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TOPICAL INDEX, WITH CROSS-REFERENCES. Spain, 740.

Sparrow, 740.

Speech, 740.
 * Conversation.
 * Eloquence.
 * Gossip.
 * Language.
 * Oratory.
 * Silence.
 * Talk.
 * Thought.
 * Tongues.
 * Voice.
 * Words.

Spice, 745.

Spider, 745.

Spirit; Spirits, 745.
 * Angels.
 * Apparitions.
 * Fairies.
 * Imagination.
 * Visions.

Sport, 746.
 * Amusement.
 * Angling.
 * Chase.

Spring, 746.

Stage (The), see
 * Acting.

Stars, 748.
 * Astronomy.
 * Moon, The.
 * Night.
 * Sky, The.
 * Sunrise.
 * Sunset.
 * Twilight.

Statesmanship, 752.
 * Ability.
 * Government.
 * Peace.
 * Policy.
 * Politics.
 * Royalty.
 * Strategy.
 * War.
 * World Peace.

Steam, see
 * Navigation.

Storm, 753.
 * Navigation.
 * Ocean.
 * Rain.
 * Rainbow.
 * Shipwreck.
 * Thunder.

Story-telling, 755.
 * Ballads.
 * Romance.

Strategy, 755.
 * Deceit.
 * Policy.
 * Politics.
 * Statesmanship.
 * War.

Strawberry, 766.

Strength, 756.
 * Ability.
 * Growth.
 * Power.

Students, 756.
 * Books.
 * Education.
 * History.
 * Learning.
 * Study.
 * Teaching.

Study, 757.
 * Contemplation.
 * Education.
 * Learning.
 * Students.

Stupidity, 758.
 * Folly.
 * Ignorance.
 * Mind.

Style, 758.
 * Art.
 * Authorship.
 * Books.
 * Criticism.
 * Literature.
 * Poetry.

Submarine, see
 * Navigation.

Success, 759.
 * Destiny.
 * Fate.
 * Fortune.
 * Growth.
 * Luck.
 * Possession.
 * Wealth.

Suffering, 762.
 * Affliction.
 * Misery.
 * Misfortune.
 * Pain.
 * Sickness.
 * Sorrow.
 * Trials.
 * Woe.

Suffrage, see
 * Choice.
 * Government.
 * Politics.

Suicide, 763.
 * Crime.
 * Death.
 * Murder.

Summer, 764.

Sun, The, 765.
 * Astronomy.
 * Clouds.
 * Corruption.
 * Day.
 * December.
 * Light.
 * October.
 * Shadows.
 * Sky, The.
 * Sun Dial Mottoes.
 * Sunrise.
 * Sunset.
 * Twilight.

Sun Dial Mottoes, 767.
 * Sun.
 * Time.

Sunflower, 768.

Sunrise, 769.
 * Astronomy.
 * Aurora.
 * Clouds.
 * Day.
 * Light.
 * Morning.
 * Sky, The.
 * Sun, The.

Sunset, 769.
 * Clouds.
 * Evening.
 * Night.
 * Shadows.
 * Sky, The.
 * Stars.
 * Twilight.
 * Superfluity, see
 * Luxury.
 * Moderation.
 * Necessity.

Superstition, 770.
 * Apparitions.
 * Fairies.
 * Gods, The.
 * Ignorance.
 * Religion.

Suspicion, 771.
 * Distrust.
 * Doubt.
 * Envy.
 * Jealousy.

Swallow, 772.

Swan, 772.

Swanee (River), 773.

Swearing, 773.
 * Deceit.
 * Lying.
 * Oaths.
 * Vows.

Sweet-Basil, 774.

Sweetness, 774.
 * Quality.

Swine, 775.

Symbols, 775.
 * Example.
 * Religion.
 * Worship.

Sympathy, 775.
 * Affection.
 * Companionship.
 * Feeling.
 * Friendship.
 * Influence.
 * Kindness.
 * Philanthropy.
 * Pity.
 * Sensibility.
 * Sorrow.
 * Suffering.
 * Tears.

Tailors, 776.
 * Apparel.
 * Fashion.

Talent, 777.
 * Ability.
 * Capacity.
 * Character.
 * Genius.
 * Intellect.
 * Mind.

Talk, 777.
 * Conversation.
 * Eloquence.
 * Gossip.
 * Language.
 * Silence.
 * Speech.
 * Tongues.
 * Words.

Tardiness, see
 * Delay.
 * Time.

Taste, 778.
 * Choice.
 * Style.

Taxation, see
 * Government.
 * Politics.

Tea, 778.

Teaching, 779.
 * Education.
 * Learning.
 * Students.

Tears, 780.
 * Death.
 * Feeling.
 * Grief.
 * Pity.
 * Sensibility.
 * Sorrow.
 * Sympathy.

Temper, see
 * Anger.
 * Hatred.
 * Passion.


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 Temperance, 783.
 * Drinking.
 * Eating.
 * Festivities.
 * Intemperance.
 * Moderation.
 * Water.
 * Wine and Spirits.

Temptation, 784.
 * Crime.
 * Devil.
 * Example.
 * Guilt.
 * Vice.
 * Wickedness.

Teviot (River), 785.

Thames (River), 785.

Thankfulness, 785.
 * Gifts.
 * Gratitude.

Thanksgiving Day, 785.
 * Autumn.
 * Harvest.
 * Holidays.
 * Thankfulness.

Theology, see
 * Belief.
 * Church.
 * Christ.
 * Christianity.
 * Doctrine.
 * Easter.
 * Prayer.
 * Religion.
 * Superstition.
 * Worship.

Thieving, 786.
 * Crime.
 * Justice.
 * Law.
 * Punishment.

Thirst, see
 * Drinking.
 * Intemperance.
 * Temperance.
 * Water.
 * Wine and Spirits.

Thistle, 787.

Thorn, 787.

Thought, 787.
 * Consideration.
 * Contemplation.
 * Discretion.
 * Imagination.
 * Intellect.
 * Meditation.
 * Memory.
 * Mind.
 * Reason.
 * Reflection.
 * Silence.
 * Wisdom.

Thrush, 790.

Thunder, 791.
 * Clouds.
 * Sky.
 * Storm.

Thyme, 791.

Tiber (River), 791.
 * Italy.
 * Rome.

Tides, 791.
 * Moon.
 * Ocean.
 * Water.

Tiger, 792.

Time, 792.
 * Delay.
 * Eternity.
 * Futurity.
 * Haste.
 * Idleness.
 * Leisure.
 * Fidelity.
 * Memory.
 * Honor.
 * Past, The.
 * To-day.
 * Sincerity.
 * Wisdom.
 * To-morrow.

Toasts, 801.
 * Drinking.

Tobacco, 803.

To-day, 806.
 * Past, The.
 * Time.
 * To-morrow.

To-morrow, 806.
 * Futurity.
 * Past.
 * Time.
 * To-day.

Tongue, 808.
 * Conversation.
 * Eloquence.
 * Language.
 * Oratory.
 * Silence.
 * Speech.
 * Talk.
 * Words.

Tonsorial, see
 * Barber.
 * Hair.

Trade, see
 * Business.
 * Occupations.

Traveling, 809.
 * Countries.
 * Navigation.
 * Ocean.
 * Ships.
 * Shipwreck.

Treachery; Treason, 811.
 * Crime.
 * Deceit.
 * Government.
 * Hypocrisy.
 * Lying.
 * Rebellion.
 * Royalty.
 * Tyranny.
 * War.

Trees and Plants, 812.

Trials, 814.
 * Affliction.
 * Experience.
 * Impossibility.
 * Misery.
 * Misfortune.
 * Sorrow.
 * Suffering.
 * Trifles.
 * Trouble.
 * Woe.

Trifles, 815.

Trouble, 816.
 * Affliction.
 * Misery.
 * Misfortune.
 * Sorrow.
 * Trials.
 * Woe

Trust, 816.
 * Anticipation.
 * Belief.
 * Confidence.
 * Credit.
 * Expectation.
 * Faith.
 * Hope.

Trust, Public, 817.
 * Bribery.
 * Corruption.
 * Government.
 * Politics.

Truth, 818
 * Belief
 * Constancy.
 * Fidelity.
 * Honor.
 * Sincerity.
 * Wisdom.

Tuberose, 822.

Tulip, 822.

Tulip-Tree, 823.

Turkey; The Turks, 823.

Twilight, 823.
 * Clouds.
 * Evening.
 * Light.
 * Morning.
 * Sky, The.
 * Stars.
 * Sunset.

Tyranny, 825.
 * Cruelty.
 * Politics.
 * Rebellion.
 * Revolution.
 * Royalty.
 * War.

Ugliness, see
 * Appearance.

Umbrella, 826.
 * Rain.

Unbelief, 826.
 * Distrust,
 * Doubt.
 * Suspicion.

Uncertainty, 826
 * Distrust.
 * Doubt.

Understanding, see
 * Intellect.
 * Knowledge.
 * Learning.
 * Mind.
 * Wisdom.

Undertakers, 827.
 * Death.
 * Grave.

Unhappiness, see
 * Disappointment.
 * Discontent.
 * Dissatisfaction.
 * Misery.
 * Pain.
 * Sadness.
 * Sorrow.
 * Suffering.
 * Woe.

Unity, 827.
 * Agreement.
 * Equality.
 * Government.
 * Liberty.
 * Matrimony.

Unkindness, 828
 * Cruelty.
 * Deceit.
 * Neglect.

Valentines, 828.
 * Post.

Valor, 829.
 * Audacity.
 * Bravery.
 * Courage.
 * Fortitude.
 * Heroes.
 * Soldiers.
 * War.

Value, 829.
 * Worth.

Vanity, 829.
 * Apparel.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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TOPICAL INDEX, WITH CROSS-REFERENCES xxxi :Conceit.
 * Fashion.
 * Flattery.
 * Pride.
 * Self-love.

Variety, 830.
 * Change.
 * Choice.
 * Novelty.

Venice, 831.

Vice, 831.
 * Bribery.
 * Corruption.
 * Crime.
 * Evil.
 * Guilt.
 * Ignorance.
 * Sin.
 * Wickedness.

Victory, 832.
 * Conquest.
 * Glory.
 * Soldiers.
 * Success.
 * War.

Villainy, 833.
 * Crime.
 * Guilt.
 * Knavery.
 * Sin.
 * Vice.
 * Wickedness.

Violets, 833.

Virtue, 835.
 * Character.
 * Chastity.
 * Goodness.
 * Holiness.
 * Innocence.
 * Truth.
 * Wisdom.
 * Worth.

Visions, 839.
 * Angels.
 * Apparitions.
 * Fairies.
 * Fancy.
 * Imagination.
 * Mermaids.
 * Spirits.
 * Wonders.

Voice, 840.
 * Ballads.
 * Conscience.
 * Conversation.
 * Echo.
 * Eloquence.
 * Language.
 * Music
 * Oratory.
 * Song.
 * Sound.
 * Speech.
 * Talk.
 * Tongue.
 * Words.

Vows, 841.
 * Oaths.
 * Promises.
 * Swearing.

Want, see
 * Loss.
 * Poverty.

War, 841.
 * Conquest.
 * Contention.
 * Democracy.
 * Dissension.
 * Government.
 * Heroes.
 * Peace.
 * Politics.
 * Policy.
 * Right; Rights.
 * Statesmanship.
 * Victory.
 * World Peace.

Washington, 860.
 * America.
 * Government.
 * Patriotism.

Watchfulness, see
 * Observation.
 * Prudence.
 * Sight.

Water, 862.
 * Brooks.
 * Cleanliness.
 * Dew.
 * Drinking.
 * Navigation.
 * Ocean.
 * Rivers.
 * Ships.
 * Shipwreck.
 * Tides.

Water-Lily, 863.

Weakness, 863.
 * Cowardice.
 * Fear.
 * Frailty.

Wealth, 864.
 * Fortune.
 * Gold.
 * Mammon.
 * Money.
 * Possession.

Weeds, 867.
 * Garden.
 * Trees and Plants.

Weeping, see
 * Tears.

Welcome, 867.
 * Guests.
 * Home.
 * Hospitality.
 * Meeting.

Whip-Poor-Will, 868.

Wickedness, 868.
 * Corruption.
 * Crime.
 * Evil.
 * Guilt.
 * Hatred.
 * Knavery.
 * Prison.
 * Punishment.
 * Sin.
 * Vice.
 * Villainy.

Wife, 868.
 * Babyhood.
 * Childhood.
 * Home.
 * Husband.
 * Love.
 * Matrimony.
 * Motherhood.
 * Woman.
 * Wooing.

Will, 871.
 * Decision.
 * Deeds.
 * Mind.
 * Power.
 * Resolution.
 * Strength.

Willow, 872.

Wind, 872.
 * November.
 * Storm.
 * Thunder.
 * Zephyrs.

Windflower, 874.

Wine and Spirits, 874.
 * Drinking.
 * Intemperance.
 * Temperance.
 * Toasts.
 * Water.

Winter, 877.
 * December.

Wisdom, 878.
 * Discretion.
 * Education.
 * Folly.
 * Knowledge.
 * Learning.
 * Mind.
 * Truth.

Wishes, 882.
 * Anticipation.
 * Desire.
 * Imagination.

Wit, 883.
 * Conversation.
 * Humor.
 * Jesting.
 * Parody.
 * Satire.
 * Speech.

Woe, 886.
 * Grief.
 * Misery.
 * Suffering.
 * Tears.

Woman, 886.
 * Babyhood.
 * Beauty.
 * Character.
 * Childhood.
 * Coquetry.
 * Fickleness.
 * Flirtation.
 * Husband.
 * Jealousy.
 * Kisses.
 * Love.
 * Matrimony.
 * Motherhood.
 * Wife.
 * Wooing.

Wonders, 897.
 * Imagination.
 * Invention.
 * Miracle.
 * Science.
 * Superstition.
 * Visions.

Woodbine, 898.

Wooing, 898.
 * Coquetry.
 * Flirtation.
 * Love.
 * Matrimony.
 * Sighs.
 * Woman.

Words, 902.
 * Conversation.
 * Eloquence.
 * Gossip.
 * Language.
 * Linguists.
 * Oratory.
 * Scandal.
 * Silence.
 * Speech.
 * Talk.
 * Tongues.

Work, 907.
 * Action.
 * Business.
 * Deeds.
 * Labor.
 * Occupations.
 * Prayer.

World, 911.
 * Acting.
 * Chaos.
 * Creation.
 * Life.
 * Nature.
 * Society.
 * Solitude.


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Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 06.djvu/242

 of the misleading statement [see ] that John sold him all the land of Philip de Worcester and Theobald Walter (Roe. Hov. iv. 152-3; ii. 179-80). He next received (23 Oct. 1202) the custody of Glamorgan Castle (Pat. 4 John, m. 8), and four months later (24 Feb. 1203) he had a grant of Gowerland, which he claimed as his inheritance (Plac. Parl. 30 Ed. I, 234). He was in close attendance on John at the time of Arthur's death, being at Rouen on 1 April (Cart. Ant. [Chancery] 20, 26), and at Falaise on 11 April 1203 (Cart. 4 John, m. 1), but he publicly refused to retain charge of the prince, suspecting that his life was in danger (, xvii. 192), and it may have been in order to silence him that he received on 8 July 1203 a grant of the city of Limerick at ferm. He was still at the king's court on 18 Nov. (Cart. 5 John, m. 18). Three years later (16 Dec. 1206) he was placed in possession of Grosmont, Llantilio (or White Castle), and Skenfrith Castles (Cart. 7 John, m. 3), but shortly after his fall began. Its causes and details have always been obscure. The chief authority on the subject is an ex-parte statement put forward by John after William's ruin (i.e. circ. 1211), entered in the ' Red Book ' of the exchequer and printed in Rymer's 'Fœdera' (i. 162-3). From this it would appear that the quarrel was pecuniary in its origin. Checking the king's assertions by the evidence of the 'Pipe Rolls,' it is clear that in 1207 (i.e. six years after obtaining the honour of Limerick), he had only paid up 700 marks in all (Pip. 8 John, rot. 6), instead of 500 a year. He was also in arrear for the ferm of Limerick itself, and Mr. Pearson (England in the Middle Ages, ii. 49), on the evidence of the Worcester Annals, holds him to have been suspected of conniving at the capture of the town in Geoffrey Marsh's rebellion: but that rebellion did not take place till later. On his becoming five years in arrear, the crown had recourse to distraint on his English estates. He had, however, removed his stock, and the king's bailiff was then ordered to distrain him in Wales. His friends, however, met the king at Gloucester (i.e. in November 1207), and on their intercession William was allowed to come to him at Hereford, and to surrender his castles of Hay, Brecknock, and Radnor in pledge for his arrears. But he still paid nothing further (Pip. 9 John, rot. 4, dors.), and upon the interdict being laid on England on 26 April 1208, his younger son Giles, bishop of Hereford (since 1200), was one of the five bishops who withdrew to France with the primate (, ii. 522; Ann. Wig. 396). John, suspecting the conduct of the family, sent to demand hostages of William, but his wife (it is said against his advice) refused them (, ii. 523-524). Thus committed to resistance, he strove to regain his three castles by surprise, and, failing in this, stormed and sacked Leominster. On the approach of the royal forces he fled with his family into Ireland (ib.; Ann. Wav. 261-2; Mon. Angl. i. 557), whereupon his estates were seized into the king's hands.

In Ireland he was harboured by William Marshall and the Lacys, who promised to surrender him within a certain time, but failed to do so till John's invasion of Ireland became imminent, when he was sent over with a safe-conduct to the court. He came, however, no nearer than Wales, where he harried the country till John's arrival at Pembroke in June 1210; he then offered 40,000 marks for peace and the restoration of his lands. But John declared he must treat with his wife, as the principal, in Ireland. William, refusing to accompany him, remained in Wales in rebellion. His wife, besieged by John in Heath (, ii.530), fled to Scotland, but was captured in Galloway, with her son and his wife, by Duncan of Carrick, and brought back to John at Carrickfergus by the end of July. John extorted from her a confirmation of her husband's offer, and took her with him to England. William met them at Bristol on 20 Sept. 1210, and finally agreed to pay the 40,000 marks; but as neither he nor his wife would pay anything, he was outlawed in default, and fled from his port of Shoreham in disguise (' quasi mendicus ') to France (Ann. Wav. 265; Ann. Osn. 54). He died at Corbeuil the following year (9 Aug. 1211), and was buried the next day in St. Victor's Abbey, Paris (, ii. 532), by Stephen Langton, the exiled primate (Ann. Marg. 31). His wife, Maud de St. Valerie, or De Haye, to whose arrogance his fall was largely attributed, was imprisoned, with her eldest son, by John in Windsor Castle, where they are said to have been starved to death (Ann. Wav. 265; Ann. Osn. 54). Matthew Paris (ii. 531) states, but erroneously, that the son's wife shared their fate, while Mr. Pearson (England in the Middle Ages, p. 53, n.} denies even the mother's death, on the ground that she appears as living in 1220 (Royal Letters, i. 136); but the Maud there mentioned was clearly her son's wife (as is proved by ''Coram rege roll Mich. 3 Hen. III,'' No. 1, m. 2, Sussex), who, with the third son Reginald, had escaped capture.

The second son, the bishop of Hereford, returned to England with the primate on 16 July 1214, and paid a fine of 9,000 marks


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Page:Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations (1922).djvu/37

 :World Peace, 917.
 * America.
 * Diplomacy.
 * England.
 * Germany.
 * Government.
 * Peace.
 * Politics.
 * Soldiers.
 * Statesmanship.
 * War.

 * Worship, 918.
 * Church.
 * Faith.
 * God.
 * Gods, The.
 * Praise.
 * Prayer.
 * Preaching.
 * Religion.
 * Reverence.
 * Superstition.

 * Worth, 919.
 * Credit.
 * Merit.
 * Nobility.
 * Value.

 * Wounds, 920.
 * Affliction.
 * Cruelty.
 * Heroes.
 * Pain.
 * Soldiers.
 * Suffering.
 * War.

 * Wrath, see
 * Anger.

 * Wren, 921.

 * Writing, see
 * Authorship.
 * Books.
 * Journalism.
 * Literature.
 * Pen.

 * Wrongs, 921.
 * Injury.
 * Insult.

 * Yesterday, see
 * Past.

 * Yew, 921.

 * Youth, 921
 * Babyhood.
 * Childhood.
 * Enthusiasm.
 * Heroes.
 * Innocence.
 * Motherhood.
 * Simplicity.
 * War.
 * Zeal.

 * Yukon, 924.

 * Yvetté (River), 924

 * Zeal, 925.
 * Ambition.
 * Enthusiasm.
 * Labor.
 * Resolution.
 * Work.
 * Youth

 * Zephyrs, 925.
 * Nature.
 * Storm.
 * Wind.


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text: Page:Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations (1922).djvu/39


text: Index:The Sexual Question, 1908.djvu

title: Index:The Sexual Question, 1908.djvu


text:
Author:Charles Frederick Marshall

Works

 * 1908, translated The Sexual Question by Auguste-Henri Forel

title: Author:Charles Frederick Marshall


text:
Page:The Sexual Question, 1908.djvu/9

is well known to English readers through the medium of English translations of his other works, on Psychiatry and kindred subjects. The present work has already been translated into several European languages. Whether we agree with all Professor Ford's conclusions or not, we must admit that he has dealt with a difficult and delicate subject in a masterly and scientific manner.

C. F..
 * 27 New Cavendiah Street, London, W.

title: Page:The Sexual Question, 1908.djvu/9


text: The Sexual Question/Translator's Preface


text:
Page:The Sexual Question, 1908.djvu/8

REBMAN COMPANY

Entered at Stationers' Hall, London, England, 1908 All rights reserved

Printed in America

title: Page:The Sexual Question, 1908.djvu/8


text:
Page:The Sexual Question, 1908.djvu/7

A SCIENTIFIC, PSYCHOLOGICAL, HYGIENIC AND SOCIOLOGICAL STUDY FOR THE CULTURED CLASSES

BY AUGUST FOREL, M.D., PH.D., LL.D.

Formerly Professor of Psychiatry and Director of the Insane Asylum in Zurich (Switzerland)

ENGLISH ADAPTION

BY C. F. MARSHALL, M.D., F.R.C.S.

Late Assistant Surgeon to the Hospital for Disieases of the Skin, London

ILLUSTRATED

LONDON

REBMAN LIMITED

129 SHAFTESBURY AVE., W. C.

title: Page:The Sexual Question, 1908.djvu/7


text:
Page:The Unconquered Air, Coates, 1912.djvu/19

 THE UNCONQUERED AIR

endure Man's rule: he therefore deems

I shall endure it—I, the unconquered Air!

Imagines this triumphant strength may bear

His paltry sway! yea, ignorantly dreams,

Because proud Rhea now his vassal seems,

And Neptune him obeys in billowy lair,

That he a more sublime assault may dare,

Where blown by tempest wild the vulture screams!

Presumptuous, he mounts: I toss his bones

Back from the height supernal he has braved:

Ay, as his vessel nears my perilous zones,

I blow the cockle-shell away like chaff

And give him to the Sea he has enslaved.

He founders in its depths; and then I laugh!

Impregnable I held myself, secure

Against intrusion. Who can measure Man?

How should I guess his mortal will outran

Defeat so far that danger could allure


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Page:The Unconquered Air, Coates, 1912.djvu/20

 4 For its own sake?—that he would all endure,

All sacrifice, all suffer, rather than

Forego the daring dreams Olympian

That prophesy to him of victory sure?

Ah, tameless courage!—dominating power

That, all attempting, in a deathless hour

Made earth-born Titans godlike, in revolt!—

Fear is the fire that melts Icarian wings:

Who fears nor Fate, nor Time, nor what Time brings,

May drive Apollo's steeds, or wield the thunderbolt!


text:
Page:Stubbs's Calendar or The Fatal Boots.djvu/72

60 only the brutal part of the profession, the horrid fighting, and blood, that I don't like.

I suppose the regiment was not very brave itself—being only militia; but, certain it was, that Stubbs was considered a most terrible fellow, and I swore so much, and looked so fierce, that you would have fancied I had made half a hundred campaigns. I was second in several duels; the umpire in all disputes; and such a crack-shot myself, that fellows were shy of insulting me. As for Dobble, I took him under my protection; and he became so attached to me that we ate, drank, and rode together, every day; his father didn't care for money, so long as his son was in good company—and what so good as that of the celebrated Stubbs? Heigho! I was good company in those days, and a brave fellow, too, as I should have remained, but for—what I shall tell the public immediately.

It happened, in the fatal year ninety-six, that the brave North Bungays were quartered at Portsmouth; a maritime place, which I need not describe and which I wish I had never seen. I might have been a General now, or, at least, a rich man.


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88 the cheat in my teeth, and swore I had swindled her. Why did I marry her, when she might have had twenty others? She only took me, she said, because I had twenty thousand pounds. I had said I possessed that sum; but in love, you know, and war, all’s fair.

We parted quite as angrily as we met; and I cordially vowed that when I had paid the debt into which I had been swindled by her, I would take my £2,000, and depart to some desert island; or, at the very least, to America, and never see her more, or any of her Israelitish brood. There was no use in remaining in the spunging-house (for I knew that there were such things as detainers, and that where Mr. Stubbs owed a hundred pounds, she might owe a thousand), so I sent for Mr. Nabb, and tendering him a check for £150, and his costs, requested to be let out forthwith. "Here, fellow," said I, "is a check on Child’s for your paltry sum."

"It may be a sheck on Shild’s," says Mr. Nabb, "but I should be a baby to let you out on such a paper as dat."


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there ever such confounded ill luck? My whole life has been a tissue of ill luck: although I have labored, perhaps, harder than any man to make a fortune, something always tumbled it down. In love and in war I was not like others. In my marriages, I had an eye to the main chance: and you see how some unlucky blow would come and throw them over. In the army I was just as prudent, and just as unfortunate. What with judicious betting, and horse-swapping, good luck at billiards, and economy, I do believe I put by my pay every year,—and that is what few can say, who have but an allowance of a hundred a year.

I’ll tell you how it was. I used to be very kind to the young men; I chose their horses for them, and


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 for his father's lands on 21 Oct. 1215 (Pat. VI John, m. 14). As he died very soon after, John allowed the lands to pass without further fine to the third son Reginald on 26 May 1216 (Pat. 18 John, m. 9), who also, under Henry III, recovered the Irish estates.

William's daughter, Margaret, married Walter de Lacy, and on 10 Oct. 1216 received a license' to found a religious house for the souls of her mother Maud and her brother William, the victims of John's revenge.

 BRASBRIDGE, JOSEPH (1743–1832), autobiographer, began business as a silversmith, with a good capital, in Fleet Street, London. Pleasure continually seduced him from his shop, and bankruptcy followed as a matter of course; but eventually he was re-established in business through the kindness of friends. In the hope that his own indiscretions might prove a warning to others, he published, when in his eightieth year, his memoirs under the title of 'The Fruits of Experience,' which passed through two editions in 1824. His portrait is prefixed. He died at Highgate on 28 Feb. 1832.

 BRASBRIDGE, THOMAS (fl. 1590), divine and author, born in 1547, was of a Northamptonshire family, but lived at Banbury in his childhood. He was elected a demy of Magdalen College, Oxford, in 1553, a probationer fellow of All Souls' in 1558, when he graduated B.A. (18 Nov.), and a fellow of Magdalen in 1562. He proceeded M.A. on 20 Oct. 1564. At Oxford he studied both divinity and medicine, and remained to tend the plague-stricken during the severe epidemic of 1563-4. He supplicated for the degree of B.D. on 27 May 1574, but does not appear to have been granted it. About 1578 he resigned his fellowship. He describes himself as an inhabitant of London in that year, and engaged in tuition there. He subsequently obtained a living at Banbury, where he also opened a school and practised medicine. At Christmas-time 1558 he was seriously assaulted by a number of his parishioners belonging to the hamlet of Wickham, who refused to come to church. His assailants, who preferred 'dancing, or some other like pastime,' to church-going, were charged with recusancy before the privy council in March 1588-9 (Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1581-90).

Brasbridge was the author of: The date of Brasbridge's death is not known.
 * 1) 'Abdias the Prophet. Interpreted by T. B., Fellow of Magdalen College in Oxford,' London, 1574, dedicated to Henry Hastings, earl of Huntingdon.
 * 2) 'The Poore Man's Ievvel, that is to say, a Treatise of the Pestilence. Unto the which is annexed a declaration of the Vertues of the Heart's Carduus Benedictus and Angelica; which are very medicinable, both against the Plague and also against many other diseases,' London, 1578, dedicated to Sir Thomas Ramsey, lord mayor of London. Other impressions are dated 1579 and 1580. A second enlarged edition was issued by Brasbridge in 1592, with a dedication (dated 'Banburie, the 20 of Ianuarie, 1592') to Anthony Cope and his wife Frances. In both editions Turner's 'Herball' is laid under frequent contribution.
 * 3) 'Quæstiones in Officia M. T. Ciceronis, compendiariam totius opusculi Epitomen continentes,' Oxford, 1615, dedicated to Lawrence Humphrey, president of Magdalen College, Oxford, 1586.

 BRASBRIGG or BRACEBRIGGE, JOHN (fl. 1428), appears as a priest of the convent of Syon in 1428. He is said to have given a large number of books to the convent, and to have written a treatise entitled 'Catholicon continens quatuor partes grammaticæ,' which, with other manuscripts belonging to Syon monastery, passed to Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, its place in the old catalogue being 0. 16, and in Nasmith CXLII. The name of Brasbrigg is not to be found in Nasmith's catalogue.

 BRASS or BRASSE, JOHN (1790–1833), educational writer, was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he obtained a fellowship in 1811. He graduated B.A. as sixth wrangler in the same year, proceeded M.A. in 1814, B.D. in 1824, and D.D. in 1829. He was presented by his college to the living of Stotfold, Bedfordshire, in 1824, which he held till his death, in 1833. He edited Euclid's 'Elements of Geometry,'


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16 cabinet; on the left—the other which led to the corridor. He opened the latter, and saw the little winding staircase which led to the room of the poor companion. . . . But he retraced his steps and entered the dark cabinet.

The time passed slowly. All was still. The clock in the drawing-room struck twelve; the strokes echoed through the room one after the other, and everything was quiet again. Hermann stood leaning against the cold stove. He was calm; his heart beat regularly, like that of a man resolved upon a dangerous but inevitable undertaking. One o'clock in the morning struck; then two; and he heard the distant noise of carriage-wheels. An involuntary agitation took possession of him. The carriage drew near and stopped. He heard the sound of the carriage-steps being let down. All was bustle within the house. The servants were running hither and thither, there was a confusion of voices, and the rooms were lit up. Three antiquated chamber-maids entered the bedroom, and they were shortly afterwards followed by the Countess who, more dead than alive, sank into a Voltaire armchair. Hermann peeped through a chink. Lizaveta Ivanovna passed close by him, and he heard her hurried steps as she hastened up the little spiral staircase. For a moment his heart was assailed by something like a pricking of conscience, but the emotion was only transitory, and his heart became petrified as before.

The Countess began to undress before her looking-glass. Her rose-bedecked cap was taken off, and then her powdered wig was removed from off her white and closely-cut hair. Hairpins fell in showers around her. Her yellow satin dress, brocaded with silver, fell down at her swollen feet.

Hermann was a witness of the repugnant mysteries of her toilette; at last the Countess was in her night-cap and dressing-gown, and in this costume, more suitable to her age, she appeared less hideous and deformed.

Like all old people in general, the Countess suffered from sleeplessness. Having undressed, she seated herself at the window in a Voltaire armchair and dismissed her maids. The candles were taken away, and once more the room was left with only one lamp burning in it. The Countess sat there looking quite yellow, mumbling with her flaccid lips

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 , 1825 (?), and the 'Œdipus Rex' (1829 and 1834), the 'Œdipus Coloneus' (1829), the Trachiniæ' (1830), and the 'Antigone' (1830) of Sophocles. He published a Greek Gradus in 1828, which was reissued, in two volumes, at Göttingen, under the editorship of C. F. G. Siedhof, in 1839-40, and in England in 1847, under the editorship of the Rev. F. E. J. Valpy. He spelt his name Brass in early life, and Brasse in later years.

 BRASSEY, THOMAS (1805–1870), railway contractor, was born on 7 Nov. 1805 at Buerton, Aldford, Cheshire. The Brasseys claimed to have lived for 'nearly six centuries' at Bulkeley, near Malpas, Cheshire, whence they had moved to Buerton by 1663. They retained a property of three or four hundred acres at Bulkeley, which still belongs to the family. Brassey's father farmed land of his own at Buerton, besides holding a neighbouring farm under the Duke of Westminster at a rent of 850l. a year. Brassey was sent to school at Chester, and when sixteen was articled to a land surveyor named Lawton, agent to F. R. Price of Bryn-y-pys. Lawton took him into partnership, and placed him about 1826 at the head of a new business in Birkenhead. On Lawton's death, Brassey became Price's agent. In 1834 he made acquaintance with George Stephenson, and, through him, obtained a contract for the Penkridge viaduct on the 'Grand Junction line,' then in course of construction. Locke succeeded Stephenson as engineer in chief to this line, and, upon its completion, was employed on the London and Southampton railway. Brassey, at his request, contracted for various works upon this line, and moved to London in 1836. He had married (27 Dec. 1831) Maria, second daughter of Joseph Harrison, a 'forwarding agent in Liverpool, and the first resident in the new town of Birkenhead.' Mrs. Brassey encouraged her husband to take up the career of railway contractor, though it involved constant absence from home and frequent changes of residence. Large contractors had already been required for canals, harbours, and other works, but the rapid development of railways now caused an opening, of which Brassey's extraordinary business faculties enabled him to take full advantage. He extended his operations, until he was interested in enterprises in every quarter of the globe. Locke, on becoming engineer to the Paris and Rouen railway in 1841, introduced Brassey as contractor, and on the completion of that line in 1843 he undertook the works for the Rouen and Havre railway, which was completed in two years, according to the agreement, in spite of the fall of the Barentin viaduct, which had cost 50,000l. His sphere of action now rapidly extended. From 1847 to 1851 he was contractor for the Great Northern railway, employing from five to six thousand men, who presented him with a silver-gilt shield, shown at the Great Exhibition of 1851, besides portraits of himself and family. A list of his numerous contracts is given in Sir A. Helps's 'Life and Labours of T. Brassey,' pp. 161-6. Amongst his chief undertakings were: Italian railways (1850-3), the Grand Trunk Railway of Canada (1852-9), the Crimean railway (carried out with Sir Morton Peto and Mr. Betts in 1854), Australian railways (1859-63), the Argentine railway (1864), several Indian railways (1858-65), and Moldavian railways (1862-8). In 1866 Brassey had to surmount great financial difficulties, and showed remarkable energy in completing at the same time a line in Austria, in spite of the war with Prussia. The anxiety probably affected his health. In 1867 he made a business tour abroad. A breakdown at the opening of the Fell railway over Mont Cenis caused him much anxiety, and he exposed himself in witnessing the experiments. He had a serious illness and a paralytic stroke, which, though he recovered at the time, was followed by another in September 1868. He refused to allow himself relaxation, and his health soon declined. He spent his last days at Hastings, and died on 8 Dec. 1870. He was buried at Catsfield, Sussex. He left a widow and three sons, Thomas (now Sir Thomas), Henry Arthur, and Albert.

Brassey is described by his biographer as a man almost without faults. The only defect mentioned was a difficulty in saying no, which led to involvement in some disastrous undertakings. His ruling passion was the execution of great works of the highest utility with punctuality and thoroughness. He possessed the highest business talent, power of calculation, and skill in organisation. He knew how to trust subordinates and distribute responsibility. He was beloved by the men he employed, and made the fortunes of many subordinates who rose by his help. He was liberal, and indifferent to honours and to money, though he made a large fortune without suspicion of unfair dealing. His domestic life was perfect. Although his education had been scanty, and he never acquired any command of foreign languages, he was a man of great natural refinement, with a keen taste for art and for natural beauty. His courtesy and shrewdness made him an


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Railway Company v. Alling Denver and Rio Grande Railway Company/Dissent Waite

MR. CHIEF JUSTICE WAITE dissenting.

I dissent from the judgment in this case. In my opinion the grant of the right of way to the Denver and Rio Grande Company, contained in the act of June 8, 1872, is no more than a license to enter upon and use such of the public lands of the United States as should be unoccupied and not appropriated to other purposes when the permanent location of its road with a view to actual construction should be made. Words which, in a grant of land to aid in building a railroad, imply a present grant need not necessarily have that effect in a grant of right of way only.

I think, also, the Ca non City and San Juan Company made the first permanent location with a view to actual construction through the pass in controversy. Consequently it secured the preference of routes, subject to a reasonable use of the route it occupied, if necessary, by the Denver Company in common with itself.


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Portal:Comics

Ace Comics

 * Four Favorites, 1941-47
 * Atomic War!, 1952-53

Standard Comics
Also known as Nedor Comics and Better Comics.
 * America's Best Comics, 1942-49
 * The Black Terror, 1942-49
 * Adventures Into Darkness, 1952-54

Fox Comics

 * Jo-Jo, 1947-49
 * Rulah, 1948-49

Fiction House

 * Planet Comics 1940-1953, 73 issues
 * Wings Comics

Other

 * Punch and Judy Comics, 1944-51 published by Hillman Periodicals
 * Slave Girl Comics, 1949 published by Avon Publications
 * Duchess of the Bastille
 * A Spectacular Feature: Samson and Delilah

Newspaper comics

 * Nina Paley has written and drawn Nina's Adventures and drawn The Hots; both were freely licensed after their main run of publication.

Webcomics

 * Pepper&Carrot by David Revoy, CC-BY-4.0 license, later published by Glénat Editions.
 * WikiWorld by Greg Williams, short strips summarising and illustrating English Wikipedia articles

Works about comics

 * Comic book code of 1954
 * Gaiman v. McFarlane, 2004 ruling by the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit, on the topic of copyright infringement and breach of contract.

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Do we not want to make some attempt to transcribe the text content of comics on this site, as we do for films? That would make them more easily searchable. PseudoSkull (talk) 05:50, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

 * I have added helpme, a general notification template, as, I believe, this page is not heavily watched. (For a final product, I presume overfloat image would be used, but that would require the creation of the images with the text removed, and then added after the fact using that template.) TE(æ)A,ea. (talk) 13:41, 5 December 2020 (UTC).

 * I would suggest just adding the text below the image, with an image. No need to make it harder than necessary in transcription. The one thing is that it adds an element of annotation as one will need to identify the speaker, though I don't see a means around that. Suggest that some of that is captured as guidance on the relative Index talk: page.   If this is going to be a larger thing then we probably want to compile some guiding information in the Help: namespace so we can have some uniformity, and clues for any tools that we have developed to make it easier. — billinghurst  sDrewth  23:49, 5 December 2020 (UTC)

 * I suggest making a "Transcript" section of the work (or perhaps a separate page, depending on how long the comic actually is). I think in this section we should use the templates/structure we already use for films. This makes sense since usually people will come to read the comic itself with art included, and will want the transcript separately. If no one takes issue with this idea, I will soon fiddle with an example case, a comic already hosted here of my choice. PseudoSkull (talk) 08:25, 6 December 2020 (UTC)

prior art
pretty thin on the ground however: Hope that helps. Arlo Barnes (talk) 23:18, 11 November 2021 (UTC)
 * Sluggy Freelance transcription style
 * OhNoRobot transcription style (semi-defunct)
 * Pepper&Carrot transcription style

 * I think going with the film guide (with maybe a few modifications) makes a lot of sense. Here's what that'd look like with File:Samson and Delilah 03.jpg:

 * The biggest issue I see here is "how do you differentiate speech bubbles from thought bubbles?" How about sound effects? Mcrsftdog (talk) 23:55, 11 November 2021 (UTC)

 * Thanks for that example, it does look quite good. The P&C source I linked above uses special 'speakers' for labels on objects in the scene, and sounds:

 * (ignore the number and the boolean, those are for reading sequence where ambiguous and whether two lines are part of the same speech bubble, respectively and only really apply to the SVG lettering implementation of that comic)
 * (ignore the number and the boolean, those are for reading sequence where ambiguous and whether two lines are part of the same speech bubble, respectively and only really apply to the SVG lettering implementation of that comic)
 * (ignore the number and the boolean, those are for reading sequence where ambiguous and whether two lines are part of the same speech bubble, respectively and only really apply to the SVG lettering implementation of that comic)
 * (ignore the number and the boolean, those are for reading sequence where ambiguous and whether two lines are part of the same speech bubble, respectively and only really apply to the SVG lettering implementation of that comic)
 * (ignore the number and the boolean, those are for reading sequence where ambiguous and whether two lines are part of the same speech bubble, respectively and only really apply to the SVG lettering implementation of that comic)
 * (ignore the number and the boolean, those are for reading sequence where ambiguous and whether two lines are part of the same speech bubble, respectively and only really apply to the SVG lettering implementation of that comic)
 * (ignore the number and the boolean, those are for reading sequence where ambiguous and whether two lines are part of the same speech bubble, respectively and only really apply to the SVG lettering implementation of that comic)

 * Perhaps the pseudo-speaker approach could be adapted to the film-style transcript structure to be less confusing, differentiating the 'speaker' labels in style. Or even just attribute the source of the sound ("Potion bottle: Glup Glup Glup" versus "Sound: Glup Glup Glup", episode 2). Arlo Barnes (talk) 02:53, 12 November 2021 (UTC)

idea
per-frame transclusion, instead of per-page. downsides: falls down for non-independent frames, not supported by current transcription system. upside: easier to reflow Arlo Barnes (talk) 18:50, 14 March 2024 (UTC)

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  diplomatist, and in all his undertakings he was on the most cordial terms with his associates. Brassey's experience in the employment of labourers of different races was enormous, and he made many interesting observations, of which some account is given in his life. Sir T. Brassey's 'Work and Wages' (1872) embodies some information derived from this and other sources.

 BRATHWAITE, RICHARD (1588?–1673), poet, belonged to a Westmoreland family who variously spelt their name Brathwaite, Brathwait, Brathwayte, Braithwaite, Braythwait, and Braythwayte. The poet uses indifferently the first three of these forms. His great-grandfather, also Richard, the squire of Ambleside, had one son, Robert, who had two sons, Thomas and James, and five daughters. Thomas, the poet's father, was a barrister and recorder of Kendal, and purchased the manor of Warcop, near Appleby, where he lived until his father's death put him in possession of an estate at Burneshead or Burneside, in the parish of Kendal. He married Dorothy, daughter of Robert Bindloss of Haulston, Westmoreland. Richard Brathwaite was their second surviving son. He was born about 1588, and it is supposed at Burneside, since in two of his pieces he speaks of Kendal as his 'native place.' That 1588 was the year of his birth is clear from the inscription on his portrait, 'An° 1626, Æt. 38,' and from the statement of Anthony à Wood that he 'became a commoner of Oriel College A.D. 1604, aged 16.' 'He was matriculated,' Wood adds, 'as a gentleman's son.' He remained at Oxford for several years, enjoying a scholarly life, until his father desired him to take up the law as a profession. To prepare for this he was sent to Cambridge, probably to Pembroke, since he was under the authority of Lancelot Andrewes, who was master of that college. On leaving this university he went up to London, and according to his own account in 'Spiritual Spicerie : containing sundrie sweet tractates of Devotion and Piety,' 1638, devoted himself at once to poetry, and particularly to dramatic writing. These early plays, however, are entirely lost, and probably were never printed. Thomas Brathwaite died in 1610, soon after his son came up to London, and the latter seems soon after this to have gone down to live in Westmoreland on the estates his father had left him.

In 1611 he published his first volume, a collection of poems entitled 'The Golden Fleece,' in which he refers to family bickerings, caused by his father's will, all which are by this time happily concluded. This book is dedicated to his uncle, Robert Bindlosse, and to his own elder brother, Sir Thomas Brathwaite. An appendix contains some 'Sonnets or Madrigals,' but an essay on the Art of Poesy,' which appears on a subsidiary title-page, does not occur in any known copy of the very rare volume. In 1614 Brathwaite published three works: a book of pastorals, entitled 'The Poet's Willow ;' a moral treatise, 'The Prodigals Teares ;' and 'The Schollers Medley,' afterwards reprinted as 'A Survey of History, or a Nursery for Gentry,' 1638 and 1651. In 1615 he began to emulate Decker, Rowlands, and Wither, with a collection of satires entitled 'A Strappado for the Devil'—a volume founded directly on 'The Abuses Whipt and Stript' of George Wither, whom Brathwaite calls 'my bonnie brother.' The second part of the volume is entitled 'Love's Labyrinth,' an adaptation of the story of Pyramus and Thisbe. He continued for many years after this to pour forth volumes from the press, few of them of much merit. The most interesting of his early works is 'Nature's Embassie: or the Wilde-mans Measvres: Danced naked by twelve Satyres,' a collection of his odes and pastorals, published in 1621. The titles of his other works are given below.

In May 1617 he was married at Hurworth, near Darlington, to Frances, daughter of James Lawson of Nesham. This lady bore him nine children, five of them sons. His elder brother, Sir Thomas Brathwaite, died in 1618, leaving a son, George, who matriculated at St. John's College 6 July 1631 ('s Admissions, p. 7), but Richard was henceforth regarded as the head of the family. He lived at Burneside, and became captain of a company of foot in the trained bands, deputy-lieutenant of the county of Westmoreland, and justice of the peace. His wife died on 7 March 1633, and the pathetic terms in which he speaks of her merit and his loss prove that he was sincerely attached to her. On 27 June 1639 he married a widow, the daughter of Roger Crofts of Kirtlington in Yorkshire. He was lord of the manor of Catterick, and drew up a conveyance at the time of his second marriage making the property over to his wife in the event of his death. They had one son, afterwards the gallant Sir Strafford Brathwaite, who was killed in a sea-fight with Algerine pirates.

The most famous of Brathwaite's works appeared in 1638 with the title of 'Barnabæ


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 Brathwaite Itinerarium, or Barnabee's Journal,' under the pseudonym 'Corymbæus.' This is a sprightly record of English travel, in Latin and English doggerel verse; it was neglected in its own age, but being reprinted under the title of 'Drunken Barnaby's Four Journeys,' achieved a considerable success during the eighteenth century, and is still in some vogue. The eleventh edition appeared in 1876. The authorship was not ascertained until the publication of the seventh edition by Joseph Haslewood in 1818. Southey pronounced the original the best piece of rhymed Latin in modern literature. The English part is best remembered by the often-quoted lines—

Brathwaite is said to have served on the royalist side in the civil war. He was a short man, well proportioned and singularly handsome. He removed to Catterick, and seems to have retained his strength up to old age, for he was one of the trustees of a free school there, and is spoken of as in full possession of his authority and powers on 12 April 1673. He was, however, at that time near his end, for he died on 4 May following, at East Appleton, near Catterick, being eighty-five years of age. He was buried three days later on the north side of the chancel of the parish church of Catterick.

The writings of Brathwaite not yet mentioned are the following:
 * 1) 'A Solemne loviall Disputation,' 1617, a prose description of 'The Laws of Drinking.' A second part bears the title 'The Smoaking Age, or the man in the mist: with the life and death of Tobacco,' 1617 and 1703. This is anonymous. A Latin version, under the pseudonym 'Blasius Multibibus,' appeared in 1626.
 * 2) 'A New Spring Shadowed' (under the pseudonym of Mvsophilvs), 1619, verse.
 * 3) 'Essaies upon the Five Senses,' 1620, 1635, 1815.
 * 4) 'The Shepheards Tales,' 1621, a collection of pastorals.
 * 5) 'Times Cvrtaine Drawne,' 1621, verse.
 * 6) 'Britain's Bath,' 1625, which included an elegy on the Earl of Southampton; of this no copy is now known to be extant.
 * 7) 'The English Gentleman,' 1630, 1641, 1652.
 * 8) 'The English Gentlewoman,' 1631, 1641.
 * 9) 'Whimzies, or a new cast of characters,' 1631.
 * 10) 'Novissima Tuba,' 1632, a religious poem in Latin. A translation by John Vicars appeared in 1635.
 * 11) 'Anniversaries upon his Panarete,' 1634, 1635, a poem in memory of his first wife.
 * 12) 'Ragland's Niobe,' 1635, a poem in memory of Elizabeth, wife of Edward Somerset, lord Herbert.
 * 13) 'The Arcadian Princess,' 1635, a novel from the Italian in prose and verse.
 * 14) 'The Lives of all the Roman Emperors,' 1636 (the dedication is signed R.B.)
 * 15) 'A Spiritual Spicerie,' 1638, in prose and verse.
 * 16) 'The Psalmes of David,' (by R. B.), 1638.
 * 17) 'Ar't asleepe Husband?' 1640, a collection of 'bolster lectures,' in prose, on moral themes, with the history of Philocles and Doriclea, by Philogenes Panedonius.
 * 18) 'The Two Lancashire Lovers, or the Excellent History of Philocles and Doriclea,' by Musaeus Palatinus, 1640, a novel in prose.
 * 19) 'Astræa's Tears,' 1641, an elegy on the judge, Sir Richard Hutton, Brathwaite's godfather and kinsman.
 * 20) 'A Mustur Roll of the Evill Angels,' 1655, 1659, an account, in prose, of the most noted heretics, by 'R.B. Gent.' Some copies bore the title 'Capitall Hereticks.'
 * 21) 'Lignum Vitæ,' 1658, a Latin poem.
 * 22) 'The Honest Ghost,' 1658, an anonymous satire in verse.
 * 23) 'The Captive Captain,' 1665, a medley, by 'R. B.,' in prose and verse.
 * 24) . 'A Comment upon Two Tales of our Ancient … Poet Sr Jeffray Chavcer, knight,' by 'R. B.,' 1665.

It is very doubtful whether this long list is by any means complete. He contributed the 'Good Wife, together with an exquisite discourse of Epitaphs,' to Patrick Hannay's 'A Happy Husband,' 1619. In the marginal note to the 'English Gentleman' (1630), p. 198, Brathwaite mentions a work by himself entitled the 'Huntsman's Raunge,' which is now lost.

 BRAXFIELD,. [See .]  BRAY, ANNA ELIZA (1790–1883), novelist, daughter of John Kempe, bullion porter in the Mint, and Ann, daughter of James Arrow of Westminster, was born in the parish of Newington, Surrey, on 25 Dec. 1790. It was at one time intended that Miss Kempe should adopt the stage as her profession, and her public appearance at the Bath Theatre was duly announced for 27 May 1815; but a severe cold, which she caught on her journey, prevented her appearance, and the opportunity was lost for ever. In February 1818 she was married to Charles Alfred Stothard, the son of the distinguished royal academician and an artist himself,


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 Bray whose talents were devoted to the illustration of the sculptured monuments of Great Britain. With him she journeyed in France, and her first work consisted of 'Letters written during a Tour in Normandy, Brittany, &c., in 1818.' Her husband was unfortunately killed through a fall from a ladder in Beer Ferrers church, Devonshire, on 28 May 1821, while he was engaged in collecting materials for his work, 'The Monumental Effigies of Great Britain.' By Stothard she had one child, a daughter, born posthumously 29 June 1821, who died 2 Feb. 1822. Mrs. Stothard undertook to complete the book her husband left unfinished, with the aid of her brother, Mr. Alfred John Kempe, F.S.A. When Stothard died it had advanced as far as the ninth number, and the entire volume, which was published in 1832, proved a severe strain upon his widow's resources. She subsequently (1823) brought out a memoir of her late husband. Many years later she communicated to the 'Gentleman's Magazine' and to 'Blackwood's Magazine' reminiscences of her father-in-law,, R.A., and these were afterwards (1851) expanded into a life of that admirable artist. At her death she left to the British Museum the original drawings of her husband's great work.

A year or two after the decease of Stothard his widow married the Rev. [q. v.], the vicar of Tavistock. She then entered upon novel writing, and from 1826 to 1874 she issued at least a dozen works of fiction. Some of these, such as 'The Talba, or the Moor of Portugal' on the publication of which she became acquainted with Southey, and worshipped him throughout her career dealt with foreign life; but the most popular of her novels were those which were based on the history of the principal families (the Trelawneys of Trelawne, the Pomeroys, and the Courtenays of Walreddon) of the counties of Devon and Cornwall. They were all of them of an historical character, and proved so popular that they were issued in a set of ten volumes by Longmans in 1845-6, and were reprinted by Chapman & Hall so recently as 1884. Her second husband died in 1857, and Mrs. Bray then removed to London, where she employed herself at first with selecting and editing some of his poetry and sermons, and afterwards again betook herself to original work. Her last years were embittered by the report that during a visit to Bayeux in 1816 she had stolen a piece of the tapestry for which that city is famous: but her character was cleared by the correspondence and leading articles which appeared in the columns of the 'Times' on the subject. After a long life spent in literary labours, she died in London on 21 Jan. 1883. Her autobiography to 1843 was published by her nephew, Mr. John A. Kempe, in 1884: but it is neither so complete nor so accurate as might have been expected. It discloses an accomplished and kindly woman, proud of her own creations, and enthusiastic in praise of the literary characters with whom she had come in contact.

Mrs. Bray was the author of many works in addition to those which have been already enumerated. The most entertaining and the most valuable of all was 'The Borders of the Tamar and the Tavy ' (1836, 3 vols.), describing, in a series of letters to Robert Southey, the traditions and the superstitions which surround the town of Tavistock. It was reviewed by Southey in the 'Quarterly Review.' The remainder copies were issued with a new title-page by Mr. H. G. Bohn in 1838, and a new edition, compressed by Mrs. Bray herself into two volumes, appeared in 1879. With this may be read a series of tales for 'young people' on the romantic legends connected with Dartmoor and North Cornwall, entitled, 'A Peep at the Pixies, or Legends of the West' (1854). The interest of her travels, 'The Mountains and Lakes of Switzerland, with Notes on the Route there and back' (1841), may be said to have evaporated by this time, though their value at a time when the continent was less explored than it is now was generally recognised. When after a silence of some years she again in 1870 appeared as an author, she issued three compilations in French history, 'The Good St. Louis and his Times,' 'The Revolt of the Protestants of the Cevennes,' and 'Joan of Arc.' All of them were pleasantly written, but they lacked that historical research which could make them of permanent value. Of all Mrs. Bray's works, the most lasting will probably prove to be her letters to Southey on the legends and superstitions on the borders of the twin-streams of the Tamar and the Tavy.

 BRAY, CHARLES (1811–1884), author of various works on philosophy and education, was born in Coventry on 31 Jan. 1811. He was the son of a ribbon manufacturer in that city, to whose business he succeeded in 1835. From this he retired in 1856. While yet a young man, he established an infants' school in one of the poorest neighbourhoods


text: User:Pi zero

title: User:Pi zero


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Page:Works of Jules Verne - Parke - Vol 5.djvu/311

CHAPTER I VOICES IN THE AIR

RE we rising again?" "No. On the contrary." "Are we descending?" "Worse than that, Captain! we are falling!" "For Heaven's sake heave out the ballast!" "There! the last sack is empty!" Does the balloon rise?" "No!" "I hear a noise like the dashing of waves!" "The sea is below the car! It cannot be more than 500 feet from us!" "Overboard with every weight! Everything!"

Such were the loud and startling words which resounded through the air, above the vast watery desert of the Pacific, about four o'clock in the evening of March 23rd, 1865.

Few can possibly have forgotten the terrible storm from the northeast, in the middle of the equinox of that year. The tempest raged without intermission from the 18th to the 26th of March. Its ravages were terrible in America, Europe, and Asia, covering a width of eighteen hundred miles, and extending obliquely to the equator from the thirty-fifth north parallel to the fortieth south parallel. Towns were overthrown, forests uprooted, coasts devastated by the mountains of water which were precipitated on them, vessels cast on the shore, which the published accounts numbered by hundreds, whole districts leveled by waterspouts which destroyed everything they passed over, several thousand people crushed on land or drowned at sea; such were the traces of its fury, left by this devastating tempest. It surpassed in disasters those which so frightfully ravaged Havana and Guadaloupe, one on October 25th, 1810, the other on July 26th, 1825.

But while so many catastrophes were taking place on land and at sea, a drama not less exciting was being enacted in the agitated air. In fact, a balloon, as a ball might be carried on the summit of a waterspout, had been taken 283


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HE year 1866 was signalized by a remarkable incident, a mysterious and inexplicable phenomenon, which doubtless no one has yet forgotten. Not to mention rumors which agitated the maritime population, and excited the public mind, even in the interior of continents, seafaring men were particularly excited. Merchants, common sailors, captains of vessels, skippers, both of Europe and America, naval officers of all countries, and the governments of several states on the two continents, were deeply interested in the matter.

For some time past, vessels had been met by "an enormous thing," a long object, spindle-shaped, occasionally phosphorescent, and infinitely larger and more rapid in its movements than a whale.

The facts relating to this apparition (entered in various log-books) agreed in most respects as to the shape of the object or creature in question, the untiring rapidity of its movements, a surprising power of locomotion, and the peculiar life with which it seemed endowed. If it was a cetacean, it surpassed in size all those hitherto classified in science. Taking into consideration the mean of observations made at divers times—rejecting the timid estimate of those who assigned to this object a length of two hundred feet, equally with the exaggerated opinions which set it down as a mile in width and three in length—we might fairly conclude that this mysterious being surpassed greatly all dimensions admitted by the ichthyologists of the day, if it existed at all. And that it did exist was an undeniable fact; and, with that tendency which disposes the human mind in favor of the marvelous, we can understand the


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text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Hartley, Sir Charles Augustus


text: Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 06.djvu/488


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Hartlib, Samuel


text:
Translation:Puss in Boots/Act 1/Scene 2

ACT ONE

__________ Scene Two A hall in the royal palace.

_____

with crown and sceptre. , his daughter. King A thousand handsome princes, my esteemed daughter, have already sued for your hand and laid their kingdoms at your feet, but you have refused them all. Tell us the reason for this, my treasure.

Princess Most gracious father, it has always been my belief that my heart must first evince certain sentiments before I can pass under the yoke of matrimony. For a marriage without love, they say, is truly a hell upon earth.

King That is right, my dear. Yes, yes, what you say is indeed true: a hell on earth! Alas, would that I were not qualified to discuss it! Indeed I should have preferred to remain blissfully ignorant of it! But as it is, my dear, I could a tale unfold, as they say. Your mother, my consort of blessed memory ah, Princess, see, even in my old age the tears rush to my eyes  she was a good queen, she wore the crown with a sublime air of majesty  but she gave me very little peace. Well, may she rest in peace among her royal relatives.

Princess Your majesty excites himself too much.

King When I think back on it now O my child, on my bended knee I implore you  consider carefully before you marry. It is a great truth that linen and a bridegroom should not be bought by candlelight; a sublime truth which every maiden should have inscribed in letters of gold in her chamber. Oh, how I suffered! Not one day passed without a quarrel; I could not sleep in peace; I could not conduct my imperial affairs at my own convenience; I had no time for personal reflection; I could not read the newspaper without being distracted. At dinner, I could never enjoy a fine roast or indulge my appetite; every morsel I swallowed was seasoned with irritation; every course was served with so much squabbling, scolding, sneering, grumbling, griping, grouching, nagging, sulking, biting, grousing, growling and groaning, that more often than not I wished I were amongst the dead rather than amongst the dishes. And yet my spirit occasionally yearns for you, my dear belated Clothilde! My eyes are filling up again oh, what a foolish old man I am!

Princess affectionately O father!

King I tremble whenever I think of all the dangers that face you; for, even if you do fall in love now, my dear, and even if your love and affection are requited ah, just think, my child, wise men have written weighty tomes, often closely printed, warning of the dangers of love; simply falling in love and being loved in return can be enough to make one miserable: the happiest, the most blissful emotion can ruin us; love is, as it were, an ingenious puzzle cup: instead of nectar, it often dispenses poison; next thing you know, your pillow is drenched in tears; all hope, all comfort are gone.

A trumpet sounds.

King It isn't dinner-time yet, is it? No doubt it's just another prince who wants to fall in love with you. Take care, my dear, you are my only child, and you do not realize how dear to my heart your happiness is.

He kisses her and leaves; applause in the pit.

Fischer Now, that scene actually had some common sense in it.

Schlosser I too am moved.

Müller He's a splendid ruler.

Fischer But was it really necessary for him to be wearing a crown?

Schlosser It destroys all the sympathy one feels for him as an affectionate father.

Princess alone I do not understand why none of the princes has yet touched my heart with love. I always keep my father's warnings in mind; he is a great ruler, but he is also a good father, and he is always thinking of my happiness; his subjects love him; he is gifted and wealthy; he is usually as gentle as a lamb, but sometimes he forgets himself and his duties and can suddenly fly into the wildest of rages. Yes, fortune and misfortune, it seems, are always coupled together. The arts and the sciences are my only sources of joy; books constitute all my happiness.

 * , the court scholar.

Princess You are just in time, Master Leander.

Leander I am always at your service, your majesty.

They sit down.

Princess Here is my assignment. I have entitled it Night Thoughts.

Leander reading it Excellent! Ingenious! Ah! I can almost hear the chimes of midnight striking. When did you write this?

Princess Yesterday afternoon, after dinner.

Leander Beautifully conceived! Really, it is beautifully conceived! But, with your gracious permission; The moon shines sadly down on the world  please do not take it amiss, but it should read: in die Welt rather than in der Welt.

Princess Yes, of course. I will take a note of that for the future. You must think me a perfect dunce to find poetry so difficult; I can't write five or six lines without making a mistake.

Leander The idiosyncrasies of our language are to blame.

Princess But aren't the emotions tenderly and delicately phrased!

Leander Indescribably, oh so how shall I put it? so tenderly and lovingly teased out, so finely entwined; all the poplars and weeping willows, and the golden moonlight shining tearfully down on them; and then the purling murmur of the babbling brook it is scarcely comprehensible how a meek feminine mind could conceive such thoughts without first having been scared half to death by the sight of pale ghosts in a churchyard at midnight.

Princess Now I might try my hand at some Greek metres and ancient verse forms; I would like to set aside the vagueness of romantic poetry and have a go instead at more descriptive pieces.

Leander You must continue to make progress; you are climbing higher and higher.

Princess I have also begun a play: The Unhappy Misanthrope; or, Lost Serenity and Innocence Redeemed.

Leander The title itself is fascinating.

Princess And then I feel an incomprehensible urge to write some grisly ghost story. As I said before, if only it weren't for all those grammatical blunders!

Leander Do not worry about such things, incomparable princess! Mistakes are easily corrected.

enters.

Groom The Prince of Malsinki, who has just arrived, wishes to wait upon your royal highness.

Exit groom.

Leander Your obedient servant.

Exit Leander. and enter.

King Here, Sir, is my daughter, a silly young thing, as you see her before you. [To the Princess:] Be polite, my dear, and courteous; he is a distinguished prince from a distant land; his country is not even on my map; I have already looked it up. I have a great deal of respect for him.

Princess It is an honour and a pleasure to make your acquaintance, your highness.

Nathaniel Beautiful Princess, reports of your beauty have spread so widely throughout the world that I have journeyed from a remote corner of the globe to see you face to face.

King Indeed, it is astonishing how many countries and kingdoms there are! You would not believe how many thousands of crown princes have been here already to pay their addresses to my daughter; sometimes they arrive in their dozens, especially when the weather is fine and now you have come all the way from  I beg your pardon, topography is such an extensive subject  whereabouts does your country lie?

Nathaniel Your royal highness, first you set off down the great highway; then you turn right and proceed until you reach a mountain; turn left again, and then proceed to the ocean and sail directly north (if, that is, the wind is favorable); if your journey is successful, you will reach my realm in one and a half years.

King Goodness me! I'll have to get my court scholar to explain all that to me. I suppose you live next to the North Pole or the Zodiac, or something like that!

Nathaniel I wouldn't know.

King Perhaps somewhere near the savages?

Nathaniel I beg your pardon! All my subjects are very tame.

King But you must live in a confoundedly out-of-the-way place. I still can't get my head around it.

Nathaniel The exact geography of my country has still not been determined. I hope to discover more of it day by day. Who knows, we may even turn out to be neighbors after all.

King That would be splendid! And if, in the end, there are still a few countries separating us, I would be happy to help you with your discoveries. My neighbor is not a good friend of mine, so to speak, but he has an excellent country; all our raisins come from there; why, I should be only too glad to have it! And another thing: do tell me how, living so far away, you can speak our language so fluently!

Nathaniel Ssh!

King What?

Nathaniel Hush! Hush!

King I don't understand.

Nathaniel quietly to him Oh do please be quiet about it, or the audience down there will eventually realize that it's very far-fetched.

King It doesn't matter; they aplauded before, so I can afford to throw them a bone.

Nathaniel Don't you see, it's only for the sake of the play that I can speak your language. Otherwise, of course, it would make no sense at all.

King Ah, I see! Yes, of course, we must keep the ladies happy and the play ticking over, even if it means turning a blind eye to some things. Well, come along, Sir, the table is laid!

The Prince escorts the Princess out; the King goes ahead of them.

Fischer This play is full of bloody anomalies!

Schlosser And the king is not staying true to his character.

Leutner Nothing infuriates me more than contradictions and anomalies! Why on earth can the prince not speak some foreign language and have an interpreter with him to translate it into German? And how come the princess doesn't make any grammatical errors when she speaks, since she herself admits that she cannot write five or six lines without blundering?

Müller Yes, indeed! The whole thing is complete rubbish; the author himself keeps forgetting what he has just written.

__________

title: Translation:Puss in Boots/Act 1/Scene 2


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Hartmann, Karl Robert Eduard von


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Page:Myth, Ritual, and Religion (Volume 2).djvu/70

 56 eland. "The godly hare's house" is at the place of sun-rising; there the souls of good Indians "feed on delicious fruits with that great hare," who is clearly, so far, the Virginian Osiris. Dr. Brinton has written at some length on "this chimerical beast," whose myth prevails, he says, "from the remotest wilds of the North-West to the coast of the Atlantic, from the southern boundary of Carolina to the cheerless swamps of Hudson's Bay. . . . The totem" (totem-kindred probably is meant) "clan which bore his name was looked up to with peculiar respect." From this it would appear that the hare was a totem like another, and had the same origin, whatever that may have been. According to the Père Allouez, the Indians "ont en veneration toute particulière, une certaine beste chimerique, qu'ils n'ont jamais veuë sinon en songe, ils l'appellent Missibizi," which appears to be a form of Michabo and Manibozho.

In 1670 the same Père Allouez gives some myths about Michabo. "C'est-à-dire le grand lièvre," who made the world, and also invented fishing-nets. He is the master of life, and can leap eight leagues at one bound, and is beheld by his servants in dreams. In 1634 Père Paul le Jeune gives a longer account of Messou, "a variation of the same name," according to Dr. Brinton, as Michabo. This Messou reconstructed the drowned world out of a piece of clay brought him by an otter, which succeeded after the


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Hartmann, Moritz


text: Southern Life in Southern Literature

title: Southern Life in Southern Literature


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Page:Myth, Ritual, and Religion (Volume 2).djvu/71

 Rh failure of a raven sent out by Messou. He afterwards married a muskrat, by whom he became the father of a flourishing family. "Le brave reparateur de l'univers est le frère aisné de toutes les bestes," says the mocking missionary. Messou has the usual powers of shape-shifting, which are the common accomplishments of the medicine-man or conjuror, se transformant en mille sortes d'animaux. He is not so much a creator as a demiurge, inferior to a mysterious being called Atahocan. But Atahocan is passé, and his name is nearly equivalent to an old wife's fable, a story of events au temps jadis. "Le mot Nitatohocan signifie, 'Je dis un vieux conte fait à plaisir.' "

These are examples of the legends of Michabo or Manibozho, the great hare. He appears in no way to differ from the other animals of magical renown, who, in so many scores of savage myths, start the world on its way and instruct men in the arts. His fame may be more widely spread, but his deeds are those of eagle, crow, wolf, coyote, spider, grasshopper, and so forth, in remote parts of the world. His legend is the kind of legend whose origin we ascribe to the credulous fancy of early peoples, taking no distinction between themselves and the beasts. If the hare was indeed the totem of a successful and honoured kindred, his elevation is perfectly natural and intelligible.

Dr. Brinton, in his Myths of the New World (New York, 1876), adopts a different line of explanation. Michabo, he says, " was originally the highest divinity


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Hartmann von Aue


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Hartshorn, Spirits of


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Hartzenbusch, Juan Eugenio


text: Messages and Letters of William Henry Harrison/Tippecanoe account taken from McAfee


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Hārūn al-Rashīd


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Haruspices

title: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Haruspices


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Page:A book of the Pyrenees.djvu/35

Rh But he also disregarded the constitution and was put to death. Then his estates of Béarn sent a deputation to Marie de Moncada, to inform her that it had come to their ears that she had given birth to twin boys, and the people authorized their commissioners to select one of the twins to be their viscount. The deputation were shown the cradle in which the infants lay; one slept with his hands open, the other held his fists clenched. "We will have the openhanded lad," said the Béarnais, and he became Viscount Gaston VI. On his death in 1170 his brother, the closefisted William Raymond, claimed the inheritance, but the Béarnais refused to acknowledge his claim as one of right, protesting that the viscountship was elective. They compelled him to submit to their will, and accepted him only when he had granted still greater liberties than they had hitherto enjoyed, and this not till five years after the death of his brother. William Raymond died in 1223, leaving a son, William, to succeed him, but he was killed in battle against the Moors in 1229, and William's son Gaston succeeded under the regency of his mother Garsende. She is described as having been so stout that only a large wagon could contain her, and then she overlapped the sides. Gaston VII, son of this plump lady, left an only child, a daughter Margaret, the heiress of Béarn, which she carried with her when married to Roger Bernard, Count of Foix. Thus it came about that Foix and Béarn were united in one hand. Roger Bernard and Margaret had a grandson, Gaston IX of Béarn. At the age of eighteen he was married to Eleanor of Cominges, a lady considerably older than himself. Some one without tact remarked to the Countess on the disparity of their ages. "Disparity of ages!" exclaimed

title: Page:A book of the Pyrenees.djvu/35


text: Index:On the Space-Theory of Matter.djvu


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Page:On the Space-Theory of Matter.djvu/1

 has shewn that as there are different kinds of lines and surfaces, so there are different kinds of space of three dimensions; and that we can only find out by experience to which of these kinds the space in which we live belongs. In particular, the axioms of plane geometry are true within the limits of experiment on the surface of a sheet of paper, and yet we know that the sheet is really covered with a number


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Page:On the Space-Theory of Matter.djvu/2

 of small ridges and furrows, upon which (the total curvature not being zero) these axioms are not true. Similarly, he says, although the axioms of solid geometry are true within the limits of experiment for finite portions of our space, yet we have no reason to conclude that they are true for very small portions; and if any help can be got thereby for the explanation of physical phenomena, we may have reason to conclude that they are not true for very small portions of space.

I wish here to indicate a manner in which these speculations may be applied to the investigation of physical phenomena. I hold in fact

(1) That small portions of space are in fact of a nature analogous to little hills on a surface which is on the average flat; namely, that the ordinary laws of geometry are not valid in them.

(2) That this property of being curved or distorted is continually being passed on from one portion of space to another after the manner of a wave.

(3) That this variation of the curvature of space is what really happens in that phenomenon which we call the motion of matter, whether ponderable or etherial.

(4) That in the physical world nothing else takes place but this variation, subject (possibly) to the law of continuity.

I am endeavouring in a general way to explain the laws of double refraction on this hypothesis, but have not yet arrived at any results sufficiently decisive to be communicated.


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viii of modern writers and speakers; no other includes such a record of modern war phrases, songs and poems; nowhere else are kindred thoughts and expressions so closely connected by cross references that they may be compared, and in no other collection of quotations have the nerves and arteries of the contents been laid open so plainly through so comprehensive and complete a concordance.

Topics have been chosen for their general, character, so that similar ideas might not be too widely separated, which is a fault of too detailed subdivision.

The compiler takes comfort in the words of Cotton Mather: "Reader, Carthagena was of the mind that unto those three things which the ancients held to be impossible, there should be added this fourth; to find a book without Erratas. It seems the hands of Briareus and the eyes of Argus will not prevent them." Whatever degree this work has attained in the achievement of the impossible, it owes to Author:Leander Jan De Bekker, the Briareus and Argus of the printed page and its literary contents. Appreciation and gratitude are but feebly expressed in this tribute to his services.

Acknowledgment is due to, for permission to use the lines written by Peter NewelNewell [sic] found on pages 280 and 538.


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 PART I. IN connection with the letters of Profs. Poynting and Lodge in The Electrician, Nov. 2, 1888, I believe that the following extract from a letter from Sir William Thomson (which I have permission to publish) will be of interest [see Postscript, p. 483, vol. II., to elucidate]:

"I don't agree that velocity of propagation of electric potential is a merely metaphysical question. Consider an electrified globe, A, moved to and fro, with simple harmonic motion, if you please, to fix the ideas. Consider very quickly-acting electroscopes B, B', at different distances from A. If the indications of B, B' were exactly in the same phase, however their places are changed, the velocity of propagation of electric potential would be infinite; but if they showed differences of phase, they would demonstrate a velocity of propagation of electric potential.

"Neither is velocity of propagation of 'vector-potential' metaphysical. It is simply the velocity of propagation of electromagnetic force the velocity of electromagnetic waves', in fact."


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 Taking the second point first, it is, I think, clear that if by the propagation of vector-potential is to be understood that of electric and magnetic disturbances, it is merely the mode of expression that is in question. I am myself accustomed to mentally picture the electric and magnetic forces or fluxes, and their propagation, which takes place at the speed of light or thereabouts, because they give the most direct representation of the state of the medium, which, I think, must be agreed is the real physical subject of propagation. But if we regard the vector-potential directly, then we can only get at the state of the medium by complex operations, and we really require to know the vector-potential both as a function of position and of time, for its space-variation has to furnish the magnetic force, and its time-variation the electric force; besides which, there is sometimes the space-variation of a scalar potential in addition to be regarded, before we can tell what the electric force is. Besides this roundaboutness, it implies a knowledge of the full solution, and if we do not possess it, it is much simpler to think of the propagation of the electric and magnetic disturbances, and I find that this method works out much more easily in the solution of problems.

The other question will, I believe, be found to be ultimately of precisely the same nature. Start with the sphere A at rest, and the field steady, and consider two external points, P and P', at different distances. The electric force at them has different values, and the whole field has a potential. But now give the sphere a displacement, and bring it to rest again in a new position. Is the readjustment of potential instantaneous? I should say, Certainly not, and describe what happens thus. When the sphere is moved, magnetic force is generated at its boundary (lines circles of latitude, if the axis be the line of motion), and with it there is necessarily disturbance of electric force. The two together make an electromagnetic wave, which goes out from the sphere at the speed of light, and at the front of the wave we have E=μvH, where E is the electric and H the magnetic force intensity. Before the front reaches P or P' we have the electric field represented by the potential function, but after that it cannot be so represented until the magnetic force has wholly disappeared, when again we have a steady field representable by a potential function. It is difficult to see how to plainly differentiate any propagation of potential per se.

If the motion is simple-harmonic, there is a train of outward waves and no potential. I imagine that an electroscope, if infinitely sensitive and without reactions, would register the actual state of the electric field, irrespective of its steadiness. By an electroscope, as this is a purely theoretical question, I understand the very simplest one, a very small charge at a point; or, say, the unit charge, the force on which is the electric force of the field.

When these things are closely examined into, if the facts as regards the propagation of disturbances (electric and magnetic) are agreed on, the only subject of question is the best mode of expressing them, which I believe to be in terms of the forces, not potentials.

But there really is infinite speed of propagation of potential sometimes;


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Page:Electromagnetic effects of a moving charge.djvu/3

 on examination, however, it is found to be nothing more than a mathematical fiction, nothing else being propagated at the infinite speed.

It will be understood that I preach the gospel according to my interpretation of Maxwell, and that any modification his theory of the dielectric may receive may involve a fresh kind of propagation at present not in question.

Nov. 5, 1888.

The question raised by Prof. S. P. Thompson (in The Electrician, Nov. 16, 1888, p. 54) as to whether the motion of an uncharged dielectric through a field of electric force produces magnetic effects must, I think, be undoubtedly answered in the affirmative. As the distribution of displacement varies, its time-variation is the electric current, with determinable magnetic force to match. When the speed of motion is a small fraction of that of light, we may regard the displacement as having at every moment its proper steady distribution, so that there is no difficulty in estimating the magnetic effects, except, it may be, of a merely mathematical character. For instance, the case of a sphere moving in a field which would be uniform were the sphere absent, may be readily attacked, and does perfectly well to illustrate the general nature of the action.

But if the moved dielectric have the same electric permittivity as the surrounding medium, so that there is no difference made in the steady distribution, the question which may be now raised as to the possible production of transient disturbances is one to which the above theory does not present any immediate answer. I believe that the body will be magnetized transversely to the electric displacement and the velocity. [The motional magnetic force is referred to.]

Another question, somewhat connected, is contained in Prof. Poynting's suggestion (in letter to Prof. Lodge, The Electrician, p. 829, vol. .) that electric displacement may possibly be produced without magnetic force by the agency of pyroelectricity. But, whatever the agency, it would, I conceive, be a new fact—quite outside Maxwell's theory legitimately developed. We may have subsidence of electric displacement without magnetic force; but I cannot see any way to produce it.

But the main subject of this communication is the electromagnetic effect of a moving charge. That a moving charge is equivalent to an electric current-element is undoubted, and to call it a convection-current. as Prof. S. P. Thompson does, seems reasonable. The true current has three components, thus,

$\scriptstyle{\mathrm{curl}\ \mathbf{H}=4\pi(\mathbf{C}+\mathbf{\dot{D}}+\rho\mathbf{u})}$,|undefined

where H is the magnetic force, C the conduction-current, D the displacement, and ρ the volume-density of electrification moving with velocity u. The addition of the term ρ u is, I presume, the extension made by Prof. Fitzgerald to which Prof. S. P. Thompson refers. At any rate, I can at present see no other.


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 There are several ways of arriving at the conclusion that a moving charge must be regarded as an electric current; but, when that is admitted, we are very far from knowing what its magnetic effect is. No cut-and-dried statement of it can be made, because it varies according to circumstances. The magnetic field, whatever it be in a given case, is not that of a current-element (supposing the charge to be at a point), for that is anti-Maxwellian, but is that of the actual system of electric current, which is variable.

Thus, in the case of motion at a speed which is a small fraction of that of light, the magnetic field (as found by Prof. J. J. Thomson) is the same as that of Ampère's current-element represented by ρu; that is, a current-element whose direction is that of u and whose moment is ρu, if u is the tensor of u (understanding by "moment," current-density × volume); but the true current to correspond bears the same relation to the current-element as the induction of an elementary magnet bears to its magnetic moment. The magnetic energy due to the motion of a charge q upon a sphere of radius a in a medium of inductivity μ, at a speed u which is only a very small fraction of that of light, is expressed by $$\scriptstyle{\frac{1}{3}\mu q^{2}u^{2}/a}$$. But if the speed be not a small fraction of that of light, the result is very different. Increasing the speed of the charge causes not merely greater magnetic force but changes its distribution altogether, and with it that of the electric field. It is no use discussing the potential. There is not one. The magnetic field tends to concentrate itself towards the equatorial plane, or plane through the charge perpendicular to the line of motion. When the speed equals that of light itself this process is complete, and the is simply a plane wave (electromagnetic).

Since a charge at a point gives infinite values, it is more convenient to distribute it. Let it be, first, of linear density q along a straight line AB, moving in its own line at the speed of light. Then the field is contained between the parallel planes through A and B perpendicular to AB, and is completely given by

$\scriptstyle{E/\mu v=H=2qu/r}$,

where E and H are the intensities of the electric and magnetic forces at distance r from AB. The lines of E radiate uniformly from AB in all directions parallel to the planes; those of H are everywhere perpendicular to those of E, or are circles centred upon AB. Outside this electromagnetic wave there is no disturbance. I should remark that the above is a description of the exact solution. It is, of course, nothing like the supposed field of a current-element AB.

To still further realize, we may substitute a cylindrical distribution for the linear, and then, again, terminate the lines of E on another cylindrical surface between the bounding planes. To find the resulting distributions of E and H (always perpendicular) may be done by


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 of the elementary solutions, or by solving a bidimensional problem in a well-known manner.

Those who are acquainted with my papers in this journal will recognise that what we have arrived at is simply the elementary plane wave travelling along a distortionless circuit. All roads lead to Rome!

Returning to the case of a charge q at a point moving through a dielectric, if the speed of motion exceeds that of light, the disturbances are wholly left behind the charge, and are confined within a cone, AqB. The charge is at the apex, moving from left to right along Cq. The semi-angle, θ, of the cone, or the angle AqC, is given by

$\scriptstyle{\sin\ \theta=v/u}$,

where v is the speed of light, and u that of the charge. The magnetic lines are circles round the axis, or line of motion. The displacement is away from q, of course, and of total amount q, but not uniformly distributed within the cone. The electric current is towards q in the inner part of the cone, and away from q in the outer.

It will be seen that the electric stress tends to pull the charge back. Therefore, applied force on q in direction Cq is required to keep up the motion. Its activity is accounted for by the continuous addition at a uniform rate which is being made to the electric and magnetic energies at q. For the motion at the wave-front, at any point on Aq or Bq, is perpendicularly outward, not towards q. Whilst the cone is thus expanding all over, the forward motion of q continually renews the apex, and keeps the shape unchanged.

Steady motion alone is assumed.

To avoid misconception I should remark that this is not in any way an account of what would happen if a charge were impelled to move through the ether at a speed several times that of light, about which I know nothing; but an account of what would happen if Maxwell's theory of the dielectric kept true under the circumstances, and if I have not misinterpreted it. [See footnote on p. 516, later.]

Nov. 18, 1888.

All disturbances being propagated through the dielectric ether at the speed of light, when, therefore, a charge is in motion through the medium, the discussion of the effects produced naturally involves the consideration of three cases, those in which the speed u of the charge is less than, or equal to, or greater than v, that of light.

In a previous communication [Part II. above], I gave the complete and very simple solution of the intermediate case of equality of speeds. A formal demonstration is unnecessary, as the satisfaction of the necessary conditions may be immediately tested.


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 But I was not then aware that the case u<v admitted of being presented in a nearly equally-simple form. That such is the fact is rather surprising, for it is very exceptional to arrive at simple results, and these now in question are sufficiently free from complexity to take a place in text-books of electricity.

Let the axis of z be the line of motion of the charge q at speed u. Everything is symmetrical with respect to this axis. The lines of electric force are radial out from the charge. Those of magnetic force are circles about the axis. The two forces are perpendicular. Having thus settled the directions, it only remains to specify their intensities at any point P distant r from the charge, the line r making an angle θ with the axis. Let E be the intensity of the electric, and H of the magnetic force. Then, if c is the permittivity and μ the inductivity, such that μcv²=1, we have

$\scriptstyle{(u<v)}\begin{cases}\scriptstyle{cE=\frac{\frac{q}{r^{2}}\left(1-\frac{u^{2}}{v^{2}}\right)}{\left(1-\frac{u^{2}}{v^{2}}\sin^{2}\theta\right)^{\frac{3}{2}}},\quad\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdot\cdot}&\scriptstyle{(\text{A})}\\\scriptstyle{H=cEu\ \sin\theta.\quad\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots\cdots}&\scriptstyle{(\text{B})}\end{cases}$|undefined

That (A), (B) represent the complete solution may be proved by subjecting them to the proper tests. Premising that the whole system is in steady motion at speed u, we have to satisfy the two fundamental laws of electromagnetism:—

(1). (Faraday's law). The electromotive force of the field [or voltage] in any circuit equals the rate of decrease of the induction through the circuit (or the magnetic current × -4π).

(2). (Maxwell's law). The magnetomotive force of the field [or gaussage] in any circuit equals the electric current × 4π through the circuit.

Besides these, there is continuity of the displacement to be attended to. Thus:—

(3). (Maxwell). The displacement outward through any surface equals the enclosed charge.

Since (A) and (B) satisfy these tests, they are correct. And since no unrealities are involved, there is no room for misinterpretation.

When u/v is very small, we have, approximately,

$\scriptstyle{cE=\frac{q}{r^{2}},\quad\quad H=\frac{qu}{r^{2}}\sin\theta}$,|undefined

representing Prof. J. J. Thomson's solution—that is, the lines of displacement radiate uniformly from the charge, and the magnetic force is that of the corresponding displacement-currents together with the moving charge regarded as a current-element of moment qu. Instantaneous action through the medium is involved—that is, to make the solution quite correct.

That the lines of electric force should remain straight as the speed of the charge is increased is itself a rather remarkable result. Examining


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 (A), we see that the effect of increasing u is to concentrate the displacement about the equatorial plane $\scriptstyle{\theta=\frac{1}{2}\pi}$. Self-induction does it. In the limit, when u=v, the numerator vanishes, making E=0, H=0 everywhere except at the plane mentioned, where, by reason of the denominator becoming infinitely small in comparison with the numerator, the displacement is all concentrated in a sheet, and with it the induction, forming a plane electromagnetic wave, as described (and realized) in my previous communication.

If we terminate the field described in (A) and (B) on a spherical surface of radius a, instead of continuing it up to the charge q at the origin, we have the case of a perfectly conducting sphere of radius a possessing a total charge q, moving steadily at speed u through the dielectric ether. As the speed is increased to v, the charge all accumulates at the equator of the sphere. [See footnote on p. 514, later.]

But after that? This brings us to the third case of u>v, and here I have so-far failed to find any solution which will satisfy all the necessary conditions without unreality. The description at the close of Part II. must therefore be received as a suggestion, at present unconfirmed. I hope to consider the matter in a future communication.

P.S.—In a recent number Mr. W. P. Granville raised the question of action through a medium being only action at a short distance instead of a long one, and asked for instruction. His inquiry has elicited no response. This is not, however, because there is nothing to be said about it. The matter did not escape the notice of the "anti-distance-action sage." My own opinion is that the question involved is, if not metaphysical, dangerously near to being so; consequently, whole books might be devoted to it. At present, however, I think it is more useful to try to find out what happens, and to construct a medium to make it happen; after that, perhaps, the matter referred to may be more advantageously discussed. The well of truth is bottomless.

In previous communications [above] I have discussed this matter. Referring to the case of steady rectilinear motion, I gave a description of the result when the speed of the charge exceeds that of light, obtained mainly by general reasoning, and stated my inability to find a solution to represent it. The displacement cannot be outside a certain cone of semi-vertical angle whose sine equals the ratio v/u of the speed of light to that of the charge, which is at the apex.

In the ''Phil. Mag.'' for July, 1889, Prof. J. J. Thomson has examined this question. Like myself, he fails to find a solution within the cone; but concludes that the displacement is confined to its surface. If so, it must form, along with the magnetic induction, an electromagnetic wave. But it may be readily seen that such a wave is impossible, having no stability.

For as the charge moves from A to B, a given surface-element, C, would move to D. In doing so its area would vary directly as its distance from the apex, and the energy in the element would therefore