text:
Weird Tales/1953

January
Volume 44, Issue 8

Cover art by Frank Kelly Freas

 * Once There Was a Little Girl • Everil Worrell • novelette
 * I Can't Wear White • Suzanne Pickett • short story
 * The Gloves • Garnett Radcliffe • short story
 * The Werewolf of Ponkert [*Master] • H. Warner Munn • novelette
 * Wet Straw • Richard Matheson • short story (© Copyright Renewed: Richard Matheson (A); 29Dec80; RE0000084683.)
 * Sexton, Sexton, in the Wall • August Derleth • short story (© Copyright Renewed: April Derleth Smith & Walden W. Derleth (C); 8Jul80; RE0000062844.)
 * Six Feet of Willow—Green • Carroll K. Michener • short story
 * Hand of Death • Marjorie Murch Stanley • short story
 * The Phantom Soldier at Ticonderoga • Dr. Cyrus Macmillan • article
 * Red Ghosts in Kentucky • Leah Bodine Drake • verse

March
Volume 45, Issue 1

Cover art by Virgil Finlay

 * Slime • Joseph Payne Brennan • novelette (© Copyright Renewed: Joseph Payne Brennan (A); 1981-06-08; RE0000094341.)
 * The Talkie Dolls • Donald F. Vieweg • short story
 * Caveat Emptor [*Gavagan's Bar] • L.Sprague de Camp & Fletcher Pratt • short story
 * Night Court • Mary Elizabeth Counselman • novelette
 * In Camera • John Ward • short story
 * The Raft • Kirk Shaw • short story
 * Mrs. Penleath's Stratagem • T. W. Speight • short story
 * The Dream Merchant • Harold Lawlor • short story
 * The Supreme Witch • Appleby Terrill • short story [Reprint from October 1926]
 * Don Quixote on Market Street • Clark Ashton Smith • verse
 * Who Are We? • Frances Rogers Lovell • verse

May
Volume 45, Issue 2

Cover art by Joseph Eberle

 * Whisper Water • Leah Bodine Drake • short story
 * The Living Eyes • Justin Dowling • short story
 * I'll Be Back • David Eynon • short story
 * Strange Harvest • Donald Wandrei • novelette
 * Morthylla [*Zothique] • Clark Ashton Smith • short story
 * A Corner for Lucia [*Tex Harrigan] • August Derleth • short story
 * Between Two Dreams • Felix Marti Ibanez • novelette
 * The Vengeance of Kali Mai • Garnett Radcliffe • short story (© Copyright Restored due to URAA; published in the UK, 1951)
 * Mandrake • Adam Hull Shirk • short story
 * Wife of the Dragon-Fly • Paul Ernst • short story
 * A Fog Was Blowing • Stanton A. Coblentz • verse
 * Requiem for a Sinner • Pauline Booker • verse

July
Volume 45, Issue 3

Cover art by H. Silvey

 * L'Affaire Verenekin • David Lewis Eynon • short story
 * The House in the Valley • August Derleth • novelette
 * Slaughter House • Richard Matheson • novelette (© Copyright Renewed: Richard Matheson (A); 1981-11-13; RE0000105581.)
 * The Source of It • Glen Malin • short story
 * The Missing Room • Lyn Venable • short story
 * On the Elevator • Joseph Payne Brennan • short story (© Copyright Renewed: Joseph Payne Brennan (A); 1981-06-08; RE0000094341.)
 * Dread Summons • Paul Ernst • short story
 * The Sea-Witch • Nictzin Dyalhis • novelette
 * House of Life • Dorothy Quick • verse

September
Volume 45, Issue 4

Cover art by Jon Arfstrom

 * I Loved Her With My Soul • Everil Worrell • novelette
 * The Watcher Awakes • Kirk Shaw • short story
 * Parthenope • Manly Wade Wellman • short story
 * An Offering to the Moon • Clark Ashton Smith • short story
 * The Ebony Stick • August Derleth • short story
 * The Devil's Cabin • Vance Hoyt • short story
 * The Beetle • Garnett Radcliffe • short story
 * The Man Who Walked on Air • Michael Avallone • short story
 * The Tree-Man [*Gerald Canevin] • Henry S. Whitehead • short story
 * The Dark Things • Dorothy Quick • verse
 * Six Merry Farmers • Leah Bodine Drake • verse

November
Volume 45, Issue 5

Cover art by ?

 * Way Station • Mary Elizabeth Counselman • short story
 * The Legs that Walked • Justin Dowling • short story
 * The Red Balloon • Q. Patrick • short story
 * The Man Upstairs • Harry W. Currier • short story
 * The Black Stone • Robert E. Howard • short story [Reprint from November 1931] (© Copyright Renewed as part of Weird Tales, November 1931; Steinberg Press, Inc. R230427.)
 * The Crying Child • Dorothea Gibbons • short story
 * Thing of Darkness • G. G. Pendarves • novelette
 * The Disc Recorder • August Derleth • short story
 * Demon Lover • Dorothy Quick • verse
 * Suspicion • Harriet A. Bradfield • verse

title: Weird Tales/1953


text:
Weird Tales/1954

January
Volume 45, Issue 6

Cover art by W.H. Silvey

 * Mop-Head • Leah Bodine Drake • novelette
 * Effie's Pets • Suzanne Pickett • short story
 * Black Heath • Farfal Delano • short story
 * A Very Special Quality • David Lewis Eynon • short story
 * Tiger Dust • Bassett Morgan • novelette
 * You Should Be Careful • Garnett Radcliffe • short story
 * Shadows of Blood • Earl Binder & Otto Binder [as Eando Binder] • short story
 * The Calamander Chest • Joseph Payne Brennan • short story
 * The Stormcliff Papers • W. J. Suprenant • novelette
 * Atlantic Isle of Mystery • Dr. Cyrus Macmillan • article
 * Reflections of an Egyptian Princess While Being Interred • Edith Ogutsch • verse
 * Walpurgis Night • Dorothy Quick • verse

March
Volume 46, Issue 1

Cover art by Evan Singer

 * Call Not Their Names • Everil Worrell • novelette
 * The Arm • Justin Dowling • short story
 * The Lily Maid • Dorothea Gibbons • short story
 * Morpho on the Screen • Arthur J. Burks • short story
 * Nepthae • Suzanne Pickett • short story
 * The Ghost That Never Died • Elizabeth Sheldon •
 * Brenda • Margaret St. Clair • short story (© Copyright Renewed: Margaret Saint Clair (A); 5Oct81; RE0000102511, and Margaret Saint Clair (A); 6May81; RE0000135041.)
 * Make Me a Child Again • David Lewis Eynon • short story
 * Out! • Leah Bodine Drake • verse
 * Witch's Brew • Dorothy Quick • verse

May
Volume 46, Issue 2

Cover art by W.H. Silvey

 * Song in the Thicket • Manly Banister • novelette
 * The Predestined • Q. Patrick • short story (© Copyright Restored due to URAA; published in the UK, 1953)
 * Lord of the Talking Hands ["Lord of the Talking Heads"] • Arthur Woodward • short story
 * Prediction • Curtis W. Casewit • novelette
 * The Place in the Woods • August Derleth • short story (© Copyright Renewed: April Derleth Smith & Walden W. Derleth (C); 25Oct82; RE0000140478.)
 * The Return of Simon Carib • Frederick Sanders • short story
 * The Banshee and Patrick O'Bannon • Joe Bishop • short story
 * Beyond the Door • J. Paul Suter • short story
 * Witch Woman • Dorothy Quick • verse

July
Volume 46, Issue 3

Cover art by Harold S. De Lay

 * The Survivor • H. P. Lovecraft & August Derleth • novelette
 * More Than Shadow • Dorothy Quick • short story
 * Never Stop to Pat a Kitten • Miriam Allen deFord • short story
 * The Sin-Eater • G. G. Pendarves • novelette
 * The Green Huntsman • Dorothea Gibbons • short story
 * The Tree of Life • Paul Ernst • short story (© Copyright Renewed as part of Weird Tales, September 1930; Steinberg Press, Inc.; R208383.)
 * Guardian • W. J. Suprenant • short story
 * Passing of a God [*Gerald Canevin] • Henry S. Whitehead • short story (© Copyright Renewed as part of Weird Tales, January 1931; Steinberg Press, Inc.; R208387)
 * Off the Map • Rex Dolphin • short story
 * Beware, of Vampire Women • Patricia Burgess • verse
 * Western Highway • Clarence Edwin Flynn • verse

September
Volume 46, Issue 4

Cover art by Virgil Finlay

 * Spawn of Darkness • Kirk Shaw • novelette
 * Dorgen • Suzanne Pickett • short story
 * A Tomb in Malacor • Felix Marti-Ibanez • novelette
 * The Dark Man [*Tulogh O'Brien] • Robert E. Howard • novelette (© Copyright Renewed as part of Weird Tales, December 1931, Steinberg Press, Inc. (PCW), R230428)
 * The Imitation Demon • Robert Kuttner • short story
 * De Brignac's Lady • Kirk Mashburn • novella (© Copyright Renewed as part of Weird Tales, February 1933, Steinberg Press, Inc. (PCW), R250147)
 * Moon Mist • Virgil Finlay • verse
 * This Night • Dorothy Quick • verse

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Weird Tales/1954


text:
Page:A short history of social life in England.djvu/243

Rh was at a discount; humanity, noble sentiments, manly courage and high achievement no longer represented Englishmen on the stage. For the moment these things had passed away!

Trivial enough, too, were the indoor amusements of grown-up folk. "I love my love with an A," was a favourite game. It was played after dinner by "all the great ladies sitting upon a carpet," with much wit and personal indelicacy. "Drawing characters," too, opens up a terrible vista of possibilities. "Crambo," "Hunt the Slipper," "Blind Man's Buff," and "Hot Cockles," were all favourite amusements of the day.

An enormous amount of time and thought was lavished upon dress by men as well as by women. Pepys never wearies of describing to us his fine clothes; he tells us of new suits of silk and cloth trimmed with scarlet ribbons, of velvet coats and cloaks shining with silver buttons, of high-crowned beaver hats adorned with plumes of feathers and worn indoors as well as out, of lace ruffles and rich falling collars of lace, high-heeled shoes, and the introduction into England of the famous wig. This was in the year 1664, when the large periwig or peruke found its way, like all other fashions, from the Court of the French King. One by one


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224 men and women succumbed to the prevailing mode. At once arose a great demand for hair to make wigs, and we get a despairing letter from the North of England, to which fashions penetrated slowly: "Peg can hear of no hair at any barber's."

Women now began to use paint for their faces and to wear little black patches, so popular in the reign of Queen Anne. Paris still dictated English fashions. While powder and patches were among ordinary toilet necessaries, tooth-brushes were yet costly luxuries, and only obtainable in France. These little "brushes for making cleane of the teeth" were for the most part covered with gold and silver. Not only were friends commissioned to buy these rarities abroad, but others travelling to London were given lists of commissions which were drawn up in the greatest detail: "If you would please to employ somebody to choose me out a lace that hath but very little silver in it and not above a spangle or two in a peak," writes a lady of high degree; "I would not have it too heavy a lace; about the breadth of a threepenny ribbon, very little border, will be enough, and I pray you to choose me out some ribbon to make strings; six yards will be enough; some shaded satin ribbon will be


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Zenobia

title: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Zenobia


text:
Page:A short history of social life in England.djvu/245

Rh the best, of fourpenny breadth, and I would fain have some very little edging lace, as slight as may be, to edge the strings, and but little silver in it; ten yards will be enough." The close summer of 1665 brought our ancestors something else to think of besides dress and recreation. After a dry winter and spring, June dawned with unusual heat, and the twelfth and last plague swept over England, carrying off hundreds and thousands of men, women, and children of every class, deadening all effort, paralysing all commerce, and defeating all attempts to stay it. Walking in the streets of London, men suddenly became aware that an ever-increasing number of houses were marked with the fatal red cross on the door, accompanied by the pathetic prayer, "Lord, have mercy upon us." The sign was familiar enough to those who had lived through the terrible visitation of 1603, and that of 1625, which had devastated so many homes. Since those days the population of London had almost doubled, and it was little short of half a million when the plague broke out. But if the population of England had increased, one condition throughout the large towns remained


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226 the same. They were all badly drained; the streets were narrow, dark, and dirty; the water was insufficient for the needs of the people. Cleanliness was little considered in these days. Rubbish from the houses was shot into the street, where it lay about in heaps with rotten fruit, ashes, dead cats and dogs, and other filth, till kindly rains swept all together into the nearest stream or river.

And if gross ignorance prevailed with regard to sanitary matters, gross ignorance likewise prevailed with regard to medical precautions. This is amply illustrated by the very inadequate remedies suggested to allay the plague when Englishmen were dying by hundreds, till "the nights were too short to bury the dead."

One lady beseeches her young nephew "to wear a quill as is filled up with quicksilver and sealed up with hard wax and served up in a silk thing with a string to wear about the neck; this is as sartine as anything is to keep from taking the


text:
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Rh Plague." "The quicksilver," she adds, "must be corked up fust and then sealed, for itt tis nitty for ones teth and eies." Further she recommends "Lente figs in readiness in case any of the family should have a swelling, for when roast and mashed together with a little mustard they will heal the sores." "Take the mistletoe which grows upon a oak-tree," advises another amateur, "dry it and beat it to powder and give as much of it as will lie upon a sixpence three mornings together." This, at any rate, must be harmless. Very unpleasing is this cure against the infection: "Take of mummie (man's flesh hardened) cut small 4 ozs., spirit of wine 10 ozs. Put them into a glazed vessel and set in Horse dung to digest for the space of one month," or "Take the Brains of a young man that hath died a violent death together with its membranes, Arteries, Veins, Nerves and all the pith of the Back bone; bruise these in a stone mortar till they become a kind of pap, then put as much of the Spirits of wine as will cover three fingers' breadth, digest for half a year in Horse dung and take a drop or two in water once a day." The College of Physicians prescribed for the stricken people: "Take a great onion, hollow it and put


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Zweibrücken


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Zwickau

title: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Zwickau


text:
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228 into it a fig, rue cut small and a dram of Venice treacle (consisting of vipers, white wine, opium, liquorice, red roses, &c.) close stopt in a wet paper, roasted in the embers." This poultice was to be applied to the great tumours which were such a distinctive feature of the plague. For "Goddard's Drops" the King paid £6,000, but men fell to disputing whether they were made from the skull of a hanged man and dried viper or from volatile spirit of raw silk rectified with oil of cinnamon. Tobacco was considered a preventive of the plague, and Eton boys were ordered to smoke every morning while it lasted. But when all was said and done, still the great remedy lay in flight. The King, Queen, and Court, doctors and clergy, for the most part, left the stricken city. So passed the melancholy summer of 1665. When the disease had carried away some hundred thousand of London's inhabitants, it stopped, shops reopened, trade revived, and slowly Londoners returned to their homes. The coaches, which had only been running for the past few years from the "George Inn, Aldersgate," every Monday, Wednesday and Friday, reaching Salisbury in two days and York in four days, once more started with passengers. Travelling


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Zwiedineck von Südenhorst, Hans


text:
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Rh by coach was no unmixed pleasure in these early days of the Restoration. Like other innovations, it was strongly opposed. "These coaches," wrote a contemporary, "are one of the greatest mischiefs that hath happened of late years to the kingdom, mischievous to the public, destructive to trade, and prejudicial to lands." Despite opposition the coaches increased both in number and in speed, till, attaining the breakneck speed of fifty miles a day, they were dignified by the name of "Flying Coaches." The roads were very bad, the ruts deep and dangerous; not infrequently the whole coach and its occupants was upset; the difficulties and discomforts were inconceivably great. But even these were as nothing compared to the very real danger which beset the travellers of the seventeenth century. To-day the mounted and masked highwayman is an unknown personage, except in romance; then, he was a genuine terror to the stoutest-hearted Englishman, for whom he lay in wait on every main road or lonely common in the country. The waste tracts which bordered the highways from London to the provinces were haunted by these robbers and thieves. Hounslow Heath, Finchley Common, Epping Forest, were famous for


text:
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230 highwaymen even in broad daylight Hence the drivers of stage-coaches, as well as the occupants, were fully armed, and no traveller ventured forth without pistols, blunderbuss, swords, bullets, and a horn of gunpowder. Every danger was increased as darkness came on, and all were glad to seek the friendly shelter of the wayside inns, famous for their comfort, freedom, and hospitality. Here, too, the mounted postman was sometimes forced to seek refuge, though he was supposed to journey through the night with his mail-bags at the rate of five miles an hour. He carried the famous news-letters, published twice a week in London, to the distant towns, where they were eagerly devoured. The news which filled two small pages was for the most part collected in the coffee-houses, which were an innovation of this age. It has been said that the "history of coffee-houses, ere the invention of clubs, was that of the manners, the morals, and the politics of a people." In the year 1656 a Turkish merchant introduced coffee as a novelty into London, but wearying of the constant intrusion of curious people wishing to taste the new beverage, he


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Zwingli, Huldreich


text:
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Rh deputed to an attendant the sale of his coffee to those who liked to pay for it. Roset set up his coffee-house in Lombard Street with a portrait of himself as a sign over the door. Other drinks were soon admitted besides coffee, and we get this advertisement in a current news-letter of the day: "That excellent and by all physicians approved China Drink called the Chinaman's Tcha, by other nations Tay alias Tee is sold at the Sultanes Head, a cophee house by the Royal Exchange, London." But as yet this newly imported tea was very expensive, costing in 1660 as much as from £5 to £10 a pound. "I did send for a cup of tea (a China drink) of which I had never drank before," said Pepys in this same year, adding two years later, "Home, and there find my wife making of tea, a drink which the Pothicary tells her is good for her cold and defluxions." The coffee-houses soon increased mightily in number and in importance. "Jonathan's" was opened by an apprentice of that name; the "Rainbow," by a barber in Fleet Street, and many others were crowded with customers from morning to night. It was not long before they departed from their first uses, and each was


text:
Talk:History of Norfolk

DjVu scans
Hello, I've uploaded some more scans from archive.org to the Commons: commons:Category:An essay towards a topographical history of the county of Norfolk. Unfortunately, I couldn't find vols. 3 and 6 anywhere on the web.--GrafZahl (talk) 17:45, 5 October 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:History of Norfolk


text:
Page:United States Reports, Volume 545.djvu/980

 Opinion of the Court that Grokster and StreamCast were not liable, because they had no such actual knowledge, owing to the decentralized architecture of their software. The court also held that Grokster and StreamCast did not materially contribute to their users’ infringement because it was the users themselves who searched for, retrieved, and stored the infringing files, with no involvement by the defendants beyond providing the software in the first place.

The Ninth Circuit also considered whether Grokster and StreamCast could be liable under a theory of vicarious infringement. The court held against liability because the defendants did not monitor or control the use of the software, had no agreed-upon right or current ability to supervise its use, and had no independent duty to police infringement. We granted certiorari. 543 U.S. 1032 (2004).

A
MGM and many of the amici fault the Court of Appeals’s holding for upsetting a sound balance between the respective values of supporting creative pursuits through copyright protection and promoting innovation in new communication technologies by limiting the incidence of liability for copyright infringement. The more artistic protection is favored, the more technological innovation may be discouraged; the administration of copyright law is an exercise in managing the trade-off. See Sony Corp. v. Universal City Studios, supra, at 442; see generally Ginsburg, Copyright and Control Over New Technologies of Dissemination, 101 Colum. L. Rev. 1613 (2001); Lichtman & Landes, Indirect Liability for Copyright Infringement: An Economic Perspective, 16 Harv. J. L. & Tech. 395 (2003).

The tension between the two values is the subject of this case, with its claim that digital distribution of copyrighted material threatens copyright holders as never before, because every copy is identical to the original, copying is easy,


text:
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232 patronised by a distinct and separate class of society. Thus all the physicians would collect at one to consult together about their profession, at another the Puritans would assemble to discuss their views of life. There was the Quaker's coffee-house, where no healths were drunk, no oaths uttered, no colours to be seen. There was "Will's," frequented by our friend Pepys. Though most coffee-houses could produce supplies of brandy and such old-world beverages as "mum," "red streak," "black cordial," spiced ale, &c., yet there was seldom any riotous drinking, swearing, or quarrelling. This was reserved for the taverns, where constantly disgraceful scenes took place, not infrequently ending in bloodshed. Many and various were the drinks sold here. Spanish wines were very popular; there were the well-known drinks canary, sack, sack-posset, sherry, Burgundy, claret. Spirits were expensive and little drunk. But the


text:
Page:Shrinking the Commons.djvu/17

2. BSD Licenses
In the late 1970s, a group of computer scientists and graduate students at the University of California–Berkeley created the Berkeley Software Distribution (“BSD”), a small collection of software tools they had written for the Unix operating system. Over time, BSD expanded to become a full-fledged Unix-compatible operating system in its own right. BSD was issued under the BSD License, which lent its name to a family of software licenses collectively known today as “BSD-style” licenses.

BSD-style licenses are models of brevity compared with the GPL. They mandate an express copyright notice acknowledging the owner and year of the work and authorize “[r]edistribution and use” of the licensed software “in source and binary forms, with or without modification[.]” This authorization is subject to only three conditions:
 * for software works distributed in the form of source code, the distribution must include the copyright notice, the listing of conditions from the license template, and a paragraph disclaiming warranties or liability based in contract or tort;
 * for software works distributed in the form of object code, those same items must be included in the accompanying documentation; and
 * for either type of work, the name of the owner’s organization or its contributors may not be employed in a manner that suggests endorsement or promotion of products derived from the licensed software.

title: Page:Shrinking the Commons.djvu/17


text: Goble v. Schooner Delos De Wolf

title: Goble v. Schooner Delos De Wolf


text: United States Statutes at Large/Volume 6/3rd Congress/1st Session/Chapter 38


text: United States Statutes at Large/Volume 6/3rd Congress/1st Session/Chapter 39


text: United States Statutes at Large/Volume 1/3rd Congress/1st Session/Chapter 40


text:
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Rh taverns were running with "mum," which was ale brewed with wheat instead of hops; "buttered ale," which contained no hops, but was warm and flavoured with sugar and cinnamon; "lamb's wool," made of roast apple pulp, &c. Here is an old receipt for one of their favourite drinks called "Cock Ale": "Take 10 gallons of ale and a large cock, the older the better; parboil the cock, flea him and stamp him in a stone mortar till his bones are broken. Put the cock into 2 quarts of sack and put to it 3 lbs. of raisins of the sun stoned, some blades of mace and a few cloves; put all these into a canvas bag, put the ale and bag together in the vessel; In a week or nine days' time bottle it up and leave the same to ripen."

Hard drinking was the fashion. Members of Parliament found it hard to keep sober. Pepys rarely passed a day without resorting to some tavern for a morning drink or a pint of wine after dinner. We find him, being slightly more sober than Sir William Penn, undertaking to conduct that gentleman safely through the streets of London. And thus these merry, careless days passed away. The short and troubled reign of James II. brought little change in social affairs,


text:
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 234 and as the Stuart Dynasty drew to its close, "costume, manners, the whole tone of society, went on a downward course with breakneck speed."


text:
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ITH the landing of William and Mary on English shores, the tide turned, and to a period of careless irresponsibility, uproarious mirth, and general masquerading succeeded an age of earnest sobriety. Weightier matters now received the attention of our forefathers, and there was less of that incessant scandal and gossip which had occupied society under the Merry Monarch. We can picture Englishmen of the day eagerly discussing the new state of


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236 affairs at home in coffee-house and tavern under the King and Queen, nephew and daughter to him who had so lately made good his escape to Paris. They would comment on the new Court at Whitehall, on the unsociable, stern, and forbidding manners of William, on his carelessness in dress, his foreign accent, his want of geniality. "His freezing look, his silence, the dry and concise answers which he uttered, when he could keep silence no longer, disgusted noblemen and gentlemen who had been accustomed to be slapped on the back by their Royal masters, called Jack or Harry, congratulated about race cups or rallied about actresses." All this social freedom was at an end now. If the King appeared at all in public, he stood among the gay crowds of courtiers and ladies, silent and abstracted, rarely smiling, never jesting. Never was he heard to swear, never was he seen at a theatre. Hunting and gambling were his recreations, and it must have been some consolation to our Tory forefathers to learn that the King could lose £4,000 at a single sitting. His wife disliked gossip and scandal as much as he did; when courtiers prattled to her of duels, debts, and elopements, she replied by asking them if


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Rh they had ever read her favourite sermon by Dr. Tillotson on evil speaking.

More marked still might have been the contrast of society under William and Mary had not the new King's health suffered severely from his brief sojourn at Whitehall Court. The air of Westminster, the thick fogs, the river floods, which in spring washed the courts of his palace, the "smoke of sea-coal from the hundred thousand chimneys," the fumes of filth, which, notwithstanding the plague and fire, was still allowed to accumulate in the streets—all these told on a delicate constitution, and he was advised to remove to the purer air of Hampton Court. Built under the Tudors, the apartments were now too old-fashioned for the requirements of the seventeenth century, and it was elaborately remodelled. As William had laid out his gardens at the Hague, so now he had the famous gardens at Hampton Court laid out in the stiff formal style which had been adopted at Versailles. He introduced into England waterworks of quaint forms, parterres with fountains and jets of water and formal cascades, all designed by Dutch gardeners. They exaggerated the old manner of clipping trees and overcrowded gardens


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238 with grotesque shapes of yew and box. Though the "tulip fever" was by this time subsiding, Dutch bulbs were very much planted, as they lent themselves to the stiff style of laying out geometrical patterns and borders. If the parterres were ingenious, so also was the labyrinth at Hampton Court, which was devised at this time, and which has since puzzled so many generations of holiday visitors in modern times. Mary, who had acquired a taste for China porcelain at the Hague, put up a number of curious images and vases at Hampton Court; the fashion spread far and wide, till no great house in England was deemed complete without a museum of grotesque ornaments. Indeed, the Queen's own tea-service of Oriental china was famous; her cups were without handles, proportioned to the little round teapot She, too, was the first to introduce the tea urn into England, for she passionately loved the new dish of tea, which was becoming fashionable, and which was bought for her at 66s. a pound. But the King was not the only person who sought health away from London in the seventeenth century. It was becoming the fashion for persons of note to resort to some


text:
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Rh watering-place, such as Bath or Tunbridge Wells, there to take the medicinal waters, which had long been known to be beneficial. Bath, or The Bath, as it was called at this time, occupied a prominent position in the social life of these times. Thither, during the summer months, flocked the rank and fashion of England, not always, it is true, for the sake of the waters, but "to divert themselves with good company." There was room for some fifty in the bath, together with their attendants, and here every morning perfumed ladies and "vigorous sparks" amused themselves in the water, while spectators looked down on them from a gallery. After some two hours in the water, which apparently was rarely changed, each was wrapped in a sheet and carried home in a chair lined with blankets. The rest of the day was spent in amusements of every description. Bath grew more popular year by year, and played a large part in the lives of "persons of quality" in the two succeeding centuries. These resorts were for the wealthy only; but in the seventeenth century our ancestors were growing very wealthy, for the great middle class were making England the chief commercial


text:
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 tarred shed. A double bedstead, washstand, etc., and some chairs, also a mattress, palliasse, quilt and pillows, almost new, and tied up in a light, but good, reddish carpet, like a gigantic man-o'-warsman's bundle. The things were good, much better than was generally found in the cottages, and I took them, and started to get the Winder ready for the family. Higgins was told off to carry the things down and fix them up for me, for "being gents" we were supposed to be incapable. Higgins carried them all down on his head, and, looking at it now in an Australian Bush, and not from an English farm-labouring-village light, I think it was one of the cruellest loads that a man ever was called upon to carry.

There was, next the Bow Winders, on the outside, an old house of brick set in criss-cross beams, with rooms in the steep tiled roof, of course, and let to a painter, which house was older than the oldest inhabitant knew, and had been occupied by the Higginses in other and far better days. Before the Higginses were labourers to the Leonards. Days that have long gone out of England for ever.

Along towards Shepperton, some hundred yards or so from the end hutch of the village, was the village beerhouse—"beer-shop" they call it in London (they call things by their names)—with a low door that you stumbled in through, on to sanded floors, and under a low dark old ceiling, with the inevitable great beam, anywhere but in the centre. I stood outside that door late one night, after returning from London, and rapped at family bedroom window above—in the roof


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240 country in the world. It was a period of transition, from the plough to the loom, from the spinning-wheel to the factory, from the age of tools to the age of machinery. The fact of the ever-increasing wealth produced by these changes is amply illustrated by the establishment of the Bank of England in 1694. The Huguenots who had taken refuge in England after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes had brought with them their secrets and their industry. Factories for silk, beaver hats, paper, velvet, damask, cutlery, glass, pottery, &c., rose in our midst. It was the South of England, not the North, that first became famous for the manufacturing industry of the kingdom. As wool was justly held to be "the foundation of England's riches," so now the exportation of wool to other countries was forbidden. Protection ruled supreme, and the manufacturing trade was thus concentrated within the country, though our forefathers proved themselves to be brilliant smugglers during this and succeeding periods. This rapid industrial progress put plenty of money into the pockets of our forefathers. Trade was less despised than of yore. Proud old aristocrats were pleased to marry their daughters to wealthy young merchants, and


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 —and scared them all, and shook hands with the landlord afterwards—when he put his head out—to soothe him, and said I only wanted to borrow some matches. But that was nothing, for was not I a gent?

I still see the Gypsies dropping in, calling to each other on fine days, and calling for their ale, the hags demanding the funnel-shaped warmer from over the bar, pouring their half-pint into it, and sticking it down amongst the coals. And then hurrying out and on after the caravans.

And old Higgins in the cold sunlight standing outside the door, his bend rather more pronounced than usual, and hands held half hanging, well out and forward—in the attitude of an exhausted pelican, and asking for arf-a-pint to be brought out to him. "Hiff you please, missus." For he's bin fixin' them thundrin' drain pipes at they "Winders" agen, and ain't fit to come in.

And also, on Sunday morning, the brightest time, between church and dinner, a memory glimpse of a bright fair-haired little maid in charge of her jolly, good-natured and rather irresponsible young dad, and her extremely neat and clean but rather "fresh" and equally irresponsible old grandfather.

" Now then, grandfather, if—you— don't—come—home—to—dinner—at—once I'll tell mother you've been drinking more beer agen—so there! There's two bottles at home." Then that quick, inimitable, unexpected, startling little-woman comment, " You're old enough to have more sense if father ain't."

Chorus: "That's a good 'un,"


text:
United States Code/Title 42/Chapter 103/Section 9605

§ 9605. National contingency plan CERCLA § 105

(a) Revision and republication
Within one hundred and eighty days after December 11, 1980, the President shall, after notice and opportunity for public comments, revise and republish the national contingency plan for the removal of oil and hazardous substances, originally prepared and published pursuant to section 1321 of title 33, to reflect and effectuate the responsibilities and powers created by this chapter, in addition to those matters specified in section 1321 (c)(2) of title 33. Such revision shall include a section of the plan to be known as the national hazardous substance response plan which shall establish procedures and standards for responding to releases of hazardous substances, pollutants, and contaminants, which shall include at a minimum:
 * (1) methods for discovering and investigating facilities at which hazardous substances have been disposed of or otherwise come to be located;
 * (2) methods for evaluating, including analyses of relative cost, and remedying any releases or threats of releases from facilities which pose substantial danger to the public health or the environment;
 * (3) methods and criteria for determining the appropriate extent of removal, remedy, and other measures authorized by this chapter;
 * (4) appropriate roles and responsibilities for the Federal, State, and local governments and for interstate and nongovernmental entities in effectuating the plan;
 * (5) provision for identification, procurement, maintenance, and storage of response equipment and supplies;
 * (6) a method for and assignment of responsibility for reporting the existence of such facilities which may be located on federally owned or controlled properties and any releases of hazardous substances from such facilities;
 * (7) means of assuring that remedial action measures are cost-effective over the period of potential exposure to the hazardous substances or contaminated materials;
 * (8)
 * (A) criteria for determining priorities among releases or threatened releases throughout the United States for the purpose of taking remedial action and, to the extent practicable taking into account the potential urgency of such action, for the purpose of taking removal action. Criteria and priorities under this paragraph shall be based upon relative risk or danger to public health or welfare or the environment, in the judgment of the President, taking into account to the extent possible the population at risk, the hazard potential of the hazardous substances at such facilities, the potential for contamination of drinking water supplies, the potential for direct human contact, the potential for destruction of sensitive ecosystems, the damage to natural resources which may affect the human food chain and which is associated with any release or threatened release, the contamination or potential contamination of the ambient air which is associated with the release or threatened release, State preparedness to assume State costs and responsibilities, and other appropriate factors;
 * (B) based upon the criteria set forth in subparagraph (A) of this paragraph, the President shall list as part of the plan national priorities among the known releases or threatened releases throughout the United States and shall revise the list no less often than annually. Within one year after December 11, 1980, and annually thereafter, each State shall establish and submit for consideration by the President priorities for remedial action among known releases and potential releases in that State based upon the criteria set forth in subparagraph (A) of this paragraph. In assembling or revising the national list, the President shall consider any priorities established by the States. To the extent practicable, the highest priority facilities shall be designated individually and shall be referred to as the “top priority among known response targets”, and, to the extent practicable, shall include among the one hundred highest priority facilities one such facility from each State which shall be the facility designated by the State as presenting the greatest danger to public health or welfare or the environment among the known facilities in such State. A State shall be allowed to designate its highest priority facility only once. Other priority facilities or incidents may be listed singly or grouped for response priority purposes;
 * (9) specified roles for private organizations and entities in preparation for response and in responding to releases of hazardous substances, including identification of appropriate qualifications and capacity therefor and including consideration of minority firms in accordance with subsection (f) of this section; and
 * (10) standards and testing procedures by which alternative or innovative treatment technologies can be determined to be appropriate for utilization in response actions authorized by this chapter.

The plan shall specify procedures, techniques, materials, equipment, and methods to be employed in identifying, removing, or remedying releases of hazardous substances comparable to those required under section 1321 (c)(2)(F) and (G) and (j)(1) of title 33. Following publication of the revised national contingency plan, the response to and actions to minimize damage from hazardous substances releases shall, to the greatest extent possible, be in accordance with the provisions of the plan. The President may, from time to time, revise and republish the national contingency plan.

(b) Revision of plan
Not later than 18 months after the enactment of the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986 [October 17, 1986], the President shall revise the National Contingency Plan to reflect the requirements of such amendments. The portion of such Plan known as “the National Hazardous Substance Response Plan” shall be revised to provide procedures and standards for remedial actions undertaken pursuant to this chapter which are consistent with amendments made by the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986 relating to the selection of remedial action.

(c) Hazard ranking system

 * (1) Revision
 * Not later than 18 months after October 17, 1986, and after publication of notice and opportunity for submission of comments in accordance with section 553 of title 5, the President shall by rule promulgate amendments to the hazard ranking system in effect on September 1, 1984. Such amendments shall assure, to the maximum extent feasible, that the hazard ranking system accurately assesses the relative degree of risk to human health and the environment posed by sites and facilities subject to review. The President shall establish an effective date for the amended hazard ranking system which is not later than 24 months after October 17, 1986. Such amended hazard ranking system shall be applied to any site or facility to be newly listed on the National Priorities List after the effective date established by the President. Until such effective date of the regulations, the hazard ranking system in effect on September 1, 1984, shall continue in full force and effect.
 * (2) Health assessment of water contamination risks
 * In carrying out this subsection, the President shall ensure that the human health risks associated with the contamination or potential contamination (either directly or as a result of the runoff of any hazardous substance or pollutant or contaminant from sites or facilities) of surface water are appropriately assessed where such surface water is, or can be, used for recreation or potable water consumption. In making the assessment required pursuant to the preceding sentence, the President shall take into account the potential migration of any hazardous substance or pollutant or contaminant through such surface water to downstream sources of drinking water.
 * (3) Reevaluation not required
 * The President shall not be required to reevaluate, after October 17, 1986, the hazard ranking of any facility which was evaluated in accordance with the criteria under this section before the effective date of the amendments to the hazard ranking system under this subsection and which was assigned a national priority under the National Contingency Plan.
 * (4) New information
 * Nothing in paragraph (3) shall preclude the President from taking new information into account in undertaking response actions under this chapter.

(d) Petition for assessment of release
Any person who is, or may be, affected by a release or threatened release of a hazardous substance or pollutant or contaminant, may petition the President to conduct a preliminary assessment of the hazards to public health and the environment which are associated with such release or threatened release. If the President has not previously conducted a preliminary assessment of such release, the President shall, within 12 months after the receipt of any such petition, complete such assessment or provide an explanation of why the assessment is not appropriate. If the preliminary assessment indicates that the release or threatened release concerned may pose a threat to human health or the environment, the President shall promptly evaluate such release or threatened release in accordance with the hazard ranking system referred to in paragraph (8)(A) of subsection (a) of this section to determine the national priority of such release or threatened release.

(e) Releases from earlier sites
Whenever there has been, after January 1, 1985, a significant release of hazardous substances or pollutants or contaminants from a site which is listed by the President as a “Site Cleaned Up To Date” on the National Priorities List (revised edition, December 1984) the site shall be restored to the National Priorities List, without application of the hazard ranking system.

(f) Minority contractors
In awarding contracts under this chapter, the President shall consider the availability of qualified minority firms. The President shall describe, as part of any annual report submitted to the Congress under this chapter, the participation of minority firms in contracts carried out under this chapter. Such report shall contain a brief description of the contracts which have been awarded to minority firms under this chapter and of the efforts made by the President to encourage the participation of such firms in programs carried out under this chapter.

(g) Special study wastes

 * (1) Application
 * This subsection applies to facilities—
 * (A) which as of October 17, 1986, were not included on, or proposed for inclusion on, the National Priorities List; and
 * (B) at which special study wastes described in paragraph (2), (3)(A)(ii) or (3)(A)(iii) of section 6921 (b) of this title are present in significant quantities, including any such facility from which there has been a release of a special study waste.
 * (2) Considerations in adding facilities to NPL
 * Pending revision of the hazard ranking system under subsection (c) of this section, the President shall consider each of the following factors in adding facilities covered by this section to the National Priorities List:
 * (A) The extent to which hazard ranking system score for the facility is affected by the presence of any special study waste at, or any release from, such facility.
 * (B) Available information as to the quantity, toxicity, and concentration of hazardous substances that are constituents of any special study waste at, or released from such facility, the extent of or potential for release of such hazardous constituents, the exposure or potential exposure to human population and the environment, and the degree of hazard to human health or the environment posed by the release of such hazardous constituents at such facility. This subparagraph refers only to available information on actual concentrations of hazardous substances and not on the total quantity of special study waste at such facility.
 * (3) Savings provisions
 * Nothing in this subsection shall be construed to limit the authority of the President to remove any facility which as of October 17, 1986, is included on the National Priorities List from such List, or not to list any facility which as of such date is proposed for inclusion on such list.
 * (4) Information gathering and analysis
 * Nothing in this chapter shall be construed to preclude the expenditure of monies from the Fund for gathering and analysis of information which will enable the President to consider the specific factors required by paragraph (2).

(h) NPL deferral

 * (1) Deferral to State voluntary cleanups
 * At the request of a State and subject to paragraphs (2) and (3), the President generally shall defer final listing of an eligible response site on the National Priorities List if the President determines that—
 * (A) the State, or another party under an agreement with or order from the State, is conducting a response action at the eligible response site—
 * (i) in compliance with a State program that specifically governs response actions for the protection of public health and the environment; and
 * (ii) that will provide long-term protection of human health and the environment; or
 * (B) the State is actively pursuing an agreement to perform a response action described in subparagraph (A) at the site with a person that the State has reason to believe is capable of conducting a response action that meets the requirements of subparagraph (A).
 * (2) Progress toward cleanup
 * If, after the last day of the 1-year period beginning on the date on which the President proposes to list an eligible response site on the National Priorities List, the President determines that the State or other party is not making reasonable progress toward completing a response action at the eligible response site, the President may list the eligible response site on the National Priorities List.
 * (3) Cleanup agreements
 * With respect to an eligible response site under paragraph (1)(B), if, after the last day of the 1-year period beginning on the date on which the President proposes to list the eligible response site on the National Priorities List, an agreement described in paragraph (1)(B) has not been reached, the President may defer the listing of the eligible response site on the National Priorities List for an additional period of not to exceed 180 days if the President determines deferring the listing would be appropriate based on—
 * (A) the complexity of the site;
 * (B) substantial progress made in negotiations; and
 * (C) other appropriate factors, as determined by the President.
 * (4) Exceptions
 * The President may decline to defer, or elect to discontinue a deferral of, a listing of an eligible response site on the National Priorities List if the President determines that—
 * (A) deferral would not be appropriate because the State, as an owner or operator or a significant contributor of hazardous substances to the facility, is a potentially responsible party;
 * (B) the criteria under the National Contingency Plan for issuance of a health advisory have been met; or
 * (C) the conditions in paragraphs (1) through (3), as applicable, are no longer being met.


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Rh the old social barriers were partially broken down. The trading classes, we are told by a contemporary, are "the best Body in the Nation, generous, sober, and charitable. So that while the People are so immersed in their own affairs, there is a better spirit stirring in our cities, more knowledge, more zeal, and more charity, with a great deal more of Devotion." But amid all classes the ignorance was lamentable. A finished education for a boy of this period consisted in a "little Latin and less Greek," beaten into him either at one of the public schools or at home by the French tutor who had replaced the domestic chaplain of long ago. Having been whipped through a little grammar and arithmetic, he was taught to dance, as also "how to enter a room, how to carry the head and hands and to turn out the toes." Fencing and the use of one stringed instrument, such as the lute, guitar, or violin, completed education at an early age. If a boy went to the University, he entered it at fifteen or sixteen. It was eminently an unhappy age for schoolboys, and this advertisement is by no means uncommon in the papers of the day: "A gentleman's only Child is run from School;


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Zunz, Leopold


text:
The New International Encyclopædia/Zwirner, Ernst Friedrich

ZWIRNER, tsvēr'nẽr, (1802-61). A German architect, born at Jakobswalde, Silesia, and educated at Breslau and Berlin. Intrusted in 1833 with the superintendence of the restoration of Cologne Cathedral, he submitted to King Frederick William IV., in 1841, a project for completing the structure, which was approved of and afterwards carried to the end by Richard Voigtel (1829-1902). Among other edifices erected by this thorough master of the Gothic style may be mentioned the Apollinariskirche at Remagen on the Rhine (1839-53), the castle of the Prince of Furstenberg in Herdringen, Castle Argenfels on the Rhine, Castle Moyland near Cleves, churches in Elberfeld and Mülheim, and the synagogue at Cologne (1859-61).


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Rh say, "Wait till the new house is built." It was no home for a woman. I can see that now.

You remember how I was always talking about making a nice home for Mary, and giving her more of my time, and trying to make her life a little brighter when things brightened up. I tried to do it by taking her trips to Sydney whenever I could get her to go, leaving her brother James to look after the station. At first I'd send the black boy ahead with fresh horses, and we'd flash down in the buggy the hundred miles or so of glorious mountain and valley road to Wallerawang, leave the buggy and two horses there, and take the train over the Blue Mountains to the Big Smoke. Then again, when wool was up, I'd take berths in a sleeping carriage from Dubbo, and put up at the Royal in Sydney, and do the thing in great style. But Mary thought the sleeping carriage was unnecessary expense, and she didn't like stopping at an hotel. She was always anxious about me and the drink. She preferred some "cheap, quiet place." "A run of bad seasons might come along at any time, Joe," she said, "and then you'll be sorry for the money you throw away now."

I thought it was very unjust of her to talk of throwing away money when I was only trying to give her pleasure—but then women were always unjust and unreasonable.

"If we don't enjoy ourselves when we've got the chance, we never will," I said.

"We could do that just as well at home, Joe," said Mary, "if you only knew—if you'd listen to me, and go the right way to work about it. Why can't you


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190 settle down in your own home, and make it bright, and be contented?"

"Well, what's the use of furniture, or a new house for that matter, when there's no one but Bushies to look at it?" I said. "We might just as well live in a tent. What's the use of burying ourselves in the blasted Bush altogether? We've got two pretty children, and you're good-looking yet, Mary, and it isn't as if we were an old man and woman."

"I'm nearly twenty-seven," said Mary. "I only thought of it to-day, and it came like a shock to me. I feel like an old woman."

I'd learned enough of women not to argue with Mary while she was in that mood. The fact of the matter was that after the first trip or two she didn't seem to enjoy herself in the city. You see, she always insisted on taking the children with her. She couldn't bring herself to trust them at home with the girl, and I knew that if she did, she'd be worrying all the time, and spoil her pleasure and mine, and so we always took them with us. But they were an awful drag in the city. Mary wouldn't trust 'em with a strange woman or girl, except perhaps for a few hours when they were in bed, and we went to one of the theatres. So we always carted them round the town with us. I soon got tired of humping one or the other of 'em. But crossing the streets was the worst. It was bad enough with Mary when we were out alone. She would hang back when the crossing was clear, and suddenly make a start when there was a rush of traffic, and baulk as often as not, and sometimes turn and run


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Rh back to the kerb from the middle of the street—me trying to hang on to her all the time—till I'd get rippin' wild, and go for her.

"Damn it all!" I said, "why can't you trust to me and come when I tell you? One would think I came out with the fixed intention of getting you run over, and getting rid of you." And Mary would lose her temper, and say, "Ah, well, Joe, I sometimes think you do want to get rid of me, the way you go on," or something like that, and our pleasure would be spoilt for the day. But with the children! What with one or the other of them always whimpering or crying, and Jim always yelling when we got into a tram, or 'bus, or boat, or into some place that he didn't trust, or when we reckoned we were lost, which was about every twenty minutes—and, what with Mary losing her temper every time I lost mine, there were times when I really wished in my heart I was on my own. . . . Ah, well, there came a day when I had my wish.

I forgot about the hard life in huts and camps in the Bush, and the bitter, heart-breaking struggle she'd shared with me since we were married, and how she'd slaved and fought through the blazing drought on that wretched, lonely selection, in the first year, while I was away with the team most of the time—how she'd stuck to me through thick and thin. I only thought she was very irritable and selfish and unreasonable, and that she ought to be able to keep the children in better order. I believed that she had spoilt them. And I was wild to think how our holiday was being wasted,


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192 After the first time or two, Mary didn't seem to enjoy the theatre. She told me one night, when we got a bit confidential, that the play had depressed her, and made her sad.

"How's that?" I asked.

"Well, Joe," she said, "I don't want to hurt you, Joe, but, if you must know, I was thinking all the time of the past—of our own lives."

That hurt me and made me wild. I'd been thinking, too, all the time I was watching the play, of life as it was, and my own dull, sordid, hopeless, monotonous life in particular. But I hadn't been thinking of hers. The truth seemed that we were getting on each other's nerves—we'd been too long together alone in the Bush; and it isn't good for a man and his wife to be too much alone. I at least had come to think that when Mary said unpleasant things she only did it to irritate me.

"What are you always raking up the past for?" I said. "Can't you have done with it? Ain't I doing my best to make you happy? What more do you want?"

"I want a good many little things, Joe," said Mary.

We quarrelled then, but in the hard, cold, quiet, sarcastic way we'd got into lately—not the old short, fierce quarrel of other days, when we'd make it up, and love each other all the more afterwards. I don't know how much I hurt her, but I know she cut me to the heart sometimes, as a woman can cut a man.

Next evening I went out alone, and didn't get


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Rh back to the hotel till after twelve. Mary was up, waiting; but she didn't say much, only that she had been afraid to go to bed. Next morning she asked me to stay in and watch the children while she went shopping, and bought the things she wanted to take home, and I did, and we made it up, and got along smoothly until after tea; then I wanted to go out, and Mary didn't want me to—she wanted me to sit on the balcony with her.

I remember she was very earnest about me staying in with her that evening, and if I hadn't been drinking the night before I would have stayed. I waited awhile, and then I got restless, and found I was out of tobacco.

"I will send out for it, Joe," said Mary.

"What nonsense," I said. "I'll run out and get it myself. I'm all right. I'll get some fruit, too, and chocolates, for the children. I'll only be a few minutes."

"Well, if you must go, you must," she said, in the hard tone again.

"I'll only be a few minutes, I tell you," I said. "Don't start the thing again, for God's sake."

"Well, promise me you won't be more than a quarter of an hour," said Mary, "and I'll wait here for you. I don't like being left alone in a place full of strange men."

"That's all right, Mary," I said, and I stepped out for half an hour. I was restless as a hen that didn't know where to lay. I wanted to walk, and was fond of the noise and bustle of the streets. They fascinated me, and dragged me out.


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242 he is about twelve years of age with light Cloathes lin'd with red, a well-favour'd brisk Boy with a fair old Wig; he has been in Spain and Portugal, which makes his Parents fear that some Ship may entertain him."

Indeed, it was the fashion to travel abroad, and the finish to a boy's education was for him to make the grand tour in Europe, accompanied either by father or tutor. Slow and tedious was the travelling on the Continent by heavy, rumbling coaches, while the accommodation at night was uncomfortable and unhealthy. Boys were on distant terms with their parents, addressing them on bended knee as "Most honoured Father, Sir," and this in days of tender endearment and affection. "Child," writes a father to his sixteen-year-old son, "I shall send you 2 lb. of Chocolate upon next Monday by the carrier. … I have a new shirt here ready for you, and shall buy muslin cravats and ruffles against you come to me."

But if kind, they could be equally severe. "Child," writes an angry father to his really good little boy at school, "I have received a letter from your master, Mr. Blackwell, who complains of you in your business, and that you are idly


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194 I didn't get back to the hotel till daylight.

I hoped to find Mary asleep, and I went into the bedroom very softly. She was in bed, but she was awake. She took the thing so quietly that it made me uneasy. When an impulsive, determined little woman begins to take things very quietly, it's time for the man to straighten up and look out. She didn't even ask me where I'd been, and that made me more uneasy (I had a good yarn readied up), and when she spoke of a murder case in the Herald and asked me if I'd read the divorce case, where a wife sued her husband for drunkenness and adultery, I began to get scared. I wished she'd go for me, and have done with it, but she didn't. At last, at breakfast, she said—

"I think we'll go home to-day, Joe; we'll take the evening train from Redfern. You can get any business done that you want to do by that time."

And I thought so, too.

It was a miserable—journey one of the most dreary and miserable I ever made in my life. Both the children were peevish all the way. While there were other passengers in the carriage I couldn't talk to Mary, and when we were alone she wouldn't talk to me—except to answer yes and no.

The worst of it was that I didn't know what she thought, or how much she suspected. I wondered whether she believed that I had deceived her, and that worried me a lot. I hadn't been drinking much, and I came home sober that morning, so drink was no excuse for me being out all night. I thought once or twice that it would have been much better if I'd


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Rh and evilly inclined. You have much deceived me, your father, who, blinded with love for you, thought you no less than a young Saint, but now to my grief perceive that you are growing very fast to be an old Devil." The girls were taught still less. A lady was considered sufficiently learned if she could just read and write. Her spelling and grammar were very deficient, her knowledge on ordinary matters lamentable. Even the household duties to which she had formerly been trained were now neglected. Little girls were sent to boarding schools in London, which advertised themselves in this way: "Mrs. Elizabeth Tutchin continues to keep her school at Highgate, where sober young Gentlewomen may be taught whatsoever is necessary to the Accomplishment of that sex." To be a complete gentlewoman was to be able to dance and sing, to play on the bass viol, virginals, spinet, and guitar, to make waxwork, japan, paint upon glass, to make sweetmeats and sauces. "To-morrow I intend to carry my girl to school," wrote an Englishman of this age of his little eight-year-old daughter. So Molly went to school at Chelsea, where she learnt to dance gracefully and to "japan boxes," which art cost


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Rh come home drunk, with a muddled yarn about meeting an old chum and having a glorious "auld-lang-syne" night at some club.

I was very attentive all the way. I got tea and cake and sandwiches at every refreshment room, and whatever fruit I could lay hands on, and nursed the children to sleep by turns; but it didn't soften Mary. She wasn't a child any longer. She only said, "Thank you, Joe," and as I watched her face it seemed to grow harder and more set and obstinate.

"Mary," I said at last, when we were going down the Great Zig-zag, "suppose we get out at Wallerawang, and go up through Cudgegong? We can rest there for a day, and then go on to Gulgong, and see your sister and Dick, and stay there for a night perhaps."

"If you like, Joe," said Mary.

"You'll like to see Hilda, Mary, wouldn't you?"

"Yes, Joe," she said, in the same cold, disinterested tone, "I would like to see her."

The case seemed hopeless. I had first-class tickets through to Dubbo, and would have to get others for the Cudgegong (Mudgee) line; besides, the coach fares would be extra, and I thought Mary would rouse herself, and buck at the waste of money, but she didn't seem to mind that a bit. But Haviland cattle station was on the Cudgegong line, and it was at Haviland where I first met Mary. She was brought up there from a child, and I thought that the sight of the place would break her down, if anything would.

We changed trains at Wallerawang Junction at midnight, and passed the great Capertee Valley and


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196 Macdonald's Hole in the moonlight a great basin in the mountains, where "Starlight" and the Marsdens used to ride, and hide sometimes for months together, in Robbery Under Arms, and where thousands of tourists will go some day. All along the Western line I saw old roads and tracks where I came droving as a boy, and old camps where I camped; and the ruins of one old Halfway House, dismal and haunted, in the heavy scrub, where my old chum Jack Barnes and I had a glorious spree one time; and Gerty—but never mind that; and lonely, deserted old roads, where I carried when I grew up, and often tramped beside the bullocks or horses, and spouted Gordon's poetry till it lifted me, and wished to God that I could write like that, or do something, or break away from the life that was driving me mad. And it all made me feel very dismal now and hopeless, and I hated the Bush worse than ever, and made up my mind to take Mary and the children out of it, just as soon as I could get rid of the station. I'd take the first reasonable offer that came.

Mary slept, or pretended to sleep, most of the time, and I kept the children quiet. I watched her face a good deal, and tried to persuade myself that she hadn't changed much since the days when I had courted her at Haviland; but somehow, Mary and the girl I got to love me years ago seemed very different. It seemed to me as if—well, as if I'd courted a girl and married a woman. But perhaps it was time and distance—or I might have changed most. I began to feel myself getting old (forty was very near), but it had never struck me that Mary would feel that way too.


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Rh We had breakfast at Rylstone. After that Mary talked a little, but still in a hard, cold way. She wondered how things were at home, and hoped it would rain soon. She said the weather looked and smelt like the beginning of a drought. Hanging out blue lights, I thought. Then she'd be silent for miles, except to speak to the children; and then I got a suspicion that she was talking at me through them, and it made me wild, and I had a job to keep from breaking out. It was during that journey that I first began to wonder what my wife was thinking about, and to worry over it—to distrust her silence. I wished she'd cry, and then it struck me that I hadn't seen tears in Mary's eyes for God knows how long—and the thought of it hurt me a lot.

We had the carriage to ourselves after Dungaree, and Haviland was the next station. I wished we could have passed Haviland by moonlight, or in the evening, instead of the garish morning. I thought it would have been more likely to soften Mary. I'd rehearsed the business, half unconsciously, humbugging myself, as men will. I was going to be very silent, and look extra sad, and keep gazing out of the window, and never look at Mary, and try, if possible, to squeeze some suspicious moisture into my eyes, as we passed the place. But I felt by instinct that my barneying and pleading and bluffing and acting and humbugging days were past—also my bullying days. I couldn't work on Mary's feelings now like I used to. I knew, or thought I knew, that she saw through me, and felt that she knew I knew it. Most men's


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The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Zenobia

ZENOBIA, zĕ-nō'bi-a, queen of ../Palmyra/ (q.v.). Her native name was Septimia Bathzabbai, and she was instructed in the sciences

by the celebrated Longinus, and made such progress that besides her native tongue she spoke the Latin, Greek, Coptic and Syrian languages. She also patronized learned men, and herself formed an epitome of Egyptian history. She was married to Odenathus, king of Palmyra, accompanied him both in the war and the chase, and the success of his military expedition against the Persians is, in a great degree, attributed to her prudence and courage. Gallienus, in return for services which tended to preserve the East to the Romans after the capture of Valerian by Sapor, king of Persia, acknowledged Odenathus as emperor, and on his death, 267 A.D., Zenobia assumed the sovereignty, under the title of Queen of the East She preserved the provinces which had been ruled by Odenathus, and was preparing to make other conquests, when the succession of Aurelian to the purple led to a remarkable change of fortune. That martial prince, disgusted at the usurpation of the richest provinces of the East by a female, determined to make war upon her; and having gained two battles, Antioch and Emesa, beseiged her in Palmyra, where she defended herself with great bravery. At length, finding that the city would be obliged to surrender, she quitted it privately; but the emperor, having notice of her escape, caused her to be pursued with such diligence that she was overtaken just as she got into a boat to cross the Euphrates, in 272. Aurelian spared her life, but made her serve to grace his triumph. The Roman soldiers demanded her life, and according to Zosimus she purchased her safety by sacrificing her ministers, among whom was the distinguished scholar, Longinus. She was allowed to pass the remainder of her life as a Roman matron, and her daughters were married by Aurelian into families of distinction. Her only surviving son retired into Armenia, where the emperor bestowed on him a small principality. Consult Gibbon, ‘Decline and Fall’ (ed. Bury, 1896-1900); ‘Life of Aurelian’ by Vopiscus in ‘Augustae Historiae Scriptores’ (Eng. trans., Bernard 1740); Ware, ‘Zenobia, or The Fall of Palmyra’ (1837).


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198 wives see through their husband's sooner or later, and when a wife does, it's time for a husband to drop his nonsense, and go straight. She'll know when he's sincere and when he's not—he needn't be afraid of that.

And so, the nearer we got to Haviland, the more helpless and unprepared I felt. But when the train swung round the horn of the crescent of hills in which Haviland lay there wasn't any need for acting. There was the old homestead, little changed, and as fair as it seemed in those far-away days, nearly eight years ago, when that lanky scamp, Joe Wilson, came hanging round after "Little 'Possum," who was far too good for the likes of him. There was the stable and buggy house that Jack Barnes and I built between shearings. There was the wide, brick-floored, vine-covered verandah where I first saw Mary; and there was the little green flat by the river where I stood up, that moonlight night, like a man, and thrashed big "Romany," the station hand, because he'd said something nasty about little Mary Brand—all the time she was sitting singing with the other girls under the verandah to amuse a new chum Jackeroo. And there, near the willows by the river, was the same old white, hardwood log where Mary and I sat in the moonlight next night, while all the rest were dancing in the big woolshed—when I made her understand how awfully fond of her I was. And there——

There was no need for humbugging now. The trouble was to swallow the lumps in my throat, and keep back the warm gush of suspicious moisture that came to my eyes. Mary sat opposite, and I stole a


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The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Zwingli, Ulrich

ZWINGLI, zwĭng'lē, Ger. tsvĭng'lē, or ZUINGLIUS ULRICH, a celebrated Swiss reformer, was a contemporary of Luther (q v.). and was born at Wildhaus, canton of Saint Gall, on 1 Jan. 1484; d. Kappel, 11 Oct. 1531. Ulrich was the third of eight sons of the bailiff of that place. He studied at an early age in Basel and Bern, and continued his studies in Vienna, where he occupied himself with philosophy, and again in Basel, where he devoted his attention to theology, under the direction of Wyttenbach. In 1506 Zwingli became parish priest at Glarus, and here employed his time, as Luther had done in the Augustine monastery at Erfurt, in the diligent reading of the Holy Scriptures. He copied the epistles of Saint Paul in the original Greek, and even learned them by heart — an acquisition which afterward proved of great service to him in his public discussions. He accompanied the forces of Glarus during the campaigns of 1512, 1513 and 1515, in Lombardy, in the cause of the Pope against the French, in the capacity of chaplain, and was rewarded for this service by the grant of a pension from the Pope. In 1516 he became preacher in the convent of Einsiedeln, then a celebrated place of pilgrimage. Here he began to make known publicly his ideas of reform, preaching against the pilgrimage of Einsiedeln, which he termed an abuse and a corruption of the doctrine of the Christian Church, and calling upon the bishops of Sion and Constance to promote a reformation of religious doctrines, upon those points in which Zwingli considered that the Church had departed from the primitive teaching. Up to this time, however, his ideas of innovation excited no rebuke upon the part of the authorities, and he was, not long after, invited to Zürich, and entered on his office of preacher in the cathedral 1 Jan. 1519, with a discourse in which he declared himself for the use of the simple Scriptures without regard to the prescribed texts and lessons. At Zürich Zwingli delivered a series of sermons on the Holy Scriptures; and these discourses in which he inveighed against what he declared to be the errors and superstition of the times, laid the foundation for his future work of reformation. The occasion which launched him on his career was similar to that which had aroused Luther. In 1518 Bernadin Samson, a Franciscan monk of Milan, appeared in Switzerland to preach the indulgence proclaimed by Leo X to all who should subscribe alms to the building of Saint Peter's Church at Rome. Zwingli, who was then preaching at Einsiedeln, opposed him there, and afterward in Zürich, with all the power of his eloquence, and brought the indulgences into so much odium that Samson was not even permitted to enter Zürich; and the Council of Zürich finally obtained from the Papal Nuncio the recall of Samson to render an accoont of his mission at Rome. From this time Zwingli gradually went further in his plans, supported by the Zürichers. In Zürich his innovations were so far promoted by the government that in 1520 a decree was issued ordering that the Holy Scriptures should be taught “without human additions.” In 1522 the reformation was extended to external ceremonies. In this year Zwingli was forbidden to preach by the bishop of Constance. In it also he wrote his first work against the fasts of the Church and began the

study of Hebrew. In 1523 the government in Zürich invited all theologians to a public conference in Zürich, to convict, if possible, Zwingli of an error in doctrine. About 600 persons, clergy and laymen, were present at this disputation. Zwingli exhibited his opinions in the form of 67 propositions, which were to form the subject of discussion. The celebrated John Faber, the vicar-general of the bishop of Constance, refused to discuss any of Zwingli's propositions save the last one, which denied the supreme authority of the Church, whereupon the Council of Zürich decreed that Zwingli had not been convicted of error or heresy, and “might continue to freely announce the holy gospel and the Word of God according to the new order.” In a second dispute Zwingli urged his objections to images and the mass and the former were soon afterward removed from the churches by order of the council and the latter abolished. In 1524 Zwingli married Anna Reinhard, a widow, and the next year published his commentary on “True and False Religion.” The Reformation in Switzerland was now fixed upon a firm base; and Zwingli continued the work with undiminished zeal, warmly supported by the cantons which espoused the Protestant cause. The religious orders were suppressed and all questions of marriage were placed under the jurisdiction of the civil tribunals, as well as the administration of the Church revenues. In general, Zwingli agreed in his opinions with the German reformers; like them he assumed the Bible as the only rule of faith, rejected the Papacy, attacked the authority of the priesthood and declared that his object was to restore the Church to the simplicity of primitive times. His views differed on some points from those of Luther, particularly in regard to the real presence, and on some less important matters relative to the liturgy. In order to remove this wall of partition from between the two parties which adopted the new doctrines, a meeting between the Saxon and Swiss reformers was held at Marburg (1-3 Oct. 1529) at the suggestion of Philip, the Landgrave of Hesse. The former were represented by Luther and Melanchthon, the latter by Zwingli and Œcolampadius. Although a complete union was not effected, yet a convention was agreed upon, the first 13 arti- cles of which, containing the most important matters of religious faith, were recognized by both parties; and the 14th declared that though they could not agree as to the real presence of Christ in the eucharist, they would behave reciprocally in the spirit of Christian charity. In 1531 an open war broke out between Zürich on the one side and the Catholic cantons of Lucerne, Schwyz, Uri, Unterwalden and Zug on the other; and 2wingli was commanded to take the field, bearing the banner of the canton, which it had been usual for an ecclesiastic to support. A battle ensued at Kappel, on 11th October. But the enemy were more than twice as strong as the Zürichers and under better officers; the latter were, therefore, defeated and Zwingli was among the slain. The spot where he fell is marked by a monument. The Reformed Church in Switzerland afterward received from the hands of Calvin (q.v.) its present organization. The collected

works of Zwingli were published at Zürich in 1545. A complete collection of Zwingli's writings was also published at Zürich in eight volumes in 1828. E. Zeller has attempted to deduce Zwingli's doctrines from his writings, ‘Das theologische System Zwinglis dargestellt’ (Tübingen 1853). There are numerous biographies of this reformer, for example, ‘Huldreich Zwingli, sein Leben und Wirken’ (1895-97) by Stähelin. Consult also Jannsen, ‘History of the German People’ (1903).


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Rh glance at her. She was staring out with wide-opened eyes, and there were tears in them—and a scared look, I fancied for the moment. Then suddenly she turned from the window and looked at me, her eyes wide and brimming, and—well, it was the same little Mary, my sweetheart, after our first quarrel years ago.

I jumped up and sat down by her side, and put my arm round her; and she just put her arms round my neck and her head down on my chest, and cried till the children cried too, and little Jim interfered—he thought I was hurting his mother. Then Mary looked up and smiled. She comforted the children, and told them to kiss their father, and for the rest of the journey we talked of those old days, and at last Mary put her arms round my neck, and said—

"You never did deceive me, Joe, did you? I want you to swear that to me."

"No, Mary," I said," I never did. I swear to God I never did!"

And God knew whether I had done so or not.

"You've got the scar on the bridge of your nose still," said Mary, kissing it, "and"—as if she'd just noticed it for the first time—" why! your hair is greyer than ever," and she pulled down my head, and her fingers began to go through my hair as in the days of old. And when we got to the hotel at Cudgegong, she made me have a bath and lie down on the bed and go to sleep. And when I awoke, late in the afternoon, she was sitting by my side, smoothing my hair.


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244 a guinea entrance fee and ten shillings extra for materials, neither of which items was grudged by her father. "I find you have a desire to learn to Japan and I approve of it," he writes to her, "and so I shall of anything that is good and virtuous, and therefore learn in God's name all good things, for I admire all accomplishments that will render you considerable and lovely in the sight of God and man."

It is to be feared that the capacity to please man was the principal object in Molly's education, for marriage was as yet the only vocation for women and union to some wealthy gentleman the sole ambition of every father for his daughter. The emptiness of women's lives is somewhat revealed by this supposed extract from a lady's diary of a slightly later period. "Wednesday, 8-10.—Drank two dishes of chocolate in bed, and fell asleep after 'em. "10-12.—Eat a slice of bread and butter, drank a dish of black tea, read the Spectator. "11-1.—At my toilet, try'd a new head. Gave orders for Veney to be combed and washed. Mem., I look best in blue. "1.—Called for my flowered Handkerchief, worked half a violet leaf in it—eyes ached and


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Rh in 1069 he received an appointment as Magistrate; but he soon made an open enemy of Wang An-shih, whose innovations he opposed, and applied to be sent to Hangchow. After being transferred to several similar posts, a plot was formed against him by a couple of Censors whom he had lampooned in verse, and in 1072 he was dismissed to Huang-chou. There he built himself a hut on the Tung-p'o "eastern slope" of the hill, and afterwards took these two words as his hao or fancy name. The Emperor Shên Tsung had a great partiality for him and was often on the point of recalling him, but his numerous enemies always found some means of preventing this. At length, when the young Emperor Chê Tsung mounted the throne, A.D. 1086, he was summoned to return to Court, and subsequently filled a number of high posts, rising by 1091 to be President of the Board of Rites. The Empress Dowager was present at his appointment to the Han-lin College; and after telling him how the late Emperor had always admired his genius, she caused him to be served with tea and sent home in a sedan-chair, escorted by ladies of the palace with torches. He was obliged however to go once more into the provinces; and in 1094 he was accused of having spoken disrespectfully of the late Emperor, and was banished, first to Hui-chou in Kuangtung, and afterwards to the island of Hainan, regions which in those days were utterly barbarous and unknown. In 1101 he was recalled by the Emperor Hui Tsung and restored to honour, but died soon afterwards at 常 Ch'ang-chou in Kiangsu. As a poet and essay-writer he stands in the very first rank, and numerous editions of his complete works, under the title of 東坡全集, have been issued, from the time of the Sung dynasty down to the present day. In 1285 his tablet was placed in the Confucian Temple; and although he had never advanced Confucianism in the sense necessary to merit this honour, it was not until 1845 that the tablet was removed. He is better


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Author:Jacques Nicolas Léger

Works

 * Haiti: Her History and Her Detractors

title: Author:Jacques Nicolas Léger


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title: Category:Haitian authors


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Rh head out of order. Threw by my work and read. "3-4.—Dined. "4-12.—Dressed, went abroad and play'd Crimp till midnight. Found Mrs. Spitely at home. Conversation: Mrs. Brilliant's necklace false stones; Old Lady Loveday going to be married to a young Fellow that is not worth a groat; Miss Prue gone into the Country; Tom Townely has real hair. "Twelve o'clock at Night.—Went to bed. Melancholy dreams."

Little enough education was obviously required to spend life in this fashion. There was little domestic life, as we understand it to-day, in town; men spent their evenings at the coffee-house or tavern or theatre, and women were left to amuse themselves and gossip and play cards as they liked. Of course, they went to the theatre too, but often enough the plays were of such a coarse nature that they had to go masked, for fear of recognition. In the country social life, if still trivial, was of a more wholesome nature, as indeed it ever has been and will be. Even so, men and women grew prematurely old in these days: girls were introduced into society at the age of thirteen


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246 or fourteen, boys went to the University at fifteen or sixteen. Early marriages and large families weighed heavily on both sexes at a time when infant meortality was tremendous and infection stalked unchecked through the land. Fevers, agues, measles, and small-pox carried off whole families or scored young faces with fatal blemish. One recalls the pathetic scene, so graphically sketched by Thackeray, of Lady Castlewood after the small-pox. "When the marks of the disease cleared away they did not, it is true, leave furrows or scars on her face (except one, perhaps, on her forehead over her left eye), but the delicacy of her rosy colour and complexion was gone; her eyes had lost their brilliancy, her hair fell, and her face looked older. It was as if a coarse hand had rubbed off the delicate tints of that sweet picture and brought it, as one has seen some unskilful painting cleaners do, to the dead colour. Also it must be owned that for a year or two after the malady her Ladyship's nose was swollen and redder." And the sequel, despite courtly flattery, how little Esmond broke out honestly protesting that his mistress was no longer so handsome as she was, "on which Lady Castlewood gave a rueful smile and a look into a


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Rh little Venice glass she had, which showed her, I suppose, that what the stupid boy said was only too true, for she turned away from the glass and her eyes filled with tears." In 1694 the Queen herself was attacked and died in a few days of this malignant disease. Inoculation and vaccination were as yet unknown, and there was nothing to stay its ravages. The common treatment seems to have been a black powder, made of thirty or forty live toads burnt to black ashes. When the Queen sickened, her physicians had recourse to their ordinary remedy for all the ills of life, that of bleeding. But there was no cure for the virulent small-pox of the seventeenth century, and at the early age of thirty-two Mary died.

Royal funerals in these days were outrageous in their display of pomp and this exaggeration found an echo in funerals of all classes of society. No pains were spared to make a funeral of the poorest both costly and miserable. The funeral invitations sent out were ghastly eulogies of the dead, decorated with grinning skulls, pickaxes, hourglasses, and cross-bones, material ideas entirely crushing the spiritual. To each mourner gloves, hat-bands and mourning rings were presented,


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248 sometimes as many as two hundred rings being given away at a cost of one pound each. To the chief mourners and near relations whole suits of mourning were presented; physicians, apothecaries, servants, &c., were all recipients of black garments. And, indeed, the mourning of these days did not stop here. Our ancestors put their whole beds into mourning, as well as their tables and chairs; they hung their halls with black baize, and covered their cushions with black. We hear of a country gentleman mourning in two black taffety night clothes, a black nightcap, a black brush and comb, two black spice-bags, and slippers of black velvet; besides these, he had black cloth doublets, black breeches and cloak, black bands for his black hats, some "old black taffety garters and new black ribbon roses." "I have a new black beaver hat for you," writes a father to his younger son on the death of a brother, "which I will send you in a little deal box, with a black crape hat-band, black mourning gloves and stockings and shoe-buckles, and three pairs of black buttons for wrist and neck. Funerals were preceded and followed by a good deal of drinking; often wine boiled with sugar and cinnamon was served out to the guests on


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Rh their return from the long and trying ceremony. It is related by the keeper of a tavern in London that "a tun of red port" was drunk at his wife's burial by women only, for it is noteworthy that at this time no man went to a woman's funeral, nor did a woman go to a man's. William only survived his wife eight years, leaving the throne to his sister-in-law Anne, whose reign ushered in a period of change in the social lives of our forefathers.


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NLIKE her famous predecessor, Elizabeth, and her famous successor, Victoria, Queen Anne was a wife and mother long before she ascended the throne of England. A woman of thirty-seven, childless though the mother of seventeen children, she had lived through momentous changes in her country's history. In the course of seventeen years her uncle, Charles II., had died, her father, James II., had fled from his kingdom, her sister Mary had reigned and died, and she herself had just lost her last child, the pathetic little Duke of Gloucester, but two years before the death of her brother-in-law,


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252 William III. And yet such was her apathetic disposition that she was collected, placid, and calm as she mounted the throne of her ancestors amid the shouts and rejoicings of her loyal subjects. But if these subjects added to the prestige of England's arms, increased her trade, and created a literature famous enough to earn the title of the Augustan Age, it was not thanks to the encouragement or enlightened recognition of Queen Anne. A good enough woman herself, she influenced the morals of the Court; she refused to attend theatres or other places of amusement, but occupied a good deal of time in writing letters to her favourite women friends.

Of immense size, no one was fonder of a good dinner than the Queen. Indeed, she was immoderate in her appetite: she was known to eat a whole fowl at a sitting; she made herself ill over black-hearted cherries, and did herself serious injury by constantly sipping large quantities of rich chocolate. Most of our ancestors of this period began the day by a cup of chocolate, followed a few hours later by some green tea or ale, with some brawn to eat with it. But dinner, whether at two or three o'clock, was the meal of the day.


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Rh "The English eat a great deal at dinner," says a famous French traveller of these days. "Their supper is moderate: gluttons at noon and abstinent at night. I always heard they were great flesh-eaters, and I found it true. I have known several people in England that never eat any bread; they nibble a few crumbs, while they chew Meat by whole Mouthfuls. Generally speaking the English tables are not delicately served: the middling sort of people have ten or twelve sorts of common Meats which infallibly take their Turns at their Tables, and two dishes are their dinners; a Pudding, for instance, and a piece of Roast Beef; another time they will have a piece of Boil'd Beef, and then they salt it some days beforehand and besiege it with five or six heaps of Cabbage, Carrots, Turnips, or some other Herbs or Roots, well pepper'd and salted and swimming in Butter: A leg of roast or boil'd mutton, dished up with the same dainties. Fowls, Pigs, Ox Tripes and Tongues, Rabbits, Pigeons, all well moistened with Butter. Two of these dishes, always served up one after the other, made the usual Dinner of a Substantial Gentleman or wealthy Citizen." But the French traveller becomes enthusiastic over the English pudding. "The pudding is a dish very


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254 difficult to be described. Flour, milk, eggs, butter, sugar, suet, marrow, raisins, &c., are the most common ingredients of a pudding. They bake them in an oven, they boil them with meat, they make them fifty different ways. Blessed be he that invented Pudding. Ah, what an excellent thing is an English Pudding!" We recognise our mince-pies and plum-pudding in another of his observations. "Every family against Christmas makes a famous pye which they call Christmas pye. It is a great nostrum, the composition of this pasty: it is a most learned mixture of neat's tongues, chicken, eggs, sugar, raisins, lemon and orange peel, various kinds of spicery." This Christmas or minced pie was originally made in the shape of the manger wherein the Holy Infant was laid. "They also make," continues the astonished traveller, "a sort of soup with plums, which is in their language call'd plum-porridge."

But there was still a great want of refinement in the food of these days. We find numerous receipts for marrow-puddings, mixtures of cocks' combs and hedgehog, and blood puddings were not uncommon.


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Rh Founded on the principle of eating and drinking were the clubs of Queen Anne's reign. The origin of these is quaintly put in an early number of the Spectator, written by Addison. "Man is said to be a Sociable Animal," he says, "and we may observe that we take all occasions and Pretences of forming ourselves into those little Nocturnal Assemblies, which are commonly known by the name of Clubs. When a Sett of Men find themselves in any Particular, tho' never so trivial, they establish themselves into a kind of Fraternity and meet once or twice a week upon the Account of such a Fantastick Ressemblance." In this way started the club of Fat Men, in a room with two doors. If a candidate could make his way through the small door he was unqualified for membership, but if he stuck, folding doors were immediately thrown open and he was saluted as a brother! In opposition to this, sprang up a club of Scarecrows and Skeletons, but a more serious undertaking was the famous Kit-Cat Club, which met at a mutton-pie house near Temple Bar, kept by one Christopher Cat, whose pies were humorously termed "kit-cats." It became the rendezvous of Whig chiefs, men favourable to the succession of the House of Hanover. Each