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Compleat Surgeon/Fractures

Of the Fracture of the Nose.
When the Fracture is considerable, the Nostrils are stopt up, and the Sense of Smelling is lost. In order to reduce it, the Surgeon takes a little Stick wrapt up in Cotton, and introduceth it into the Nostrils as gently as is possible, to raise up the Bones again, laying the Thumb of his Left-hand upon the Nose, to retain 'em in their place. The Bones being thus set, he proceeds to prepare

The Dressing and Bandage
By conveying into the Nostrils certain Leaden Pipes of a convenient Bigness and Figure, which serve to support the Bones, and to facilitate Respiration. But care is to be had to avoid thrusting 'em up too far, for fear of hurting the sides of the Nose; and they are to be anointed with Oil of Turpentine mixt with Spirit of Wine: These Pipes are also to have little Handles, with which they may be fasten'd to the Cap. If there be no Wound in the Nose, there will be no need of a Bandage; but if the Fracture be accompany'd with a Wound, after having apply'd the proper Medicines, it wou'd be requisite to lay upon each side of the Nose a Triangular Bolster, cover'd with a little piece of Paste-board of the same Figure. This small Dressing is to be supported with a kind of Sling that hath four Heads; being a piece of Linnen-Cloath, two Fingers broad, and half an Ell long; it is slit at both ends, and all along, only leaving in the middle a Plain of three Fingers, that is to say, a part which is not cut. The Plain of this Sling is to be laid upon the Fracture, causing the upper Heads to pass behind the Nape of the Neck, which are to be brought back again forward; the lower Heads are likewise to be carry'd behind, crossing above the upper, and afterward to be return'd forward. If the Bones of the Nose be not timely reduc'd, a great Deformity soon happens therein, and a Stink caus'd by the Excrescences and Polypus's.

Of the Fracture of the lower Jaw.
The Operator at first puts his Fingers into the Patient's Mouth, to press the Prominences of the Bones; and afterward doth the same thing on the outside. If the Bones pass one over another, a small Extension is to be made. If the Teeth be forc'd out of their Place, they are to be reduc'd, and fasten'd to the sound Teeth with a wax'd Thread.

The Dressing and Bandage.
If the Fracture be only on one side, a Bolster sow'd to a piece of Paste-board is to be laid upon the flat side of the Jaw, both being of the Figure and Size of the Jaw it self. The Bandage of this Fracture is call'd Chevestre, i.e. a Cord or Bridle, by the French Surgeons, and is made by taking a Band roll'd with one Head or End, three Ells long, and two Fingers broad; the Application of it is begun with making a Circumvolution round about the Head in passing over the Fore-head; then the Band is let down under the Chin, and carry'd up again upon the Cheek, near the lesser Corner of the Eye in passing over the Fracture; afterward it is rais'd up to the Head, and brought down again under the Chin, to form a Roller or Bolster upon the Fracture: Thus three or four Circumvolutions and Rollers being made upon the Fracture, the Band is let down under the Chin, to stay and strengthen its several Turns, and is terminated round the Head, in passing over the Fore-head.

If the Jaw be fractur'd on both sides, it wou'd be requisite to apply thereto a Bolster and Paste-board, perforated at the Chin, and of the Figure of the entire Jaw; the Bandage which we have even now describ'd, may be also prepar'd in making Rollers on both sides of the Jaw: Or else the double Chevestre may be made with a Band of five Ells long, and two Fingers broad, roll'd up with two Balls, that is to say, with the two Ends. The Application of this Band is begun under the Chin, from whence it is carry'd up over the Cheek, cross'd upon the top of the Head, and brought down behind the Head, where it is cross'd again; then it is let down under the Chin, cross'd there, and carry'd up over the Fracture; afterward the Band being pass'd three or four times over the same turns, in making Rollers upon the Jaws, is turn'd upon the Chin, and stay'd upon the Forehead round about the Head.

Of the Fracture of the Clavicle.
The Patient is to be set in a Chair, and his Arm is to be drawn backward, whilst an Assistant thrusts his Shoulder forward: In the mean time the Operator sets the Bones again in their place, by thrusting the Protuberances, and drawing out the sunk Bone.

Or else a Tennis-Ball may be taken, and put under the Patient's Arm-Pit, whose Elbow is then to be press'd against his Ribs, whilst the Surgeon reduceth the Fracture.

Otherwise, the Patient may be laid upon his Back, putting a Convex Body under both his Shoulders, as a Bowl, or large wooden Porrenger; and then the Shoulders may be prest, to raise up the two ends of the Bones, which the Surgeon must take care to reduce,

The Dressing and Bandage.
The Cavities which are above and below the Clavicle, are to be fill'd with Bolsters trimm'd with Paste-boards; another is to be also laid upon the Bone, which is almost of the same Figure with the Clavicle, and a large Bolster, to cover the three others: This Dressing is to be secur'd with the Bandage call'd the Capeline or Head-Bandage, provided the Fracture be in the middle of the Clavicle. A Band being taken about six Ells long, and four fingers thick, roll'd with two Balls; it is apply'd in the middle to the Fracture; one of its Heads or Ends is let down upon the Breast, whilst the other is pass'd behind the Back, below the Arm-hole, opposite to the indispos'd Arm-hole and above the Breast, to be carry'd over the other end of the Band, which is rais'd up, to make a Roller or Bolster upon the Fracture: The other end is pass'd under the indispos'd Arm-pit, and upon the Band that made the Roller, which is elevated by making a third Roller upon the Clavicle: These Circumvolutions around about the Body are continu'd, as also these Rollers upon the Clavicle, till it be entirely cover'd. Some Circumvolutions are also made upon the upper part of the Arm, near its Head: The Space that lies between the Rollers and the Circumvolutions of the Arm, and which bears the Name of Geranium or Stork's-Bill, is likewise cover'd with some Circumvolutions, and the Band is stay'd by making Circumvolutions quite round about the Body.

If the Fracture were near the Head of the Humerus or Arm-Bone, a sort of Bandage might be prepar'd, which is call'd Spica, with a Band roll'd with one Ball five Ells long, and four fingers broad; one end of this Band is pass'd under the Arm-pit opposite to the indispos'd one behind the Back: The other end is convey'd under the indispos'd Arm-pit; the Figure of the Letters KY or X is made on the Shoulder; the Band is return'd below the other Shoulder behind; it is brought back again before, to form a second KY upon the Fracture; three or four more KY's are wrought upon the Fracture; two Circumvolutions are made in the upper part of the Humerus, which constitute a Triangle call'd Geranium; this Triangle is cover'd with Rollers, and the Band is terminated round about the Breast.

Of the Fracture of the Omoplata or Shoulder-Blade.
The Acromion is usually fractur'd, but it may be known that the middle of the Omoplata is broken by a Numness which is felt in the whole Arm: Whereupon the Surgeon, after having examin'd the place of the Fracture, thrusts back the Prominences of the Bones into their place; and if any Splints happen to prick the Part, he makes an Incision to take 'em out, or to cut off their Points.

The Dressing and Bandage.
A Bolster is laid upon the Omoplata, as also a large piece of Paste-board of the bigness and Figure of this Bone, and a sort of Bandage is prepar'd, known by the name of the Star, with a Band roll'd with one Head four Ells long, and as many Fingers broad. This Band is convey'd behind the Back, one of its ends lying under the Arm-hole, opposite to the indispos'd one; but the other is pass'd under the Shoulder, and afterward above it, to make a KY in the middle of the Back; then passing under the other Arm-hole, it is brought up to the Shoulder, to be let down, and to form a second KY upon the middle of the Back: These Turns are continu'd in making Rollers, till the Omoplatæ are all cover'd: Circumvolutions are also made round the upper part of the Humerus, as in the Spica; and the Bandage is finish'd by Circumvolutions round about the Breast.

Of the Fracture of the Ribs.
When a Rib is broken, one of the ends pusheth into the Breast, sometimes on the outside; and sometimes the Ends lie against each other. In order to reduce it, the Patient being laid upon the sound Rib, a Plaister of Mastick is apply'd to the Fracture; and it is drawn out violently; so that sometimes this Attraction brings back the Bone, which is advanc'd into the Breast; but the surest way is to make an Incision therein, to raise it up with the Finger.

If the Rib appear without, the Patient is to be set in a a Chair, and oblig'd to bend his Body on the side opposite to the Fracture, holding his Breath, with which he must puff strongly, without letting it forth, in order to dilate the Breast, whilst the Surgeon thrusts the Rib into its place.

The Dressing and Bandage.
A Bolster is to be apply'd to the Fracture, with two little Pieces of Paste-board pass'd in form of a St. Andrew's Cross; and another Bolster upon the whole Dressing, on which is also laid a large square Paste-board cover'd with a Bolster. The Bandage is made with a Napkin folded into three Folds, which is put round the Breast, being sow'd and supported by the Scapulary; which is a Band six Fingers broad, perforated in the middle, to let in the Head. The two ends of the Scapulary are fasten'd before and behind to the Napkin.

Of the Fracture of the Sternum or Breast-Bone.
To reduce this Fracture, the Patient is to be laid upon his Back, with a Convex Body underneath; both his Shoulders are to be press'd with some weight, to push 'em backward, and to raise up the Sternum, which is sunk down; or else an Incision may be made upon the Bone, to discover it; and then a Vectis is to be apply'd thereto very gently, in order to heave it up into its place.

The Dressing and Bandage.
A Bolster and Paste-board are to be laid upon the Sternum, almost of the same Figure with the Part; and the Bandage is to be prepar'd with a Napkin supported with a Scapulary. Or else the Bandage call'd Quadriga may be made with a Band roll'd with two Heads, five Ells long, and four Fingers broad: The Application of this Band is begun under the Arm-pit; the Figure of KY is form'd under the Shoulder; the Band is carry'd downward with the two Balls, once before, and the other behind; it is pass'd under the other Arm-hole; the Heads are cross'd upon the Shoulder, and it is brought down backward and forward, forming a KY before and behind. Afterward the Bank is roll'd about the Breast in making Rollers or Bolsters; these Rollers are continu'd till the Band be terminated; and it is stay'd by a Cirumvolution round the Breast.

Of the Fracture of the Vertebra's.
The Apophyses of the Vertebra's are commonly broken, and their Bodies but seldom: It may be known that the Body of the Vertebra of the Neck and Back is fractur'd by the Palsie of the Arm, accompany'd with the loss of Feeling; by the suppression of Urine; and by the Palsie of the Sphincter of the Anus; so that the Excrements cannot be any longer retain'd. If these Symptoms appear, it may well be conceiv'd that the Marrow is compress'd, and prickt with Points; for the removing of which, it is necessary to make an Incision upon the Body of the Vertebra in the fractur'd Place.

If the Apophyses Spinosæ are only fractur'd, these Accidents will not happen, only some Pain will be felt: To reduce 'em, the Patient is to be laid upon his Belly, and the Surgeon must use his utmost endeavours to raise up the Bone again, and to set it in its Natural Situation.

The Dressing and Bandage.
If the Apophysis Spinosa were fractur'd, it wou'd be requisite to apply to each side of it a small long Bolster, which is to be cover'd with a Paste-board of the same Figure with the Bolster; another Bolster lying upon each Paste-board. The Bandage is to be made with a Napkin sustain'd by its Scapulary; or else the Quadriga may be prepar'd, according to the manner we have already describ'd in the Fracture of the Sternum.

Of the Fracture of the Os Sacrum.
It is reduc'd as the other Vertebra's; but its Dressing and Bandage are made with the T perforated at the Anus, or else with the H or double T. It is made with a Band two Fingers broad, and long enough to encompass the Body above the Hips; so that to the middle of this Band is fasten'd another Band of the same breadth, and of a sufficient length to pass over the Dressing of the Os Sacrum, as also between the Thighs, to be join'd in the fore-part to the first Cincture. The double T is made by fastening two Bands at a Finger's breadth distance one from another, to the Band which ought to be roll'd about the Body; and this sort of Bandage is to be supported with a Scapulary.

Of the Fracture of the Coccyx or Rump-Bone.
This Bone is usually broken by falls, and sinks into the inside; so that to reduce it, the Fore-finger of one Hand is to be put into the Anus or Fundament as far as the Fracture, to thrust it back again into its place, whilst the other Hand setleth it on the outside.

The Dressing and Bandage.
Are the same with those in the Fracture of the Os Sacrum; but the Patient must be oblig'd to lie on one side, and to sit in a perforated Chair, when he hath a mind to rise.

If the Os Innominatum be broken, the Spica is to be us'd after it hath been dress'd, of which Bandage we have given an Account in the Fracture of the Clavicle.

Of the Fracture of the Humerus or Arm-Bone.
To set this Bone, a strong Extension is to be made, if the two ends cross one another, to which purpose the Patient is to be plac'd on a little Stool or Seat, and supported by a Servant, two other Assistants being employ'd to draw, one at the upper-part, and the other at the lower, above the Elbow, and not beneath it. In the mean time the Operator reduceth the two Bones, by closing 'em on all sides with the Palms of his Hands, and afterward prepareth

The Dressing and Bandage.
It is necessary at first to lay round the Fracture a Bolster steept in some proper Liquor, as Claret or Oxycratum; then three several Bands are to be taken, three or four Fingers broad, and an Ell and a half long: The first of these is to be laid upon the Fracture, round which are to be made three very streight Circumvolutions; then it is to be carry'd up with small Rollers to the top of the Arm, and stay'd round the Body. The second Band being apply'd to the Fracture, on the side opposite to the first, two Circumvolutions are to be made upon the Fracture; so that the same Band may be brought down along the whole length of the Arm, making divers Rollers, and at last stay'd below the Elbow, which, nevertheless, it must not cover. Afterward our Longitudinal Bolsters must be laid upon the Fracture round about the Arm, which are to be kept close with a third Band; it being of no great Importance whether the Application of this third Band be begun at the Top or at the Bottom; but it may be stay'd round the Body, or else beneath the Elbow. The Arm ought also to be encompass'd with two thick pieces of Paste-board made round at the ends, and of the length of the Arm; but they must not cross one another. These Paste-boards are to be fasten'd with three Ribbands, and the Arm is to be put into a Scarf made with a large Napkin, which is to be first apply'd in the middle under the Arm-pit, the Arm resting upon it, so that the four ends may be rais'd up, and fasten'd to the opposite Shoulder; but the Hand must lie higher than the Elbow.

Of the Fracture of the Bone of the Elbow.
If both the Bones of the Elbow be broken, a stronger Extension is to be made than if only one of 'em were so hurt; to which purpose a Servant is to be appointed to grasp the Arm above the Elbow with both his Hands, and another to hold it above the Wrist, whilst the Surgeon sets the Bones with the Palms of both his Hands, till no unevenness be any longer felt in the Part.

The Dressing and Bandage
Are the same with those in the Fracture of the Arm; but the Bands which are carry'd upward are to be stay'd above the Elbow. If the Patient be desirous to keep his Bed, it is requisite that his Arm be laid upon a Pillow, the Elbow lying somewhat higher than the Hand.

Of the Fracture of the Carpus or Wrist-Bone.
If the Bones of the Carpus, or those of the Metacarpium be fractur'd, a Servant must hold the Arm above the Wrist, and another the Fingers; whilst the Operator sets the Bones in their place, so as no unevenness may appear in the Part.

The Dressing and Bandage.
Of the Fracture of the Wrist are to be prepar'd with a Band roll'd with one Head, being six Ells Long, and two Fingers broad; so that three Circumvolutions are to be made upon the Wrist; the Band is to be pass'd over the Hand, between the Thumb and the Fore-finger, making the Figure of KY upon the Thumb. Then after having made divers Rollers upon the Carpus, a Bolster is to be apply'd, with a little Piece of Paste-board of the same Shape with the Wrist; several Rollers are to be form'd on the top of the Elbow, to stay the Band above it; and the Arm is to be put into a Scarf.

Of the Fracture of the Bone of the Metacarpium.
Two Servants are to hold the Hand, after the same manner as in the setting of the Carpus or Wrist-Bone, whilst the Surgeon reduceth the broken Bone by fixing it in its Natural Situation.

The Dressing and Bandage
Are made with a Band roll'd up with one Head, five Ells long, and two Fingers broad: This Band being fasten'd to the Wrist, with a Circumvolution, is to be laid on the Metacarpium, between the Thumb and the Fore-finger, and the Figure of KY is to be made upon the Hand: Then the forming of Rollers and KY's is to be continu'd till the Metacarpium be cover'd; a Bolster and Paste-board are to be laid upon the same Metacarpium; as also one in the Hand, of the Shape of the Part: The inside of the Hand is to be trimm'd; and the whole Contexture is to be cover'd as before, with Rollers; which are continu'd till above the Elbow, where the Band is stay'd.

Of the Fracture of the Fingers.
A Light Extension is to be made in the Fingers to reduce 'em, and a small Dressing is to be prepar'd for every Finger, almost like that of the Arm. The Fingers are to be somewhat bent, and the inside of the Hand is to be trimm'd with a Bolster, to retain 'em in this Situation. The Bolster is also to be stay'd with a Band, and the Arm to be put into a Scarf.

Of the Fracture of the Thigh.
If the Thigh-Bone be broken near its Head, the Fracture is very difficult to be discover'd; but if the Bone pass one over another, it may be soon known, because the hurt leg will be shorter than the other. Therefore a very great Extension is to be made; and if the Hands are not sufficient for that purpose, recourse may be had to Straps and Engines. In the mean time the Operator is to lay his Thumbs upon the fractur'd Bone, to thrust it back into its place, and afterward to apply

The Dressing and Bandage.
The Cavity of the Thigh is to be fill'd with a thick Bolster, of the length of its bending; and three Bands four Fingers broad are to be provided, the first being three Ells long, and the second four, as well as the third: Then three Circumvolutions are to be made upon the Fracture with the first Band, carrying it up with small Rollers, and it is to be stay'd round the Body. The second Band is to make two Circumvolutions upon the Fracture, and is to be brought down with small Rollers, which are terminated above the Knee; or else they may be continu'd all along the Leg; it is also to be pass'd under the Foot, and to be drawn up again upon the Leg: Then a Bolster is to be apply'd to the lower part of the Thigh, being thicker at bottom than at top, to render the Thigh everywhere even; and four Longitudinal Bolsters are to be added, on which are laid Splints of the same length and breadth, which are to be wrapt up with a single Bolster. The third Band is to be roll'd upon these Splints, beginning at the bottom, and ascending with Rollers. Then two large Paste-boards are to be us'd, which may embrace the whole Dressing, without crossing one another, being fasten'd with three Ribbands. Afterward a Pair of Pumps is to be put under the Foot, and the Heel to be supported with a small Roll, the Thigh and Leg being let into the Scarves, the inner of which is to extend to the Groin, and the outermost is to be somewhat longer: Two little Cushions are also to be laid on each side below the Knee, and two others below the Ankles, to fill up the Cavities. These Cushions or large Bolsters are to lie between the Scarves; and a thick Bolster is to be laid upon the Leg all along its length, as also on upon the Thigh. The Scarves are to be bound with three Ribbands for the Legs, and as many for the Thighs; the Knots being ty'd without, and on the side.

Of the Fracture of the Knee-Pan.
The Knee-Pan is cleft or broken in divers pieces in its length, and cross-wise: If it be broken cross-wise or obliquely, the two Pieces fly out one from another; and on this occasion a strong Extension is to be made; whilst the Surgeon at the same time thrusts back again the upper-part of the Knee-Pan into its place.

If the Knee-Pan be fractur'd in its length, no Extension can be made, because the pieces of the Bones remain in their place.

The Dressing and Bandage.
If the Knee-Pan be broken cross-wise, a Band is to be provided three Ells long, and two Fingers Broad, which may be roll'd with one or two Heads. The Application is to be begun above the Knee-Pan; the Figure of KY is to be made in the Ham, and a Circumvolution under the Knee; then the Band is to be continually carry'd up and down, till the Knee-Pan be entirely cover'd.

If the Knee-Pan be fractur'd in its length, that is to say, from the top to the bottom, the Uniting-Band must be us'd, being two or three Ells long, and two Fingers broad, perforated in the middle. It is to be at first apply'd under the Knee, and one of the Balls is to be pass'd thro' the Hole; it must also be well clos'd, and divers Circumvolutions are to be made upon the Knee-Pan, so as it may be altogether cover'd.

Of the Fracture of the Leg.
If the Tibia be only broken, it pushes into the Inside; but if both Bones be fractur'd they are sometimes separated on both sides, or else they pass one upon another; and in this case the Leg is shorter than it ought to be. If the Perone be broken, it pushes to the outside.

If one Bone be only fractur'd, so strong an Extension is not requisite as when they are both shatter'd, and it is to be drawn only on one side; whereas the drawing ought to be equal on both sides when both Bones are concern'd. Thus whilst the Assistants are employ'd in drawing, the Surgeon performs the Operation, by laying the ends of the Bones exactly against one another; and they are known to be reduc'd when the great Toe remains in its Natural Situation.

The Dressing and Bandage.
A simple Bolster dipt in a convenient Liquor is at first apply'd, and three Bands three Fingers broad are prepar'd, the first being two Ells long, the second three, and the third three and a half. Three very streight Circumvolutions are to be made upon the Fracture; the Band is also to be carry'd up with Rollers, and stay'd above the Knee. The Application of the second Band is to be begun upon the Fracture with two Circumvolutions; it is to be brought down with Rollers, to pass under the Foot, afterward carry'd up again, and stay'd where it is terminated. The Leg is to be fill'd with a Bolster thicker at the bottom than at the top; and then are to be laid on the four longitudinal Bolsters, two Fingers broad, and as long as the Leg; to which are to be apply'd the Splints of a plyable and thin Wood: These are wrapt up with a simple Bolster, and strengthen'd with the third Band, which is apply'd indifferently either at the top or bottom, opposite to the former; so that it is carry'd up or else down in making Rollers, and stay'd at its end. The whole Contexture is to be encompass'd with large Paste-boards made round at the Ends, which are not to cross one another, but must be streighter at the bottom than at the top, and are to be ty'd with three Ribbands or pieces of Tape, beginning at the middle; so that the Knots be ty'd on the outside. Afterward the Leg is to be put into the Scarves, and the Heel is to be supported with a Linnen-Roll, to which are fasten'd two Ribbands that are ty'd upon the Scarves: These Rolls are made with a small piece of Cloth, which is doubl'd, and roll'd up with the ends, in which is contain'd some Straw, and a little Stick in the middle, to consolidate 'em. The Foot is supported with a Paste-board or Wooden Sole, trimm'd with a Bolster, or small Quilt sow'd over it. Divers Strings are also fasten'd to the middle of the sides of the Sole or Pump, which are cross'd to be joyn'd to the Scarves; and another is fixt at the end of the Sole, which is ty'd to a Ribband that binds the middle of the Scarf. These Scarves are likewise fasten'd with three Ribbands, beginning with that in the middle, the Knots being without, and trimm'd with four Bolsters, that is to say, two on each side, to fill up the Cavities that are below the Knee, and above the Ankle. Lastly, the Leg is to be plac'd somewhat high, and a Cradle to be laid upon it, to keep off the Bed-Cloaths, the Scarves passing over the Knee and Foot.

The Dressing of Complicated Fractures
Of the Arms, Legs, and Thighs is prepar'd with a Bandage having Eighteen Heads or Ends, in order to make which, a Linnen-Cloth is to be taken of the length of the Part, and broad enough to cause it to be cross'd thereby: It is to be folded into three doubles, and cut in three places on each side, leaving the middle plain; so that eighteen Heads or small Bands are form'd, every one of which will be four fingers broad, the upper Heads being a little shorter than the lower. This Band of eighteen Heads is to be laid upon the Scarves, and a Bolster is to be apply'd to it four Fingers broad, as long as the Scarves. The Leg is laid upon this Bolster, and it hinders the corrupt Matter from falling on the Bandage.

When the Wound hath been dress'd, the fracture is to be incontinently surrounded with one of the Heads, which ought to cross one another: Then after the Leg hath been bound with the first Heads, two Longitudinal Bolsters are to be apply'd to the side of it; and the other Heads are to be rais'd up, with all the rest of the Dressing, which hath been describ'd in the simple Fracture.

Of the Fracture of the Bone of the Foot.
The Reduction of the Bone of the Foot is perform'd after the same manner as that of the Hand.

The Dressing and Bandage
Are made with a Band roll'd with two Heads, being three Ells long, and two Fingers broad: The Application of it is begun with a Circumvolution above the Ankles; it is pass'd on the Foot, and in like manner makes a Circumvolution round it: Afterward the same Band is cross'd over the Metatarsus, upon which are made some Folds in form of a Rhombus or Diamond; as also on the Toes, and it is stay'd above the Ankle-Bone; or else it is carry'd up along the Leg, to be stay'd above the Knee. This Bandage serves for all Fractures of the Bones of the Foot, and is call'd the Sandal.

title: Compleat Surgeon/Fractures


text:
Compleat Surgeon/Luxations

Of the Luxation of the Nose.
The Bones of the Nose may be separated from that of the Fore-head by a Fall, or some violent Blow; and the Surgeon in order to set 'em, at first lays his Thumb upon the Root of the Nose, and then he introduceth a little Stick trimm'd with Cotton, into the Nostrils, and by the means thereof thrusts back the Bones into their place.

The Dressing and Bandage
Are the same with those that have been already describ'd in the Fracture of the Bones of the Nose.

Of the Luxation of the lower-Jaw.
The Jaw may be luxated either on both sides, or only on one. When the Dislocation happens on both sides, it hangs over the Sternum or Breast-Bone, and the Spittle runs abundantly out of the Mouth: To reduce it, the Patient must sit down, and his Head is to be supported by a Servant; then the Operator or Surgeon having wrapt up his two Thumbs, puts 'em into the Mouth upon the Molar Teeth, his other Fingers lying under the Jaw, which is to be drawn down by raising it up, having before set two small Wooden Wedges upon the two Molar Teeth on both sides of the Jaw, lest the Surgeon's Fingers shou'd be hurt, as the Bone is returning to its place.

If the Luxation be forward, a Band or Strap is to be put under the Chin, an Assistant having his Knees upon the Patient's Shoulders, where he is to draw the Strap upward, to facilitate the Extension; which the Surgeon makes with his Hands, at the same time thrusting the Bone back again into its place.

When the Jaw is luxated only on one side, the Chin stands a-cross, and the dislocated side is squash'd down, a small Cavity being perceiv'd in it, and a Rising on the other side; so that the Mouth cannot be shut close, but remains somewhat open, the lower Teeth appear farther out than the upper; and the Canine or Dog-Teeth lie under the Incisive. This Luxation is reduc'd by giving a blow with the Hand upon the luxated Bone, which is sufficient to cause it to re-enter its Natural Place.

The Dressing and Bandage
Are altogether the same with those us'd in the Fracture of the Bones of the lower Jaw.

Of the Luxation of the Clavicle.
The Clavicle is oftner loosen'd from the Acromion than from the Sternum; when it hath left the former the Arm cannot be lifted up; the Acromion makes a Prominence, and the Clavicle descends downward, a Cavity appearing in its place. To reduce this Luxation, the Patient is to be laid upon some Convex Body put between his Shoulders; both which are to be press'd backward, to raise up the Clavicle: Afterward he is to be set in a Chair, that his Arm may be drawn backward, whilst the Surgeon is employ'd in pressing the Clavicle and Acromion, to join 'em together.

The Dressing and Bandage
Are the same with those that we have already shewn, in treating of the Fracture of the Clavicle.

Of the Luxation of the Vertebra's.
In the Luxation of the Vertebra's of the Neck, the Head stands to one side, and the Face is swell'd and livid, with a difficulty of Respiration.

To reduce this Dislocation, the Patient is to be set upon a low Seat, an Assistant leaning on his Shoulders, to keep his Body steady, whilst the Surgeon or Operator draws his Head upward, and turns it from one side to another: Then if the Accidents or Symptoms cease, the Cure is perform'd; so that Fomentations may be apply'd to the Part; and the Patient being laid in his Bed, must take care to avoid moving his Head.

When the Vertebra's of the Back or Loins are luxated on the inside, a sinking of the Bone is soon perceiv'd; whereupon the Patient being laid on his Belly, the Extension is to be made with Napkins pass'd under the Arm-Pits, and upon the Os Ileum, whilst the Surgeon with a strong Extension makes some Efforts on the Spine, endeavouring to draw back the Vertebra. If that be not sufficient, an Incision is to be made upon the Apophysis Spinosa of the Vertebra; so that after having laid open this Process of the Bone, it may be taken out with a Pair of Forceps. Then the Wound is to be dress'd with Pledgets, a Plaister, and a Napkin, which must not be bound too close, for fear of pushing back the Spine.

When the Vertebra is luxated on the outside, a Prominence appears; so that to reduce this Dislocation, the Extension is to be made as before, the Patient lying in like manner upon his Belly; but in order to push back the Vertebra, two little Sticks trimm'd with Linnen-Cloth are to be prepar'd, and laid along the two sides of the Spine of the Vertebra; yet these Sticks ought to be thick enough to remain more elevated than the Apophysis Spinosa; and a large wooden Roller is to be often roll'd upon 'em, which by its turning backward and forward, may thrust the Vertebra's inward; so that when all the Vertebra's are of an equal height, the Reduction is finish'd. If the Vertebra's are luxated on the side, the same Extensions are to be made, and the Prominence is to be push'd, to re-establish the Vertebra in its place.

The Dressing and Bandage.
The Dressing is prepar'd by laying two thin Plates of Lead on each side of the Spinous Process of the Vertebra, to maintain it in its Place, and a long Bolster over 'em. The proper Bandage is the Quadriga, which hath been before describ'd, in treating of the Fractures of the Breast-Bone.

Of the Luxation of the Coccyx or Rump-Bone.
If the Coccyx be sunk on the inside, it is to be rais'd with the Fore-finger of the Right-hand put into the Anus; and if the Luxation be on the outside, it may be gently thrust back again. An Account of its proper Dressing and Bandage hath been already given in the Fracture of the Coccyx.

Of the Bunch.
The Bunch is nothing else but an exterior Luxation of the Vertebra's, and for the Cure thereof, it wou'd be requisite to keep Emollients for a long time upon the Vertebra's, to loosen the Ligaments, and to wear Iron-Bodice; which in compressing the Vertebra's by little and little, might perhaps drive 'em back into their Natural Place.

Of the Luxation of the Ribs.
The Ribs are luxated either on the outside, or on the inside: If they be dislocated on the inside, a Cavity is perceiv'd near the Vertebra's, the Patient drawing his Breath with Pain, and not being able to bend his Body.

When the Luxation is on the outside, and happens in the upper Ribs, the Patient's Hands are to be hoisted upon the top of a Door, to raise up the Ribs, whilst the Surgeon presseth the Prominence of the Rib to restore it to its place.

When the lower Ribs are luxated, the Patient must be oblig'd to stoop, laying his Hands upon his Knees, and the Prominence of the Bone is to be thrust back.

If a Rib be luxated on the inside, an Incision is to be made to draw it out with the Fingers.

The Dressing and Bandage
Are the same with those that are us'd in the Fracture of the Ribs.

Of the Sinking of the Xiphoides, or Sword-like Cartilage.
To raise up the Xiphoid Cartilage, it must be fomented before for some time with Oil of Turpentine, or other Fomentations, made with Aromaticks; then the Patient is to be laid upon his Back, with a Convex Body underneath, and the Shoulders, and Sides of the Breast are to be press'd, to lift up the Cartilage. When this Operation is not sufficient, dry Cupping-Glasses are usually apply'd, till the Part be elevated, and a strengthening Plaister is afterward laid upon it.

Of the Luxation of the Humerus, or Arm-Bone.
The Head of the Humerus generally falls under the Arm-Pit, so that the luxated Arm becomes longer than the other, the Acromion appears pointed on the outside; the Elbow starts from the Ribs, and cannot be mov'd without great Pain. To reduce this Bone, the Patient is to be set upon a low Seat, or else on the Ground, whilst some Person supports his Body with a Napkin: In the mean time the Surgeon is to lay hold on the upper-part of the Humerus, a Servant kneeling behind him, who is to hold the Patient's Arm above the Elbow, which is to pass between the Surgeon's Legs, and is to be drawn down by the Assistant as much as is possible, whilst the Surgeon in like manner draws the Arm, to remove the Head of the Bone out of the place where it was stopt; insomuch that the Bone sometimes makes a Noise in re-entring its Cavity.

Or else the Patient's Arm may be laid upon the Shoulder of a taller Man than himself, who is strongly to draw the luxated Arm upon the Fore-part of his Breast; during which time, the Operator is to push the Head of the Humerus, to cause it to re-enter its Cavity.

Otherwise the Patient may lie on the Ground, a Tennis-Ball being put under his Arm-Pit, which a Servant is to draw strongly with a Handkerchief pass'd under the Shoulder, whilst another Assistant stands behind the Patient, to thrust down the Shoulder with his Foot; at the same time the Surgeon sitting between the Patient's Legs, is to push strongly with his Heel the Ball that lies under the Arm-hole.

Or else, a thick Battoon or Leaver may be laid on the Shoulders of two Men, after a Tennis-Ball hath been nail'd on the middle of it; otherwise a Bunch may be made therein, and cover'd with Linnen-Cloth; two Wooden Pins being also fixt on each side of the Ball: Then the Patient's Arm-Pit is to be set between those two Pins, and upon the Ball, where he is to remain hanging, whilst his Arm is pull'd down by main force. The same thing may be done by laying the Patient's Arm-Pit upon a Door, or else upon the Round of a Ladder.

The Dressing and Bandage
A little Ball of Linnen is to be laid under the Arm-Pit, and underneath a Bolster with four Heads, which are cross'd upon the Shoulder; as also a Bolster under the sound Arm-Hole, that it may not be gall'd by the Bandage Spica, the Nature of which we have shewn in treating of the Fracture of the Clavicle.

Of the Luxation of the Elbow.
When the Elbow is luxated on the inside, the Arm flies out, and the Hand is turn'd outward; but in the Luxation on the outside, the Arm is shortned: If the Luxation be Lateral, a Prominence appears in the Dislocated, and a Cavity in the opposite Part.

To reduce the Internal Luxation, the Humerus and Cubitus are drawn, and at the same time the Surgeon bends the Elbow, by carrying the Hand toward the Shoulder; or else a Tennis-Ball may be laid in the Fold of the Elbow, and the Arm drawn toward the Shoulder.

For the External Luxation, the Extension is to be made, whilst the Surgeon thrusts back the Elbow into its place: Or else a round Stick may be taken, and trimm'd with Linnen-Cloth, with which the Bone is to be push'd back into its place during the Extension. This Stick may be also us'd in the reducing of the Internal Luxation.

For the Lateral Luxations, the Extension may be made in like manner; the Surgeon at the same time thrusting back the Bone into its Natural Situation.

The Bandage
Is made with a Band five Ells long, and two Fingers broad, roll'd with one Ball: The Application of it is begun with a Circumvolution at the lower part of the Humerus, it is pass'd over the Fold of the Arm; a Circumvolution is also form'd in the upper-part of the Elbow, and the Figure of KY in its Fold. Afterward the Rollers are continu'd upon the Elbow, and the KY's in the inside of the Arm, till the Elbow be entirely cover'd: The Band is likewise carry'd up to the top of the Arm with Rollers, and stay'd round about the Body. The Patient must be oblig'd to keep his Bed, or else his Arm may be put in a Scarf, after the same manner as in the Fracture of the Arm.

Of the Luxation of the Wrist.
If the Luxation be Internal, the Hand is turn'd back to the outside, so that for the Reduction thereof, it wou'd be requisite to cause the back of the Hand to be laid upon a Table, and the Extension to be made by drawing the Elbow and Hand, whilst the Surgeon takes care to press the Prominence.

If the Luxation be External, the Hand is bended on the inside; so that to reduce it, the inside of the Hand is to be laid upon a Table, and the Surgeon is to press it after the Extension.

If the Luxation be on the sides, the Hand is turn'd to one side; so that the Extension must be made, and the Hand turn'd on the side opposite to the Luxation. But the Fingers are usually drawn one after another, to the end that the Tendons may be set again in their Place.

The eight Bones of the Carpus may be in like manner dislocated both on the inside and without; and to set 'em right, the Hand is to be laid upon a Table, and the Extension to be made, so as to press the Protuberances on the inside, if the Luxation be internal, and on the outside if it be external.

The Bandage
Is prepar'd with a Band six Ells long, and two Fingers broad; so that three Circumvolutions may be made upon the Luxation; as also divers Rollers in passing thro' the inside of the Hand between the Thumb and the Forefinger, and in forming the Figure of KY upon the Thumb, after having made many Rollers upon the Wrist. Two Pieces of Paste-board are also to be laid on the sides of the Wrist, which are bound with the same Band in making Rollers; and the Hand is to be trimm'd with a Linnen-Ball, to keep the Fingers in their mean Situation. Then the Band is to be pass'd above, to strengthen it, and carry'd up with Rollers along the whole length of the Elbow, to be stay'd below the same Elbow.

Of the Luxation of the Fingers.
If the Fingers be luxated, it is necessary to make an Extension to reduce 'em, and afterward to use the following

Bandage.
If the Luxation be in the first Articulation or Joint, the Bandage Spica is to be apply'd, being made of a Band roll'd with one Head, an Ell long, and an Inch broad: It is begun with Circumvolutions round about the Wrist, and brought over the Luxation in passing between the Fingers. These Circumvolutions are also continu'd to form a Spica upon the Luxation; and the Band is stay'd at the Wrist.

If all the first Phalanges were dislocated, it wou'd be requisite to make as many upon every Phalanx, and with the same Band: This sort of Bandage is call'd the Demi-Gantlet.

Of the Luxation of the Thigh.
The Luxation which most commonly happens in this Part, is the Internal; so that a Protuberance appears on the Hole of the Os Pubis; the indispos'd Leg is longer than the other, and the Knee and Foot turn outward; neither can the Thigh be any longer bended, nor drawn near the other.

If the Luxation be External, the Leg becomes shorter than the other, the Knee and Foot turning inward, and the Heel to the outside.

When the Luxation is on the fore-part, a Tumour ariseth in the Groin, so that the Patient cannot draw this Thigh toward the other, nor bend the Leg; his Body resting only upon the Heel.

If the Luxation be Posterior, a Tumour is felt in the Buttocks with great Pain, and the Legg is shorter than it ought to be: There also appears a sinking in the Groin, the Leg is lifted off from the Ground, and the hurt Person is apt to fall backward.

To reduce the Internal Luxation, the Patient is to be laid with his Back upon a Table, to which is fixt a thick Wooden Pin, about a Foot long, which is to be set between his Thighs, to detain his Body when his Legs are drawn down; then a Strap is to be pass'd above the joynt of the Thigh, to draw the Ischion upward; and the Thigh is to be drawn down with another Strap fasten'd above the Knee: In the mean while the Surgeon thrusts the Thigh upward, to cause it to re-enter its Cavity, the Straps being somewhat loosen'd in the time of the Reduction to facilitate the Operation.

To reduce the External Luxation, the Patient is to be laid upon his Belly; and the drawing to be perform'd after the same manner as we have even now shewn, whilst the Thigh is thrust from the outside inward, to cause the bone to re-enter its Cavity.

In reducing the Anterior Luxation, the hurt Person is to be laid upon the side opposite to the Luxation, and Extensions are to be made, by drawing both upward and down-ward, as before: Then the Head of the Bone is to be forc'd, by the means of a Ball thrust strongly with the Knee, in drawing the luxated leg toward the other.

The Posterior Luxation is thus reduc'd; The Patient being laid upon his Belly, the double Extension is to be made, and his Knee drawn outward, to set the Bone in its place. After the Operation hath been perform'd, a Bolster is to be apply'd, steept in Spirituous Medicaments; and the Bandage call'd Spica, of which we have given an Account in treating of the Luxation of the Shoulder.

Of the Luxation of the Knee.
When the Tibia is luxated behind, its Prominences are in the Cavity of the Ham, and the Leg flies off, or is bended. If the same Tibia be dislocated on the side, a kind of Tumour appears in the luxated side, and a Sinking in the opposite. But if the Condylus of the Tibia remains in the inside, the Leg turns outward; and if it be in the outside, it turns inward.

The Posterior Luxation is reduc'd by obliging the Patient to lie upon his Belly, whilst the Surgeon during the Extensions bends the Leg, in drawing the Heel toward the top of the Thigh.

If the Tibia be luxated on the side, the usual Extensions are to be made, and the Bone is to be push'd with the Knee.

If the Luxation were in the fore-part, it wou'd be requisite to lay the Patient upon his Back, to make the Extensions, by drawing the Thigh and Leg; and to press the protuberant Parts.

The Bandage
Is prepar'd with a Band three Ells long, and two Fingers broad, roll'd with two Balls: A Circumvolution being at first made above the Knee, the Figure KY is form'd underneath, and a Circumvolution above it; then the Band is carry'd up again over the Knee, in making Rollers and KY's underneath, till the Knee be entirely cover'd.

Of the Luxation of the Patella or Knee-Pan.
The Knee-Pan is luxated by starting upward; and to reduce it, the Patient's Leg is to be held streight, whilst it is thrust back into its place with the Hands. Then he must be oblig'd to keep his Bed; and the same Bandage is to be apply'd with that which hath been describ'd for the Luxation of the Knee.

If the Perone or Fibula be remov'd from the Tibia, the sides of the Foot are to be press'd, to draw it back again; and it may be kept close with the Bandage which is appropriated to the Fractures of the Tarsus.

The Astragalus may be also luxated in the fore-part; so that the Operator ought to thrust it back into its place, and to make use of the Bandage which we have prepar'd for the Fracture of the Foot.

The Calcaneum sometimes flies off from the Astragalus both in the inside and without; and the Bones of the Tarsus, Metatarsus, and Toes are likewise apt to be luxated. But a little Circumspection is only requisite to reduce all these Dislocations.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Compleat Surgeon/Luxations


text:
Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 23.djvu/83

His name appears among the clerks in the council summoned to parliaments between 1295 and 1302 (Parl. Writs, i. 644). In 1296 he was one of the numerous deputation sent to Cambray to treat for a truce with France before the two cardinals sent by Boniface VIII to mediate (Fœdera, i. 834). In 1302 he was also one of the royal proctors to treat for a peace with the French (ib. i. 940). On 30 Sept. 1302 Greenfield received the custody of the great seal as chancellor at St. Radegund's, near Dover, and during his absence on his French embassy Adam of Osgodby, master of the. rolls, acted as his substitute (Foss, from Rot. Claus. 30 and 31 Edw. I).

On 4 Dec. 1304 Greenfield was elected archbishop of York, in succession to Thomas of Corbridge [q. v.] His election received the royal assent on 24 Dec., and on 29 Dec. he resigned the chancellorship. On leaving for the papal court to receive consecration and the pallium, Greenfield was strongly commended to the pope and cardinals by the king, who speaks of his 'wisdom in council, industry, literary knowledge, and usefulness to the state' (Fœdera, i. 968); but the troubles resulting from the death of Benedict X delayed his business, and it was not until 30 Jan. 1306 that he obtained consecration as bishop from Clement V himself at Lyons (T., in , Historians of the Church of York, ii. 413; , p. 7, Engl. Hist. Soc.; , ii. 233, Engl. Hist. Soc.) Bishop Baldock [q. v.] of London was consecrated at the same time.

Greenfield at once returned to England, and defiantly bore his cross erect before him as he passed through London ('Ann. London.' in, Chronicles of Edward I and Edward II, i. 144). He was not molested by Archbishop Winchelsey, but he owed this favour to the special intercession of King Edward (, Concilia, ii. 284). It was not till 31 March that Greenfield received the temporalities of his see, and then only by purchasing the favour of an influential noble. This expense, his payments to the crown, and especially his long and expensive residence abroad without enjoying his official income, caused him to be terribly crippled by debts for many years. He got the greedy papal curia to postpone for a year the payment of what he owed to it (, Northern Registers, pp. 179-81). But he was forced to raise the money from the company of the Bellardi of Lucca; and to free himself from the Italian usurers he exacted aids from the clergy, and borrowed freely from nearly every church dignitary of the north.

The Scotch wars caused the frequent residence of the court at York, and enhanced the political importance of the archbishop. In July 1307 he acted as regent jointly with Walter Langton [q. v.], bishop of Lichfield, Edward's favourite minister, who had just shown his friendship for Greenfield by the large loan of five hundred marks. Edward II on his accession obtained from the pope a commission authorising Greenfield to crown him in the absence of Winchelsey; but the latter, regaining papal favour, caused it to be revoked and appointed his own agents ('Ann. Paul.' in, Chronicles of Edward I and Edward II, i. 260). Greenfield was a good deal occupied with the Scotch war, entertaining the king after his flight from Bannockburn, and being next year excused from parliament because he was occupied in defending the marches from Bruce and his followers. In 1314 and 1315 he summoned councils at York, in which the great ecclesiastical and temporal magnates to the north assembled to 'provide for the safety of the kingdom' (, Northern Registers, pp. 235, 245). He in vain employed ecclesiastical censures against the rebellious Bishop of Glasgow, and supported the Bishop of Whithorn in his English exile for fidelity to York and King Edward. He also inspired Dominican friars to preach against the Scots (ib. p. 238).

When Clement V attacked the Templars he appointed Greenfield a member of the commission to examine the charges brought against the English members of the order (1309). He showed some activity but little zeal in discharging this unpleasant office, and declined to act at all within the southern province. In 1310 and 1311 he held provincial councils, in the former collecting evidence, and in the latter sentencing those reputed to be guilty. But the worst sentence he imposed was penance within a monastery. He soon released the Templars from the excommunication which they had incurred, and showed his sympathy for them by sending them food and other help. Yet in April 1312 he was present at the council of Vienne, where the order was condemned and dissolved. The king had in the previous July directed Greenfield to stay at home and go to parliament, but in October granted him letters of safe-conduct for the journey beyond sea. At Vienne Greenfield 'was treated with special distinction by Clement V, and was seated nearest to the pope after the cardinals and the Archbishop of Trier.

The energy and activity of Greenfield as a bishop are clearly illustrated by the copious extracts from his extant registers quoted by Canon Raine. The Scotch wars had made his see very disorderly, but he showed great zeal in putting down crimes and


text: Audubon and His Journals/Audubon

title: Audubon and His Journals/Audubon


text:
Compleat Surgeon/Compositions

The Balsam of Arcæus.
Take two Pounds of the Suet of a He-Goat, Venice Turpentine and Gum Elemi, a Pound and a half of each; and of Hogs-Lard one Pound. After the Gum Elemi, being cut into small Pieces, hath been melted over a very gentle Fire, add to it the Turpentine, Goats-Suet, and Swines-Grease; and when all these Ingredients are well dissolv'd, strain the Liquor thro' a new Linnen-Cloth, to separate the Scum and Dregs from it; then let the whole Mass cool, and the Balsam is made.

This Balsam serves to incarnate and consolidate all sorts of Wounds and Ulcers: It is likewise us'd in Fractures and Dislocations of the Bones; as also to cure the Contusions and Wounds of the Nerves.

The Balsam of Spain.
Take pure Wheat, the Roots of Valerian and Carduus Benedictus, of each one Ounce, and beat 'em well in a Mortar with a Pint of White-Wine; strain the whole Composition into an Earthen Vessel Leaded, having a narrow Mouth; stop up the Vessel, and set it upon hot Embers during twenty four Hours: Then add six Ounces, of St. John's Wort; set the whole Mass in Balneo Mariæ, till the Wine be consum'd and let it be strain'd and squeez'd. Afterward add two Ounces of Frankincense well pulveriz'd, with eight Ounces of Venice Turpentine, mixing 'em together over a gentle Fire, and the Balsam will be made.

This is the Balsam which was always us'd by Hieronymus Fabritius ab Aguapendente, a noted Italian Surgeon, and is excellent for all kinds of Wounds, even for the Nervous, which (as it is avouch'd by some Persons) may be cur'd by it within the space of twenty four Hours. But the Wound must be at first wash'd with good White-Wine cold, and afterward anointed with this Balsam well heated. If the Wound be deep, it may be syringed with the same Balsam very hot, and the sides of it anointed when drawn together. Then a Bolster steep'd in the Balsam is to be apply'd to the Part, and upon that another Bolster soakt in the Lees of Wine; as also over this last another drie Bolster.

The Green Balsam.
Take Linseed-Oil and that of Olives, of each one Pint; one Ounce of Oil of Bays; two Ounces of Venice Turpentine, half an Ounce of the destill'd Oil of Juniper-Berries, three Drams of Verdegrease, two Drams of Sucotrin Aloes, two Drams and a half of White Vitriol, and one of the Oil of Cloves.

Having made choice of the best Olive and Linseed-Oil well purify'd and mingl'd together in a Skillet or Pan over a very gentle Fire, let the Turpentine and Oil of Bays be incorporated in it; then having taken off the Pan from the Fire, and left the Liquor to be well cool'd, let it be intermixt by little and little with the Verdegrease, the White Vitriol, and the Sucotrin Aloes beaten to fine Powder: Afterward the destill'd Oils of Cloves and Juniper-Berries being added, and the whole Composition well mingl'd together, the Balsam will be entirely compounded according to Art.

This is the Balsam that hath been so much talkt of at Paris, and which many Quack-Salvers, pretending to the Art of Physick and Surgery, keep as a great Secret. Indeed it is very good for all sorts of Wounds, whether they be made by the Sword, or other Iron Weapons, or by Gun-shot. But it wou'd be requisite at first to wash the Wound with warm Wine, then to anoint it with this Balsam very hot, and to apply Bolsters that have been steept in it, as also a large Bolster over the other, dipt in some Styptick Liquor. This Balsam mundifies, incarnates, and cicatrizes Wounds; being likewise good against the Bitings of venomous Beasts, and fistulous and malignant Ulcers.

Samaritan Balsam.
Take an equal quantity of common Oil and good Wine; boil 'em together in a glaz'd Earthen Vessel, till the Wine be wholly consum'd, and the Balsam will be made. I have produc'd this Balsam in particular, by reason of its simplicity, and in regard that it may be readily prepar'd at all times. It serves to mundifie and consolidate simple Wounds more especially those that are recent.

Unguentum Althææ.
Take of the Roots of Althæa or Marsh-Mallows, six Ounces, the Seeds of Line, and Fenugreek, and Squills, of each four Ounces; of yellow Wax one Pound; Colophony and Rosin, of each one Pound; Venice Turpentine, Galbanum, and Gum Hederæ pulveriz'd, two Ounces of each. The Marsh-Mallow-Roots being newly gather'd, are to be well wash'd and slic'd, as well as the Squills. After they have been put into a Copper-Pan or Skillet, tinn'd over on the inside, together with the Seeds of Line and Fenugreek, and a Gallon of fair Water pour'd upon 'em, the whole Mass is to be macerated during twenty four Hours, over a very gentle Fire, stirring the Ingredients from time to time with a Wooden Spatula: Thus they are to be boil'd slowly, often reiterating the stirring, till the Mucilages are sufficiently thicken'd; then, after having well squeez'd and strain'd 'em thro' a strong and very close Cloth, and mingl'd 'em with the prepar'd Oil, they are to be boil'd together again over a very gentle Fire, till the Superfluous Moisture of the Mucilages be wholly consum'd: Afterward having strain'd the Oil again, the yellow Wax, Colophony, and Rosin cut into small pieces, are to be melted in it; and if any Dregs appear at the bottom of the Pan, when the whole Mass is dissolv'd, it is to be strain'd a-new, or at least the pure Liquor must be separated from the gross or impure by Inclination, whilst it is as yet very hot: The Ointment is to be stirr'd about with a Wooden Pestle; and when it begins to grow thick, you may add the Turpentine, the Galbanum purify'd and thicken'd, and the Gum Hederæ beaten to fine Powder, all which Ingredients were before incorporated together. Then the Ointment is to be continually stirr'd, till it be altogether grown cold.

This Ointment serves to moisten, mollifie, and heat gently; it also allayes the Pains of the Side, and softens Tumours, particularly the Parotides. It may be us'd either alone, or with other Ointments or Oils.

The mundificative Ointment of Smallage.
Take three handfuls of Smallage-Leaves; with Ground-Ivy, great Wormwood, great Centory, Germander, Sage, St. John's-Wort, Plantain, Milfoil or Yarrow, Perewinkle, the greater Comfrey, the lesser Comfrey, Betony, Honey-suckle, Fluellin, Vervein, Knot-Grass, Adders-Tongue, and Burnet, of every one of these Plants two handfuls; a Gallon of common Oil, white Pitch, Mutton-Suet, yellow Wax, and Turpentine, of each two Pounds.

Bruise all these Herbs in a Marble-Mortar; let the Wax, white Pitch, and Mutton-Suet cut into pieces, as also the Turpentine be melted in the Oil, in a Copper-Pan lin'd with Tin, over a moderate Fire; put the bruis'd Herbs in it, and cause the whole Mass to simmer together very slowly, stirring it about from time to time with a Wooden Spatula. As soon as it shall be perceiv'd that the Oil of the Herbs is almost quite consum'd, the whole Composition is to be strain'd, and strongly squeez'd. Then after having let the Ointment cool, to draw off all the Dregs and Moisture, it is to be dissolv'd over a very gentle Fire; and after having left it a little while to cool again and thicken, you may add thereto Myrrh, Aloes, Florence Orris, and round Birth-Wort pulveriz'd very fine. When all these Ingredients are by this means well incorporated, the Ointment will be brought to perfection.

This Ointment is of singular Use to cleanse Ulcers; as also to mundifie, cicatrize, and consolidate all sorts of Wounds.

The black or suppurative Ointment.
Take a Quart of common Oil, white and yellow Wax, Mutton-Suet that lies near the Kidneys, pure Rosin, Ship-Pitch, Venice Turpentine, of each half a Pound; and of Mastick beaten to fine Powder, two Ounces; let all that is capable of being dissolv'd, be liquify'd in the Oil; and add the Powder of Mastick to make an Ointment.

This Ointment searches and opens all sorts of Impostumes, as well as Carbuncles, and Pestilential and Venereal Bubo's. The use of the same Ointment is also to be continu'd after the opening of the Abcesses, till their perfect Cure be compleated.

Unguentum Rosatum.
Take Bore's-Grease well purify'd, and often wash'd, and Red Roses newly pickt, of each four Pounds, with the like quantity of White Roses.

The thin Membrane or Skin which lies upon the Bores-Grease, being taken away, it is to be cut into small pieces, well wash'd in fair Water, and melted in a glaz'd Earthen-Pot over a very gentle Fire; the first Grease that is dissolv'd is to be strain'd thro' a Cloth, well wash'd, and mixt with the same quantity of thick Rose-Buds well bruis'd. Then the whole Mass is to be put into a glaz'd Earthen-Pot with a narrow Mouth; the Pot is to be well stopt, and set during six Hours in Water, which is between luke-warm and boiling hot. Afterward it is to be boil'd an Hour, strain'd and strongly squeez'd. In the mean while four Pounds of White Roses newly blown are to be taken, well bruis'd, and mingl'd with the former Composition, the Pot being cover'd, which is likewise set for the space of six Hours in Water, between luke-warm and boiling hot: Then the Liquor is to be strain'd and strongly squeez'd. Lastly, after the Ointment hath been cool'd, and separated from its Fæces or Dregs, it may be kept for use.

If it be desir'd to give a Rose-Colour to this Ointment, it wou'd be requisite a quarter of an Hour before it be strain'd the last time, to throw into it two or three Ounces of Orcanet, which is to be stirr'd into the Ointment. If it be thought fit to retain the White Colour, and to produce the smell of Roses, it may be done with Damask-Roses without Orcanet. If you are desirous to give it the Consistence of a Liniment, you may add Oil of sweet Almonds to the quantity of a sixth part of its weight.

This Ointment is a very good Remedy against all manner of external Inflammations, particularly against Phlegmons, Erysipelas's, and Tetters; as also against the Head-ach and Hæmorrhoids or Piles.

Unguentum Album, aut de Cerussa.
Take three Pints of Oil of Roses, nine Ounces of white Wax, one Pound of Venice Ceruse or white Lead, and a Dram and a half of Camphire.

The Ceruse being pulveriz'd by rubbing the pieces upon the Cloath of a Hair-Sieve turn'd upside-down; the Powder is to be receiv'd on a Sheet of Paper laid underneath, and to be often wash'd with Water in a great Earthen-Pan, stirring it about with a Wooden Spatula, and pouring off the Water by Inclination as soon as the Powder is sunk to the Bottom. When the Water of these Washings grows insipid, the last Lotion is to be made with Rose-Water, leaving it for the space of five or six Hours, which being expir'd, it is to be pour'd off by Inclination, and the Ceruse must be dry'd in the Shade, cover'd with Paper. Then the broken Wax and prepar'd Oil is to put into a glaz'd Earthen-Pot, and the Pot into the boiling Bath. As soon as the Wax is melted, the Pot may be taken out of the Bath, and the dissolv'd Liquor stirr'd with a Wooden Pestle till it begins to grow thick. Afterward the pulveriz'd Ceruse is to be infus'd, and the Ointment stirr'd about till it be almost cold. If you shall think fit to add Camphire, let it be dissolv'd in a little Oil, and incorporated with the Ointment when it is cold. The Whites of Eggs may be also well mixt with the Ointment, by stirring it about, to make an exact union of the several Ingredients.

This Ointment is good for Burns, Erysipelas's, the Itch, and many Distempers of the Skin; it allayes the Itchings and intemperature of Ulcers; it dissipates the Chafings and Redness that happen in the Bodies of Infants; It is of great efficacy in the healing of Contusions, and it serves to consolidate and cool light Wounds.

Unguentum Ægyptiacum.
Take eleven Ounces of Verdegrease, fourteen Ounces of strong Vinegar, and twenty eight Ounces of good Honey.

Let the Verdegrease be put into a Copper-Pan or Skillet over a very gentle Fire; then bruise it with a Wooden Pestle; work it well in the Vinegar, and strain the whole thro' a Hair-Sieve. If a little Verdegrease remains on the Sieve, it is to be put again into the Skillet bruis'd and beaten small therein, as before, with a Portion of the same Vinegar, straining it thro' the Sieve, till the unprofitable drossy parts of the Copper be only left. Afterward this Liquor is to be boil'd over a gentle Fire, with the Honey, stirring it about from time to time till it hath acquir'd the Consistence of a softish Ointment, and a very red Colour.

This Ointment consumes putrify'd Flesh, and the Superfluities of Ulcers and Wounds.

Unguentum Basilicon, or Royal Ointment.
Take yellow Wax, Mutton-Suet, Rosin, Ship-Pitch, and Venice Turpentine, one Pound of each; with five Pints of common Oil.

Cut the Suet, Rosin, and black Pitch into small Pieces, and let 'em be melted together, with the Oil, in a Copper-Pan over a very moderate Fire; then after having strain'd the Liquor thro' a thick Cloth, let it be incorporated with the Turpentine, and the Ointment will be made.

It promotes Suppuration, and cicatrizes Wounds when the purulent Matter is drawn forth. It is often laid alone upon the Bolsters, and sometimes mixt with the Yolks of Eggs, Turpentine, and other Ointments, or with Oils and Plaisters.

A cooling Cerate.
Take a Pint of Oil of Roses, and three Ounces of white Wax.

Let the whole Composition be put into a glaz'd Earthen-Pot, and the Pot set in Balneo Mariæ, till the Wax be well dissolv'd in the Oil: Then take the Vessel out of the Bath, and stir the Ointment with a Wooden Pestle till it be cool'd; add two Ounces of Water, and stir it about with the Pestle till it be imbib'd by the Cerate; let as much more Water be infus'd, and again the same quantity, till the Cerate becomes very white, and hath been well soakt with fresh Water. Afterward all the Water is to be pour'd off by Inclination, and separated as much as is possible from the Cerate, which may then be kept for use; but some Surgeons cause an Ounce of Vinegar to be mingl'd with it.

This Cerate is usually laid outwardly upon all Parts that stand in need of cooling, and asswages the Pains of the Hæmorrhoids or Piles. It is also good for Chaps, sore Nipples, and other ill Accidents that happen in the Breast; and is us'd for Burns either alone, or mixt with other Ointments. Whensoever it is necessary to apply Desiccatives and Astringents to any Part, this Cerate may be mingl'd with Unguentum de Cerussa.

An Ointment for Burns.
Take a Pound of Bores-Grease, two Pints of White-Wine, the Leaves of the greater Sage, Ground- and Wall-Ivy, Sweet Marjoram, or the Greater House-Leek, of each two handfuls.

Let the whole Mass be boil'd over a gentle Fire, and having afterward strain'd and squeez'd it, let the Ointment so made be kept for use.

The Plaister of Diapalma.
Take three Pounds of prepar'd Litharge of Gold, three Pints of common Oil, two Pounds of Hogs-Lard, a Quart of the Decoction of Palm-Tree or Oak-Tops; four Ounces of Vitriol calcin'd till it become red, and steept in the said Decoction. Having bruis'd or cut very small two handfuls of Palm-Tree or Oak-Tops, let 'em be boil'd slowly in three Quarts of Water till about half be consum'd; and after the whole Mass hath been well squeez'd, the strain'd Decoction is to be preserv'd. In the mean time the Litharge is to be pounded in a great Brass Mortar, and diluted with two or three Quarts of clear Water; but it will be requisite readily to pour out into another Vessel the muddy Water which is impregnated with the more subtil part of the Litharge, whilst the thicker remains at the bottom of the Mortar; whereupon this part of the Litharge will sink to the bottom of the Water, and the Litharge remaining in the Mortar is to be pounded again. Then having diluted it in the Water of the first Lotion, or in some other fresh Water, the muddy Liquor is to be pour'd by Inclination upon the subtil Litharge that remain'd in the bottom of the Vessel: Afterward you may continue to pound the Litharge, to bruise it in the Water, to pour it off by Inclination, and to let the Powder settle, till there be left only at the bottom a certain impure part of the Litharge, capable of being pulveriz'd, and rais'd amidst the Water. As soon as the Lotions are well settl'd, and care hath been taken to separate by Inclination the Water which swims over the Powder of Litharge; this Powder is to be dry'd, and having weigh'd out the appointed Quantity, it is to be put as yet cold into a Copper-Pan lin'd with Tin, and stirr'd about to mingle it with the Oil, Lard, and Decoction of Palm-Tree-Tops. When these Ingredients have been well incorporated together, a good Charcoal Fire must be kindl'd in a Furnace, over which they are to be boil'd, stirring 'em continually with a great Wooden Spatula, and constantly maintaining an equal Degree of Heat during the whole time of their boiling. At last you may add the rubify'd Vitriol dissolv'd in a Portion of the Liquor that hath been reserv'd, if you wou'd have the Plaister tinctur'd with a red Colour; or else white Vitriol melted in the same Decoction, if it shall be thought fit to retain the Whiteness of the Plaister, which may be form'd into Rolls, and wrapt up with Paper.

This Plaister is us'd for the cure of Wounds, Ulcers, Tumours, Burns, Contusions, Fractures, and Chilblains, and is also laid upon the Cauteries. If you mingle with it the third or fourth part of its weight of some convenient Oil, it will attain to the Consistence of a Cerate; and this is that which is call'd Dissolved Diapalma or Cerate of Diapalma.

The Plaister of simple Diachylum.
Take of Marsh-Mallow-Roots peel'd, three Drams; the Seeds of Line and Fenugreek, of each four Ounces; three Quarts of Spring-Water; two Quarts of common Oil, and two Pounds of Litharge of Gold.

Let the Mucilages of Marsh-Mallow-Roots, and of the Seeds of Line and Fenugreek be taken, as hath been shewn in the making of Unguentum Althææ, and let the Litharge be prepar'd after the same manner as for the Plaister of Diapalma. Having at first well mixt the Oil with the Litharge in a large Copper-Vessel or Pan, Tinn'd on the inside, being wide at the top, and tapering like a Cone toward the bottom, as also having afterward added and well incorporated the Mucilages, a moderate Charcoal Fire is to be kindl'd in a Furnace, upon which the Vessel is to be set, and the whole Mass is to be stirr'd about incessantly with a Wooden Spatula; and as fast as is possible. A gentle Fire is to be maintain'd, and the Boiling and Agitation to be continu'd, till it be perceiv'd that the Plaister begins to sink in the Pan; then the Heat of the Fire must be diminish'd one half at the least; and it will be requisite only to cause an Evaporation by little and little, of the Superfluous Moisture that might remain in the plaister, which being consum'd, it will be sufficiently boil'd, having attain'd to its due Consistence and Whiteness.

This Plaister softens and dissolves hard Swellings, and even the Scirrhous Tumours of the Liver and Bowels; such are the Scrophulous or King's-Evil Tumours, the old remains of Abcesses, &c.

The Plaister of Andreas Crucius.
Take two Ounces of Rosin; four Ounces of Gum Elemi, Venice Turpentine and Oil of Bays, of each two Ounces.

After having beat in pieces the Rosin and Gum Elemi, they are to be melted together over a very gentle Fire, and then may be added the Turpentine and Oil of Bays. When the whole Mass hath been by this means well incorporated, it must be strain'd thro' a Cloth, to separate it from the Dregs. The Plaister being afterward cool'd, is to be made up in Rolls, and kept for use.

This Plaister is proper for Wounds of the Breast: It also mundifies and consolidates all sorts of Wounds and Ulcers, dissipates Contusions, strengthens the Parts in Fractures and Dislocations, and causeth the Serous Humours to pass away by Transpiration.

Emplastrum Divinum.
Take of Litharge of Gold prepar'd, one Pound and an half; three Pints of common Oil; one Quart of Spring-Water; six Ounces of prepar'd Load-Stone; Gum Ammoniack, Galbanum, Opoponax, and Bdellium, of each three Ounces; Myrrh, Olibanum, Mastick, Verdegrease, and round Birth-Wort, of every one of these an Ounce and an half; eight Ounces of Yellow Wax, and four Ounces of Turpentine.

Let the Gum Ammoniack, Galbanum, Bdellium, and Opopanax be dissolv'd in Vinegar, in a little Earthen Pipkin; strain 'em thro' a course Cloth, and let 'em be thicken'd by Evaporation, according to the Method before observ'd in other Plaisters: Then prepare the Load-Stone upon a Porphyry or Marble-Stone, and take care to bruise separately, the Olibanum, the Mastick, the Myrrh, the round Birth-Wort, and the Verdegrease, which is to be kept to be added at last. In the mean while, having incorporated cold the Oil with the Litharge, and mingl'd the Water with 'em, they are to be boil'd together over a very good Fire, stirring 'em incessantly, till the whole Composition hath aquir'd the Consistence of a somewhat solid Plaister, in which is to be dissolv'd the yellow Wax cut into small pieces. Afterward having taken off the Pan from the Fire, and left the Ingredients to be half cool'd, intermix the Gums, which have been already thicken'd and incorporated with the Turpentine; then the Load-Stone mingl'd with the Birth-Wort, Myrrh, Mastick, and Olibanum; and last of all the Verdegrease. Thus when all these Ingredients are well stirr'd and mixt together, the Plaister will be entirely compounded; so that it may be made up into Rolls, and preserv'd to be us'd upon necessary Occasions.

This Plaister is efficacious in curing of all kinds of Wounds, Ulcers, Tumours, and Contusions; for it mollifies, digestes, and brings to Suppuration such Matter as ought to be carry'd off this way. It also mundifies, cicatrizes, and entirely consolidates Wounds, &c.

Of Cataplasms or Pultisses.
Cataplasms are usually prepar'd to asswage Pain; as also to dissolve and dissipate recent Tumours, and are made thus:

Take four Ounces and a half of white Bread, one Pint of new Milk, three Yolks of Eggs, one Ounce of Oil of Roses, one Dram of Saffron, and two Drams of the Extract of Opium.

The Crum is to be taken out of the inside of a white Loaf newly drawn out of the Oven, and to be boil'd with the Milk in a Skillet over a little Fire, stirring it from time to time with a Spatula, till it be reduc'd to a thick Pap. After having taken the Vessel off from the Fire, the three Yolks of Eggs beaten are to be put into it, and the Dram of Saffron pulveriz'd; to these Ingredients may be added two Drams of the Extract of Opium somewhat liquid, if the Pain be great.

Here is another Cataplasm proper to mollifie and to bring to Suppuration when it is necessary.
Take White-Lilly-Roots, and Marsh-Mallow-Roots, of each four Ounces; the Leaves of common Mallows, Marsh-Mallows, Groundsel, Violet-Plants, Brank-Ursin, of every one of these Herbs one handful; the Meal of Line, Fenugreek, and Oil of Lillies, of each three Ounces.

The Roots when wash'd and slic'd, are to be boil'd in Water, and the Leaves being added some time after, the Boiling is to be continu'd till the whole Mass becomes perfectly tender and soft; at which time having strain'd the Decoction, beat the remaining gross Substance in a Stone-Mortar, with a Wooden Pestle, and pass the Pulp thro' a Hair-Sieve turn'd upside-down: Then let the Decoction and Pulp so strain'd be put into a Skillet, and having intermixt the Meal of Line, Fenugreek, and Oil of Lillies; let 'em be boil'd together over a gentle Fire, stirring about the Ingredients from time to time, till they be all sufficiently thicken'd. These two Cataplasms may serve as a Model for the making of many others.

Of Oils.
Oils are made either by Infusion or Expression.

Simple Oil of Roses made by Infusion.
Take two Pounds of Roses newly gather'd, and bruis'd in a Mortar; half a Pint of the Juice of Roses, and five Pints of common Oil: Let the whole Composition be put into a Earthen-Vessel, Leaded and well stopt, and then let it be expos'd to the Sun during forty Days. Afterward let it be boil'd in Balneo Mariæ; and having strain'd and squeez'd the Roses, let the Oil be kept for use.

Compound Oil of Roses made by Infusion.
Take a Pound of Red Roses newly gather'd, and pound 'em in a Mortar; as also four Ounces of the Juice of Red Roses, and two Quarts of common Oil. Let the whole Composition be put into an Earthen-Vessel Leaded, the Mouth of which is narrow, and well stopt; and then having expos'd it to the Sun during four Days, let it be set in Balneo Mariæ for an Hour, and then strain'd and squeez'd. Afterward let this Liquor be put into the same Vessel, adding to it the Juice of Roses, and Roses themselves, in the same quantity as before: Let the Vessel be stopt; let the Maceration, Boiling, Straining, and Expression be made in like manner as before; and let the same Operation be once more re-iterated: Then let your Oil be depurated, and preserv'd for use.

These Oils qualifie and disperse Defluctions of Humours, suppress Inflammations, mitigate the Head-ach and Deliriums, and provoke to sleep. They must be warm'd before the Parts are anointed with 'em, and they may be given inwardly against the Bloody-flux and Worms, the Dose being from half an Ounce to a whole Ounce. The Parts are also anointed with 'em in Fractures and Dislocations of the Bones, and Oxyrodins are made of 'em with an equal quantity of Vinegar of Roses.

Oil of Sweet Almonds made by Expression.
Take new Almonds that are fat and very dry, without their Shells, and having shaken 'em in a somewhat thick Sieve, to cause the Dust to fall off; let 'em be put into hot Water till their Skins become tender, so that they may be separated by squeezing 'em with the Fingers: Afterward having taken off the Skin, they must be wip'd with a white Linnen-Cloth, and spread upon it to be dry'd: Then they are to be put into a Stone-Mortar, and pounded with a Wooden-Pestle, till the Paste grows very thin, and begins to give Oil: This Paste is to be put into a little Linnen-Bag, new and strong, the Mouth of which hath been well ty'd; and the Bag is to be plac'd between two Platines of Tin, or of Wood lin'd on the inside with a Leaf of Tin, squeezing the whole Mass gently at first; but afterward very strongly, and leaving it for a long while in the Press, that the Oil may have time to run out.

This Oil mitigates the Nephritick Colicks, remedies the Retention of Urine, facilitates Child-birth, allayes the After-Pains in Women after their delivery, and the Gripes in young Infants: It is taken inwardly fasting from half an Ounce to two Ounces; and it is us'd in Liniments to asswage and mollifie. The Oils of common Wall-Nuts and Small-Nuts, may be also prepar'd after the same manner as that of Sweet-Almonds.

The Oil of Bayes.
Take as much as you please of Laurel or Bay-Berries, well cleans'd, perfectly ripe, and soundly bruis'd; let 'em be put into a Kettle, and boil'd with a sufficient quantity of Water during half an Hour; then strain and squeeze 'em strongly; let the Liquor cool, and scum off the Fat that swims upon the Water: Afterward pound the remaining Substance in a Mortar, and cause it to be boil'd again for half an Hour, with some of the first Water which was left, adding a little fresh; then strain and squeez it, as before, and take off the Oil that swims on the Top. But the first Oil is better than the second, and therefore ought to be kept separately. The Oils of Berries of Mastick, Myrtle, and other oleaginous Plants, may be extracted after the same manner.

The Oil of Bayes mollifies, attenuates, and is opening and discussive: It is very good against the Palsie, and the Shiverings or cold Fits of a feaver or Ague in anointing the Back; as also against Scabs, Tetters, &c.

The Oil of Eggs by Expression.
Take newly laid Eggs, and let 'em be harden'd in Water; then separate the Yolks, and put 'em into a Frying-pan over a gentle Coal-fire, stirring 'em about from time to time, and at last without discontinuing, till they grow reddish, and begin to yield their Oil: Then they are to be sprinkl'd with Spirit of Wine, and pour'd very hot into a little Linnen-Bag, which is to be ty'd, and set in a Press between two heated Platines; so that the Oil may be squeez'd out as readily as is possible.

This Oil mitigates the Pains of the Ears and Hæmorrhoids, cures Scabs and Ring-Worms or Tetters; as also Chaps and Clefts in the Breast, Hands, Feet, and Fundament; and is made use of in Burns, &c.

Of Collyrium's.
Collyrium's are Medicines prepar'd for the Diseases of the Eyes: The following is that of Lanfrancus.

Take a Pint of White-Wine, three Pints of Plantain-Water, three Pounds of Roses, two Drams of Orpiment, one Dram of Verdegrease; Myrrh and Aloes, of each two Scruples.

The Orpiment, Verdegrease, Myrrh, and Aloes are to be beaten to a fine Powder before they are intermixt with the Liquors. This Collyrium is not only good for the Eyes, but is also of use to make Injections into the Privy-Parts of Men and Women; but before the Injections are made, it ought to be sweeten'd with three or four times the quantity in weight of Rose, Plantain, or Morel-Water.

A dry Collyrium.
Take two Drams of Sugar-candy; prepar'd Tutty, Lizard's-Dung, of each one Dram; White Vitriol, Sucotrin Aloes, and Sal Saturni, of each half a Dram.

Let the whole Composition be reduc'd to a very fine Powder, and mixt together: Two or three Grains of this Powder may be blown at once into the Eye with a small Quill, Pipe of Straw, or Reed, as long as it is necessary; and the same Powder may also be steept in Ophthalmick Waters, to make a liquid Collyrium.

A Blue Collyrium.
Take a Pint of Water in which unslackt Lime has been quench'd, and a Dram of Sal Ammoniack pulveriz'd; mingle these Ingredients together in a Brass-Bason, and let 'em be infus'd during a whole Night; then filtrate the Liquor and keep it for use.

This Collyrium is one of the best Medicines that can be prepar'd for all manner of Diseases of the Eyes.

A Powder against Madness or Frenzy.
Take the Leaves of Rue, Vervein, the lesser Sage, Plantain, Polypody, common Wormwood, Mint, Mother-Wort, Balm, Betony, St. John's-Wort, and the lesser Centory; of every one an equal quantity.

These Plants must be gather'd in the Month of June, during the clear and serene Weather, and ty'd up in Nose-gays, or little Bundles; which are to be wrap'd up in Paper, and hung in the Air to be dry'd in the Shade. Afterward they are to be pounded in a great Brass-Mortar, and the Powder is to be sifted thro' a Silk-Sieve.

The Dose of this Powder is from two to three Drams, mingl'd with half a Dram of the Powder of Vipers, in half a Glass of good White-Wine every Morning fasting, for fifty one Days successively. It has an admirable effect, provided the wounded Person be not bit in the Head nor Face, and that the Wound has not been wash'd with Water.

Styptick-Water.
Take Colcothar or Red Vitriol that remains in the Retort after the Spirit has been drawn off, Burnt Allom, and Sugar-candy, of each thirty Grains; the Urine of a Young Person, and Rose-Water, of each half an Ounce; and two Ounces of Plantain-Water: Let the whole Mixture be stirr'd about for a long time, and then put into a Vial. But the Liquor must be pour'd off by Inclination when there shall be occasion to take any for use.

If a Bolster steept in this Water be laid upon an open Artery, and held close with the Hand, it will soon stop the Blood; a small Tent may be also soakt in it, and put up into the Nose for the same purpose. If it be taken inwardly, it stops the spitting of Blood, and the Dysentery or Bloody-Flux; as also the Hæmorrhoidal and Menstruous Fluxes; the Dose being from half a Dram to two Drams, in Knot-Grass-Water.

title: Compleat Surgeon/Compositions


text:
Talk:The Travels of Ludovico di Varthema/Burma

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Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 23.djvu/84

, correcting the misconduct of his own household, attacking non-residence, and visiting the monasteries. In 1311 he visited Durham, during the vacancy between the episcopates of Bek and Kellawe. He quarrelled with Archbishop Reynolds on the question of the southern primate bearing his cross erect within the northern province, and in 1314 he very unwillingly acquiesced in the Archbishop of Canterbury exercising this mark of power in York city itself (, p. 88, Rolls Ser.) In 1306 he promulgated at Ripon a series of constitutions, the same, with additions, as those issued in 1289 by his old friend Gilbert of St. Lifard [see ] bishop of Chichester (, Concilia, ii. 169-72, 285, prints them in full). He also published in 1311 certain statutes reforming the procedure of his consistory courts and regulating the functions of the officials and proctors practising there (ib. ii. 409-15), He urged strongly the canonisation of Grosseteste.

Greenfield died at Cawood on 6 Dec. 1315, and was buried in the eastern side of the north transept of York minster, under a monument which, though much defaced and injured, is still of considerable grandeur. His nephew, William of Greenfield, became an adherent of Thomas of Lancaster.

[Raine's Fasti Eboracenses, pp. 361-97, collects practically all that is known about Greenfield, including a great deal from his manuscript Register, large extracts from which are given in Raine's Papers from the Northern Registers (Rolls Ser.); Thomas Stubbs's Life of Greenfield, in Twysden's Decem Scriptores c. 1729-30, and now republished in Raine's Historians of the Church of York, ii. 413-15 (Rolls Ser.); Stubbs's Chronicles of Edward I and Edward II (Rolls Ser.); Murimuth, Trivet, and Hemingburgh (Engl. Hist. Soc.); Parl. Writs; Wilkins's Concilia, vol. ii.; Rymer's Fœdera, vols. i. and ii. Record edit. Foss's Judges of England, iii. 96-7, is hardly so full as usual.]  GREENFIELD, WILLIAM (1799–1831), philologist, was born in London on 1 April 1799. His father, William Greenfield, a native of Haddington, attended Well Street Chapel, London, then under the ministry of Alexander Waugh. He joined a missionary voyage in the ship Duff, and was accidentally drowned when his son was two years old. In the spring of 1802 Greenfield was taken by his mother to Jedburgh. In the summer of 1810 they returned to London, and Greenfield resided for some time with his two maternal uncles, who gave him instruction. They were men of business who studied languages in order to understand learned quotations, and they taught him. In October 1812 Greenfield was apprenticed to a bookbinder named Rennie. A Jew employed in his master's house, and a reader of the law in the synagogue, taught him Hebrew gratuitously. At sixteen Greenfield began to teach in the Fitzroy Sabbath school, of which his master was a conductor. At seventeen he became a member of Well Street Chapel, and a close friend of the minister, Dr. Waugh. In 1824 he left business to devote himself to languages and biblical criticism. In 1827 he published 'The Comprehensive Bible … with … a general introduction … Notes,' &c. The book, though fiercely attacked as heterodox by the 'Record' and a Dr. Henderson, became very popular, especially among Unitarians. An abridgment was afterwards published as 'The Pillar of Divine Truth immoveably fixed on the foundation of the Apostles and Prophets. … The whole of the arguments and illustrations drawn from the pages of the Comprehensive Bible, by …'[W. Greenfield], 8vo,London, 1831. Greenfield's valuable 'Defence of the Serampore Mahratta Version of the New Testament' (in reply to the 'Asiatic Journal' for September, 1829), 8vo, London, 1830, commended him to the notice of the British and Foreign Bible Society, by whom he was engaged, about April of that year, as superintendent of the editorial department. He had no previous knowledge of the Mahratta and other languages referred to in the pamphlet, which, it is said, was written within five weeks of his taking up the subject. He followed it up by 'A Defence of the Surinam Negro-English Version of the New Testament …,' 1830 (in reply to the 'Edinburgh Christian Instructor').

While nineteen months in the society's service Greenfield wrote upon twelve European, five Asiatic, one African, and three American languages; and acquired considerable knowledge of Peruvian, Negro-English, Chippeway, and Berber. His last undertaking for the society was the revision of the 'Modern Greek Psalter' as it went through the press. He also projected a grammar in thirty languages, but in the midst of his labours he was struck down by brain fever, dying at Islington on 5 Nov. 1831 (Gent. Mag. 1831, pt. ii. p. 473). He left a widow and five children, on whose behalf a subscription was opened (ib. 1832, pt. i. pp. 89-90). His portrait by Hayter was engraved by Holl (, Cat. of Engraved Portraits, ii. 177).

Greenfield's other publications include: 1. 'The book of Genesis in English-Hebrew … with notes,' &c., by … [W. Greenfield], 8vo, London, 1828; another edition,


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Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 06.djvu/39

Bourn 1843; Twamley's Hist. of Dudley Castle (1867), p. 53; Pickard's Brief Hist. of Congleton Unitarian Chapel, 1883; Baker's Memorials of a Dissenting Chapel (Cross Street, Manchester), 1884.]

BOURN, SAMUEL (1714–1796), dissenting minister, second son of the younger [q. v.], was born in 1714 at Crook near Kendal, and educated at Stand grammar school and Glasgow University, where he studied under Hutcheson and Simson. In 1742 he settled in the ministry at Rivington, Lancashire, where he enjoyed the friendship of Hugh, fifteenth Lord Willoughby of Parham, who lived at Shaw Place, near Rivington, and was the representative of the last of the presbyterian noble families. Bourn was not ordained till some years after his settlement. He then made a lengthy declaration (printed by Toulmin) dealing with the duties of the ministry and allowing no doctrine or duty except those taught in the New Testament. Bourn lived partly at Leicester Mills, a wooded vale near Rivington, and partly at Bolton. He does not seem to have taken very kindly to Rivington at the outset, for his father writes to his son Abraham at Chowbent on 13 Feb. 1742-43, 'I am afraid your brother Samuel is too impatient under his lot, and would have advancement before God sees he is fit for it, or it for him.' In 1752 the publication of his first sermon led to overtures from the presbyterian congregation at Norwich, and in 1754, apparently after the death of the senior minister, Peter Finch (1661-1754), Bourn became the colleague of John Taylor. The Norwich presbyterians had laid the first stone of a new meeting-house on 25 Feb. 1754. When Bourn came to them they were worshipping in Little St. Mary's, an ancient edifice, then and still held by trustees for the Walloon or French protestants. On 12 May 1756 was opened the new building, the Octagon Chapel, described in the following year by John Wesley (Journals, iii. 315). Not long after Bourn lost 1,000l., which he had risked in his brother Daniel's cotton mill, and in 1758 he travelled about to obtain subscriptions for two volumes of sermons. He placed the manuscript in the hands of Samuel Chandler, D.D., of the Old Jewry. In one of these sermons Bourn had espoused the doctrine of the annihilation of the wicked, but being in London in 1759, he heard Chandler characterise in a sermon the annihilation doctrine as 'utterly inconsistent with the Christian scheme.' Deeming this a personal attack, he vainly sought to draw Chandler into a controversy by a published letter. His sermons, when published, produced a controversy with John Mason (1706-1763). The point in discussion was the resurrection of the flesh. Mason's (affirmative) part in the controversy will be found in his 'Christian Morals,' 2 vols. 1761. Bourn's opposite view is defended in an appendix to his sermons on the Parables. Bourn's reputation as a preacher was due to the force, and sometimes the solemn pathos, of his written style, and to the strength of his argumentative matter, Among those brought up under his ministry was Sir James Edward Smith, founder of the Linnean Society. Like his father, Bourn rested in the Christology of Dr. Clarke. He was no optimist; he devoted a powerful discourse to the theme that no great improvement in the moral state of mankind is practicable by any means whatsoever (vol. i. 1760, No. 14). When, in 1757, Dr. Taylor left Norwich to fill the divinity chair in Warrington Academy, Bourn obtained as colleagues first John Hoyle, and afterwards Robert Alderson, subsequently a lawyer, and father of Sir [q. v.], who, when Bourn became incapable of work, had to discharge the whole duty, and was accordingly ordained on 13 Sept. 1775. Bourn was a favourite with the local clergy of the establishment. Samuel Parr took him to Cambridge, and speaks of him as a masterly writer, a profound thinker, and the intimate friend of Dr. Parr at Norwich '(Bibl. Parr. p. 704). When his health failed, and he was retiring to Thorpe on a property of 60l. a year, it is said by Toulmin (and repeated by Field) that Dr. Mann, bishop of Cork, who was visiting Norwich, offered him a sinecure preferment of 300l. a year if he chose to conform. He declined, to the admiration of Parr, who did his best privately to assist his 'noncon. friend.' Bourn died in Norwich on 24 Sept. 1796, and was buried (27 Sept.) in the graveyard of the Octagon Chapel. Late in life he married, but left no family. He published:  'The Rise, Progress, Corruption, and Declension of the Christian Religion,' &c. (anon.), 1752, 4to (sermon from Mark iv. 30, before the Lancashire provincial assembly at Manchester, 12 May 1752).  'A Letter to the Rev. Samuel Chandler, D.D., concerning the Christian Doctrine of Future Punishment,' 1759, 8vo (afterwards added to the second edition of his sermons, and reprinted by [q. v.] in The Pillars of Priestcraft and Orthodoxy shaken,' 1768, vol. iii.)  'A Series of Discourses on the Principles and Evidences of Natural Religion and the Christian Revelation,' &c. 1760, 2 vols. 8vo (the 2nd vol. has a different title-page).