text:
Page:Transactions of the Second International Folk-Congress.djvu/139

 had settled that by applying the name of "Casualists" to the other side. He had not the advantage of being a Cambridge man, but he could not get over the doctrine of probabilities, which neither the Chairman nor Mr. Nutt had met. In order to get near closer quarters they ought to have a list of stories with a series of incidents—simple ones would not help them—and if they turned out to come in a certain sequence, then the doctrine of probabilities came in, and he did not see any escape from the consequences which Mr. Jacobs had been dilating upon.

Mr. (Armenia) said, that being a native of Turkey, he felt some difficulty in expressing himself in English. He had made Eastern folk-lore a special study, having read all the books on the subject published in Armenian. As regards the question whether the East had borrowed from the West or the West from the East, which Mr. Jacobs had touched upon, and on which also the Chairman's remarks with reference to Sicilian folk-tales had some bearing, the meeting would perhaps like to hear the opinion of an Eastern person. The argument of the Western folk-lorists was this, that the fact of a few folk-tales having distinctive characters, induced them to think that the East must have borrowed these materials. This argument, however, might, with an equal show of reason, be reversed, so that there could not be much in it. For instance, the argument about the folk-tale hero speaking to doors, as mentioned by Mr. Hartland in his paper, was also found in many Armenian tales, especially in the tale of Saint Sergius, where the door was not only spoken to, but actually listened to and obeyed the hero.

He regretted that this and many other folk-lore books, which were constantly published in Armenian, were absolutely unknown in Europe, and he strongly urged the Congress not to form any definite conclusion before they had heard all the witnesses in the case. Armenia was the oldest country in the world, according to Armenian tradition the Ark having been supported on top of the Mount Ararat, and the folk-lore of so old a country, he held, must be exceedingly interesting. During the eight winter months (there being neither spring nor autumn, and only four months of summer in Armenia) people spent their time telling folk-lore tales. Mr. Hartland had said this morning that it was time now to draw conclusions from the thousands of volumes they had; but large though the number was, the Eastern part, such as Armenia, Persia, Turkey, Greece, and Russia, was not adequately represented, and, in his opinion, until the Eastern literature had been thoroughly studied, it was too early to form any conclusion.

Mr., in reply, would content himself with a single remark in answer to Mr. Nutt. The scientific value of the anthropological


text:
Page:Transactions of the Second International Folk-Congress.djvu/140

 104 evidence obtained from folk-tales was, in his opinion, of a very secondary kind. No anthropologist could accept the evidence of folk-tales as proving the existence of a folk-custom wherever the tale was spread, and if we learnt it elsewhere, what was the use of the folk-tale evidence?

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Talk:Ulysses (1922)/Chapter 3

ineluctable
Impossible to avoid or escape; inescapable, irresistible. http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ineluctable

Modality
In semiotics, a modality is a particular way in which the information is to be encoded for presentation to humans, i.e. to the type of sign and to the status of reality ascribed to or claimed by a sign, text or genre. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modality_%28semiotics%29

diaphane
something transparent http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/diaphane

see also this video | video about this section

Mdupont (talk) 08:39, 26 October 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ulysses (1922)/Chapter 3


text:
Talk:The Palace of Pleasure

indices

 * The Palace of Pleasure, Volume 1 (1890), scan index, vol.1
 * The Palace of Pleasure, Volume 2 (1890), scan index, vol.2
 * The Palace of Pleasure, Volume 3 (1890), scan index, vol.3

Gutenberg has the following e-texts:
 * see transcribers notes page 1 and overleaf.
 * see transcribers notes page 1 and overleaf.

I have, so far, removed long-s from Jacobs' text, though keeping them in the decorative text seems harmless. We could add long s to allow a second version to be displayed. I've preserved other elements, as discussed in another transcript [e-text v.2. I also remember seeing a version that sought to correct errors in the text, typos, inconsistent spelling, and other matters. [[User_talk:Cygnis_insignis|cygnis insignis]] 09:34, 26 October 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:The Palace of Pleasure


text:
Benjamin Thompson

 * Benjamin Thompson, (1754-1814), scientist

 * Benjamin Thompson, (1776?-1816), dramatist

title: Benjamin Thompson


text: The New International Encyclopædia/Fischer, Emil


text:
Page:Folk-lore - A Quarterly Review. Volume 5, 1894.djvu/82

 74

of Mr. Jacobs' and Mr. Batten's beautiful gifts to children! And a charming gift it is. But, writing, as a notice in must be written, "from the high and lofty standpoint of folk-lore" (so Mr. Jacobs phrases it), we can only deal with its scientific interest. This centres, of course, in the preface and the notes. And here, while there is much to interest the reader, there is much also from which a sound criticism must dissent. We may leave Mr. Andrew Lang to discuss with Mr. Jacobs the question whether Lowland Scotch tales are English. But we must decline to accept the editor's claim that Grimm and Asbjörnsen "did the same as" he, in re-writing at his own sweet will so many of the tales. Listen to his confession: "I have re-written most of them I have actually at times introduced or deleted whole incidents, have given another turn to a tale, while I have had no scruple in prosing a ballad or softening down over-abundant dialect." To which we may add, or in seasoning the whole with "Lawk-a-mercy! and archaic touches, which are known nowadays as vulgarisms." Where does Mr. Jacobs find his authority for saying that the brothers Grimm treated their tales to this wholesale doctoring? His true defence would be boldly to avow that the text he gives is not intended for students, and there leave the matter. The student could then demand only that the genuine text of any of the tales which had not appeared elsewhere should be preserved in some accessible form—say, in the pages of.

The notes concluding the volume are full of acute suggestions and lively writing. It may be assumed that the editor's learning has here brought together most of the material on which it is possible to assert an oriental origin for the tales—not, of course, in extenso, but by way of reference. What does it amount to? We light by pure


text:
Page:Folk-lore - A Quarterly Review. Volume 5, 1894.djvu/83

 Rh chance on "The Three Feathers". Mr. Jacobs roundly declares it "is an Eastern tale, the peregrinations of which have been studied by Mr. Clouston in his Popular Tales and Fictions". Now the essence of Mrs. Gomme's tale of "The Three Feathers" (which is a variant of the Norse tale of "The Mastermaid") is the magical power whereby the lady keeps her inconvenient lovers at ridiculous tasks until all danger from them has passed away. We readily concede that Mr. Clouston's book is a remarkable one; but its most remarkable feature seems to be one of which not even the author is aware, namely, the singular divergence of the copies. In our copy, which evidently differs from Mr. Jacobs', not a single Eastern example of the tale in question is found. At the place cited Mr. Clouston furnishes a number of variants, including Eastern variants, of "The Wright's Chaste Wife". "The Wright's Chaste Wife" is analogous, it is true, to "The Three Feathers", in so far as it relates how a woman rid herself of several importunate suitors; but she does so in a very different manner from that of the heroine of "The Three Feathers", and without the latter's magical apparatus. Mr. Clouston, when he wrote Popular Tales and Fictions, was a believer in the Buddhist origin of tales, and would have been glad to trace the story of "The Three Feathers" to the East. But he does not do so in our copy. Perhaps it was a copy specially prepared for an unbeliever's reading. Mr. Jacobs falls foul of M. Bedier for denying the Eastern origin of the fabliau corresponding to "The Wright's Chaste Wife", gently remarking that "in his Indiaphobia M. Bedier is capable de tout". Are not certain Indiamaniacs capable of something?

Mr. Nutt has criticised with destructive power Mr. Jacobs' theories about the curious versions of "The Pied Piper" and "Cinderella". They may be left for the present where he has left them, though in respect of the latter the argument might be carried further. In any case, Mr. Jacobs' notes are worthy of careful study, especially by


text:
Page:Folk-lore - A Quarterly Review. Volume 5, 1894.djvu/84

 76 those who wish to understand how little basis there is for the theory deriving our folk-tales from historic India.

In case the editor contemplates a further instalment of English Fairy Tales, he may be glad to be referred to one mentioned by Reginald Scot, The Discoverie of Witch-craft, Book XII, chap, xvi, where a crow teaches a maid how to carry water in a sieve. "And this tale", says Scot, "I heard among my grandam's maides"—from India, of course.

.

This is a selection of about a hundred stories from J. F. Campbell, Scott, Robert Chambers, Henderson, and other printed sources, with a few from unpublished manuscripts, of which the most important is that of Assipattle and the Mester Stoorworm, contributed by Mr. W. Traill Dennison of West Brough, Sanday, in the Orkney Islands. Putting aside the scientific study of folk-lore. Sir George Douglas aims to speak in his Introduction of the stories "from the literary, critical, or story-teller's point of view". He professes not to undervalue the labours of the scientific student; but it is evident that his acquaintance with them is of a superficial character, otherwise the Introduction, interesting as it is, would have been rendered more interesting and trustworthy, and that, without impairing the keen sense of the beauty and wildncss of the products of the Scottish imagination which the editor seeks to infuse into the reader. He would have known, for instance, that several of the superstitions he puts down as peculiar to the Scottish peasant are, in fact, by no means confined to Scotland. In discoursing on the imagination of his fellow-countrymen he draws his illustrations almost entirely from the Low-landers, whence he appears, if we understand him rightly,


text:
Talk:Privilege of Parliament Act 1603

the natioanl assembly act of Botswana under s.4 previlages the M,P'S to be free from arrest within the premise of parliament. as thus police officers cannot under any circumstance of civil or criminal arrest an M.P. ALSO S.5 of the National Assembly act previlages says M.P's are free from any court proceses issued againsnt them while they are sitting in parliamnet. also what M.P says in parliament is not actionable against him, this awards them freedom to speak in parliament referenced by s.3 of the National Assembly act.

title: Talk:Privilege of Parliament Act 1603


text: The New International Encyclopædia/Fischer, Gustav Adolf


text:
User talk:HappyMidnight

--Longfellow (talk) 12:07, 26 October 2010 (UTC)

NYSE Listed Company Manual
Is NYSE Listed Company Manual a complete work or excerpts from a larger work? We look to host complete work not excerpts or snippets. This is covered at What Wikisource includes. — billinghurst  sDrewth  09:02, 27 December 2010 (UTC)
 * I will complete the whole text of it. It is a large work so it will take long time. HappyMidnight (talk) 01:47, 30 December 2010 (UTC)

Korea
Please see this correction. Watch for spaces and use headers, please. Thank you for helping! --EncycloPetey (talk) 04:11, 23 July 2014 (UTC)
 * Thank you for your advice. I will. HappyMidnight (talk) 04:15, 23 July 2014 (UTC)

Laws from non-English speaking countries
Sources and licenses of their translations, please? --Jusjih (talk) 01:11, 16 October 2015 (UTC)
 * Turkish civil Code
 * THE ACT ON THE PROTECTION OF COMPETITION (THE ACT NO. 4054) of Turkey
 * Protection of Competition in Albania
 * Law On Protection Of Competition in the Republic of Macedonia
 * Block Exemption Communiqué on Vertical Agreements, Amended by the Competition Board Communiqués No. 2003/3 and 2007/2 of Turkey
 * Sorry for late reply. Jusjih. For now I don't remember it. I will tell more case by case soon. HappyMidnight (talk) 01:49, 3 November 2015 (UTC)
 * If unable to tell by whom, where, and when the translations were made, they have to be deleted.--Jusjih (talk) 20:19, 5 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:HappyMidnight


text: The New International Encyclopædia/Fischer, Jean Chrétien


text:
Page:Condor3(4).djvu/12

 == Two Amusing Incidents == ON SATURDAY February 22,1896 occured the first of what I have denominated "two amusing incidents." It relates to an experience that I had, on that date, with an Anna's Hummingbird (Calypte anna). I happened to be collecting in a large dense grove of eucalyptus trees in this county, and in one of these I discovered a nest of the above species. On my shaking the tree the female flew off the the nest, which was placed on a very thin limb and about fifteen feet from the ground. The main trunk of the tree was so thin and frail that I was compelled to climb another and stronger tree that grew some fourteen feet away, in the direction in which the horizontal limb pointed. I ascended this latter tree until I was on an even height with the nest and, reaching out with my right hand, I pulled the branch on which it was placed to me, and grasped the end thereof with my left hand. The female had alighted on the nest while I was climbing and still remained thereon. I shook the branch vigorously but the bird, undismayed, paid no attention Whatever to me until I placed my hand within two or three inches of her, when she snapped at me ferociously several times. It was not until I had actually taken hold of the mandibles and lifted the bird from the nest that I was able to discover two fresh eggs therein.

But this is not all; while I was removing the eggs the hummer kept buzzing and darting around in close proximity to my head. After the eggs had been taken from the nest the female immediately flew back onto it and was determined to stay there. Being. desirous of procuring the nest, I reached over the bird and severed the limb between the nest and the trunk. In my doing this the nest became completely inverted but still the persistent little hummer clung to it, and when dropped the detached limb the bird remained on the nest, which was still in this inverted position, for fully ten feet of the fall, when she finally released herself and flew off. I have had considerable experience with hummers and have often noted the bravery of these birds, especially Anna's, but I must confess that this was the bravest and most persistent one with which I ever met. My second topic relates to an experience of mine with a California Screech Owl (Megascops asio bendirel). Under date of May 9, 1897, my note book reads as follows; "An amusing incident occured during my trip today. I discovered a natural cavity in an old oak stump, which I considered would be a fitting receptacle for a set of Screech Owl's eggs. Walking up to the stump I projected a stick into the hole about two feet, when a female Screech Owl flew out and disappeared through the trees. I soon became aware that the stump was occupied in the upper story by a colony - and a large and warlike one it was - of honey bees, one of the beasts trying his best to alight on the end of my nose and place a wart thereon. This meant that I must retreat to safer quarters. I was convinced that the cavity contained either eggs or young and was reluctant to leave without ascertaining what the contents were. But the bees were so thick and wild that I determined to wait until my return homeward in the evening by which time I supposed that the bees would be inside and would not bother me. We continued on our journey and had not proceeded one hundred feet from the stump, when we observed Mrs. Owl perched on a dead oak limb in a dazed condition - asleep I suppose. One of the boys who was with me took hold of the bird and she then barely opened her eyes and lay perfectly numb in his hands. Two bees were found on the mandible evidently trying to sting her. One of her eyes was badly blood-shot and she was apparently a very sick owl. She remained entirely senseless in the hand

title: Page:Condor3(4).djvu/12


text:
Page:Condor3(4).djvu/13

 until we placed her on another limb and continued on our way. We returned over the same course some five hours later and imagine our surprise when, on reaching the last mentioned place, the first thing that met our gaze was the remnants of a perfectly fresh Screech Owl's egg. This egg lay broken on the ground directly beneath the spot where we had last placed the bird. The broken shell was soft and pliable and was all coiled up. The white and yolk were of a very thin and watery nature. I found the owl a few feet away on the ground, among some thick shrub roots. She was in the same numb, senseless condition, and I took her in my hand and placed her again in the cavity, where she immediately became very active. In my opinion, there are two ways of solving this problem, if such I may call it. Either the owl was in such a sleepy, insensible state that she dropped the egg in the ordinary course of laying, supposing she was on the nest, or she was so overcome by fright or pain that she was compelled to drop it. The former seems the more plausible theory. This incident may serve to open up the question as to whether a female bird has, under any circumstances or conditions, anv control whatever over the laying of her eggs, or whether, when the time comes, no matter where she finds herself, she must then and there deposit them. I think that it would be a very interesting question to discuss. A. I. McCORMICK. ''Bakersfield. Cal.''

Photo from life by Mr. J. G. Dudley. HARPY EAGLE. ( Thrasaetus harlkyia.)

We are indebted to Mr. A. B. Baker of the National Zoological Park. Washington, D. C.. for the photograph of this interesting eagle. Mr. Baker informs us that "the bird was presented by the Governor of the State of Amazonas. Brazil, to Commander C. C. Todd of the USS Wilmington for the National Zoological Park. It has been at the Park for two years and is still apparently in perfect health."

title: Page:Condor3(4).djvu/13


text:
Page:Condor3(4).djvu/14

 ==='''A Study of the Birds of Santiago Canyon. '''=== MOLLIE BRYAN ORANGE CALIFORNIA.

Concluded

I RETURN to the shade of the oaks and the hammock, and the scene is changed. The woodpecker and bluejay are busy stealing from the kettle of mush as it cools on the stove for the pack of fox hounds. The Lark Sparrow comes quietly into the basin under the vines for water. The Spurred Towhee is scratching among the leaves with its ac- customed vigor. The California Thrasher comes at the call of "huita, huita" for its share of mush or bread crumbs, and lingers to dig with its long sickle-shaped bill, among the flower beds. A blue- jay cocks up one eye and come to see what is in the hole, driving the thrasher away and digging in exact imitation of it. The day goes out with the sweet vesper song of the Lark Sparrow and the soft call of the Poor-will.

When October days have come the roadsides are bordered with the scarlet zanschneria, the yellow threads of the dodder are in a wild tangle over sumach and sages, the cliffs are gorgeous with brightening lichens and sycamore trees are turning to brown and gold. The Meadowlark whistles from the mesa, the Vesper Sparrow is in the dry washes by the roadside, and flocks of Horned Larks are feeding in the fields. The Mountain Bluebird flashes across the way like a bit of fallen sky, and the Roadrunner passes swiftly from our sight, as we drive on our way.

Let us, now, take another glimpse at our bird paradise. The White and Golden-crowned Sparrows and Audubon's Warbler have taken posession. The Wren-tit still rings out its elation notes, the bluejay is as mischievous as before and the woodpecker is studying a piece of water-pipe left on the fence to see if it is a suitable place in which to store acorns. Life under the arbor is now something to be dreamed of. Tom, the Plain Titmouse, comes for the melon seed he has learned to love, and that are scattered regularly for him. When gathered around the hospitable board, and with mountain appetites we pass our plates for a second helping, and are told "Wait till Tom gets his seed." Plates are held, forks suspend- ed in the air while 'Tom' hops in between the chairs for his seed, then all breathe and eat again. We are up at five to catch the Lark Sparrow at his morning song. And we see that one by one, the ravens come from somewhere out from the face of the cliff across the canyon. What music in their harsh "caw, caw" to bird-crank ears, for it is a pronfise of days to come, when froin a point of vantage gained by hard climbing, we will sit and spy on the family affairs of at least two house- holds of ravens, one on a ledge of a cliff, the other in a tree hard by.

The hills about us echo with the call of the Valley Quail, for they have learned that only about here are they safe from the huntsman's gun. The robins and Western Bluebirds have come and are feeding on the California holly and mistletoe berries. A visit to the tank brings us face to face with other of our winter visitors. The Hermit Thrush is twitching wings and tail from every bush, and a flock of Townsend's Sparrows are chattering socially over not a cup of tea,--but a limpid pool of water. A number of WrenTits come to examine their visitor. One comes within two feet of my face, and finding me harmless, descends, twig by twig, to the pool below for a bath. It hops from a small overhanging bush above the water, daintily dips one toe in, and darts up in alarm. The second time it wet both feet before nervously flying up again. The third time it stepped in and gave a flutter with its wings, when back to shelter it went. It continued these vain attempts at a bath until the seventh, when it took a

title: Page:Condor3(4).djvu/14


text:
Page:Condor3(4).djvu/15

 thorough washing and I thought "like Naaman, it must dip seven times." But no. It returned again and again until at the fifteenth it considered itself completely cleansed. Then the long, elaborate toilet had to be made.

On slowly descending through the crack in our broken bowl, I discovered a flock of Plumed Quail dusting in the dry earth below me. One was walking about, plume erect, keeping guard while the others enjoyed their bath. What beautiful birds, and how seldom we see them so low in the mountains, but here at the foot of Santiago Peak they over-lap the range of the Valley Quail. The Canyon Wren is again peering among the rocks for its dinner, and the bushes are alive with other lfathered forms. But it is the season when arbor days are past and four walls must be endured, that bird pans are placed before the window and a feed board spread with corn meal, brings all the members of the sparrow family. Townsends, the Gambel's and Golden-crowned Sparrows, California and Spurred Towbees and juncos are all here. The first rain brought a pair of Varied Thrushes. In the midst of the downpour the male was seen taking a bath in a pool near the house.

In December come flocks of Bandtailed Pigeons and juncos are more plentiful. But this, like Tennyson's song of the brook, might go on forever. But the winter sun will set and the Gambel's and Golden-crowned Sparrows open their evening concert. The Valley Quail come whirring into the trees above the arbor for a safe retreat, and the night is ushered in by the clear sweet warble of the Lark Sparrow, that in the quiet spot seems to add a benediction to these days of bird study.

Echoes From the Field.
Western Evening Grosbeak Again. On April 29 at Angwin's Hotel near Saint Helena, Cal. I saw a flock of about thirty Western Evening Grosbeaks (Coccothratstes z,. montanus.) They were observed the day following also. A Cassin's Vireo had built a nest in a walnut tree in front of the hotel. On April 20 I found a nest of the White-tailed Kite containing four eggs, incubation advanced. The nest was situated in a small live oak tree in a marsh, fourteen feet up. F.C. CLARK, Napa, Cal.

Early Nesting of the Red-bellied Hawk. On March 22, 19Ol I took a set of three finely-marked eggs of Buteo lineatus elegans from a nest in a blue-gum tree at 43 feet elevation. A set of two eggs had been taken from the same nest last year on April 15. The nest was made of small sticks and lined with willow twigs to which were attached the green leaves and blossoms. The nest also contained a few feathers from the parent bird. This, I believe is a very early nesting date for this species. NELSON CARPENTER, Escondido, Cal.

Parasites in Birds. Judging from my experience. the Valley Partridge (Lophorlyx californicus vallicola) is singularly free from parasites. I have taken the entrails from at least ten thousand of these birds which I have shot in many parts of California and Lower California without finding a worm of any kind in them. Hawks, owls and fish-eating birds are seldom free from worms. Of the latter the terns of the coast are more likely to be free from them than most other water birds, many of which are killed by worms, especially the Brown Pelican (P. calfornicus.) When preparing specimens I have often admired the wise discrimination of Moses in specifying the things that are clean and those that are unclean, though I could not see the necessity of prohibiting the eating of that which

title: Page:Condor3(4).djvu/15


text:
Page:Folk-lore - A Quarterly Review. Volume 2, 1891.djvu/265

 LES DERNIERS TRAVAUX ALLEMANDS

SUR

LA LEGENDE DU SAINT GRAAL

[Dans cet article, dont la majeure partie écrite avant le mois de novembre n'a pas pu, par suite d'un accident de poste, être insérée dans le numéro de Janvier, je renvoie surtout aux ouvrages ou aux articles suivants:

. Erec und Enide von Christian von Troyes, hrsg. von Wendelin Foerster. Halle, 1890.

. Gottingische gelehrte Anzeigen. N" 12. 10 juin 1890. (Ce numéro contient un compte rendu de mes Studies on the Legend of the Holy Grail, qui occupe les pages 488-528, Tous les renvois åaM. Zimmer sans autre mention s'y rapportent.)

. Gottingische gelehrte Anzeigen. N" 20. i Oct. 1890. Pages 785-832. Contient un compte rendu du t. XXX del'Hist. lit. de la France.

. Zeitschrift fiir franz. Sprache und Literatur. XII, i. Bretonische Elemente in der Arthursage des Gottfried von Monmouth.

 * (Ces deux derniers articles, ainsi que la préface de I'Erec, et les travaux de M. Golther dont l’énumération suit, sont surtout occupés à combattre les idées de M. Gaston Paris sur l'origine et le développement des romans arthuriens. J'ai laissé de côté tout ce qui se rapporte à cette polémique qui, du reste, importe fort peu à la thèse soutenue dans mon ouvrage, estimant qu'il fallait attendre la reponse de M. Gaston Paris).

. Sitzungsberichte der philos.-philol. und histor. Classe der K. Bayer. Akademie der Wissenschaften. 1890. II. 11. Pages 171-217: Chrestien's conte del Graal in seinem verhaltniss zum wälschen Peredur und zum englischen Sir Perceval. (Tous les renvois à M. Golther sans autre mention se rapportent à cet article.)

. Zeitschrift fiir vergleichende Litteraturgeschichte etc. Neue Folge, Bd, III, pages 409-425: Beziehungen zwischen französischer und keltischer Litteratur in Alittelalter (cité Z. v. L).


text: Page:The Cambridge History of American Literature, v2.djvu/1


text: Page:The Cambridge History of American Literature, v2.djvu/2


text: Page:The Cambridge History of American Literature, v2.djvu/3


text: Page:The Cambridge History of American Literature, v2.djvu/4


text: Page:The Cambridge History of American Literature, v2.djvu/5


text:
Page:Folk-lore - A Quarterly Review. Volume 2, 1891.djvu/266

 Rh. Beilage zur AUegmeinen Zeitung, 1890, N" 209, 30 juillet. Perceval und der Gral.

Je cite mes Studies, etc., par l'abreviation Grail. Les renvois à ''Arg. Tales ou Tales'' se rapportent à: Waifs and Strays of Celtic Tradition, Argyllshire Series, vol. II. Folk- and Hero Tales from Argyllshire, collected, edited and translated by the Rev. D. Mac Innes, with notes by the editor and Alfred Nutt, 1890.]

Dans la préface de son édition de l'Erec, M. Foerster continue sa campagne contre les théories de M. Gaston Paris sur l'origine et le développement des romans Arthuriens. En même temps, M. W. Golther, dans les articles précités, applique la doctrine de M. Foerster aux romans appartenant au cycle du Graal, et cherche à démontrer que ceux-ci, dans leur ensemble, ont pour source unique le roman inacheve de Chrestien. L'un et l'autre se prévalent de la critique qu'a faite M. Zimmer de mes Studies on the Legend of the Holy Grail pour écarter ceux de mes résultats qui pourraient les gener. Ces deux savants jouissent d'une légitime autorité; je les crois dans l'erreur, aussi je veux me hâter de leur répondre pour ne point me laisser condamner par défaut. II y a aussi, je l'avoue, un autre motif qui me fait agir. On ne s'émeut point de certaines choses lorsqu'elles sont dites par M. Zimmer; on a pour elles le sourire indulgent accordé aux boutades d'un enfant gâté auquel on passe ses caprices en raison de la vie et de la vigueur dont il déborde. Mais, jusqu'à présent du moins, ni M. Foerster, ni M. Golther ne se sont fait la réputation peu enviable du professeur de Greifswald. Aussi ai-je été surpris d'entendre chez eux l’écho des reproches que m'avait adresses M. Zimmer, et ne faudra-t-il pas s’étonner de trouver un élément personnel dans l'article que Ton va lire. Je tâcherai, du reste, de le restreindre autant que possible. Ceux qui m'ont lu savent quel cas il faut faire de la plupart des observations blessantes de M. Zimmer. Quant à ceux qui


text:
Page:The Cambridge History of American Literature, v2.djvu/9

 PREFACE

HE Cambridge History of American Literature was originally planned to appear in two volumes, but the abundance of the material submitted, particularly for the bibliographies, led the publishers to extend the work to three. The division into volumes is therefore fortuitous and should not be taken to offer a classification of the subject. In the second volume, and still more in the third, which is expected to appear shortly, we have found increasing difficulty with the problem of how far to include living writers, some of whom could not be omitted without making the record obviously inadequate. We have felt justified in dealing with certain contemporaries who before 1900 had written notable books and exerted an important influence in our literary history, even where, as for example in the case of Professor Brander Matthews, they have been as contributors associated with the present work, to its profit and to our pleasure.

2em

1 May, 1918


text: Page:The Cambridge History of American Literature, v2.djvu/10


text: Stubbs's Calendar or The Fatal Boots

title: Stubbs's Calendar or The Fatal Boots


text:
Page:The Cambridge History of American Literature, v2.djvu/11

 BOOK II (Continued)

EARLY NATIONAL LITERATURE: PART II

THOREAU

HAWTHORNE

LONGFELLOW

WHITTIER


text: Page:The Cambridge History of American Literature, v4.djvu/2


text: Page:The Cambridge History of American Literature, v4.djvu/3


text: Page:The Cambridge History of American Literature, v4.djvu/4


text: The New International Encyclopædia/Fischer, Johann


text: Page:The Cambridge History of American Literature, v3.djvu/2


text: The Examiner, and Journal of Political Economy/Volume 2/Number 7/An Exposition of the Virginia Resolutions of 1798


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Gwinnet, Richard


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Gwyn, David


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Gwyn, Eleanor


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Gwyn, Francis


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Gwynllyw


text:
Page:Examiner, Journal of Political Economy, v2n08.djvu/1

AND

DEVOTED TO THE ADVANCEMENT OF THE CAUSE OF STATE RIGHTS AND FREE TRADE. The Powers not Delegated to the United States, by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the People. . . ''Amendments to the Constitution, Art. X.''

Freedom of Industry, as sacred as freedom of speech or of the press. . . Jefferson.

AN EXPOSITION Of the Virginia Resolutions of 1798, in a series of Essays, addressed to Thomas Ritchie, by a distinguished citizen of Virginia, under the signature of "," in February, 1833.

No. V.

You will be pleased to bear in mind, sir, that I have endeavoured, in my preceding letters, simply to prove, that the doctrine of Nullification is fully warranted by the Virginia Resolutions, of 1798. If I have not succeeded in this, I have at least shown that it is not so manifest a departure from those resolutions, as to warrant the denunciation which it has received from the professed friends of State Rights. Still less warrant is there, for branding a whole State with treason, for adopting it. And now, sir, permit me to remark, that Nullification is not a distinct and substantive principle at all, but merely a mode in which well settled principles are carried out in practice. It is absolutely necessary to bear this distinction in mind. The only principle involved in Nullification, is the right of a State to decide whether an act of Congress is a breach of the compact or not; and if it shall decide that it is a breach, to interpose without waiting for the co-operation of other States, for "arresting the progress of the evil," in such mode as not to break the Union, nor interrupt the regular progress of the Government within the Constitution. No one, I think, can deny the correctness of this principle. Nullification professes to conform to it, whilst Secession obviously disclaims it; because Secession necessarily breaks the Union. You will at once perceive, then, that there are a countless number of modes in which the principles of Nullification may be carried out, and it by no means follows that the doctrine itself is false, because it may be abused in practice. Let us, then, forget, for the present, South Carolina and all her proceedings, and test the correctness of Nullification by a hypothetical case. Suppose that the present Congress should declare, by law, that the slave-holding States shall no longer be entitled to representation in that body, for three-fifths of their slaves. The case is at least possible, be assured, and it would be so "palpable and dangerous" an assumption of power, as to call loudly for the most effective mode of "State interposition," warranted by the Virginia resolutions. How would you have us proceed? Would you appeal to the Federal Judiciary to say whether such a law was constitutional or not? I cannot perceive how it is possible to bring the case before them; and even if it could be brought there, it would be at least a year before it could be decided. In the mean time, Virginia would be deprived of about one-sixth part of her proper representation, and would continue to be so deprived until the Supreme Court might choose to take up the case. She would thus be thrown on the mercy of that tribunal, for one of her clearest and most important rights.—Besides, this would assuredly be directly in the teeth of Madison's Report, which reprobates the idea that the Supreme Court has any rightful power over such a question. Would you appeal to Congress to repeal the law? This Congress ceases to exist on the 4th of March, and our elections take place in April. There might not, then, be any Congress in session, to whom the appeal could be made; and even if there were, what hope could you have that the same men who showed themselves capable of such a palpable usurpation would immediately disavow it? Besides, this would be recognizing the right of Congress to decide on the extent of its own powers, which is clearly against Madison's resolutions. But suppose that the appeal should be actually made, and that Congress should refuse to repeal the law—would you submit? The President's doctrines would force you to do so. Yet I cannot think that you would agree to such doctrines in a case involving the rights of your own State, although you advocate them in the case of South Carolina. No, sir, you would not submit. Then, what would you do? Would you agree to suspend the exercise of the essential right of representation until you had tried the slow process of an appeal to the other States, in their separate characters? You would be ashamed to countenance such a poor spirited surrender of the right of self-protection. Would you resort to arms?—Upon whom would you make war? Upon Congress alone, or upon all the other States? Not upon Congress, the actual wrong doers, for that would be ridiculous—not upon the other States, because they might not sanction the usurpation of their Federal agent, and therefore, might not be guilty of any intentional wrong. Would you secede? And if you did, how would that redress the wrong, and restore you to your rights? Besides, sir, there would be in secession, a positive injustice to the other States. Each State is entitled to all the benefit which it can derive from the Union of all, and of course the withdrawal of any one State deprives the other States of all the benefit which they would derive from the presence of such state in the Union. There is no doubt of the right of a State to withdraw, and we shall presently see when and how that right


text:
Page:Pierre.djvu/515

Rh mostly confined to the one wide pavement to the west; the other pavement was well-nigh deserted, save by porters, waiters, and parcel-carriers of the shops. On the west pave, up and down, for three long miles, two streams of glossy, shawled, or broadcloth life unceasingly brushed by each other, as long, resplendent, drooping trains of rival peacocks brush.

Mixing with neither of these, Pierre stalked midway between. From his wild and fatal aspect, one way the people took the wall, the other way they took the curb. Unentangledly Pierre threaded all their host, though in its inmost heart. Bent he was, on a straightforward, mathematical intent. His eyes were all about him as he went; especially he glanced over to the deserted pavement opposite; for that emptiness did not deceive him; he himself had often walked that side, the better to scan the pouring throng upon the other.

Just as he gained a large, open, triangular space, built round with the stateliest public erections;—the very proscenium of the town;—he saw Glen and Fred advancing, in the distance, on the other side. He continued on; and soon he saw them crossing over to him obliquely, so as to take him face-and-face. He continued on; when suddenly running ahead of Fred, who now chafingly stood still (because Fred would not make two, in the direct personal assault upon one), and shouting 'Liar! Villain!' Glen leaped toward Pierre from front, and with such lightning-like ferocity, that the simultaneous blow of his cowhide smote Pierre across the cheek, and left a half-livid and half-bloody brand.

For that one moment, the people fell back on all sides from them; and left them—momentarily recoiled from each other—in a ring of panics.

But clapping both hands to his two breasts, Pierre, on both sides shaking off the sudden white grasp of two

title: Page:Pierre.djvu/515


text:
Page:Pierre.djvu/516

502 rushing girls, tore out both pistols, and rushed headlong upon Glen.

'For thy one blow, take here two deaths! 'Tis speechless sweet to murder thee!'

Spatterings of his own kindred blood were upon the pavement; his own hand had extinguished his house in slaughtering the only unoutlawed human being by the name of Glendinning;—and Pierre was seized by a hundred contending hands.

VI

That sundown, Pierre stood solitary in a low dungeon of the city prison. The cumbersome stone ceiling almost rested on his brow; so that the long tiers of massive cell-galleries above seemed partly piled on him. His immortal, immovable, bleached cheek was dry; but the stone cheeks of the walls were trickling. The pent twilight of the contracted yard, coming through the barred arrow-slit, fell in dim bars upon the granite floor.

'Here, then, is the untimely, timely end;—Life's last chapter well stitched into the middle! Nor book, nor author of the book, hath any sequel, though each hath its last lettering!—It is ambiguous still. Had I been heartless now, disowned, and spurningly portioned off the girl at Saddle Meadows, then had I been happy through a long life on earth, and perchance through a long eternity in heaven! Now, 'tis merely hell in both worlds. Well, be it hell. I will mould a trumpet of the flames, and, with my breath of flame, breathe back my defiance! But give me first another body! I long and long to die, to be rid of this dishonoured cheek. Hung by the neck till thou be dead.—Not if I forestall you, though!—Oh now to live is death, and now to die is

title: Page:Pierre.djvu/516


text:
Page:Examiner, Journal of Political Economy, v2n08.djvu/2

 may be exerted. But for a State to resort to Secession, as a primary means of redressing a wrong, done by the usurpations of the other States, not only defeats its own object, but does injustice to the other States. Moreover, it ipso facto breaks the Union, and, therefore, is clearly, as I have before shown, not within the letter or spirit of the Virginia Resolutions. You would not adopt any of these modes, and I will now show you how you would proceed. You would begin by declaring the law unconstitutional, and, therefore, not obligatory. In other words, sir, you would nullify the law. Of course, you would stand precisely as you did before the law was passed, and therefore, you would not consider yourself as out of the Union, merely by this act of usurpation on the part of the Federal Government. You would proceed to elect your Representatives in Congress as heretofore, and direct them to take their seats in that body. If they were allowed to do so, the law would be thus virtually repealed, and all the wrong redressed. If they were not allowed to do so, you would still feel under no obligation to surrender your share in the Union; but you would appeal to the other States to say whether they would sanction this usurpation on the part of their common agent or not. If the other States should refuse to sanction the usurpation, you would be thus restored to your rights. Otherwise, you would determine for yourself, whether it would be best for you to remain in the Union, with the loss of part of your rights, or go out of the Union altogether. Now, sir, all these primary steps are, as you must in candour admit, precisely and strictly Nullification; but they are Nullification on a proper occasion, and asserted in a proper mode. There is not a State Rights man on earth, who can object to it as thus applied, as applied to such a case; and of course, as a doctrine, it is not wrong. Nullification and Secession are both rights; and the difference between them is simply this: Nullification proposes to preserve the Constitution, by annulling every act of the Federal Government, which the Constitution does not authorize; it proposes to preserve the Union, by annulling those usurpations in some mode which shall not withdraw the State from the Union, nor embarrass the regular action of the Government within the Constitution. Secession withdraws the State out of the reach of the usurped powers, when all other means of redress have failed. Nullification, therefore, is the primary right and the primary duty of the State; Secession is the ultimate right, when Nullification has failed.

This, sir, is Nullification, as I understand it, and as it is undoubtedly contemplated in the Resolutions of 1798. I should be glad to know what objection you can urge against it. Permit me now to examine its practical results, and to compare them with those of the opposite doctrine, as contended for by the President.

It is perfectly true, as the President contends, that if a State may declare one law to be unconstitutional, it may declare any and every other law to be so; and by the same rule, each State may, in the exercise of the same right, select a particular law or laws as unconstitutional, and thus utterly destroy the uniform operation of the system. But while this is certainly possible, it is in no degree probable, and cannot possibly occur, except in such a state of public feeling in regard to the Union, as would at all events, dissolve it by other means. If the States no longer wish to remain in Union, they will of course separate. But if they are really desirous to preserve the Union, their own interest affords a sufficient pledge that they will not endanger it by throwing themselves upon their reserved rights, except in extreme cases, which require it. If one State or two States, should be mad enough to do so, it cannot be imagined that such a number of them will do so as to afford any ground for the President's fears, or any application for the argument which he derives from them. The Government of the United States, is the mere agent of the States, for specified purposes, and it is inconceivable that the States who appointed that agent for their own use and advantage, would without cause, so embarrass its action, as to render its agency of no value. In practice therefore, this argument of the President is not entitled to any consideration. And even if it were otherwise, is it more consistent with principle, that the agent should control the constituent, or that the constituent should control the agent? These view of the subject, however, are worth nothing. We cannot judge of the practical operation of the Government, by any such extreme case. Human sagacity cannot foresee, nor human prudence provide for all possible contingencies; nor can human language define and limit every possible modification of social rights. Although Governments are primarily founded in distrust, yet there is, of necessity, some degree of confidence in all of them. The wisest statesmen can do no more than repose that confidence in the safest hands, while at the same time, he surrounds it with all practicable guards against abuse. If the States may abuse their reserved rights in the manner contemplated by the President, the Federal Government, on the other hand, may abuse its delegated rights. There is danger from both sides, and as we are compelled to confide in the one or the other, we have only to inquire, which is most worthy of our confidence. In the first place, as I have already remarked, the States cannot have any interest to abuse their reserved rights. Besides, the right for which they contend, is not a right of action at all, but merely a right to check unauthorised action, in the other party. The abuse of this right can be found in nothing but in the interposition of the State to check its own agent, in doing what it expressly authorized its own agent to do, for its own advantage. The right itself is indispensible to self-preservation, while the abuse of it is not to be contemplated as sufficiently probable, to found any argument against the right itself. On the other hand, the Federal government has a direct interest to enlarge its own powers, by encroaching on the rights of the States. The constituent can rarely, if ever, have an interest in contracting the powers of his agent, but prima facie, the agent always has an interest in making them greater. And when we reflect on the strong love which most men feel, for patronage and power, the influence of this interest upon the mere men who wield the Federal Government, (and who as to this argument, must be identified with it) affords much cause for distrust and fear. It is therefore much more probable that the Federal Government will abuse its power, than that the States will abuse theirs. And if we suppose a case of actual abuse on either hand, it will not be difficult to decide which is the greater evil. If a State should abuse its right of interposition by arresting the operation of a constitutional law, the worst that could come of it would be, to suspend the operation of the law for a time, as to that State, while it would have all its effects within the other States. This would certainly be unjust, but in most cases, would be attended with very little practical evil. In some cases, it is true, the consequences might be serious, such for instance, as might arise in a time of war; but it


text: The New International Encyclopædia/Fischer, Johann Georg


text:
Page:Pierre.djvu/517

Rh life; now, to my soul, were a sword my midwife!—Hark!—the hangman?—who comes?'

'Thy wife and cousin—so they say;—hope they may be; they may stay till twelve,' wheezingly answered a turnkey, pushing the tottering girls into the cell, and locking the door upon them.

'Ye two pale ghosts, were this the other world, ye were not welcome. Away!—Good Angel and Bad Angel both!—For Pierre is neuter now!'

'Oh, ye stony roofs, and seven-fold stony skies!—not thou art the murderer, but thy sister hath murdered thee, my brother, oh my brother!'

At these wailed words from Isabel, Lucy shrunk up like a scroll, and noiselessly fell at the feet of Pierre.

He touched her heart.—'Dead!—Girl! wife or sister, saint or fiend!'—seizing Isabel in his grasp—'in thy breasts, life for infants lodgeth not, but death-milk for thee and me!—The drug!' and tearing her bosom loose, he seized the secret vial nestling there.

VII

At night the squat-framed, asthmatic turnkey tramped the dim-lit iron gallery before one of the long honey-combed rows of cells.

'Mighty still there, in that hole, them two mice I let in;—humph!'

Suddenly, at the further end of the gallery, he discerned a shadowy figure emerging from the archway there, and running on before an officer, and impetuously approaching where the turnkey stood.

'More relations coming. These wind-broken chaps are always in before the second death, seeing they always miss the first.—Humph! What a froth the fellow's in?—Wheezes worse than me!'

title: Page:Pierre.djvu/517


text:
Index:Studies on the legend of the Holy Grail.djvu

{{:MediaWiki:Proofreadpage_index_template 1to4=- 5=Vol-Title 6="Soc Off" 7to21=roman 22=Errata 7=1
 * Type=book
 * Title=Studies on the legend of the Holy Grail : with special reference to the hypothesis of its Celtic origin
 * Language=en
 * Volume=
 * Author=Alfred Nutt
 * Translator=
 * Editor=
 * Illustrator=
 * School=
 * Publisher=David Nutt
 * Address=London
 * Year=1888
 * Key=
 * ISBN=
 * OCLC=
 * LCCN=
 * BNF_ARK=
 * ARC=
 * DOI=
 * Source=djvu
 * Image=1
 * Progress=T
 * Transclusion=yes
 * Validation_date=September 2017
 * Pages= {{{!}} class="aux auxtoc" style="font-size: smaller" {{!}}note at p. 64 "In making up the slips, the summary of Borron's poem dropped out. In order not to disturb the page form, which was fixed before the omission was noticed, it has been inserted after the Grand St. Graal with a subpagination. {{!)}} {{scrollpane/s|height=800px}} {{Page:Studies on the legend of the Holy Grail.djvu/13}} {{Page:Studies on the legend of the Holy Grail.djvu/14}} {{Page:Studies on the legend of the Holy Grail.djvu/15}} {{Page:Studies on the legend of the Holy Grail.djvu/16}} {{scrollpane/e}} }}
 * Volumes=
 * Remarks={{auxiliary toc styles}}
 * Width=
 * Header=
 * Footer=
 * tmplver=


text: Page:Studies on the legend of the Holy Grail.djvu/1


text: Page:Studies on the legend of the Holy Grail.djvu/2


text: Page:Studies on the legend of the Holy Grail.djvu/3


text: Page:Studies on the legend of the Holy Grail.djvu/4


text:
Page:Pierre.djvu/518

 'Where is she?' cried Fred Tartan, fiercely, to him; 'she's not at the murderer's rooms! I sought the sweet girl there, instant upon the blow; but the lone dumb thing I found there only wrung her speechless hands and pointed to the door;—both birds were flown! Where is she, turnkey? I've searched all lengths and breadths but this. Hath any angel swept adown and lighted in your granite hell?'

'Broken his wind, and broken loose, too, ain't he?' wheezed the turnkey to the officer who now came up.

'This gentleman seeks a young lady, his sister, some way innocently connected with the prisoner last brought in. Have any females been here to see him?'

'Oh, ay,—two of 'em in there now'; jerking his stumped thumb behind him.

Fred darted toward the designated cell.

'Oh, easy, easy, young gentleman'—jingling at his huge bunch of keys—'easy, easy, till I get the picks—I'm housewife here.—Hallo, here comes another.'

Hurrying through the same archway toward them, there now rapidly advanced a second impetuous figure, running on in advance of a second officer.

'Where is the cell?' demanded Millthorpe.

'He seeks an interview with the last prisoner,' explained the second officer.

'Kill 'em both with one stone, then,' wheezed the turnkey, gratingly throwing open the door of the cell. 'There's his pretty parlour, gentlemen; step in. Reg'lar mouse-hole, arn't it?—Might hear a rabbit burrow on the world's t'other side;—are they all 'sleep?'

'I stumble!' cried Fred, from within; 'Lucy! A light! a light!—Lucy!' And he wildly groped about the cell, and blindly caught Millthorpe, who was also wildly groping.

title: Page:Pierre.djvu/518


text:
Page:Studies on the legend of the Holy Grail.djvu/5

 FOR COLLECTING AND PRINTING

RELICS OF POPULAR ANTIQUITIES, &c.

ESTABLISHED IN

THE YEAR MDCCCLXXVIII.

Publisher's design in Folk-Lore of the Northern Counties.png

PUBLICATIONS

OF

THE FOLK-LORE SOCIETY.

1888.


text: Page:Studies on the legend of the Holy Grail.djvu/312


text: Page:Studies on the legend of the Holy Grail.djvu/311


text: Page:Studies on the legend of the Holy Grail.djvu/310


text: Page:Studies on the legend of the Holy Grail.djvu/309


text:
Page:Studies on the legend of the Holy Grail.djvu/6

 ANDREW LANG, M.A.

W. R. S. RALSTON, M.A.

EDWARD B. TYLOR, LL.D., F.R.S.


text:
Page:Studies on the legend of the Holy Grail.djvu/7

 STUDIES ON THE LEGEND OF THE HOLY GRAIL.


text:
Page:Studies on the legend of the Holy Grail.djvu/8

 * "Interessante étude de mythographie comparée."—Revue Celtique.

 * "Eingehendes und sehr beachtenswerthes Studium."—Prof., in Ersch und Gruber.

 * "These careful and searching studies deserve to be honourably mentioned."—Mons., in the Academy.


text:
Page:Pierre.djvu/519

 'Blister me not! take off thy bloody touch!—Ho, ho, the light!—Lucy! Lucy!—she's fainted!'

Then both stumbled again, and fell from each other in the cell: and for a moment all seemed still, as though all breaths were held.

As the light was now thrust in, Fred was seen on the floor holding his sister in his arms; and Millthorpe kneeling by the side of Pierre, the unresponsive hand in his; while Isabel, feebly moving, reclined between, against the wall.

'Yes! Yes!—Dead! Dead! Dead!—without one visible wound—her sweet plumage hides it.—Thou hellish carrion, this is thy hellish work! Thy juggler's rifle brought down this heavenly bird! Oh, my God, my God! Thou scalpest me with this sight!'

'The dark vein's burst, and here's the deluge-wreck—all stranded here! Ah, Pierre! my old companion, Pierre;—school-mate—play-mate—friend!—Our sweet boys' walks within the woods!—Oh, I would have rallied thee, and banteringly warned thee from thy too moody ways, but thou wouldst never heed! What scornful innocence rests on thy lips, my friend!—Hand scorched with murderer's powder, yet how woman-soft!—By heaven, these fingers move!—one speechless clasp!—all's o'er!'

'All's o'er, and ye know him not!' came gasping from the wall; and from the fingers of Isabel dropped an empty vial—as it had been a run-out sand-glass—and shivered upon the floor; and her whole form sloped sideways, and she fell upon Pierre's heart, and her long hair ran over him, and arboured him in ebon vines.

THE END

title: Page:Pierre.djvu/519


text: Page:Studies on the legend of the Holy Grail.djvu/10


text:
Page:Studies on the legend of the Holy Grail.djvu/11

 DEDICATION.

To the Memory

OF

J. F. CAMPBELL

FROM WHOM

I FIRST LEARNT TO LOVE CELTIC TRADITION.


text: Page:Studies on the legend of the Holy Grail.djvu/12


text:
Page:Condor3(4).djvu/16

 died, nor why the Jew was authorized to sell the same to the stranger who was within his gates. L. BELDING, Stockton, Cal.

Curious Nest of Anna's Hummingbird.
On Feb. 23 I collected a nest of Anna's Hummingbird (Calypte anna) 60 feet up in the very top of a tall gum tree. The hummingbird had used one side of an old goldfinch's nest, and there she had a soft nest of feathers. This bird evidently had an eye for business, as the goldfinch's nest, cosy in itself only required a little lining. Unfortunately the one egg which the nest contained was broken in getting it down; the nest I regard as a "freak," as I have never heard of a hummingbird using any old nest except its own.

On April 5 a friend brought me two eggs of the Killdeer (Aegialitis vacifera) taken in the middle of a railroad track, directly between the ties. This track is the main one on the Santa Fe between Santa Monica and Los Angeles and at this place runs through the Ballona swamp. W. LEE CHAMBERS, Santa Monica, Cal.

Breeding of the Western Robin in Lake Co., Cal.
From time to time I have been informed that the Western Robin (Merula m. propinqua) nested in Lake Co., at about the same elevation as Clear Lake, which is between 1400 and 1500 feet. I have long been anxious to verify this statement but until June 12 of this year had been unahle to do so. On that date I was walking in the lower foothills when an old robin with food in its bill flew past me into a white-oak tree, when observing me, it began to screech most vociferously. Looking the tree over carefully I discovered a nearly fully-fledged young bird sitting upon one of the branches, and further search in near-by trees revealed another young robin. Neither flew well or willingly and were apparently not long out of the nest. Since the beginning of May I have noticed four distinct pairs of Western Robins; one pair on the ranch here whose two young I observed; another pair on the road to Upper Lake, whilst the two remaining pairs have frequented an orchard at Upper Lake. I have had the pleasure every Saturday since early in May of seeing one or more birds there, but have failed to discover a nest or other sign of their having bred. A.W. Jotso, Upper Lake, Cal.

Notes on the Loon, Evening Grosbeak and Broad-tailed Hummingbird.
While at the Hatchery on Battle Creek, California, in the fall of 1898, I secured a loon which came ashore entangled in the salmon seine. The specimen was taken alive and uninjured. Similar catches have been reported previously from the eastern United States. Dr. C. W. Richmond, who kindly identified the bird, pronounced it Gavia imber. On February 24, 1901, Mr. Walter E. Bryant secured two specimens of Coccolhraustes v. montanus at Santa Rosa, Cal., and tells me there were several others in the trees near his house. Some time ago (Auk. XIV p. 91 ) I recorded the Broad-tailed Hummingbird (Selasphorus platyercus) from Oakland. While the record was correct, it had been reported previously for the state. Dr. J. G. Cooper took a female at Lake Tahoe many years ago (proc. Cal. Icad. Sci. 1st ser, IV, p. 7) It is also reported from the Sequoia National Park and as common on the western slope of the Sierra Nevada in California opposite the head of Owen's River (N.A. Fauna, No. 7, P59 R. C. McGregor U.S.S. Pathfinder.

CHAS. W. BOWLES of Waldo, Oregon, writes of taking four sets of Black-throated Gray Warbler's eggs and a set 1/2 Pileated Woodpecker, thus confirming the suspicion that the Northwest is the oologist's paradise.

title: Page:Condor3(4).djvu/16


text:
Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 56.djvu/272

 Katharine Byerley married, in 1820, the eminent physician Anthony Todd Thomson [q. v.], and by him apparently she was in the first instance led to devote her leisure time to biographical compilation. Commencing with a brief ‘Life of Wolsey’ for the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge in 1824, her enthusiasm for the work increased as she went on, and anecdotal biography (as developed by Disraeli, Jesse, and Agnes Strickland) was carried by her to the farthest limits of which this genre of writing is susceptible. The surplus material accumulated in her diligent search for historical anecdotes was worked off in a long series of historical novels, anticipating in many features those of a later date by Mrs. Marshall. Mrs. Thomson's earliest literary recollections dated back to Dr. Parr, to Flaxman, to Sir Humphry Davy, and to Coleridge, whom she often saw at her father's house. During their long residence in London, for a portion of the time at Hinde Street, she and her husband assembled many well-known names in art and letters under their roof, among their earlier friends being Campbell, Wilkie, Mackintosh, Jeffrey, and Lord Cockburn. Later, in Welbeck Street, they saw much of Thackeray, Browning, and also of Lord Lytton, who became an intimate friend. After her husband's death in 1849 she resided abroad for some years. She returned to London, however, and published two books in conjunction with her youngest son, John Cockburn Thomson [see under ]. These were issued under the pseudonyms of Grace and Philip Wharton. The accidental death of this son in 1860 upon the threshold of a promising career proved a shock from which she never quite recovered, and she died at Dover on 17 Dec. 1862.

Mrs. Thomson's chief historical and biographical compilations were: 1. ‘Memoirs of the Court of Henry the Eighth,’ London, 1826, 2 vols. 8vo, a work of ‘much good sense, impartiality, and research’ (Edinb. Rev. March 1827). 2. ‘Memoirs of the Life of Sir Walter Ralegh,’ 1830, 8vo (two American editions). 3. ‘Memoirs of Sarah, Duchess of Marlborough, and of the Court of Queen Anne,’ 1838, 2 vols. 8vo, valuable as containing the essence of the then recently published ‘Private Correspondence,’ but diffuse, indexless (like her other works), and inexact. 4. ‘Memoirs of the Jacobites of 1715 and 1745,’ 1845 and 1846, 3 vols. 8vo. Together with notices of a few minor actors, this contains readable lives of Mar, Derwentwater, Cameron of Lochiel, Nithisdale, Kenmure, Tullibardine, Rob Roy, Lovat, Lord George Murray, Flora Macdonald, and Kilmarnock. 5. ‘Memoirs of Viscountess Sundon, Mistress of the Robes to Queen Caroline, including Letters from the most celebrated Persons of her Time,’ 1847, 2 vols. 8vo; 1850, 2 vols. 8vo. This contains many inaccuracies, commencing with the title-page (for Lady Sundon never enjoyed the rank there ascribed to her) (cf. Quarterly, lxxxii. 94). 6. ‘Recollections of Literary Characters and Celebrated Places,’ 1854, 2 vols. 8vo, chapters of anecdotal topography which had originally appeared in ‘Bentley's Miscellany’ and ‘Fraser's Magazine,’ under the signature ‘A Middle-aged Man.’ 7. ‘Life and Times of George Villiers, Duke of Buckingham,’ 1860, 3 vols. 8vo. 8. ‘Celebrated Friendships,’ 1861, 2 vols. 8vo. This, one of the writer's best inspired themes, contains pleasantly written chapters on Evelyn and Boyle, Surrey and Wyatt, Marie-Antoinette and the Princesse de Lamballe, Digby and Vandyck, Sidney and Greville, Coleridge and Lamb, Fénelon and Mme. Guyon, Cowper and Mrs. Unwin, Garrick and Mrs. Clive, and Clarendon and Falkland.

Mrs. Thomson also wrote: 9. ‘Constance’ [a novel], 1833, 3 vols. 8vo. 10. ‘Rosabel,’ 1835. 11. ‘Lady Annabella,’ 1837. 12. ‘Anne Boleyn,’ 1842, several editions. 13. ‘Widows and Widowers,’ 1842, several editions. 14. ‘Ragland Castle,’ 1843. 15. ‘White Mask,’ 1844. 16. ‘The Chevalier,’ 1844 and 1857. 17. ‘Tracey; or the Apparition,’ 1847. 18. ‘Carew Ralegh,’ 1857. 19. ‘Court Secrets,’ 1857, dealing with the story of Caspar Hauser. 20. ‘Faults on Both Sides,’ 1858. Under the pseudonym of Grace Wharton she was joint author with her son, John Cockburn Thomson, of ‘The Queens of Society,’ 1860, 2 vols. 8vo, 3rd ed. 1867; ‘The Wits and Beaux of Society,’ 1860, 2 vols. 8vo, 2nd ed. revised 1861; and ‘The Literature of Society,’ 1862, 2 vols. 8vo.

[Gent. Mag. 1863, i. 245; Athenæum, 1863, i. 21; Surtees's Durham, iii. 312; Allibone's Dict. of Engl. Lit.; Brit. Mus. Cat.; private information.]  THOMSON, RICHARD (d. 1613), biblical scholar and divine, commonly called ‘Dutch Thomson,’ was born in Holland of English parents, and received his education at Clare Hall, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. in 1587 and was elected fellow. He commenced M.A. in 1591, and was incorporated in that degree at Oxford on 1 July 1596 (, Fasti Oxon., ed. Bliss, i. 273). Bishop Lancelot Andrewes [q. v.] presented him to the rectory of Snailwell, Cambridgeshire. He was selected as one of the translators of the Bible, being one of the company to which the task was allotted of translating the Old


text: Page:Studies on the legend of the Holy Grail.djvu/13


text: Page:Studies on the legend of the Holy Grail.djvu/14


text:
Page:Studies on the legend of the Holy Grail.djvu/15

Rh


text:
Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 56.djvu/273

 Testament from Genesis to the second book of Kings inclusive (, Annals of the English Bible, ed. 1862, p. 478). Thomas Farnaby informs us that Thomson lived for some time under the protection of Sir Robert Killigrew, and that he was a great interpreter of Martial. Hickman styles him ‘the grand propagator of Arminianism,’ and Prynne describes him as ‘a debosh'd drunken English Dutchman, who seldom went one night to bed sober;’ but on the other hand Richard Montagu [q. v.], who knew him well, says that he was ‘a most admirable philologer,’ and that ‘he was better known in Italy, France, and Germany than at home.’ He was buried at St. Edward's, Cambridge, on 8 Jan. 1612–13.

His works are: 1. ‘Elenchus Refutationis [by Martinus Becanus] Torturæ Torti [of Lancelot Andrewes, bishop of Chichester, afterwards of Ely]. Pro … Episcopo Eliense adversus Martinum Becanum Jesuitam, authore Richardo Thomsonio Cantabrigiensi,’ London, 1611, 8vo, dedicated to Sir Thomas Jermyn, knight. 2. ‘Diatriba de Amissione et Intercisione Gratiæ et Justificationis,’ Leyden, 1616 and 1618, 8vo. An ‘Animadversio brevis’ on this work was published in 1618 by Robert Abbot (1560–1617) [q. v.], bishop of Salisbury.

[Information from J. W. Clark, esq., M.A.; Addit. MS. 5882, f. 19; Camdeni Epistolæ, pp. 47, 54, 133, 135; Farnaby's edit. of Martial, pref. and epistle; Heylyn's Life of Laud, p. 122; Hickman's Hist. of Arminians, pp. 502, 519; Hickman's Hist. Quinq-Articularis Exarticulata, (1674), p. 91; McClure's Translators Revived, p. 99; Bishop Richard Montagu's pref. to Diatribe on the first part of the Hist. of Tithes (1621); Notes and Queries, 3rd ser. iv. 228, 380; Prynne's Anti-Arminianisme (1630) at the end, in Appendix; Scaligerana Secunda, ii. 325, 384, 595.]  THOMSON, RICHARD (1794–1865), antiquary, born at Fenchurch Street, London, in 1794, was the second son of a Scotsman, who first travelled for and then became a partner in a firm of seed merchants called Gordon, Thomson, Keen, & Co., of Fenchurch Street. For many years he worked zealously for the investigation of the antiquities of London. On 14 Aug. 1834 he and E. W. Brayley the younger [q. v.] were elected joint-librarians of the London Institution in Finsbury Circus, in succession to William Maltby [q. v.] The admirable catalogue of that library, issued in four volumes between 1835 and 1852, was compiled in great measure by Thomson. In this congenial position he passed the rest of his days. He arranged, classified, and illustrated the antiquities found in the excavations for the new building of the Royal Exchange; they were afterwards deposited in the museum of the corporation (, Descriptive Cat. p. xlv), and Thomson contributed poems imitating the great authors to ‘A Garland for the New Royal Exchange’ (1845, 50 copies), edited by Sir William Tite. Thomson died at his rooms in the institution on 2 Jan. 1865, aged 70. He was buried at Kensal Green cemetery in the same grave with a brother who had predeceased him, and a monument was erected to his memory. He was unmarried and died wealthy. During his lifetime he had given the institution anonymously many valuable works, and by his will he left it the sum of 500l.

Thomson's literary labours comprised: 1. ‘Account of Processions and Ceremonies observed in the Coronation of the Kings and Queens of England, exemplified in that of George III and Queen Charlotte,’ 1820. Heraldry was one of his hobbies, and in early life he assisted inquirers in investigating their pedigrees. 2. ‘The Book of Life: a Bibliographical Melody,’ 1820. Fifty copies on paper, two on vellum. Presented to the members of the Roxburghe Club. 3. ‘The Complete Angler. By Izaak Walton. Published by John Major,’ 1823. This beautiful edition was edited by Thomson. 4. ‘Chronicles of London Bridge. By an Antiquary,’ 1827. 2nd ed. 1839. An inlaid copy in folio, illustrated and enlarged, with a manuscript continuation, five volumes in all, is in the Guildhall Library. 5. ‘Illustrations of the History of Great Britain,’ 1828, 2 vols. Vols. 20 and 21 of Constable's ‘Miscellany.’ 6. ‘Tales of an Antiquary’ [anon.], 1828, 3 vols.; new edit. 1832, 3 vols. Dedicated ‘to the author of “Waverley.”’ Sir Walter Scott said that the writer was certainly an antiquary, ‘but he has too much description in proportion to the action. A capital wardrobe of properties, but the performers do not act up to their character’ (Journals, ii. 148). The legend of ‘Killcrop the Changeling’ is reproduced in Nimmo's ‘Popular Tales,’ ii. 238–53. 7. ‘Historical Essay on Magna Charta,’ 1829. 8. ‘Historical Notes for a Bibliographical Description of Mediæval illuminated Manuscripts of Hours, Offices,’ &c. [anon.], 1858. 9. ‘Lectures on Illuminated Manuscripts and the Materials and Practice of Illuminators,’ 1858. 10. ‘An Account of Cranmer's Catechism’ (a memorial book for the friends of William Tite and Richard Thomson), 1862; twelve copies of the ‘Philological Curiosities’ in the ‘Catechism’ were struck off separately in the same year.


text:
Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 56.djvu/274

THOMSON, ROBERT DUNDAS (1810–1864), medical officer of health and author, son of (1768–1855) [q. v.], minister of Eccles, Berwickshire, by his wife Elizabeth, daughter of James Skene of Aberdeen, was born at Eccles Manse on 21 Sept. 1810. He was educated for the medical profession in Edinburgh and Glasgow. In Glasgow he studied chemistry under his uncle, (1773–1852) [q. v.], then professor there, and in 1840 he was at Giessen under Liebig. He graduated M.D. and C.M. at Glasgow University in 1831, became a member of the College of Physicians, London, in 1859, and was elected a fellow the year of his death. After making a voyage to India and China as assistant surgeon in the service of the East India Company, he settled as a physician in London about 1835, and took an active part in the establishment of the Blenheim Street school of medicine.

At an early period of his career he applied his chemical knowledge to the investigation of a variety of physiological questions—the composition of the blood, especially in cholera, among others—and he soon made himself a reputation as a correct and philosophical observer. He was employed by government to make a series of experiments on the food of cattle, and to analyse the water supplied by the different London companies. His researches on the constituents of food in relation to the systems of animals have long been a standard source of reference for physiologists pursuing similar inquiries, and have served as a basis for much of the progress of modern dietetical science.

In 1841 he went to Glasgow as deputy professor and assistant to his uncle, the professor of chemistry, whose failing health necessitated assistance. Thomson's lectures were heavy and hesitating, his experiments slow, and his matter too profound for the student. He was unsuccessful as a candidate for the chair at his uncle's death in 1852, but, returning to London, was appointed lecturer on chemistry at St. Thomas's Hospital on the retirement of Dr. Leeson. This post he held for some years. In 1856, when medical officers of health were appointed under the Metropolitan Local Management Act, he was the successful candidate for Marylebone. He devoted himself with great zeal and industry to the organisation of a system of inspection in that extensive parish, and when his colleagues formed themselves into an association of health officers (Metropolitan Association of Medical Officers of Health), they appointed him their president. The interests of this association he constantly promoted. He became widely known as an authority on sanitary matters, and was employed by the registrar-general to make a monthly report of the amount of impurity in the waters of the different London companies.

Thomson was elected a fellow of the Royal Society on 1 June 1854. He resided in London at 41 York Terrace, Regent's Park, and died at his brother's residence, Dunstable House, Richmond, on 17 Aug. 1864. At the time of his death he was president of the British Meteorological Society. He married his first cousin, a daughter of Thomas Thomson (1773–1852) [q. v.]

He contributed numerous papers to the British and foreign medical and scientific journals. The following is a list of his chief independent publications:
 * 1) ‘Records of General Science,’ 1835, 8vo.
 * 2) ‘British Annual and Epitome of the Progress of Science,’ 1837, 12mo.
 * 3) ‘Digestion: the influence of Alcoholic Fluids on that Function, and on the Value of Health and Life,’ London, 1841, 8vo.
 * 4) ‘Experimental Researches on the Food of Animals and the Fattening of Cattle, with Remarks on the Food of Man,’ 1846, 8vo; American editions, 1846 and 1856.
 * 5) ‘School Chemistry, or Practical Rudiments of the Science,’ 1848, 16mo; 2nd ed. 1862, 8vo.
 * 6) ‘Cyclopædia of Chemistry, Mineralogy, and Physiology,’ 1854, 8vo.
 * 7) ‘Report to Government on the Waters, &c., of London during Cholera,’ 1854.
 * 8) ‘The British Empire,’ 1856, 8vo.
 * 9) ‘Annual Report on the Health of the Parish of St. Marylebone,’ 1857, 8vo.

THOMSON, ROBERT WILLIAM (1822–1873), engineer, son of a small manufacturer, was born at Stonehaven, Kincardineshire, in 1822. He was destined for the pulpit, but, showing a dislike to classical studies, was sent in 1836 to Charleston, United States of America, to be educated as a merchant. In a short time he returned home and began his self-education, aided by a weaver who was a mathematician. After a brief practical apprenticeship in workshops at Aberdeen and Dundee he was employed by a cousin, Mr. Lyon, on the demolition of Dunbar Castle. The work


text:
Page:Studies on the legend of the Holy Grail.djvu/16

x


text:
Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 56.djvu/275

 was accomplished by blasting, and Thomson conceived the idea of firing mines by electricity. Coming to London in 1841, Faraday gave him encouragement, and Sir William Cubitt [q. v.] engaged him in connection with the blasting operations on the Dover cliffs. For some time after this he was with a civil engineer in Glasgow, and then passed into the employment of Robert Stephenson. In 1844 he began business on his own account as a railway engineer, making plans and surveys for a line in the eastern counties of England. The railway panic putting a stop to his business, he invented india-rubber tyres, taking out a patent (No. 10990) on 10 Dec. 1845; but at that time india-rubber was too expensive to admit of its general use.

He took out a patent (No. 12691) on 4 July 1849 for a ‘fountain pen,’ and shortly afterwards sent in a design for the Great Exhibition of 1851. In 1852 he went as agent for an engineering firm to Java to erect some sugar machinery, when he designed new machinery for manufacturing sugar so superior to anything previously in use that a great impulse was given to production, and up to the time of his death he continued to supply the best machinery used in Java. The Dutch authorities refusing to allow him to erect a waterside crane unless it could be removed every night, lest the natives should fall over it, he designed the first portable steam-crane. He did not patent the idea, but Messrs. Chaplins, who made the first small steam-crane for him, had, when he next revisited England, two large factories employed in the manufacture of these appliances. The invention consisted mainly in employing the boiler as a counterpoise. In 1860 he visited Europe to order an hydraulic dock, consisting of a few types or classes of plates, each plate being interchangeable with every other plate of its class. He by this plan avoided the expense of double erection in England and abroad. A dock for the French government at Saigon and another for a company at Callao were successfully constructed on this plan.

In 1862 he retired from business in Java and settled in Edinburgh. On 24 Feb. 1863 he took out a patent (No. 512) for improvements in obtaining and applying motive power, followed by another (No. 401) on 13 Feb. 1865 for alterations in the construction of steam boilers, and a third (No. 1006) on 9 April 1866 for ‘improvements in steam-gauges.’ His next invention, the road-steamer, was the result of a direct practical want. A traction engine was required for the transport of sugar-canes in Java. Thomson recurred to his old idea of india-rubber tyres, and found a solution of the difficulty in designing a traction engine. The tyres were not fastened to the wheels, but adhered to them by friction. They formed a broad pad or elephant's foot, by which the great weight of the engine was distributed over a large surface. The outer surface adapted itself to every peculiarity of the ground, and the inner surface formed a constant endless platform on which the comparatively rigid engine worked. The india-rubber does in a practical manner what Boydell attempted to do by his impracticable endless railway. Thomson patented his invention on 24 Oct. 1867 (No. 2986). Further patents in connection with it were taken out in 1870, on 26 Feb., 1 March, and 4 Oct. (Nos. 573, 601, and 2630); in 1871 on 18 Feb. and 13 Sept. (Nos. 434 and 2409); and in 1873 on 4 March (No. 775). The plan was very successful, and numerous imitators have attempted to dispense with the expensive material, the india-rubber.

Thomson died at 3 Moray Place, Edinburgh, on 8 March 1873. Shortly before his death he contributed to the ‘Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh’ (viii. 68–9) an article ‘On the Formation of Coal, and on the changes produced in the composition of the strata by the solvent action of water slowly penetrating through the Earth's crust during long periods of geological time.’

[Proc. of the Royal Soc. of Edinburgh, 1875, viii. 278–82; Ann. Register, 1873, p. 133; Illustrated London News, 1873, lxii. 297.]  THOMSON, THOMAS (1768–1852), jurist and legal antiquary, eldest son of Thomas Thomson, minister of Dailly, Ayrshire, by his second wife, Mary, daughter of Francis Hay ‘in Lochside,’ Ayrshire, was born on 10 Nov. 1768. He was an elder brother of the painter, John Thomson (1778–1840) [q. v.] of Duddingston. After attending the parish school of Dailly, he in his fourteenth year entered the university of Glasgow, where he specially distinguished himself in the Greek and other classes, and graduated M.A. on 27 April 1789. He then for two years attended classes both in theology and law; and, having finally decided upon the legal profession, he went to Edinburgh, where he was admitted advocate on 10 Dec. 1793. From this time, according to Lockhart, he was one of the closest intimates of Sir Walter Scott during the whole of Scott's continuance at the bar; and there is evidence in Scott's ‘Journal,’ as well as in his letters, that the friendship continued during the remainder of Scott's life.

Thomson soon acquired an important


text:
Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 56.djvu/276

 at the bar, particularly in cases demanding special legal learning. ‘His speaking,’ says Cosmo Innes, ‘was not impressive. He could not condense his matter, his argument was unstudied; neither his voice nor his action was pleasing, and it seemed as if he despised the art and touch of oratory. Yet he spoke easily and always pertinently: rather as a man of education and legal accomplishment conversing about the case than like an advocate arguing for a side.’ He was constitutionally more fitted to excel as a legal student than as a barrister; and gradually his course of life turned more and more in this direction. Legal and historical antiquities, which had engrossed much of his leisure, soon absorbed his whole attention. In 1800 he was selected to edit an edition of Lord Hailes's ‘Works,’ with memoir and correspondence; other matters occupying his time, the edition never appeared; but the edition of Hailes's ‘Annals’ and ‘Historical Tracts,’ 1819, acknowledged the guidance of Thomson's advice.

Although a close associate of Jeffrey and other projectors of the ‘Edinburgh Review,’ Thomson contributed but three papers to that periodical: on Darwin's ‘Temple of Nature,’ 1803; Miss Seward's ‘Memories of the Past,’ 1804; and Good's ‘Life of Geddes,’ 1804. Occasionally, however, he undertook the editorship of the ‘Review’ in Jeffrey's absence.

The main service rendered by Thomson to legal and historical learning was the work undertaken by him as deputy clerk-register of Scotland, to which he was appointed on 30 June 1806, the office having been created but eleven days previously. That work mainly consisted in reforming the system of public registries and the method of the custody of records, in rendering these records accessible to research, in rescuing and repairing old records, and in editing the acts of the Scottish parliament and other governmental records under the authority of the record commission.

In February 1828 Thomson was chosen one of the principal clerks of the court of session. On the institution of the Bannatyne Club in 1823 he had been chosen vice-president, and on the death of Scott in 1832 he was unanimously chosen to succeed him as president. Devoted as he was to legal and antiquarian research, Thomson was remarkably neglectful in regard to matters of finance, and careless in the expenditure of money. After an inquiry into the accounts of the register office in 1839, they were found so unsatisfactory that he was removed from the office of deputy clerk-register. He died at Shrub Hill, Leith Walk, near Edinburgh, on 2 Oct. 1852. A portrait of Thomson by Lauder and a bust by Sir John Steell [q. v.] are in the National Portrait Gallery, Edinburgh.

For facilitating research in the register office Thomson prepared the following manuals: ‘A Continuation of the Retours of Service to the Chancery Office from the Union, A.D. 1707;’ ‘An Abbreviate or Digest of the Registers of Sasines, General and Particular, arranged in Counties with relative Indexes, from the 1st of January 1781;’ ‘An Abbreviate of Adjudications from 1st January 1781 to 1830;’ ‘An Abbreviate of Inhibitions, General and Particular, arranged in Counties, from 1st January 1781 to 1830.’ His various ‘Reports’ from 1807, with index of contents, are also of value. Of works published by him under the authority of the record commission, by much the most important was ‘The Acts of the Parliament of Scotland,’ vol. ii. to vol. xi. –, 1814 to 1824, 10 vols. folio. Vol. i., containing the ‘Regiam Majestatem,’ with the most ancient recorded proceedings and acts of parliament, was reserved to be published last, and, although almost completed before 1841, when Thomson's connection with the record office ceased, did not appear until 1844, when it was edited, with additions, by Cosmo Innes. The immense labour involved in the publication of these acts of parliament cannot be realised at a glance. ‘Taking as complete,’ says Mr. Innes, ‘the preliminary education, the thorough appreciation of the objects of the work, there was still to find the authenticity of each statute and code of laws, and to test its value by all the canons of charter learning. Next came the settling of the texts by a search and collation of innumerable manuscripts always in subjection to sense.’ Other works published under the authority of the record commission were: ‘Inquisitionum ad Capellam Domini Regis Retornatarum, quæ in Publicis Archivis Scotiæ adhuc servantur, Abbreviatio, 1811, 1816,’ 3 vols.; ‘Registrum Magni Sigilli Regum Scotorum in Archivis Publicis asservatum, –,’ 1814; ‘The Acts of the Lords Auditors of Causes and Complaints, –,’ 1839; and the ‘Acts of the Lords of Council in Civil Causes, –,’ 1839. Other not ‘strictly official works,’ but of the same class as the foregoing, and mainly derived from the same sources, were: ‘A Compilation of the Forms of Process in the Court of Session during the earlier periods after its establishment, with the Variations which they have


text:
Page:Studies on the legend of the Holy Grail.djvu/17

 INTRODUCTION.

present work is, as its title states, a collection of "Studies." It does not profess to give an exhaustive or orderly account of the Grail romance cycle; it deals with particular aspects of the legend, and makes no pretence of exhausting even these.

It may be urged that as this is the case the basis of the work is too broad for the superstructure, and that there was no need to give full summaries of the leading forms of the legend, or to discuss at such length their relation one to another, when it was only intended to follow up one of the many problems which this romance cycle presents. Had there existed any work in English which did in any measure what the writer has here attempted to do, he would only too gladly have given more space and more time to the elaboration of the special subject of these studies. But the only work of the kind is in German, Birch-Hirschfeld's Die Gralsage. Many interested in the Arthurian romances do not know German; and some who profess an interest in them, and who do know German, are not, to judge by their writings, acquainted with Birch-Hirschfeld's work. It seemed worth while, therefore, to present the facts about the cycle with greater fulness than would have been necessary had those facts been generally accessible. The writer felt, too, that whatever judgment might be passed upon his own speculations, his statements of fact might give his book some value in the eyes of students. He also wished to give all who felt an interest in the line of investigation he opened up the opportunity of pursuing it further, or the means of checking his assertions and conjectures.

The writer has taken his texts as he found them. He has


text:
Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 56.djvu/277

 since undergone,’ Edinburgh, 1839; ‘A Collection of Inventories and other Records of the Royal Wardrobe and Jewel House, and of the Artillery and Munition in some of the Royal Castles, 1488–1606,’ Edinburgh, 1815; and the ‘Chamberlain Rolls,’ vols. i.–ii. 1326–1406 (1817), vol. iii. 1406–1459–(1845, in the Bannatyne Club).

Thomson also edited the ‘Memoirs’ of Sir George Mackenzie, Edinburgh, 1821; and ‘Memoirs of the Lives and Characters of the Right Honourable George Baillie of Jerviswood, and of Lady Grissell, by their Daughter, Lady Murray,’ Edinburgh, 1822; and further he published ‘Inventory of Work done for the State by [Evan Tyler] his Majesty's Printer in Scotland, December 1642–October 1647,’ Edinburgh, 1815; ‘Ane Addicioun of Scottis Cronikles and Deidis. A Short Chronicle of the Reign of James the Second, King of Scots. From Asloan's Manuscript in the Auchinleck Library,’ Edinburgh, 1819; and ‘Menu de la Maison de la Royne faict par Mons. de Pinguillon, MDLXII,’ Edinburgh, 1824. For the Bannatyne Club he edited, in addition to the ‘Chamberlain Rolls’ above mentioned, the following: ‘Alexander Myln. Vitæ Dunkeldensis Ecclesiæ Episcoporum,’ 1823; ‘Discours particulier d'Escosse, escrit en 1559,’ 1824; ‘The History and Life of King James the Sext,’ 1825; ‘Memoirs of his own Life by Sir James Melville of Halhill,’ 1827; ‘Memoirs of his own Life and Times by Sir James Turner,’ 1829; ‘The History of Scotland,’ by John Lesley, bishop of Ross, 1830; ‘Collection of Ancient Scottish Prophecies in Alliterative Verse,’ 1833; ‘Diurnal of Remarkable Occurrents from the Pollok MS.,’ 1833; ‘The Ragman Rolls, 1291–1296,’ 1834; ‘The Book of the Universal Kirk of Scotland, 1560–1618,’ 3 vols. 1839, 1840, 1845; ‘A Diary of the Public Correspondence of Sir Thomas Hope of Craighall,’ 1843; and ‘Munimenta Vetustiora Comitatus de Mortoun,’ and ‘Original Letters and Papers in the Archives of the Earls of Morton,’ 1852.

THOMSON, THOMAS (1773–1852), chemist, born on 12 April 1773 at Crieff, was son of John Thomson by his wife, Elizabeth Ewan. He received his early education at the parish school of Crieff and at the borough school of Stirling, and in 1787 obtained a bursary at St. Andrews, where he remained for three years. In 1790 he became tutor in the family of Mr. Kerr of Blackshields. In 1795 he commenced to study medicine at Edinburgh, attending the chemistry lectures of [q. v.], and graduated doctor of medicine in 1799. During this period he contributed the article ‘Sea’ to the third edition of the ‘Encyclopædia Britannica,’ and edited the supplement to that edition, writing the articles on ‘Chemistry,’ ‘Mineralogy,’ and ‘Vegetable, Animal and Dyeing Substances.’ These formed the basis of his ‘System of Chemistry,’ 1802; 7th edit. 1831. The first edition is largely drawn from pre-existing works, but later issues contain many of his own discoveries besides those of contemporaries. The work helped to improve the system of classification adopted in chemical science. In 1800 he instituted in Edinburgh a course of lectures on chemistry and, having opened a laboratory for the practical instruction of pupils, continued to teach this subject in Edinburgh until 1811. This is stated to have been the first chemical laboratory opened in the United Kingdom for purposes of instruction. At the same time he made investigations on behalf of the Scottish excise board upon the subjects of brewing and distillation, and invented the instrument known as Allan's ‘Saccharometer.’ On 28 March 1811 he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society of London, and in 1812 he published a history of the society containing an account of the most important papers in each branch of science which had appeared in the ‘Philosophical Transactions.’ In the autumn of the same year he visited Sweden, and in the following year published an account of his travels, paying special attention to the mineralogy and geology of the country. On his return from Sweden he resided in London and edited the ‘Annals of Philosophy,’ a monthly journal of science. He was succeeded in 1821 by [q. v.], and in 1827 the journal was purchased by [q. v.] and merged in the ‘Philosophical Magazine.’ In 1817 he was appointed lecturer in chemistry at the university of Glasgow, and in 1818 was made regius professor at the instance of the Duke of Montrose. His career as professor was one of great scientific activity. He continued to perform the whole duties of his chair until 1841, and then associated with himself his nephew, [q. v.] His bodily powers were now failing, and after 1846 his nephew discharged the entire duties of the professorship. Thomson was president of the Philosophical Society of Glasgow from 1834, and in November 1850 made his last communication to this society in the form of a biographical account


text:
Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 56.djvu/278

 of his friend Wollaston, who had just died. His own strength gradually declined, until on 2 July 1852 he died, while residing near the Holy Loch.

Thomson married, in 1816, Agnes Colquhon, the daughter of a distiller near Stirling, and left a son, Thomas Thomson (1817–1878) [q. v.], well known as a botanist and explorer, and a daughter, who married Robert Dundas Thomson.

As a chemist Thomson is best known for the warm and effective support which he accorded to Dalton's atomic theory. He visited Dalton in Manchester on 26 Aug. 1804, and received from him an account of the new theory which he introduced into the third edition of his ‘System’ (pp. 425 et seq.) published in 1807. This was the first detailed public announcement of the theory, for Dalton did not publish his ‘New System of Chemical Philosophy’ until 1808. After the publication of the second part of the first volume of Dalton's work in 1810, Thomson issued a long series of papers (Annals of Phil. 1813–14) in which the atomic theory was applied to elucidate the composition of a very large number of compounds. These contributed largely to making the theory known, especially on the continent of Europe.

In 1819 Thomson commenced a series of experimental researches with the view of testing, or rather of confirming, the theory of William Prout [q. v.], that the atomic weights of all the elements are exact multiples of that of hydrogen. The results of the many thousands of experiments which he conducted with this object were extremely favourable to the theory and were published in 1825 under the title ‘An Attempt to establish the First Principles of Chemistry by Experiment,’ in two volumes, primarily intended for the use of his students. The analyses recorded had not been carried out with sufficient care to justify the claim of high accuracy made for them by the author, and the work was very severely criticised, especially by the Swedish chemist Berzelius, himself an analyst of extraordinary skill, who went so far as to accuse the author of having done ‘much of the experimental part at the writing table’ (, Jahresbericht, 1827, vi. 77). The statements which induced this suspicion are explained by Walter Crum as follows: ‘The results which appear so perfect in the First Principles are not to be understood as the actual results of any one experiment, or even as the mean of several experiments, but as results which might fairly be deduced from them, and which, being in round as well as more perfect numbers, were more suitable for a school book’ (Proc. Phil. Soc. Glasgow, vol. iii. 1855). It has been claimed for Thomson that he introduced the use of symbols into chemistry (Edinb. New Phil. Journal, 1852–3, liv. 86). This claim is, however, unfounded, for symbols were in constant use among the earlier chemists; while Dalton introduced the modern atomic symbol, although he used signs instead of letters.

Besides the works already mentioned Thomson was the author of: 1. ‘Elements of Chemistry,’ 1810. 2. ‘History of Chemistry,’ 2 vols. 1830–1. 3. ‘An Outline of the Sciences of Heat and Electricity,’ 1830. 4. ‘Chemistry of Inorganic Bodies,’ 1831. 5. ‘Outlines of Mineralogy,’ 1836. 6. ‘Chemistry of Organic Bodies,’ 1838. 7. ‘Chemistry of Animal Bodies,’ 1843. 8. ‘Brewing and Distillation,’ 1849. No fewer than 201 scientific papers, including numerous articles in the ‘Annals of Philosophy’ and the ‘Records of Science,’ are placed to Thomson's credit in the Royal Society's catalogue; these deal chiefly with the atomic theory, analyses and preparation of salts, and with subjects connected with mineralogy, geology, and agriculture, in all of which he took an active interest. He was also the author of a pamphlet, ‘Remarks on the “Edinburgh Review” of Dr. Thomson's System of Chemistry, by the Author of that Work,’ Edinburgh, 1804. Thomson's portrait figures in the engraving, by Walker & Son, of the distinguished men of science of Great Britain living in the years 1807–8.

[A Memoir by W. Crum is given in Proc. Phil. Soc. of Glasgow, 1855, vol. iii. and by R. Dundas Thomson in Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal, 1852–3, liv. 86.]  THOMSON, THOMAS (1817–1878), naturalist, born in Glasgow on 4 Dec. 1817, was eldest son of Thomas Thomson (1773–1852) [q. v.], professor of chemistry in the university of Glasgow, by his wife Agnes Colquhon, daughter of a distiller near Stirling. Thomas was educated at the high school and the university of Glasgow. Throughout his college career he specially devoted himself to science, and when only seventeen discovered and described the celebrated beds of fossil mollusca on the Firth of Clyde, drawing conclusions that showed remarkable powers of generalisation.

Intending at first to adopt chemistry as a profession, he passed some years in the university laboratory, and spent a winter at Giessen under Liebig, when he discovered pectic acid in carrots. On entering the medical classes at Glasgow he concentrated


text:
Page:Studies on the legend of the Holy Grail.djvu/23

CHAPTER I.

following are the forms in which the Legend of the Holy Grail has come down to us:—

A.—Le Conte del Graal, a poem of over 60,000 verses, the major part of which (45,379 verses) was printed for the first time by Potvin: Le Conte del Graal, six volumes, 8vo. (vols. ii.-vi. containing our poem), Mons, 1866-71, from a MS. preserved in the Mons Library. The portion of the poem which is not printed in full is summarised by Potvin in the sixth volume of his edition. The poem, so far as at present known, is the work of four men:


text:
United States Code/Title 42/Chapter 85/Section 7501

§ 7501. Definitions CAA § 171

For the purpose of this part—
 * (1) Reasonable further progress.— The term “reasonable further progress” means such annual incremental reductions in emissions of the relevant air pollutant as are required by this part or may reasonably be required by the Administrator for the purpose of ensuring attainment of the applicable national ambient air quality standard by the applicable date.
 * (2) Nonattainment area.— The term “nonattainment area” means, for any air pollutant, an area which is designated “nonattainment” with respect to that pollutant within the meaning of section 7407 (d) of this title.
 * (3) The term “lowest achievable emission rate” means for any source, that rate of emissions which reflects—
 * (A) the most stringent emission limitation which is contained in the implementation plan of any State for such class or category of source, unless the owner or operator of the proposed source demonstrates that such limitations are not achievable, or
 * (B) the most stringent emission limitation which is achieved in practice by such class or category of source, whichever is more stringent.
 * In no event shall the application of this term permit a proposed new or modified source to emit any pollutant in excess of the amount allowable under applicable new source standards of performance.
 * (4) The terms “modifications” and “modified” mean the same as the term “modification” as used in section 7411 (a)(4) of this title.