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contains a bibliographical sketch by Mr. Buxton Forman); and an excellent likeness is engraved as the frontispiece to his ‘Poetical Works,’ 1890 (cf. Harper’s Magazine, May 1888). There is as yet no collective edition of his writings in England, though a uniform edition in ten volumes was issued in America (New York, 1884, &c.); a bibliography was published by Mr. Thomas Burnett Smart in 1892. ‘The Matthew Arnold Birthday Book, arranged by his daughter, Eleanor Arnold,’ with a portrait, was issued in a handsome quarto, 1883.

 ARNOLD, NICHOLAS (1507?–1580), lord justice in Ireland, born about 1507, was the second but eldest surviving son of John Arnold (d. 1545–6) of Churcham, Gloucestershire, and his wife Isabel Hawkins. His father was prothonotary and clerk of the crown in Wales, and in 1541–2 was granted the manors of Highnam and Over, also in Gloucestershire. Nicholas Arnold was one of Henry VIII’s gentlemen pensioners as early as 1526; after 1530 he entered Cromwell’s service, and was by him employed in connection with the dissolution of the monasteries. In December 1538 he was promoted into the king’s service, and a year later he became one of Henry VIII’s new bodyguard. On 10 Jan. 1544–5 he was returned to parliament as one of the knights for Gloucestershire. In the same year he was in command of the garrison at Queenborough, and in July 1546 he was sent to take charge, with a salary of 26s. 8d. a day, of Boulogneberg, a fort above Boulogne, which passed with it into English hands by the peace of that year. Arnold at once reported that the fort was not in a position for defence; but Somerset in 1547 did something to remedy the fault, and when on 1 May 1549, four months before declaring war, the French attacked Boulogneberg, they were completely defeated. Arnold had only four hundred men and the French three thousand; Arnold was wounded, but the French are said to have filled fifteen wagons with their dead (, Chron. ii. 11). A fresh attack was made in August, when Arnold, recognising the hopelessness of a defence, removed all the ordnance and stores into Boulogne, and dismantled the fort. For the remainder of the war and until the cession of Boulogne Arnold acted as one of the council there. He was knighted some time during the reign of Edward VI, and during the latter part of it seems to have travelled in Italy (Cal. State Papers, For. 1547–53, pp. 227, 237, 242). He returned to England in time to sit for Gloucestershire in Edward VI’s last parliament (February–March 1553).

Arnold made no open opposition to Mary’s accession, but he fell under suspicion at the time of Wyatt’s rebellion. On 9 Feb. 1553–4 the sheriff of Gloucestershire reported to the council ‘words spoken by Arnold relative to the coming of the king of Spain,’ and Wyatt compromised him by saying that he was the first to whom [q. v.] mentioned his plot to assassinate the queen. On 21 Feb. Arnold was committed to the Fleet, being removed to the Tower three days later. He remained there until 18 Jan. 1554–5, when he was released on sureties for two thousand pounds. On 23 Sept. following he was even elected to parliament for his old constituency, but he still maintained relations with various conspirators against Mary, and in January 1555–6 was implicated in [q. v. Suppl.] and Uvedale’s plot to drive the Spaniards from England [see ]. On 19 April he was again committed to the Tower (, Diary, p. 104), and his deposition taken on 6 May is still extant (Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1547–80, p. 82). On 23 Sept. following he was removed to the Fleet, where he was allowed ‘liberty of the house.’ Soon afterwards he was released on condition of not going within ten miles of Gloucestershire, and even this restriction was relaxed on 3 Feb. 1556–7.

After the accession of Elizabeth, Arnold became sheriff of Gloucestershire 1558–9, and in 1562 he was selected to go to Ireland to report on the complaints against Sussex’s administration. Froude describes him as


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 Take good care of your razor. Many a fine razor has been spoiled by carelessness and neglect on the part of the user. The life of a razor will depend entirely on the care given it. Never put it away until it has first been wiped thoroughly dry, using a piece of chamois skin for this purpose. Even this will not remove all the moisture, so the blade should be drawn across the strop a few times, or else left exposed to the air for a few moments until the little particles of moisture not removed by the cloth have evaporated. Then you may replace

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 20 the razor in its case with the expectation of finding it in good condition when you next use it.

Rusting must be prevented, especially upon the edge, which seems to rust more quickly than any other part of the blade. A tiny rust spot on this delicate line, by causing the metal to soften and crumble at that point, will soon end the usefulness of the razor, unless the edge is ground back past the rust spot. In such a case there is always the liability of not getting a good edge. In wiping the lather off the blade never use a glazed or coarse paper. Tissue paper is the best. Many overlook this point and by drawing the blade straight across a glazed or hard finished paper, turn the edge, and then wonder why the razor has lost its keenness. Draw the blade over the paper obliquely, away from the edge, in the same direction as when stropping it.

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--Zyephyrus (talk) 13:29, 4 January 2011 (UTC)

title: User talk:75.189.215.198


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Rh on Political Liberty," and he spent the winter of 1792 in Paris, but was glad to get back to England. He is said to have warned the Girondins that unless they put down the Jacobins, whose club had denounced him as a Royalist because he excused Louis XVI., they would be destroyed by them. Aghast at the confusion in the Convention and the uproar in the galleries, he told Madame Roland he expected little good from deputies unable to listen. "You French no longer study that external propriety which stands for so much in Assemblies; heedlessness and coarseness are no recommendations for a Legislature." The clamour in the Assembly shocked, indeed, all English observers, who by 1791 were getting disillusionised; yet even then there were deceptive lulls. George Hammond, afterwards Under Secretary at the Foreign Office, writing to Bland Burges in March 1791, expresses surprise at the tranquillity which prevailed." Except a greater number of men in military uniforms parading the streets, all the common occupations of life proceed as smoothly and regularly as if no event of consequence had occurred, and the public amusements are followed with as much avidity as in the most quiet and flourishing periods of the monarchy." Lafayette, however, about this time bowed, but said nothing when congratulated on the calm by Samuel Rogers, who had fancied on landing at Calais that France might soon prove


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 ‘a hard, iron, pitiless man, careful of things and careless of phrases, untroubled with delicacy and impervious to Irish enchantments.’ According to a more reasoned estimate he was ‘a man of resolution and industry, who cared little for popularity, and might be trusted to carry out his orders’ (, Ireland under the Tudors, ii. 50). Sussex resented the inquiry, especially into the military mismanagement, and put obstacles in Arnold's way; but Arnold made out a case too strong to be neglected by the English government, and in 1564 he was sent back to Ireland with Sir (1516-1573) [q. v.] and a new commission. Sussex was granted sick leave, and on 24 May 1564 Arnold was appointed lord justice during the lord deputy's absence (Hist. MSS. Comm. 15th Rep. App. iii. 135). He made a rigorous inquisition into military abuses, but in the character of ruler he was hardly so successful. He trusted too implicitly in Shane O'Neill's professions of loyalty, and encouraged him to attack the Scots in Ulster; he treated the O'Connors and O'Reillys with harshness, archbishop Loftus with rudeness, and was unduly partial to Kildare. His intentions were excellent, ‘but he was evidently quarrelsome, arbitrary, credulous, and deficient in personal dignity.’ His request to be appointed lord deputy was refused, and on 22 June 1565 he was recalled. Sir [q. v.] being selected to succeed Sussex.

After Arnold's return to England a series of articles was presented against him by Sussex, but, beyond calling up Arnold to reply, the council took no further steps against him. Arnold henceforth confined himself to local affairs; he had been returned to parliament for Gloucester city in January 1562-3, and on 8 May 1572 was again elected for the county. He was commissioner for the collection of a forced loan in 1569, and he was also on commissions for the peace, for the restraint of grain, and for enforcing the laws relating to clothiers. Much of his energy was devoted to improving the breed of English horses; as early as 1546 he had been engaged in importing horses from Flanders, and in his ‘Description of England,’ prefixed to Holinshed, William Harrison (1534-1593) [q. v.] writes, ‘Sir Nicholas Arnold of late hath bred the best horses in England, and written of the manner of their production.’ No trace of these writings has, however, been discovered.

Arnold died early in 1581, and was buried in Churcham parish church (Gloucestershire Notes and Queries, iv. 270, 271; Inquis. post mortem Eliz. vol. cxcv. No. 94; the order for the inquisition is dated 19 June 1581, but the inquisition itself is illegible). He married, first, on 19 June 1529, Margaret, daughter of Sir William Dennys of Dyrham, Gloucestershire, by whom he had issue two sons and a daughter; the elder son, Rowland, married Mary, daughter of, first baron Chandos [q. v.], and was father of Dorothy, wife of Sir Thomas Lucy (1551-1605) [see under (1532-1600)]. By his second wife, a lady named Isham, Arnold had issue one son, John, who settled at Llanthony.

ARNOLD, THOMAS (1823–1900), professor of English literature, second son of Dr. [q. v.] of Rugby, and younger brother of [q. v. Suppl.], was born at Laleham, Staines, on 30 Nov. 1823. Like his brother Matthew he was privately taught by Herbert Hill, a cousin of Robert Southey, and then, after a year at Winchester (1836-7), was entered at Rugby, where his master was James Prince Lee. The vacations were spent at Fox How in Westmoreland, and Arnold had a clear recollection of Southey and of Wordsworth at Rydal Mount reciting the sonnet that he had just composed, ‘Is there no nook of English ground secure?’ He was elected to a scholarship at University College, Oxford, in 1842, matriculating on 26 Feb., graduated B.A. 1845, M.A. 1865, and was entered of Lincoln's Inn on 25 April 1846. His college rooms were opposite those of Arthur Stanley, and a small debating society, ‘The Decade,’ brought him into intimate relations with Stanley, Jowett, Shairp, and Clough. He met Clough near Loch Ness in the long vacation of 1847, and supplied the poet with one or two of the incidents forming the staple of his ‘Bothie of Tober-na- Vuolich’ (in which poem he himself figures with little concealment as 'Philip'). In the same year he accepted a clerkship in the colonial office, but held it for a few months only, for in November 1847 he took a cabin passage to


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118 even to Englishmen a welcome asylum, but who found the best judges in Paris full of misgivings. Rogers conversed, indeed, with the Duc de la Rochefoucauld, Condorcet, and other leading men, but obtained no knowledge of the real state of the country. How, indeed, could young men just of age be expected to foresee the total eclipse of law and order? Wordsworth, who made the acquaintance of Watt in Paris in November 1791, accompanied him to the Assembly and the Jacobin Club—

and took away with him a fragment of the Bastille as a relic. When, however, he returned to Paris from Orleans and Blois, just after the September massacres, he was horrified on visiting the scenes of carnage, and for years, it is said, would dream that he was pleading for his own life or that of friends before


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to the United States have become quite the rage of late years; the passion for crossing the Atlantic seems to have seized a number of English literary men at about the same time, and probably for much the same reason. They had seen one or two very popular authors come back to their native land with pockets crammed with Yankee dollars, a result very desirable in itself; while the reports that reached England of the dinners, receptions, and galas given in honour of white elephants in the States filled these untravelled authors with delight. Added to all this, a sea voyage is said to have a fine effect in setting up constitutions enervated by a humdrum existence at home. Among these birds of passage one of the latest to wing his flight over the stormy ocean is Mr. Edmund Yates, an English novelist now on a tour, the object of which is to correct American misimpressions of the state of English institutions, society, and literature.

Mr. Yates is the son of the well-known actor, who was for a considerable period lessee of the old Adelphi Theatre. He was born in July 1831, and, like Mr. Anthony Trollope, has been connected with the Civil Service. Mr. Yates was for some time chief of the Missing-Letter Department in the Post Office. During his literary career he has been a constant contributor to periodical literature; and was for six years theatrical critic of the 'Daily News.' He was also at one time the editor of 'Temple Bar.' The articles signed 'The Flàneur,' in the late 'Morning Star,' were from his pen. His best novels are 'Broken to Harness,' 1864; 'Running the Gauntlet,' 1865; ' Black Sheep,' 1867; 'A Waiting Race,' and 'The Yellow Flag,' 1872.


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104 CHAPTER X.

INCIDENTS OF EVERY-DAY LIFE.

companies each gave a ball in turn during the winter, and the preparations were begun long in advance. There was no place to buy anything, save the sutler's store and the shops in the little town of Bismarck, but they were well ransacked for materials for the supper. The bunks where the soldiers slept were removed from the barracks, and flags festooned around the room. Arms were stacked and guidons arranged in groups. A few pictures of distinguished men were wreathed in imitation laurel leaves cut out of green paper. Chandeliers and side brackets carved out of cracker-box boards into fantastic shapes were filled with candles, while at either end of the long room great logs in the wide fireplaces threw out a cheerful light.

The ball opened, headed by the first-sergeant. After this the officers and their wives were invited to form a set at one end of the room, and we danced several times. One of the men whose voice was clear and loud sang the calls. He was a comical genius, and improvised new ways of calling off. When the place came in the quadrille to "Turn your partners," his voice rose above the music, in the notes of the old song, "Oh swing those girls, those pretty little girls, those girls you left behind you!" This was such an inspiration to the

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name is so well known as associated with the recent excavations at Jerusalem as to need but little notice. These works were carried on in the teeth of the most formidable difficulties; against religious prejudices which had to be carefully 'managed,' against an unhealthy climate, against shortness in the finance department, and against great personal risks. We are not here going to recall the leading features of those explorations; suffice it to say that their results are of such great importance as to set the question of the holy sites upon an entirely different footing. Other travellers have preceded Captain Warren; none of them explored as he did, nor perhaps ever will again.

The shafts pierced through the rubbish were little holes, from three to four feet square. Their sides were walled up with wood, which was continually being 'started.' They were pierced to a depth sometimes of eighty, ninety, or even a hundred feet; galleries being run out from thence to examine along a wall, or to follow up a trace Sometimes an aqueduct would be discovered, dry and empty, or foul with the tricklings of sewage overhead. Down this would crawl El Captan, as the Arabs called him, note-book in hand and pencil in mouth, measuring, sketching, and examining; for nothing must be left undescribed. Who could tell but that some lucky accident, some unexpected clue, might not lead at once to the solution of all the difficulties? Then the stuff through which the digging had to be conducted was so penetrated with the sewage of the town, that if the fingers were ever so slightly scratched, festering would ensue. And—which was the greatest anxiety of all—the lives of a hundred workmen and more, to say nothing of the gallant non-commissioned officers under his charge, were in the hands of Captain Warren. An error of judgment, a carelessly protected shaft, and all would be over in a moment. During all his work, he never lost a man.


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Rh that the swinging usually ended in our being whirled in the air by the privileged members of our family.

The soldiers were a superb lot of men physically. The out-door life had developed them into perfect specimens of vigorous manhood. After the company tailor had cut over their uniforms, they were often the perfection of good fitting. The older soldiers wore, on the sleeves of their coats, the rows of braid that designate the number of years in the service. Some had the army badges of the corps in which they fought during the war, while an occasional foreign decoration showed that they had been brave soldiers in the fatherland. We were escorted out to the supper-room in the company-kitchen in advance of the enlisted men. The general delighted the hearts of the sergeant and ball-managers by sitting down to a great dish of potato-salad. It was always well-flavored with the onion, as rare out there, and more appreciated than pomegranates are in New York. We ladies took cake, of course, but sparingly, for it was also a great luxury.

When we returned to watch the dancing, the general was on nettles for fear we should be wanting in tact, and show our amusement by laughing at the costumes of the women. There was but a sprinkling of them: several from Bismarck and a few white servants of the officers. Each company was allowed but three or four laundresses. The soldier was obliged to ask permission to marry, and his engagement was a weary waiting sometimes. In order to get a vacancy for his sweetheart, he had to await the discharge of some other soldier from the Rh

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106, whose wife held the appointment of laundress. These women were at the ball in full force, and each one brought her baby. When we removed our wraps in the room of the first-sergeant we usually found his bed quite full of curly-headed infants sleeping, while the laundress mothers danced. The toilets of these women were something marvellous in construction. In low neck and short sleeves, their round, red arms and well-developed figures wheeled around the barracks all night long. Even the tall Mexican laundress, hereafter specially mentioned, would deck herself in pink tarletan and false curls, and notwithstanding her height and colossal anatomy, she had constant partners.

The little Dutch woman, who loved her husband more devotedly after each beating, and did not dance with any one else, was never absent from the balls. Her tiny little figure was suspended between heaven and earth while her tall soldier whirled her around the long hall in the endless German waltz. Some officer would whisper slyly in my ear, as she bowed and smiled in passing, "Do you see the get-up of 'Old Trooble Agin?'" She had long before earned this sobriquet, when coming to me for help out of her misfortunes, beginning each story of woe with "Trooble agin." Wherever we were, when the orders were issued for a campaign, she soon appeared claiming sympathy. No one could feel at such a time more than I the truth of her preface, for if we were to be left behind, it was, indeed, "Trouble again."

The pack of hounds were an endless source of delight to the general. We had about forty: the stag-hounds

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Rh the infamous Maillard. Yet he returned home reluctantly, was still for a time a Republican, and expected Robespierre's fall to usher in a second dawn of liberty. The Englishmen who left before the Terror set in must have been numerous, but there are few traces of them. As early as the winter of 1789 a London newspaper, remembering the adage of the ill wind, commented with real insular egotism on the benefit to England of the Revolution. Not only had many rich Frenchmen sought refuge here, but many British residents had returned home. Reckoning, too, the English visitors to Paris as 5000 a year, and their expenditure as £100 a head, England, it said, would save half a million per annum. Now, as for visitors, possibly as many were for a time drawn over by the Revolution as kept away by it, but residents were certainly frightened off. Lord and Lady Kerry—she was Anastasia, only child of Peter Daly, of the county Galway, and had been divorced by her first husband, a cousin Daly—had lived mostly on the Continent since their marriage in 1768, and had paid several visits to Paris. In 1792 they occupied the mansion of M. de Caze in the Rue des Champs Elysées, when the storming of the Tuileries and the recall of Lord Gower showed them the necessity of leaving Paris. This, however, was not so easy. On the 1st September, Kerry,


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120 in a letter to Lindsay at the Embassy, stated that he had vainly applied for a passport for himself, his wife, and such servants as were not French, but had been told, "I must prove that we and our servants are foreigners." He had given up the idea of taking French servants, and thought of applying for a passport for the provinces, of going to Calais with it, and of there waiting a chance of departure; but he feared his property would be seized and confiscated. He must have gone away very hurriedly, for he left not only considerable property—his heirs were in 1820 awarded £145,000 from the indemnity fund—but a large bundle of papers, likewise confiscated, revolutionary logic declaring an Irish peer an émigré. These documents, comprising some hundreds of bills and letters, extend from 1768 to 1790, and the correspondence with the Irish steward shows that the collection of rents was almost as difficult then as now. A patriotic gift of 117 francs to the Assembly in November 1789, from "eleven servants of an English lord," must have been approved, if not inspired, by Kerry, yet Nicolas, probably one of the eleven, was guillotined in May 1794 for dealings with the enemy; and Louise Blaizeau, wife to the man-cook Biquet whom Lord Gower had taken back with him to England, suffered the same fate, partly for endeavouring to get the seals removed from Kerry's property. Kerry was in


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Rh that run by sight, and are on the whole the fleetest and most enduring dogs in the world, and the fox-hounds that follow the trail with their noses close to the ground. The first rarely bark, but the latter are very noisy. The general and I used to listen with amusement to their attempts to strike the key-note of the bugler when he sounded the calls summoning the men to guard mount, stables, or retreat. It rather destroyed the military effect to see, beside his soldierly figure, a hound sitting down absorbed in imitation. With lifted head and rolling eyes there issued from the broad mouth notes so doleful they would have answered for a misericordia.

The fox-hounds were of the most use in the winter, for the hunting was generally in the underbrush and timber along the river. I never tired of watching the start for the hunt. The general was a figure that would have fixed attention anywhere. He had marked individuality of appearance, and a certain unstudied carelessness in the wearing of his costume that gave a picturesque effect, not the least out of place on the frontier. He wore troop-boots reaching to his knees, buckskin breeches fringed on the sides, a dark navy blue shirt with a broad collar, a red necktie, whose ends floated over his shoulder exactly as they did when he and his entire division of cavalry had worn them during the war. On the broad felt hat, that was almost a sombrero, was fastened a slight mark of his rank.

He was at this time thirty-five years of age, weighed one hundred and seventy pounds, and was nearly six feet in height. His eyes were clear blue and deeply set, his hair short, wavy, and golden in tint. His mustache

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Rh Belgium about the end of 1792, for Fersen, the Swedish count associated with the King's escape to Varennes, met him there. Lady Kerry died in 1799, and her husband in 1818, both being buried in Westminster Abbey, and the title and estates passing to his cousin, Lord Lansdowne. One of Fersen's confederates also quitted France in time—Quintin Craufurd, the nabob from Manilla, whose maxim was, "Make your fortune where you like, but enjoy it at Paris." A confidant of Marie Antoinette, he provided, or at least housed, the famous carriage which the royal family overtook and entered at Bondy, it having already started when Fersen drove them to Craufurd's. Craufurd himself had gone to London and Brussels, perhaps to avoid suspicion, leaving his valet, Tom Sayer, to make all the arrangements. When the fugitives were brought back, one of his coachmen in the crowd incautiously exclaimed that he knew the carriage, but a fellow-servant curtly told him he was mistaken; the mob would otherwise have stormed Craufurd's house. Not discouraged by the failure, he busied himself in trying to get foreign Powers to interfere. On leaving in November 1792, he, too, was classed as an émigré and his furniture, pictures, and statues were sold. Stormy times these for an inveterate cardplayer, who in 1787 was fetched home at nine in the morning from the British Embassy by his Italian mistress


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108 was long and tawny in color; his complexion was florid, except where his forehead was shaded by his hat, for the sun always burned his skin ruthlessly.

He was the most agile, active man I ever knew, and so very strong and in such perfect physical condition that he rarely knew even an hour's indisposition.

Horse and man seemed one when the general vaulted into the saddle. His body was so lightly poised and so full of swinging, undulating motion, it almost seemed that the wind moved him as it blew over the plain. Yet every nerve was alert and like finely tempered steel, for the muscles and sinews that seemed so pliable were equal to the curbing of the most fiery animal. I do not think that he sat his horse with more grace than the other officers, for they rode superbly, but it was accounted by others almost an impossibility to dislodge the general from the saddle, no matter how vicious the horse might prove. He threw his feet out of the stirrups the moment the animal began to show his inclination for war, and with his knees dug into the sides of the plunging brute, he fought and always conquered. With his own horses he needed neither spur nor whip. They were such friends of his, and his voice seemed so attuned to their natures, they knew as well by its inflections as by the slight pressure of the bridle on their necks what he wanted. By the merest inclination on the general's part, they either sped on the wings of the wind or adapted their spirited steps to the slow movement of the march. It was a delight to see them together, they were so in unison, and when he talked to

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122 and eventual wife Mrs. Sullivan, alleged ex-wife of the future King of Wurtemburg, and grandmother that was to be of Comte d'Orsay! When the Terror had passed over, Craufurd returned. Under the Empire he had whist parties with Talleyrand, and formed a collection of historical portraits which was one of the sights of Paris till his death in 1819. The Duke of Wellington was returning from a call on Craufurd when shot at by Cantillon in 1818, and he was at Mrs. Craufurd's when the intelligence of Napoleon's death arrived. Talleyrand was also there, and when some exclaimed "What an event," he replied, "Non, ce n'est qu'une nouvelle." Benjamin Constant secreted himself for a few days in Craufurd's house on Napoleon's return from Elba, Madame de Stael having probably made them acquainted with each other. Though so devoted to Marie Antoinette, Craufurd, in a memorandum to the English Government, spoke of Fersen as "generally supposed to be the father of the present Dauphin."

Henry Seymour, nephew of the first Duke of Somerset, left in June 1792, and like Kerry and Craufurd, was declared an émigré, which implied confiscation of property. A widower, he was the neighbour and penultimate lover of Madame Dubarry, and eight of her letters to him were sold at Paris


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Rh them, as though they had been human beings, their intelligent eyes seemed to reply.

As an example of his horsemanship he had a way of escaping from the stagnation of the dull march, when it was not dangerous to do so, by riding a short distance in advance of the column over a divide, throwing himself on one side of his horse so as to be entirely out of sight from the other direction, giving a signal that the animal understood, and tearing off at the best speed that could be made. The horse entered into the frolic with all the zest of his master, and after the race the animal's beautiful, distended nostrils glowed blood-red as he tossed his head and danced with delight.

In hunting, the general rode either Vic or Dandy. The dogs were so fond of the latter, they seemed to have little talks with him. The general's favorite dog, Blücher, would leap up to him in the saddle, and jump fairly over the horse in starting. The spirited horses, mounted by officers who sat them so well, the sound of the horn used for the purpose of calling the dogs, their answering bay, the glad voices, and "whoop-la" to the hounds as the party galloped down the valley, are impressions ineffaceable from my memory. They often started a deer within sound of the bugle at the post. In a few hours their shouts outside would call me to the window, and there, drooping across the back of one of the orderlies' horses, would be a magnificent black-tailed deer. We had a saddle of venison hanging on the wood-house almost constantly during the winter. The officers', and even the soldiers', tables had this rarity to vary the monotony of the inevitable beef.

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text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Eagle

title: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Eagle


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16 and other customs, common in many countries. . . . Tales of a similar character, turning on transgression of a nuptial taboo, might and did occur, probably independently, among Zulus and Red Indians. . . they differ greatly in detail and ‘sequence of adventure’. . . [but] they might also have been transmitted in the unknown past of our race.” As far back as 1886 he made the remark, “Wherever human communication is or has been possible, there the story can go.”

Mr. Joseph Jacobs constantly appears as the protagonist against the so-called “anthropological school,” to which he applied the epithet “casual.” He has drawn a distinction of what he terms “vertical” and “lateral” tradition, the former being what is directly handed down in one area from generation to generation, the latter being what has crept in from without. He asks, “What criterion has been discovered to distinguish between vertical and lateral tradition? I can see none, and until some such criterion has been discovered I cannot see how we can use tradition for ethnological purposes. . . [neither] the survivals found in folk-tales [nor] those found in custom can be used as evidence of the former existence of the beliefs on which those survivals are founded in the actual place where either tale or custom is now to be met with. Man has struggled upward from savagery, but by the struggle for existence among the survivals of savagery many of them have disappeared, to be replaced by others from alien sources: who shall say at this time of day which are native, which alien?” He also points out that primitive savage incidents in folk-tales or folk-custom may have been introduced into a country when they had already arrived at the stage of survivals. Mr, Jacobs discussed the problem from the literary point of view, and taking such incidents as he alluded to by themselves it does seem practically impossible to distinguish between what is inherited and what is

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Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Arthropoda

ARTHROPODA, a subdivision of the annulosa, or articulata, containing the classes belonging to that sub-kingdom which are of the highest organization. The body is very distinctly divided into rings or segments, sometimes, as in the myriapoda (centipedes and millepedes), mere repetitions of each other, but more frequently with some of them differentiated for special ends. In general, the head, thorax, and abdomen are distinct. Under the subdivision arthropoda are ranked in an ascending series the classes miriapoda, crustacea, arachnida, and insecta.


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Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Arthur

ARTHUR, a prince of the Silures, and King of Britain in the time of the Saxon invasions in the 5th and 6th centuries. He was the son of Uther Pendragon and Igerne, wife of Gorlois, Duke of Cornwall, and was elected King of Britain at the age of 15. He immediately declared war against the Saxons in the north of England, and defeated them so completely, that in one battle alone, it is said, he slew 500 Saxons with his own sword, the famous Calibur. He subdued the Picts and the Scots, and also Ireland and Iceland. After a long peace, during which he married the fair Guinevere, Arthur conquered Gaul and Norway, and even fought against the Muscovite hordes. On the Romans demanding tribute, he crossed into Gaul, and defeated them in a mighty battle. Recalled to England by the revolt of his nephew, Modred, allied to the Scots and Picts, Arthur fought against him in Cornwall, his last battle, in which Modred was slain, and Arthur himself mortally wounded. He was buried at Glastonbury. It was long believed by his countrymen that he was not dead, but carried to fairyland, and that he would yet reappear, and, with his mighty sword, again lead them to victory over their enemies. The existence and exploits of Arthur and of his paladins, the Knights of the Round Table, have been for ages the theme of minstrels and poets, examples of which are the famous “Morte d'Arthur” and the “Idylls of the King.”


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JAGO, JAMES (1815–1893), physician, second son of John Jago, was born on 18 Dec. 1815 at the barton of Kigilliack, Budock, near Falmouth, once a seat of the bishops of Exeter. He was educated at the Falmouth classical and mathematical school until about 1833. After a short period of private tuition he entered St. John's College, Cambridge, in Easter term 1835, and graduated B.A. in the mathematical tripos of 1839 as thirty-second wrangler. He then determined to adopt the medical profession, and studied at various hospitals in London, Paris, and Dublin. On 16 Feb. 1843 he was incorporated at the university of Oxford from Wadham College (, Reg. Wadham, ii. 414). He graduated M.B. on 22 June 1843, and the degree of doctor of medicine was conferred upon him by this university on 10 June 1859. He then began to practise in Truro, and in 1856 he was appointed physician to the Royal Cornwall Infirmary, and he was also connected professionally with the Truro dispensary. He was elected a fellow of the Royal Society on 2 June 1870, and he served (1873-5) as president of the Royal Institution of Cornwall at Truro, a society of which he had been the honorary secretary for many years.

He died on 18 Jan. 1893. He married, in 1864, Maria Jones, daughter of Richard Pearce of Penzance, by whom he had two daughters.

Dr. Jago was a voluminous writer on various medical subjects, the most important of which were investigations upon certain physiological and pathological conditions of the eye, which his mathematical and medical knowledge especially fitted him to discuss. He was also interested in the history and progress of Cornish science and antiquities. His works are: He also contributed various papers to the ‘London Medical Gazette,’ ‘Proceedings of the Royal Society,’ the ‘British and Foreign Medical and Chirurgical Review,’ and the ‘Journal of the Royal Institution of Cornwall.’
 * 1) ‘Ocular Spectres and Structures as Mutual Exponents,’ London, 1856, 8vo. This work deals with various optical defects of the human eye.
 * 2) ‘Entoptics, with its Uses in Physiology and Medicine,’ London, 1864, 8vo.

JAMES, DAVID (1839–1893), actor, whose real name was, born in London in 1839, made his first appearance in a subordinate part at the Princess's theatre under Charles Kean. He is first recognisable at the Royalty, where on 28 Sept. 1863 he was the first Mercury in Mr. Burnand's burlesque of ‘Ixion.’ The following year he was at the Strand, where he played in burlesque, and on 28 Oct. was the first Archibald Goode, a young lover in Craven's ‘Milky White.’ Tom Foxer in Craven's ‘One Tree Hill’ followed. In Mr. Burnand's ‘Windsor Castle’ he was Will Somers. Other parts of little importance succeeded, and on 15 June 1867 he was the first Joseph in ‘Our Domestics,’ (‘Nos Domestiques’). His reputation rose with his performance on 5 Feb. 1870 of Zekiel Homespun in a revival of the ‘Heir at Law.’ Two months later, in partnership with [q. v.] and Thomas Thorne, he undertook the management of the Vaudeville, but was unable to appear in the opening performances. On 4 June 1870, at the Vaudeville, he played Mr. Jenkins in Albery's ‘Two Roses,’ was the original John Tweedie in ‘Tweedie's Rights’ on 27 May 1871, and Bob Prout in ‘Apple Blossoms’ on 9 Sept. He played Sir Benjamin Backbite in ‘School for Scandal’ and Goldfinch in the ‘Road to Ruin’ with brilliant success, Sheridan's masterpiece being given over four hundred times. He was the original Sir Ball Brace in Albery's ‘Pride’ on 22 April 1874, and ‘the retired butterman,’ Perkyn Middlewick, in ‘Our Boys’ on 16 Jan. 1875. This was his greatest success, and the piece was played for over a thousand times; it was not removed from the playbills until 18 April 1879, and was claimed as ‘the largest run on record.’ On 19 April 1879 he was the first Plantagenet Potter in ‘Our Girls,’ on 29 Jan. 1880 the first John Peddington in Mr. Burnand's ‘Ourselves,’ and on 8 March Smallrib in Charles Wills's ‘Cobwebs.’ James was the first Edward Irwin in Albery's ‘Jacks and Jills’ on 29 May, Macclesfield in E. G. Lankester's ‘The Guv'nor’ on 23 June, and Professor Mistletoe in Byron's ‘Punch’ on 26 May 1881. After, the partnership between James and Thorne had come to an end, James played at the Haymarket Lovibond in the ‘Overland Route’ and Eccles in ‘Caste.’ In 1885 he undertook the management of the Opera Comique, playing Blueskin in ‘Little Jack Sheppard,’ and Aristides Cassegrain in the ‘Excursion Train.’ In 1886 he was at the Criterion playing John Dory in ‘Wild Oats,’ Simon Ingot in ‘David Garrick,’ Matthew Pincher in ‘Cyril's Success,’ and his old part in ‘Our Boys.’ At the Criterion he was also the first Townely Snell in the ‘Circassian’ on 19 Nov. 1887,


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Rh borrowed, but it does not follow that because the literary method fails us that the problem is insoluble.

It will be noted that most of the folklorists to whom I have referred, as well as others who have not been mentioned, were concerned with folk-tales, and certainly it seemed very difficult at that time to explain the wide distribution of some of the tales. The reason for this may perhaps be found in the fact that most of these folklorists were pre-occupied with European folklore. When towards the end of 1889 I first became acquainted with anthropologists and folklorists, I found that with very few exceptions not only were they studying in what were virtually watertight compartments, but some of them, at all events, had very little knowledge of or interest in cognate branches of study. It soon became evident to me that these barriers would have to be broken through if reasonable generalisations were to be formulated. As Sir Laurence Gomme was constantly emphasising, folk-tales and other traditional lore are only a part of any culture, and while it is necessary to deal with every special subject in an intensive manner, it is equally necessary to study the other components of that culture.

It appears that the main reason for the collapse of those who held the view that widely-spread similar stories had been disseminated was that they had not at their disposal an adequate mechanism of dispersal. It seemed almost incredible how apparently the same tale could have found its way into remote parts of the earth and be retold by peoples of diverse races and distinct linguistic stocks, most of whom could never have been in contact with the others. In some cases an explanation might be sought in the swapping of stories by traders and travellers, as a result of the impact of war or the more peaceful penetration of missionaries—Buddhist, Muhammadan, and others—indeed I have pointed out that even so-called savages may carry on a propaganda. But even these modes of dispersal did Rh

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Rh in 1837 and afterwards published by Goncourt. "And what a romantic passion!" says a contemporary gossip in December 1778, what sensibility, what warmth, what transports! It was a real love drama, with elegies, pastorals, and eclogues enough to satisfy the least sentimental-man in the world." The passion soon cooled down, but Seymour was not supplanted by Brissac, perhaps not unwillingly, till about 1782, when he went to London to see a daughter married. In June 1792, three months before poor Brissac perished in the Versailles massacre, Seymour returned to his seat at Northbrook, Devon. His granddaughter Harriette Felicité married Sir James Tichborne. She was mother of the young Sir Roger personated by "the Claimant," and her identification of the latter, as also her death in 1868 before the trial came on, will be remembered. Danby and Alfred Seymour, M.P.s for Poole and Totnes, were Henry's grandsons. Charles Jerningham, of Cossey, Norfolk, brother of Edward, the poet, was another fugitive. He was a colonel in the French army, and had invested his patrimony in France. In 1796, when Swinburne found his property all sold and irrecoverable, he was "dying to return to Paris," but he had to wait till 1802. Returning to Cossey, he died there in 1814.


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18 not appear to be entirely adequate, and students were not in a position to reinforce their opinions by arguments from other sources.

Discussion was influenced, and perhaps to a certain extent stifled, by misconceptions or misapplications of recent work in the field of Biology. The Origin of Species was published in 1859 and The Descent of Man in 1871. Embryologists were endeavouring by the microtome and the microscope to reconstruct the genealogical tree of life, palæontologists were digging up fossils and reconstructing hoped-for "missing links" from odd bones and teeth, while comparative anatomists were dissecting all manner of beasts with the same intent. "Evolution" was the catch-word.

So it is not surprising that many of those who were interested in the traditional lore of the backward peoples and in that of our own folk should have been infected with the current views. This tendency was possibly reinforced by the Elementargedanke doctrine of Bastian. This was widely accepted in Germany, and to a considerable extent elsewhere. It was like the entirely illusory Bathybius of Haeckel, the primordial protoplasmic slime of the abyssmal depths of the ocean, an undifferentiated mass from which higher growths might arise under suitable conditions, and, given a similar environment, might even have a similar appearance.

Those interested in the material culture of man were working mainly on evolutionary lines. The pioneer in this branch was General A. H. Pitt Rivers (A. Lane Fox), who began to collect ethnological specimens to illustrate his views as far back as 1851, so that he may be claimed as a pre-Darwinian evolutionist. His main aim was to demonstrate (1) that the forms of the implements of savage peoples show evidence of being derived from natural forms, such as might have been employed by man before he had learnt the art of modifying them to his uses, (2) that the

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Rh persistence of the forms is proportioned to the low state of their culture. He adds a note of warning that "although all the connecting forms between the forms of nature and the more advanced forms are found amongst the existing weapons of these savages, we are not to assume from this that the whole of the progress observed has been effected in modern times. The whole sequence of ideas . . . was reasoned out . . . at former periods in the history of the race. . . . Each link has left its representatives, which, with certain modifications, have survived to the present time; and it is by the means of these survivals, and not by the links themselves, that we are able to trace out the sequence." But by his comparative method he at the same time provided material for the direct comparison of objects and a demonstration of their geographical distribution, which in their turn suggested lines of cultural communication. He wrote, "in the arrangement [of specimens] which I have adopted, the development of specific ideas and their transmission from one people to another, or from one locality to another, is made more apparent, and it is therefore of greater sociological value." It will be seen that the methods of Pitt-Rivers for the study of material culture are essentially the same as those of folklorists. The Pitt-Rivers Museum at Oxford and that at Farnham in Dorsetshire are fitting monuments of his genius. Among the few who followed up this trend of research was Miss A. W. Buckland, whose papers in the Journal of the Anthropological Institute (iv. 1874–xviii. 1889) were republished in her Anthropological Studies, London, 1891. But, as has been stated above, biological conceptions were so dominant among students that the historical aspects of ethnology and folklore were inhibited, and it was not till about a quarter of a century later that similar discussions were renewed.

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20 “The science of ethnology,” Dr. Rivers wrote recently, “is now in the throes of a struggle between two widely different views concerning the history of human culture. Workers in the science, especially in this country, have for the last forty years been dominated by the belief that the similarities of custom and belief which are found in widely separated parts of the world are the result of the uniform reaction of the human mind to similar conditions. To such an extent has this become a dogma that it has blinded its adherents to the obvious fact that the conditions under which the similarities occur are often about as dissimilar as could well be. Only recently has there been a return to the older view that these similarities are the result of diffusion from a common source by means of migration.”

That the similarity of cultural phenomena in different places is explainable by migration or borrowing was held to a slight extent by Morgan, Bastian, and Tylor, but the fructification of this line of study was due to F. Ratzel, who stated that there was no necessary spatial limit to the migration or borrowing of cultural objects or of whole complexes. L. Frobenius extended Ratzel’s idea, and

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Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Arthur, Chester Alan

ARTHUR, CHESTER ALAN, 21st President of the United States, born in Fairfield, Vt., Oct. 15, 1830; was the son of Scottish parents, his father being pastor of Baptist churches in Vermont and New York. He chose law as a profession, and practiced in New York. As a politician, he became a

leader in the Republican party. During the Civil War he was energetic as quartermaster-general of New York in getting troops raised and equipped. He was afterward collector of customs for the port of New York. In 1880 he was elected Vice-President, succeeding as President on the death of James A. Garfield, in 1881, and in this office he gave general satisfaction. He died in New York City, Nov. 18, 1886.

CHESTER A. ARTHUR


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Rh called his own method “geographical-statistical,” and combined with it a “biological” or “evolutionary” theory, which implies that an indigenous culture is conditioned by its environment, and when it is transplanted a remodelling or breaking up occurs. Two important papers on similar lines were published in 1905 by F. Graebner and B. Ankermann, who also broke away from the sterilising influence of Bastian and followed the general method of Ratzel and Frobenius. Graebner later published a monograph on his hypothetical "“Bow-Culture,” and in 1911 he published the Methode der Ethnologie, the first book on this subject. Here ethnology is treated as more allied to history than to the natural sciences. As an endeavour to methodise ethnology this book is of great value, though open to correction in many points. In a review of it, Father W. Schmidt states that ethnological evolutionism will never recover from Graebner’s relentless criticism, and he subscribes to all that is said of M‘Lennan, Morgan, Tylor, Breysig, and other evolutionists, and concludes by asserting that the method formulated by Graebner is the most important during the past fifty years in the history of ethnology.

Dr. Rivers rightly insists that the study of social organisation is of fundamental importance, not only for social ethnology, but for the analysis of culture complexes and of

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Zoonomia/II.I.I.II

ORDO I.

Increased Irritation.

GENUS II.

With increased Actions of the Secerning System.

These are always attended with increase of partial or of general heat; for the secreted fluids are not simply separated from the blood, but are new combinations; as they did not previously exist as such in the blood vessels. But all new combinations give out heat chemically; hence the origin of animal heat, which is always increased in proportion to the secretion of the part affected, or to the general quantity of the secretions. Nevertheless there is reason to believe, that as we have a sense purposely to distinguish the presence of greater or less quantities of heat, as mentioned in Sect. XIV. 6. so we may have certain minute glands for the secretion of this fluid, as the brain is believed to secrete the sensorial power, which would more easily account for the instantaneous production of the blush of shame, and of anger. This subject deserves further investigation.

SPECIES.

1. Calor febrilis. The heat in fevers arises from the increase of some secretion, either of the natural fluids, as in irritative fevers; or of new fluids, as in infectious fevers; or of new vessels, as in inflammatory fevers. The pain of heat is a consequence of the increased extension or contraction of the fibres exposed to so great a stimulus. See I. 1. 5. 6.

2. Rubor febrilis. Febrile redness. When the cold fit of fever terminates, and the pulsations of the heart and arteries become strong as well as quick from the increase of their irritability after their late quiescence, the blood is impelled forwards into the fine extremities of the arteries, and the anastomozing capillaries, quicker than the extremities of the veins can absorb and return it to the heart. Hence the pulse at the wrist becomes full, as well as quick and strong, and the skin glows with arterial blood, and the veins become empty and less visible.

In elderly people the force of the heart and arteries becomes less, while the absorbent power of the veins remains the same; whence the capillary vessels part with the blood, as soon as it is received, and the skin in consequence becomes paler; it is also probable, that in more advanced life some of the finer branches of the arteries coalesce, and become impervious, and thus add to the opacity of the skin.

3. Sudor calidus. Warm sweat may be divided into four varieties, according to their remote causes. First, the perspirable matter is secreted in as great quantity during the hot fit of fever, as towards the end of it, when the sweat is seen upon the skin. But during the hot fit the cutaneous absorbents act also with increased energy, and the exhalation is likewise increased by the greater heat of the skin; and hence it does not appear in drops on the surface, but is in part reabsorbed, and in part dissipated in the atmosphere. But as the mouths of the cutaneous absorbents are exposed to the cool air or bedclothes; whilst those of the capillary glands, which secrete the perspirable matter, are exposed to the warmth of the circulating blood; the former, as soon as the fever-fit begins to decline, lose their increased action first; and hence the absorption of the sweat is diminished, whilst the increased secretion of it continues for some hours afterwards, which occasions it to stand in drops upon the skin.

As the skin becomes cooler, the evaporation of the perspirable matter becomes less, as well as the absorption of it. And hence the dissipation of aqueous fluid from the body, and the consequent thirst, are perhaps greater during the hot fit, than during the subsequent sweat. For the sweats do not occur, according to Dr. Alexander's experiments, till the skin is cooled from 112 to 108 degrees of heat; that is, till the paroxysm begins to decline. From this it appears, that the sweats are not critical to the hot fit, any more than the hot fit can be called critical to the cold one; but simply, that they are the natural consequence of the decline of the hot fit, commencing with the decreased action of the absorbent system, and the decreased evaporation from the skin. And from hence it may be concluded, that a fever-fit is not in general an effort of nature to restore health, as Sydenham considered it, but a necessary consequence of the previous torpor; and that the causes of fevers would be less detrimental, if the fever itself could be prevented from existing; as appears in the cool treatment of the small-pox.

It must be noted that the profuse sweats on the skin are more frequent at the decline of fever-fits than the copious urine, or loose stools, which are mentioned below; as the cutaneous absorbents, being exposed to the cool air, lose their increased action sooner than the urinary or intestinal absorbents; which open into the warm cavities of the bladder and intestines; but which are nevertheless often affected by their sympathy with the cutaneous absorbents. Hence few fevers terminate without a moisture of the skin; whence arose the fatal practice of forcing sweats by the external warmth of air or bedclothes in fevers; for external warmth increases the action of the cutaneous capillaries more than that of the other secerning vessels; because the latter are habituated to 98 degrees of heat, the internal warmth of the body; whereas the cutaneous capillaries being nearer the surface are habitually kept cooler by the contact of the external air. Sweats thus produced by heat in confined rooms are still more detrimental; as the air becomes then not only deprived of a part of its oxygene by frequent respiration, but is loaded with animal effluvia as well as with moisture, till it can receive no more; and in consequence, while the cutaneous secretion stands upon the skin in drops for want of exhalation, the lungs are exposed to an insalubrious atmosphere.

I do not deny, that sweating may be so managed as to be serviceable in preventing the return of the cold paroxysm of fevers; like the warm bath, or any other permanent stimulus, as wine, or opium, or the bark. For this purpose it should be continued till past the time of the expected cold fit, supported by moderate doses of wine-whey, with spirit of hartshorn, and moderate degrees of warmth. Its salutary effect, when thus managed, was probably one cause of its having been so much attended to; and the fetid smell, which when profuse is liable to accompany it, gave occasion to the belief, that the supposed material cause of the disease was thus eliminated from the circulation.

When too great external heat is applied, the system is weakened by excess of action, and the torpor which causes the cold paroxysm recurs sooner and more violently. For though some stimuli, as of opium and alcohol, at the same time that they exhaust the sensorial power by promoting increase of fibrous action, may also increase the production or secretion of it in the brain, yet experience teaches us, that the exhaustion far out-balances the increased production, as is evinced by the general debility, which succeeds intoxication.

In respect to the fetor attending copious continued sweats, it is owing to the animalized part of this fluid being kept in that degree of warmth, which most favours putrefaction, and not suffered to exhale into the atmosphere. Broth, or other animal mucus, kept in similar circumstances, would in the same time acquire a putrid smell; yet has this error frequently produced miliary eruptions, and increased every kind of inflammatory or sensitive fever.

The ease, which the patient experiences during sweating, if it be not produced by much external heat, is similar to that of the warm bath; which by its stimulus applied to the cutaneous vessels, which are generally cooler than the internal parts of the system, excites them into greater action; and pleasureable sensation is the consequence of these increased actions of the vessels of the skin. From considering all these circumstances, it appears that it is not the evacuation by sweats, but the continued stimulus, which causes and supports those sweats, which is serviceable in preventing the returns of fever-fits. And that sweats too long continued, or induced by too great stimulus of warmth, clothes, or medicines, greatly injure the patient by increasing inflammation, or by exhausting the sensorial power. See Class I. 1. 2. 14.

Secondly, The sweats produced by exercise or labour are of the warm kind; as they originate from the increased action of the capillaries of the skin, owing to their being more powerfully stimulated by the greater velocity of the blood, and by a greater quantity of it passing through them in a given time. For the blood during violent exercise is carried forwards by the action of the muscles faster in the arteries, than it can be taken up by the veins; as appears by the redness of the skin. And from the consequent sweats, it is evinced, that the secretory vessels of the skin during exercise pour out the perspirable matter faster, than the mouths of the absorbent vessels can drink it up. Which mouths are not exposed to the increased muscular action, or to the stimulus of the increased velocity and quantity of the blood, but to the cool air.

Thirdly, the increased secretion of perspirable matter occasioned by the stimulus of external heat belongs likewise to this place; as it is caused by the increased motions of the capillary vessels; which thus separate from the blood more perspirable matter, than the mouths of their correspondent absorbent vessels can take up; though these also are stimulated by external heat into more energetic action. If the air be stationary, as in a small room, or bed with closed curtains, the sweat stands in drops on the skin for want of a quicker exhalation proportioned to the quicker secretion.

A fourth variety of warm perspiration is that occasioned by stimulating drugs, of which opium and alcohol are the most powerful; and next to these the spices, volatile alkali, and neutral salts, especially sea salt; that much of the aqueous part of the blood is dissipated by the use of these drugs, is evinced by the great thirst, which occurs a few hours after the use of them. See Art. III. 2. 12. and Art. III. 2. 1.

We may from hence understand, that the increase of this secretion of perspirable matter by artificial means, must be followed by debility and emaciation. When this is done by taking much salt, or salted meat, the sea-scurvy is produced; which consists in the inirritability of the bibulous terminations of the veins arising from the capillaries; see Class I. 2. 1. 14. The scrophula, or inirritability of the lymphatic glands, seems also to be occasionally induced by an excess in eating salt added to food of bad nourishment. See Class I. 2. 3. 21. If an excess of perspiration is induced by warm or stimulant clothing, as by wearing flannel in contact with the skin in the summer months, a perpetual febricula is excited, both by the preventing the access of cool air to the skin, and by perpetually goading it by the numerous and hard points of the ends of the wool; which when applied to the tender skins of young children, frequently produce the red gum, as it is called; and in grown people, either an erysipelas, or a miliary eruption, attended with fever. See Class II. 1. 3. 12.

Shirts made of cotton or calico stimulate the skin too much by the points of the fibres, though less than flannel; whence cotton handkerchiefs make the nose sore by frequent use. The fibres of cotton are, I suppose, ten times shorter than those of flax, and the number of points in consequence twenty times the number; and though the manufacturers singe their calicoes on a red-hot iron cylinder, yet I have more than once seen an erysipelas induced or increased by the stimulus of calico, as well as of flannel.

The increase of perspiration by heat either of clothes, or of fire, contributes much to emaciate the body; as is well known to jockeys, who, when they are a stone or two too heavy for riding, find the quickest way to lessen their weight is by sweating themselves between blankets in a warm room; but this likewise is a practice by no means to be recommended, as it weakens the system by the excess of so general a stimulus, brings on a premature old age, and shortens the span of life; as may be further deduced from the quick maturity, and shortness of the lives, of the inhabitants of Hindostan, and other tropical climates.

M. Buffon made a curious experiment to shew this circumstance. He took a numerous brood of the butterflies of silkworms, some hundreds of which left their eggs on the same day and hour; these he divided into two parcels; and placing one parcel in the south window, and the other in the north window of his house, he observed, that those in the colder situation lived many days longer than those in the warmer one. From these observations it appears, that the wearing of flannel clothing next the skin, which is now so much in fashion, however useful it may be in the winter to those, who have cold extremities, bad digestions, or habitual coughs, must greatly debilitate them, if worn in the warm months, producing fevers, eruptions, and premature old age. See Sect. XXXVII. 5. Class I. 1. 2. 14. Art. III. 2. 1.

 * Take here Addition VII

4. Urina uberior colorata. Copious coloured urine. Towards the end of fever-fits a large quantity of high coloured urine is voided, the kidneys continuing to act strongly, after the increased action of the absorbents of the bladder is somewhat diminished. If the absorbents continue also to act strongly, the urine is higher coloured, and so loaded as to deposit, when cool, an earthy sediment, erroneously thought to be the material cause of the disease; but is simply owing to the secretion of the kidnies being great from their increased action; and the thinner parts of it being absorbed by the increased action of the lymphatics, which are spread very thick on the neck of the bladder; for the urine, as well as perhaps all the other secreted fluids, is produced from the kidnies in a very dilute state; as appears in those, who from the stimulus of a stone, or other cause, evacuate their urine too frequently; which is then pale from its not having remained in the bladder long enough for the more aqueous part to have been reabsorbed. The general use of this urinary absorption to the animal œconomy is evinced from the urinary bladders of fish, which would otherwise be unnecessary. High coloured urine in large quantity shews only, that the secreting vessels of the kidnies, and the absorbents of the bladder, have acted with greater energy. When there is much earthy sediment, it shews, that the absorbents have acted proportionally stronger, and have consequently left the urine in a less dilute state. In this urine the transparent sediment or cloud is mucous; the opake sediment is probably coagulable lymph from the blood changed by an animal or chemical process. The floating scum is oil. The angular concretions to the sides of the pot, formed as the urine cools, is microcosmic salt. Does the adhesive blue matter on the sides of the glass, or the blue circle on it at the edge of the upper surface of the urine, consist of Prussian blue?

5. Diarrhœa calida. Warm diarrhœa. This species may be divided into three varieties deduced from their remote causes, under the names of diarrhœa febrilis, diarrhœa crapulosa, and diarrhœa infantum. The febrile diarrhœa appears at the end of fever-fits, and is erroneously called critical, like the copious urine, and the sweats; whereas it arises from the increased action of those secerning organs, which pour their fluids into the intestinal canal (as the liver, pancreas, and mucous glands), continuing longer than the increased action of the intestinal absorbents. In this diarrhœa there is no appearance of curdled chyle in the stools, as occurs in cholera. I. 3. 1. 5.

The diarrhœa crapulosa, or diarrhœa from indigestion, occurs when too great a quantity of food or liquid has been taken; which not being compleatly digested, stimulates the intestines like any other extraneous acrid material; and thus produces an increase of the secretions into them of mucus, pancreatic juice, and bile. When the contents of the bowels are still more stimulant, as when drastic purges, or very putrescent diet, have been taken, a cholera is induced. See Sect. XXIX. 4.

The diarrhœa infantum, or diarrhœa of infants, is generally owing to too great acidity in their bowels. Milk is found curdled in the stomachs of all animals, old as well as young, and even of carnivorous ones, as of hawks. (Spallanzani.) And it is the gastric juice of the calf, which is employed to curdle milk in the process of making cheese. Milk is the natural food for children, and must curdle in their stomachs previous to digestion; and as this curdling of the milk destroys a part of the acid juices of the stomach, there is no reason for discontinuing the use of it, though it is occasionally ejected in a curdled state. A child of a week old, which had been taken from the breast of its dying mother, and had by some uncommon error been suffered to take no food but water-gruel, became sick and griped in twenty-four hours, and was convulsed on the second day, and died on the third! When all young quadrupeds, as well as children, have this natural food of milk prepared for them, the analogy is so strong in favour of its salubrity, that a person should have powerful testimony indeed of its disagreeing, before he advises the discontinuance of the use of it to young children in health, and much more so in sickness. The farmers lose many of their calves, which are brought up by gruel, or gruel and old milk; and among the poor children of Derby, who are thus fed, hundreds are starved into the scrophula, and either perish, or live in a state of wretched debility.

When young children are brought up without a breast, they should for the first two months have no food but new milk; since the addition of any kind of bread or flour is liable to ferment, and produce too much acidity; as appears by the consequent diarrhœa with green dejections and gripes; the colour is owing to a mixture of acid with the natural quantity of bile, and the pain to its stimulus. And they should never be fed as they lie upon their backs, as in that posture they are necessitated to swallow all that is put into their mouths; but when they are fed, as they are sitting up, or raised up, when they have had enough, they can permit the rest to run out of their mouths. This circumstance is of great importance to the health of those children, who are reared by the spoon, since if too much food is given them, indigestion, and gripes, and diarrhœa, is the consequence; and if too little, they become emaciated; and of this exact quantity their own palates judge the best.

M. M. In this last case of the diarrhœa of children, the food should be new milk, which by curdling destroys part of the acid, which coagulates it. Chalk about four grains every six hours, with one drop of spirit of hartshorn, and half a drop of laudanum. But a blister about the size of a shilling is of the greatest service by restoring the power of digestion. See Article III. 2. 1. in the subsequent Materia Medica.

6. Salivatio calida. Warm salivation. Increased secretion of saliva. This may be effected either by stimulating the mouth of the gland by mercury taken internally; or by stimulating the excretory duct of the gland by pyrethrum, or tobacco; or simply by the movement of the muscles, which lie over the gland, as in masticating any tasteless substance, as a lock of wool, or mastic.

In about the middle of nervous fevers a great spitting of saliva sometimes occurs, which has been thought critical; but as it continues sometimes two or even three weeks without the relief of the patient, it may be concluded to arise from some accidental circumstance, perhaps not unsimilar to the hysteric ptyalisms mentioned in Class I. 3. 2. 2. See Sect. XXIV.

M. M. Cool air, diluents, warm bath, evacuations.

7. Catharrhus calidus. Warm catarrh. Consists in an increased secretion of mucus from the nostrils without inflammation. This disease, which is called a cold in the head, is frequently produced by cold air acting for some time on the membranes, which line the nostrils, as it passes to the lungs in respiration. Whence a torpor of the action of the mucous glands is first introduced, as in I. 2. 3. 3. and an orgasm or increased action succeeds in consequence. Afterwards this orgasm and torpor are liable to alternate with each other for some time like the cold and hot fits of ague, attended with deficient or exuberant secretion of mucus in the nostrils.

At other times it arises from reverse sympathy with some extensive parts of the skin, which have been exposed too long to cold, as of the head, or feet. In consequence of the torpor of these cutaneous capillaries those of the mucous membrane of the nostrils act with greater energy by reverse sympathy; and thence secrete more mucus from the blood. At the same time the absorbents, acting also with greater energy by their reverse sympathy with those of some distant part of the skin, absorb the thinner parts of the mucus more hastily; whence the mucus is both thicker and in greater quantity. Other curious circumstances attend this disease; the membrane becomes at times so thickened by its increased action in secreting the mucus, that the patient cannot breathe through his nostrils. In this situation if he warms his whole skin suddenly by fire or bed-clothes, or by drinking warm tea, the increased action of the membrane ceases by its reverse sympathy with the skin; or by the retraction of the sensorial power to other parts of the system; and the patient can breathe again through the nostrils. The same sometimes occurs for a time on going into the cold air by the deduction of heat from the mucous membrane, and its consequent inactivity or torpor. Similar to this when the face and breast have been very hot and red, previous to the eruption of the small-pox by inoculation, and that even when exposed to cool air, I have observed the feet have been cold; till on covering them with warm flannel, as the feet have become warm, the face has cooled. See Sect. XXXV. 1. 3. Class II. 1. 3. 5. IV. 2. 2. 10. IV. 1. 1. 5.

M. M. Evacuations, abstinence, oil externally on the nose, warm diluent fluids, warm shoes, warm night-cap.

8. Expectoratio calida. Warm expectoration consists of the increased secretion of mucus from the membrane, which lines the bronchiæ, or air-cells of the lungs, without inflammation. This increased mucus is ejected by the action of coughing, and is called a cold, and resembles the catarrh of the preceding article; with which it is frequently combined.

M. M. Inhale the steam of warm water, evacuations, warm bath, afterwards opium, sorbentia.

9. Exsudatio pone aures. A discharge behind the ears. This chiefly affects children, and is a morbid secretion; as appears from its fetor; for if it was owing to defect of absorption, it would be saline, and not fetid; if a morbid action has continued a considerable time, it should not be stopped too suddenly; since in that case some other morbid action is liable to succeed in its stead. Thus children are believed to have had cholics, or even convulsions, consequent to the too sudden healing of these morbid effusions behind their ears. The rationale of this is to be explained from a medical fact, which I have frequently observed; and that is, that a blister on the back greatly strengthens the power of digestion, and removes the heart-burn in adults, and green stools in children. The stimulus of the blister produces sensation in the vessels of the skin; with this additional sensorial power these vessels act more strongly; and with these the vessels of the internal membranes of the stomach and bowels act with greater energy from their direct sympathy with them. Now the acrid discharge behind the ears of children produces sensation on that part of the skin, and so far acts as a small blister. When this is suddenly stopped, a debility of the digestive power of the stomach succeeds from the want of this accustomed stimulus, with flatulency, green stools, gripes, and sometimes consequent convulsions. See Class II. 1. 5. 6. and II. 1. 4. 6.

M. M. If the matter be absorbed, and produces swelling of the lymphatics of the neck, it should be cured as soon as possible by dusting the part with white lead, cerussa, in very fine powder; and to prevent any ill consequence an issue should be kept for about a month in the arm; or a purgative medicine should be taken, every other day for three or four times, which should consist of a grain of calomel, and three or four grains of rhubarb, and as much chalk. If there be no appearance of absorption, it is better only to keep the parts clean by washing them with warm water morning and evening; or putting fuller's earth on them; especially till the time of toothing is past. The tinea, or scald head, and a leprous eruption, which often appears behind the ears, are different diseases.

10. Gonorrhea calida. Warm gleet. Increased discharge of mucus from the urethra or prostrate gland without venereal desire, or venereal infection. See Class I. 2. 3. 8.

M. M. Cantharides, balsams, rhubarb, blister in perinæum, cold bath, injections of metallic salts, flannel shirt, change of the form of the accustomed chair or saddle of the patient.

11. Fluor albus calidus. Warm fluor albus. Increased secretion of mucus in the vagina or uterus without venereal desire or venereal infection. It is distinguished from the fluor albus frigidus by the increased sense of warmth in the part, and by the greater opacity or spissitude of the material discharged; as the thinner parts are reabsorbed by the increased action of the absorbents, along with the saline part, whence no smarting or excoriation attends it.

M. M. Mucilage, as isinglass, hartshorn jelly, gum arabic. Ten grains of rhubarb every night. Callico or flannel shift, opium, balsams. See Class I. 2. 3. 7.

12. Hæmorrhois alba. White piles. An increased discharge of mucus from the rectum frequently mistaken for matter; is said to continue a few weeks, and recur like the bleeding piles; and to obey lunar influence. See Class I. 2. 1. 6.

M. M. Abstinence from vinous spirit. Balsam of copaiva. Spice swallowed in large fragments, as ten or fifteen black pepper-corns cut in half, and taken after dinner and supper. Ward's paste, consisting of black pepper and the powdered root of Helenium Enula.

13. Serum e vesicatorio. Discharge from a blister. The excretory ducts of glands terminate in membranes, and are endued with great irritability, and many of them with sensibility; the latter perhaps in consequence of their facility of being excitable into great action; instances of this are the terminations of the gall-duct in the duodenum, and of the salivary and lachrymal glands in the mouth and eye; which produce a greater secretion of their adapted fluids, when the ends of their excretory ducts are stimulated.

The external skin consists of the excretory ducts of the capillaries, with the mouths of the absorbents; when these are stimulated by the application of cantharides, or by a slice of the fresh root of bryonia alba bound on it, the capillary glands pour an increased quantity of fluid upon the skin by their increased action; and the absorbent vessels imbibe a greater quantity of the more fluid and saline part of it; whence a thick mucous or serous fluid is deposited between the skin and cuticle.

14. Perspiratio fœtida. Fetid perspiration. The uses of the perspirable matter are to keep the skin soft and pliant, for the purposes of its easier flexibility during the activity of our limbs in locomotion, and for the preservation of the accuracy of the sense of touch, which is diffused under the whole surface of it to guard us against the injuries of external bodies; in the same manner as the secretion of tears is designed to preserve the cornea of the eye moist, and in consequence transparent; yet has this cutaneous mucus been believed by many to be an excrement; and I know not how many fanciful theories have been built on its supposed obstruction. Such as the origin of catarrhs, coughs, inflammations, erysypelas, and herpes.

To all these it may be sufficient to answer, that the antient Grecians oiled themselves all over; that some nations have painted themselves all over, as the Picts of this island; that the Hottentots smear themselves all over with grease. And lastly, that many of our own heads at this day are covered with the flour of wheat and the fat of hogs, according to the tyranny of a filthy and wasteful fashion, and all this without inconvenience. To this must be added the strict analogy between the use of the perspirable matter and the mucous fluids, which are poured for similar purposes upon all the internal membranes of the body; and besides its being in its natural state inodorous; which is not so with the other excretions of feces, or of urine.

In some constitutions the perspirable matter of the lungs acquires a disagreeable odour; in others the axilla, and in others the feet, emit disgustful effluvia; like the secretions of those glands, which have been called odoriferæ; as those, which contain the castor in the beaver, and those within the rectum of dogs, the mucus of which has been supposed to guard them against the great costiveness, which they are liable to in hot summers; and which has been thought to occasion canine madness, but which, like their white excrement, is more probably owing to the deficient secretion of bile. Whether these odoriferous particles attend the perspirable matter in consequence of the increased action of the capillary glands, and can properly be called excrementitous; that is, whether any thing is eliminated, which could be hurtful if retained; or whether they may only contain some of the essential oil of the animal; like the smell, which adheres to one's hand on stroking the hides of some dogs; or like the effluvia, which is left upon the ground, from the feet of men and other creatures; and is perceptible by the nicer organs of the dogs, which hunt them, may admit of doubt.

M. M. Wash the parts twice a day with soap and water; with lime water; cover the feet with oiled silk socks, which must be washed night and morning. Cover them with charcoal recently made red hot, and beaten into fine powder and sifted, as soon as cold, and kept well corked in a bottle, to be warned off and renewed twice a day. Internally rhubarb grains vi. or viii. every night, so as to procure a stool or two extraordinary every day, and thus by increasing one evacuation to decrease another. Cool dress, diluting liquids?

15. Crines novi. New hairs. The black points on the faces of some people consist of mucus, which is become viscid, and which adheres in the excretory ducts of the glands of the skin; as described in Class I. 2. 2. 9. and which may be pressed out by the fingers, and resembles little worms. Similar to this would seem the fabrication of silk, and of cobweb by the silk worm and spider; which is a secreted matter pressed through holes, which are the excretory ducts of glands. And it is probable, that the production of hair on many parts of the body, and at different periods of life, may be effected by a similar process; and more especially as every hair may be considered as a slender flexible horn, and is an appendage of the skin. See Sect. XXXIX. 3. 2. Now as there is a sensitive sympathy between the glands, which secrete the semen, and the throat, as appears in the mumps; see Hydrophobia, Class IV. 1. 2. 7. and Parotitis, Class IV. 1. 2. 19. The growth of the beard at puberty seems to be caused by the greater action of the cutaneous glands about the chin and pubes in consequence of their sympathy with those of the testes. But this does not occur to the female sex at their time of puberty, because the sensitive sympathy in them seems to exist between the submaxillary glands, and the pectoral ones; which secrete the milk, and afford pleasure both by that secretion, and by the erection of the mamulæ, or nipples; and by delivering the milk into the mouth of the child; this sensitive sympathy of the pectoral and submaxillary glands in women is also observable in the Parotitis, or mumps, as above referred to.

When hairs grow on the face or arms so as to be disagreeable, they may be thus readily removed without pain or any ill consequence. Warm the ends of a pair of nippers or forceps, and stick on them a little rosin, or burgundy pitch; by these means each single hair may be taken fast hold of; and if it be then plucked off slowly, it gives pain; but if plucked off suddenly, it gives no pain at all; because the vis inertiæ of the part of the skin, to which it adheres, is not overcome; and it is not in consequence separated from the cellular membrane under it. Some of the hairs may return, which are thus plucked off, or others may be induced to grow near them; but in a little time they may be thus safely destroyed; which is much to be preferred to the methods said to be used in Turkey to eradicate hair; such as a mixture of orpiment and quick lime; or of liver of sulphur in solution; which injure the skin, if they are not very nicely managed; and the hair is liable to grow again as after shaving; or to become white, if the roots of it have been much inflamed by the causticity of the application. See Class I. 2. 2. 11. on grey hairs.

title: Zoonomia/II.I.I.II


text:
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Arthur, Julia

ARTHUR, JULIA, an American actress, born in Hamilton, Ont., in 1869. She made her first professional appearance in “Richard III.” and for three seasons played Shakespearean roles. Her first New York success was at the Union Square Theater in “The Black Masque.” She later took the leading part in several successful plays and was received with equal favor in America and England. She played in Henry Irving's company with Ellen Terry. In 1898 she married Benjamin C. Cheney, Jr., and retired temporarily from the stage, to which, however, she has returned from time to time with considerable success.


text:
Page:Folklore1919.djvu/34

22 racial contact. The principles and method employed by him differ essentially from those of Graebner. To Graebner the introduction of a new form of social organisation, a new language, or a new religion seems to be a process of the same order as the introduction of an element of material culture. To Rivers, social organisation, language, and religion seem to be bound up with the life of a people so far more intimately than material objects that it is not enough to say they have been introduced, but it is necessary to explain how an introduced element of culture has become part of the complex in which it is now found. Graebner began with material culture, where the signs of evolution are so far more doubtful and fragmentary that he has been led to ignore so largely the evolutionary character of the blending of cultures. He employs the geographical distribution of culture as the only trustworthy criterion for the arrangement of different elements of a cultural complex in order of time. The chief aim of Rivers in his History of Melanesian Society is to show how certain institutions and customs have arisen as the result of the interaction between peoples; Graebner regards the component elements as existing side by side and readily distinguishable from one another. It is not always quite clear why Graebner associates certain objects and customs together, and his relative chronological sequences are open to criticism. It should be remembered that he has never made investigations in the field. By his work in the field, and from other sources, Rivers, however, has established certain cultural complexes in Melanesia which can be definitely assigned to various immigrant peoples. The ideas, customs, and material objects which he has linked together were not merely assumed to be associated, but were proved to be associated as forming elements which belonged to a definite culture and to a definite cult. Certain beliefs, rites, customs, and objects were found to be linked together in an organic whole. The method formulated by Dr. Rivers

title: Page:Folklore1919.djvu/34


text:
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Artichoke

ARTICHOKE, a plant belonging to the order asteraceæ, or composites, the suborder tubuliferæ, and the section carduineæ, the same to which the thistles belong. It considerably resembles a huge thistle. The receptacle on which the florets are situated, and the fleshy bases of the scales are eaten. The modern Arabs consider the root as aperient, and the gum, which they term

hunkirzeed, as an emetic. Artichokes were introduced into England early in the 16th century.

The Jerusalem artichoke is not from Jerusalem, and is not an artichoke. It is an American sunflower (helianthus tuberosus). The word Jerusalem arose from a corruption of the Italian girasole, meaning “turner to the sun.” The roots of this species are sometimes used as a substitute for potatoes.


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Rh is one of prime importance, and is capable of indefinite extension to other peoples.

Allied to this method of study is the demonstration of the migrations of early cultures elaborated and so energetically promulgated by Prof. G. Elliot Smith and his school. A prolonged study (1902-14) of the process of mummification by the Ancient Egyptians led Elliot Smith not only to consider mummification in general, but also methods of burial and tomb buildings. Thence he passed on to megalithic monuments. These studies led him to the view that the practice of mummification has a geographical distribution corresponding to the area occupied by a curious assortment of other practices, such as the building of megalithic monuments and other stone structures, the cult of the sun and the serpent, ear-piercing, tattooing, circumcision, beliefs in the petrifaction of human beings, the divine right of kings, the complex story of the creation, the deluge, and many other associations. Elliot Smith claims that “the study of such a practice as mummification, the influence of which is deep-rooted in the innermost beliefs of the people who resort to it, affords data almost as reliable as Rivers’

title: Page:Folklore1919.djvu/35


text:
Author:Anne Walbank Buckland

Works

 * Anthropological Studies (1891)
 * Facts Suggestive of Prehistoric Intercourse Between East and West (1885)
 * Four as a Sacred Number (1895)
 * The Monument known as King Orry's Grave compared with Tumuli in Gloucestershire (1889)
 * Mythological Birds Ethnologically Considered (1875)
 * Necklaces in relation to prehistoric commerce (1896)
 * Neolithic Trepanning (1894)
 * On American Shell-work and its Affinities (1886)
 * On Traces of Commerce in Prehistoric Times (1885)
 * Our Viands; Whence They Come and How They are Cooked, with a Bundle of Old Recipes from Cookery Books of the Last Century (1893)
 * Message-sticks and Prayer-sticks (1897)
 * Rhabdomancy and Belomancy, or Divination by the Rod and by the Arrow (1876)
 * The Significance of Holes in Archaeology (1896)
 * Surgery and Superstition in Neolithic Times (1881)
 * The World Beyond the Esterelles: In Two Volumes (1884)

title: Author:Anne Walbank Buckland


text:
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Article

ARTICLE, in grammar, a part of speech used before nouns to limit or define their application. In English a, or an, is usually called the indefinite article (the latter form being used before a vowel sound), and the, the definite article, but they are also described as adjectives. An was originally the same as one, and the as that. In Latin there were no articles, and Greek has only the definite article.


text:
Lectures on the Philosophy of Religion

 * Editor's Preface

 * align="right" valign="top"|I.
 * The severance of religion from the free worldly consciousness
 * align="right" valign="top"|II.
 * The position of the philosophy of religion relatively to philosophy and religion
 * align="right" valign="top"|III.
 * The relation of the philosophy of religion to the current principles of the religious consciousness
 * }
 * align="right" valign="top"|III.
 * The relation of the philosophy of religion to the current principles of the religious consciousness
 * }

 * align="right" valign="top"|I.
 * The necessity of the religious standpoint
 * align="right" valign="top"|II.
 * The forms of the religious consciousness
 * align="right" valign="top"|III.
 * The necessity and mediation of the religious attitude in the form of thought
 * }
 * align="right" valign="top"|III.
 * The necessity and mediation of the religious attitude in the form of thought
 * }

 * align="right" valign="top"|I.
 * Of Faith
 * align="right" valign="top"|II.
 * The definite character and special forms of worship, or cultus
 * align="right" valign="top"|III.
 * The relation of religion to the State
 * }
 * align="right" valign="top"|III.
 * The relation of religion to the State
 * }

I

 * Immediate religion

II

 * The division of consciousness within itself

 * align="right" valign="top"|1.
 * The Chinese religion, or the religion of measure
 * align="right" valign="top"|2.
 * The religion of imagination or phantasy
 * align="right" valign="top"|3.
 * The religion of Being-within-self
 * }
 * align="right" valign="top"|3.
 * The religion of Being-within-self
 * }

III

 * The religion of nature in transition to the religion of freedom

 * align="right" valign="top"|1.
 * The religion of the Good, or of light
 * align="right" valign="top"|2.
 * The Syrian religion, or the religion of pain
 * align="right" valign="top"|3.
 * The religion of mystery
 * }
 * align="right" valign="top"|3.
 * The religion of mystery
 * }

 * align="right" valign="top"|A.
 * The transition to the sphere of spiritual individuality
 * align="right" valign="top"|B.
 * The metaphysical conception or notion of this sphere
 * align="right" valign="top"|C.
 * The division of the subject
 * }
 * align="right" valign="top"|C.
 * The division of the subject
 * }

I

 * The religion of sublimity

 * align="right" valign="top"|A.
 * The general nature of its conception or notion
 * align="right" valign="top"|B.
 * The concrete general idea or popular conception
 * align="right" valign="top"|C.
 * Worship or cultus
 * }
 * align="right" valign="top"|C.
 * Worship or cultus
 * }

II

 * The religion of beauty

 * align="right" valign="top"|A.
 * The general conception or notion
 * align="right" valign="top"|B.
 * The outward form of the Divine
 * align="right" valign="top"|C.
 * Worship or cultus
 * }
 * align="right" valign="top"|C.
 * Worship or cultus
 * }

III

 * The religion of utility or of the Understanding

 * align="right" valign="top"|A.
 * The general conception of this stage
 * align="right" valign="top"|B.
 * This religion as the Roman religion
 * align="right" valign="top"|C.
 * Worship or cultus
 * }
 * align="right" valign="top"|C.
 * Worship or cultus
 * }

A

 * The general aspects of this religion

B

 * The metaphysical notion or conception of the Idea of God

C

 * align="right" valign="top"|I.
 * God in His eternal Idea in-and-for-self; the kingdom of the Father
 * align="right" valign="top"|II.
 * The eternal Idea of God in the element of consciousness and ordinary thought, or difference; the kingdom of the Son
 * align="right" valign="top"|III.
 * The Idea in the element of the Church or Spiritual Community; the kingdom of the Spirit
 * }
 * align="right" valign="top"|III.
 * The Idea in the element of the Church or Spiritual Community; the kingdom of the Spirit
 * }

 * Index

title: Lectures on the Philosophy of Religion


title: User:Theornamentalist/Sandbox4


text: Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Davidson, George