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46 were accommodated, one in each basket. Inglis says in 1835:—

"Morning, noon, and evening, the road between Bayonne and Biarritz is crowded with travellers en cacolet. The horses belong generally to the women who drive them; these women are generally young, many of them handsome. They generally speak French, Basque, and a little Spanish, and are rather intelligent than otherwise, always carrying on an unintermitting conversation during the whole ride. The horses are usually indifferent; they go at a small trot, and perform the trajet in about forty minutes."

One of the most puzzling facts in the study of mankind is the manner in which the most unmeaning customs are found extended far and wide. I shall have something to say of the couvade in another chapter. There is another which is met with in the Basque country, and which is also, or was, usual in Yorkshire. On Easter Monday the girls seize on lads and heave them up in the air, and hold them aloft till they redeem themselves with a coin or a kiss. On Tuesday the boys enjoy the same privilege with the girls. I have been so lifted up near Bayonne. I recall an instance in Yorkshire, where H.M. Inspector of Schools, a grave and reverend signor, came to a manufacturing town on Easter Monday. As he was sedately walking from the station he encountered a bevy of mill lasses, when at once he was uplifted by them and carried in triumph, in vain expostulating, and a kiss from him was demanded by each before he was released.

So with April Fools' Day—le potsson d'avril—it is honoured in the same fashion in Hindustan as in Europe.

Few visitors to Biarritz fail to take a run over the frontier into Spain. The Bidassoa for about twelve miles forms the

title: Page:A book of the Pyrenees.djvu/66


text: Portal talk:Freethinking

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Portal talk:Freethinking


text:
Page:The Unconquered Air, Coates, 1912.djvu/72

 DAWN

Orient mystery

Thou veilest thee,

Pale daughter of the never-quenchéd Light,

Who from the couch of Night

By swift-ascending steeds to heaven art borne

Ere yet thy sister, Morn,

Awaiting, dons her wondrous vesture bright.

Like to a handmaid lowly, day by day

Thou dost prepare her way;

But when soft-trailing saffron and warm rose

Half hide and half disclose

Her glowing beauty rare,—

When living things her sweet breath quaff,

And lift their heads for joy of her, and laugh,

Thou art no longer there.

Yet, ah, there moments be,

Child of Hyperion, sacred to thee,

That dearer gifts confer;

When mortals lay before thy sun-lit shrine

A thankfulness of worship more divine

Than any offered her:

When, after night distressful spent—

Night sleepless and intolerably long, 56


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 Rh Comes—unexpected, eloquent—

A tentative, faint note of song!

And the o'erwearied watcher sighs,

And lying still, with tear-wet eyes,

Hearkens the most celestial lays

Earth knows; and sees Night's curtains drawn

Slowly aside, and whispers: "Dawn!"—

Yearning beholds the tender gleam

Of Hope's pale star, where it doth beam

Eternal on thy brow,

And in its ray composed and blest,

Sinks into rest.


text:
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 A SEEKER IN THE NIGHT

my eyes, but I cannot see;

I stretch my arms and I cry to Thee,—

And still the darkness covers me.

Where art Thou? In the chill obscure

I wander lonely, and endure

A yearning only Thou can'st cure!

Once—once, indeed, in every face

I seemed thy lineaments to trace

And looked in all to find thy grace:

I thought the thrush—sweet worshiper!—

From the minaret of the balsam-fir

Hymned forth thy praise, my soul to stir;

I thought the early roses came

To lisp in fragrant breaths thy name,

And teach my heart to do the same;

I thought the stars thy candles, Lord!—

I thought the skylark as he soared

Rose to thy throne and Thee adored!

59


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 60 But now a labyrinth I wind,

And needing more thy hand to find,

Grope, darkling, Lord!—for I am blind!

Ah, bridge for me the awful vast,

That I may find Thee at the last!—

Then draw me close, and hold me fast!


text:
Portal talk:Hinduism

Adding KamaSutra to this Portal
Can we please add Kamasutra of Vatsyayana to this list, it is one of the ancient scripts, which talks about sex, courtship and marriage. It is based on the Hinduism.

title: Portal talk:Hinduism


text:
1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Carr, Joseph William Comyns

CARR, JOSEPH WILLIAM COMYNS (1849-1916), English art critic and dramatist, was born in London March 1 1849, his father being a member of an old Cumberland yeoman family. Educated at the university of London, he was called to the bar in 1869, but soon became a writer of art criticism for the Pall Mall Gazette and, after 1875, editor of L'Art. He also founded and edited the English Illustrated Magazine, and was associated with Charles Hallé in the founding of the New Gallery, an offshoot from the Grosvenor Gallery, in 1888. In his later years he engaged in theatrical enterprises, and he was the adapter, alone or in collaboration, of a good many plays, notably Hardy's Far from the Madding Crowd (1882) and the version of King Arthur produced by Sir Henry Irving at the Lyceum theatre in 1895. He published Some Eminent Victorians (1908) and Coasting Bohemia (1914), both containing reminiscences of his own early life and the people he had known. He died in London Dec. 12 1916.


text:
1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Carranza, Venustiano

CARRANZA, VENUSTIANO (1859-1920), Mexican revolutionary and president, was born Dec. 29 1859, at Cuatro Cienegas, Coahuila. He was educated in the Ateneo Fuentes at Saltillo and in the Escuela Nacional Preparatoria at Mexico City. Defective eyesight prevented a legal career for which he had studied. Entering politics, he became presidente municipal of Cuatro Cienegas in 1887. In 1893 he and his brother Emilio led a revolt against the repeated candidacy of Garcia Galán for the state governorship, and they succeeded in inducing President Diaz to name General Muzquiz as governor. Carranza was first elected senator suplente (alternate) for Coahuila for 1900-2. On the death of the proprietary Ortiz de Montellanos, he took his seat April 5 1901. He was elected proprietary senator for 1904-8, and again for 1908-12, but served only until Dec. 15 1910. In the position of senator he was amenable to the control of Diaz. In 1909 he became candidate for the state governorship in opposition to the wishes of the central Government. In the following year he joined the Madero revolution, serving as a member of the Junta Revolucionaria at San Antonio, Texas. Madero made

him chief of the military division of Coahuila, Nuevo Léon, and Tamaulipas and later Minister of War in his provisional Cabinet. In this position he organized Madero's army. After the triumph of the revolution he returned to Coahuila and assumed the governorship, to which he was regularly elected in May 1911. After the coup of General Huerta, Feb. 18 1913, and the murder of Madero, to whom he was attached, Carranza issued the Plan de Guadalupe in March, disavowing Huerta as president. He then became First Chief of the Constitutionalist army and personally visited all northern Mexico to organize the opposition, establishing his government at Hermosillo, Sonora, whence he moved southward until he entered Mexico City Aug. 20 1914, after Huerta had fled. He was opposed by Francisco Villa and Emiliano Zapata after the split of the Constitutionalists, and withdrew to Vera Cruz, which he occupied when the American occupation terminated. On Oct. 9 1915, he was recognized as head of the de facto Government by the United States and seven Pan-American powers. On Sept. 30 1916 he decreed the abolition of the vice-presidency and the limitation of the presidential term to four years instead of six. He was elected to the presidency March 11 1917, under the constitution promulgated under his sanction on Feb. 5. Under this radical body of fundamental law he issued a series of decrees for the nationalization of petroleum lands, which kept his Government continually in strained relations with England, France and the United States. As the time approached in 1920 for the election of his successor, he attempted to force the election of Ignacio Bonillas, a civilian candidate. This led to an attempt to control the state government of Sonora, a stronghold of Alvaro Obregon, who was the strongest and most popular aspirant for the presidency, but who was inimical to Carranza's politics. The state revolted in March 1920, being immediately followed by the country at large. Carranza attempted to move his Government to Vera Cruz on May 7. His flight was interrupted and he himself was killed as he was fleeing the country, on the night of May 18, at Tlaxcalantongo, Puebla.


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Page:The Unconquered Air, Coates, 1912.djvu/79

 SECURE

single lives are circled round

By an embracing sea;

Are joined to all that has been, bound

To all that is to be;

The past and future meet and cross,

And in life's ocean is no loss.

We know there is no loss—and yet—

Dismayed, perplexed,—poor dupes of time—

We see youth stricken ere its prime,

And in our grief forget!

But pitying Nature takes our part:

Slowly she heals the breaking heart,

And Sorrow's self procures us gain;

For in her steps ascending higher,

We come, at last, where waits nor pain

Nor unfulfilled desire,—

Finding the path lit from above

That leads from love—to Love!

Nothing is premature with God:

His are the harvest-time and sowing, 63


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 64 The seedling nestled in the sod,

The flower in beauty blowing,

The languid ebb, the eager flow,

The pulse of spring, the brooding snow.


text:
1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Cassel, Sir Ernest Joseph

CASSEL, SIR ERNEST JOSEPH (1852-1921), Anglo-German financier, was born at Cologne March 3 1852. His father, Jacob Cassel, was a small banker in that city, and the son at the age of

16 became a clerk in the banking firm of Elspacher, but in 1870 came to London and entered the foreign banking house of Bischoffscheim and Goldsmid. There, before he was 20, he attracted notice by his skilful disentanglement of the accounts of the Khedivial loans. In 1884 he set up for himself and became largely interested in South-American finance. He reorganized the finances of Uruguay, and issued three Mexican loans, as well as acquiring the Royal Swedish railway and financing enterprises such as Vickers' absorption of the Maxim-Nordenfelt Co. and the building of the Central London railway. He also raised a Chinese loan after the war with Japan. His principal achievement was, however, the financing of the Nile irrigation work, and in connexion with that, the founding of the National Bank of Egypt. In these schemes he worked hand in hand with Lord Cromer. For these services he received a Privy Councillorship in 1902 and was created K.C.V.O. He had previously been created K.C.M.G. (1890) and he subsequently received the G.C.M.G. (1905), the G.C.V.O. (1906) and the G.C.B. (1909). He was also the recipient of decorations from the Governments of France, Sweden, Turkey and Japan. During the World War, though he had long been a naturalized British subject, an attempt was made to have his name removed from the list at the Privy Council. It did not succeed. He had retired from active financial operations in 1910. His benefactions were extensive, and included £500,000 for educational purposes, £225,000 for a hospital for nervous diseases, £50,000 to King Edward's Hospital Fund in memory of his only child, Mrs. Wilfrid Ashley, who died in 1911, besides large gifts during the war to the British Red Cross. He also built and endowed an Anglo-German Institute in 1911 in memory of King Edward VII., with whom he had been upon terms of close friendship. He was a considerable breeder and owner of race-horses; and he acquired a collection of Early English pictures, including a celebrated Raeburn. He married in 1878 Annette, daughter of R. T. Maxwell. She died in 1881. Sir Ernest died in London Sept. 21 1921.


text:
Page:A Dictionary of the Targumim, the Talmud Babli and Yerushalmi, and the Midrashic Literature, Volume 1 (1903).djvu/10

 one derivative of reference may here be made. is 'the grinder', i. e. the hopper in the mill, and were it not for the tenacious prejudice in favor of foreign etymologies, no scholar would ever have thought of resorting for the original of ăfarkheseth to or, neither of which has any connection with the grinding process.

For words with suffixed the reader is referred to  and  as specimens.

Enlargements by suffixed have been recognized in  and. More frequent is the formation by prefixed, originally the demonstrative or relative pronoun. In the Dictionary these forms are designated as Difel, Dispeel, or Dithpeel nouns. The well-known in the form of  for 'the wife of' furnishes the key for the explanation of words like,  (Targum Isaiah XXIII, 13; XXX, 2, for Hebrew ); , contracted , an enlargement of , 'private town, settlement';  and , a denominative of , 'handle of an axe' (Syr.  and );  (Sabb. 48$a$), 'shreds of a turban' (Ms. M. ), and many more.

as a formative suffix appears in classical Hebrew, as, &c. (See Gesenius Thesaurus sub littera .) Of Talmudic Hebrew there may be mentioned here, (from , , to knit, interlace), meaning sieve, from which the verb  , to sift. Correspondingly the Aramaic, , is sieve, the verb , to sift, shake, , to confound (compare the metaphor in Amos IX, 9), and , mixed multitude.

It would have been superfluous to refer here to that well-known enlargement of stems by suffixed were it not that even for so common a utensil as a sieve foreign languages have been ransacked, and arb'la or ʿarb'la has been found in the Latin cribellum. The enlarged stem finds a further extension in, for which verb and its derivatives the reader is referred to the Dictionary itself.

Reduplications of entire stems or of two letters of triliteral stems are well known. But there appear also reduplications of one letter employed for enlargement. =, =, =, which may be explained as contractions, find a counterpart in, thresher or grist-maker, which is a reduplication of or.

These reduplications are especially remarkable for the transpositions of the radicals with which they are frequently connected. The stem appears as a reduplication of, , in the sense of lowing, roaring, and figuratively of longing for and howling against. But it also occurs as a transposition of, a reduplication of , with the meaning of rolling around, , from , interchanges with ,


text: A Dictionary of the Targumim, the Talmud Babli and Yerushalmi, and the Midrashic Literature/Preface


text:
A Dictionary of the Targumim, the Talmud Babli and Yerushalmi, and the Midrashic Literature/א

 * א - אב
 * אב - אבד
 * אבד - אבוי
 * אבוי - אבטוניות
 * אבטוניות - אביי
 * אביי - אבל
 * אבל - אבנימוס
 * אבנימוס - אבר
 * אבר - אברקין
 * אברקין - אבדא
 * אבדא - אגוסטיאני
 * אגוסטיאני - אגם
 * אגם - אבר
 * אגר - אגריאון
 * אגריסטיס - אדום
 * אדום - אדם
 * אדם - אדר
 * אדר - אדריכולין
 * אדריכולין - אהיל
 * אהיל - או
 * או - אוגנא
 * אוגנא - אוה
 * אוה - אוזמיאות
 * אוזמיאות - אוכחותא
 * אוכחותא - אולוחריקא
 * אולוחריקא - אומולוגייא
 * אומולוגייא - און
 * און - אוניא
 * אוניא - אונקיינוס
 * אונקיינוס - אוסמנא
 * אוסמנא - אופתיק
 * אופתיק - אוראה
 * אוראה - אוריא
 * אוריא - אורכניס
 * אורכניס - אושפיזיכנא
 * אושפיזיכנא - אזדא
 * אזדא - אזל
 * אזל - אחדא
 * אחדא - אחזיונה
 * אחזיונה - אחר
 * אחר - אחרת
 * אחרת - אטליא
 * אטליא - אי
 * אי - איגרא
 * איגרא - אידתיקרימא
 * אידתיקרימא - איחטא
 * איחטא - איכא
 * איכא - אילרגין
 * אילרגין - אילס
 * אילס - אימיקנטרון
 * אימיקנטרון - אימתי
 * אימתי - אינפולי
 * אינפולי - איסורא
 * איסורא - איסטוורא
 * איסטוורא - איסטריפומטא
 * איסטריפומטא - איסקומדרי
 * איסקומדרי - איסתנא
 * איסתנא - איפסטקין
 * איפסטקין - איקונומוס
 * איקונומוס - אישות
 * אישות - איתן
 * איתן - אכטא
 * אכטא - אכלוזא
 * אכלוזא - אכסנדריא
 * אכסנדריא - אכרעתא
 * אכרעתא - אלהות
 * אלהות - אלון
 * אלון - אליחועיני
 * אליחועיני - אליעזר
 * אליעזר - אלכסנדרית
 * אלכסנדרית - אלמלא
 * אלמלא - אלף
 * אלף - אלתית
 * אלתית - אמבטיתא
 * אמבטיתא - אמהות
 * אמהות - אמיינטון
 * אמיינטון - אמנה
 * אמנה - אמר
 * אמר - אמתא
 * אמתא - אנגרבטיס
 * אנגרבטיס - אנדרטין
 * אנדרטין - אנטובין
 * אנטובין - אנטיפטרית
 * אנטיפטרית - אנייא
 * אנייא - אנן
 * אנן - אנפורא
 * אנפורא - אנקיינוס
 * אנקיינוס - אסא
 * אסא - אסטגנינות
 * אסטגנינות - אסטמכרא
 * אסטמכרא - אסטרטיא
 * אסטרטיא - אסי
 * אסי - אסכריא
 * אסכריא - אסמרגדין
 * אסמרגדין - אספלניתא
 * אספלניתא - אספרלג
 * אספרלג - אסר
 * אסר - אסתוניא
 * אסתוניא - אפדייני
 * אפדייני - אפונדיח
 * אפונדיח - אפוטריקא
 * אפוטריקא - אפיטרופסות
 * אפיטרופסות - אפיפסדוס
 * אפיפסדוס - אפיקרס
 * אפיקרס - אפנתי
 * אפנתי - אפפון
 * אפפון - אפר
 * אפר - אפרכא
 * אפרכא - אפתרין
 * אפתרין - אצטרכיא
 * אצטרכיא - אקובנאה
 * אקובנאה - אקנייתא
 * אקנייתא - ארבאי
 * ארבאי - ארג
 * ארג - ארדילא
 * ארדילא - ארונא
 * ארונא - ארח
 * ארח - אריא
 * אריא - אריכא
 * אריכא - אריתא
 * אריתא - ארכיטיקטון
 * ארכיטיקטון - ארמי
 * ארמי - ארנטס
 * ארנטס - ארע
 * ארע - ארקפטא
 * ארקפטא - אשה
 * אשה - אשישה
 * אשישה - אשלג
 * אשלג - אשפלה
 * אשפלה - אששיתא
 * אששיתא - את
 * את - אתונא
 * אתונא - ב


text:
1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Cassel, Gustav

CASSEL, GUSTAV (1866-), Swedish economist, was born in 1866. After taking his degree in mathematics at the university, he became a lecturer, and was appointed professor of national economy at the High School of Stockholm in 1904. He studied and travelled widely abroad. In addition to a number of books in Swedish, he published the following works in other languages: Das Recht auf den vollen Arbeitsertrag (1900); The Nature and Necessity of Interest (1903); Theoretische Sozialökonomie (1919). His Memorandum on the World's Monetary Problems, published by the League of Nations for the International Financial Conference in Brussels in 1920, attracted widespread attention. He was a member of many committees dealing with matters of State in Sweden and devoting much labour to the creation of a better system of budget exposition and control (1905-21). He was one of the Swedish representatives at the International Chamber of Commerce meeting in London in 1921. He became a member of Svenska Vetenskapsakademien and correspondent for Sweden to the Royal Economic Society.


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Rh line of demarcation between France and Spain. Near the bridge of Behobia are the remains—they are nothing more—of the Ile des Faisans, on which conferences were held between Cardinal Mazarin, plenipotentiary for France, and Don Luis da Haro, acting for Spain, which led to the conclusion of the famous Treaty of the Pyrenees, in 1659, cemented by the marriage of Louis XIV with the daughter of Philip IV. At the meeting on the Ile des Faisans each party advanced from its own territory by a temporary bridge to this patch of neutral ground in mid-stream. The death of Velasquez, the painter, was due to exposure whilst superintending the decoration of the tent for the minister of Spain—a duty more befitting an upholsterer than a great artist. By the treaty France received la Cerdagne and Roussillon, but surrendered Lorraine to Duke Charles IV, on condition that he should dismantle all its fortresses. As he delayed doing this Louis retained his hold on the duchy. Fontarabie (Fuenterrabia) does not signify the Fountain of Arabia, and retains in its name no reminiscence of Moorish domination; the derivation is from the Latin fons rapidus. It is a picturesque, dirty town, malodorous; bearing as its arms in quarterings an angel holding a key, to signify that the town holds the key of Spain—a squalid beggar would be more appropriate than an angel; a whale and two syrens, the whale to indicate the fishing of the leviathan, now long departed; and lastly a castle between two stars. These arms were accorded to Fuenterrabia by Philip IV in 1638, when the admiral of Castile repulsed the Prince of Conde, who was besieging it. The church, Gothic in style, has been modernized externally; within it is overloaded with barbaric ornament. The castle, known as the palace of Charles V, dates originally from the tenth century, but has undergone

title: Page:A book of the Pyrenees.djvu/67


text:
1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Denis, Maurice

DENIS, MAURICE (1870-), French painter, was born at Granville, Manche, in 1870. He studied at Julian's Academy and at the École des Beaux-Arts. As a student he came under the influence of Paul Sérusier, one of Gauguin's associates at Pont Aven, and became a prominent member of the symboliste group which included also P. Bonnard, K. X. Roussel and E. Vuillard. Inspired mainly by Cézanne and Gauguin, the symbolistes represented a reaction against impressionism, in favour of synthesis and the use of form and colour to express subjective states of mind. Denis was also associated with the Rose Croix group which aimed at substituting an idealist decorative art for the realism of the day. To these influences was added that of Italian quattrocento art, as the result of a visit to Italy in 1894. Denis early turned his art to religious purposes, but classical mythology has also frequently provided him with subjects. His most important work is his mural decorations, which include decorations for the chapels of the church of Vésinet (1899-1903); “L'Histoire de Psyche,” five panels for M. Morosoff, Moscow (1908); “L'âge d'or,” five panels for a staircase of the Prince de Wagram (1912); a frieze for the cupola of the Théâtre des Champs Elysées illustrating in four panels the history of music (1912); decorations and stained glass for the church of St. Paul, Geneva (1917-8); and a decoration for La Chapelle du Souvenir in the church of Gagny (1920). All these works show the influence of quattrocento Italy in the linear character of the design, and the preference for spare, stiff, angular forms, which connect Denis with Puvis de Chavannes. His colour, however, is much more vivid than that painter's, and shows an impressionist palette and method of handling. An artist of great fecundity, Denis has also produced many easel pictures including a “Hommage à Cézanne ” (1901), somewhat in the manner of that painter; a portrait of Degas; and a long series of religious subjects typified by “La Meilleure Part” (1920). He has also illustrated among other books, Paul Verlaine's Sagesse (1891-1910), The Imitation of Christ (1903), and La Vita Nueva (1908). His frequent contributions on art to the reviews were republished in 1912 in Théorie 1890-1910, which contains much interesting comment on modern art. Denis has chiefly exhibited at the Société Nationale, of which he became full member in 1902, at the Salon des Indépendents, and at the Salon d'Automne. He is represented in the Luxembourg, Paris. In 1910 he was made Chevalier of the Legion of Honour.


text: Talk:The Sexual Question

title: Talk:The Sexual Question


text:
1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Caruso, Enrico

CARUSO, ENRICO (1873-1921), operatic tenor, was born in Naples, Feb. 25 1873. He was early apprenticed to a mechanical engineer. He began to sing in the choirs at Naples when he was 11, and later studied for three years under Guglielmo Vergine. He made his début in 1894 in L'Amico Francesco at the Teatro Nuovo, Naples. He first won marked success as Marcello in La Bohème, at Milan, in 1898; and at La Scala theatre in that city, he sang for the next four years. From 1899 to 1903 he was at St. Petersburg in the winter, and in the summer at Buenos Aires. But meanwhile he appeared also in many cities, including Moscow, Warsaw, Rome, Paris and London (Covent Garden 1902), everywhere being warmly greeted. In America he first appeared in 1903 at the Metropolitan Opera House, New York, where for 18 years he was the leading tenor. He made an extensive concert tour through the United States in 1917. He had a very extensive Italian and French repertory, but never essayed Wagnerian rôles. He won special success in Aïda, Carmen, Huguenots, L'Elisir d'Amore, Pagliacci, Rigoletto and Samson. He died Aug. 2 1921 at Naples.


text: Index:Labour - The Divine Command, 1890.djvu


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 signifying to talk against, murmur;, apocopated , is a transposition of. interchanges with in the nouns  and, with their Aramaic equivalent , and in the contracted forms  and.

It need scarcely be said that these outlines of Talmudic etymology by no means exhaust the subject. They have been given a place here for the purpose of showing the basis upon which the work has been constructed, and as a justification of the author's deviation from the views hitherto prevailing on the subject under consideration.

A few remarks on in the literature which for the sake of brevity is here called Talmudic, may not be out of place in this preface.

The intercourse between the Jews of the Talmudic ages with Greek and Latin speaking gentiles was not only that of trade and government, but also of thought and ideas. Along with the apostles and teachers of young Christianity, and even before their time, Jewish champions of religion and morality lectured in the private rooms of princes and princesses, noblemen and matrons. Instances of intimate association of prominent Jewish teachers with emperors, kings, philosophers, and scholars and their families are related in the Talmudic records in numbers large enough to account for the adoption of words like philosophy, astrology, epilogue, &c, not to speak of such terms as were borrowed by the Jews together with the objects or ideas which they represent. A footstool was called hypopodion, a tablet pinax; the profligate gourmand's emetic taken before meals, or rather between one stage of the banquet and the other, was called by its jocular name (to play the cottabus), and adopted in the general medical sense; and so forth.

This accounts for the large number of Greek and Latin vocables in the so-called Jerusalem Talmud grown up under the Greco-Roman influences of the Cæsars, and more still in those Targumim and Midrashim which were compiled in the Byzantine empire. The Agadah, taking its illustrations from the daily environment, speaks of Cæsar, Augustus, duces, polemarchi, legiones, matrona, schola, &c, while in legal discussions the institutions of the governments, in so far as they influenced or superseded the Jewish law, had to be called by their foreign names. Agoranomos and agronomia, angaria and parangaria, epimeletes, epitropos, bulé, and innumerable other terms were embodied in the Jewish vocabulary, although not always dislodging their Hebrew or Aramaic equivalents.

Owing to copyists' mistakes and acoustic deficiencies of transmission in distant ages and countries in which these foreign words were but vaguely understood, the student has on this point to contend with a vast number of corruptions and glossators' guesses at interpretation. In most cases, however, these corruptions are recoverable through the medium of correct or differently corrupted parallels.


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OF THE

Edited

WITH AN INTRODUCTION

by the

REV. VINCENT McNABB, O.P.

NEW YORK, CINCINNATI, CHICAGO

BENZIGER BROTHERS

Printers to the Holy Apostolic See

1907


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EDITED BY

FATHER McNABB, O.P.


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User:Prosfilaes/Beyond the Black River

 * User:Prosfilaes/Beyond the Black River/Title
 * Beyond the Black River/Chapter I
 * Beyond the Black River/Chapter II
 * Beyond the Black River/Chapter III
 * Beyond the Black River/Chapter IV
 * Beyond the Black River/Chapter V
 * Beyond the Black River/Chapter VI
 * Beyond the Black River/Chapter VII
 * Beyond the Black River/Chapter VIII

title: User:Prosfilaes/Beyond the Black River


text:
User talk:74.39.73.47

Welcome

Hello, and welcome to Wikisource! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers:

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title: User talk:74.39.73.47


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User:Prosfilaes/Beyond the Black River/Title

=Beyond the Black River=

Beyond the Black River is one of the original short stories about Conan the Cimmerian, first published in Weird Tales magazine in 1935. The story was republished in the collections King Conan (Gnome Press, 1953) and Conan the Warrior (Lancer Books, 1967).


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Author:Vincent McNabb

Works

 * Bishop Brownlow (1830–1901). Catholic Truth Society (1902)
 * Where Believers May Doubt: or Studies in Biblical Inspiration and Other Problems of Faith. Burns and Oates (1903)
 * Oxford Conferences on Prayer. Kegan Paul (1903)
 * Oxford Conferences on Faith. Kegan Paul (1905)
 * Infallibility. Longmans Green (1905)
 * (ed.) The Decrees of the Vatican Council (1907)
 * Our Reasonable Service: An Essay on the Understanding of the Deep Things of God. Burns and Oates (1912)
 * The Children's Hour of Heaven on Earth. P.J. Kenedy (1914)
 * Europe's Ewe-Lamb and Other Essays on the Great War. R & T Washbourne (1916)
 * The Doctrinal Witness of the Fourth Gospel. Catholic Truth Society pamphlet (1922)
 * From a Friar's Cell. P.J. Kenedy (1923)
 * The Mysticism of St. Thomas. Basil Blackwell (1924)
 * The Church and the Land. Burns Oates and Washbourne (1926)
 * The Catholic Church and Philosophy (with an introduction by Hilaire Belloc). Burns Oates and Washbourne (1927)
 * The New Testament Witness to St. Peter. Sheed and Ward (1928)
 * St. Thomas Aquinas and Law (pamphlet). Blackfriars (1929)
 * Thoughts Twice-Dyed. Sheed and Ward (1930)
 * The New Testament Witness to Our Blessed Lady. Sheed and Ward (1930)
 * God's Book and Other Poems. St. Dominic's Press (1931)
 * Nazareth or Social Chaos. Burns Oates and Washbourne (1933)
 * Geoffrey Chaucer: A Study in His Genius and Ethics. St. Dominic's Press (1934)
 * The Wayside: A Priest's Gleanings. Burns Oates and Washbourne (1934)
 * The Craft of Prayer. Burns Oates and Washbourne (1935)
 * St. John Fisher. Sheed and Ward (1935)
 * Francis Thompson and Other Essays (with an introduction by G. K. Chesterton). St. Dominic's Press (1935)
 * The Science of Prayer (A Revised Edition of Oxford Conferences on Prayer). St. Dominic's Press (1936)
 * The Craft of Suffering: Verbatim Notes of Instruction on Suffering Given During Retreats at the Cenacle Convents 1930–35. Burns Oates and Washbourne (1936)
 * God's Way of Mercy: Verbatim Notes of Retreat Instructions. Burns Oates and Washbourne (1936)
 * Frontiers of Faith and Reason. Sheed and Ward (1937)
 * God's Good Cheer. Burns Oates and Washbourne (1937)
 * St. Elizabeth of Portugal. Sheed and Ward (1937)
 * The Church and Reunion: Some Thoughts on Christian Reunion. Burns Oates and Washbourne (1937)
 * In Our Valley: Notes of Retreat Instructions. Burns Oates and Washbourne. (1938)
 * A Life of Jesus Christ Our Lord. Sheed and Ward (1938)
 * Joy in Believing. Burnes Oates and Washbourne (1939)
 * Mary of Nazareth. P.J. Kenedy (1939)
 * St. Mary Magdalen. Burnes Oates and Washbourne (1940)
 * Eleven, Thank God! Memories of a Catholic Mother. Sheed and Ward (1940)
 * Confession to a Priest. Catholic Truth Society pamphlet (1941)
 * Some Mysteries of Jesus Christ. Burns Oates and Washbourne (1941)
 * Catholics and Nonconformists. Catholic Truth Society pamphlet (1942)
 * Old Principles and the New Order. Sheed and Ward (1942)
 * Did Jesus Christ Rise from the Dead? Catholic Truth Society pamphlet (1943)
 * An Old Apostle Speaks (with a memoir by Fr. Gerald Vann, O.P.). Blackfriars (1946)
 * Faith and Prayer. Blackfriars (1953)
 * A Father McNabb Reader. P.J. Kenedy (1954)
 * The Prayers of Fr. McNabb (pamphlet). Newman Press (1955)
 * A Vincent McNabb Anthology: Selections from the Writings of Vincent McNabb, O.P. Blackfriars (1955)
 * Stars of Comfort: Retreat Conferences. Burns Oates and Washbourne (1957)
 * Meditations on St. John. Aquin Press (1962)

title: Author:Vincent McNabb


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User talk:Adamt

— billinghurst  sDrewth  03:43, 30 November 2010 (UTC)

title: User talk:Adamt


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Page:A colonial autocracy, New South Wales under Governor Macquarie, 1810-1821.djvu/92

 no further. The regulations remained in force, and the Governor continued to exercise full powers of granting remissions of sentence throughout Macquarie's time. But in 1819 the question was again raised.

The Hon. H. Grey Bennet, a member of Parliament, who was instrumental in obtaining a House of Commons Committee on New South Wales in 1819, published in the following year "A Letter to Lord Bathurst," in which he commented on the evidence delivered before it. He approved of Macquarie's regulations of 1813, but asked "Are they practically in force? Have any exceptions been made and in what instances? Were these rules meant to have any operation in New South Wales, or were they only to produce an effect on the Colonial Office, and obtain the rescinding of that Order, arising from the suggestion of the House of Commons Committee in 1812?" A comparison of dates at once shows that this last suggestion was without foundation. Macquarie published his regulations before he received the report of the Committee and Lord Bathurst's despatch proposing to adopt the suggestion. But Macquarie's own despatches and orders, the evidence before the Committee of 1819, and the information collected by Commissioner Bigge in 1819 and 1820—show that Bennet's other queries were fully justified.

In two respects Macquarie deviated greatly from the rules he had laid down—firstly, in regard to length of residence—and secondly, in regard to granting the indulgences at one time of the year only.

From 1813 to 1820 he granted 170 free pardons, and in twenty-six instances the necessary length of residence had not been reached. In the same period he granted 1,217 conditional pardons, 285 of which were exceptions, while amongst 1,716 tickets-of-leave no less than 450 had been issued before the recipients had been three years in the Colony.

Macquarie undoubtedly considered that he had the right


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 in "the exercise of his supreme authority," to deviate in particular cases from the lines laid down by himself. He was supported in this belief by many colonists. But he never made even an attempt to enforce rigidly the three years' residence in regard to tickets-of-leave. In the despatch of the 28th June, 1813, he wrote that they were frequently conferred immediately on the arrival of the convicts who had been "in the line of gentlemen" before their condemnation. Sometimes they were given very recklessly as in the following two cases. A convict was transported in 1815 for the second time. His sentence was a life one. Immediately he arrived at Sydney he was given a ticket-of-leave. He married the daughter of a publican, and with her dowry, and the proceeds of a tobacco investment he had been allowed to make on the voyage from England, he set up a licensed house in Sydney. The other example is that of Lawrence Halloran who arrived in 1817. Macquarie was censured by the Colonial Office in 1820 for having granted him a remission of sentence. He explained that he had not done so, but had simply "exempted him from manual labour by giving him … a ticket-of-leave, which is revocable at the Governor's pleasure, or even by a single magistrate in case of an offence being proved against the holder. …" The man was advanced in years, had a short sentence of seven years, was "of liberal education," and so far as Macquarie knew there was nothing very serious against him. Bigge, however, found out some curious facts about the matter. Halloran had been known to the Governor's Secretary some years before as a schoolmaster at the Cape of Good Hope, and before he had entered on the career of blackmail and defamation against Earl Caledon and General Grey, the two successive Governors of that Colony, which had been the cause of his transportation. Not knowing of these facts, the Secretary had suggested to the Governor that


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Page:A Dictionary of the Targumim, the Talmud Babli and Yerushalmi, and the Midrashic Literature, Volume 1 (1903).djvu/12

 (,, Giṭṭin 20$a$), not recognized by the commentators, and probably no longer understood by the Babylonian Rabbis, who received the word from Palestine together with the legal subject with which it is connected, fortunately finds a parallel in a worse copyist's corruption in the Jerusalem Talmud, namely  (Yer. Giṭṭin IV, 45$d$), and both in  (Treatise Abadim, ed. Kirchheim, ch. IV). A combination of these corruptions together with an examination of the subject under discussion leads to vindicta or vindicatio(-nis) (see Révue des Études Juives, 1883, p. 150). It should be said, however, that this is one of the worst corruptions the author has met with.

Another class of corruptions owes its existence to the natural tendency to adapt foreign words to the organic peculiarities of the people. The people pronounced Andrianos or Andrinos more easily than Hadrianos; unkeanos was more congenial than okeanos, agard'mos and agromos are popular mutilations of agoranomos; and  are organic transformations of lectica; although the correct forms Hadrianos, okeanos, &c. are by no means infrequent (see Collitz, The Aryan Name of the Tongue, in 'Oriental Studies', Boston, 1894, p. 201, note).

Otherwise the foreign consonants are transliterated as faithfully as can be expected with national organic peculiarities as different as the Aryan and the Semitic. Transpositions of rd and dr, frequent even in Hebrew or Aramaic home-words, or sch for x (chs), need hardly surprise any one. Thus and  go side by side with, for hydraulis;  stands for xenium;  for dyschistos, and so forth.

As to vowels, the Greek and the Latin ē are, as a rule, represented by, the Greek  by  or , whereas the Greek  frequently appears as. The Greek and the Latin u keep their place as midway between vowels and consonants, so that they may be transcribed by, , or. The last is especially the case in diphthongs, so that is met with alongside of, and  for.

Short vowels, except in cases of heavy accumulations of consonants, are most frequently ignored. This omission of vowels, congenial as it is to the Semitic spirit, means a loss of soul to the Aryan words, and offers difficulties not easily overcome.

The laws of transliteration of Greek and Latin loanwords are exhaustively treated in Samuel Krauss, „Griechische und Lateinische Lehnwörter in Talmud, &c." (Berlin, S. Calvary & Co., 1898). It is to be regretted that the proclivity to find Latin and Greek in words indisputably Semitic has led the author into a labyrinth of fatal errors.

Persian words are now and then encountered in the Talmud as remnants of the first period after the Babylonian exile, when the new Jewish commonwealth was organized under the Persian empire, and more still as modern arrivals of the time when Babylonia grew to be the centre of Jewish lore.

Arabic elements of direct importation, barring explicit linguistic references, came along with Arabic objects of trade, but there should be a considable reduction


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 Copyright, 1913, by E. G. Lutz All rights reserved

Printed in U.S.A.


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User talk:66.158.113.10

Welcome

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title: User talk:66.158.113.10


text:
User talk:65.79.16.77

Welcome

Hello, and welcome to Wikisource! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers:

 * Help pages
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You are welcome to continue editing articles without logging in, but you may wish to  [ create an account] . Doing so is free, requires no personal information, and provides several benefits. For one thing, if you continue to edit without a username, your IP address is used to publicly identify you.

In any case, I hope you enjoy donating your time to grow the Wikisource library that is free for everyone to use! In discussions, please sign your comments using four tildes ( ~ ); this will automatically produce your IP address (or username if you're logged in) and the date. If you need help, ask me on my talk page, or ask your question here (click  [ edit] ) and place  before your question. Again, welcome! — billinghurst  sDrewth  04:26, 30 November 2010 (UTC)

title: User talk:65.79.16.77


text:
House

Poems

 * "House" (1876, "Shall I sonnet-sing you about myself?"), a poem by Robert Browning
 * "The House" (1847, "There is no architect"), a poem by Ralph Waldo Emerson
 * "Houses" (1917, "When you shall die and to the sky"), a poem by Joyce Kilmer
 * "The House" (1919, Tis a grove-circled dwelling"), by Howard Phillips Lovecraft
 * "House" (1918, "Two Swede families live downstairs and an Irish policeman"), a poem by Carl Sandburg

Short stories

 * "The House", a short story by Romain Rolland

title: House


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In drawing from this book, copy the last diagram, or finished picture, of the particular series before you.

The other diagrams—beginning with number one, then number two and so on—show how to go on with your drawing. They give the order in which to make the various strokes of the pencil that together form the completed picture. The dotted lines indicate where light lines are drawn that help in construction—that is; getting proportions correctly, outlining the general form, or making details in their proper places. Do not press hard on the pencil in making these construction lines, then they can be erased afterwards.

Use pencil compasses for the circles, or mark them off with buttons or disks.


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No questions are in themselves of greater importance, and none more difficult to answer wisely, than those which are connected with the institution of marriage. On the one hand, they affect the large, complicated and ramifying interests of property, for all rules of succession must be based on the principles which determine legitimacy. On the other hand they affect, and that in the most manifest and vital degree, the morals of the community, for the sexual relationship itself is regulated either for good or for evil by the Marriage Law.

Morality stands in the closest connection with religion, and the Church hardly less than the State is interested in the rules which determine the conditions under which the marriage union is created and cancelled. Social stability is not to be severed from domestic purity, and this depends on the

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146 the sacred fire of domestic love, kindled from the altar of divine love, shall be carried far and wide into the world of human life, and shall create everywhere the light and warmth of home.

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vi standard of marital fidelity which is maintained among the citizens. Family discipline determines, more largely than any other factor, public morality; nothing can take the place of home influence in the shaping of character, and this influence is plainly dependent on the view which husband and wife take of their union.

It will not be disputed that the importance of the questions raised by the statesman, the social student and the Christian moralist in connection with marriage is equalled by their difficulty. And this difficulty is gravely enhanced by the circumstance that too generally it is not sufficiently recognised. There are fanatics on both sides of the standing conflict between Church and State who apply the simple logic of fanaticism to the problem of marriage, and avoid by ignoring the questions which none the less must ultimately be answered. That marriage is a contract, and therefore from first to last the creature of the law, is the assumption on the one side; that

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Rh and no reflective Christian will lightly esteem the misfortunes inherent in a deliberate and sustained divergence of principle between the New Testament and the Statute Book. All must see how gravely the course of social development is affecting public morals.

Good citizens, as such, can combine in the effort to preserve the moral heritage of the State, and to bring to the solemn and difficult work of government all the moral forces of the nation. As a first step in such combination there is need that some agreement should be reached as to the principles at stake, the claims on either side which are irreducible, the necessary conditions of co-operation. If I have succeeded in stating the problem form the Christian point of view my purpose has been secured.

H. HENSLEY HENSON.

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 {|
 * colspan=2 |Preface
 * v
 * chap.
 * I.
 * The Theory and Practice of the Jewish People in the Time of Christ
 * 1
 * II.
 * The Teaching of Christ
 * 22
 * III.
 * The Teaching of St. Paul
 * 49
 * IV.
 * Marriage within the Church Before the Reformation
 * 77
 * V.
 * Effect of the Reformation on Marriage
 * 100
 * VI.
 * Christian Marriage under Modern Conditions of Life
 * 123
 * } xi
 * Marriage within the Church Before the Reformation
 * 77
 * V.
 * Effect of the Reformation on Marriage
 * 100
 * VI.
 * Christian Marriage under Modern Conditions of Life
 * 123
 * } xi
 * 123
 * } xi

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 Horn, Cape, discovery, 66

Hort, Professor, 17

Hradschin, the, 183

Hudson Bay Territory, acquisition, 263

Huguenots— Tenets, 77; persecution, 147; defeat at Jarnac and Moncontour, 158; Massacre of St. Bartholomew, 159-60; under Lewis XIII., 177; under Richelieu, 179; suppressed in France, 223; settlement in Berlin, 286

Humanists, the, 72, 75-7, 79, 85, 86, 100, 105

Hungary— Battle of Mohacs, 36; Calvinism in, 136

Hunter, John, 21

Hunyadi, John, 35

Hus, John, 96, 100, 103

Hussitism, 182

Hutten, Ulrich von, 77, 86, 99, 102

Imperialists, the— Invasion of Rome, 138-9; defeat at Breitenfeld, 188; victory at Nördlingen, 193; French defeated by, 240

Independence, Declaration of, 199

Independents. See Congregationalists

Index, the— Erasmus on, 88; the prohibited books, 119-21; Tridentine, 120; the first Roman, 120

India— Portuguese acquisitions, 53 et seq.; da Gama's voyage, 54-5

Indulgence, Declaration of, 212

Indulgences— Abuse of, 91; Luther's protest, 97-8

Ingolstadt, fortress of, 189; university, 96

Ingria, retention by Peter the Great, 281

Innocent XI., Pope (Odescalchi), 226-7

Innocent XII., Pope, 253

Inquisition, the— Introduced into Portugal, 59; the Spanish upheld by Charles V., 101; introduction urged by Caraffa, 110-11; objects of the, 111-13; Rome and the, 112-13; the Spanish, 112; the Official, 113; in the Netherlands, 144-5; in France, 156; extinction of the Roman, 178

International Law in relation to Asiatics, 59

Ireland, Jacobite Schemes, 229-30

Ironsides, the, organisation and discipline, 203

Isabella, d. of Philip of Spain, 166

Isabella of Castile— Marriage to Ferdinand, 37; and Columbus, 61; and the New World slaves, 67

Isernia, Bishop of, "Bible only," 98

Italy, decline as a political power, 50

Ivry, 185

Jacobite Rising of 1715, 269-70

James, Duke of York. {See also James II.)— Sails for the Guinea Coast, 210; becomes a Roman Catholic, 212; Test Act and, 212; schemes for exclusion, 212-15

James Stuart, lands at Aberdeen, 269

James I. of England— Policy, 195-99; beginnings of Colonial Empire, 199

James II. of England— Innocent XI. and, 226; succession of, 218; policy, 219-22; and the Abbé de Rancé, 221-2; loss of the Crown, 222 et seq.; dispensing power assumed, 223; trial of the Bishops, 224; Irish schemes, 229-30; and the Nonjurors, 230; death, 256

Janissaries, the, 35

Jansenists, 178, 223, 244, 245

Jarnac, Huguenot defeat, 158

Jefferson, draws up Declaration of Indulgence, 312

Jeffreys, Judge, 220; and the Whigs, 220; and James II., 224

Jerome of Prague, 103

Jesuits, the— Society founded by St. Ignatius, 114 sqq.; as revolutionists, 117-8; in France, 117, 178; and the Counter-Reformation, 123; recall by Henry IV., 172; Innocent XI. and, 226; protected by Frederic II., 304

Jews, the— Expelled from Spain, 61-2; persecutions in Spain, 85, 112; in France, 111; decree of Peter the Great, 283

John, Prester, 53, 57

Johnson, Dr., and Parliamentary debates, 276

Johnston, retreat before Sherman, 298

Jones, Sir William, tracts, 217

Joseph, Emperor, death, 261

Juan, Don, 145

Julius II., Pope, 38— Venetian schemes, 44-6; summons Lateran Council, 46; Roman schemes, 46-7; patron of Renascent Art, 81-2; St. Peter's, 82;


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This template creates a set of anchors for linking. Supplied with the full complement of 3 parameters, it will create:

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Indulgence of, 91; the dispensation to Henry VII., 137, 139

Justification by faith— Brought forward at Ratisbon Conference, 110; Lutheran, 132

Kaunitz, policy of, 292-4, 302

Keller, Jesuit, cited, 118

Kempis, St. Thomas à, Imitation, 83

Kendal, Duchess of, 266, 272

Keppel, 257

Kerr, and James's Declaration, 230

"King's Friends," the, 275

Kinsky, Countess, 193

Kirk-o'-Field, 147

Klostergrab, Protestant Church built at, 182

Knights of St. John, 36

Knox, John, 146, 196

Kollin, battle of, 297

Konias, and burning of books, 121

Königsmarck, Aurora von, 266-7

Königsmarck, Count, 266-7

Kunersdorf, battle of, 297

La Ferrière, correspondence of Catharine de Medici, 162

La Trappe, abbey of, 221

Ladislas, King of Hungary, 36

Ladrones, discovery of the, 66

Lagos, 299

Lambert and the Restoration, 207

Landen, battle of, 222, 230

Lanfrey, Carnot, 18

Langside, battle of, 149

Languet, Hubert, 164

Lateran Council, the, 46, 98, 108

Laud, Archbishop— Influence on Charles I., 201; cited, 202

Launoy, 78

Lautrec, commands force in Italy, 139, 140

Lauzun, French adviser of James II., 229

League of Augsburg, 247

League of Cambray, 46

League of Schmalkalden, 107

League, the— Origin, 165, 184; objects, 166; dissolution, 168; supports Ferdinand II., 184-6; Tilly and, 186; Wallenstein's policy, 187-8

Lee, Archbishop, denounces Erasmus, 88

Lefort, the Genevese, employed by Peter the Great, 280

Leibniz, policy of, 14, 265, 267-8, 284

Leicester, Earl of, in the Netherlands, 146

Leighton and the Dover Treaty, 213

Leighton, Archbishop— Appointed to Glasgow, 209; religious policy, 223, 246

Leipzig— Disputation of, 97; captured by Tilly, 188

Leo X., Pope— Concordat of Bologna, 47; policy, 47; Erasmus and, 88; question of indulgences, 91-3, 95; Luther and, 95, 101; Adrian VI. and, 103

Leopold of Austria— Supports William of Orange, 225; heir to Philip IV., 238, 249; Turkish war, 243

Leopold of Tuscany, 304

Lepanto, battle of, 36, 153

Lesley, Scottish officer, 193

Leuthen, battle of, 9, 297

Lewis XII.— Conquest of Milan, 40-41; relations with Cæsar Borgia, 40-41; partition of Naples, 41-2; League of Cambray, 45-6; Wolsey's policy, 138

Lewis XIII., assassination of Concini, 175

Lewis XIV.— Treaty of Dover, 210-15, 239; relations with James II., 220; suppression of Protestantism, 221, 223, 246; relations with William of Orange, 222, 254-5; designs regarding the Princess Anne, 225; Irish designs, 229-30; character and policy, 234-5, 240-41, 249; marriage, 235-6; employs the right of Devolution, 237; Pomponne dismissed, 241-2; designs on Strasburg, 242; internal state of France under, 244; marries Mme. de Maintenon, 244; revocation of Edict of Nantes, 245-7; ravages the Palatinate, 247; first Partition Treaty, 250; the second, 252; and the will of Charles II., 253; policy on death of James II., 256; the Hague negotiations, 260-61; further policy and death, 269

Lewis XV., agreement with Austria, 293

Lewis XVIII., 199

Lexington, 312

Liberty of conscience, 206, 207; Congregationalists fight for, 201

Liebig, Organic Chemistry, 20

Liegnitz, Frederic II. at, 299

Lightfoot, Bishop, 17

Lilburne, 205


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Constitution of Ecuador 2008

Preamble
WE, the sovereign people of Ecuador

RECOGNIZING our millenary roots, wrought by women and men of distinct cultures,

CELEBRATING nature, the Pachamama (Earth Mother), of which we are part and which is vital to our existence,

INVOKING the name of God and recognizing our diverse forms of religion and spirituality,

APPEALING to the wisdom of all the cultures that enrich us as a society,

AS HEIRS to the social struggle for liberation against all the forms of domination and colonialism, and with profound commitment to the present and to the future,

We have decided to construct

A new form of coexistent citizenship, in diversity and in harmony with nature, to achieve the good life, the sumak kawsay;

A society that respects, in all its dimensions, the dignity of individuals and collective groups;

A democratic country, committed to Latin American integration – the dream of Simón Bolívar and Eloy Alfaro to peace and solidarity with peoples of the earth;

And, in exercise of our sovereignty, in the city of Alfaro, Montecristi, Manabí Province, we now present:

THE CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF ECUADOR

Title I
CONSTITUENT ELEMENTS OF THE STATE

Chapter One: Fundamental Principles

Art. 1.- Ecuador is a constitutional state of laws and justice, that is social, democratic, sovereign, independent, singular, intercultural, plurinational and secular. It is organized as a republic and governed in a decentralized manner. Sovereignty lies with the people, whose will is the basis of authority which, is exercised through the organs of public power and through the forms of direct participation set forth by the Constitution. The non-renewable natural resources of the state’s territory are property of the state, inalienable, unrenounceable and imprescriptible.

Art. 2.- The flag, the emblem and the national anthem, established by law, are the symbols of the country. Castilian is the official language of Ecuador; Castilian, Kichwa and Shuar are official languages of intercultural relations. The remaining ancestral languages are in official use by the indigenous peoples in the areas that they inhabit according to the terms established by law. The state will respect and encourage their use.

Art. 3.- Fundamental Duties of The State:

1. To guarantee without discrimination of any kind the true enjoyment of the rights established by the Constitution, and in international instruments, in particular education, health, nutrition, social security and water for its inhabitants.

2. To guarantee and defend national sovereignty.

3. To fortify national unity and diversity.

4. To guarantee that lay ethics are to be maintained in public service and judicial ordinance.

5. To plan the development of the state, eradicate poverty, promote sustainable development and the equitable redistribution of resources and wealth, to accede to the good life (sumak kawsay).

6. To promote the equitable and supportive development of the entire territory, by means of fortification of the process of autonomies and decentralization.

7. To protect the natural assets of the country.

8. To guarantee to its inhabitants the right to a culture of peace, to integral security and to live in a democratic society and free of corruption.

Art. 4.- The territory of Ecuador, a geographic and historical unity of natural, social and cultural dimensions, is the legacy of our ancestors and ancestral peoples. This territory includes the continental and maritime spaces, the adjacent islands, the territorial sea, the Galapagos Archipelago, the soil, the continental shelf, the continental subsoil and the superjacent space, insular and maritime. Its limits are determined by those treaties that are in force. The territory of Ecuador is inalienable, unrenounceable and inviolable. No one shall assault the territorial unity nor encourage secession. The capital of Ecuador is Quito. The Ecuadorian state shall exercise rights over the corresponding segments of the synchronous geostationary orbit, the maritime spaces and the Antarctic.

Art. 5.- Ecuador is a territory of peace. It does not permit the establishment of foreign military bases, or foreign installations with military purposes. It prohibits the cession of national military bases to foreign armed forces or security forces.

Chapter Two: Citizens

Art. 6.- All Ecuadorians are citizens and enjoy the rights established in the constitution. The Ecuadorian nationality is the lawful political link between individuals and the state, without prejudice in regard to one’s belonging to one of the indigenous nationalities that coexist in plurinational Ecuador. The Ecuadorian nationality is obtained by birth or by naturalization and cannot be lost by marriage or its dissolution, nor by the acquisition of another nationality.

Art. 7.- Ecuadorians by birth are:

1. Individuals born in Ecuador.

2. Individuals born abroad whose mother or father was born in Ecuador; and their descendants until the third generation of blood relationship.

3. Individuals belonging to communities, peoples or nationalities, recognized by Ecuador, with a presence in the border zones.

Art. 8.- The following individuals are Ecuadorians by naturalization:

1. Those that obtain a naturalization card.

2. Those foreigners adopted by an Ecuadorian; they shall maintain the Ecuadorian nationality so long as they do not express contrary will.

3. Those born abroad whose mother or father is Ecuadorian by naturalization, while such persons are minors; They will maintain the Ecuadorian nationality so long as they do not express contrary will.

4. Those who contract a marriage or maintain a union made with an Ecuadorian, in accordance with the law.

5. Those who obtain Ecuadorian nationality for having provided relevant services to the country with their talent and individual effort. Persons who acquire Ecuadorian nationality are not required to renounce their original nationality. The acquired Ecuadorian nationality is lost by express renunciation.

Art. 9.- Foreigners who find themselves in Ecuadorian territory shall have the same rights and responsibilities as Ecuadorians, in accordance with the constitution.

Chapter Three: Rights for Nature

Art. 1. Nature or Pachamama, where life is reproduced and exists, has the right to exist, persist, maintain and regenerate its vital cycles, structure, functions and its processes in evolution.

Every person, people, community or nationality, will be able to demand the recognition of rights for nature before public institutions. The application and interpretation of these rights will follow the related principles established in the Constitution.

Art. 2. Nature has the right to an integral restoration. This integral restoration is independent of the obligation of natural and juridical persons or the State to indemnify the people and the collectives that depend on the natural systems.

In case of severe or permanent environmental impact, including that caused by the exploitation of non renewable natural resources, the State will establish the most efficient mechanisms for restoration, and will adopt adequate measures to eliminate or mitigate the harmful environmental consequences.

Art. 3. The State will motivate natural and juridical persons as well as collectives to protect nature; it will promote respect towards all the elements that form an ecosystem.

Art. 4. The State will apply precaution and restriction measures in all the activities that can lead to the extinction of species, the destruction of the ecosystems or the permanent alteration of the natural cycles.

The introduction of organisms and organic and inorganic material that can alter the national genetic heritage in a definitive way is prohibited.

Art. 5. The persons, people, communities and nationalities will have the right to benefit from the environment and from natural wealth that will allow wellbeing.

The environmental services cannot be appropriated; their production, provision, use and exploitation, will be regulated by the State.

Constitución de Ecuador de 2008

title: Constitution of Ecuador 2008


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A Dictionary of the Targumim, the Talmud Babli and Yerushalmi, and the Midrashic Literature/

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18 of money. Your three cards will not be thrown away upon me. Come!" . ..

He paused and tremblingly awaited her reply. The Countess remained silent; Hermann fell upon his knees.

"If your heart has ever known the feeling of love," said he, "if you remember its rapture, if you have ever smiled at the cry of your new-born child, if any human feeling has ever entered into your breast, I entreat you by the feelings of a wife, a lover, a mother, by all that is most sacred in life, not to reject my prayer. Reveal to me your secret. Of what use is it to you? . . . May be if is connected with some terrible sin, with the loss of eternal salvation, with some bargain with the devil. . . . Reflect,—you are old; you have not long to live—I am ready to take your sins upon my soul. Only reveal to me your secret. Remember that the happiness of a man is in your hands, that not only I, but my children, and grandchildren will bless your memory and reverence you as a saint. . . ."

The old Countess answered not a word.

Hermann rose to his feet.

"You old hag!" he exclaimed, grinding his teeth, "then I will make you answer!"

With these words he drew a pistol from his pocket.

At the sight of the pistol, the Countess for the second time exhibited strong emotion. She shook her head and raised her hands as if to protect herself from the shot. . . . then she fell backwards and remained motionless.

"Come, an end to this childish nonsense!" said Hermann, taking hold of her hand. "I ask you for the last time: will you tell me the names of your three cards, or will you not?"

The Countess made no reply. Hermann perceived that she was dead.

IZAVETA IVANOVNA was sitting in her room, still in her ball dress, lost in deep thought. On returning home, she had hastily dismissed the chambermaid who very reluctantly came forward to assist her, saying that she would undress herself, and with a trembling heart had gone up to

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Report of Colonel Warren, Fort Gilleland, September 18, 1836, to R. K. CALL, Governor of Florida

Report of Colonel Warren, Fort Gilleland, September 18, 1836, to R. K. CALL, Governor of Florida.
SIR-Yesterday morning, the 17th [of September, 1836], a party of from one to two hundred Indians came within a mile of this post, on the Picolata road, and captured a cart belonging to John Standly. Three white men and two [black men] were fired on by a part of this body, fortunately without effect. The cart was set on fire. I immediately sallied out with thirty men to reconnoiter, while the troops were preparing to make a general sortie; a very heavy rain which came up at this time answered the double purpose of extinguishing the fire and rendering our arms useless. The cart with a load of corn was saved and brought in. I pursued on the trail some distance, and found that they had gone towards Colonel Sanchez's plantation; it being now nearly dark, and rain still continuing, it was concluded to return and make an attack on them in the morning.

At one o'clock this morning, four men of tried valor were sent out to reconnoiter around the San Felasco Hammock and the plantation of Colonel Sanchez; they returned at four o'clock, having made no discovery. Being satisfied that they were there, I resolved to go out; accordingly, at six o'clock I marched out with one hundred mounted men, being detachments from Captains Walker, Ward, and Garrison's companies, with twenty-five gentlemen under Captain Beekman, (having formerly belonged to his company, and volunteered their services for this special service,) Captain D. D. Tompkins, of company B, 1st regiment United States artillery, with a twenty-four-pound howitzer and twenty five of his men. This command was arranged in three lines, as follows: Captain Walker, with his company, and Lieutenant Bruten, in command of the detachment from Captain Garrison's company, formed the right wing under my personal command ; Captain Tompkins, with his command, formed the centre; and the volunteers under Captain Beekman, with Captain Ward's company, formed the left wing under Lieutenant Colonel Mills. On arriving within three-quarters of a mile of the hammock, the spies reported Indians in front; they immediately opened a sharp fire on the right wing and center.

The Indians on the left, in considerable force, made an attempt to turn that flank, but were charged with spirit and success by Lieutenant Colonel Mills's command, and driven into a thick-wooded oak scrub; then, dismounting and charging on them, drove them through this into the border of the hammock, where the artillery played on them with considerable effect. After this, they retired to the right, and attempted to turn, that wing; but were charged with success by Captain Walker and Lieutenant Bruten's command, and again driven within range of the artillery, which opened on them with great effect. They made several desperate attempts to maintain their position, and charged twice on the artillery, but were driven off at all points, and pursued for a mile and a half into a dense hammock, where they could not be pursued to advantage.

The command advanced and took a position, and remained on it for two hours and a half, then returned in the same order of the advance, without seeing or hearing any thing more of them. The action lasted one hour and a half one hour of which the firing was heavy on the whole line. From the ground which they occupied, their force is estimated at least at three hundred men. Several Indians were distinctly seen to fall before the fire of the artillery, particularly on the left; several persons report that they saw a mounted Indian (a chief from his appearing to be giving orders) fall before the fire of the artillery. Adjutant Gilleland reports that he saw a large fellow mounted in front of the right, and, from a recollection of his person, thinks it was Jumper; he ordered a platoon fired at him, and several persons assert that he fell. From the many traces of blood discovered in passing over the ground after the enemy were routed, a great number must have been killed and wounded. We also discovered where they had killed five beeves and seven hogs, some of which were left by them, in their hurry, in the situation in which they were shot down.

Lieutenant Colonel Mills sustained, in this action, the reputation he had previously acquired for bravery, coolness, and judgment: I beg leave to recommend him to your excellency's notice for his good conduct in this action, as well as the important services rendered by him since stationed at this post. Captains Beekman, Walker, and Ward, and Lientenants Bruten and Hindly, behaved with great bravery.

Lieutenant Bruten had his horse killed under him. Adjutant Gilleland particularly distinguished himself by his bravery and exertions on the right wing. Private Weyman, B company, 1st artillery, stationed at the howitzer, was severely wounded at the first fire, but refused to retire from his post until four rounds were fired, when he was compelled to retire from loss of blood. In fact, the whole command behaved well.

Below is a report of wounded. I regret to state that private Jerry Burnett is pronounced mortally wounded; the others appear to be in a fair way to recover. I should do injustice were I to close this report without mentioning, in terms of approbation, the prompt attention of Doctors Pelot and Turtelot to the wounded men: they promptly attended, during the action, so all.

I have the honor to be, respectfully, &c., JOHN WARREN, Colonel, commanding 2d M: D., E. F.

His Excellency R. K. CALL, Governor, commanding in chief.


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Author:James Parton Haney

Works

 * Pencil Sketching from Nature (1906)
 * Classroom practice in design

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Page:A Dictionary of the Targumim, the Talmud Babli and Yerushalmi, and the Midrashic Literature, Volume 1 (1903).djvu/13

 from the number hitherto accepted in Talmudic lexicography. The Hebrew and Aramaic of the Talmudic period had little to learn from a people which after the close of the Talmudic era became the world's teacher.

The difficulties besetting the study of Talmud and Midrash will be overcome in the degree in which modern scholars will take it up for philological and archaeological purposes as adjuncts of those who are too much engrossed in its practical and doctrinal side to allow themselves time for what seems to them unessential. But even what has been heretofore rediscovered, as it were, thanks to the labors of Leopold Zunz, Samuel Loeb Rapaport, Heinrich Graetz, Zacharias Frankel, Michael Sachs, Solomon David Luzzatto, Abraham Geiger, M. Joel, Joseph Perles, Alexander Kohut, and a host of others, is enough to prove the marvellous familiarity of the Rabbis with the events, institutions, and views of life of the world outside and around their own peculiar civilization. What is more, we have been familiarized with the philosophical impartiality and sober superiority with which they appreciated what was laudable and reprehended what was objectionable in the intellectual and moral condition of the 'nations of the world', as they called the gentile world around them; kings and empires, nations and governments, public entertainments and social habits, they reviewed through the spy-glass of pure monotheism and stern morality.

In conclusion, the author begs to state his indebtedness to Jacob Levy's Targumic and Neo-Hebrew Dictionaries, where an amount of material far exceeding the vocabularies of the Arukh and Buxtorf's Lexicon Hebraicum et Chaldaicum is accumulated, which alone could have encouraged and enabled the author to undertake a task the mere preparation for which may well fill a lifetime.

Thanks are also rendered here for the munificent subventions which enabled the author to publish a work by its nature requiring great pecuniary sacrifices. To the list of subscribers mentioned on the title sheet of the first volume, the following should be added: Mr. Emanuel Lehman, Mr. Louis Stern, the Honorable Isidor Straus, the Honorable Oscar S. Straus, all of New York, and Judge Mayer Sulzberger of Philadelphia (additional subscription). It gives the author considerable pleasure to place among the subscriptions a gift of the school children of the Congregation Rodef Shalom of Philadelphia, on the occasion of the seventieth birthday of its Rabbi Emeritus.

The author also expresses his gratitude to the friends who have assisted him in the arduous task of proof reading, among whom special mention is due to Miss Henrietta Szold, of Baltimore. He also acknowledges his obligation to the Rev. Dr. S. Mendelsohn, of Wilmington, N. C., for the index of Scriptural citations appended to this work, a contribution which, the author is confident, will be welcomed by all Biblical students.

The religious sentiments inspiring the author at the completion of his labors of five and twenty years are too sacred to be sent abroad beyond the sanctuary of heart and home.


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Rh her own room, expecting to find Hermann there, but yet hoping not to find him. At the first glance she convinced herself that he was not there, and she thanked her fate for having prevented him keeping the appointment. She sat down without undressing, and began to recall to mind all the circumstances which in so short a time had carried her so far. It was not three weeks since the time when she first saw the young officer from the window—and yet she was already in correspondence with him, and he had succeeded in inducing her to grant him a nocturnal interview! She knew his name only through his having written it at the bottom of some of his letters; she had never spoken to him, had never heard his voice, and had never heard him spoken of until that evening. But, strange to say, that very evening at the ball, Tomsky, being piqued with the young Princess Pauline N, who, contrary to her usual custom, did not flirt with him, wished to revenge himself by assuming an air of indifference: he therefore engaged Lizaveta Ivanovna and danced an endless mazurka with her. During the whole of the time he kept teasing, her about her partiality for Engineer officers; he assured her that he knew far more than she imagined, and some of his jests were so happily aimed, that Lizaveta thought several times that her secret was known to him.

"From whom have you learnt all this?" she asked, smiling.

"From a friend of a person very well known to you," replied Tomsky, "from a very distinguished man."

"And who is this distinguished man?"

"His name is Hermann."

Lizaveta made no reply; but her hands and feet lost all sense of feeling.

"This Hermann," continued Tomsky, "is a man of romantic personality. He has the profile of a Napoleon, and the soul of a Mephistopheles. I believe that he has at least three crimes upon his conscience. . . . How pale you have become!"

"I have a headache . . . But what did this Hermann—or whatever his name is—tell you?"

"Hermann is very much dissatisfied with his friend: he says that in his place he would act very differently . . . I

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74 that it was the desire of the Russian Minister to leave Korea, and asked the opinion of the Japanese Minister on the subject. The Japanese Minister replied that if the Russian Minister would withdraw in a peaceful manner, taking with him his staff and the legation guard, he would be fully protected by Japanese troops. So he withdrew of his own free will on the twelfth of the same month, and an escort of Japanese soldiers was furnished for him as far as Chemul-po. The Russian allegation that the Japanese Government forwarded a summons through the French representative in Korea to the Russian Minister to leave Korea is, therefore, not true. In this connection it may be remarked that the Russian consul at Fusan remained at his post as late as February 28 last. It is reported that he was compelled to stay so long owing to the absence of instructions which the Russian Minister apparently did not think of giving to the consul before his own departure from Seoul. When it was known that the necessary instructions had at last reached the Russian consul, and that he desired to leave Fusan as soon as possible, the Japanese consul at the same port offered him every facility for his departure, and his passage to Shanghai via Japan was arranged by the Japanese consul."

To this the Russian Government retorted on March 12th, as follows:

"Japan's argument that she was justified in landing troops in Korea before the declaration of war, because she had Korea's permission, and also that these troops arrived in Korea after 'the existence of a state of war,' is without value, as Korea in January promulgated her neutrality to the Powers, which received it warmly. Great Britain even officially conveying expressions of gratitude to the Korean Government. Therefore, no state of war gave the Japanese the right to violate her neutrality by landing troops in her territory. Even the consent of Korea, though extorted by the Japanese, is without force, from the fact that the despatch of troops was not only before the war, but before the breaking off of diplomatic relations, as clearly established and indeed acknowledged by the Japanese themselves.

"'Japan's contention in defence of the attack upon the Russian ships at Chemul-po, that the port was not neutral on February 9, is false again, because Korea had proclaimed her neutrality." "'Japan's denial of malicious interference with the transmission of Russian telegrams over the Danish cable cannot be sustained. A telegram to Baron Rosen (then Russian Minister to Japan) at"

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 in Talmud and Midrash, including abbreviations of the most frequently occurring names of Rabbis

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64 seizure of the "Russia." Mr. Pavloff, although surprised, did not seem to regard even these events as indicating war, and his spirits did not appear to be affected. Later in the evening, however, he changed his view. This alteration in demeanor, which was observed by some of those present, was probably due to the arrival of the runner with the message from the commander of the "Koreitz." What must undoubtedly have been a great shock to Mr. Pavloff did not prevent him from entertaining his guests during the remainder of their stay just as if nothing unusual had happened. He awoke the next morning to find himself virtually a prisoner in the legation. Four days later he left Korea.

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 His colleagues made good their escape, but Braybroc was taken, roughly handled, and imprisoned in the castle. His wife carried the news to the king, then in parliament at Northampton, who immediately marched upon the town. William de Breaute, refusing to surrender on the king's summons, was promptly excommunicated by the archbishop, and the castle was reduced by a regular siege, after a stubborn resistance lasting sixty days (16 June-15 Aug.), the commandant and the garrison, with the exception of three templars, being hanged on the spot. The king ordered the tower and outer battlements to be razed to the ground, the inner works to be dismantled and the moats filled up, and appointed Braybroc to superintend the execution of this work. The ruins of that portion of the building which was left standing were extant in Camden's time. Braybroc was justice itinerant for the same counties next year (1225), and in the year following (1226) justice itinerant for Lincolnshire and Yorkshire. In an exchequer record of the year 1227 he is described as justice of the bench. The last mention of him is in 1228, when Dugdale notices a fine as having been levied before him. That he was dead in 1234 appears from the record of a fine which his widow Christiana in that year paid to the king for the privilege of marrying whom she pleased. She was the daughter of Wischard Ledet, a rebel, part of whose estates had been confiscated by John, and granted to Master Michael Belet in 1216. The portion which remained unforfeited devolved upon his daughter on his death in 1221-2, Braybroc then paying a fine of 100l. upon the succession. It was situate in Northamptonshire, where he had estates, as also in Bedfordshire, Buckinghamshire, Leicestershire, Lincolnshire, and Cambridgeshire. Braybroc had two sons, (1) Wischard, who took his mother's name of Ledet; (2) John, a descendant of whom, Sir Reginald Braybroc, knight, married in the reign of Henry IV a granddaughter of John de Cobham, whose only child Joan married Sir Thomas Brooke, father of Sir Edward Brooke of Cobham, ancestor of the noble family of Cobham.

 BRAYBROKE, ROBERT (d. 1404), ecclesiastic and judge, son of Sir Gerard Braybroke, knight of Braybroke Castle in Northamptonshire, a descendant of  [q. v.], studied civil law at Oxford, taking the degree of licentiate therein. After taking holy orders he obtained (1360), by papal provision, the rectory of Hinton, Cambridgeshire, which, in 1379, he surrendered for the rectory of Girton, Lincolnshire, and this again for that of Horsenden soon afterwards. He was appointed to the prebend of Fenton, in the church of York, 9 Nov. 1366; to that of Fridaythorpe, in the same church, 19 Oct. 1370; to that of All Saints in Hungate, in the church of Lincoln, about 1378; and to that of Colwich, in the church of Lichfield, in the following year. He became dean of Salisbury in 1379-80; archdeacon of Cornwall July 1381; bishop of London, by bull of Pope Urban, 9 Sept. of the same year, to which he was consecrated at Lambeth 5 Jan. 1381-2. The same year (9 Sept.) he was created chancellor at Bristol, receiving the seal on the 20th following, but he resigned the office 10 March 1382-3. In 1382 he gave great offence to the Londoners, then much under the influence of Wycliffe, by refusing to proclaim the nullity of the statute against preachers of heresy passed in the previous year. His laxity in enforcing the laws against prostitutes also produced disturbances. In 1385 he made a vigorous attempt to vindicate the sanctity of St. Paul's by denouncing excommunication against all who were guilty of buying and selling, or playing at ball, within the precincts of the cathedral, or of shooting the birds which made the roof of the edifice their home. In the following year he established the festival of St. Erkenwald, in commemoration of St. Paul. In 1387 Richard II, having been forced by the barons, headed by the Duke of Gloucester, to dismiss the chancellor Michael de la Pole, earl of Suffolk, and to vest the executive power in a 'continual council,' sought to regain his former position by compelling the judges to declare the ordinances by which the revolution had been carried into effect null and void. At this juncture Braybroke attempted, at the instance of the Duke of Gloucester, to mediate between the king and the barons, and at first with some effect; but on Pole, who was present at the interview, breaking out into abuse of the duke, the bishop rejoined with more energy than the king deemed respectful, bidding the late chancellor remember that as he owed his life to the favour of the king, it was unseemly in him to speak evil of others. Braybroke was forthwith dismissed the king's presence, and the barons impeached and executed or banished the chiefs of the king's party. In 1392 Braybroke tried to induce the London cobblers to give up work on Sunday by a threat of excommunication. In 1394 he made a journey to Ireland, to represent to the king, then engaged in attempting to reform the


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  of that country, the necessity of taking steps to curb the insolence of the Lollards, who had nailed the principal articles of their creed to the door of St. Paul's. Braybroke was so far successful that Richard, on his return to England, compelled the principal offenders, Thomas Latimer and Richard Story, under pain of death, to take an oath of recantation. In the following year he was appointed, with the archbishop of York, to levy a contribution of 4d. per pound upon the value of all benefices in the kingdom, imposed by the pope for the benefit of the archbishop of Canterbury. The death of the archbishop (Courtney) soon relieved him from this unpopular duty. The bishop's last important public act was the reform of the chapter of St. Paul's. The canons residentiary had for some time past steadily refused to fill up any vacancies in their body unless the candidate for election would give security that he would expend in the first year after his election, in eatables and drinkables and other creature comforts, at least seven hundred marcs, a sum many times exceeding the annual value of the richest prebend. As a result the number of canons in residence had dwindled down from thirty, the full complement, to two, who divided between themselves the whole revenue of the church, and, not content with that, engrossed even the bread and ale, which from time immemorial had been the due of the non-resident canons. To put an end to this fraud the bishop obtained from the king a writ, dated 26 April 1398, addressed to himself and the dean and chapter, commanding them upon their allegiance, and under pain of a fine of 4,000l., to make by Michaelmas, at the latest, statutes regulating the mode of election modelled on those in force at Salisbury, and to observe them faithfully for the future. Braybroke was a trier of petitions in most of Richard II's parliaments; he celebrated high mass in the lady chapel at St. Paul's, on occasion of a convocation of the clergy there in 1399, and was a member of Henry IV's privy council for the first three years of his reign. As to the precise date of his death there was formerly much doubt, five several dates being assigned by different writers, viz. 8 Dec. 1401, 17 Aug. 1404, 27 Aug. 1404, 28 Aug. 1404, and 27 Aug. 1405. That the first date is erroneous is proved by a deed of grant of the manor of Crendon in Bedfordshire, preserved in the archives of All Souls' College, Oxford to which he was party, and which bears date 16 Feb. 1403-4. He was buried in the lady chapel at St. Paul's, and a fine brass above his tomb remained intact as late as 1641, when Dugdale, who gives an engraving of it, saw it. The inscription on the plate assigns 27 Aug 1404 as the date of death, and with this Godwin (De Præsul. 186) agrees. Braybroke was hroughout his life a close friend of William of Wykeham. The brass was destroyed during the civil war. Dugdale relates that on the burning of the church in 1666 Braybroke's coffin was shattered by the fall of a portion of the ruins, and the body was taken out in a state of perfect preservation, 'the flesh, sinews, and skin cleaving fast to the bones,' so 'that being set upon the feet it stood as stiff as a plank, the skin being tough like leather, and not at all inclined to putrefaction, which some attributed to the sanctity of the person, offering much money for it.'

 BRAYBROOKE,. [See .]  BRAYLEY, EDWARD WEDLAKE, the elder (1773–1854), topographer and archæologist, born in the parish of Lambeth, Surrey, in 1773, was apprenticed to one of the most eminent practitioners of the art of enamelling in the metropolis. Before the term of his indentures had expired he became acquainted with, 1771-1857 [q.v.], whom he used to meet at the shop of Mr. Essex in Clerkenwell. Both the young men had literary and artistic tastes and aspirations, and longed to emancipate themselves from the mechanical pursuits in which they were engaged. They formed a close friendship, which was maintained for the long period of sixty-five years, and they produced together many beautifully illustrated volumes on topographical subjects. They began their literary partnership in a very humble way. Their first joint speculation was a song called 'The Powder Tax, or a Puff at the Guinea Pigs,' written by Brayley and sung by Britton publicly at a discussion club meeting at the Jacob's Well, Barbican. The ditty was very popular, and seventy or eighty thousand copies of it were sold. Soon afterwards Brayley wrote 'A History of the White Elephant' for Mr. Fairburn in the Minories. In 1801 Brayley assisted Britton in producing the 'Beauties of Wiltshire.'


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Author:Bedford Clapperton Trevelyan Pim

Works

 * The Gate of the Pacific (1863)
 * War Chronicle: With Memoirs of the Emperor Napoleon III., The Emperor-King William I., Map, and Official Documents, from the Breaking Out of the War to the Final Evacuation of French Territory by the German Army (1873)
 * The Gate of the Pacific (1863)
 * War Chronicle: With Memoirs of the Emperor Napoleon III., The Emperor-King William I., Map, and Official Documents, from the Breaking Out of the War to the Final Evacuation of French Territory by the German Army (1873)

title: Author:Bedford Clapperton Trevelyan Pim


text: Author talk:Frances Locock

title: Author talk:Frances Locock


text: Translation:Announcements, Acts, and Decrees From the Reign of Rama VIII/Tome 2/Part 25