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Page:Darwin Journal of Researches.djvu/32

 10 shells, of all living animals, it is an interesting physiological fact to find substances harder than the enamel of teeth, and coloured surfaces as well polished as those of a fresh shell, reformed through inorganic means from dead organic matter—mocking, also, in shape some of the lower vegetable productions.

We found on St. Paul's only two kinds of birds—the booby and the noddy. The former is a species of gannet, and the latter a tern. Both are of a tame and stupid disposition, and are so unaccustomed to visitors, that I could have killed any number of them with my geological hammer. The booby lays her eggs on the bare rock ; but the tern makes a very simple nest with seaweed. By the side of many of these nests a small flying-fish was placed ; which, I suppose, had been brought by the male bird for its partner. It was amusing to watch how quickly a large and active crab (Graspus), which inhabits the crevices of the rock, stole the fish from the side of the nest, as soon as we had disturbed the parent birds. Sir W. Symonds, one of the few persons who have landed here, informs me that he saw the crabs dragging even the young birds out of their nests, and devouring them. Not a single plant, not even a lichen, grows on this islet; yet it is inhabited by several insects and spiders. The following list completes, I believe, the terrestrial fauna : a fly (Oliersia) living on the booby, and a tick which must have come here as a parasite on the birds ; a small brown moth, belonging to a genus that feeds on feathers ; a beetle (Quedius) and a woodlouse from beneath the dung ; and lastly, numerous spiders, which I suppose prey on these small attendants and scavengers of the waterfowl. The often repeated description of the stately palm and other noble tropical plants, then birds, and lastly man, taking possession of the coral islets as soon as formed, in the Pacific, is probably not quite correct; I fear it destroys the poetry of this story, that feather and


text:
The Presidents of the United States, 1789-1914/Portraits of the Ladies of the White House from 1865 to 1889

ELIZA JOHNSON

JULIA D. GRANT

LUCY W. HAYES

LUCRETIA R. GARFIELD

MARY A. McELROY

FRANCES CLEVELAND

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Perdita

 * Perdita, a poem by Rolf Boldrewood
 * Perdita, a poem by Florence Earle Coates
 * Perdita, a poem by James Hebblethwaite
 * The Story of Perdita based on A Winter's Tale by William Shakespeare from Stories from Old English Poetry by Abby Sage Richardson, 1871

title: Perdita


text: Feline Follies

title: Feline Follies


text:
The Times/1883/Obituary/Richard Doyle

OBITUARY.

We regret to announce the death of Mr. Richard Doyle, which took place yesterday morning at 4 o'clock. He had been at the Athenæum Club on the preceding evening and fell down in a fit, in the hall, about 9 o'clock. Medical help was immediately in attendance, but with no result, and between 10 and 11 o'clock he was conveyed to his residence. From the moment of the first attach he never recovered consciousness. He was not very far short of 60 years of age, having been born about the year 1825. He inherited his artistic and humorous qualities from his father. Mr. John Doyle, the reputed author of those “Political Sketches by H. B.” which tool the town by storm in the days of Lords Grey and Melbourne, and which, in the absence of photography, familiarized the public with the features of Sir Robert Peel, the Duke of Wellington, Lord Brougham, O'Connell, and Lord John Russell. Mr. Richard Doyle first became favourably known to the public as the contributor of those sketches illustrative of “Ye Manners and Customs of Ye Englishe” which appeared in Punch 44 or 45 years ago, and which delicately satirized the foibles and fashions of English society, whether in the park, at a ball, on the race-course, or at Exeter-hall. His family being all devoted Roman Catholics and personal friends of Cardinal Wiseman, Mr. Doyle, most conscientiously and at a very great pecuniary sacrifice, abandoned his connexion with Punch in consequence of its hostility to the so-called “Papal aggression.” Since that time we have heard of Mr. Doyle only at long intervals, as, for instance, in 1854, when he published his “Continental Tour of Brown, Jones, and Robinson or when he employed his graceful pencil in illustrating some popular “Fairy Tales,” or the Cornhill Magazine, or “The Newcomes” for his friend Thackeray.

title: The Times/1883/Obituary/Richard Doyle


text:
Portal:Film/1919 in film

 * This page lists all films from 1919 in the English Wikisource.

 * F
 * Feline Follies

title: Portal:Film/1919 in film


text:
Author:John Doyle

Works

 * Political Sketches by HB

title: Author:John Doyle


text:
In Darkness

 * "In Darkness" from Harper's New Monthly Magazine (Nov 1888).
 * "In Darkness" from Poems (1898)
 * "In Darkness" from Poems Vol. I (1916)

title: In Darkness


text:
User:Hydriz

Hi, I am Hydriz. Please visit my userpage on Meta for more information about me.

title: User:Hydriz


text:
Page:Darwin Journal of Researches.djvu/33

 1832.] and parasitic insects and spiders should be the first inhabitants of newly formed oceanic land.

The smallest rock in the tropical seas, by giving a foundation for the growth of innumerable kinds of seaweed and compound animals, supports likewise a large number of fish. The sharks and the seamen in the boats maintained a constant struggle which should secure the greater share of the prey caught by the fishing-lines. I have heard that a rock near the Bermudas, lying many miles out at sea, and at a considerable depth, was first discovered by the circumstance of fish having been observed in the neighbourhood.

, Feb. 20th.—As far as I was enabled to observe, during the few hours we stayed at this place, the constitution of the island is volcanic, but probably not of a recent date. The most remarkable feature is a conical hill, about one thousand feet high, the upper part of which is exceedingly steep, and on one side overhangs its base. The rock is phonolite, and is divided into irregular columns. On viewing one of these isolated masses, at first one is inclined to believe that it has been suddenly pushed up in a semi-fluid state. At St. Helena, however, I ascertained that some pinnacles, of a nearly similar figure and constitution, had been formed by the injection of melted rock into yielding strata, which thus had formed the moulds for these gigantic obelisks. The whole island is covered with wood ; but from the dryness of the climate there is no appearance of luxuriance. Half-way up the mountain, some great masses of the columnar rock, shaded by laurel-like trees, and ornamented by others covered with fine pink flowers but without a single leaf, gave a pleasing effect to the nearer parts of the scenery.

, Feb. 29th.—The day has past delightfully. Delight itself, however, is a weak term to express the feelings of a naturalist who, for the first time, has wandered by himself in a Brazilian forest. The elegance of the grasses, the novelty of the parasitical plants, the beauty of the flowers, the glossy green of the foliage, but above all the genoral luxuriance of the vegetation, filled me with admiration. A most paradoxical mixture of sound and silence pervades the


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Page:Darwin Journal of Researches.djvu/34

 12 shady parts of the wood. The noise from the insects is so loud, that it may be heard even in a vessel anchored several hundred yards from the shore; yet within the recesses of the forest a universal silence appears to reign. To a person fond of natural history, such a day as this brings with it a deeper pleasure than he can ever hope to experience again. After wandering about for some hours, I returned to the landing-place; but, before reaching it, I was overtaken by a tropical storm. I tried to find shelter under a tree, which was so thick that it would never have been penetrated by common English rain ; but here, in a couple of minutes, a little torrent flowed down the trunk. It is to this violence of the rain that we must attribute the verdure at the bottom of the thickest woods: if the showers were like those of a colder clime, the greater part would be absorbed or evaporated before it reached the ground. I will not at present attempt to describe the gaudy scenery of this noble bay, because, in our homeward voyage, we called here a second time, and I shall then have occasion to remark on it.

Along the whole coast of Brazil, for a length of at least 2000 miles, and certainly for a considerable space inland, wherever solid rock occurs, it belongs to a granitic formation. The circumstance of this enormous area being constituted of materials which most geologists believe to have been crystallized when heated under pressure, gives rise to many curious reflections. Was this effect produced beneath the depths of a profound ocean? or did a covering of strata formerly extend over it, which has since been removed ? Can we believe that any power, acting for a time short of infinity, could have denuded the granite over so many thousand square leagues ?

On a point not far from the city, where a rivulet entered the sea, I observed a fact connected with a subject discussed by Humboldt. At the cataracts of the great rivers Orinoco, Nile, and Congo, the syenitic rocks are coated by a black substance, appearing as if they had been polished with plumbago. The layer is of extreme thinness ; and on analysis by Berzelius it was found to consist of the oxides of manganese and iron. In the Orinoco it occurs on the rocks periodically washed by the floods, and in those parts alone where the stream is rapid ; or, as the


text:
Portal:Film/1954 in film

 * This page lists all films from 1954 in the English Wikisource.

 * B
 * Bride and Gloom

title: Portal:Film/1954 in film


text:
Portal:Film/1922 in film

 * This page lists all films from 1922 in the English Wikisource.

 * D
 * Daydreams

title: Portal:Film/1922 in film


text:
Portal:Film/1955 in film

 * This page lists all films from 1955 in the English Wikisource.

 * G
 * Gumbasia

title: Portal:Film/1955 in film


text:
Portal:Film/1902 in film

 * This page lists all films from 1902 in the English Wikisource.

 * L
 * Le Voyage dans la Lune

title: Portal:Film/1902 in film


text:
Portal:Film/1941 in film

 * This page lists all films from 1941 in the English Wikisource.

title: Portal:Film/1941 in film


text:
Portal:Film/1910 in film

 * This page lists all films from 1910 in the English Wikisource.

 * W
 * The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1910 film)

title: Portal:Film/1910 in film


text:
Page:Horsemanship for Women.djvu/57

Rh fall equally on the bit; then do the same by the snaffle, but draw it so much tighter than the curb that the latter will hang loose, and any movement of your hand will be felt through the snaffle. Grasp all the reins firmly, your hand back upward, with wrist a little bent and elbow near your side, so that if the horse, stumbling, thrust his nose suddenly out, you will not be jerked from the saddle.

SHOWING REINS IN LEFT HAND.

All this you will quickly get the knack of, and do as easily as you would thread a needle. You will observe that, having the width of three fingers between the two snaffle-reins, you can, by bending your wrist to right or left, guide the horse as easily as with the reins in both hands. Get the horse "light in hand" by the usual play of the bit, first the curb, then the snaffle, tapping him on the right side, just forward of the girth, if he fails to respond or offers to back.

Now press him just back of the girth with your left heel, at the same time relaxing the rein a little. If he steps forward, pat and praise him, but if not, press him

title: Page:Horsemanship for Women.djvu/57


text:
Page:Horsemanship for Women.djvu/58

44 more firmly, at the same time touching him as before with the whip. When he moves forward praise him, and after a few seconds stop him, leaning back a little and laying your whip by a turn of the wrist on his back just behind the saddle. Then recommence, and persevere until he will start promptly forward at the touch of the heel, and stop at the touch of the whip on his back, keeping "light in hand" the while. If he is very

ADVANCING AT TOUCH OF HEEL.

sluggish you may have to strike him smartly for not answering instantly to the heel, but he will soon learn not to wait for the blow. Let the heel act close to the girth, as you will soon wish to move the croup over by the same means applied farther back. It is well not to start with the whip, nor by chirping or clucking, which

title: Page:Horsemanship for Women.djvu/58


text:
Page:Darwin Journal of Researches.djvu/35

 1832.] Indians say, “the rocks are black where the waters are white.” Here the coating is of a rich brown instead of a black colour, and seems to be composed of ferruginous matter alone. Hand specimens fail to give a just idea of these brown burnished stones which glitter in the sun's rays. They occur only within the limits of the tidal waves ; and as the rivulet slowly trickles down, the surf must supply the polishing power of the cataracts in the great rivers. In like manner, the rise and fall of the tide probably answer to the periodical inundations; and thus the same effects are produced under apparently different but really similar circumstances. The origin, however, of these coatings of metallic oxides, which seem as if cemented to the rocks, is not understood; and no reason, I believe, can be assigned for their thickness remaining the same.

One day I was amused by watching the habits of the Diodon antennatus, which was caught swimming near the shore. This fish, with its flabby skin, is well known to possess the singular power of distending itself into a nearly spherical form. After having been taken out of water for a short time, and then again immersed in it, a considerable quantity both of water and air is absorbed by the mouth, and perhaps likewise by the branchial orifices. This process is effected by two methods: the air is swallowed, and is then forced into the cavity of the body, its return being prevented by a muscular contraction which is externally visible: but the water enters in a gentle stream through the mouth, which is kept wide open and motionless; this latter action must, therefore, depend on suction. The skin about the abdomen is much looser than that on the back ; hence, during the inflation, the lower surface becomes far more distended than the upper ; and the fish, in consequence, floats with its back downwards. Cuvier doubts whether the Diodon in this position is able to swim ; but not only can it thus move forward in a straight line, but it can turn round to either side. This latter movement is effected solely by the aid of the pectoral fins ; the tail being collapsed, and not used. From the body being buoyed up with so much air, the branchial openings are out of water, but a stream drawn in by the mouth constantly flows through them.

The fish, having remained in this distended state for a short


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Page:Horsemanship for Women.djvu/59

Rh STOPPING AT TOUCH OF WHIP ON BACK.

is as likely to excite your companion's horse as your own, and is annoying to most people.

Accustom your horse to stop short, whether at the pull on the reins, the touch of the whip, or the word " Whoa."

After riding have the saddle removed, and should a puffy spot appear on the back where it has pressed, take

title: Page:Horsemanship for Women.djvu/59


text: Page:Dictionary of National Biography. Errata (1904).djvu/205


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Marshal, William (d.1231)


text:
Page:Botanic drugs, their materia medica, pharmacology, and therapeutics (1917).djvu/25

 Rosaceae: Bitter almond, sweet almond.

Rubiaceae: Cinchona, ipecac.

Scrophulariaceae: Digitalis.

Solanaceae: Belladonna, henbane.

Sterculinaceae: Cacao butter.

Styraceae: Benzoin.

Umbelliferae: Anise and oil of, ammoniac, asafetida, fennel.

Valerianaceae: Valerian.

Zingiberaceae: Ginger.

This is a world-wide list of popular official botanic drugs and is more eloquent than is much argument. Note that it contains only ten markedly toxic substances. In the United States some other drugs are much in use, partly due to Homeopathic and Eclectic recommendations. Including those of the Homeopaths and Eclectics, these may be named as actually in extensive use: Aconite, baptisia, buchu, bryonia, cactus, capsicum, chenopodium oil, cimicifuga, cinnamon, coca (cocine), echinacea, eucalyptus oil, gelsemium, hops, malt, phytolacca, pilocarpus, podophyllum, pulsatilla, resorcin, scoparius, sanguinaria, thuja, veratrum, viburnum, wild cherry—twenty-six added to the table, nearly half of them toxic. In the worldly-wide table only one-sixth of the drugs named are markedly toxic.

This shows an American inclination to include the toxic botanic drugs and to exclude the non- toxic ones. Primarily this is due to the American temperament, which demands visible results, and to our bent toward demanding a definite physiological action of a drug. In other words, mystery does not appeal strongly to the American physician.


text:
User talk:192.127.94.7

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Author:Anthony Rubens Montalba

Works

 * Fairy Tales from all Nations
 * Jack the Giant-killer

title: Author:Anthony Rubens Montalba


text: Author talk:Anthony Rubens Montalba

title: Author talk:Anthony Rubens Montalba


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User talk:SpikeToronto

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text: Men of the Time, eleventh edition

title: Men of the Time, eleventh edition


text: Men of the Time, eleventh edition/Doyle, Francis Hastings Charles


text: Men of the Time, eleventh edition/Doyle, Henry


text: Men of the Time, eleventh edition/Doyle, Richard


text:
Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 57.djvu/262

 lowed to the Edgar, and in her was present in the battle of Copenhagen. He was afterwards moved into the London, and the following year to the Leander. In July 1803 he joined the Victory, flagship of Lord Nelson in the Mediterranean, and in August 1804 was moved from her to the Narcissus frigate. On 22 Feb. 1806 he was promoted to be lieutenant of the Blenheim, going out to the East Indies as flagship of his father, by whom he was appointed to command the Harrier brig. In her, in company with the 32-gun frigate Greyhound, he assisted in destroying a Dutch brig of war under the fort of Menado, on 4 July 1806, and on the 26th in the capture of the 36-gun frigate Pallas and two Indiamen under her convoy. After this Troubridge was appointed captain of the Greyhound. His commission as commander was confirmed on 5 Sept. 1806, that as captain on 28 Nov. 1807. In June 1807, when his letters from the Cape of Good Hope forced the commander-in-chief, Sir Edward Pellew, to fear that the Blenheim (commanded by Troubridge's father) and Java had been lost, Troubridge, in the Greyhound, was ordered to go in search of intelligence, carrying a letter from Pellew to the captain-general of the French settlements. Neither at the French islands nor along the coast of Madagascar was anything to be heard of the missing ships, and the conclusion was unwillingly come to that they had foundered in the hurricane [see ]. By the death of his father, Troubridge succeeded to the baronetcy. In the following January he invalided, and had no further service till February 1813, when he commissioned the Armide frigate for the North American station, where he was landed in command of the naval brigade at New Orleans. From April 1831 to October 1832 he was commander-in-chief at Cork, with a broad pennant on board the Stag. From April 1835 to August 1841 he was one of the lords of the admiralty. He was nominated a C.B. on 20 July 1838, and was promoted to be rear-admiral on 23 Nov. 1841. From 1831 to 1847 he was M.P. for Sandwich. He died on 7 Oct. 1852. He married, in October 1810, Anna Maria, daughter of Admiral Sir Alexander Forrester Inglis Cochrane [q. v.], and had issue Sir Thomas St. Vincent Hope Cochrane Troubridge [q. v.]; Edward Norwich Troubridge, a captain in the navy, who died in China in 1850; and two daughters.

[O'Byrne's Naval Biogr. Dict.; Gent. Mag. 1853, i. 197; James's Naval Hist. iv. 162–4.]  TROUBRIDGE, THOMAS (1758?–1807), rear-admiral, born in London about 1758, was son of Richard Troubridge. He was admitted on the foundation of St. Paul's school, London, on 22 Feb. 1768, ‘aged 10’ (, Register of St. Paul's School, p. 139). It is doubtfully said (Naval Chronicle, xxiii. 1) that he made, as a boy, a voyage to the West Indies in a merchant ship. All that is certainly known is that he entered the navy on board the Seahorse frigate on 8 Oct. 1773, in the rating of ‘able seaman,’ and was then described as born in London, aged 18. He was three years younger, and the rating may have been nominal. Nelson, who joined the Seahorse a few days later, and was certainly born in 1758, was also entered as aged 18. In the Seahorse Troubridge went out to the East Indies. On 21 March 1774 he was rated midshipman; on 25 July 1776 he was rated master's mate, and on 13 May 1780 he was moved, as a midshipman, into the Superb, flagship of Sir Edward Hughes [q. v.], by whom, on 1 Jan. 1781, he was promoted to be lieutenant of the Chaser, a small vessel which he had bought for the navy, and now newly commissioned. From the Chaser he was moved, two months later, 3 March 1781, to his old ship, the Seahorse, and in her was present in the battle off Sadras on 17 Feb., and in that off Trincomalee on 12 April 1782. On the 13th he was moved as junior lieutenant to the Superb, and in her was present in Hughes's third and fourth actions. By degrees he was moved upwards, till on 10 Oct. he became first lieutenant of the Superb, and on the 11th was promoted to the command of the Lizard sloop. On 1 Jan. 1783 he was posted to the Active frigate, and in her was present in Hughes's fifth action off Cuddalore. He was afterwards moved into the Defence, and later on into the Sultan, as flag-captain to Hughes, with whom he came home in 1785.

In 1790 he went out again to the East Indies in the Thames frigate, and on his return to England was appointed to the Castor frigate of 32 guns, which, in May 1794, had the ill luck to fall in with a division of the Brest fleet and be captured. Troubridge, as a prisoner, was moved into the French 80-gun ship Sanspareil, and in her was bodily present in the battle of 1 June. The Sanspareil was captured, and Troubridge, on his return in her to England, was appointed to the 74-gun ship Culloden, in which early in 1795 he went out to the Mediterranean, and was present in the unsatisfactory action off the Hyères on 13 July. In the Culloden he continued in the Mediterranean under the command of Sir John Jervis (after-


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Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 57.djvu/263

 wards Earl of St. Vincent) [q. v.], and led the line in the battle of Cape St. Vincent, 14 Feb. 1797, when his gallant bearing and determined conduct called forth an expression of warm approval from the admiral.

In July the Culloden, with a few other ships, was detached under the orders of Nelson for an attack on Santa Cruz. While yet some distance from the town a thousand men, detailed for the landing party, were put on board the frigates, and sent in under the immediate command of Troubridge, in the hope of surprising the fort above the town during the night. The approach of the frigates was delayed by foul wind and tide, and day dawned before they got within a mile of the landing-place. As surprise was now out of the question, Troubridge rejoined the squadron, which had closely followed the frigates, and told Nelson that he thought that by seizing the heights above the fort it could be compelled to surrender. Nelson assented, and at nine o'clock the men were landed. The enemy, however, had occupied the heights in force, and the attempt was unsuccessful. At nightfall Troubridge re-embarked the men, and the next day Nelson recalled them to their own ships. In describing this affair Captain Mahan has contrasted Troubridge's ‘failure to act at once upon his own judgment’ with Nelson's independent ‘action at St. Vincent and on many other occasions’ (Life of Nelson, i. 301), but has apparently overlooked the fact that the details of the landing had been agreed on in private conversation with his admiral, and that Troubridge had thus less discretionary power than an officer could have when no details had been settled. When this plan of attack was given up, it was resolved to attempt landing at the mole by night; but this met with very partial success. Several of the boats missed the mole, or were broken up in the surf, and at daylight Troubridge, who was left on shore in command [see ], found himself in presence of a numerically overwhelming force of men and guns. It is very probable that the men were for the most part a very raw militia, and that the guns had no competent gunners, so that when Troubridge sent Captain (afterwards Sir Samuel) Hood to offer a cessation of hostilities, on the condition of being permitted to embark his men without hindrance, the governor of the town readily and indeed cheerfully agreed to the terms.

In the following year the Culloden was again one of the squadron detached to serve under Nelson in the Mediterranean, and took part in the search for the French fleet which preceded and led up to the battle of the Nile. On the evening of 1 Aug., when the squadron, on approaching the French, was drawing into line of battle, and Troubridge, who had been some distance astern, was pressing on to get into station, the Culloden struck heavily on the shoal which runs out from Aboukir Island, and there remained. All Troubridge's efforts to get her afloat seemed in vain, and he had the pain of seeing the battle without being able to take part in it. The next day the ship was got off, but in a sinking state. She was making seven feet of water in an hour, and her rudder had been torn off. Troubridge, however, was a man of energy and resource, and managed to patch her up sufficiently to enable her to go to Naples, where she was refitted. In accordance with Nelson's very strong wish, Troubridge was given the gold medal for the battle, and the first lieutenant of the Culloden was promoted after a short delay. At Naples and off Malta Troubridge's services were closely mixed up with those of Nelson. In the end of 1798 he was sent to command the small squadron on the coast of Egypt, but rejoined Nelson in March 1799, when he was again detached to take possession of Ischia, Procida, and Capri, and to maintain the blockade of the Bay of Naples. In June he was landed at Naples for the siege of St. Elmo, which he reduced, as he afterwards did Capua and Gaeta, and Civita Vecchia, securing the evacuation of the Roman territory by the French. In recognition of these services he received the order of St. Ferdinand and Merit from the king of the Two Sicilies, and was created a baronet on 30 Nov. 1799. He was then sent as senior officer off Malta, and, though occasionally visited by Keith or by Nelson, had virtually the command of the blockade till May 1800, when the Culloden was ordered home.

Troubridge was then for a few months captain of the Channel fleet off Brest, under Lord St. Vincent, with whom, in March 1801, he became a lord of the admiralty, and with whom he retired from the admiralty in May 1804. On 23 April 1804 he had been promoted to the rank of rear-admiral. In April 1805 he was appointed to the chief command in East Indian seas, to the eastward of Point de Galle, and went out with his flag in the Blenheim, an old worn-out ship, formerly a three-decker, which had been cut down and now carried seventy-four guns. Shortly after passing Madagascar, and having with him a convoy of ten Indiamen, he fell in with the French admiral, Linois, in the Marengo, with two large frigates in company. Linois, probably mistaking the Blenheim for


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Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 57.djvu/266

 hydrostatic balance,’ with which Sir George Shuckburgh [see ] experimented on weights and measures in 1798 (Phil. Trans. lxxxviii. 137). He also constructed the apparatus used by Francis Baily [q. v.] in restoring the standard yard. His theodolites were of remarkable perfection, and he supplied the instrumental outfit for the American coast survey (1815), the Irish and Indian arc-measurements (1822 and 1829), and other famous geodetical operations. He took particular pains to meet the requirements of seamen. ‘Your fancies can wait,’ he would say to importunate customers, ‘their necessities cannot.’ His sextants were long in almost exclusive use, and he invented in 1788 the ‘double-framed sextant.’ He also devised the dipsector, and (in 1796) the ‘British reflecting circle;’ besides materially improving the marine and mountain barometers, the compensated mercurial pendulum, the ‘marine top,’ ‘snuff-box sextant,’ portable universal dial, and pyrometer. The substitution of spider lines for wires in filar micrometers was due to him.

Troughton read a paper on the repeating circle before the Astronomical Society on 12 Jan. 1821 (Memoirs, i. 33), and contributed to Brewster's ‘Edinburgh Cyclopædia’ articles on the ‘Circle,’ ‘Graduation,’ and other subjects. He wrote besides, in his curt clear style, most of the descriptions of his instruments inserted in astronomical publications. Pearson dedicated to him the second volume of his ‘Practical Astronomy’ (1829). Troughton was unmarried, and his freehold of Welcome Nook in his native parish was inherited by his sister, Mrs. Suddard, and is possessed by her descendants. In the cottage garden there, and in the graveyard of Corney, stand sundials said to have been made by him. A marble bust of him by Sir Francis Chantry, subscribed for by his friends, was placed at his desire in the Royal Observatory, Greenwich.

[Monthly Notices Roy. Astr. Soc. iii. 149 (Sheepshanks); a list of references to the published descriptions of Troughton's instruments is given at p. 154; Lonsdale's Worthies of Cumberland, vi. 113; Grant's Hist. of Astronomy, p. 491; Annual Biogr. and Obit. xx. 471; Ann. Reg. 1835, p. 223; Poggendorff's Biogr.-Lit. Handwörterbuch; information from Mr. J. S. Slinger.]  TROUGHTON, JOHN (1637?–1681), nonconformist divine, son of Nathaniel Troughton, clothier, was born at Coventry about 1637. At four years old he became permanently blind from the effect of small-pox. He was educated at King Henry VIII's grammar school, Coventry, under Samuel Frankland (1618?–1691), and not, as Foster says, at Merchant Taylors' school. He entered as a scholar at St. John's College, Oxford, in 1655 (matriculated 28 March), graduated B.A. on 12 Feb. 1658–9, and was elected to a fellowship, but did not long hold it, his predecessor, displaced in 1648, being restored in 1660. Retiring to Bicester, Oxfordshire, he took pupils, and engaged in conventicle preaching. Under the indulgence of 1672 he joined Henry Langley [q. v.], Thomas Gilbert (1613–1694) [q. v.], and Henry Cornish in ministering to a nonconformist congregation which met in Thame Street, Oxford. Troughton was reckoned the best preacher of the four in spite of his blindness. Wood describes him as ‘learned and religious;’ his moderation kept him on good terms with clergy of the established church. He died in All Saints' parish, Oxford, on 20 Aug. 1681, aged 44, and was buried on 22 Aug. in Bicester church. His funeral sermon was preached by Abraham James, the blind headmaster of Woodstock grammar school, and contained reflections on constituted authorities which James retracted to avoid expulsion from his mastership.

Troughton published: 1. ‘The Covenant Interest … of … Infants,’ 1675, 8vo. 2. ‘Lutherus Redivivus,’ 1677, 8vo; 2nd part, 1678, 8vo (on justification by faith; answered by Thomas Hotchkis). 3. ‘A Letter … touching God's Providence about Sinful Actions,’ 1678, 8vo. 4. ‘Popery, the Grand Apostasie,’ 1680, 8vo. 5. ‘An Apologie for the Nonconformists,’ 1681, 4to (included is ‘An Answer’ to Stillingfleet). His son, John Troughton (1666–1739), was dissenting minister at Bicester from 1698, and published several sermons (1703–25). He died on 3 Dec. 1739, aged 73.

[Wood's Athenæ Oxon. (Bliss), vol. i. p. xcii; iv. 9, 407; Calamy's Account, 1713, p. 68; Calamy's Continuation, 1727, i. 101; Foster's Alumni Oxon. 1892, iv. 1513; Oxford Free Church Magazine, October 1897, p. 68.]  TROUGHTON, WILLIAM (1614?–1677?), nonconformist divine, son of William Troughton, rector of Waberthwaite, Cumberland, was born about 1614. He matriculated at Queen's College, Oxford, on 24 Oct. 1634, aged 20. In 1647 he was chaplain to Robert Hammond [q. v.], governor of the Isle of Wight, when Charles I is said to have held affable discussions with him. A ludicrous story is told of his alarm at the bringing in of a sword for the knighting of John Duncomb. In 1651 he held the


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 rectory of Wanlip, Leicestershire, but soon afterwards obtained the vicarage of St. Martin, Salisbury, and took an active part in suppressing the royalist insurrection in that city on 11 March 1654–5. He was probably ejected at the Restoration, and preached privately as an independent at Salisbury. He is said to have been a glover, perhaps engaging in this business after ejection. In 1662 he removed to Bristol and preached there. Subsequently he removed to London. He is not heard of after 1677.

He published:
 * 1) ‘Saints in England under a Cloud,’ 1648, 8vo.
 * 2) ‘Scripture Redemption … limited,’ 1652, 8vo (answered by James Browne).
 * 3) ‘The Mystery of the Marriage Song,’ 1656, 8vo (exposition of Ps. xlv.).
 * 4) ‘Causes and Cure of Sad … Thoughts,’ 1676, 12mo; 1677, 12mo.

TROY, JOHN THOMAS (1739–1823), Roman catholic archbishop of Dublin, was born at Porterstown, a village near Dublin, on 10 May 1739. At fifteen he left Ireland to study at Rome, where he joined the Dominican order in 1756. He passed several years at Rome, and became rector of St. Clement's in that city. In 1776 Troy was appointed to succeed Dr. De Burgh as bishop of Ossory, and was consecrated at Louvain by the archbishop of Mechlin. From the commencement of his episcopate Troy proved himself the steady friend of the constituted authorities, and in 1779 and 1784 issued circulars to his clergy condemning Whiteboyism, and pronouncing excommunication against those in his diocese who should join the Whiteboy societies—a service for which he received the thanks of the lord lieutenant. In 1784, on the death of Dr. Carpenter, Troy was translated to the archbishopric of Dublin, where he maintained the same attitude towards all unconstitutional and treasonable movements, and was on terms of friendly co-operation throughout his episcopate with the authorities at Dublin Castle. Though his circular, issued on 15 March 1792, disavowing the authority of any ecclesiastical power to absolve subjects from their allegiance, is believed to have influenced the concession in that year of the relaxations embodied in Langrishe's Act, and the extension of the franchise to Roman catholics in 1793, he declined to associate himself with (1740–1817) [q. v.] and the catholic reformers in their demands for further relief, reminding his flock that they owed their improved position to a ‘most gracious king and most wise Parliament,’ and holding that further concessions would be won more readily by loyal submission than by agitation. In 1795 he publicly denounced defenderism throughout his archdiocese, and, though he was said to have joined the United Irish organisation, there is no authority for this statement, which is quite inconsistent with his policy. In 1798, in a pastoral read in all the churches, he spoke of the clerical organisers of the rebellion as ‘vile prevaricators and apostates from religion, loyalty, honour, and decorum, degrading their sacred character, and the most criminal and detestable of rebellious and seditious culprits.’ Troy's action at this time appears to have endangered his life; but the influence he had acquired with the government enabled him to moderate the repressive measures taken by the authorities. Believing that catholic emancipation could never be conceded by the Irish parliament, Troy warmly supported the proposal for a union in 1799, and his active assistance greatly smoothed the passage of the act of union in the following year. For his services to government in this connection he received a pension from the government.

Like most of the Roman catholic clergy educated abroad before the French revolution, Troy viewed with great disapprobation and alarm the growth of popular principles, and entered heartily into the policy of educating the priesthood at home, to which the foundation of Maynooth College was due. He likewise promoted a scheme for the endowment of the Roman catholic clergy, and in 1799 concurred in a series of resolutions of the catholic hierarchy calling for a measure of this kind, and recognising the principle of government intervention in the appointment of catholic clergy.

In 1809, in consequence of failing health, [q. v.] was appointed his coadjutor, with the right of succession to his see, but Troy continued for many years to fill his office. In April 1815 he laid the foundation-stone of the pro-cathedral at Marlborough Street, Dublin, where, on his death on 11 May 1823, he was interred. He died very poor, leaving scarce sufficient to pay for his burial, and Moore notes in his diary the contrast between ‘the two archbishops who died lately—him of Armagh (William Stuart), whose income was 20,000l. a year, and who left 130,000l. behind him; and Troy, the Roman catholic archbishop of Dublin, whose annual income was 800l., and who died not worth a ten penny.’


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 In the administration of his diocese and in his private life Troy was eminently zealous, pious, and charitable; and although his cordial relations with the government exposed him to many suspicions and accusations, there is no ground for questioning the integrity of his motives and conduct, which were inspired by his views of the interest of his church. He fully shared that distrust of revolutionary tendencies in civil affairs which dominated the ecclesiastical policy of the Vatican throughout his career.

TRUBBEVILLE or TRUBLEVILLE, HENRY (d. 1239), seneschal of Gascony. [See .]

TRÜBNER, NICHOLAS, (1817–1884), publisher, the eldest of four sons of a Heidelberg goldsmith, was born at Heidelberg on 17 June 1817, and educated at the gymnasium. He early showed an eager taste for study, and his parents, being unable to afford him a university training, placed him in 1831 in the shop of Mohr, the Heidelberg bookseller. Six years' hard work there brought him into contact with many learned men, and successive employment with Vandenhoek and Ruprecht at Göttingen, Hoffmann and Campe at Hamburg, and Wilmann at Frankfurt, completed his experience and widened his acquaintance with German literature and scholars. At Frankfurt William Longman [see under ] was struck with young Trübner's ability, and offered him the post of foreign corresponding clerk in his own business. It was eagerly accepted, and Nicholas arrived in London in 1843 with 30s. in his pocket. At Longman's he soon learnt the English language and book trade, and prepared himself for the position of a leading publisher.

In 1851 he entered into partnership with Thomas Delf, who had succeeded to Wiley & Putnam's American literary agency, but at first the venture failed. On David Nutt's joining him, however, the business was placed on a sound footing, and the American trade was developed. After publishing in 1855 his model ‘Bibliographical Guide to American Literature’ (four years later expanded to five times its original size), Trübner visited the United States and formed permanent connections with leading American writers and publishers. In 1857 he edited and augmented his friend Hermann Ludewig's manuscript work, ‘The Literature of American Aboriginal Languages.’ But though he maintained his American connections to the last, as his business expanded Trübner was able to indulge his passion for severer literature. His deepest interest was in philology, philosophy, religions, and, most of all, oriental studies. In spite of the claims of business, he had found time in London to study Sanskrit under Goldstücker and Hebrew with Benisch. As an orientalist himself, a competent critic, and an excellent bibliographer, he brought to the furtherance of his favourite subjects not merely enthusiasm, but critical judgment and a shrewd business mind. His success in gathering round him a band of distinguished scholars, and publishing learned works which other publishers would scarcely have risked, soon made his name a household word wherever oriental scholarship is known, and his fame in India, America, and the continent rests chiefly upon the enterprise and judgment he displayed in this line of publications. On 16 March 1865 appeared the first monthly number of ‘Trübner's American and Oriental Record,’ which did invaluable service in keeping scholars all over the world in touch with him and with each other. In 1878 began the issue of ‘Trübner's Oriental Series,’ a collection of works by the leading authorities on all branches of Eastern learning, of which he lived to see nearly fifty volumes published. His ‘British and Foreign Philosophical Library’ fulfilled a similar purpose for another branch of study. His keen interest in linguistic research led to his preparing in 1872 his ‘Catalogue of Dictionaries and Grammars of the principal Languages and Dialects of the World,’ of which an enlarged edition appeared in 1882. He also published numerous useful class catalogues of various languages and branches of study. He was publisher for government state papers and for various learned societies, such as the Royal Asiatic and the Early English Text, and added to these the ordinary business of a general publisher and foreign agent.

His own works include, besides the catalogues and bibliographies already mentioned, translations from the Flemish of Hendrik Conscience's ‘Sketches of Flemish Life,’ 1846, from the German of part of Brunnhofer's ‘Life of Giordano Bruno,’ Scheffel's ‘Die Schweden in Rippoldsau,’ and Eckstein's ‘Eternal Laws of Morality;’ and a memoir


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 of Joseph Octave Delepierre, Belgian consul in London, whose daughter he married. He also collected materials for a history of classical book selling.

As a rare combination of scholar, author, and publisher, Trübner held a unique position and exerted a remarkable influence. His house was the resort of men of learning of all nations and distinguished people of all kinds. Douglas Jerrold, G. H. Lewes, Hepworth Dixon, W. R. Greg, J. Doran, Bret Harte were among his intimates, and referring to his social charms, Louis Blanc said, ‘Trübner est une bouche d'or.’ His scholarly ardour and enthusiasm for learning, and still more his kindliness and sympathy, endeared him to a wide circle, who found in him a staunch, generous, and warm-hearted friend. Many a struggling scholar owed his final success to Trübner's practical help and steady encouragement. His services to learning were recognised by foreign rulers, who bestowed on him the orders of the crown of Prussia, Ernestine Branch of Saxony, Francis Joseph of Austria, St. Olaf of Norway, the Lion of Zähringen, and the White Elephant of Siam. He died at his residence, 29 Upper Hamilton Terrace, Maida Vale, on 30 March 1884, leaving one daughter.

[Personal knowledge; A. H. Sayce in Trübner's Record, No. 197, April 1884; Karl J. Trübner in Centralblatt für Bibliothekswesen, June 1884; Allgemeine Zeitung, 19 April 1884; W. A. E. Axon in Library Chronicle, April 1884; Athenæum, 5 April 1884; Bookseller, April 1884; Annual Report of Royal Asiatic Soc. 1884.]  TRUBSHAW, JAMES (1777–1853), engineer, born at Mount Pleasant (now Colwich) Priory in Staffordshire on 13 Feb. 1777, was the son of James Trubshaw, a stonemason and builder of Colwich, by his second wife, Elizabeth, daughter of John Webb of Levedale. He was educated at a school at Rugeley. At the age of sixteen, through the father of Sir Richard Westmacott (1775–1856) [q. v.], he obtained employment at Fonthill Abbey, the residence of William Beckford (1759–1844) [q. v.], which was then in course of erection, at Buckingham Palace, and at Windsor Castle. In 1795 he obtained employment in the construction of Wolseley Bridge, near Colwich, which his father had been commissioned to rebuild. After his father's death on 13 April 1808 he commenced business on his own account at Stone, and was fortunate enough to attract the attention of Mrs. Sneyd, a lady residing in the neighbourhood, who commissioned him to rebuild Ashcombe Hall. The manner in which he carried out this undertaking procured him other employments and established his reputation locally.

In 1827 he undertook to construct the Grosvenor Bridge over the Dee at Chester, after the design of Thomas Harrison (1744–1829) [q. v.] The bridge consisted of a single arch of two hundred feet span, and its construction was pronounced by Thomas Telford [q. v.] and other leading engineers to be impracticable. The first stone was laid in October 1827 and the bridge opened in December 1833. Models of the bridge, illustrative of the methods of construction employed, were presented by Trubshaw to the Society of Civil Engineers, of which he was a member. Among the buildings erected by Trubshaw were Ilam Hall, near Ashbourne, after the design of John Shaw (1776–1832) [q. v.], and Weston House in Warwickshire, after the design of Edward Blore [q. v.] He constructed the Exeter Bridge over the Derwent at Derby, opened in October 1850, a work which presented peculiar difficulties on account of the sudden floods with which it was assailed, and the quicksands encountered in the middle of the river. He was also successful in restoring the church tower of Wyburnbury in Cheshire to the perpendicular, from which it had declined more than five feet. To effect this he employed specially constructed gouges, with which he removed the earth under the higher side. He was for a time engineer to the Trent and Mersey Canal Company, and their works bear many traces of his originality and skill.

Trubshaw died on 28 Oct. 1853 at Colwich, and was buried in the churchyard. In 1800 he married Mary, youngest daughter of Thomas Bott of Stone. By her he had three sons and three daughters. Their eldest son, Thomas, born on 4 April 1802, was an architect of considerable ability; he died on 7 June 1842. Their daughter, Susanna Trubshaw, was the author of a volume of ‘Poems’ (Stafford, 1863, 8vo). In 1874 she edited ‘Wayside Inns’ (Stafford, 8vo), a selection of poems and essays, partly of her own composition, and in 1876 published ‘Family Records’ (Stafford, 8vo).

[Susanna Trubshaw's Family Records; Memoir by John Miller in Gent. Mag. 1854, i. 97–101.]  TRUMAN, JOSEPH (1631–1671), ejected minister and metaphysician, son of Richard and Mary Truman, was born at Gedling, near Nottingham, and baptised there on 2 Feb. 1630–1. His father, who held some public post in the place, got into


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 He further expressed the view that—

""[t]he high service rendered by the 'cruel and unusual' punishment clause of the Eighth Amendment is to require legislatures to write penal laws that are evenhanded, non-selective, and nonarbitrary …""

On the issue of arbitrariness Brennan J observed in Furman that—

""In determining whether a punishment comports with human dignity, we are aided also by a second principle inherent in the [Cruel and Unusual Punishments] Clause—that the State must not arbitrarily inflict a severe punishment. This principle derives from the notion that the State does not respect human dignity when, without reason, it inflicts upon some people a severe punishment that it does not inflict upon others.""

He also stated (in a context not dissimilar to ours where a vast number of murders are committed, a large number of accused charged and convicted but relatively few ultimately executed) that—

""No one has yet suggested a rational basis that could differentiate in those terms the few who die from the many who go to prison. Crimes and criminals simply do not admit of a distinction that can be drawn so finely as to explain, on that ground, the execution of such a tiny sample of those eligible … Nor is the distinction credible in fact.""

Stewart J founded his judgment on the fact that the imposition of so extreme a penalty in pursuance of the Georgia statute was inevitably arbitrary. After referring to the fact that "the petitioners are among a capriciously selected random handful upon whom the sentence of death has in fact been imposed" he concludes simply by holding that—

""the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments cannot tolerate the infliction of a sentence of death under legal systems that permit this unique penalty to be so wantonly and so freakishly imposed""

In Callins v. Collins, cert. denied, 114 S.Ct. 1127, 127 L.Ed 435 (1994) Blackmun J filed a dissenting opinion. In it he observed that —

"[e]xperience has taught us that the constitutional goal of eliminating arbitrariness and discrimination from the administration of death, see Furman v. Georgia, supra , can never be achieved without

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 compromising an equally essential component of fundamental fairness individualized sentencing. See Lockett v. Ohio, 438 U.S. 586 (1978)."

and, commenting upon its unavoidable arbitrariness, that —

""[i]t is virtually self-evident to me now that no combination of procedural rules or substantive regulations ever can save the death penalty from its inherent constitutional deficiencies. The basic question—does the system accurately and consistently determine which defendants 'deserve' to die?—cannot be answered in the affirmative.""

He further expressed the view that —

""[a]lthough most of the public seems to desire, and the Constitution appears to permit, the penalty of death, it surely is beyond dispute that if the death penalty cannot be administered consistently and rationally, it must not be administered at all." (emphasis added)"

and that, in the aftermath of the Furman judgment—

""[i]t soon became apparent that discretion could not be eliminated from capital sentencing without threatening the fundamental fairness due a defendant when life is at stake. Just as contemporary society was no longer tolerant of the random or discriminatory infliction of the penalty of death … evolving standards of decency required due consideration of the uniqueness of each individual defendant when imposing society's ultimate penalty … [T]he consistency and rationality promised in Furman are inversely related to the fairness owed the individual when considering a sentence of death. A step toward consistency is a step away from fairness"."

In considering a constitutional right to life unfettered by the restraints or interpretative problems of the right in the US Constitution, I am of the view that the above dicta are appropriate to the issue of the constitutionality of the death sentence in South Africa. As general propositions, which can be applied in the context of our Constitution, I would accept and endorse the views of Blackmun J.

As to the more general principle that arbitrariness conflicts with the idea of a right to equality and equality before the law I am fortified in my view by the following remarks of Bhagwati, J in Gandhi v. Union of India 1978 SC 597 at 624:

"We must reiterate here what was pointed out by the majority in E.P. Royappa v. State of Tamil Nadu (1974) 2 SCR 348: (AIR 1974 SC 555) namely, that 'from a positivistic point of view, equality is antithetic to arbitrariness. In fact equality and arbitrariness are sworn enemies; one belongs to the rule of law in a republic, while the other, to the whim and caprice of an absolute

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   monarch. Where an act is arbitrary, it is implicit in it that it is unequal both according to political logic and constitutional law and is, therefore violative of Article 14.'"

I am mindful of the fact that it is virtually impossible (save in the case of rigidly circumscribed mandatory sentences—which present other dangers) to avoid elements of arbitrariness in the imposition of any punishment. Arbitrary elements are present in the difficult decision to send an offender to prison for the first time, or in deciding what the appropriate length of the prison sentence should be in any case where it is imposed. However, the consequences of the death sentence, as a form of punishment, differ so radically from any other sentence that the death sentence differs not only in degree but also in substance from any other form of punishment. A sentence which preserves life differs incomparably from one which obliterates life. The executed person has, in fact, "lost the right to have rights." In this sense the death sentence is unique and the dimension and consequences of arbitrariness in its imposition differ fundamentally from the dimension and consequences of arbitrariness in the imposition of any other punishment.

In paragraphs [44] to [46]  of his judgment the President has referred to the relevant statutory provisions prescribing the tests to be applied for the imposition of the death sentence and the guidelines laid down for their application by the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court. In the end, whatever guidelines are employed, a process of weighing up has to take place between "mitigating factors" (if any) and "aggravating factors" and thereafter a value judgment made as to whether "the sentence of death is the proper sentence." I am not suggesting that the statutory provisions could have been better formulated or that the Appellate Division guidelines could be improved upon. The fact of the matter is that they leave such a wide latitude for differences of individual assessment, evaluation and normative judgment, that they are inescapably arbitrary to a marked degree. There must be many borderline cases where two courts, with the identical accused and identical facts, would undoubtedly come to different conclusions.

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text:
The Times/1884/Public notice/Anthony Rubens Montalba

On the 24th July, at Venice, ANTHONY R. MONTALBA, Esq. Of 20, Stanley-crescent, deeply mourned. Friends, please accept this intimation.


text:
The Times/1938/Obituary/Augustus Frederick Montalba

MR. AUGUSTUS MONTALBA

A correspondent writes:—

Mr. Edward Augustus Montalba, the last surviving member of the Montalba family, whose house at Camp Sant'Agnese was a gathering place for artists in the latter part of the nineteenth century, died at Venice on June 17 at the age of 94. Born at Bristol in 1843, he was the son of Anthony Montalba. A naturalized British subject of Swedish origin, and of an English mother. Though he possessed none of the artistic gifts for which his sisters Clara, the water-colour painter, and Hilda, the sculptor, were celebrated, Augustus was nevertheless a remarkable old gentleman in his way, and the words which once appeared in a local paper below a caricature of him, Je suis le frère de mes soeurs, failed to do justice to this old-time character.

In his broad-brimmed hat, his immaculate white suit and spats, with a market basket on his arm, Augustus Montalba was until last summer an almost daily visitor to the Venice market, fore culinary matters were, for him, one of the principal items on the day's agenda. But to those who enjoyed his friendship he loved to relate happenings at Venice in bygone days. By his death the British community at Venice has lost its oldest member and one who was ever ready to contribute generously to a good cause.


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 {|style="margin:0 auto 0 auto;"
 * WM. T. SCOTT, ||JAMES G. THOMPSON,
 * WILLIAM HEAD SCURRY, ||W. S. TODD,
 * JAMES E. SHEPARD, ||JAMES WALWORTH,
 * SAM S. SMITH, ||R. H. WARD,
 * GIDEON SMITH, ||WM. WARREN,
 * JOHN D. STELL, ||JAS. C. WATKINS,
 * JOHN G. STEWART, ||JOHN A. WHARTON,
 * CHARLES STEWART, ||JOSEPH P. WIER,
 * F. S. STOCKDALE, ||JNO. A, WILCOX,
 * WM. H. STEWART, ||A. P. WILEY,
 * PLEASANT TAYLOR, ||BEN WILLIAMS,
 * B. F. TERRY, ||JASON WILSON,
 * NATHANIEL TERRY, ||PHILIP A. WORK.
 * E. THOMASON.
 * }
 * CHARLES STEWART, ||JOSEPH P. WIER,
 * F. S. STOCKDALE, ||JNO. A, WILCOX,
 * WM. H. STEWART, ||A. P. WILEY,
 * PLEASANT TAYLOR, ||BEN WILLIAMS,
 * B. F. TERRY, ||JASON WILSON,
 * NATHANIEL TERRY, ||PHILIP A. WORK.
 * E. THOMASON.
 * }
 * B. F. TERRY, ||JASON WILSON,
 * NATHANIEL TERRY, ||PHILIP A. WORK.
 * E. THOMASON.
 * }
 * E. THOMASON.
 * }

Delegates who served only at the adjourned session, and signed the Ordinance on, or after the second day of March:

1. The people of Texas in Convention assembled, Do declare and ordain, and it is hereby declared and ordained, that a general election shall be held on the 23d day of February, A. D., 1861, for the purpose of rejecting or ratifying the ordinance of Secession of the State of Texas from the United States of


text: Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Pfeiffer, Carl


text:
User talk:64.30.71.107

Welcome

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title: User talk:64.30.71.107


text:
Page:Darwin Journal of Researches.djvu/36

 14 time, generally expelled the air and water with considerable force from the branchial apertures and mouth. It could emit, at will, a certain portion of the water ; and it appears, therefore, probable that this fluid is taken in partly for the sake of regulating its specific gravity. This Diodon possessed several means of defence. It could give a severe bite, and could eject water from its mouth to some distance, at the same time making a curious noise by the movement of its jaws. By the inflation of its body, the papillæ, with which the skin is covered, become erect and pointed. But the most curious circumstance is, that it secretes from the skin of its belly, when handled, a most beautiful carmine-red fibrous matter, which stains ivory and paper in so permanent a manner, that the tint is retained with all its brightness to the present day: I am quite ignorant of the nature and use of this secretion. I have heard from Dr. Allan of Forres, that he has frequently found a Diodon, floating alive and distended, in the stomach of the shark ; and that on several occasions he has known it eat its way, not only through the coats of the stomach, but through the sides of the monster, which has thus been killed. Who would ever have imagined that a little soft fish could have destroyed the great and savage shark ?

March 18th.—We sailed from Bahia. A few days afterwards, when not far distant from the Abrolhos Islets, my attention was called to a reddish-brown appearance in the sea. The whole surface of the water, as it appeared under a weak lens, seemed as if covered by chopped bits of hay, with their ends jagged. These are minute cylindrical confervæ, in bundles or rafts of from twenty to sixty in each. Mr. Berkeley informs me that they are the same species (Trichodesmium erythræum) with that found over large spaces in the Red Sea, and whence its name of Red Sea is derived. Their numbers must be infinite: the ship passed through several bands of them, one of which was about ten yards wide, and, judging from the mud-like colour of the water, at least two and a half miles long. In almost every long voyage some account is given of these confervæ. They appear especially common in the sea near Australia; and off Cape Leeuwin I found an


text:
User talk:Mr Gronk

— billinghurst  sDrewth  13:39, 31 January 2011 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mr Gronk


text: Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Pfeiffer, Ludwig Georg


text:
User talk:Htonl/Archives/2009

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I hope you enjoy helping us expand the Wikisource library. If you need help, ask me on my talk page, or ask your question here and place  before your question.

Again, welcome! --Spangineerwp (háblame) 00:01, 2 May 2009 (UTC)

Easy anchors
Just so you know, we do have anchor for easy addition of anchors. -- billinghurst (talk) 04:42, 2 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Welcome. There are quirks, cheats & nice helpful people all over this place! billinghurst (talk)

South African Constitution
Thanks for adding the South African constitution. I honestly think that Constitution of the Republic of South Africa/Schedule 6A was preferable to Schedule 6A to the Constitution of South Africa because it places the more general identifying element before what identifies a subordinate part. It's fine to host current copies of legal documents if someone is willing to keep them up to date, and national constitutions should be relatively easy on this score. I would suggest that each page of the Constitution should show that the page is current to whatever dat you last edited it. Eclecticology - the offended (talk) 01:57, 11 May 2009 (UTC)

Transclude part of constitutional documents
At Constitutional documents you added a See Also that points to Constitutional documents of South Africa. We could also be a bit sneaky, and add a  to the important parts of the second page and transclude them onto that first page. eg. around the prominent docs on the South Africa page we could do this Then on the main Con Docs page, between the Marker and the See Also we could add and that will transclude that section of the other document. Sort of the best of both worlds. -- billinghurst (talk) 08:06, 24 May 2009 (UTC)
 * doc 1
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OCR button
Hello,

The ocr button is now enabled by default. you'll need to update your preferences as it's been disabled for you. sorry for the inconvenience. ThomasV (talk) 18:05, 8 July 2009 (UTC)

title: User talk:Htonl/Archives/2009


text:
User talk:Htonl/Archives/2010

Got it validated
Notice 1490 of 2008 is all validated in the Page: namespace. :-) Do consider adding it to new texts  billinghurst  sDrewth  15:14, 28 January 2010 (UTC)

Little request

 * ''Notice modeled after

As Template:New texts is monitored in IRC, and many users have it in their Watchlists, I was wondering whether you would consider adding the name of the text being added to the edit summary, rather than solely +1,-1. Even if it is just have +Name of work, -1 that would be most helpful. Thanks. -- Cirt (talk) 04:20, 21 March 2010 (UTC)

Knock, knock. Input required
As the contributor, or at least the local expert, would you mind participating in the conversation Possible copyright violations. Thanks. — billinghurst  sDrewth  12:37, 3 May 2010 (UTC)

Unfair block
Dear Htonl – I have become fairly active on the Possible copyright violations  discussion page in recent times. You are probably familiar with some of the issues I have raised there (including what is meant by an “Edict of Government”). On 2 May 2010 I made a number of edits. Most of these edits related to me “tagging, hiding and listing for discussion” works that were labeled as “Edicts of Government” (e.g. South African political speeches, a national anthem and other works). The same day Administrator Billinghurst blocked me. I cannot say precisely why – as he did not give precise reasons – but the general heading he gave was that “Okay, that is too rampant” (i.e. I was being too active in ““tagging, hiding and listing for discussion”).

I have disagreed with Billinghurst on a number of copyright points of late – basically, I would like the same standard to be applied to all works. The same high standard that is – even if that means that a lot of works need to be listed for discussion etc - but his approach is different. I think Billinghurst views me as ‘trouble’. In contrast, I think I have made a worthwhile contribution, prompting interesting discussions, greater clarity and the removal of some works. Indeed, the works I “tagged, hid and listed for discussion” on 2 May 2010 have led to interesting copyright discussions on the copyright violations discussion page. I would like Billinghurst to apologise for blocking me and somehow “expunge” my record.

I would appreciate any contribution you would like to make on my talk page where my block is being discussed. I am sending this message to all persons who have participated on the same copyright violation discussions as me. I do not know how else to generate further participation in the discussion concerning my block save direct messages – as I cannot list this matter (a personal one) on the copyright violations page. The discussion is at User talk:Formosa. Given my treatment, I admit to feeling a bit disheartened about my continuing involvement in the copyright violations project. Thanks. Formosa (talk) 13:04, 9 May 2010 (UTC)

Sidenotes templates
Hi. Just looked under the hood at some of the legislation that you have transcribed and congratulate you on your patience. For future reference, you may be interested in the Sidenotes templates sidenotes begin which have been set up to do that sort of stuff, and hopefully less painlessly. — billinghurst  sDrewth  23:21, 12 May 2010 (UTC)

WP:LAW
Hello! I saw your work at Copyright Regulations, 1978, so I thought you may be interested in Wikiproject Law. Cheers, stephen (talk) 22:15, 30 June 2010 (UTC)

Most things at Wikisource: ns to Portal: ns
Following a discussion at Scriptorium, it was agreed that the subject matter pages at the Wikisource: namespace, like Constitutional documents of South Africa would be moved to the Portal: namespace, with x-ns redirects existing for a period. While it is still early in the process, you may wish to consider those subject pages that you have created, and how they may be moved. — billinghurst  sDrewth  14:29, 2 July 2010 (UTC)

Talkback
an alternative tested — billinghurst  sDrewth  12:20, 18 July 2010 (UTC)

Validated
Hi again,

Noticed you've done some re-work on the original 1996 South African Constitution pages so I figured it is well past time somebody ran along with you and at least validated the proofread pages. Didn't find too many deviations in it (a tribute to all that hard work) and easily fixed the errant ommissions, though certain pages where some combination of: causes an "unbalance" in opening & closing tags or something so that any attempt to edit the Page: on my part forces a large swath of content to be rendered by my browser in the <noinclude> footer somehow and would go completely missing upon saving and first transclusion. The last line in the main content box is at or around where you're centering an anchored chapter or sub-division title if that makes any difference, No big deal because everything trancludes just fine apparently but without a tweak or two, you'll need someone else to validate those pages for you -- I left those pages untouched and as I found them in case it's not clear.George Orwell III (talk) 05:32, 5 September 2010 (UTC)
 * <center> and ; or
 * <center> and along with ; or
 * <center> and outside of <div>; or
 * some other combinations using the above...

 * Firstly, thanks very much for doing all that validating! Secondly, that's rather weird. I've looked at the pages you didn't validate, and on most of them the subdivision headers used a slightly unconventional use of noinclude/includeonly. So I've removed that; but some of them aren't like that. So I'd appreciate it if you could look over them again and see if any of them work. Other than that, could you tell me what browser you're using so I can try to replicate the bug? Thanks, Htonl (talk) 18:40, 5 September 2010 (UTC)

 * Sorry for not touching back sooner.... had to run. I see you've already gone back & smoothed out my rough edges & validated that last page too. It does seem like it was the noinclude/includeonly ballet that caused that. Well, just holler if need a second hand - I'm usually around every other day. George Orwell III (talk) 01:23, 7 September 2010 (UTC)

title: User talk:Htonl/Archives/2010


text:
User talk:Htonl/Archives

 * 2009: Easy anchors | South African Constitution | Transclude part of constitutional documents | OCR button.
 * 2010: Got it validated | Little request | Knock, knock. Input required | Unfair block | Sidenotes templates | WP:LAW | Most things at Wikisource: ns to Portal: ns | Talkback | Validated

title: User talk:Htonl/Archives


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Diffraction of Light/4


text: Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Phelan, John Dennis


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Page:Darwin Journal of Researches.djvu/37

 1832.] allied, but smaller and apparently different species. Captain Cook, in his third voyage, remarks, that the sailors gave to this appearance the name of sea-sawdust.

Near Keeling Atoll, in the Indian Ocean, I observed many little masses of confervæ a few inches square, consisting of long cylindrical threads of excessive thinness, so as to be barely visible to the naked eye, mingled with other rather larger bodies, finely conical at both ends. Two of these are shown in the woodcut united together. They vary in length from ·04 to ·06, and even to ·08 of an inch in length ; and in diameter from ·006 to ·008 of a inch. Near one extremity of the cylindrical part, a green septum, formed of granular matter, and thickest in the middle, may generally be seen. This, I believe, is the bottom of a most delicate, colourless sac, composed of a pulpy substance, which lines the exterior case, but does not extend within the extreme conical points. In some specimens, small but perfect spheres of brownish granular matter supplied the places of the septa ; and I observed the curious process by which they were produced. The pulpy matter of the internal coating suddenly grouped itself into lines, some of which assumed a form radiating from a common centre ; it then continued, with an irregular and rapid movement, to contract itself, so that in the course of a second the whole was united into a perfect little sphere, which occupied the position of the septum at one end of the now quite hollow case. The formation of the granular sphere was hastened by any accidental injury. I may add, that frequently a pair of these bodies were attached to each other, as represented above, cone beside cone, at that end where the septum occurs.

I will here add a few other observations connected with the discoloration of the sea from organic causes. On the coast of Chile, a few leagues north of Concepcion, the Beagle one day passed through great bands of muddy water, exactly like that of a swollen river ; and again, a degree south of Valparaiso, when fifty miles from the land, the same appearance was still more extensive. Some of the water placed in a glass was of a pale reddish tint ; and, examined under a microscope, was seen to swarm with minute animalcula darting about, and often


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 We may compare this with the corresponding result for a rectangular aperture of width a, ξ/ƒ =λ/a; and it appears that in consequence of the preponderance of the central parts, the compensation in the case of the circle does not set in at so small an obliquity as when the circle is replaced by a rectangular aperture, whose side is equal to the diameter of the circle.

Again, if we compare the complete circle with a narrow annular aperture of the same radius, we see that in the latter case the first dark ring occurs at a much smaller obliquity, viz.

It has been found by Sir William Herschel and others that the definition of a telescope is often improved by stopping off a part of the central area of the object-glass; but the advantage to be obtained in this way is in no case great, and anything like a reduction of the aperture to a narrow annulus is attended by a development of the external luminous rings sufficient to outweigh any improvement due to the diminished diameter of the central area.

The maximum brightnesses and the places at which they occur are easily determined with the aid of certain properties of the Bessel’s functions. It is known (see ) that

The maxima of C occur when $\frac{d}{dz}\left(\frac{\mathrm{J}_{1}(z)}{z}\right) = \frac{\mathrm{J}_{1}{}^{\prime}(z)}{z} - \frac{\mathrm{J}_{1}(z)}{z^2} = 0;$ or by 17 when J2(z) = 0. When z has one of the values thus determined, $\frac{2}{z}\mathrm{J}_{1}(z) = \mathrm{J}_{0}(z).$ The accompanying table is given by Lommel, in which the first column gives the roots of J2(z) = 0, and the second and third columns the corresponding values of the functions specified. If appears that the maximum brightness in the first ring is only about of the brightness at the centre.

We will now investigate the total illumination distributed over the area of the circle of radius r. We have

where

Thus $2\pi \int \mathrm{I}^2rdr = \frac{\lambda^2f^2}{2\pi \mathrm{R}^2}\int \mathrm{I}^2zdz = \pi \mathrm{R}^2\cdot 2 \int z^{- 1}\mathrm{J}_{1}{}^2(z)dz.$ Now by (17), (18) z−1J1(z) = J0(z) − J1′(z); so that $z^{-1}\mathrm{J}_{1}{}^2(z) = - \tfrac{1}{2}\frac{d}{dz}\mathrm{J}_{0}{}^2 - \tfrac{1}{2}\frac{d}{dz}\mathrm{J}_{1}{}^2(z),$ and

If r, or z, be infinite, J0(z), J1(z) vanish, and the whole illumination is expressed by πR², in accordance with the general principle. In any case the proportion of the whole illumination to be found outside the circle of radius r is given by J0²(z) + J1²(z). For the dark rings J1(z) = 0; so that the fraction of illumination outside any dark ring is simply J0²(z). Thus for the first, second, third and fourth dark rings we get respectively .161, .090, .062, .047, showing that more than 9⁄10ths of the whole light is concentrated within the area of the second dark ring (Phil. Mag., 1881).

When z is great, the descending series (10) gives

so that the places of maxima and minima occur at equal intervals.

The mean brightness varies as z-3 (or as r-3), and the integral found by multiplying it by zdz and integrating between 0 and ∞ converges.

It may be instructive to contrast this with the case of an infinitely narrow annular aperture, where the brightness is proportional to J0²(z). When z is great, $\mathrm{J}_{0}(z) = \sqrt{\big.}\left(\frac{2}{\pi z}\right) \cos(z-\tfrac{1}{4}\pi ).$ The mean brightness varies as z−1; and the integral ∞ 0 J0²(z)z dz is not convergent.

 5. Resolving Power of Telescopes.—The efficiency of a telescope is of course intimately connected with the size of the disk by which it represents a mathematical point. In estimating theoretically the resolving power on a double star we have to consider the illumination of the field due to the superposition of the two independent images. If the angular interval between the components of a double star were equal to twice that expressed in equation (15) above, the central disks of the diffraction patterns would be just in contact. Under these conditions there is no doubt that the star would appear to be fairly resolved, since the brightness of its external ring system is too small to produce any material confusion, unless indeed the components are of very unequal magnitude. The diminution of the star disks with increasing aperture was observed by Sir William Herschel, and in 1823 Fraunhofer formulated the law of inverse proportionality. In investigations extending over a long series of years, the advantage of a large aperture in separating the components of close double stars was fully examined by W. R. Dawes.

The resolving power of telescopes was investigated also by J. B. L. Foucault, who employed a scale of equal bright and dark alternate parts; it was found to be proportional to the aperture and independent of the focal length. In telescopes of the best construction and of moderate aperture the performance is not sensibly prejudiced by outstanding aberration, and the limit imposed by the finiteness of the waves of light is practically reached. M. E. Verdet has compared Foucault’s results with theory, and has drawn the conclusion that the radius of the visible part of the image of a luminous point was equal to half the radius of the first dark ring.

The application, unaccountably long delayed, of this principle to the microscope by H. L. F. Helmholtz in 1871 is the foundation of the important doctrine of the microscopic limit. It is true that in 1823 Fraunhofer, inspired by his observations upon gratings, had very nearly hit the mark. And a little before Helmholtz, E. Abbe published a somewhat more complete investigation, also founded upon the phenomena presented by gratings. But although the argument from gratings is instructive and convenient in some respects, its use has tended to obscure the essential unity of the principle of the limit of resolution whether applied to telescopes or microscopes.

In fig. 4, AB represents the axis of an optical instrument (telescope or microscope), A being a point of the object and B a point of the image. By the operation of the object-glass LL′ all the rays issuing from A arrive in the same phase at B. Thus if A be self-luminous, the illumination is a maximum at B, where all the secondary waves agree in phase. B is in fact the centre of the diffraction disk which constitutes the image of A. At neighbouring points the illumination is less, in consequence of the discrepancies of phase which there enter. In like manner if we take a neighbouring point P, also self-luminous, in the plane of the object, the waves which issue from it will arrive at B with phases no longer absolutely concordant, and the discrepancy of phase will increase as the interval AP

title: Page:EB1911 - Volume 08.djvu/260


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Leo (popes)/Leo XI


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 16 . Their shape is oval, and contracted in the middle by a ring of vibrating curved ciliæ. It was, however, very difficult to examine them with care, for almost the instant motion ceased, even while crossing the field of vision, their bodies burst. Sometimes both ends burst at once, sometimes only one, and a quantity of coarse, brownish, granular matter was ejected. The animal an instant before bursting expanded to half again its natural size ; and the explosion took place about fifteen seconds after the rapid progressive motion had ceased : in a few cases it was preceded for a short interval by a rotatory movement on the longer axis. About two minutes after any number were isolated in a drop of water, they thus perished. The animals move with the narrow apex forwards, by the aid of their vibratory ciliæ, and generally by rapid starts. They are exceedingly minute, and quite invisible to the naked eye, only covering a space equal to the square of the thousandth of an inch. Their numbers were infinite ; for the smallest drop of water which I could remove contained very many. In one day we passed through two spaces of water thus stained, one of which alone must have extended over several square miles. What incalculable numbers of these microscopical animals! The colour of the water, as seen at some distance, was like that of a river which has flowed through a red clay district ; but under the shade of the vessel's side it was quite as dark as chocolate., The line where the red and blue water joined was distinctly defined. The weather for some days previously had been calm, and the ocean abounded, to an unusual degree, with living creatures.

In the sea around Tierra del Fuego, and at no great distance from the land, I have seen narrow lines of water of a bright red colour, from the number of crustacea, which somewhat resemble in form large prawns. The sealers call them whale-food. Whether whales feed on them I do not know ; but terns,


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 1832.], and immense herds of great unwieldy seals derive, on some parts of the coast, their chief sustenance from these swimming crabs. Seamen invariably attribute the discoloration of the water to spawn ; but I found this to be the case only on one occasion. At the distance of several leagues from the Archipelago of the Galapagos, the ship sailed through three strips of a dark yellowish, or mud-like water ; these strips were some miles long, but only a few yards wide, and they were separated from the surrounding water by a sinuous yet distinct margin. The colour was caused by little gelatinous balls, about the fifth of an inch in diameter, in which numerous minute spherical ovules were embedded: they were of two distinct kinds, one being of a reddish colour and of a different shape from the other. I cannot form a conjecture as to what two kinds of animals these belonged. Captain Colnett remarks, that this appearance is very common among the Galapagos Islands, and that the direction of the bands indicates that of the currents; in the described case, however, the line was caused by the wind. The only other appearance which I have to notice, is a thin oily coat on the water which displays iridescent colours I saw a considerable tract of the ocean thus covered on the coast of Brazil ; the seamen attributed it to the putrefying carcass of some whale, which probably was floating at no great distance. I do not here mention the minute gelatinous particles, hereafter to be referred to, which are frequently dispersed throughout the water, for they are not sufficiently abundant to create any change of colour.

There are two circumstances in the above accounts which appear remarkable: first, how do the various bodies which form the bands with defined edges keep together? In the case of the prawn-like crabs, their movements were as coinstantaneous as in a regiment of soldiers; but this cannot happen from any thing like voluntary action with the ovules, or the confervæ, nor is it probable among the infusoria. Secondly, what causes the length and narrowness of the bands? The appearance so much resembles that which may be seen in every torrent, where the stream uncoils into long streaks the froth collected in the eddies, that I must attribute the effect to a similar action either of the currents of the air or sea. Under this supposition we must believe that the various organized bodies are produced in certain


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Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 46.djvu/198

 In 1811 he revisited Russia, and on 7 Feb. 1812 he triumphantly married his Russian princess. He was subsequently received in Russian military and diplomatic circles, and became well acquainted with the Russian version of the events of 1812–13, of which he gave a graphic account in his ‘Narrative of the Campaign in Russia during 1812.’ He had returned to England previous to the appearance of his book, and was on 2 April 1813 knighted by the prince-regent. He was soon abroad again, and in August 1817 he started from St. Petersburg upon an extended course of travel, proceeding through the Caucasus to Teheran, thence southwards by Ispahan to the site of the ancient Persepolis, where he made many valuable drawings and transcribed a number of cuneiform inscriptions. After some stay at Shiraz, he retraced his steps to Ispahan, and proceeded to Ecbatana and Bagdad; and then, following the course of Xenophon's Katabasis, to Scutari. He published the records of this long journey in his ‘Travels in Georgia, Persia, Armenia, Ancient Babylonia, 1817–1820,’ 2 vols. 4to, 1821. This huge book, which is full of interest and is a great advance upon his previous volumes of travel, was illustrated by bold drawings of mountain scenery, of works of art, and antiquities. A large number of Porter's original sketches are now preserved in the British Museum, to which they were presented by the author's sister Jane. At Teheran Porter had an interview with the Persian monarch Futteh Ali Shah, whose portrait he drew, and from whose hands in 1819 he received the insignia of the order of the Lion and the Sun. After returning to England, he soon left again for Russia, but in 1826 he was appointed British consul in Venezuela. During the fifteen years that he held that position he resided at Caracas, where he kept up an extensive hospitality, and became well known and popular. He continued to employ his pencil, and painted several large sacred pieces, including ‘Christ instituting the Eucharist,’ ‘Christ healing a Little Child,’ ‘Ecce Homo,’ and ‘St. John writing the Apocalypse.’ He also painted a portrait of Simon Bolivar, the founder of the republic of Columbia.

In 1832, in recognition of the benefits he had conferred upon the protestant community of Caracas, he was created a knight-commander of the order of Hanover. He returned to England in 1841. His wife had died at St. Petersburg, of typhus fever, on 27 Sept. 1826; but his only daughter was still living in the Russian capital, having in 1837 become the wife of M. Kikine, an officer in the Russian army. After a short stay with his brother, Dr. William Ogilvie Porter, at Bristol, he went on a visit to Madame Kikine. On 3 May 1842 he wrote from St. Petersburg to his brother that he was on the eve of sailing for England; but he died suddenly of apoplexy as he was returning in his drosky from a farewell visit to the czar Alexander I on the following day. He was buried in St. Petersburg, a monument being also erected to his memory in Bristol Cathedral. Owing to his large expenditure his affairs were left in some disorder, but his estate was finally wound up in August 1844 by his executrix, Jane Porter, who speaks of him with the greatest affection as her ‘beloved and protecting brother.’ His books, engravings, and antiquities were sold at Christie's on 30 March 1843. His drawings included twenty-six illustrations to the odes of Anacreon, a large panoramic view of Caracas, and a very interesting sketch-book (forty-two drawings) of Sir John Moore's campaigns, which was presented by his sister to the British Museum. In the print-room there are several other drawings by Porter, and two fine portraits—a mezzotint by W. O. Burgess, after G. Harlowe, in which is depicted a handsome man in a Russian diplomatic uniform lined with fur; and an engraving by Anthony Carden, after J. Wright.

A man of the most varied attainments, Porter was justly described as ‘distinguished alike in arts, in diplomacy, in war, and in literature.’ He was a splendid horseman, excelled in field sports, and possessed the art of ingratiating himself with people of every rank in life. Unlike some popular favourites, he was the idol of his own domestic circle.

[Porter's Works in the British Museum Library, where are also the descriptive sketches of several of his pictures, including ‘Seringapatam,’ the ‘Siege of Acre,’ and the ‘Battle of Alexandria;’ Gent. Mag. 1842, ii. 98–9; Annual Register, 1842, p. 267; Times, 28 May 1842; Bristol Mercury, 21 May 1842; Athenæum, 1850, p. 355; Art Journal, 1850, p, 276; Dibdin's Reminiscences of a Literary Life, ii. 143 sq.; Hall's Memories, p. 128; Roget's ‘Old’ Water-colour Society; Chambers's Book of Days; Biographical Dictionary of Living Authors, 1816, p. 281; the Pantheon of the Age; Michaud's Biographie Universelle; Redgrave's Dict. of English Artists; Bryan's Dict. of Painters and Engravers; Allibone's Dict. of Engl. Literature; Journal of the Society of Arts, 2 Aug. 1895; Notes and Queries, 1st ser. v. 185, viii. 364, 526, 576, 4th ser. xi. 177, 5th ser. iv. 370, v. 16, 6th ser. xi. 330, 7th ser. vii. 312; Memorial to the Porter Family in Bristol Cathedral; Ker Porter Correspondence in the library of Sir Thomas Phillipps at Thirlestane House, Cheltenham.]


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 Cornell University Library The original of this book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924019299670

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User talk:67.211.8.22

- Theornamentalist (talk) 16:17, 31 January 2011 (UTC)

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last edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica, published in 1910, contains an excellent little essay on the Ballet, which ends, after bewailing the modern degeneracy of the art, with these ill-omened words:

"It seems unlikely that we shall see any revival of the best period and style of dancing until a higher standard of grace and manners becomes fashionable in society. Only in an atmosphere of ceremony, courtesy, and chivalry can the dance maintain itself in perfection."

Well, it is a dangerous thing to be a A

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Rh prophet; and that this particular prophet has proved most happily at fault will be plain to everyone. The passage is quoted here, however, not at all for the simple pleasure of refuting it, but rather because it aptly indicates some of those more than ordinary difficulties which lie in wait for any English critic of the Russian Ballet. For it must be remembered that our author of the Encyclopædia was hardly, if at all, behind the times in which he wrote. M. Diaghilew's company did not make its first appearance in London till the summer of 1911, and though before then there had been considerable evidence of a revival in individual dancing, concerted dancing on a definite theme (which we may take as a practical definition of the ballet) had seldom reached a lower stage of insignificance. In those days,

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Rh few even of the best informed among the critics were aware of what was going on in Russia, and it is scarcely strange that London's first experience of the Russian Ballet took the majority of us utterly by surprise.

During the last few years a mighty revolution has had to be worked in our ideas concerning the whole art of the dance. And this not only as regards the dances of the ballroom. In the theatre the change has been no less striking, and we have found ourselves in the position of being forced to develop a completely fresh set of æsthetic standards so as to keep pace with the development of a tradition which for us, previously, had been little more than a dead and obsolete form. In this task we have been obliged to proceed mainly by the light of nature. There have been few to guide us, and

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Rh for once the critics, both amateur and professional, have found themselves in the same galley.

I know, of course, that in the interval which separates us from the date, say, of that article in the Encyclopædia, a good deal has been written on the subject of the ballet and its revival. We have had, for instance, Mr. Crawford Flitch's able volume on Modern Dancing and Dancers, to which I hereby declare a conspicuous and inevitable debt. But not so far, perhaps, has the subject found a really adequate treatment, and, in the absence of such treatment, all hasty conclusions will be wise to acknowledge the limits within which they have been arrived at.

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INTRODUCTION As for the present book, it can make no claim whatever to provide a detailed and reasoned account of the Russian Ballet, or yet of the great artist and dancer whose name is its ornament. Its character will be that of a purely personal impression, supported, I hope, by some wider considerations, but still essentially an impression, and with the value of an impression rather than of a work of studied criticism.

In spite of obvious shortcomings, there is something to be said for such a method. For dancing is one of those arts which least repay too dry an exposition. In this it is like music, and most unlike the monumental arts of sculpture, painting, literature, which, in virtue of their very persistence, have the less claim to be recorded. For we can read the book, or see the picture for ourselves, and go to

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Rh criticism for information or sound judgment rather than for a verbal réchauffée of an accessible and authentic charm. But in an art which perishes, the mere impression of an observer, however inadequate, may be of value. The written word survives; so that a Vestris dances again in the most fatuous praise of his contemporaries, while even that famous picture in prose by Walter Pater acquires a fresh and thrilling meaning since "Mona Lisa" has vanished from the Louvre.

The aim of this essay, then, is, first and foremost, to preserve an impression. As to its manner, I need only forestall, if it may be, one possible objection. "You call your book," someone might say, "The Art of Nijinsky. Very well. But there are pages and pages occupied with quite extraneous things. . . . We thought to find

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Rh the appreciation of an artistic personality, and you give us irrelevant views on the art of the ballet as a whole!"

The fact is, of course, that it would be absurd to attempt the appreciation of an art like Nijinsky's by any method that excluded some treatment, at least, of the medium in which that art displays itself. This is true, certainly, of the art of every dancer, but in the present case especially so; if only because Nijinsky has chosen to throw in his lot with that movement in the modern theatre which is antagonistic to anything like an undue emphasis on the talent of the individual.

That the whole is greater than the part is a hard precept for mime or dancer who happens to be blessed with personality. The temptation to dominate is strong. But he who will accept and act upon this principle is sure of his reward; for so

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