government included taking over all Japanese property as rapidly as possible for the benefit of the Korean people, relieving labor from the condition of absolute servitude under which it had been wrested from them by Japanese guile and treachery, and giving to the farmer a fair and just proportion of the fruits of his sweat and labor, restoring the preallies of a free marker, giving to every man, woman and child within the country equal opportunity to enjoy his just and fair share of great wealth which this beautiful nation has been endowed  Upon the arrival of the American Forces the Americans found that to aupport the war Japan drained food and other living commodities from Korea until she was weak from starvation. Production of consumer goods had all but ceased. There was a wholesale embezzlement of Government funds. The currency had been deliberately inflated.  Law and order was immediately established. All seized property that could possibly be of benefit to the Korean people was preserved for their was Grain was moved to areas where starvation existed.  Because of the long continued exploitation of Korea's wealth and the oppression of her people, and the fact that the people had been prohibited from carrying out during the years of Japanese oppression those pursuits of life and happiness which are normal to a rich and aggressive race, the people have not been able to produce goods fast enough to prevent widespread malnutrition, disease, and suffering during the coming winter. In addition, certain groups, with the sole idea of acquiring the wealth of the Korean people for themselves, have prevented labor from returning to employment, children from returning to school, and farmers from selling the produce of their lands. Such conditions have created within Korea an emergency which measures which will inure to their benefit. As all of the people know the American Nation is a powerful nation. Its people, however, are gentle with the true gentleness that comes only through an appreciation of their own good fortune and in their desire to protect others against adversity. At this time the representatives of the American people in Korea foresee that their friends, the Korean people, are threatened in their security and right to be warm and well fed during the coming winter. Facilities, raw materials, and labor are available within the country which, if utilized properly, will prevent suffering. Rigid emergency controls are therefore hereby established, in order to prevent such conditions from existing which will harm the people. Such temporary measures will be withdrawn as quickly as the emergency ceases.

 The right of any individual or group of individual to accept employment and to work unmolested shall be respected and protected. any interference with this right is unlawful.  In the interest of preventing suspension reduction of output in industrials which are declared by the Military Government of Korea to be essential to the people's livelihood, disputes arising over terms and conditions of labor will be settled by a mediation board set up by the Military Government of Korea whose decision will be final and binding on all parties. Until the matter is presented to the Labor Mediation Board and a decision is reached, production will continue.

 To aid in assuring an equitable distribution of commodities necessary to the livelihood of the people, at a price within the financial resources of the people, the hoarding of essential commodities and/or their sale at an excessive price, which would result in profiteering at the expense of the people, is hereby declared unlawful.

 The following acts are hereby declared unlawful:
 a Knowingly making any false statement orally or in writing to any member of or person acting under the authority of USAFIK or the Military Government of Korea in a matter of official concern or in any manner attempting to defraud the Military Government of Korea.

 b. Since the program of the Military Government of Korea is for the people's welfare, obstructing, attempting to obstruct, or contravening any orders or announced program of the Military Goverment of Korea whether by acts, conspiracies, intimidarion, corruption, or bribery of any person.

 c. Prejudicing the People's Welfare by directing or participating in acts of discipline, threats, coercion, or any other form of intimidation or victimization (including boycotting) against any person cooperating in any form directly or indirectly with USAFIK or the Military Government of Korea.

 In order that freedom of speech and freedom of the press may be preserved and safeguarded without being perverted to unlawful and subversive purposes, the registratration of every organization engaged in printing of books, pamphlets, papers, or other reading materials in Korea south of 38° North Latitude sponsored, owned, directed, controlled, or managed by any natural or juridical person is hereby ordered. Such registration will be accomplished within ten (10) days after the effective date of this order or in the case of new publications not less than (10) days before publication, by filing in duplicate by registered mail addressed to the Military Government of Korea, Capitol, Seoul, the name of the organization; the places where printed and published; the name of the persons employed in the printing and publishing the name of each person sponsoring, owning directing, controlling, managing or otherwise influencing the organization, its activities or operations or the material printed and published; an accurate description of every form of printing and publishing used or proposed to be used by the organization, including exact facsimiles of the format, character and size of each type of printed matter, the financial backing, capital, funds, property, and assets of the organization including the amount of critical essential supplies on hand and intended future sources in such detail as to reflect the financial ability of the organization to operate and maintain the news and editorial services proposed to be rendered, the name and address of each person financially interested in the organization or enterprise.

 Any person violating the provisions of this ordinance shall, upon conviction by a Military Occupation Court, suffer such punishment as the court shall determine.

 This ordinance is effective immediately.

 * BY DIRECTION OF THE COMMANDING GENERAL

 * UNITED STATES ARMY FORCES IN KOREA

A. V. ARNOLD

Major General, United States Army

Military Governor of Korea.

군정법령 제19호

title: USAMGIK Ordinance 19


text:
Page:The Dictionary of Australasian Biography.djvu/286

 divine and physiognomist, Johann Caspar Lavater. He took to the sea, and having come to Victoria as second officer of the Hoogly, left his vessel in 1852 to go to the goldfields. In July 1861 he entered the railway department of the Victorian Government service, and was appointed chief accountant in 1873. In Jan. 1887 he was temporarily relieved of his duties at the request of the Government, to act as secretary to the Melbourne Centennial International Exhibition of 1888.

Layard, Edgar Leopold, C.M.G., son of the late Henry Peter John Layard, of the Ceylon Civil Service, and younger brother of the Right Hon. Sir Austen Henry Layard, was born in 1824; went to Ceylon in 1846; was appointed secretary to the junior judge, and called to the bar. He subsequently held various positions in the public service of the colony till 1855, when he resigned, and entered the Civil Service of the Cape of Good Hope, where in 1861 he was appointed private secretary to Sir, the Governor, whom he accompanied in the same capacity to New Zealand, retaining his rank in the Cape Service. In 1862 he was appointed Arbitrator to the mixed British and Portuguese Commission at the Cape of Good Hope for suppressing the slave trade, and Arbitrator in the mixed court at the Cape of Good Hope, between Great Britain and the United States, for suppressing the African slave trade. He was promoted to be judge in 1867; appointed Consul at Para in 1871, and for Fiji and the Tonga Islands in 1873. In August of the latter year he was appointed, in conjunction with Commodore, to investigate the proposed cession of Fiji to the British Crown, and in March 1874 they presented a report embodying the terms of cession offered by the native chiefs and approved of by the European inhabitants. These, however, proved unacceptable, and the annexation was subsequently negotiated by Sir. Mr. Layard was administrator of the government of Fiji from 1874 to 1875, and has been Consul and Lloyd's Agent in New Caledonia since 1876. He married first, in 1845, Barbara Anne, daughter of the late Rev. John Calthrop, vicar of Gosberton, who died in 1886; secondly, in 1887, Jane Catherine, daughter of the late Gen. Robert Blackett, H.E.I.C.S., and widow of James A. Graham, B.C.S. Mr. Layard was created C.M.G. in 1875. Leake, George, Crown Solicitor of Western Australia, is the son of Hon., M.L.C. (q.v.). He was called to the bar of Western Australia in May 1880. He acted as Assistant Clerk to the Legislative Council and Registrar of the Vice-Admiralty Court, and was Acting Crown Solicitor and Prosecuting Counsel in Jan. 1881, and again in Jan. 1883. In January of the following year he was permanently appointed. He was Acting Attorney-General and a member of the Executive Council in Sept. 1886, during the interval between the resignation of Mr. and the arrival of Mr. . In 1890 Mr. Leake was returned to the first Legislative Assembly of Western Australia for Roebourne, but resigned his seat rather than forfeit his appointment. He was Acting Attorney-General during the absence of Mr. Burt in England in 1891. Mr. Leake married in Sept. 1881 Louisa, eldest daughter of the late Sir Archibald Paull Burt.

Leake, Hon. George Walpole, M.L.C., Q.C., Western Australia, is the eldest son of the late Luke Leake, of Stoke Newington, and brother of the late Sir (q.v.). He has held the following positions in Western Australia: Acting Crown Solicitor, 1857-8, confirmed Feb. 1860; Acting Police Magistrate, Perth, from 1863 to 1866; Public Prosecutor, 1873 to 1874; Q.C. and Crown Solicitor, 1875; Acting Attorney-General and a member of the Executive and Legislative Councils, 1879 to 1880, and for a short time in 1883; Acting Chief Justice, 1879-80 and 1888; Police Magistrate, Perth, 1881; Acting Government Resident, Geraldton, 1886; Acting Puisne Judge, 1887 and 1889-90. In Dec 1890 Mr. Leake was nominated to the new Legislative Council, having resigned his position as police magistrate.

Leake, Hon. Sir Luke Samuel, M.L.C., sometime Speaker of Legislative Council, Western Australia, youngest son of Luke Leake, of Stoke Newington, Middlesex, was born in 1828, and went to Western Australia in 1833, where he became a member of the Legislative Council, and was the first Speaker of that body, holding the position from June 26th, 1872, till his death in May 1886. Sir Luke married, in 1855, Louisa, daughter of the late Rev. 270

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Lilburne, John


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Lilburne, Robert


text:
SSM for Knowledge Elicitation & Representation

Publishing history: This paper was published as Warwick Business School Research Paper No. 98 (ISSN 0265-5976) in August 1993. With extensive revisions and additions it was published as Soft Systems Models for Knowledge Elicitation and Representation in Journal of the Operational Research Society (1995) 46, 562-578.

Abstract
The paper contends that the conceptual modes used in Soft Systems Methodology have an unusual logical status. This enables them to be rendered in modal logic and used as a framework for knowledge elicitation and for the design of knowledge-based systems with learning capability. A theoretical framework is presented which suggests that this can be accomplished in a six stage process. Stage one is systems analysis to determine the nature of the system that is required by the stake-holders in the organization concerned. The modelling device is SSM conceptual models which are produced by an iterative debate amongst the stake-holders. Stage two consists of a Wittgensteinian language game in which an agreed logically precise artificial language is created to describe the problem situation. The modelling device is a Logico-linguistic model which is produced by the stake-holders. Stage three is knowledge elicitation whereby the stake-holders' knowledge of real world events is brought out and added to the Logico-linguistic model to form an empirical model. Areas where knowledge is lacking will also be identified at this stage. It will, therefore, also function as a method of information requirements analysis which will indicate where further empirical research is required. Stage four consists of knowledge representation in which the empirical model is expressed in a formal calculus. Stage five is codification in which the model is expressed in a computer language such as Prolog. Stage six is the process of verification which will continue when the program is used in practice.

Key words

 * conceptual models, Soft Systems Methodology, logico-linguistic models, non-monotonic logic, modal logic, knowledge based systems, Prolog

Introduction
SSM is primarily a methodology for systems analysis. It claims to be relevant to any problem situation involving human activity. The early stages of the method are more concerned with the identification of who is involved in the problem and what the problem is than with the solution of the problem. SSM is not an information system design method as such, but a general problem structuring method that may be used in the production of an information system design as one of many possible solutions.

SSM, therefore, has a versatility not found in mainstream information system design methodologies. The use of an information system design method should be based on some form of system analysis, which indicates that an information system will be a solution to the problem. In the case where the system analysis is a front end part of an information system design methodology, the work of systems analysis will tend to be wasted if an information system is not required. In the case where the method of system analysis is distinct from the information system design method, both methods will tend to use different tools and have different perspectives; as a result, little of the information gained in system analysis will be used in the design process.

This paper offers another possibility - one in which there is a continuity between the general systems analysis of SSM and the design process. The idea of preserving this continuity is not new. Methods have been developed by Wilson (1984, 1990), and Avison and Wood-Harper's Multiview (1990) but the method used here is radically different. While Wilson and Multiview seek to build upon the stake-holder constructed conceptual models in order to create information systems, the method described below seeks to increase the logical power and content of these models to the point where an information system design can be derived by formal methods.

The paper consists of six main sections. These are concerned with systems analysis, language creation, knowledge elicitation, knowledge representation, codification and verification. Each section begins with a model, then the shortcomings of the model are explained and a remedy suggested, leading to the model in the following section. Each model has a number of uses and need not be merely a stepping stone to the next model. SSM as a tree structure is implicit in this idea. The central trunk is the basic conceptual model and a number of uses branch off; the branches themselves sub-divide. This paper will initially follow the branch of information system design and a sub-division of this concerned with knowledge based systems will be followed to the conclusion.

Systems Analysis
Figure 1 gives an SSM conceptual model of a human activity system. It is taken from Wilson (1984, 1990) but has been simplified to exclude the monitor and control systems that accompany all SSM models.

There are a number of factors that make these SSM models quite different from models to be found in other forms of system analysis. The first is that the models are actually constructed, rather than merely approved, by the stake-holders in the organization concerned. The second factor is that the models are notional. Checkland and Scholes describe them as 'holons'; intellectual constructs rather than systems in the world. The third factor is that the arrows in the models are intended to represent logical contingency (Checkland and Scholes, 1990, p 36). They are not, as many people assume, intended to represent causal connections.

The results of Checkland's case work can generally be described as a change of thinking on the part of the people in the organization. This is quite compatible with the notional status of the models. However, theoretical problems arise when we consider Wilson’s work, which attempts to use these models as a basis for the design of information systems that deal with real-world events. It needs to be explained how models that are only inventions of the mind can tell us anything about the physical world.

It has been argued elsewhere (Gregory, 1993c) that from the perspective of philosophical logic the stakeholders' debate is Wittgensteinian language game in which the finalized conceptual model is a definition of a desirable state of affairs. If this is accepted it opens the way to extend the stake-holder driven process to produce an artificial language that will be capable of being represented in computer code.

Language creation
The vocabulary of the new language will be provided entirely by the stake-holders. We shall take a modal predicate logic as the syntax of the language. This will require an increase in the number of logical connectives used in the model building process. It has been argued previously (Gregory, 1993a) that the model will need to have logical connectives capable of representing causal sequences. There are two reasons. One is that these connectives will be needed later when we come to build the empirical model. The other is that they are needed immediately to express process definitions. The result will be a Logico-linguistic model. Figure 2 shows a Logico-linguistic model that has been built out of figure 1.

Most things are defined by their qualities. Other things are defined by the process of their production. Whiskey is a spirit distilled from fermented malted grain. This means that if you take some grain, malt it, ferment it and then distill it you end up with whiskey – no matter what its taste or other qualities are like (Gregory, 1993c) Many SSM models are process definitions and this has lead some people to think they are causal descriptions.

Causation is explained in terms of necessary and sufficient conditions. In Figure 1 if we say r is logically dependent on q we are saying the same thing as saying q is necessary for r, but this does not mean that q is sufficient for r. The logical way of expressing this is to say that r implies q. In symbols: $$ r \to q $$. If q was a sufficient condition of r the expression would be the reverse i.e. $$ q \to r $$. A necessary and sufficient condition can be expressed by the logical connective known as the “the biconditional” represented by the double headed arrow. The the diagrams a necessary condition will be indicated by a solid arrow, a sufficient condition by a broken arrow and a necessary and sufficient condition by a solid double headed arrow. To these are added the “AND” containing bubble representing conjunction (p and q), and “ANDOR” containing bubble representing inclusive disjunction (p or q or both) and an “OR” containing bubble representing exclusive disjunction p or q but not both). “AND” is represented by the logical symbol “&” “ANDOR” by “v”. The “OR” connective can be expressed as $$ (p \And \neg q) \lor ( \neg p \And q) $$. Figure 2 can be expressed in the propositional calculus as follows:

$$((s \And a \And b) \leftrightarrow t) \And (s \leftrightarrow (u \lor y \lor w))$$

This can be rendered in English as “Patients are discharged if and only if they are alive, have been signed out and have been treated; and Patients will have been treated if and only if they have had surgery, medicine or therapy”.

Two other logical moves are present in Figure 2. One is that the contents of the bubbles have been changed from imperatives (commands) to declaratives (statements or propositions). This conversion is necessary in order that standard logics can be used. It will also be useful when we come to express the model in Prolog, which is a declarative language. The second is the addition of ‘L’ symbols alongside the arrows. These are modal operators. As ((s and a and b) implies t) and (t implies (s and a and b)) standing alone could be either a process definition or a causal description we need a means of indicating which it is. The ‘L’ modal operator indicates that the relation is either a definition or a deduction from a definition. It is paired with the ‘M’ operator which indicates that the relation is factual, logically contingent and not definitional.

Knowledge elicitation
The logico-linguistic model provides a framework that will enable stake-holders to build an empirical model without ambiguity. In the empirical model, putative facts about the real world will be added to the logico-linguistic model.

There are two types of definition: intensive definition and extensive definition. An intensive definition will give a criterion or criteria for class inclusion. An extensive definition will specify the members of the class. Thus, in Figure 2 ‘patient is discharged’ is given an intensive definition. What it says is that anything that fulfills the criterion of being a treated patient and a living patient and a signed out patient is a member of the class of discharged patients, and vice versa. ‘Patient is treated’ is given an extensive definition. The figure states that this class has three member classes (u, y and w) and only three member classes. Therefore, anything that is a member of one or more member classes will be a member of the class of patients treated, and anything that is a member of the class of patients treated must be a member of at least one of the member classes.

It is contended that any term that is given a useful intensive definition will have an empirical extension, and any term that is given a useful extensive definition will have an empirical intension. Knowledge elicitation, therefore, will consist simply of giving the intension for an extensive definition and the extension for an intensive definition. The intension of ‘Patient is treated’ might be that every patient has been attended to by a doctor or nurse who has taken some action that is believed to improve the patient’s health. Empirical intensions are not always particularly useful. Far more important are the empirical extensions of intensive definitions. In Figure 3 we will take the extension of ‘Patient is discharged’ to be the class that comprises the class of patients who return home and the class of patients who are transferred to other institutions. These classes are mutually exclusive in that a member of one cannot be a member of another, as such they are included in an "OR" bubble. This extension is putatively true as a matter of empirical fact not as a matter of definition. It is, therefore, marked with the 'M' modal operator. These empirical counterparts of definitions are known as 'inductive hypotheses'.

The fact that bubbles c and d are linked to bubble t by a double-headed arrow indicates that the stake-holders think that the formula $$ c \lor d $$ forms the full extension of t. In this case we have full knowledge of t. In practice the knowledge of the stake-holders is often insufficient to give the full empirical extension for every intensive definition in the system. In this case there are three possible courses of action. One is to conduct empirical research in order to find the full extension. A second is to build a system with incomplete knowledge; if this is done the system will be logically incomplete and there will be statements that are undecidable -that is, the system will not be able to determine whether they are true or false. A third possibility is for the stake-holders to make an educated guess and hope that the system will detect any errors. A system of non-monotonic logic is introduced below which makes this third possibility viable.

Knowledge representation
Figure 3 can be formally expressed in modal predicate logic as follows:

Domain: people who go to hospital

Sx: x is a patient who is treated

Ax: x is a patient who is alive

Bx: x is a patient who is signed out

Tx: x is a patient who is discharged

Ux: x is a patient who has surgery

Yx: x is a patient who has medicine

Wx: x is a patient who has therapy

Cx: x is a patient who returns home

Dx: x is a patient who is transferred to another institution

Prem. (1) $$L (\forall x) (Tx \leftrightarrow (Sx \And Ax \And Bx))$$

Prem. (2) $$L (\forall x) (Sx \leftrightarrow (Ux \lor Yx \lor Wx))$$

Prem. (3) $$M (\forall x) (Tx \leftrightarrow ((Cx \And \neg Dx) \lor (\neg Cx \And Dx)))$$

Inference: (4)$$ M (\forall x) ((Cx \And \neg Dx) \lor (-Cx \And Dx)) \rightarrow (Ux \lor Yx \lor Wx)$$

Premise (1) can be expressed in English as 'For all x, x is a patient who is discharged if and only if x is a patient who is treated and alive and signed out'. Formula which begin with $$ (\forall x)$$ are known as universals as are the English statements that correspond to them. The formula (4) can be deduced from the three premises; it is shown in figure 3 by the dotted arrow and the solid single-headed arrow. This completes the system of universals, but so far it is only about object variables, in this case 'x'. It say nothing about the real world, not even that anything exists. The real world connection is made when particulars and existential statements are added to the system. We shall not introduce particulars into this system of modal predicate logic: instead, we shall move on to Prolog where the universals shall become 'rules' and particulars will become Prolog 'facts'.

The Prolog model
The horn clauses that form the logical format of all Prolog rules could be derived from the predicate logic given above. As a practical method this would not be very useful. For example, the formal derivation of (4) from the premise given above would require 17 lines. It is easier to look at figure 3 when writing the Prolog. The logic is useful in so far as it shows that a formal specification of the Prolog program is possible. It also highlights some logical problems that Prolog has.

The program given here is written in Turbo Prolog. There are two serious difficulties in converting the logic, or a logical model like figure 3, into Prolog: one is with negation the other is with the biconditional. Prolog is unable to express horn clauses with a negative consequent and some formula in predicate logic can not be expressed in horn clauses with positive consequents. The biconditionals express mutual implication as is indicated by the double headed arrows in figure 3. as it works on the chaining principle Prolog is unable to run a program that contains mutual implication, or any substitute for it, without going into an infinite loop. For example, if we want to say that people are mad if and only if they are insane, then we would normally write it as:

mad (X) if insane (X).

insane (X) if mad (X).

But Prolog cannot handle this. It looks for a value of mad (X) and sees it will have the same value as insane (X); it then goes on to the second line and sees that insane (X) has the same value as mad (X); then it returns to the first line and repeats the process infinitely.

The solution is to give up negation altogether in the program. This can be achieved in the same way in which subtraction is eliminated from commercial accounts by a system of double entry book-keeping. We shall use artificial predicates prefixed by “not_” to express negation. Corresponding to these will be artificial objects also prefixed by “not_”. A positive predicate will always be paired with a negative predicate and a positive object paired with a negative one. Thus if we which to say Jill is mad we will also say that not-Jill is not mad:

mad (jill).

not_mad (not-jill).

The two negatives can be understood as canceling each other out. We can also use this method to specify events that have not happened. For example, if Jack is not insane we can say:

insane (not_jack).

not_insane (jack)

A program for madness and insanity would be:

mad (X) if insane (X).

mad (jill).

not_mad (not_jill).

insane (not_jack).

not_insane (X) if not_mad (X).

not_insane (jack).

The query to determine who is mad i.e. “mad (X)” returns “not_jack” and “jill”; the query “not_insane (X)” returns “not_jill” and “jack”; not_mad (X) returns “not_jill”; insane (X) returns “not_jack”. Thus, we can soon find out who is mad and who isn't.

This procedure would enable us to express the three biconditionals from figure 3 in Prolog. However, it does not produce concise programs. Indeed the page of Prolog below represents only one line of predicate logic – this being formula (4). The last four lines are concerned with verification.

A Prolog program
Clauses

surgery (not_jack).

surgery (X) if not_medicine (X) and not_therapy (X) and returns_home (X).

surgery (X) if not_medicine (X) and not_therapy (X) and another_institution (X).

medicine (not_jill).

medicine (X) if not_surgery (X) and not_therapy (X) and returns_home (X).

medicine (X) if not_surgery (X) and not_therapy (X) and another_institution (X).

therapy (not_jill).

therapy (not_jack).

therapy (X) if not_surgery (X) and not_medicine (X) and returns_home (X).

therapy (X) if not_surgery (X) and not_medicine (X) and another_institution (X).

returns_home (jill).

returns_home (not_jack).

another_institution (not_jill).

another_institution (jack).

not_surgery (jack).

not_medicine (jill).

not_medicine (jack).

not_therapy (jill).

not_therapy (jack).

not_returns_home (jack).

not_returns_home (not_jill).

not another_institution (not_jack).

incorrect_hypothesis

(surgery_if_not_medicine_not_therapy_and_returns_home)

if not_surgery (X) and not_medicine (X) and

not_therapy (X) and returns_home (X).

incorrect__hypothesis

(surgery_if_not_medicine_not_therapy_and_another_institution)

if not_surgery (X) and not_medicine (X) and

not_therapy (X) and another_institution (X).

incorrect_hypothesis

(medicine_if_not__surgery_not_therapy_and_returns__home)

if not_medicine (X) and not_surgery (X) and

not_therapy (X) and returns_horne (X).

incorrect_hypothesis

(medicine_ if_not_surgery_not_therapy_and_another_institution)

if not_medicine (X) and not_surgery (X) and

not_therapy (X) and another_institution (X).

incorrect_hypothesis

(therapy_if_not_surgery_not__medicine_and_returns__home)

if not_therapy (X) and not_surgery (X) and

not_medicine (X) and returns_home (X).

incorrect_hypothesis

(therapy_if_not_surgery_not__medicine_and_another_institution)

if not_therapy (X) and not_surgery (X) and

not_medicine (X) and another_institution (X).

Verification
Validation of the program is not a theoretical problem in this system because the rules can be formally derived from the formulae in predicate logic. Any error will be the result of either mistakes made during the construction of the empirical model or mistakes made in entering particular facts into the program. Errors in both respects can be picked up by the double entry system. For example our program produces:

Goal: surgery (X)

X = not_jack

X = jill

X = jack

This says that Jack has and has not had surgery. This could have been a result of a mistake at a data entry level but in this case it is not. The mistake is in the empirical model. The last three lines of the program are designed to detect these errors. The incorrect_hypothesis predicate picks up inductive hypotheses that have been falsified by particular facts:

Goal: incorrect_hypothesis (X)

X = surgery__if_not__medicine_not_therapy_and another_institution

X = medicine_if_not_surgery_not_therapy_and_another__institution

X = therapy if_not_surgery_not_medicine_and_another_institution

Jack has not had surgery, medicine or therapy; he has not returned home but he has been transferred to another institution. The formula:

(4)$$ M (\forall x) ((Cx \And \neg Dx) \lor (-Cx \And Dx)) \rightarrow (Ux \lor Yx \lor Wx)$$

which represents the broken arrow and the single-headed arrow in Figure 3, is therefore, incorrect. It follows from this that one of the three premises (1), (2) or (3) must be incorrect. As premises (1) and (2) are logically true it must be premise (3), the one with the M modal operator, that is false. In simple terms, the hypothesis that all patients who return home or are transferred to another institution are discharged patients, has been falsified by a particular event. This event is Jack being transferred to another institution without having had surgery, medicine or therapy. The Prolog program has been configured in such a way that the entry of data about Jack has enabled us to detect this. This is a form of non-monotonic logic; the program has learned that one of its premises is false.

The benefits of the earlier SSM work can now be seen. The modal distinctions were made using SSM and, without the modal distinctions, we would not be able to determine which of the three biconditionals in Figure 3 is false. Without the modal distinctions, all three biconditionals would have the same status. If they all had the status of inductive hypotheses then the fact that Jack has been transferred to another institution without having surgery, medicine or therapy could be equally well explained by 'all discharged patients are treated, alive and signed out' being false or by 'all treated patients have surgery, medicine or therapy' being false. If they all had the status of logical truth the situation would be even more unsatisfactory.

Consider what would happen if the three biconditionals had the status of logical truth. If this were the case the system would only accept those empirical particulars that are consistent with its in-built logical configuration. All other particulars would be rejected. From this it follows if $$(\forall x) (Tx \leftrightarrow ((Cx \And \neg Dx) \lor (\neg Cx \And Dx)))$$ were a logical truth, then before we could establish that Jack has been transferred to another institution we would have to establish that he had not returned home and that he has been discharged. To establish that he has been discharged we would have to establish that he had treatment and to do this we would have to establish that he has had surgery, medicine or therapy. In other words, to establish that Jack has been transferred we must first establish that Jack has had surgery, medicine or therapy. We need to do this because having surgery, medicine or therapy is part of the extended definition of a patient who has been transferred. However, in this case the model does not enable us to infer anything new about Jack at all. So, what use is the model.

Verification, unlike validation, is only possible if part of the system is open to falsification. The hypotheses in the system will be verified with the addition of each particular fact that does not falsify them. Systems that cannot be verified, even if they can be validated, cannot in themselves refer to real-world objects and events. Real-world events are contingent and, therefore, any statement about the real world must also be contingent. Systems that do not contain contingent elements will only map on to these real-world events if they want to and, as such, do not really map onto the real world at all (Gregory, 1993b).. Inductive hypotheses form an indispensable buffer between definitions and real-world particular facts.

Conclusions
Checkland & Scholes (1990) claim that an information system “...will always have to include the attribution of meaning, which is a uniquely human act. An information system, in the exact sense of the phrase, will consist of both data manipulation, which machines can do, and the transformation of data into information by the attribution of meaning.”

Traditional methods of information system design, such as SSADM and Information Engineering, produce systems in which tacitly all the universals are incorrigible. This prevents them from making statements that refer to the real world. It is up to the human operators to determine reference. If the operators do this, they will do so by formulating inductive hypotheses as well by observing particular facts.

This paper has provided a description of the logic that would be required for the creation of a computer system that will be able to make statements in a language belonging to clients and users. In such a computer system the attribution of meaning would, to a large extent, cease to be a uniquely human act and the computer system would become a true information system in Checkland & Scholes' sense of the word.


text:
Talk:SSM for Knowledge Elicitation & Representation

This paper is in process of upload and editing by the author. --Logicalgregory (talk) 07:05, 6 November 2010 (UTC)

This paper has now been uploaded. Various sections of text needed to be re-typed. The paper is still in need of proof-reading. --Logicalgregory (talk) 10:17, 10 November 2010 (UTC)

This paper has now been proof-read by the author.--Logicalgregory (talk) 07:25, 13 November 2010 (UTC)


text:
Template:GHGpages

This template transcludes several pages from Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar. It has been used on most pages where it is needed.

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title: Template:GHGpages


text: Advanced Automation for Space Missions/Chapter 2


text: Advanced Automation for Space Missions/Chapter 3


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Lamb, Edward Buckton


text:
User talk:92.15.180.119

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User talk:Kattekrab

— billinghurst  sDrewth  10:14, 6 November 2010 (UTC)

Bracks's speech
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Author talk:Niketas Choniates

The goal of this project will be hopefully to provide images, a Greek text version, a Latin text translation and then an English text translation as well.

English translation
Is an English translation in hand for this important work?

title: Author talk:Niketas Choniates


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Charpentier, François


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User talk:167.93.151.191

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Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 06.djvu/140

BOYS, EDWARD (1785–1866), captain, son of (1749-1824) [q. v.], entered the navy in 1796, and after serving in the North Sea, on the coast of Ireland, and in the Channel, was in June 1802 appointed to the Phoebe frigate. On 4 Aug. 1803, Boys, when in charge of a prize, was made prisoner by the French, and continued so for six years, when after many daring and ingenious attempts he succeeded in effecting his escape. On his return to England he was made lieutenant, and served mostly in the West Indies till the peace. On 8 July 1814 he became commander; but, consequent on the reduction of the navy from its war strength, had no further employment afloat, though from 1837 to 1841 he was superintendent of the dockyard at Deal. On 1 July 1851 he retired with the rank of captain, and died in London on 6 July 1866. Immediately after his escape, and whilst in the West Indies, he wrote for his family an account of his adventures in France; the risk of getting some of his French friends into trouble had, however, made him keep this account private, and though abstracts from it had found their way into the papers it was not till 1827 that he was persuaded to publish it, under the title of 'Narrative of a Captivity and Adventures in France and Flanders between the years 1803-9,' post 8vo. It is a book of surpassing interest, and the source from which the author of 'Peter Simple' drew much of his account of that hero's escape, more perhaps than from the previously published narrative of Mr. Ashworth's adventures [see ]. Captain Boys also published in 1831 'Remarks on the Practicability and Advantages of a Sandwich or Downs Harbour.' One of his sons, the present (1886) Admiral Henry Boys, was captain of the Excellent and superintendent of the Royal Naval College at Portsmouth 1869-74, director of naval ordnance from 1874-8, and second in command of the Channel fleet in 1878-9.

BOYS, JOHN (1571–1625), dean of Canterbury, was descended from an old Kentish family who boasted that their ancestor came into England with the Conqueror, and who at the beginning of the seventeenth century had no less than eight branches, each with its capital mansion, in the county of Kent. The dean was the son of Thomas Boys of Eythorn, by Christian, daughter and coheiress of John Searles of Wye. He was born at Eythorn in 1571, and probably was educated at the King's School in Canterbury, for in 1585 he entered at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, where Archbishop Parker had founded some scholarships appropriated to scholars of that school. He took his M. A. degree in the usual course, but migrated to Clare Hall in 1593, apparently on his failing to succeed to a Kentish fellowship vacated by the resignation of Mr. Coldwell, and which was filled up by the election of Dr. Willan, a Norfolk man. Boys was forthwith chosen fellow of Clare Hall. His first preferment was the small rectory of Betshanger in his native county, which he tells us was procured for him by his uncle Sir John Boys of Canterbury, whom he calls 'my best patron in Cambridge.' He appears to have resided upon this benefice and to have at once begun to cultivate the art of preaching. Archbishop Whitgift gave him the mastership of Eastbridge Hospital, and soon afterwards the vicarage of Tilmanstone, but the aggregate value of these preferments was quite inconsiderable, and when he married Angela Bargrave of Bridge, near Canterbury, in 1599, he must have had other means of subsistence than his clerical income. The dearth of competent preachers to supply the London pulpits appears to have been severely felt about this time, and in January 1593 Whitgift had written to the vice-chancellor and heads of the university of Cambridge complaining of the refusal of the Cambridge divines to take their part in this duty. The same year that the primate appointed Boys to Tilmanstone we find him preaching at St. Paul's Cross, though he was then only twenty-seven years of age. Two years after he was called upon to preach at the Cross again, and it was actually while he was in the pulpit that Robert, earl of Essex, made his mad attempt at rebellion (8 Feb. 1600-1). Next year we find him preaching at St. Mary's, Cambridge, possibly while keeping his acts for the B.D. degree, for he proceeded D.D. in the ordinary course in 1605; the Latin sermon he then delivered is among his printed works. Whitgift's death (February 1604) made little alteration in his circumstances; Archbishop Bancroft soon took him into his favour, and he preached at Ashford, on the occasion of the primate holding his primary visitation there on 11 Sept. 1607.

Two years after this Boys published his first work, 'The Minister's Invitatorie, being An Exposition of all the Principall Scriptures used in our English Liturgie: together with a reason why the Church did chuse


text: Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 33.djvu/2


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Charondas

title: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Charondas


text:
1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Botha, Louis

BOTHA, LOUIS (1862–1919), Dutch South African statesman (see ). The intention which Botha declared during his visit to England in 1907—to work for the welfare of South Africa regardless of racial differences—he subsequently carried out to the full. It became the main object of his life. During the Imperial Conference of 1907 Botha met Dr. (later Sir Starr) Jameson for the first time; at least there is no known record of any earlier meeting between the two men. Their meeting was destined to have momentous results for South Africa. They became close friends. Already in the minds of both there must have been the belief that the true interests of the country demanded union between the four colonies, Cape Colony, the Transvaal, the Orange River Colony (as it had been called since the South African War), and Natal. The belief was gaining ground, and in 1909 it took shape in the calling of a National Convention to form a scheme of closer union. Botha led the Transvaal delegation; Jameson that from the Cape. As the two leading colonies, the Cape and the Transvaal had on the whole the decisive voice in the Convention.

Botha's personal share in the work of the Convention was important. It confirmed the opinion, already strong in South Africa, that Botha was the natural leader of the South African Dutch, and had qualities of personality and statesmanship which marked him out as the inevitable man to be first Prime Minister of a united country. Botha's qualities were put to a

severe test while the Convention sat. Then, and when the Union Act had been framed and he went with the South African delegation to England to see it through Parliament, Botha gave proofs of steady wisdom, self-control, and a far-sighted patriotism. Thus, when the Union was inaugurated by the first Governor-General, Lord Gladstone, in 1910, it was with the approval of the great majority of South Africans that Lord Gladstone summoned him as Prime Minister to form the first South African Cabinet.

Suggestions had been made that the first Union Ministry should be formed of both the principal parties in the old colonies. Botha rejected these proposals, though it was believed at the time that they appealed to his personal desires. His Ministry represented, in the great majority of its members, the Dutch of South Africa and the political parties in the old colonies to which they adhered, though it included a representation of the English-speaking people of Natal. Botha had decided that to form what was known at the time as a “Best Man” Government would be to invite a fatal reaction towards crude racialism among the mass of the South African Dutch. Nevertheless the reaction came, for all his attempts to avoid it, before his Cabinet had been in office even for half of its term of five years. It came in the form of a revolt against his moderation and his attempts to hold the balance even as between English and Dutch. The revolt was led by General Hertzog, and caused a split in the Ministry and the dismissal of Hertzog in Dec. 1912. Botha reformed his Ministry, again without the inclusion of any members of the Unionist party—representing, with account taken of the influence of the Labour party in the cities, the English-speaking population.

In 1914 came the World War. Botha at once declared himself for Great Britain, prepared an expeditionary force against the neighbouring German colony of South-West Africa, and had landed his first detachments upon its coast when a rebellion of the Dutch flared out behind him in the Transvaal and the Orange Free State, whose old name had been restored by the Act of Union. Botha took the field himself, crushed the rebellion by a series of rapid thrusts, went himself to German South-West Africa and completed the conquest of that country, and then organized both a force to assist in the British invasion of German East Africa and an expeditionary unit to fight for the Allies on the western front in Europe. These achievements were made possible by a decisive victory at the polls in 1915 and by the steady cooperation of the Unionist party in Parliament. When Mr. Lloyd George became Prime Minister of Great Britain at the end of 1916 and summoned the Imperial War Cabinet, Botha found his South African preoccupations too heavy to allow him to attend it; but he sent in General Smuts his alter ego, whose abilities, insight and cool judgment were invaluable to the British Government. Smuts became the single permanent dominion member of the Imperial War Cabinet, but his absence from South Africa threw a vast burden of work on Botha as Prime Minister. Botha found time to come to Europe to represent South Africa at the Paris Peace Conference, where his wisdom and sound judgment increased a European reputation already equal to that of any other dominion Prime Minister. He did not approve of many of the terms of the Peace Treaty, and did not hesitate to say so. But he was in full accord with the development in British institutions which accorded to the dominion representatives in Paris the status of delegates from self-governing States equal in nationhood to the other Powers, and upon this development he insisted repeatedly after his return to South Africa. He died very soon after his return. His health had been failing for some time. Influenza attacked him, and at midnight Aug. 27–28 1919 he succumbed to heart failure resulting from it.

To his country Botha's death was an irreparable loss. He had attained an influence there, unprecedented even when the disposition of the Dutch South African to give his heart to trusted leaders is taken into account. He had won the devotion of the English-speaking people of the country as no other leader of Dutch birth had been able to win it. The native population

believed in him and trusted him. Simple, modest, without personal ambition, he had yet the greatest gift in a national leader, personality. His kindliness was transparent, his temperament always inclined to compromise, his mind naturally impartial. In small things he inclined too often to give way. But in the big things his discernment of principle was unerring, his resolution adamant. Greatness was his by right of nature, a greatness recognized and acclaimed in his last years by the world no less than by his own countrymen.


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1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Bourassa, Henri

BOURASSA, HENRI (1868–), French Canadian politician, was born in Montreal Sept. 1 1868, his mother being a daughter of L. J. Papineau. He became well known at a comparatively early age as an active writer and speaker on the side of the Nationalist movement in Canada, and a leader of the younger school of French Canadians. He was elected to the Dominion House of Commons in 1896, but resigned in protest against Canadian participation in the S. African War, 1899; he was re-elected, however, in 1900 and in 1904. He was a member of the Quebec Legislative Assembly in 1908–12. A gradual severance took place between him and his old chief, Sir Wilfrid Laurier, until in later years he became obsessed with the idea that Laurier's policy was fatal to the best interests of Canada and especially to Quebec. A speaker of extraordinary power and fascination, both in Parliament and on the platform, even Laurier himself could not sway the French Canadians as Bourassa could; and in spite of his extreme views he was heard with respect even in the strongholds of his opponents in Toronto.


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Page:The Dictionary of Australasian Biography.djvu/287

 Thomas Henry Walpole, vicar of Winslow, Bucks, who married secondly, in 1887, A. R. Waylen, M.D., colonial surgeon, Western Australia. He was knighted by patent in 1876.

Learmonth, Somerville Livingstone, was the plaintiff in the great case of Learmonth v. Bailey, which concerned the ownership of the Egerton Mine, near Ballarat, and was tried before the Supreme Court of Victoria in 1876. Mr. Learmonth now resides in Great Britain.

Learmonth, Thomas Livingstone, is the son of the late Thomas Learmonth, a well-known settler in Tasmania, and was born in 1818. Having been attracted to the new settlement at Port Phillip, he started with a pioneering party from the shores of Corio Bay, in August 1837, to explore the unknown country to the north-west, directing their course, in the first instance, to Mount Buninyong, near to which, in conjunction with his brother,, Mr. T. L. Learmonth subsequently entered on pastoral pursuits on the fine country the party then discovered farther to the north-west. In the following year the two brothers and some friends explored the course of the Loddon, and reached a prominent peak, which they afterwards called Ercildoune, from an old keep on the Scottish border associated with their ancestral history. Here the brothers established a second station. After many years of prosperity the Messrs. Learmonth disposed of their Buninyong property, and subsequently sold the famous Ercildoune estate to Sir Samuel Wilson. Mr. Learmonth was for some time a member of the Upper House in Victoria, and finally left for England in 1868. Mr. Learmonth, who now resides at Park Hall, Polmont, N.B., and is a J. P. for Stirlingshire, married, firstly, in 1857, Louisa, daughter of the late Major-General Sir Thomas Valiant, who died in 1878; and, secondly, in 1879, Jane Florence Harriett, daughter of the late Lestock Reid, of the Bombay Civil Service.

Leary, Joseph, M.L.A., was born in 1831 in Sydney, and was educated at St. Mary's Seminary, at Sydney College under Mr. Cape, and for two years at the Sydney University. He was returned to the Assembly for Narellan in 1861, and in 1863 was admitted an attorney and solicitor of the Supreme Court of New South Wales. Whilst representing Murrumbidgee, in the Assembly—having been elected for that district in 1874—he took office as Minister of Justice and Public Instruction in the Farrell Government in Dec. 1877, and retired with his colleagues on their defeat in Dec. 1878.  Le Cren, Charles, J.P., was born in London, and arrived in Victoria in 1849, joining the Government service in 1857 in connection with the Yan Yean water supply scheme, which was amalgamated with the Public Works Department, of which he was appointed secretary in 1878, and held the post till his death in 1889.

Lee Steere, Hon. Sir James George, J.P., Speaker of the Legislative Assembly, Western Australia, is the third son of the late Lee Steere, J.P. and D.L., and formerly M.P. for Surrey, of Jayes Park, Ockley, Surrey, by Ann, second daughter of James Keirs Watson, of Hessle, co. York, and was born in 1830. He was educated at Clapham Grammar School, and emigrated to Western Australia, where he engaged in pastoral pursuits in 1860, becoming a J.P. for the colony in 1861. He was a nominated unofficial member of the old Legislative Council from 1868 to 1890; and on the death of he was elected Speaker of that body on June 21st, 1886. He was re-elected on March 13th, 1889, and continued to hold that position till the dissolution of the Legislative Council in 1890, when he was elected for Nelson, and appointed Speaker of the Legislative Assembly. In 1884 Sir James was appointed an unofficial member of the Executive Council, and represented the colony at the first session of the Federal Council of Australasia, held at Hobart in Jan. and Feb. 1886. He discharged the same function at the second and third sessions in 1888 and 1889. In 1890 he acted as delegate of Western Australia to the Federation Conference in Melbourne, and to the Federation Convention in Sydney in 1891. He was knighted in 1888. Sir James married, in 1859, Catherine Anne, only daughter of the late Luke Leake, of Perth, W.A.

Leeper, Alexander, M.A., LL.D., Warden of Trinity College, Melbourne University, is the eldest surviving son of the Rev. Alexander Leeper, D.D., Incumbent of St. Audoen's, and Canon of St. Patrick's


text:
1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Braun, Heinrich

BRAUN, HEINRICH (1854-      ), German Social Democrat and writer on social questions, was born Nov. 23 1854 at Leipzig, and studied at Vienna, Göttingen, Berlin and Halle. He successively edited the important Socialist publications, Die neue Zeit; the Archiv für soziale Gesetzgebung und Verwaltung; Die neue Gesellschaft; and Annalen für Sozialpolitik und Gesetzgebung. After the revolution and the election of a Prussian Constituent Assembly, Braun was Minister for Agriculture in the Prussian Socialist Ministry formed under the presidency of Hirsch on March 24 1919.

LILY BRAUN (1865-1916), wife of the above, was one of the most remarkable women Socialists and writers of modern Germany. She was the daughter of Gen. von Kretschmann, of an old East Prussian Junker stock, and was born at Halberstadt on July 2 1865. Her grandmother was the issue of one of the amours of Prince Jerome Bonaparte, King of Westphalia. Her whole early life was passed in a Junker and militarist atmosphere, on the East Prussian estate of her grandfather, or in the various garrisons where her father held command. She had a deeply introspective nature and read widely. The romantic as well as the social and ethical ideas which she developed contributed to alienate her from her class and her family and to draw her into the Socialist movement. Her first marriage (against the wishes of her family) was with an invalid socialistic professor, von Gizycki. After his early death she was attracted by the Socialist author and politician Heinrich Braun and married him in 1895. She visited England and was on terms of friendship with leading members of the Fabian Society. She was the author of many books and pamphlets on social questions, particularly on the place of woman in politics and industry, e.g. Frauenfrage und Socialdemokratie (1901); Frauenarbeit und Handwirtschaft (1901); Die Politik und die Frauen (1904). But her most remarkable work was the story of her own life, told, like Goethe's auto- biography, with some embellishments of fancy and, indeed, professedly in the form of a novel. The two volumes are entitled Memoiren einer Sozialistin (1) Lehrjahre (2) Kampfjahre (1909 and 1911). They give an elaborate picture, coloured no doubt by the intense self-consciousness of the writer, of the growth of the German Social Democratic movement in the ’nineties, with sketches of the leading figures, such as Bebel, Liebknecht, Rosa Luxemburg, and her own husband, Heinrich Braun. No German book brings out more clearly the nature of the cleft between the German and Prussian governing and military classes on the one side and the industrial masses and their leaders on the other. The contrast between German life in the country and in the cities is also vividly portrayed, as is the social life of a regiment and a garrison. Other books of hers are Im Schatten der Titanen (memoirs of her grandmother, who lived for a time in Goethe's circle); Liebesbriefe einer Marquise; a play, Mutter Maria, and a novel, Lebenssucher. She died on Aug. 8 1916.


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Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 23.djvu/279

one thousand preliminary observations on atmospheric refraction were laid before the Royal Society on 28 March 1810, and a further series on 31 March 1814 (Phil. Trans. c. 190, civ. 337). After 1806 he devoted himself with such energy to his principal task that in ten years he accumulated some fifty thousand observations, all made by himself. His observatory opened off his dining-room, and he often rose from table to observe. He had corrected the whole for instrumental errors, and derived the mean places of about half the recorded stars, when a severe attack of paralysis disabled him in 1827 from further exertions. Sir George Airy says that, considering the circumstances, 'the work is one of the greatest which the long-deferred leisure of a private individual has ever produced.' The disturbed state of Europe caused it to be almost isolated.

On his partial recovery Groombridge applied, with success, to the board of longitude for assistance in completing his catalogue, which was prepared for press by Mr. Henry Taylor, and printed in 1832. This was suppressed, on the advice of Baily and Airy, on account of errors. Revised and corrected under Airy's supervision, the work eventually appeared in 1838, at the public expense, as 'A Catalogue of Circumpolar Stars, deduced from the Observations of Stephen Groombridge, F.R.S., reduced to Jan. 1, 1810.' It includes 4,243 star-places of standard accuracy, among them that of the swiftest-moving of known stars (No. 1830), first observed by Groombridge. The 'Catalogue,' Professor R. Grant remarks (Hist. Phys. Astronomy, p. 511), is 'universally admitted to be one of the most valuable contributions to practical astronomy made during the nineteenth century.' Groombridge retired from business in 1815, and devoted the leisure spared from astronomy to music, of which he was passionately fond. He was one of the founders of the Astronomical Society, sat on its first council, and took an active part in its proceedings. He was elected a fellow of the Royal Society in 1812, and was a member of the academy of Naples. The partial and annular eclipses of the sun of 19 Nov. 1816 and 7 Sept. 1820 respectively were observed by him (Phil. Mag. xlviii. 371 ; Mem. R. Astr. Soc. i. 135).

He died at Blackheath on 30 March 1832, and was buried at Goudhurst, leaving a reputation for integrity and kindness. He had high qualities as an observer, but was ignorant of the higher mathematics. His widow survived him only five months. Their only child, a daughter, married the Rev. Newton Smart of Farley Hospital, near Salisbury, and died before her parents, leaving one son. Groombridge's manuscripts were deposited, by his own request, with the Royal Astronomical Society. To the first two volumes of their 'Memoirs' he contributed, in November 1820, Universal Tables for the Reduction of the Fixed Stars,' in 1822 'Observations of the Planets,' in 1826 papers ' On the Colatitude of the Observatory at Blackheath,' and on the 'Horizontal Error of a Transit-Instrument.' He communicated on 16 Nov. 1812 to the Royal Society of Edinburgh a 'Comparison of the North Polar Distances of 38 Principal Fixed Stars as determined at Greenwich, Armagh, Palermo, Westbury, Dublin, and Blackheath' (Edinb. Phil. Trans. vii. 279); and his planetary observations, 1807-23, especially valuable for the theory of the minor planets, were inserted in supplements to the 'Berlin Ephemeris' for the corresponding years. He also wrote on astronomical subjects in the 'Philosophical Magazine' and the 'Quarterly Journal of Science.'

[Monthly Notices R. Astr. Society, ii. 145; Airy's Pref. to Groombridge's Catalogue ; Gent. Mag. 1832, pt. i. p. 379; Mädler's Geschichte der Himmelskunde, ii. 366.]  GROOMBRIDGE, WILLIAM (fl. 1770–1790), water-colour painter, first appears as an exhibitor of landscapes at the Royal Academy in 1770, and continued to exhibit up to 1790. His pictures were tinted drawings, and the smaller ones were neatly finished and well thought of. He was less successful in larger compositions. About 1780 he removed from London to Canterbury. He exhibited for the last time in 1790. He published a volume of 'Sonnets,' London, 1789. He is included in the 'Biographical Dictionary of Living Authors,' published in 1816.

[Seguier's Dict. of Painters; Redgrave's Dict. of Artists; Royal Academy Catalogues.]   GROOME, JOHN (1678?–1760), divine, born in 1678 or 1679, was the son of John Groome of Norwich. After attending Norwich grammar school he entered Magdalene College, Cambridge, as a sizar on 14 Oct. 1695, and proceeded B.A. in 1699 (College Admission Book). In July 1709 he was presented to the vicarage of Childerditch, Essex (, Essex, i. 117), and became also chaplain to Robert, earl of Holderness. Grieved by unjust reflections cast upon the clergy, he wrote 'The Dignity and Honour of the Clergy represented in an Historical Collection: shewing how useful and serviceable the Clergy have been to this Nation by their universal learning, acts of charity, and the administration of civil offices,' 8vo, London, 1710. Groome died in the parish of St. Mary, Whitechapel, on 31 July 1760, and was


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Page:The Dictionary of Australasian Biography.djvu/288

 Cathedral, Dublin, by Catherine, eldest daughter of William Henry Porter, M.D., F.R.C.S., late President of the Royal College of Surgeons, Dublin, and sister of Sir George H. Porter, Bart., D.L., Surgeon-in-Ordinary to the Queen. He was born on June 3rd, 1848, and was educated at Trinity College, Dublin, where he took a first classical scholarship in his Junior Freshman year, the Berkeley Gold Medal, a Vice-Chancellor's prize, and several other distinctions in Classics. He graduated B.A. in 1871, and M.A. in 1875. He proceeded to Oxford in 1872, where he became Scholar, Exhibitioner, and Prizeman of St. John's College, and proxime accessit for a Gaisford university prize. He took also a first class in the School of Classical Honours in 1874. He arrived in Victoria in 1875, and was appointed Warden of Trinity College, Melbourne, in 1876. He married on Dec. 30th, 1879, Adeline Marian, daughter of the late, K.C.M.G., of Toxteth Park, Sydney, N.S.W. He has had the degrees of M.A. and LL.D. conferred on him ''stip. con.'' by Dublin University. Dr. Leeper was elected in 1880 a member of the Council of Melbourne University, with a life-tenure, but resigned in 1887. He was appointed a trustee of the Public Library in 1887, and has twice been appointed Classical Examiner to the University of New Zealand, and twice Classical Examiner to the University of Adelaide, as well as Examiner-in-Chief to the Tasmanian Council of Education (1885). Dr. Leeper is author of "A Guide to Classical Reading," with the collaboration of Professor H. A. Strong (G. Robertson, Melbourne), and of "A Translation of Juvenal" (Macmillan & Co., London. Second edition, 1890).

Le Fleming, Sir Andrew Fleming Hudleston, Bart., is the eldest son of the late Sir Michael Le Fleming, the 7th baronet, of Rydal, Westmoreland who emigrated to New Zealand, by his marriage with Elizabeth, daughter of Captain Boddie of the Russian Navy, who still survives, and resides at Dalemaine, Ranriora, N.Z. He was born at Easedale, Nook Station, near Canterbury, N.Z., in 1855, and was educated at Canterbury College, succeeding to the baronetcy, which was created by Queen Anne in 1705, on the death of his father in 1883.

Lefroy, Anthony O'Grady, C.M.G., eldest son of the late Rev. Henry Lefroy, M.A., Vicar of Santry, Dublin, by Dorothea, second daughter of the O'Grady, of Kilballyowen, co. Limerick, was born in 1818, and married in 1852, Mary, daughter of the late Col. John Bruce. Mr. Lefroy is a nephew of the late Right Hon. Thomas Lefroy, Lord Chief Justice of Ireland. He was secretary to Governor Fitzgerald of Western Australia from 1849 to 1855; Colonial Treasurer, and M.L.C. from 1856 to 1890; Acting Colonial Secretary from 1875 to 1877; and was created C.M.G. in 1878.

Lefroy, Lieut.-General Sir John Henry, K.C.M.G., C.B., F.R.S., sometime Governor of Tasmania, fourth son of the late Rev. John Henry George Lefroy, of Ewshot House, Hants (younger brother of the late Lord Chief Justice of Ireland), by his marriage with Sophia, youngest daughter of the late Rev. Charles Jeffreys Cotterell, was born on Jan. 28th, 1817. He entered the Royal Artillery in Dec 1834, and acted as director of the magnetical observations at St. Helena and Toronto from 1839 to 1852. In 1840 and 1841 he made a magnetic survey of the interior of the continent of North America from Montreal to the Arctic Circle, and was appointed scientific adviser to the Duke of Newcastle at the War Office, on artillery and inventions, in Dec. 1854. In October of the next year he was sent on a special mission to the seat of war, and to the Mediterranean fortresses in March 1859. Sir John was Inspector-General of Army Schools, 1857-9; Secretary Ordnance Select Committee 1859-63, President 1864-8; Director-General of Ordnance, 1868-70; honorary secretary Royal Commission of the Patriotic Fund, 1854-68; Commissioner, 1868; and was also a member of the Royal Commission on National Defences in 1859, and on Military Education in 1868. In 1871 he was appointed Governor of Bermuda, from which post he retired in 1877, and administered the Government of Tasmania from Oct. 1880 to Dec. 1881, when he was appointed Colonel-Commandant Royal Artillery. Sir John, who was created C.B. in 1870 and K.C.M.G. in 1877, attained the rank of lieut.-general in the latter year, and was placed on the retired list, with the honorary rank of general, in 1882. He married, first, in 1846, Emily 272


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Leake, Hon. Sir Luke Samuel


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Boyd, Robert (1710-1794)


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Learmonth, Somerville Livingstone


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Boyd, Robert (d.1883)


text:
Author:Basil Kellett Long

Works

 * The Framework of Union. A Comparison of Some Union Constitutions (1908, with Richard Chaffey Baker)

title: Author:Basil Kellett Long


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Learmonth, Thomas Livingstone


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Boyd, Walter


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Boyd, William (1704-1746)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Boyd, William (d.1772)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Groombridge, Stephen


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Groombridge, William


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Boyd, Zachary


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Groome, John


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Bowen, James (1751-1835)


text:
Page:The History of Ballarat.djvu/33

 Company, Tasmania; Captain Hutton, of the East India Company's Service; and Mr. Henry Anderson. With them they took suitable equipment and provisions. From Bellpost Hill they saw in the distance, north-westward, a mount, to which they directed their course, steering their way by compass, and thus they arrived at and ascended Mount Buninyong. From the Mount the explorers saw fine country to the north-westward, Lake Burrumbeet, and the distant ranges of the Pyrenees and the Grampians. An ocean of forest, with island hills, was all around them, but not a speck visible that spoke to them of civilisation. But the promising landscape drew the explorers on westward and north-westward. They descended the Mount, the party divided, their compass-bearings were not well kept, the provision-cart failed to be at the appointed rendezvous, and thus, broken into sections, the explorers found their way back to the coast, some of them unable to find their provisions, and therefore fasting by the way.

In January of the next year explorers set out again. The party this time consisted of Messrs. J. Aitken, Henry Anderson,, , and. The starting point was Mr. Aitken's house, at Mount Aitken, and thence the explorers went towards Mount Alexander, which at that time had just been occupied by a party of overlanders from Sydney, consisting of Messrs. C. H. Ebden, Yaldwin, and Mollison. From Mount Alexander they followed the course of the Loddon, passed over what has since been proved to be a rich auriferous country, and bore down on a prominent peak, which the explorers subsequently called Ercildoun, from the old keep on the Scottish border, with which the name of the Learmonth's ancestor, Thomas the Rhymer, was associated. Their course brought them to the lake district of Burrumbeet and its rich natural pastures. The days were hot but the nights cold, and the party, camping at night on an eminence near Ercildoun, suffered so much from cold that they gave the camping place the name Mount Misery. There was water then in Burrumbeet, but it was intensely salt and very shallow. Next year, 1839, Lake Burrumbeet was quite dry, and it remained dry for several succeeding summers. It was covered with rank vegetation, and

title: Page:The History of Ballarat.djvu/33


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Leary, Joseph


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Le Cren, Charles


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Lee Steere, Hon. Sir James George


text: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography/Leeper, Alexander


text:
Author:Alexander Leeper

Works

 * A Guide to Classical Reading (G. Robertson, Melbourne) with H. A. Strong
 * A Translation of Juvenal (Macmillan & Co., London. Second edition, 1890)

title: Author:Alexander Leeper


text:
Page:Alumni Oxoniensis (1715-1886) volume 3.djvu/348

 Pike, John William, 2s. John William, of Wareham, Dorset, arm. , matric. 11 Oct., 1872, aged 19; a student of the Inner Temple 1885. See Rugby School Reg.  Pike, Rev. Josias John, s. Josiah, of Marylebone, Middlesex, gent. , matric. 2 July, 1788, aged 18; B.A. 1795, M.A. 1795, died 11 July, 1850. See Robinson, 147.  Pike, Luke Owen, o.s. Luke, of St. George's, Hanover Square, London, arm. , matric. 9 Dec, 1853, aged 18; scholar 1853-8, B.A. 1857, M.A. 1861, bar.-at-law, Lincoln's Inn, 1864. See Foster's .  Pike, Marmaduke Christian, 3s. John William, of Wareham, Dorset, arm. , matric. 20 May, 1875, aged 20; B.A. 1878. See Rugby School Reg.  Pike, Thomas Mayer, 1s. John William, of Burslem, co. Stafford, arm. , matric. 12 Oct., 1872, aged 20; B.A. & M.A. 1883. See Rugby School Reg.  [5] Pike, Warburton Mayer, 4s. John William, of Wareham, Dorset, arm. , matric. 22 Oct., 1880, aged 19.  Pike, William Herbert, Ph.D., s. Warburton, of Clapham, arm. , matric. 9 Dec., 1879, aged 28; created M.A. 11 Dec., 1879, professor of chemistry University College, Toronto, sometime one of the demonstrators of chemistry in the University laboratory.  Pilcher, Francis, 3s. Henry Incledon, of Tebarah, West Maitland, New South Wales, gent. , matric. 22 Oct., 1859, aged 19; B.A. 1862, M.A. 1868, rector of St. Clement's, Oxford, 1878.

Pilcher, George Loat, 1s. William, of London, gent. , matric. 23 Feb., 1848, aged 18; B.A. 1852, a student of Lincoln's Inn 1853. See Eton School Lists.

Pilcher, Giles Theodore, 2s. Jeremiah Giles, of Camberwell, Surrey, arm. , matric. 20 Oct., 1868, aged 19; scholar 1868-73, B.A. 1873, M.A. 1875, rector of Letcombe Bassett 1s880-1.
 [10]
Pilcher, John Harry Warton, 1s. John Giles, of Egham, Surrey, arm. , matric. 16 Oct., 1884, aged 19; B.A. 1888.

Pilcher, Matthew, 3s. John Giles, of Stockwell. Surrey, gent. , matric. 5 Nov., 1856, aged 18; bar.-at-law, Lincoln's Inn, 1860. See Foster's Men at the Bar.

Pile, Archibald Jones, 1s. Nathaniel Jones, of Isle of Barbados, arm. , matric. 15 Oct., 1864, aged 18; B.A. 1867.

Pile, George Laurie, 1s. George Clarke, of the Island of Barbados, gent. , matric. 3 June, 1876, aged 18; B.A. 1879.

Pilgrim, John, s. Joseph, of Red Lion Square, London, arm. , matric. 15 Nov., 1734, aged 17; bar.-at-law, Middle Temple, 1740 (? if took orders, and died at Windsor in 1778).
 [15]
Pilgrim, Thomas, fellow, Cambridge (B.A. 1703, M.A. 1707, B.D. 1716); incorp. 11 May, 1736, regius professor of Greek at Cambridge 1712-26.

Pilgrim, Robert Tegetmere, 2s. Charles, of Hampstead, Middlesex, arm. , matric. 20 May, 1822, aged 17; B.A. 1826, M.A. 1830, rector of Shaw, Berks, 1837, until his death 8 Nov., 1838.

Pilkington, Rev. Charles, s. Lyon, of Yorks, baronet. , matric. 16 June, 1730, aged 18; B.A. 1734, M.A. 1738, of St Martin's-in-the-Fields, died in 1757. See Foster's Yorkshire Collection.

Pilkington, Charles, s. Richard, of Skendleby, co. Lincoln, gent. , matric. 5 Dec., 1748, aged 16; demy 1750-2, B.A. 1752, fellow 1752-74, M.A. 1755, B.D. 1762, D.D. 1768, junior dean of arts 1762, bursar 1763 & 1771, vice-president 1772, dean of divinity 1773, curate of Horspath 1771, vicar of Flndon 1772, until his death 28 Jan., 1797. See Bloxam, vi. 288.

Pilkington, Charles, s. Charles, of Findon, Sussex, doctor. , matric. 26 May, 1794, aged 17; demy 1794-8. B.A. 1798, M.A. 1801, preb. of Chichester 1803, and canon residentiary 1825, vicar of Chidham, Sussex, 1813, and of Eastergate, Chichester, 1835, until his death 21 Oct., 1828. See Bloxam, vii. 129.
 [20]
Pilkington, Charles, 1s. Charles, of St. Pancras, Chichester, cler. , matric. 5 July, 1820, aged 18; fellow 1820-35, B.C.L. 1827. M.A. 1831. rector of St. Laurence, Winchester, 1831, preb. of Chichester 1834, canon 1850, chancellor 1854, rector of Stockton, co. Warwick, 1835, until his death 10 Sep., 1870.

Pilkington, Charles Henry, 1s. Charles, of Stockton, co. Warwick, cler. , matric. 5 Oct., 1854, aged 16; fellow 1854-69, B.A. 1858. M.A. 1861, rector of Letton and Willersley, co. Hereford, 1868-71, vicar of Owslebury, Hants, 1871-5, and of the Tything, co. Worcester, 1875-82, rector of St. John's, Madder-market, Norwich, 1882.

Pilkington, Claude William Egerton Milborne Swinnerton, 3s. Lionel, of Chevet Park, Yorks, baronet. , matric. 13 Oct., 1882, aged 19; B.A. 1885. See Foster's Baronetage & Eton School Lists.

Pilkington, Frederick Wellington, 3s. William, of Denbigh (town), gent. , matric. 18 June, 1829, aged 17.

Pilkington, Harrison, s. Lyon, of Wakefield. Yorks, baronet. , matric. 13 March, 1734-5, aged 18; of Chevet, Yorks, died 6 Dec., 1787. See Foster's Yorkshire Collection.
 [25]
Pilkington, Henry, s. William, of St. Margaret's, Westminster, arm. , matric. 12 June, 1805, aged 17; B.A. 1810, M.A. 1814, bar.-at-law, Gray's Inn, 1815, an assistant poor-law commissioner, died 26 Feb., 1859.

Pilkington, Herbert Walter Malony, 4s. William, of of Rathdowney, Ireland, arm. , matric. 19 Oct., 1882, aged 20.

Pilkington, James, s. Edward, of Halsall, Lancashire, cler. , matric. 27 Oct., 1732, aged 17; B.A. 1736.

Pilkington, John, s. Edward, of Halsall, Lancashire, cler. , matric. 20 March, 1726-7, aged 18; B.A. 6 March, 1730-1.
 [29]
Pilkington, (Sir) Lionel (Bart), s. Lyon, of Wakefield, Yorks, baronet. , matric. 14 May, 1725, aged 18; 5th baronet, M.P. Horsham 1748-68, died 7 Aug., 1778. See Foster's Baronetage.

Pilkington, Matthew, s. Thomas, of Bridgnorth, Salop, gent. , matric. 25 Nov., 1789, aged 18; B.A. 1793, M.A. 1797, incumbent of Alveley, Salop, 1804, until his death 15 Oct., 1847.

Pilkington, Richard, of, Cambridge (B.A. 1850, M.A. 1853); adm. 'ad eundem' 9 July, 1853.

Pilkington, (Sir) Thomas (Bart.), s. Michael, of Badsworth, Yorks, baronet. , matric. 1 Aug., 1791, aged 17; created M.A. 5 July, 1793, 7th baronet, died 9 July, 1811.

Pilkington, (Sir) Thomas Edward (Bart.), 1s. (William), of Roystone, Yorks, baronet. , matric. 16 Oct., 1847, aged 18; 9th baronet, died 8 Jan., 1854.

Pilkington, Thomas Edward Milborne Swinnerton, 1s. Lionel, of Chevet Park, Yorks, baronet. , matric. 13 Oct., 1876, aged 18; B.A. 1879, M.A. 1883. See Foster's Baronetage & Eton School Lists.
 [35]
Pilkington, Rev. William, 3s. Charles, of Chichester, Sussex, cler. , matric. 3 May, 1824, aged 17; demy 1804-31, B.A. 1828, M.A. 1831, fellow 1831, until his death 2 June, 1832. See Bloxam, vii. 292.

Pilkington, William Lee, 1s. William, of Sutton Grange, Lancashire, gent. , matric. 3 Nov., 1871, aged 18.
 [ 1117 ]


text:
Page:Alumni Oxoniensis (1715-1886) volume 3.djvu/40

 Leeds, Richard, s. Edward, of Hackney, Middlesex, arm. , matric. 15 Jan., 1794, aged 24; B.A. 1797.  Leeds, William Henry Arthur John, 2s. Henry, of Rangoon, arm. , matric. 18 Oct., 1883, aged 19; of the Indian Civil Service 1883.  Leeds, William Howard, 1s. George, of Swansea, co. Glamorgan, gent. , matric. 13 April, 1872, aged 18; B.A. 1876, held various curacies 1877-84, rector of St George-super-Ely, Cardiff, 1886.  Leeke, John, s. Samuel, of Ashbourne, co. Derby, gent. , matric. 31 March, 1742, aged 20; B.A. 16 March, 1746-7.  Leeke, Ralph, 1s. Ralph, of Newport, Salop, arm. , matric. 16 Oct., 1868, aged 18; of Longford Hall, Salop, J.P.  [5]

Leeke, Ralph Harvey, s. Ralph, of Longford, Salop, arm. , matric. 17 Oct., 1811, aged 18; B.A. 1816, M.A. 1820, of Ruckley Grange, Salop, rector of Longford 1835, died 4 April, 1840.  Leeke, Ralph Merrick, 1s. Thomas, of Canton, Salop, arm. , matric. 10 Nov., 1831, aged 18; of Longford Hall, Salop, J.P., D.L., high sheriff 1850, died 26 Nov., 1882.  Leeke, Richard, s. Samuel, of Lichborrow, Northants. gent. , matric. 25 March, 1728, aged 16.

Leeke, Thomas, s. Ralph, of Shifnal, Salop, arm. , matric. 24 April, 1806, aged 17; B.A. 1810, of Longford Hall, Salop, J.P., bar.-at-law, Lincoln's Inn, 1813, high steward Newport 1829, died 25 Dec., 1836.

Leeke, William, s. Thomas, of Lincell, Salop, pleb. , matric. 21 March, 1715-6, aged 18; B.A. 1719.
 [10]

Leeman, William Luther, 4s. George, of York, gent. , matric. 12 Feb., 1870, aged 21, F.R.G.S.; B.A., Durham, 1876, M.A. 1879, rector of Middleton St. George, 1874-6, vicar of Rosedale, Yorks, 1877-9, and of Seaforth, Lancashire, 1879-82, rector of Welton-le-Wold, co. Lincoln, 1882.

Leeming, Rev. Edward, o.s. Isaac, of Manchester, gent. , matric. 21 March, 1849, aged 19; scholar 1849-53, B.A. 1852, M.A. 1855.

Leeper, Alexander (scholar, Dublin, 1867), 2s. Alexander, of Dublin, cler. , matric. 12 Oct., 1872, aged 24; scholar 1873-5, principal Trinity College, Melbourne, Australia, 1877.

Lees, Rev. Alfred Harry Benden, o.s. Alfred, of Waldron, Sussex, gent. , matric. 18 Oct., 1871, aged 19; B.A, 1875, M.A. 1879, master of Minster Choir School, York, 1877.

Lees, Edward Brown, 1s. John, of Oldham, Lancashire, arm. , matric. 2 May, 1862, aged 19; B.A. 1865, of Thurland Castle, Lancashire, of Kelbarrrow, Westmoreland, and of Clariesfield, near Oldham, Lancashire, J.P., etc.
 [15]
Lees, Elliott, o.s. Thomas Evans, of Oldham, Lancashire, arm. , matric. 31 May, 1879, aged 18; B.A. 1883, of Stone, Dorset, M.P. Oldham July, 1886. See Eton School Lists.

Lees, George John Dumville, 1s. John, of Gerwyn, near Wrexham, co. Flint, gent. , matric. 27 Jan., 1868, aged 19; of Woodhill, Salop, J.P., etc.

Lees, James Arthur 1s. James, of Alkrington, Lancashire, arm. , matric. 20 Jan., 1872, aged 19; B.A. 1876, of Alkrington Hall, Lancashire, J.P bar.-at-law, Inner Temple, 1881. See Foster's Men at the Bar & Eton School Lists.

Lees, John Frederick, 1s. Edward, of Oldham, Lancashire, arm. , matric. 22 June, 1827, aged 18; B.A. 1831, of Werneth, Lancashire, M.P. Oldham (July), 1835-7, died 8 Sep., 1867. See Manchester School Reg., ii. 150.

Lees, Joseph Crompton, 1s. Joseph, of Clarksfield, near Oldham, Lancashire, arm. , matric. 2 May, 1862, aged 18.
 [20]
Lees, Richard, s. John, of Lillington, co. Warwick, gent. , matric. 21 March, 1718-9, aged 16.

Lees, William Gilbert Hyde-, 2s. Charles, of Southport, Lancashire, gent. , matric. 19 Oct., 1885, aged 19.

Leese, John, s. John, of Blandford, Dorset, gent. , matric. 4 June, 1794, aged 19; B.A. 1798, M.A. 1801. See St. Paul's School Reg., 183.

Leeson, Henry Beaumont, M.A. from, Cambridge, 1829 (B.A. 1826). 1s. of — L., arm. , incorp. 24 May, 1838, B.Med. 25 June, 1840, D.Med, 2 July, 1840.

Leeson, John Edmund, 2s. William, of Castle Donnington, co. Leicester, gent. , matric. 7 July, 1838, aged 27; perp. curate Old St. George's, Staleybridge, Lancashire, 1850, until his death 27 Aug., 1867.
 [25]
Leeson, Hon. William, s. Joseph, Earl of Milltown. , matric. 6 Sep., 1786, aged 16; died 7 Oct., 1819. See Foster's Peerage.

Leete, Henry Baird, 1s. Edward Stokes, of Newton-le-Willows, Lancashire, gent. , matric. 18 Oct., 1883, aged 18; exhibitioner 1883, B.A. 1887.

Leetham, Arthur Richard, 1s. William, of Margate, Kent, gent. , matric. 22 Oct., 1883, aged 19.

Leeves, Henry Daniel, s. William, of Wrington, Somerset, cler. , matric. 25 May, 1805, aged 15; scholar 1805-17, B.A. 1809, M.A. 1812, fellow 1817-20, B.D. 1820, chaplain at Athens, etc., died 8 May, 1845.

Leeves, Robert, s. Robert, of Stenning, Sussex, gent. , matric. 16 Oct., 1731. aged 18.
 [30]
Lefebvre, Philip Horton, 2s. Philip John, of St. Peter, Isle of Jersey, gent. , matric. 13 Dec., 1860, aged 18; B.A. 1865, a senior chaplain Bombay, 1879.

Lefeuvre, George, s. Peter, of Isle of Jersey, gent, matric. 19 Nov., 1789, aged 17; B.A. from Pembroke Coll. 1794, assistant chaplain British Embassy, Paris, where he died 20 Sep., 1848.

Lefeuvre, Philip Alfred, 1s. Philip, of St. Peter, Isle of Jersey, gent. , matric. 16 Oct., 1844, aged 18; B.A. 1849, M.A. 1841, vice-dean of Jersey, curate in charge of St. Heliers 1880.

Lefeuvre, Richard, s. Richard, of St. Mary's, Jersey, pleb. , matric. 7 March, 1734-5, aged 18; B.A. from 5 March, 1739-40, as.
 [34]
Lefevre, Charles Shaw, Viscount Eversley, speaker House of Commons (1839-57); created D.C.L. 16 June, 1858 (1s. Charles Shaw-Lefevre), M.P. Downton 1830-1, Hants 1831-2, North Hants 1832-57, bar.-at-law, Lincoln's Inn, 1819, bencher 1839, governor and captain-general Isle of Wight, created a viscount 11 April, 1857, A.D.C. to the Queen since 1860, etc., born 22 Feb., 1794. See Foster's Peerage.

Lefevre, (Sir) John, George Shaw, K.C.B.; created D.C.L. 16 June, 1858, clerk of the Parliaments, House of Lords, 1856-75, senior wrangler, Cambridge, and B.A. 1818, M.A. 1821, bar.-at-law, Inner Temple, 1825, bencher 1835, under-secretary Colonies 1833-4, poor-law commissioner 1834-41, F.R.S., etc., died 20 Aug., 1879. See Foster's Peerage,, & Eton School Lists.

Lefroy, Anthony Cottrell, 2s. John Henry George, of Ashe, Hants, cler. , matric. 11 Dec., 1829. aged 17; B.A. 1834, M.A. 1839, perp. curate Cookham, Hants, 1841-68, vicar of Longdon, co. Gloucester, 1868, until his death 28 Sep., 1884.
 [ 833 ]


text: Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715-1886/Leeper, Alexander


text: Advanced Automation for Space Missions/Appendix 3A


text:
User talk:86.14.135.144

Welcome

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title: User talk:86.14.135.144


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Bourne, Reuben


text: Advanced Automation for Space Missions/Appendix 3B


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Bourne, Robert


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Bourne, Vincent


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Bourne, William (d.1583)


text:
Page:The Dictionary of Australasian Biography.djvu/459

 at Glenelg on Dec. 28th, 1836; appointed Acting Colonial Secretary August 22nd, 1837, on the suspension of Mr. Robert Gouger. Resigned July 13th, 1838; settled on his property at the Inman Valley, where he farmed for many years, subsequently removing to the neighbourhood of Adelaide. He married Miss Lavinia Albina Fowler, and died at Glenelg in 1859 without issue.

Strickland, Sir Edward, K.C.B., son of the late Gerard Edward Strickland (a cadet of the Stricklands of Sizergh), by Anne, daughter of Francis Cholmeley, of Brandsby Hall, Yorkshire. He was born at Loughglynn House, co. Roscommon, in 1821, and married, first in 1842, Georgina Frances, daughter of Frederick Augustus Hely, of Enghurst, Sydney, N.S.W., and secondly, in 1877, Frances Marie, only daughter of General Tatton Browne Greave, C.B., of Orde House, Northumberland. Having entered the Army, he was appointed Deputy-Assistant Commissary-General in 1840; Assistant Commissary-General in 1854; Deputy Commissary-General in 1861, and Commissary-General in 1880. The next year Sir Edward Strickland, who was created C.B. in 1857 and K.C.B. in 1879, retired from the army. He served in the Crimea during the first year of the war, including the battle of the Alma and the advance on Sebastopol, and was commissariat officer in charge of the British army of occupation in Greece from 1855 to 1857. He was also engaged in the New Zealand war from 1864 to 1866, and in South Africa from 1877 to 1879. After retiring from the army he came to reside in Sydney, and took a prominent part in the work of the Geographical Society of Australasia, of which he was vice-president, especially of the New South Wales branch, of which he was president. Sir Edward is stated to have been the first to suggest the despatch of the famous Soudan Contingent. He died on July 18th, 1889.

Strong, Rev. Charles, D.D., founder of the "Australian Church," Melbourne, is a native of Scotland, and studied under Principal Caird prior to receiving ordination as a minister of the Established Church of Scotland. On the death of the Rev. P. S. Menzies, one of the most popular of Melbourne preachers, Mr. Strong was chosen to succeed to the pastorate of the cathedral of Victorian Presbyterianism, the Scots Church, Collins Street, Melbourne. Very soon after his arrival the broadness of his religious views attracted the attention of the ultra-orthodox members of the Melbourne Presbytery, but no direct action was taken against him until he published an article on "The Atonement" in the Victorian Review. This paper caused considerable commotion in Presbyterian circles, and was made the basis of the first of a series of formal charges of heresy against Mr. Strong. The proceedings, originated in the Melbourne Presbytery and prolonged through a variety of stages in the General Assembly of the Church, lasted for several years, and were at length brought to a close by Mr. Strong's charge being declared vacant by the Assembly on Nov. 15th, 1883. He then returned to Scotland. Before leaving he was presented with a testimonial of £3,000, subscribed by all denominations in Melbourne as a token of sympathy and presented to him at the Town Hall on Nov. 14th; but Mr. Strong soon returned to the colony and established a new religious body under the title of "The Australian Church," largely composed of his old friends and adherents amongst the Scots Church congregation.

Strong, Herbert Augustus, M. A., LL.D., formerly Professor of Classics at Melbourne University, son of Rev. Edmund Strong, of Exeter, was born in 1841, and educated at Winchester College under Dr. Moberly. He obtained the first place on the college roll by open competition, and proceeded to Corpus Christi College, Oxford, where he matriculated on Oct. 20th, 1860, and was exhibitioner in 1861-3. He was first class in Moderations in 1862, proxime accessit for the Gaisford Greek prize in 1863, B.A. in 1863, and M.A. in 1870. Private affairs obliged him to leave Oxford before presenting himself for final honours in "Greats." He was for six years Assistant Professor of Humanity at Glasgow University, and for thirteen years Professor of Classics at Melbourne University (M.A. 1874). The latter post he resigned in August 1884, and is now Professor of Latin at Liverpool University College, which is one of the three branches of the newly formed Victoria University. He has published "Specimens of Translations of Virgil and Catullus" (Maclehose, 443


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Merrill v. Yeomans/Dissent Clifford

MR. JUSTICE CLIFFORD dissenting.

I dissent from the opinion and judgment in this case, upon the ground that the invention, when the claim is properly construed, is an invention of the described new manufacture, and not, as decided by a majority of the court, merely for the process.

title: Merrill v. Yeomans/Dissent Clifford