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 to become librarian to the Prince of Holstein-Gottorp when the fatal illness said to have been brought on by disappointment at the loss of his office overtook him. The story of an unhappy marriage is disproved by his will, dated '2 Jan. 1691-2,' leaving, with the exception of a few legacies, all his small savings to a cousin, the Rev. Peter Hamelot (Notes and Queries, 2nd ser. i. 5-6). He had previously parted with his library for a trifling sum. He died in London 4 Jan. 1692, aged 54, and was buried in the churchyard of St. Martin's-in-the-Fields.

Colomiès was a great reader and a diligent annotator of his books, as specimens preserved in the British Museum witness. Baillet calls him 'un des plus intelligents qui soient aujourd'hui dans la connaissance des livres' (Jugemens des Savans, 1725, ii. 11), and Bayle, referring to a current sneer that he was 'le grand auteur des petits livres,' justly remarks: 'C'est lui faire honneur d'une chose qui n'avoit été dite que pour se moquer de lui' (Dict. i. 906). A 'bibliothèque parlante,' like Justel, he was also the friend of Saint-Evremond, 'qui s'amusait des bizarreries de son esprit' (, i. 341). Arcère praises his sweet and conciliatory manners, his good sense and moderation. Honest and impartial in his writings, he was accused of Socinianism and incredulity.

His works are: 1. 'Gallia Orientalis, sive Gallorum qui linguam Hebraeam vel alias orientales excoluerunt Vitæ,' the Hague, 1665, 4to. 2. 'Epigrammes et Madrigaux,' La Rochelle, 1668, 12mo; a rare book of small literary merit. 3. 'Opuscula,' Paris, 1668; Utrecht, 1669 and Amst. 1700, 12mo. 4. 'Prima Scaligerana nusquam antehac edita [auctore ipsomet Scaligero], cum praefatione; quibus adjuncta et altera Scaligerana [collig. Molinseo], quam antea emendatiora, cum notis cujusdam V. D. anon. [P. Colomesii],' Groningen, 1669, 12mo. 5. 'Scaligerana, ou bons mots, etc. de J. Scaliger, avec des notes de Mr. Le Fevre et de M. de Colomiès,' Cologne, 1695, 12mo, reprinted with additions by P. Des Maizeaux, Amst. 1740, 2 vols. 12mo. 6. 'Vie du P. Jacques Sirmond,' La Roch. 1671, 12mo, contains 'Avertissement sur les Mémoires de la reine Marguérite,' not reprinted, like the 'Vie,' in the 'Bibliothèque Choisie' (1731). 7. 'Exhortation de Tertullien aux Martyrs,' La Roch. 1673, 12mo, reprinted in 'Bibl. Choisie' (1731). 8. 'Rome Protestante, ou Témoignages de plusieurs Catholiques Romains en faveur de la créance et de la pratique des Protestans,' Lond. [Rouen, 1675], 1678, 12mo. 9. 'Mélanges historiques,' Orange, 1675, 16mo, Utrecht, 1692, anonymous, contains much curious literary gossip and some information as to persons of the name of Colomiès. It is a continuation of the 'Recueil des particularitez fait en 1665,' printed in 'Opuscula' (No. 3). Both pieces appear under the title of 'Colomesiana' in 'Mélange curieux des meilleures pièces attrib. a M. de St. Evremond,' Amst. 1706, 2 vols. 12mo, ed. by P. Des Maizeaux, and in the latter's 'Scaligerana, Thuana, Perroniana, Pithoeana et Colomesiana,' Amst. 1740, 2 vols. 12mo. 10. 'Observationes Sacrae,' Amst. 1679, Lond. 1688, 12mo, a collection of marginalia in French and Latin, with extracts from private letters and reviews relating to the author and his writings. 11. 'Bibliotheque Choisie,' La Roch. 1682, Amst. 1700, 12mo, with additions and suppressions;' Nouvelle édition, augmented des notes de MM. Bourdelot, de la Monnoye et autres, avec quelques opuscules du meme C.,' Paris, 1731, 12mo, with life; the 'Bibliothèque' consists of a list of works in the literature of the day, with bibliographical and critical notes. 12. 'Theologorum Presbyterianorum Icon: ex protestantium scriptis ad vivum expressa' [sine loco], anno 1682, 16mo, from p. 39 to end is: 'Parallèle de la pratique de l'église ancienne et de celle des Protestans de France dans 1'exercice de leur religion.' The first piece includes passages from Casaubon, Languet, Grotius, and others, set forth to prove how far the presbyterians had departed from the rule of the early church with regard to orders, discipline, and the sacrament. The second establishes twenty-four points of difference between the ancients and the moderns. The work occasioned a violent attack on the part of Jurieu, and was Colomiès's justification for his Anglican secession. 13. 'Lettre a M. Justel touchant l'Histoire Critique du Vieux Testament du P. Simon,' printed at the end of 'Appendix observationum ad Pomponium Melam' by Vossius, Lond. 1686, 4to. 14. 'Ad Gul. Cave Chartophylacem Ecclesiasticum Paralipomena,' Lond. 1686, Leipzig, 1687, contains 'De Photii scriptis diss.' And 'Passio S. Victoris Massiliensis; ' an edition of Lond. 1689, 12mo, includes his 'Observationes Sacrae.' 15. 'S. Clementis Epistolæ duae ad Corinthios [Gr. et Lat.], accedit T. Brunonis diss. de Therapeutis Philonis: his subnexæ sunt Epistolae aliquot singulares, vel nunc primum editæ vel non ita facile obviæ,' Lond. 1687 and 1695, 12mo, with 'Observationes Sacræ.' 16. 'Catalogus Codd. MSS. Isaaci Vossii,' printed in 'Cat, libb. MSS. Angliæ et Hiberniæ,' 1697, ii. pt. i. p. 57. The original is in the Bodleian Library (Cod. Tanneri, 271). 17. 'G. J. Vossii et clarorum virorum ad eum Epistolae, collectore P. C.,' Lond. 1690, folio. 18. 'L. G. Gyraldi Opera omnia, animadversionibus hactenus ineditis P. C. illustrata,


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  J. Jensius,' Leyden, 1696, 2 vols. folio. The notes of Colomiès are on the treatise ' De Historia Poetarum.' 19. 'Opera theologici, critici et historici argumenti junctim edita,' Hamb. 1709, 4to; incomplete edition, badly edited by Fabricius. 20. 'Lettres de la reine de Suede [Christine] et de quelques autres personnes [sine nota, 1687], 12mo, ed. by Colomies. 21 .'Italia et Hispania Orientalis, nunc primiun ed. a J. C. Wolfio,' Hamb. 1730, 4to. Haag gives a list of ten other works said to have been projected by Colomiès.

 COLONIA, ADAM (1634–1685), painter, was son of Adam Louisz de Colonia, a painter, who was a native of Antwerp, but settled in Rotterdam about 1593. The younger Adam painted cattle pieces in the style of Berchem, and gained some repute for depicting village-wakes and conflagrations by night, the latter a style popularised by Egbert Vander Poel. He copied a great many pictures by Bassano, whose striking effects of light and shade he endeavoured to imitate. Pictures by him (or his father) are to be met with in Holland, and there are examples of his art in the museum at Lille and at Copenhagen. Colonia came over to England and spent the latter part of his life in this country. He occasionally etched; an unimportant example representing 'Apollo and Marsyas,' is sometimes met with. He died in London in 1685 aged 51, and was buried in St. Martin's-in-the-Fields. By his wife Cornelia, daughter of Arent Kerckhoven, he had four children including a daughter Huberta, married to Adriaen Van Diest, the painter [q. v.], and a son, Hendrik Adriaen de Colonia. The latter usually known as Adrian Colonia, was born in 1668 at Rotterdam, was his father's pupil and also received instruction from his brother-in-law, Van Diest. In the landscapes painted by the latter he often painted the figures. He also painted landscapes himself in the style of Salvator Rosa. He attained a reputation for rapidity both of invention and execution. He died in London in 1701, aged 33, and was buried with his father in St. Martin's-in-the Fields.

 COLONSAY,. [See, 1793-1874.]

COLORIBUS, JOHN (fl. 1525), Dominican friar, was a foreigner by birth. He graduated B.D. at Oxford in 1511, D.D. in 1517, and for several years lectured on theology in that university (, Fasti, ed. Bliss, i. 46 ;, Register of the Univ. of Oxford, i. 78). Afterwards he became a favourite of Cardinal Wolsey, who selected him as one of the learned doctors of the university appointed to write against Luther. In 1525 the cardinal made him a member of his newly founded college of Christ Church, 'but in what capacity,' says Wood, 'I know not' (Athenæ Oxon. i. 47). He wrote 'Tractatus contra Doctrinam M. Lutheri,' 1521 (, Church Hist. i. 231).

 COLPOYS, JOHN (1742?–1821), admiral, is said to have entered the navy in 1756 and to have served at the reduction of Louisbourg in 1758, and of Martinique in 1762. In 1770, being then a lieutenant, he went to the East Indies, was there made commander, and advanced to post rank on 25 Aug. 1773. In 1774 he returned to England, and was shortly after sent again to the West Indies. In 1776 he commanded the Seaford frigate on the North American station, and in the West Indies during 1777-8. In the summer of 1779 he commanded the Royal George, bearing the flag of Rear-admiral Sir John Lockhart Ross, in the Channel, and in 1781 went to North America in command of the Orpheus frigate. He afterwards commanded the Phaeton frigate in the Mediterranean, and in 1790 was appointed to the Hannibal of 74 guns, which he commanded till 1793. He had thus an almost uninterrupted service of nearly forty years, more than twenty of them actually in command of ships of war, when on 12 April 1794 he was made a rear-admiral. No officer living had so wide an experience of the various phases of naval discipline. In October 1794 he hoisted his flag on board the London of 98 guns, one of the winter fleet under Lord Howe. Continuing in the London, in the fleet under Lord Bridport, he was promoted to be vice-admiral

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 of Corea to the Island of Loochoo by John McLeod,' London, 1817, 8vo (see Memoirs of Thomas Moore, ii. 201). 80. 'The Antiquities of York, drawn and etched by H. Cave,' London, 1818, large 4to. 81. 'The Second Tour of Dr. Syntax in search of Consolation, a Poem,' London, 1820, royal 8vo (with twenty-four coloured plates by Rowlandson). 82. 'The Third Tour of Dr. Syntax in search of a Wife, a Poem,' London, 1821, royal 8vo (with twenty-four coloured plates by Rowlandson. Like the second Tour, first issued in monthly parts, neither passed through so many editions as the first Tour. The 'Three Tours,' with Rowlandson's eighty plates reduced, were issued by Ackermann in 1826, 3 vols. 16mo, at a guinea; frequently reprinted). 83. 'A History of Madeira,' with twenty-seven coloured engravings, London, 1821, 4to. 84. 'Johnny Quæ Genus, or the Little Foundling,' London, 1822, royal 8vo (with twenty-four coloured plates by Rowlandson, first issued in monthly parts like the Tours). 85. 'Letters to "Marianne," by William Combe,' London, 1823, 12mo (with silhouette portrait of William Combe and facsimile of his handwriting. The copy in the British Museum is that described in 'Notes and Queries' (4th ser. iii. 570, &c.) as having belonged to one who knew all the persons mentioned in it, and who added names to the initials. It includes autographs of Combe in a neat and elegant writing, cuttings from newspapers, and other interesting memoranda). 86. 'Letters between Amelia in London and her Mother in the Country, by the late Win. Combe,' London, 1824, 16mo.

 COMBER, THOMAS, D.D. (1575–1654), master of Trinity College, Cambridge, and dean of Carlisle, was born at Shermanbury, Sussex, on 1 Jan. 1575, being the twelfth son of his father, who was a barrister-at-law. From a public school at Horsham he was sent to Trinity College, Cambridge, where he was elected to a scholarship in 1593, and to a fellowship in 1597. He graduated M.A. in 1598. For three years he lived in France, in the house of the learned protestant, Du Moulin. On his return from that country he was appointed chaplain to James I, by whose command he disputed publicly at St. Andrews with some Scotch divines. On 26 June 1615 he was instituted to the rectory of Worplesdon, Surrey; on 28 Aug. 1629 he was presented to the deanery of Carlisle; and on 12 Oct. 1631 admitted master of Trinity College, Cambridge. In the latter part of 1631, and again in 1636, he was vice-chancellor of the university. He was ejected from all his preferments and imprisoned for assisting in sending the university plate to the king, and for refusing the covenant. He died on 28 Feb. 1653-4, and was buried, on 3 March, in St. Botolph's Church, Cambridge, without any sepulchral monument. His funeral sermon was preached in Trinity College Chapel by Robert Boreman, B.D., and published under the title of 'The Triumph of Faith over Death, or the Just Man's Memoriall,' London, 1654, 4to.

Comber was skilled in the Hebrew, Arabic, Coptic, Samaritan, Syriac, Chaldee, Persian, Greek, and Latin languages, and he had besides a colloquial knowledge of French, Spanish, and Italian. He was the author of:
 * 1) Greek and Latin verses on the death of Dr. William Whitaker, printed with that divine's 'Opera Theologica' (1610), i. 711.
 * 2) 'Epistola reverendo admodum doctissimoque viro D. J. Morino, Congregationis Oratorii presbytero, de Exemplari quodam MS. Pentateuch Samaritani quod erat in Anglia,' dated from Trinity College, Cambridge, 25 April 1633. In 'Antiquitates Ecclesige Orientals (London, 1682), 193.

 COMBER, THOMAS, D.D. (1645–1699), dean of Durham, was descended from an ancient family at Barkham, Sussex. His father, James Comber, was the fourth son of John Comber, who was uncle to Thomas Comber


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 [q. v.], dean of Carlisle. His mother was Mary, daughter of Bryan Burton of Westerham, Kent, and widow of Edward Hampden. Thomas was born at Westerham on 19 March 1644-5, and was the last child baptised in the parish church before the rebels suppressed the Anglican service; a daughter of his half-sister being the first christened by the restored form in 1660. In the rebellion his father was driven to take refuge in Flanders for four years, during which time his son was left entirely under the care of his mother. His father returned to Westerham in 1649, and in the following year Comber was placed under the tuition of the Rev. Thomas Walter. He could read and write Greek before he was ten years old.

On 18 April 1659, after some changes of school, he was admitted of Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, under Edmund Matthews, B.D., senior fellow and president of the college. He studied experimental philosophy, geometry, astronomy, music, painting, and the oriental tongues, besides learning an excellent method of common-place for philosophy and divinity.

His family was poor, but he procured an annual exhibition of 10l., and received 5l. a year from a relative of Dr. Richard Minshall, master of the college. This help 'enabled him to live very well,' and from this time he put his parents to no other expense but that of providing him with clothes and books. On 18 Jan. 1662-3 he was chosen scholar of the house, with a pension of 51. per annum, and three days later he was admitted to the degree of B. A. Hopes of a fellowship were not realised, and as the exhibition of 10l. was withdrawn, he was compelled to return to his father's house at Westerham. He received help from many friends, and was able to decline offers from Mr. John Holney of Edenbridge, his father's particular friend, who had discovered his merit. Early in 1663 he was invited to the house of one of his preceptors, Mr. Holland, now rector of All Hallows Staining, London; and having been ordained deacon on 18 Aug. by dispensation, he read prayers on Sundays for Mr. Holland, and studied on weekdays in the library of Sion College. Soon afterwards he became curate to the Rev. Gilbert Bennet, rector of Stonegrave, Yorkshire. He was ordained priest in York Minster by Archbishop Sterne on 20 Sept. 1664, at the irregular age of twenty. When this ordination was long afterwards objected to, the archbishop said 'I have found no reason to repent.' In May 1666 he performed the exercise for his degree of M.A.; but as the commencement was postponed in consequence of the plague breaking out, he was admitted to the degree by proxy. He was appointed chaplain to John, lord Frescheville, baron of Staveley. While he was curate of Stonegrave he was invited to reside with William Thornton of East Newton, Yorkshire, and he afterwards married one of his daughters. Here he wrote various theological pieces, and amused himself with poetical compositions. In 1669 Comber was inducted to the rectory of Stonegrave on Bennet's resignation.

In 1672 appeared the first instalment of his most famous work, the 'Companion to the Temple,' intended to reconcile protestant dissenters to the church of England. On 5 July 1677 he was installed prebendary of Holme in the church of York, and on 10 Jan. 1677-8 he was presented, by Sir Hugh Cholmeley, to the living of Thornton, ten miles from Stonegrave. He obtained a dispensation to hold both livings from the archbishop of Canterbury, who created him D.D. by patent on 28 June 1678. He obtained the prebend of Fenton in the church of York in 1681, and in the following year he was nominated one of the chaplains to the Princess Anne. In 1683 he resigned the prebend of Fenton, and on 19 Oct. in that year he was instituted precentor of York and prebendary of Driffield. Soon afterwards he went into residence at York, and was put into the commission of the peace. He was also chosen one of the proctors of the chapter of York in the convocation of the northern province.

In the troubled reign of James II he became conspicuous as a champion of the cause of protestantism. He refused to attend the chapter held on 25 Aug. 1688 for the suspension of the Rev. Mr. Lawson, in compliance with an order of the High Commission Court. When the king sent a silver crozier to York, and a congé d'élire with a recommendation of Dr. Smith, a Roman catholic, the precentor determined to accept the invitation formerly given him by the Princess of Orange to take refuge with her. When William and Mary were proclaimed at York, he preached in the cathedral to a crowded audience. He was an earnest supporter of the new order, and published two pamphlets in defence of the government, viz. 'A modest Vindication of the Protestants of England who joined with the Prince of Orange' and 'An Apology for the Oath of Allegiance.' King William restored him to the office of justice of the peace after a year's suspension, and on 19 July 1689 he took the necessary oaths. His old friend Tillotson procured for him the deanery of Durham, in succession to Dr. Dennis Grenville, who had refused the oaths. He was installed on 9 May 1691. When the French invasion was


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 in 1692, he published a pamphlet called 'The Pretences of the French Invasion examined for the information of the People of England;' and in the preface to a new edition of King's 'Present State of the Protestants of Ireland' he undertook to show that James II carried on the design of destroying liberty, property, and protestantism.

He died on 25 Nov. 1699 at East Newton, and was buried in Stonegrave church. He married in 1668 Alice, eldest daughter of William Thornton, esq., of East Newton, by Alice his wife, daughter of Sir Christopher Wandesford of Kirklington. By this lady, who died on 20 Jan. 1720, aged 87, he had four sons and two daughters.

His works, in addition to those already mentioned and some occasional sermons, are:
 * 1) 'A Companion to the Temple and Closet; or a help to publick and private devotion, in an Essay upon the daily Offices of the Church,' 2 parts, London, 1672-6, 8vo; 2nd edition, with additions, 2 parts, London, 1676-9, 8vo; 4 parts, London, 1684 and 1688, fol.; 4th edition, 1701-2, fol. A new edition was published at the Clarendon Press (7 vols., Oxford, 1841, 8vo) without addition of any kind, and omitting the preface to Comber's later editions. This is the most complete book extant on the Book of Common Prayer, abounding in learned references to authorities. All succeeding writers on the subject are deeply indebted to it, particularly Wheatley.
 * 2) 'Roman Forgeries in the Councils during the first four centuries' (with appendix), 1673, 8vo, 2 parts; London, 1689, 4to. Reprinted in Gibson's 'Preservative against Popery,' xv. 89.
 * 3) 'Friendly and Seasonable Advice to the Roman Catholics of England,' 1674 (anon.) To the 4th edition (1685) the author prefixed his name. A new edition, with an appendix and notes by Walter Farquhar Hook, appeared in 1836 and elicited a reply from 'Julius Vindex' entitled 'A Letter to the Rev. W. F. Hook, proving the truth of the Roman Catholic Religion from Protestant authority alone,' London [1847].
 * 4) 'A Companion to the Altar; or an help to the worthy receiving of the Lord's Supper,' London, 1675, 8vo; 4th edition, 2 parts, London, 1685, 8vo; 6th edition, 2 parts, London, 1721, 8vo.
 * 5) 'The Right of Tithes' (anon.) In answer to Elwood the quaker.
 * 6) 'The Occasional Offices of Matrimony, Visitation of the Sick, Burial of the Dead, Churching of Women, and the Commination, explained in the method of the Companion to the Temple: being the fourth and last part,' London, 1679, 8vo.
 * 7) 'Religion and Loyalty,' a political pamphlet, 1681.
 * 8) 'An Historical Vindication of the Divine Right of Tithes,' London, 1683, 1685, 4to.
 * 9) 'Short Discourses upon the whole Common Prayer, designed to inform the judgment and excite the devotion of such as daily use the same,' London, 1684, 8vo; 2nd edition, 1688; 4th edition, 1712.
 * 10) 'A Discourse concerning Excommunication,' London [1684], 4to.
 * 11) 'The Church Catechism, with a brief and easy explanation thereof,' London,1686, 8vo.
 * 12) 'The plausible Arguments of a Romish Priest answered from Scripture by an English Protestant,' London, 1686, 8vo; 1687, 4to; 1688, 8vo; 1735, 8vo; York [1800 ?], 12mo.
 * 13) 'A Discourse concerning the daily frequenting the Common Prayer,' London, 1687, 8vo.
 * 14) ' A Discourse of Duels,' London, 1687, 4to.
 * 15) 'A Discourse concerning the second Council of Nice, which first introduced and established Image-worship in the Christian Church, anno Domini 787,' London, 1688, 4to (anon.) Reprinted in Gibson's 'Preservative against Popery,' vii. 373, viii. 1.
 * 16) 'A Scholastical History of the primitive and general use of Liturgies in the Christian Church,' London, 1690, 8vo.
 * 17) 'The Examiner examined; being a Vindication of the History of Liturgies,' London, 1691, 4to. In reply to the strictures of the Rev.  [q. v.]
 * 18) 'The Church History clear'd from the Roman Forgeries and Corruptions found in the Councils and Baronius. Being the third and fourth parts of the Roman Forgeries,' London, 1695, 4to.
 * 19) 'A Discourse on the Offices for the V of November, XXX th of January, and XXIX th of May,' London, 1696, 8vo.

It seems doubtful whether the 'Christus Triumphans, Comoedia Apocalyptica' by John Foxe the martyrologist, which appeared in 1672, was published by him. His great-grandson, the Rev. Thomas Comber, published 'Memoirs of the Life and Writings of Thomas Comber, D.D., sometime Dean of Durham, in which is introduced a candid view of the scope and execution of the several works of Dr. Comber, as well printed and MS.; also a fair account of his literary correspondence,' London, 1799, 8vo (with portrait).


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 castles, and to many other offices. On 7 Nov. 1512 he received 'honourable augmentation of arms,' viz.: 'a lion passant gardant or,' with the crest' a demi dragon crazed gules within a coronet of gold upon a torse argent and vert.' On 4 Feb. 1512-13 he was appointed usher of the black rod in Windsor Castle (Pat. 4 Hen. VIII, ii. 11). In the French campaign of 1513 he seems to have been in the main body or ' middle warde ' of the army (Calendar Hen. VIII, i. 4314); Hall, however, says he commanded the rear guard (Chron. f. 26). He and forty-four others were rewarded for their exertions by the honour of knighthood, conferred on them by the king at Tournay on 25 Sept. The chancellorship of Ireland with power to act by deputy was given him on 6 Nov. 1513; but he did not keep it long, for it went to the archbishop of Dublin on 24 March 1516 (Pat. 5 Hen. VIII, ii. 2, and 7 Hen. VIII, iii. 24). The university of Cambridge, on 5 Feb. 1513-14, granted ' letters of confraternity ' to him and his wife. He attended the king to the Field of the Cloth of Gold and to the subsequent interview with the emperor at Gravelines in 1520. Compton served on the borders under the Earl of Surrey in the Scotch war of 1523, and this seems to have been the only time he ever removed far from the court. Some thought that his rival Wolsey contrived his being sent thither, hoping in his absence to injure his credit with the king (, ed. 1557, p. 1714). A fragment of a grant, dated 22 Feb. 18 Henry VIII, enrolled on the 'Patent Roll' of that year (1526-7), gives him leave to wear his hat in the king's presence; the enrolment, however, is cancelled. He died on 30 June 1528 (Escheators' Inquisitions) of the sweating sickness, leaving an only son, Peter, aged six, who became the ward of Cardinal Wolsey. Peter died a minor, leaving a son who was created Baron Compton by Queen Elizabeth, and whose son was made Earl of Northampton by King James. Compton married Werburga, daughter and heiress of Sir John Brereton, and widow of Sir Francis Cheyney, and she, the year after his death, had license to marry Walter Walsh of the privy chamber (Pat. 21 Hen. VIII, ii. 24, in which she is called 'Elizabeth'). Compton had apparently made unsuccessful suit for leave to marry the Countess of Salisbury after her lands were restored to her in 1513 (Calendar Hen. VIII, iv. 4654). He died immensely rich, leaving property in eighteen counties. He was sheriff of Worcestershire for life by a grant in 1516, and before that had been sheriff of Hampshire, 1512-13, and of Somersetshire and Dorsetshire, 1513-14. Portraits of him on glass were at Compton Hall and in Balliol College, Oxford.  COMPTON, WILLIAM (1625–1663), royalist, the third son of Spencer Compton, second earl of Northampton [q. v.], was born in 1625. In his eighteenth year he was directed by his father to take up arms for Charles I, who gave him the command of a regiment, with which he rendered signal service to the royal cause at the taking of Banbury. He led his men on to three attacks, and had two horses shot under him. Upon the surrender of the town and castle he was made lieutenant-governor under his father, and brought over many to the king's interest. He received the honour of knighthood at Oxford on 12 Dec. 1643. When the parliament forces of Northamptonshire, Warwick, and Coventry, who were aggrieved by Compton's continual incursions, came before the town of Banbury on 19 July 1644, he returned answer to their summons 'that he kept the castle for his majesty, and, as long as one man was left alive in it, willed them not to expect to have it delivered.' Afterwards they sent another summons, to which he replied 'that he had formerly answered them, and wondered they would send again.' So vigilant was he that he countermined the enemy eleven times, and during the siege, which lasted thirteen weeks, never went to bed, but by his example so animated the garrison that they would never suffer another summons to be sent to them. At length on 26 Oct. his brother, the Earl of Northampton, raised the siege. Compton continued governor of Banbury till the king left Oxford, and when the whole kingdom was submitting to the parliament he, on 8 May 1646, surrendered upon honourable terms, 'all officers being allowed their horses, swords, goods, money, and passes, with a safe-conduct whither they pleased, without any arrest or molestation.'

In 1648 he served the king in the Kentish expedition, and in the absence of the Earl of Norwich commanded as general at Greenwich. As major-general of the king's forces at Colchester, when that town was besieged by General Fairfax, he, by his instructions and example, kept the garrison in some competent order while they were enduring the greatest privations, for before they surrendered on 28 Aug. 1648 they were reduced to eating


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 not only dogs and horses, but the very draff and grains for the preservation of their lives. Compton, after being confined for some time, was set at liberty. He was so much taken notice of for his admirable behaviour, that Oliver Cromwell called him 'the sober young man, and the godly cavalier.' He, with the Earl of Oxford, John, lord Bellasis, Sir John Grenville, Sir John Russell, and Sir Richard Willis, were called the 'sealed knot,' from the privacy of their councils in managing all the eight attempts made for the restoration of Charles II from 1652 to 1659. Compton was in prison in 1655, and was again arrested in 1658.

After the Restoration he was returned to parliament for the borough of Cambridge 11 March 1660–1, and Charles II appointed him master of the ordnance. He died suddenly in Drury Lane, London, on 18 Oct. 1663, and was buried at Compton-Wynyates, Warwickshire,where a monument was erected to his memory.

He married Elizabeth, widow of William, lord Alington of Horseheath, Cambridgeshire.

 COMRIE, ALEXANDER (1708–1774), theological writer, was born in Scotland, and when a young man went over to Holland, where he was placed in a mercantile house. In his twentieth year when crossing a lake not far from Leyden, he was shipwrecked; but swimming ashore near Woubrugge, and observing a light in a neighbouring farmhouse, he found shelter for the night, and found likewise in the farmer a congenial friend, who encouraged his desire to study or the church, and got for him the means of taking his course at the universities of Groningen and Leyden.

In 1734 he took at Leyden the degrees of master of arts and doctor of philosophy,' and immediately after he was elected minister of the parish of Woubrugge, where he had found shelter and friendship after his shipwreck. He remained minister there till 1773, the year before his death, discharging his pastoral duties with singular assiduity among a people who appreciated in the highest degree his high character and his fervent zeal for the old Calvinistic doctrines.

It was in Comrie's time that some of the ministers, professors, and theological writers of Holland began to maintain rationalist views; in Comrie they found one of their most unflinching opponents. In two ways Comrie opposed the rising tide : he wrote original controversial treatises, and he translated for popular use some of the ablest works in practical and devotional theology that were appearing in his native country.

The names of his opponents, Schultens, Van den Os, Alberti, and Jan van den Honert, are now nearly forgotten even in Holland. Van den Os, as minister of Zwolle, had declared that no church articles could have power to decide in matters of faith, for the holy scriptures were admitted to be the true rule, and each man was at liberty to receive them according to his individual interpretation; also that the synod of Dort did not mean to set forth what was to be received as the truth for all time, but only for the time then being and till further light should be obtained. Van den Honert raised questions respecting the fundamental doctrine of justification by faith, which seemed to Comrie to involve the surrender of all that had been taught on that subject by Luther and Calvin. Notwithstanding the strenuous opposition of Comrie and his friends, the cause of rationalism advanced steadily among the clergy and in the universities. But the attachment of the people of Holland to that gospel of which he was a champion continued to prevail to a very large extent. It is in that class that the name of Comrie still lives, and the books which he wrote are still a power.

The following is a translated list of the principal writings of Comrie published in the Dutch language, as recently compiled by Professor Kuyper, D.D., of Amsterdam: 1. 'The A B C of Faith, an Exposition of Scripture Similitudes, illustrating Faith.' 2. 'On the Properties of a Saving Faith,' 2 vols. 3. 'On Justification by Direct Imputation.' 4. 'On Justification by Faith wrought in us by Grace.' 5. 'On the Languishing Condition of Faith in the heart of the Believer,' 2 vols. 6. 'Exposition of the Heidelberg Catechism.' 7. Examination of the Proposition of General Toleration in order to reconcile Calvinism to Arminianism,' 2 vols. The following are among the books which he translated or edited: 1. Voetius, 'The Mystic Power of Godliness.' 2. Shepherd, 'The Ten Virgins.' 3. Marshall, 'The Doctrine of Sanctification.' 4. Boston, 'The


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 on 20 Sept. 1670 he received priest's orders from his father-in-law. On 18 Dec. following he was elected minister of St. Mary, Aldermanbury, by the vestry, but preferring to remain at Northampton he exchanged with the vicar of All Saints, and was instituted to that church on 15 Feb. 1670–1; and, although the living was worth only 100l. a year, he refused to leave it for other preferments which were offered him. These offers were especially made when his church, together with a large part of the town, was destroyed by fire on 20 Sept. 1675, a calamity of which he has left an account in a letter printed by his son. His charities were large, and he was much beloved, being very successful in bringing over nonconformists to the church. On 8 June 1676 he was made archdeacon of Norwich in succession to his wife's uncle, and on 3 Dec. 1681, on the intercession of the earl of Radnor, he received a prebend in Worcester Cathedral. For some years his sight gradually grew weaker, and in 1686 he became totally blind. He died on 12 March 1693, at the age of eighty-six, and was buried in his church at Northampton, where there is an epitaph recording the principal events of his life (Gent. Mag. lxxv. 210).

Six volumes of Conant's sermons have been published: the first in 1693, while he was still alive, by Dr. John Williams; the second, third, fourth, and fifth, in 1697, 1698, 1703, and 1708, by the same when bishop of Chichester; and the sixth, at the request of Conant's son, Dr. John Conant, in 1722, by Digby Coates, principal of Magdalen Hall, Oxford. Besides these his only other extant piece is his copy of verses in Latin and English, printed in the ‘Biographia Britannica.’ One or two letters of his have been printed (, Dorsetshire, iii. 25, 26). By his wife, Elizabeth, he had six sons and six daughters. His family is now represented by the Conants of Lyndon Hall, Rutlandshire, who are descended from a younger son.

(d. 1723), eldest son of John Conant, rector of Exeter, wrote a life of his father, which was published by the Rev. W. Staunton in 1823. He was elected fellow of Merton College, Oxford, in 1676, took the degree of LL.D., and became a member of Gray's Inn. He settled in London and practised successfully at Doctors' Commons. In 1693 he was one of three who were presented to the visitor of Merton for the wardenship, but was not selected. About this time he married Mary, daughter of John West, of the manor of Hampton Poyle in the county of Oxford, and widow of Henry Street of Kidlington. By the death of his father-in-law in 1696 he succeeded to the Hampton Poyle property in right of his wife, and was engaged in some lawsuits connected with the succession. When compelled by failing health to retire from practice he resided at Kidlington, and appears to have died there on 23 Aug. 1723 (, Herald and Genealogist, iii. 296–9;, History of Merton College, 122, 295; Life, cxi; Fasti Oxon. (Bliss), ii. 387).  CONCANEN, MATTHEW (1701–1749), miscellaneous writer, was born in Ireland in 1701, and deserted the law for literature. In 1721 he brought out a comedy called ‘Wexford Wells.’ In the same year he published a mock-heroic poem called ‘A Match at Football,’ and in 1722 ‘Poems on Several Occasions.’ He came to London with J. Sterling, author of two tragedies (1722 and 1736), and afterwards a clergyman in Maryland. They took to hackwork in literature, and decided (, Lives) by the toss of a halfpenny that Concanen should defend the ministry, while Sterling was to be in opposition. Concanen published a collection of ‘Miscellaneous Poems’ ‘by several hands’ in 1724. He took part in the ‘London Journal,’ and in a paper called the ‘Speculatist,’ published in 1730. In 1726 Warburton, then a young clergyman in search of preferment, visited London and made the acquaintance of Concanen, Theobald, the Shakespearean critic, and other authors by profession. Warburton says that he gave Concanen money ‘for many a dinner,’ and presented him with the copy of his youthful essay on ‘Prodigies and Miracles’ (1727), which Concanen sold to the booksellers for ‘more money than you (Hurd) would think.’ Concanen had introduced some Shakespearean criticisms of Theobald's, published in the ‘London Journal,’ by some suitable remarks. He also wrote to Warburton for some Shakespearean annotations promised to Theobald, and Warburton replied in a letter (dated 2 Jan. 1727), in which he was unlucky enough to remark that Pope ‘borrowed for want of genius.’ When Warburton had become famous as Pope's literary confidant and advocate, this letter was published by Akenside in a note to his ‘Ode to the late Thomas Edwards’ in


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Condé 1766, having been discovered in 1760 by Gawin Knight, the first librarian to the British Museum (it was afterwards republished by Malone in his supplement to 'Shakespeare,' i. 222, and will be found in Nichols's 'Illustrations,' ii. 195). The first edition of the 'Dunciad,' of which Theobald was the hero, was published 28 May 1728. Concanen took up the cudgels against Pope in the preface to a 'Collection of all Verses, Essays occasioned by Mr. Pope and Swift's Miscellanies,' and a pamphlet called 'A Supplement to the Profund,' in which Pope's method of quoting faulty passages from his enemies is turned with some point against himself. In the authorised edition of the 'Dunciad' of 1729 a passage previously applied to Roome and Whatley was altered to an attack upon Concanen, who takes part in the diving match as 'A cold, long-winded native of the deep' (Dunciad, ii. 299-304).

In a note of 1736 Pope adds that Concanen afterwards became 'a hired scribbler in the "Daily Courant,"' where he 'poured forth much Billingsgate against Lord Bolingbroke and others.' Concanen succeeded in commending himself to the government, especially to Sir W. Yonge, through whose interest and that of the Duke of Newcastle he was appointed attorney-general in Jamaica 30 Jan. 1732. He is said to have filled the office creditably. He married a planter's daughter and returned to England with a fortune, but a few weeks afterwards died of consumption, 22 Jan. 1729. Besides the above works Concanen published in 1731 a miscellany called 'The Flowerpiece.' He was concerned with Roome and Sir William Yonge (manuscript note by Isaac Reed in copy of Gibber's 'Lives' at British Museum) in altering Broome's 'Jovial Crew' into a ballad opera, and has some songs in the 'Musical Miscellany,' 1729.

[Letters of an Eminent Prelate (1809), 218, 219; Watson's Life of Warburton, 14, 15, 27-30; Nichols's Lit. Anecd. v. 535, 641, viii. 265, 496, 512; Nichols's Illustrations, ii. 189-204; Cibber's Lives, v. 27-31; Memoirs of Grub Street (1737), i. 162, 186.]

 CONDÉ, JOHN (fl.1785–1800), engraver, is sometimes called an Englishman, but on an engraving published in 1791, representing the Chevalier d'Éon de Beaumont [q. v.] as 'Minerva,' he styles himself a French artist, 'who designed it for a monument of English generosity and French gratitude.' Condé is well known from the number of engravings he executed from the elegant portraits drawn by Richard Cosway [q. v.] These he engraved in pale delicate tints, using stipple, sanguine, or aquatint, and sometimes enhanced their elegance by enclosing them in framelike borders, called 'glomisages,' from the French engraver Glomy, who first designed them. Among the portraits thus engraved were Mrs. Fitzherbert, Mrs. Tickell, Mrs. Bouverie, Madame du Barry, Mr. Horace Beckford, and others. He engraved portraits of celebrities for the 'European' and other magazines, and also portraits of actors after De Wilde, or from the life, for the 'Thespian Magazine.' Among other works of his may be noticed a portrait of Lord-Chancellor Thurlow, after S. Collings, and a print called 'The Hobby Horse,' from his own design. He was doubtless father of Peter Condé, who engraved portraits of J. L. Dussek and Caleb Whitefoord, after Cosway, and also painted portraits, exhibiting at the Royal Academy from 1806 to 1824.

[Leblanc's Manuel de l'Amateur d'Estampes; Nagler's Künstler-Lexikon; Portalis et Beraldi's Les Graveurs du Dix-huitième Siècle; Bromley's Catalogue of British Portraits; Graves's Dict. of Artists, 1760-1880.]

 CONDELL, HENRY (d. 1627), actor and one of the two editors of the first folio edition of Shakespeare's plays, was one of the ten 'principal comedians' performing in Ben Jonson's 'Every Man in his Humour,' 1598, and 'Every Man out of his Humour,' 1599. The names only of the actors in these plays, and not the parts played by each, are supplied by the old lists; but Mr. J. P. Collier has suggested that Condell created the part of Captain Bobadil. In the 'plat,' or programme (dating before 1589), of Tarleton's 'Second Part of the Seven Deadly Sins' [see ] the rôle of Ferrex is assigned to 'Harry,' and Steevens identified the actor with Condell. Although this identification is highly doubtful, the fact of Condell's appearance in Jonson's comedies is proof that he had many years' experience as an actor at the close of the sixteenth century. A statement made in 1729 that Condell was originally a printer is entirely unconfirmed by contemporary evidence. With Shakespeare and Burbage, Condell was a member of the company of players known as the lord chamberlain's men at the end of Elizabeth's reign; and when in May 1603 this company was formally enrolled as 'the king's servants,' Condell's name stood sixth on the list of members. In 1599 Richard Burbage [q. v.] and his brother Cuthbert built the Globe Theatre. Condell became 'a partner in the profits' of that theatre, and his prominence in the lord chamberlain's company also secured for him an important share in the profits of the Blackfriars Theatre. In 1604 Condell acted in Marston's 'Malcontent;' in Webster's 'Induction' to that play he is brought on the


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 stage, together with Burbage, Lowin, and other actors, under his own name, and several speeches are assigned him. He acted in Ben Jonson's ‘Sejanus,’ 1603, in his ‘Volpone,’ 1605, in his ‘Alchemist,’ 1610, and in his ‘Catiline,’ 1611, and his name appears in the lists of actors who took leading parts in Shakespeare's and Beaumont and Fletcher's chief plays. In 1613 he was acting at the Globe in ‘All is True’ (probably identical with ‘Henry VIII’) when the playhouse caught fire. In the ballad issued to commemorate the event, the two lines— The riprobates, thoughe drunk on Munday, Pray'd for the foole and Henry Condye— refer to Condell. The rôle of the Cardinal in Webster's ‘Duchess of Malfi’ was frequently filled by him before 1623. On 27 March 1618–19 a new patent to his company places his name third on the list, John Heming [q.v.] and Richard Burbage (then just dead) alone preceding it. When Charles I renewed the company's privileges on his accession to the throne in 1625, Condell is the second actor named. Condell is traditionally associated with leading comic parts, but it is probable that he occasionally appeared in tragedy.

Condell's theatrical engagements brought him into close relations with Shakespeare. In the great dramatist's will, dated 5 March 1615–16, 26s. 8d. is bequeathed to ‘my fellowes, John Hemynges, Richard Burbage, and Henry Cundell … to buy them ringes.’ In 1623 Heming and Condell combined to do their friend's memory the justice of publishing the first collected edition of his plays. They both sign the dedication to the brothers, William, earl of Pembroke, and Philip, earl of Montgomery. ‘We have but collected them [i.e. the plays],’ they write, ‘and done an office to the dead to procure his orphans guardians, without ambition otherwise of selfe-profit, only to keepe the memory of so worthy a friend and fellow alive, as was our Shakespeare, by humble offer of his playes to your most noble patronage.’ An address ‘to the great variety of readers,’ signed by both Heming and Condell, follows; here they express regret that Shakespeare had not lived to supervise the printing of his work, and remark that the manuscripts, which are in their keeping, have ‘scarce … a blot’ or erasure upon them. Their full recognition of Shakespeare's pre-eminence is the most remarkable characteristic of their compositions.

Condell was prosperous in his profession, and while actively engaged in it lived in a house of his own in the parish of St. Mary Aldermanbury. He was ‘sidesman’ there in 1606. About 1623 he retired from the stage. In 1625, while the plague was raging in London, Thomas Dekker issued a biting prose satire on those who had fled from the infection, entitled ‘A Rod for Run-aways.’ An anonymous reply was issued immediately, entitled ‘The Run-aways' Answer,’ with a dedication ‘to our much respected and very worthy friend, Mr. H. Condell, at his country house at Fulham.’ The writers, whose initials only are appended to the dedication, state that they are actors who have been assailed by Dekker with especial fury, that they left London on a professional tour, and not from fear of the plague, and that Condell, whom they beg to arbitrate between themselves and Dekker, entertained them royally before their departure. Condell remained at his country house at Fulham till his death, which took place in December 1627. He was buried in the church of St. Mary Aldermanbury on 29 Dec. According to his will, where he styles himself ‘gentleman’ and spells his name Cundell, he owned, besides his shares in the Blackfriars and Globe theatres and his dwelling-houses at Fulham and Aldermanbury, land and tenements in Helmet Court, Strand, in the parish of St. Bride, Fleet Street, and in the parish of St. Mary Aldermanbury; John Heming and Cuthbert Burbage were two of the overseers of his will. His widow was executrix and chief legatee.

Condell married before 1599. Nothing is known of his wife except that her name was Elizabeth, and that she was buried at St. Mary Aldermanbury on 3 Oct. 1635. Entries in the registers of St. Mary's Church show that Condell had nine children baptised there between 27 Feb. 1598[9] and 22 Aug. 1614, but only three, Henry, William, and Elizabeth, survived their father. The daughter married Herbert Finch, and Henry died in March 1629–30.

 CONDELL, HENRY (1757–1834), violinist and composer, was born in 1757. Nothing is known of his parentage or early life, but about the beginning of the century he was a prominent member of the orchestras of the King's Theatre, Drury Lane, and Covent Garden. In 1803 he wrote an overture to Dimond's historical play 'The Hero of the North' (produced at Drury Lane 19 Feb. 1803), and in 1804 for Fawcett's ballet 'The Enchanted Island' (played at the Haymarket). In 1803 he set the musical farce


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  # 'Agnes de Castro,' 1696.
 * 1) 'Fatal Friendship,' 1698.
 * 2) 'Love at a Loss, or most Votes carry it,' 1701; revised as 'The Honourable Deceivers,' but never brought out.
 * 3) 'The Unhappy Penitent,' 1701.
 * 4) 'The Revolution of Sweden,' 1706.

Her philosophical writings are: Her collected prose works were published in 1751 by Dr. Birch, with a life. Some of her poems, including the lines upon ' the busts in the Queen's Hermitage,' originally published in the ' Gentleman's Magazine ' for May 1737, will be found in Poems by Eminent Ladies,' 1755, i. 228-38.
 * 1) In defence of Locke.
 * 2) 'A Discourse concerning a Guide in Controversies, in two Letters,' 1707.
 * 3) 'A Letter to Dr. Holdsworth,' 1726.
 * 4) 'A Vindication of Mr. Locke's Christian Principles from the injurious imputations of Dr. Holdsworth ' (published in posthumous works).
 * 5) 'Remarks upon some Writers in the Controversy concerning the foundations of Moral Duty … particularly (E. Law and Warburton … ) in Works of the Learned,' 1743.
 * 6) 'Remarks upon the Principles … of Dr. Rutherforth's Essay … in vindication of the contrary principles … of the late Dr. Samuel Clarke, 1747.

 COCKBURN, GEORGE (1763–1847), general and pamphleteer, eldest son of George Cockburn, by a sister of Admiral Sir Benjamin Caldwell, G.C.B., was born in Dublin in 1763. He was gazetted an ensign in the 1st, afterwards the Grenadier, guards on 9 May 1781, and in the following year went to Gibraltar, where he acted as aide-de-camp to General Eliott during the famous siege. For his services he was promoted captain-lieutenant into the 105th regiment in 1784, and transferred in the following year to the 65th, which was then quartered in Dublin. His new colonel, the Earl of Harrington, took a great fancy to the young man, and instead of letting him go to Canada with the rest of the regiment in June 1785, he kept him at home for recruiting duties, and sent him to study the Prussian autumn manœuvres. In the following years he went to Austria, France, and in 1788 to Spain for the same reason, and in March 1790 he was promoted captain into the 5th (Royal Irish) light dragoons. In the same year he was made major of the Royal Irish Independent Invalids, and in November 1793 was transferred to the 92nd regiment, of which he purchased the lieutenant-colonelcy in the following month, and soon after went upon half-pay. In 1797 he was promoted colonel, and in 1803 major-general, and from 1806 to 1810 he held a command in the northern district. In April 1810 he was appointed to the command of a division in the army of occupation in Sicily, and took charge of Messina, but his tenure of command was not long, and in November, on the news arriving that he had been promoted lieutenant-general, he had to resign. Before that time, however, he had been present at the defeat of Cavaignac's division when it attempted to land in Sicily, but the chief credit of the action is due to the adjutant-general, James Campbell. Cockburn then proceeded to travel about Sicily, and on his return to England published two elaborate volumes with illustrations, which he called ‘A Voyage to Cadiz and Gibraltar, up the Mediterranean to Sicily and Malta in 1810 and 1811, including a description of Sicily and the Lipari Islands, and an Excursion in Portugal.’ He then settled down at his seat, Shanganah Castle, near Bray, county Wicklow, which he had purchased, and began to devote himself to politics. He began as a violent reformer and an admirer of Cobbett, and erected a column in his grounds in memory of the Reform Bill, which he speedily knocked down when the whigs ceased to please him. In 1821 he was made a K.C.H. by George IV, and in 1837 William IV made him a G.C.H., rather in recognition of his activity as a magistrate than for his military services. In 1843 he published a pamphlet, which was praised at the time, ‘A Dissertation on the State of the British Finances,’ in which he advocated that bank notes should be issued by government and not the Bank of England, and in 1846 he issued a still more curious one, in which he examined such historical puzzles as Hannibal's passage over the Alps, and the authorship of the ‘Letters of Junius,’ which he ascribed, on the testimony of Dr. Parr, to Charles Lloyd. In 1821 Cockburn was promoted general and G.C.H. 1831; when he died at Shanganah Castle, 18 Aug. 1847, he was fourth general in seniority in the British army.

 COCKBURN, GEORGE (1772–1853), admiral of the fleet, second son of Sir James Cockburn, bart., was at the age of nine entered as captain's servant on the books of the Resource frigate and afterwards of the William and Mary yacht; he did not really go to sea till 1786, and after serving in the East Indies, Channel, and Mediterranean, was confirmed in the rank of lieutenant on 2 Jan. 1793. In June he was appointed as one of the lieutenants of


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 the audiences in time grew weary of laughing at him, and at last took to hissing him, and ultimately the management declined to lend him the use of the stage. As an actor, he was by competent judges considered to he contemptible. His performances were, however, often given for charitable purposes. He was much laughed at for being made the victim of a hoax by Theodore Hook with respect to an invitation to a ball given at Carlton House in 1821 in honour of the Bourbons. During all these years his great friend was the well-known Baron Ferdinand Geramb. By lending and spending money in a reckless manner he at last fell into difficulties, and was obliged to retire to Boulogne, where he soon after married. He came to an arrangement with his creditors, and returning to England lived respectably on the wreck of his fortune. On 15 Feb. 1848 he attended Allcroft's grand annual concert at Drury Lane, and after the performance, while crossing Russell Street, was crushed between a hansom cab and a private carriage, and died from erysipelas and mortification at his residence, 28 Montagu Square, London, 21 Feb. 1848, aged 76. His widow, Emma Anne, married, secondly, on 23 Dec. 1848, Mark Boyd [q. v.]

 COATS, THOMAS (1809–1883), thread manufacturer, was born at Paisley 18 Oct. 1809. He was the fourth of a family of ten sons. His father, James Coats, was one of the founders of the thread industry of Paisley. In the hands of Thomas and his surviving brother, Sir Peter Coats, the Ferguslie Thread Works became one of the largest in the world. Coats was distinguished for the interest he took in the public welfare, and for many private acts of unostentatious generosity. In 1868 he presented to the town of Paisley a public park, called the ‘Fountains Gardens,’ the first place of recreation for the poor of the town. He took great interest in education, and in 1873 was elected chairman of the school board, an office he continued to hold with credit until his death. He gave large sums to improve the school accommodation, and provided a playground for the scholars. From 1862 to 1864 he was president of the Paisley Philosophical Institution, and in 1882 he presented to the society the observatory situated on Oakshaw Hill; he furnished it with an equatorial telescope and other costly instruments, and provided a residence and endowment for the curator.

For several years Coats was an enthusiastic collector of Scottish coins, and his collection became the largest and most valuable of its kind. He was desirous of making a catalogue of the various specimens, and entrusted the work to Edward Burns, a well-known Scottish numismatist. But in Burns's hands the catalogue swelled into an elaborate ‘History of the Coinage of Scotland,’ and was unfinished at the time of Coats's death. Burns himself died suddenly in the midst of his labours, and the task of completion was entrusted to other hands. The work is now (1887) in the press.

In November 1881 Coats and his brother Sir Peter were entertained at a banquet at Paisley, and presented with their portraits, painted by Sir Daniel Macnee, P.R.S.A. Coats died of an affection of the heart on 15 Oct. 1883. His funeral was attended by a large concourse of people. A statue was recently erected at Paisley to his memory. In religion Coats was a baptist, and in politics a liberal.

[Glasgow Herald and Glasgow News and Scotsman, 17 Oct. 1883; Paisley and Renfrewshire Gazette, 20 Oct. 1883; Paisley Daily Express, 22 and 25 Oct. 1883.]  COBB, JAMES (1756–1818), dramatist, entered in 1771 the secretary's office of the East India Company, in which he rose to the post of secretary. He sent anonymously, for the benefit of Miss Pope (Drury Lane, 30 March 1773), an occasional prologue, which was recited with some slight alteration by Garrick, to whom it was submitted. For the benefit of the same lady he produced at Drury Lane, on 5 April 17/9, his first dramatic piece, ' The Contract, or Female Captain,' which all the popularity of the actors could not galvanise into life, but which under the second title was acted at the Haymarket on 26 Aug. 1780. This was followed by many operas, farces, preludes, and comedies, most of which served, more or less, a temporary purpose, and are now forgotten. Such interest as any of Cobb's pieces possess arises generally from association with actors or composers. In the ' Humourist ' (Drury Lane, §7 April 1785), which owed its production to the application of Burke to Sheridan, John Bannister made a great hit as Dabble, a dentist. This piece was burned in the fire at Drury Lane in 1809. Genest, not too good-naturedly, says that if the whole of Cobb's pieces— about twenty-four in number— had


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 of thought and opinion,’ London, 1843, 8vo. 3. ‘Sunshine and Shadows, or Sketches of Thought Philosophic and Religious,’ London, 1863, 1877, 1883, 8vo. 4. ‘Essays of a Recluse, or Traces of Thought, Literature, and Fancy,’ London, 1865, 8vo.

[Congregational Year-Book (1883), 269; Cat. of Printed Books in Brit. Mus.]  CLUNIE, JOHN (1757?–1819), the supposed author of the beautiful Scotch song ‘I lo’e na a laddie but ane,’ was born about 1757. He was educated for the church of Scotland, and licensed by the presbytery of Edinburgh on 29 Dec. 1784. He then became schoolmaster at Narkinch, Fifeshire, and possessing a fine voice and some musical skill acted as precentor in the parish church. In 1790 he was presented by the Duke of Buccleuch to the parish of Ewes, Dumfriesshire, and on 12 April 1791 to that of Borthwisk, Midlothian; he was also chaplain of the eastern regiment of Midlothian volunteer infantry. His reputation for the rendering of Scotch led to an a uaintanceshi with Burns, who highly appreciated his singing. He also composed several songs of his own to the old tunes, but did not take the trouble to publish them. The first two stanzasof the song ‘I lo’e na a laddie but ane’ are attributed to him by Burns, a better authority than Ritson, who in his ‘Collection of Scotch Songs’ prefixes to them the initials J. D. The four supplementary stanzas beginning with ‘Let others brag weel o’ their gair’ were added by Hector MacNeil. The song ‘Ca’ the Yowes to the Knowes’ was taken down by Stephen Clarke when he and Burns were spending a night with Clunie in 1787. Writing to Mr. Thomson in September 1794, Burns says: ‘I am Battered at your adopting "Ca’ the Yowes to the Knowes," as it was owing to me that it ever saw the light. About seven years ago I was well acquainted with a worthy little fellow of a clergyman, a Mr. Clunie, who sang it charmingly, and at my request Mr. Clarke took it down from his singing.’ Burns added two stanzas to the song and made several alterations in the old verses. These old verses, as taken down by Clarke, are printed in Stenhouse’s edition of Johnson’s ‘Scots Musical Museum.’ Clunie was the author of the account of the parish in Sinclair’s ‘Statistical Account of Scotland.’ He died at Greenend, near Edinburgh, on 14 April 1819, in his sixty-second year. He was married to Mary, daughter of the Rev. Alexander Oliphant, minister of Bower, and left a family.

 CLUTTERBUCK, HENRY, M.D. (1767–1856), medical writer, was the fifth child of Thomas Clutterbuck, attorney, who died at Marazion in Cornwall 6 Nov. 1781, by his wife, Mary, a daughter of Christopher Masterman, merchant, Truro. He was born at Marazion, 28 Jan. 1767, and commenced the study of medicine by an apprenticeship to Mr. James Kempe, a surgeon at Truro, and at the age of twenty-one came to London, when he entered the United Borough Hospitals. On 7 Aug. 1790 he passed as a member of the College of Surgeons, and settled as a general practitioner at Walbrook in the city of London. Five years later he commenced the publication of ‘The Medical and Chirurgical Review,’ a journal which appeared twice each month, of which he was the projector, editor, and almost sole writer, and which he continued until 1807. Determining to qualify as a physician, he, in 1802, proceeded to Edinburgh for one year, but then transferred himself to Glasgow, where he graduated doctor of medicine, 16 April 1804. Returning to the metropolis, he established himself at 17 St. Paul's Churchyard, and on 1 Oct. 1804 was admitted a licentiate of the College of Physicians. He removed to Bridge Street, Blackfriars, in 1808, was elected physician to the General Dispensary, Aldersgate Street, in 1809, and about that time began to lecture on materia medica and the practice of physic. His lectures were plain, forcible, and unadorned, full of facts and free from speculations. His receipts from his lectures in one year are said to have exceeded a thousand pounds. In 1809 he sent to the press his ‘Inquiry into the Seat and Nature of Fever.’ From this period Clutterbuck's reputation and business steadily increased, and he soon took a position among the first physicians in the city. For more than fifty years he was a regular attendant at the meetings of the Medical Society of London, where he was known as a most effective speaker. He was a model debater on medical subjects; never for a moment carried away into statements which he could not authenticate, and always preserving the full command of his temper. Clutterbuck continued in the active duties of his profession to the last. He was run over in the street on leaving the anniversary meeting of the Medical Society of London, 8 March 1856, and died at his house, 1 Crescent, New Bridge Street, Blackfriars, 24 April 1856. He retained his faculties to the last, and is said to have seen patients on the very day he died. A portrait of him is


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 in the meeting-room of the Medical Society of London. He married in 1796, at Walbrook Church, Harriet Matilda, daughter of William Browne of Kirby Street, Hatton Garden, attorney-at-law, by whom he had ten children. He was the author of the following works: 1. ‘An Account of a New Method of treating Affections which arise from the Poison of Lead,’ 1794. 2. ‘Remarks respecting Venereal Disease,’ 1799. 3. ‘Tentamen Pathologicum Inaugurale quædam de Sede et Natura Febris proponens,’ 1804. 4. ‘An Enquiry into the Seat and Nature of Fever,’ 1807; 2nd edition, 1825. 5. ‘Observations on the Epidemic Fever at present prevailing,’ 1819. 6. ‘An Essay on Pyrexia or Symptomatic Fever,’ 1837. 7. ‘On the Proper Administration of Blood Letting,’ 1840. 8. ‘A brief Memoir of G. Birkbeck, M.D.,’ 1842. 9. ‘A Series of Essays on Inflammation,’ 1846; besides many papers to the medical press. The medical profession owes much to his talent, enterprise, and independent spirit.

[Pettigrew's Medical Portrait Gallery (1840), ii. 10 (with portrait); Taylor's National Portrait Gallery (1846), ii. 88–9; People's and Howitt's Journal (1850), iii. 245–7 (with portrait); Medical Circular (1853), ii. 495–7 (with portrait); Lives of British Physicians (1857), p. 403; Illustrated London News, 17 May 1856, p. 523, 24 May, p. 567; Lancet (1850), ii. 210–15 (with portrait), and (1856), i. 490–1; Boase and Courtney's Bibl. Cornub. pp. 73, 1122; Boase's Collectanea Cornubiensia, cols. 148–9; Munk's Coll. of Phys. (1878), iii. 14–16; Index Catalogue of Library of Surgeon-General's Office, U. S. America (1882), iii. 234.]  CLUTTERBUCK, ROBERT (1772–1831), topographer, was the eldest surviving son of Thomas Clutterbuck, esq., of Watford, Hertfordshire, by Sarah, daughter of Robert Thurgood, esq., of Baldock in that county. He was born at Watford on 28 June 1772, and at an early age was sent to Harrow School, where he continued until he was entered as a gentleman commoner of Exeter College, Oxford. After graduating B.A. in 1794 he entered at Lincoln’s Inn, intending to make the law his profession; but his ardour in the pursuit of chemistry and in painting (in which he took lessons of Barry) induced him, after a residence of several years in London, to abandon his original plans. In 1798 he married Marianne, eldest daughter of Colonel James Capper, and after a few years' residence at the seat of his father-in-law, Cathays, near Cardiff, Glamorganshire, he took possession of his paternal estate at Watford, where he continued to reside until his death, on 25 May 1831. He was a county magistrate and a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries. For eighteen years he was busily engaged in the compilation of a new history of his native county. The work appeared under the title of ‘The History and Antiquities of the County of Hertford; compiled from the best printed authorities and original records preserved in public repositories and private collections. Embellished with views of the most curious monuments of antiquity, and illustrated with a map of the County,’ 3 vols. London, 1815, 1821, 1827, fol. The plates in this work have never been surpassed in an similar publication. Several of them were from his own sketches, and he also secured the assistance of Edward Blore [q. v.] and other eminent draughtsmen and engravers. Clutterbuck published, in 1828, an ‘Account of the Benefactions to the Parish of Watford in the County of Hertford, compiled from Authentic Documents.’ His portrait has been engraved by W. Bond.

 CLYDE,. [See, 1792-1863.]

CLYFFE, WILLIAM (d. 1558), divine, educated at Cambridge, where he graduated LL.B. in 1514, was admitted advocate at Doctors’ Commons on 16 Dec. 1522, graduated LL.D. in 1523, was commissary of the diocese of London between 1522 and 1529, instituted to the prebend of Twyford in the church of St. Paul, London, in 1526, appointed archdeacon of London three years later, prebendary of Fenton in the church of York in 1532, resigned the archdeaconry of London for that of Cleveland in 1533, became precentor of York in 1534, treasurer of York in 1538, on the suppression of which office in 1547 he was made dean of Chester. The last place he held till his death in 1558. As a civilian his reputation was sufficient to induce convocation to seek his advice as to the royal divorce in 1533. On his preferment to the deanery of Chester he was immediately thrown into the Fleet prison at the instance of Sir Richard Cotton, comptroller of the king’s household, and only obtained his liberty by leasing the chapter lands to Cotton at a considerable undervalue. He was one of the authors of the celebrated treatise on ‘The Godly and Pious Institution of a Christian Man,’ commonly known as the ‘Bishops’ Book,’ and published by the authority of Henry VIII in 1537.


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 . He died on 19 May 1883, and was buried at Norwood cemetery. In 1881 the business was turned into a limited liability company. He married Emma Lett, daughter of Mr. Lett of Lambeth, by whom he had nine children. His eldest son, William, is at the present time one of the managing directors of the company.

 CLUBBE, JOHN (1703?–1773), satirical writer, son of the Rev. George Clubbe, rector of Whatfield, Suffolk, was born in or about 1703. At the usual age he was entered at Cambridge, where he took the degree of B.A. as a member of King's College in 1725. He was subsequently ordained, became vicar of Debenham, Suffolk, in 1730, and five years later succeeded to his father's living of Whatfield. By his wife, Susannah Beeston, whom he married on 8 Aug. 1732, he had twelve children, eight of whom, including John Clubbe, M.D., of Ipswich, and [q. v.], survived him. He died on 2 March 1773, at the age of seventy. Contemporary writers represent Clubbe as possessed of considerable literary talent added to a keen sense of humour. As a churchman his sympathies were broad. With the exception of a sermon printed in 1751, all his writings in their original form were published anonymously, and are: 1. ‘The History and Antiquities of the Ancient Villa of Wheatfield, in the county of Suffolk,’ 4to, London, 1758, chiefly a burlesque of Morant's ‘History and Antiquities of Colchester,’ and frequently reprinted in the author's lifetime. 2. ‘Physiognomy;’ being a sketch only of a larger work upon the same plan, 4to, London, 1763. 3. ‘A Letter of Free Advice to a Young Clergyman,’ 8vo, Ipswich, 1765. The above, with the ‘Sermon’ and two other slighter pieces, were collected together and published in two volumes 12mo, Ipswich (1770 or 1771), under the title of ‘Miscellaneous Tracts of the Rev. John Clubbe.’ 4. ‘The Farmers' Queries and Resolutions concerning the Game. Written in the second year of the Association for Preserving the Game, but never before published,’ 4to, Ipswich (1770?).

 CLUBBE, WILLIAM (1745–1814), poetical writer, was seventh son of the Rev. [q. v.], rector of Whatfield, Suffolk. He was baptised at Whatfield on 16 April 1745, and educated at Caius College, Cambridge, where he graduated LL.B. in 1769. In the same year he was instituted to the rectory of Flowton, and in the following year to the vicarage of Brandeston, both in Suffolk. At the latter place he continued to reside till 1808, when, having lost his wife, he removed to the house of his youngest brother, Nathaniel, an attorney at Framlingham, where he died on 16 Oct. 1814. His wife was Mary, daughter of the Rev. William Henchman; but he had no issue.

His works include: 1. ‘The Emigrants, a Pastoral,’ Ipswich, 1793, 8vo. 2. ‘Six Satires of Horace; in a style between free imitation and literal version,’ Ipswich, 1795, 4to. 3. ‘The Epistle of Horace to the Pisos on the Art of Poetry; translated into English verse,’ Ipswich, 1797, 8vo. The original manuscript is in the British Museum, Addit. MS. 19201. 4. ‘The Omnium; containing the Journal of a late Three Days Tour in France; curious and extraordinary anecdotes, critical remarks, and other miscellaneous pieces, in prose and verse,’ Ipswich, 1798, 8vo (cf. Addit. MS. 19l97). 5. ‘Ver: de Agricola Puero, Anglo Poemate celeberrimo excerptum, et in morem Latini Georgici redditum,’ Ipswich, 1801, 12mo, 1804, 8vo. A translation into Latin of part of Bloomfield's ‘Farmer's Boy.’ 6. ‘Parallel between the Characters and Conduct of Oliver Cromwell and Bonaparte.’ 7. ‘Three Lyric Odes, on late Celebrated Occasions,’ Ipswich, 1806, 4to. 8. Miscellaneous poems, in Addit. MS. 19201, f. 81 seq.

 CLULOW, WILLIAM BENTON (1802–1882), dissenting minister, was a native of Leek, Staffordshire, and, after receiving a preliminary education in the grammar school there, entered the Hoxton Academy. He became pastor of the congregational church at Shaldon, Devonshire, where he remained twelve years. In 1835 he accepted an invitation to the classical tutorship of Airedale College, Bradford; but he withdrew from that position in 1848, in consequence of his views being at variance with those of some influential supporters of the institution. After residing at Bradford for forty years he retired to Leek, where he died on 16 April 1882.

His works are: 1. ‘Truths in Few Words’ 2. ‘Aphorisms and Reflections, a miscellany


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 sent several valuable presents (jocalia) to King's College, and either gave or bequeathed his library to it.

 CLOSE, THOMAS (1796–1881), antiquary, was born in 1796. He engaged in archaeological researches, and paid special attention to genealogy and heraldry. In several peerage cases he gave important evidence, especially in that of the Shrewsbury and Talbot succession. He published in 1866 ‘St. Mary's Church, Nottingham; its probable Architect and Benefactors. With remarks on the Heraldic Window described by Thoroton,’ Nottingham, 1866, 12mo. Close was a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries, a chevalier of the order of Leopold in Belgium, and of other foreign orders. He was also grand master of the masonic province of Nottingham, and one of the founders and original members of the Reform Club. He died at Nottingham on 25 Jan. 1881, three days after the death of his wife.

 CLOSSE, GEORGE (fl. 1585), divine, was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated M.A. in 1579. In 1581 he was accused of obtaining the institution to the vicarage of Cuckfield by fraud, and was ejected by legal process. In 1585 he accused Sir Wolstan Dixie, lord mayor of London, in a sermon preached on 6 March at Paul's Cross, of partiality in the administration of justice. Accordingly he was summoned to appear at Guildhall before the mayor and aldermen, and complaint was subsequently lodged with the high commission court, who, Whitgift presiding, ordered him to make submission in a sermon to be preached at Paul's Cross on 27 March before three doctors and as many bachelors of divinity, who were to act as his judges. In this sermon he reiterated his charge, and the lord mayor made fresh complaint to the high commission. The certificate of the six clergymen was, however, in his favour, and though the lord mayor applied to the privy council he could get no redress. Closse sent his own account of the affair to Abraham Fleming for insertion in the next edition of Holinshed's ‘Chronicle.’

 CLOSTERMAN, JOHN (1656–1713), portrait-painter, born at Osnaburg, Hanover, in 1656, was the son of an artist, who taught him the rudiments of design. In 1679 he went to Paris, accompanied by his countryman Tiburen, and there worked under Jean de Troy. In 1681 he came to England, and painted draperies for John Riley, at whose death, in 1691, Closterman finished several of his portraits. This recommended him to the Duke of Somerset, but he lost his favour on account of a dispute about a picture of Guercino, specially acquired for his grace, and which was afterwards purchased by Lord Halifax. In 1696 he was invited to the court of Spain, and executed the portraits of the king and queen; he also went to Italy twice, and made several acquisitions of works of art. On returning to this country he obtained considerable employment, and married an Englishwoman, who, according to Houbraken, ruined him by her extravagant habits, and ultimately left him in a state of dejection of body and mind. He died in 1713, and was buried in Covent Garden churchyard. Among his works should be mentioned a whole-length portrait, formerly in the Guildhall, of Queen Anne in her coronation robes, wearing a crown, and carrying the orb and sceptre; this is similar to another portrait, engraved in mezzotint by John Faber, jun., and now in the National Portrait Gallery, where there is also a portrait of John Churchill, first duke of Marlborough, painted before he became a knight of the Garter, to which order he was elected in March 1702. Closterman also executed a family group of the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough, with their children, viz. John, marquis of Blandford, Lady Henrietta, Lady Ann, Lady Elizabeth, and Lady Mary Churchill. The members of the family are assembled beneath a rich hanging curtain, on a raised daïs—all the figures are of life size. This picture is now at Blenheim, and it is particularly mentioned by Horace Walpole in his ‘Anecdotes of Painting.’ It was most probably painted about the beginning of 1698. It is related that Closterman had so many disputes with the duchess on this subject, that the duke said, ‘It has given me more trouble to reconcile my wife and you than to fight a battle.’ The following portraits were engraved in mezzotint after him by W. Faithorne: John Dryden (Elsum wrote an epigram on this portrait), Sir Richard Haddock, Madam Plowden, and Lord Henry Scot. Engraved by John Smith are: William Cowper, Grinling Gibbons and his wife, Sir Richard Gipps, Thomas Maxwell, Sir William Petty, and Mr. Sansom. By R. Williams: John, duke of Argyll, Sir Richard Blackmore (this portrait was exhibited at the South


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 Kensington Museum in 1867), and Sir John Houblon.

 CLOTWORTHY, JOHN, first  (d. 1665), was the son of Sir Hugh Clotworthy, knt., sheriff of the county of Antrim, and descended from the Devonshire family of that name. He was one of the largest landowners in the county of Antrim (Aphorismical Discovery, i. 335), and appears as the representative of those who held under the charter of the London corporation in their dealings with Strafford (Strafford Papers, ii. 222). During Strafford's rule he more than once came into collision with the lord deputy. Lady Clotworthy was convened as a nonconformist (ib. ii. 278), and Clotworthy himself, for opposing one of Strafford's illegal proclamations, was severely reprimanded and threatened with arrest (, Strafford's Trial, p. 419). On the call of the Long parliament Clotworthy was returned for the borough of Maldon, and became agent between the English and Irish malcontents (, i. 217). Directly parliament assembled he attacked Strafford (Diurnal Occurrences, 7 Nov.), and he seconded Pym's proposal for a committee on Irish grievances. During the earl's trial Clotworthy was one of the managers for the third article, and one of the witnesses for the thirteenth. He was also active on religious questions, and is charged by the Irish catholics with instigating petitions in Ireland, 'which petitions contained matters destructive to the said catholiques, and were the more to be feared, by reason of the active power of the said Sir John Clotworthy in the Commons' House' (, ii. 233). He was also charged with having said ' that the conversion of the papists in Ireland was only to be effected by the Bible in one hand and the sword in the other ' (, ii. 636). The Irish plot to seize Dublin Castle was discovered through an attempt to induce Clotworthy's servant, Owen O Connolly, to join the conspiracy. 'Whereas you have of long time been a slave to that puritan,' said Macmahon to O'Connolly, 'I hope you shall have as good a man to wait on you;' but O'Connolly preferred to inform the lords justices. Immediately the rebellion broke out Clotworthy's regiment was armed and despatched to Ireland, probably under the command of his brother James; for Sir John Clotworthy appears to have remained in England (, ii. 237; A True Relation of the Taking of Mountjoy, in the County of Tyrone, by Col. Clotworthy, 1642, reprinted by Gilbert). He appears in the list of adventurers for the recovery of Ireland as subscribing 1,000l., and was one of the persons appointed to execute the doubling ordinance (, iv. 49). He was also an active member of the committee of both kingdoms, and took part in the prosecution of Laud. When Laud was executed Clotworthy annoyed him on the scaffold with impertinent questions, 'asking him what was the comfortablest saying for a dying man, and on what his assurance of salvation was founded' (, Life of Laud, p. 536). In October 1646 he was commissioned to negotiate with the Earl of Ormonde about the surrender of Dublin to the parliament, but returned unsuccessfully in the following February (, vi. 418-44). In the following March and April he was one of the commissioners employed to pacify the English army, and was equally unsuccessful. Lilburne and others had already brought against Clotworthy the charge of embezzling the supplies raised for Ireland (Regal Tyranny discovered, p. 102), and the army now proceeded to accuse him, not only of embezzlement, but also of holding secret intelligence with Ormonde, and obstructing Lord Lisle's authority (A Particular Charge of Impeachment against the Eleven Members, 1647, Charges 12-14). Clotworthy and the other accused members published a joint reply, denying and refuting the charges of the army (A Full Vindication and Defence of the Accused Members, 1647). Nevertheless, he, with the rest, was obliged to withdraw from the House of Commons on 20 July, and when summoned, on the 30th, to take his seat again, he took flight to France, but was pursued, captured, and brought back. Finally, on 28 Jan. 1648, Clotworthy was disabled from sitting any longer in the house. During the second civil war, however, the presbyterian party took courage again, and referred his case to a committee (19 June 1648), with the result that he was received back to the house, and the election of another member in his place declared null and void (26 June, Journals of the House of Commons). Pride's Purge expelled Clotworthy again from the house, and it was followed by his arrest (12 Dec. 1648). The protest signed by Clotworthy, Waller, Massey, and Copley is given by Walker (History of Independency, ii. 40). He was, nevertheless, imprisoned until about November 1651 (Cal. State Papers, Dom.) Besides the general charge of stirring up war between the parliament and the army, the old charges of embezzlement were revived, and in 1651 he was further accused of being privy to Love's plot. After his release he took little part in public


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 whole Proceedings on Trial of an Action brought by Henry Clifford, Esq., against Mr. James Brandon for an assault and false imprisonment on 5 Dec. 1809/ Lond. 1809, 8vo. 7. 'A Poetical Epistle to Henry Clifford, Esq., on the late Disturbances in Co vent Garden Theatre,' Edinburgh, 1810, 8vo.

 CLIFFORD, HENRY HUGH (1826–1883), major-general, third son of  [q. v.], seventh baron Clifford, who died in 1858, by his marriage with Mary Lucy, only daughter of Thomas Weld of Lulworth Castle, Dorsetshire, was born 12 Sept. 1826, and received his first commission as a second lieutenant in the rifle brigade 7 Aug. 1846. He served in South Africa against the Gaikas under Sandili in the following year, and then against the Boers, until their submission at Weinberg on the Vaal river. On the outbreak of another Kaffir war in 1852 he again went to Africa, where he remained until November 1853. He also took part in the Crimean war, where he received the appointment of aide-de-camp to Sir George Brown, commanding the light division, and was present at Alma and Inkerman, and for his gallantry in the latter battle was decorated with the Victoria cross. In May 1855 he was appointed deputy assistant quartermaster-general, and remaining in the Crimea until the conclusion of the war was then promoted to the rank of brevet major, and received the medal and clasps for Alma, Inkerman, and Sebastopol, and from foreign governments the Legion of Honour and the 5th class of the Medjidie. On the outbreak of hostilities in China he sailed thither, and as assistant quartermaster-general was present at the operations between December 1857 and January 1858 which resulted in the capture of Canton. For his services he received the brevet of lieutenant-colonel, with the China medal and Canton clasp. On his return to England he commenced a long term of service on the staff; he was assistant quartermaster-general at Aldershot 1860-4, held a similar appointment at headquarters 1865-1868, was aide-de-camp to the commander-in-chief 1870-3, and assistant adjutant-general at headquarters 1873-5. Early in 1879 Clifford was selected to proceed to South Africa to take charge of the communications of Lord Chelmsford between Durban and the forces in the field. His task was no light one, for great confusion prevailed at Durban, the port of disembarkation; but by his great experience in staff duties, his knowledge of the requirements of the supply of an army, and, above all, by his familiarity with Kaffir warfare and his indefatigable nature, he very soon reduced everything to order, and his labours were fully acknowledged by Sir Garnet Wolseley. He was gazetted a C.B. 2 June 1869, and a K.C.M.G. 19 Dec. 1879, and was granted a pension of 100l. for distinguished services 7 Oct. 1874. He was major-general of the eastern district of England from April to September 1882. He died at Ugbrooke, near Chudleigh, Devonshire, 12 April 1883. He married, 21 March 1857, Josephine Elisabeth, only child of Joseph Anstice of Madeley Wood, Shropshire, professor at King's College, London.

 CLIFFORD, HUGH CHARLES, seventh (1790–1858), eldest son of Charles, sixth lord, by a daughter of Henry Arundell of Wardour, was born in 1790. He was educated at the Roman catholic college of Stonyhurst, and in 1814 attended Cardinal Consalvi to the congress of Vienna. He served as a volunteer through a large portion of the Peninsular campaigns. On succeeding to his father's estates in 1831 he took his seat in the House of Lords. He gave his general support to the ministry of Lord Grey and afterwards of Lord Melbourne, but seldom took part in the debates except on questions connected with Roman Catholicism. In his later years he lived chiefly in Italy, where he had a residence in the neighbourhood of Tivoli. He died at Rome 28 Feb. 1858 of the effects of a wound in the ankle. By his wife, Mary, only daughter of Thomas (afterwards Cardinal) Weld of Lulworth Castle, Dorsetshire, he left two daughters and four sons. The eldest son, Charles Hugh, became eighth lord; the third was Sir [q. v.] He was the author of a 'Letter to Edmund Burke on the Repeal of the Corn Laws,' 1824; 'Letters addressed to Lord Alvanley on his pamphlet, "The State of Ireland considered,"' 1841; and 'Letters to the Editor of the "Morning Chronicle" on the East Indian Question;' and several published speeches.

 CLIFFORD, JAMES (1622–1698), divine and musician, son of Edward Clifford, a cook, was born at Oxford, in the parish of St. Mary Magdalen, where he was baptised on 2 May 1622. He was a chorister at Magdalen College from 1632 to 1642, and was educated in the choir school. He took no degree at Oxford, and the date of his


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Passed away, sadly
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title: User talk:124.197.40.242


text: Page:Confederate Military History - 1899 - Volume 3.djvu/9


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Tactics In the 18th century, the importance of fast transitions (sometimes called agility) was displayed when shifting from column formation into line. If an army could not rapidly deploy into line and consequently was engaged while still in column, it was often beaten. Much drill was devoted to practicing this difficult transition so that it could be accomplished rapidly in combat. Today we develop proficiencies in battle drills and immediate-action drills that allow units to rapidly transition from one formation to another without pausing.

It is important to be able to effect rapid changes in organization as well. Being quick to effect required changes in task organization based on a rapidly changing battle situation increases agility and decreases reaction times. Battle drills and rehearsals can be conducted to smooth out procedures for changing organization rapidly. The faster these transitions can be made, the more effective the force becomes.

The place in time and space where transitions occur can be called a friction point. Friction points commonly encountered in tactics include movement from an assembly area to attack; from patrol movement formation to ambush posture; from defensive posture to attack; from one maneuver to another, and so forth. The transition involves simply positional changes and drills, but also changes of attitude in the minds of Marines. We must shift our mental focus from one movement to another. A modern example of the importance of fast transitions comes from aerial combat. In the Korean War, American

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MCDP 1-3 opportunity, C Company's commander will take advantage of it. That is implicit communication. It is faster and more reliable than explicit communication (trying to pass words or messages back and forth over radios or telephones).

Of course, implicit communications must be developed over time. This requires actions that strengthen unit cohesion and mutual trust. This requires keeping people together in their units and stable in their assignments. It implies keeping good teams together. It means developing a band of brothers in our units, as Admiral Horatio Nelson did. He spent many evenings with his captains gathered in the cabin of his flagship talking over tactics, ways they might fight different engagements, how they would defeat this or that opponent. From those evenings came a shared way of thinking so strong that, at Trafalgar, Nelson needed only to signal "England expects every man will do his duty," and "Close action." Sometimes words have meaning beyond the normally obvious meaning because of shared experiences and understanding.

Another way speed gains from experience is in the development of lateral communication, or coordination. If all communication is up and down the chain of command, action will move slowly. If commanders and leaders at every level communicate laterally — if we, as leaders, talk directly to other leaders — action moves much faster. Lateral communication is not a natural consequence of mission orders. It must be practiced in training. It results from the confidence of the higher commander who through past experiences has found that

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 Sometimes we must employ the reserve to deal with some crisis, rendering it temporarily unavailable for commitment elsewhere. In such instances, a reserve should be reconstituted as rapidly as possible. We should look for the opportunity to employ the reserve to reinforce success. However we may employ the reserve, we should always think of it as the tool for clinching the victory. In this respect, Marshal Foch wrote that "the reserve is a club, prepared, organized, reserved, carefully maintained with a view to carrying out the one act of battle

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MCDP 1-3 have. He is paralyzed by the shock. He cannot react. Everything was going fine, and suddenly he is in a firestorm with people falling all around him. Often he will panic, making his problem worse as he reacts rather than acts.

Combined arms may be used to ambush the enemy. Artillery raids that reach deeper into his vital areas than expected can produce that same desired shock effect as a ground-based ambush. We place him in a dilemma as he attempts to move from the effects of artillery and goes right into an attack by air.

Finally, in the ambush mentality, we always focus on the enemy. The purpose of an ambush is not to hold a piece of terrain. It is to destroy the enemy. We use terrain to effect the ambush, but terrain itself is not what we are fighting for.

Asymmetry

Fighting asymmetrically means gaining advantage through imbalance, applying strength against an enemy weakness. Fighting asymmetrically means using dissimilar techniques and capabilities to maximize our own strengths while exploiting enemy weaknesses. Fighting asymmetrically means fighting the enemy on our terms rather than on his. By fighting asymmetrically, we do not have to be numerically superior to defeat the enemy. We only have to be able to exploit his vulnerabilities.

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MCDP 1-3

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MCDP 1-3 Improvisation

The second basic way to adapt is to improvise, to adjust to a situation on the spur of the moment without any preparation. Like anticipation, improvisation is key to maneuver warfare. Improvisation requires creative, intelligent, and experienced leaders who have an intuitive appreciation for what will work and what will not.

Improvisation is of critical importance to increasing speed. It requires commanders who have a strong situational awareness and a firm understanding of their senior commander's intent so that they can adjust their own actions in accordance with the higher commander's desires. Often we will find ourselves in a situation where our organic resources — weapons, vehicles, and so on — are not adequate to keep us moving fast. In France in 1940, German General Heinz Guderian put some of his infantry in commandeered French buses. On Grenada, when Army Rangers needed vehicles, they took East German trucks belonging to the Grenadian army. Sound unorthodox? There is nothing "orthodox" about failure due to an inability to adapt.

For instance, take the situation in which Marines of the 2d Battalion, 5th Marine Regiment, found themselves in the battle of Hue City, Republic of Vietnam, in February 1968. One of

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MCDP 1-3 The speed and efficiency of a unit depend not only on the technical proficiency of its individual members but also in large part upon its cohesiveness. Such cohesion requires both personnel stability and solid leadership.

Training should also prepare Marines for the uniquely physical nature of combat. Living and caring for themselves in a spartan environment, confronting the natural elements, and experiencing the discomfort of being hungry, thirsty, and tired are as essential in preparing for combat duty as any skills training. The point is not to train individuals on how to be miserable, but rather on how to be effective when miserable or exhausted.

Likewise, training should enable us to take appropriate action in any environment and at any time. This readiness includes operating during inclement weather and periods of limited visibility. We must make terrain, weather, and darkness our allies if we are to gain advantage and deliver decisive force at a time and place of our choosing. We can neither anticipate nor appreciate the inherent friction that these natural factors produce unless we experience them.

TRAINING AND EDUCATIONAL METHODS

There is no single "best" approach to developing tactical proficiency. However, any approach should be adaptable to all echelons and to all grades. The environment should be one that

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The tactical arena is a dynamic, ever-changing environment. The complexity of this environment makes combat chaotic and unpredictable. As an example of confusion and chaos on the battlefield, consider the amphibious assault on the island of Tarawa in November 1943.

During the assault, the combination of high casualties, lack of effective communications, and disruption of the 2d and 8th Marine Regiments' landings on the assault beaches led to a chaotic and nearly disastrous situation for the 2d Marine Division. Units were decimated under heavy fire. Surviving Marines huddled together under a coconut log sea wall in intermingled units without effective communications. Landing craft carrying reinforcements and supplies could not make it over a coral reef to the landing beaches. Only through daring leadership, initiative, and teamwork were Marines able to get off the beach and annihilate the defending Japanese force.

The violence of combat only increases the level of confusion and chaos. Robert Sherrod, a Time and Life correspondent at Iwo Jima, gave testimony to this chaos in what he called "war at its worst":

"The first night on Iwo Jima can only be described as a nightmare in hell. . . . About the beach in the morning lay the"

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