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Tactics 14. FMFRP 12-110, Fighting on Guadalcanal (September 1991) p. 33.

15. Patton, p. 376.

Adapting

1. Tsouras, p. 21.

2. Ibid., p. 21.

3. Keith William Nolan, Battle for Hue (Novato, CA: Presidio Press, 1983) pp. 51-52.

4. Branch: "A contingency plan or course of action (an option built into the basic plan or course of action) for changing the mission, disposition, orientation, or direction of movement of the force to aid success of the operation based on anticipated events, opportunities, or disruptions caused by enemy actions and reactions as determined during the wargaming process." MCRP 5-2A, Operational Terms and Graphics (June 1997).

5. Sequel: "Major operations that follow the current major operation. Plans for these are based on the possible outcomes (victory, stalemate, or defeat) associated with the current operation." (MCRP 5-2A).

6. See MCDP 5, Planning, for a more complete discussion of modular plans.

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Tactics changing all the other parts. Instead, we should try to develop modular, loosely coupled plans. Then if we change or modify any one part of the plan, it does not directly affect all the other parts.

Finally, flexible plans should be simple plans. Simple plans are easier to adapt to the rapidly changing, complex, and fluid situations that we experience in combat.

DECENTRALIZATION

Another excellent way to improve adaptability is to decentralize decisionmaking authority as much as each situation allows. This means that commanders on the scene and closest to the events have the latitude to deal with the situation as required on their own authority — but always in accordance with the higher commander's intent. This decentralization speeds up reaction time: we do not have to wait for information to flow up to a higher commander and orders to flow back down. It increases the responsiveness of the organization, which in turn increases adaptability. Decentralizing control through the use of mission orders is one of the tools we use to maximize our ability to adapt.

Confidence in the abilities of subordinates plays an important part in decentralization. Leaders who have confidence in

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Tactics we have created one advantage by punching through the enemy's position and getting into his rear, we create another by pouring forces through the gap, generating the "expanding torrent" that Liddell Hart wrote about.

Rommel recounts how exploiting each advantage in the battle for Kuk in the Carpathian mountains during World War I led to another opportunity. As his detachment exploited each situation and moved farther behind the enemy lines, it generated more surprise and advantage. During this action, Rommel's detachment captured thousands of enemy soldiers with very little fighting, due largely to his unwillingness to lose momentum. One success led directly to another opportunity, which he immediately seized.

After the battle for Tarawa in November 1943, Major Henry Crowe, Commanding Officer of 2d Battalion, 8th Marines, was asked why he thought the Japanese had been defeated so quickly once the Marines were established ashore. He remarked that it was due to the constant pressure of naval gunfire, bombs, and mortars. The Marines used their advantage in supporting arms to create opportunities for success. CONSOLIDATION, EXPLOITATION, AND PURSUIT

Once we have created leverage, how do we take advantage of it? A decisive result or victory rarely stems from the initial

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Tactics CONCLUSION

Most decisive victories do not result from the initial action, but from quickly and aggressively exploiting the opportunities created by that action. We may find any number of ways to exploit tactical opportunity, but they all have the same object — to increase leverage until we have the final opportunity to decide the issue once and for all in our favor. A goal in Marine Corps tactics is not merely to gain advantage but to boldly and ruthlessly exploit that advantage to achieve final victory.

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MCDP 1-3 Everything that we have to do in tactics — gaining advantage and, above all, achieving a decisive result — needs a team effort. If efforts are not in harmony, results may be indecisive. For example, if the aviation combat element's actions are not harmonized with those of the ground combat element, they are unlikely to have a decisive effect. If artillery support is not well coordinated with an infantry attack, combined arms synergy will not be achieved, and the attack may fail. However, achieving this team effort is easier said than done. It requires rapidly maneuvering forces, often widely dispersed, to work together under the most adverse conditions.

CONTROL IN COMBAT

Because war is characterized by chaos, uncertainty, and rapid change, control quickly breaks down. It is probably a mistake to speak of control in combat. MCDP 6 states that "given the nature of war, it is a delusion to think that we can be in control with any sort of certitude or precision." As anyone who has experienced combat will undoubtedly agree, it is impossible to control everything. Attempts to impose control also can easily undermine the initiative upon which Marine Corps tactics depends. Marines can become hesitant; they may feel they must wait for orders before acting. We are not likely to move faster or gain leverage over a competent opponent unless Marines at every level exercise initiative.

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Tactics support detachment and the mechanized force it supports cooperate. We all work together far more effectively when we communicate laterally than when we communicate only through higher headquarters and respond only to centralized direction. As an ancillary benefit, we relieve our overloaded communications networks.

The history of tactics is filled with examples where cooperation made the difference — and control could not. One such example occurred during an Iraqi counterattack in Operation Desert Storm. Black smoke from burning oil wells turned the day into night. A UH-1N Huey pilot used his night vision equipment to lead flights of AH-1W Cobras through near-zero visibility to attack Iraqi armored vehicles. The specially equipped Huey designated targets so that the Cobras could engage them at near pointblank range with antiarmor Hellfire missiles. For nearly 10 hours, the Huey pilot led flight after flight into the pitched battle, earning the Navy Cross for heroism.

The pilots worked together to destroy targets the Huey could not engage and the Cobra could not see. This example shows what cooperation can accomplish.

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Rh and on his arrival was assigned to his old division, which he commanded in the battle of Ezra Church, during the siege, and until wounded in the battle of Jonesboro, which compelled him to leave the field, resulting in his absence from the army until March, 1865. Then, much against the advice and approval of his physicians, he returned to the army in North Carolina and was assigned to command of Taliaferro's division, Rhett's and Elliott's brigades from Charleston, and was with it when surrendered at Greensboro, N. C. After the close of hostilities he returned to Tennessee and died at Memphis in 1873. Brigadier-General Robert Bullock was one of the influential men of Florida before the war. When his State seceded he gave his hearty support to her decision; organized a company in Marion county, and when the Seventh Florida was organized he was made lieutenant-colonel. In 1862 this regiment served in East Tennessee in the brigade of Gen. W. G. M. Davis. The department was at that time commanded by Gen. E. Kirby Smith. At the time of the battle of Murfreesboro this brigade was still in Smith's department, and on June 2d Lieutenant-Colonel Bullock was commissioned colonel. When all available Confederate commands were being concentrated by Bragg to meet the advancing army of Rosecrans, the Seventh Florida was one of the regiments assigned to Trigg's brigade of the division of Gen. William Preston. The losses in this division at Chickamauga bear strong testimony to the desperate nature of the fighting there. At the battle of Missionary Ridge the Seventh Florida fought in the brigade of General Finley and the division of General Bate. In this brigade and division it continued to serve throughout the Atlanta campaign under Colonel Bullock, who had already distinguished himself as a cool and gallant commander. Some of the hardest fighting of the Atlanta campaign was done by this division, and the Seventh Florida acted a


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 his grammar school and of the clergy and gentlemen of the hundred of Blackheath.

 COLFE, ISAAC (1560?–1597), divine, the fourth son of Amandus, Almantius, or Aymon Colfe and his wife, Catherine Bradfield, and uncle of [q. v.], was born at Canterbury in or before 1560. His father and mother, who were zealous protestants, had a considerable estate at Guisnes, which they lost on the reconquest of Calais by the French in 1558. They came over to England, lived in a house outside the West-gate of Canterbury, afterwards occupied by their third son Joseph, mayor of the city, and were both buried in Westgate Church. Isaac was entered as a commoner of Broadgates Hall, Oxford, in 1576, and proceeded B.A. on 17 Feb. 1580, and M.A. on 4 July 1582. Having taken orders he was presented to the vicarage of Stone in Kent on 25 Feb. 1585, and resigned it in 1587, on his appointment to the vicarage of Brookland in the same county. On 18 June 1596 he was inducted master of Kingsbridge Hospital, Canterbury. He died on 15 June 1597, and was buried in the chapter-house of the cathedral. He was a married man, but the name of his wife is not known. He had two sons: Isaac of Christ Church, and Jacob of All Souls' College, Oxford. He published:
 * 1) 'A Sermon preached on the Queene's Day, being 17 November 1587, at the Town of Lidd in Kent (on Ps. cxviii. 22-6),' printed in 1588 at London, 8vo, and dedicated to the mayor and jurats of Lidd; a copy is in the Bodleian.
 * 2) 'A Comfortable Treatise on the Temptation of Christ,' 1596, London, 8vo, wrongly attributed by Wood to Isaac Colfe, rector of Chaldwell, son of Richard Colfe, prebendary of Canterbury.

 COLGAN, JOHN (d. 1657?), hagiographer, was a native of Ulster, and a member of the Irish Minorite convent of St. Antony of Padua at Louvain. He was also professor of theology in the university of that place, but it appears that he retired from that office before 1645. He projected a colossal work on the sacred antiquities of Ireland, in six volumes. In 1645 he published at Louvain the third volume of this work, containing the lives of the Irish saints in the order of the calendar from January to March. The lives of the saints for the remaining months of the year were intended to be comprised in the three succeeding volumes. Colgan's countryman, Wadding, whose bibliography of the Minorite writers was published in 1650, says that the fourth volume, extending to June, was in the press when he wrote, but it never appeared. The portion of the work beginning with the third volume has the separate title of 'Acta Sanctorum Veteris et Majoris Scotiæ seu Hiberniæ.' The first volume, which was to consist of a general introduction to early Irish history, was not published, but the second volume, entitled 'Trias Thaumaturga,' and containing lives of the three Irish saints, Patrick, Columba, and Bridget, appeared in 1647. Colgan was an accomplished Irish scholar, and his large use of early documents in that language gives great importance to his work, which displays much critical sagacity. In 1655 he published at Antwerp a small volume on the life of John Duns Scotus, 'the subtle doctor,' in which he maintained that the great schoolman was of Irish, and not Scottish birth. He is also said to have published in 1639 a volume of his theological lectures delivered at Louvain. Colgan's enormous industry as a student and as a writer is the more remarkable as he suffered constantly from severe ill-health. In the 'Bibliotheca Franciscana' he is said to have died in 1647, but this is a mistake, as his book on Scotus contains a note signed by him and dated 30 Aug. 1655. The authors of the supplement to Wadding conjecture that the date 1647 is a misprint for 1657.

 COLISTON,. [See .]

 COLLARD, FREDERICK WILLIAM (1772–1860), pianoforte manufacturer, son of William and Thamosin Collard, was baptised at Wiveliscombe, Somersetshire, on 21 June 1772, and coming to London at the age of fourteen, obtained a situation in the house of Longman, Lukey, & Broderip, music publishers and pianoforte makers at 26 Cheapside. In 1799 Longman & Co. fell into commercial difficulties, and a new company, consisting of John Longman, Muzio Clementi, Frederick Augustus Hyde, F. W. Collard, Josiah Banger, and David Davis, took over the business, but on 28 June 1800 Longman


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Colfe, Isaac


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Brig.-Gen. ELKANAH GREER. Brig.-Gen. BEN McCULLOCH. Brig.-Gen. R. N. GANO. Brig.-Gen. W. P. HARDEMAN.

Brig.-Gen. WALTER P. LANE. Brig.-Gen. THOMAS GREEN. Brig.-Gen. HENRY F. McCULLOCH. Brig.-Gen. JOS. L. HOGG.

Maj. -Gen. S. B. MAXEY. Brig -Gen. X. B. DeBRAY. Brig.-Gen. J. B. ROBERTSON. Brig.-Gen. L. S. Ross.


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Coliston, Lord


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Author:Richard Braithwaite

Works

 * The Golden Fleece (1611)
 * The Poet's Willow (1614)
 * The Prodigals Teares (1614)
 * The Schollers Medley (1614)
 * A Strappado for the Devil (1615)
 * A Solemne loviall Disputation (1617)
 * A New Spring Shadowed (1619), under the pseudonym of Mvsophilvs
 * Essaies upon the Five Senses (1620)
 * Nature's Embassie: or the Wilde-mans Measvres: Danced naked by twelve Satyres (1621)
 * The Shepheards Tales (1621)
 * Times Cvrtaine Drawne (1621)
 * Britain's Bath (1625)
 * The English Gentleman (1630)
 * The English Gentlewoman (1631)
 * Whimzies, or a new cast of characters (1631)
 * Novissima Tuba (1632)
 * Anniversaries upon his Panarete (1634)
 * Ragland's Niobe (1635)
 * The Arcadian Princess (1635)
 * The Lives of all the Roman Emperors (1636)
 * A Spiritual Spicerie (1638)
 * The Psalmes of David ((1638)
 * Barnabæ Itinerarium, or Barnabee's Journal (1638) [as Corymbæus]
 * Ar't asleepe Husband? (1640)
 * The Two Lancashire Lovers, or the Excellent History of Philocles and Doriclea (1640)
 * Astræa's Tears (1641)
 * A Mustur Roll of the Evill Angels (1655)
 * Lignum Vitæ (1658)
 * The Honest Ghost (1658)
 * The Captive Captain (1665)
 * A Comment upon Two Tales of our Ancient … Poet Sr Jeffray Chavcer, knight (1665)

title: Author:Richard Braithwaite


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 fulfilling his will. In the tenth year of the king he had a grant for life of the Isle of Wight, castle of Carisbrook, and the manors of Swainston, Brixton, Thorley, and Welow in that isle, at the rent of 308l. 6s. 8d. (, xii. 480). In October 1494 he was made high steward of the university of Oxford, and he is believed to have also held the same office in the university of Cambridge. In 11 Henry VII he was in the parliament then summoned, but, the returns being lost, it is not known for what place he served.

In June 1497 he was at the battle of Blackheath when Lord Audley, who had joined the Cornish rebels, was taken prisoner. On this occasion Bray was made a knight banneret (, Chronicles, iii. 1254), and after the execution and attainder of Lord Audley, that nobleman's manor of Shire, with Vacherie and Cranley in Surrey, and a large estate there, was given to Sir Reginald. On the marriage of Prince Arthur he was associated with persons of high rank in the church and state as a trustee for the dower assigned to the Princess Catherine of Arragon.

The chapel of St. George at Windsor, and that of his royal master King Henry VII at Westminster, are standing monuments of his liberality and of his skill in architecture. To the former of these he was a considerable benefactor as well by his attention in conducting the improvements made upon that structure by the king, as by his contributions to the support of it after his death. He built also, at his own expense, in the middle of the south aisle, a chapel which still bears his name, and in various parts of which, as well as on the ceiling of the church, his arms, crest, and the initial letters of his name may still be seen, as may also a device of his frequently repeated both on the outer and inner side of the cornice dividing this chapel from the south aisle of the church, representing an instrument used by the manufacturers of hemp, and called a hemp-bray. The design of Henry VII's chapel at Westminster is supposed to have been his; and the first stone was laid by him, in conjunction with the Abbot Islip and others, on 24 Jan. 1502-3. Sir Reginald did not live to see the completion of the edifice, for on 5 Aug. 1503 he died, and was interred in the chapel of his own foundation at Windsor. On opening a vault in this place for the interment of Dr. Waterland in 1740, a leaden coffin of an ancient form was discovered which was supposed to be Sir Reginald's, and by order of the dean it was immediately arched over. Sir Reginald is said to have been the architect of the nave and aisles of St. Mary's, Oxford, and it has been conjectured that he also designed St. Mary's Tower at Taunton. He was a munificent benefactor to churches, monasteries, and colleges.

Bray married Catharine, daughter of Nicholas Husee, a descendant of the ancient barons of that name in the reign of Edward III. He had no issue, and his elder brother John having only one daughter, married to Sir William Sandes, afterwards Lord Sandes of the Vine, he left the bulk of his fortune to Edmund, eldest son of his younger brother John (for he had two brothers of that name). This Edmund was summoned to parliament in 1530, as Baron of Eaton-Bray; but his son John, lord Bray, dying without issue in 1557, the estate was divided among six daughters of Edmund. Sir Reginald left very considerable estates to Edward and Reginald, younger brothers of Edmund.

His portrait was in a window of the Priory church of Great Malvern in Worcestershire, and is engraved in Strutt's 'View of the Manners, Customs, &c. of the Inhabitants of England,' ii. pi. 60, and more accurately in Carter's 'Ancient Sculpture and Painting.'

Bray is represented as being 'a very father of his country, a sage and a graue person, and a feruent louer of iustice. In so muche that if any thinge had bene done against good law or equitie, he would, after an humble fassion, plainly reprehende the king, and geue him good aduertisement how to reforme that offence, and to be more circumspect in another lyke case' (, Vnion of the two famelies of Lancastre and Yorke, ed. 1548, Hen. VII, fol. 55). Bacon says of him, however, 'that he was noted to have had with the king the greatest freedom of any counsellor, but it was but a freedom the better to set off flattery.'

In the library at Westminster are many original letters addressed to Bray by Smyth, bishop of Lincoln, and other prelates and noblemen, and many other letters relating to his own private business.

[William Bray, F.S.A., in Biog. Brit. (Kippis); Brayley's Surrey, v. 181, 186, 187; Chambers's Malvern (1820), 42, 243; Chambers's Worcestershire Biography, 38; Churton's Lives of Bishop Smyth and Sir E. Sutton; Cooper's Athenæ Cantab. i. 6; Cooper's Memoir of Margaret, Countess of Richmond and Derby, ed. Mayor; Cooper's Memorials of Cambridge, i. 368; Evans's Cat. of Engraved Portraits, 1271; Gent. Mag. 1827, ii. 304, 1835, i. 181; Manning's Lives of the Speakers of the House of Commons, 138-50; Manning and Bray's Surrey, i. 514, 517; Addit. MSS. 5833 f. 67 b, 21505 f. 10; Lansd. MS. 978 f. 23 b; Nicolas's Testamenta Vetusta, 446; Shermanni Hist. Coll. Jesu Cantab. (Halliwell),


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28; Proceedings of the Somersetshire Archæological and Natural Hist. Soc. viii. 133-48; Strutt's Manners, Customs, &c. of the Inhabitants of England, ii. 127; Three Books of Polydore Vergil's Engl. Hist. ed. Ellis (Camden Soc.), 195, 196; Willement's Account of the Restorations of the Collegiate Chapel of St. George, Windsor, 25, 27, 28, 42; Wood's Annals of Oxford (Gutch), i. 651.]

BRAY, THOMAS (1656–1730), divine, was born at Marton in Shropshire, and educated at Oswestry School, whence he proceeded to Oxford. He took his B.A. degree, (All Souls, 11 Nov. 1678), and that of MA. (Hart Hall, 12 Dec. 1693). Having received holy orders he served for a short time a curacy near Bridgnorth, and then became chaplain in the family of Sir T. Price of Park Hall in Warwickshire. Sir Thomas presented him to the donative of Lea Marston or Marson, and his diligence in this post introduced him to John Kettlewell, vicar of Coleshill, and also to Kettlewell's patron, Simon, Lord Digby, and Sir Charles Holt. He also made a favourable impression by an assize sermon which he preached at Warwick while quite a young man. Lord Digby was one of the congregation, and afterwards recommended him to his brother and successor to the title, William, lord Digby, who presented him to the vicarage of Over-Whitacre, and subsequently endowed it with the great tithes. In 1690 Bray was presented by the same patron to the rectory of Sheldon, vacant by the refusal of the rector, Mr. Digby Bull, to take the oaths at the Revolution. At Sheldon, Bray composed the first volume of his 'Catechetical Lectures,' which were published by the 'authoritative injunctions' of Dr. Lloyd, bishop of Lichfield and Coventry, to whom the volume was dedicated. The work at once became popular, and made Bray's name well known in London. About the year 1691 the governor and assembly of Maryland determined to divide that province into parishes, and to appoint a legal maintenance for the ministers in each parish. In 1695 they wrote to request the bishop of London to send them over some clergyman to act as his commissary, and Bishop Compton selected Bray for the post. Bray accepted it, but was unable to set out for Maryland until the return of a new act thence to be confirmed by the sovereign; the first act for the establishment of the church being rejected, because it was wrongly stated in it that the laws of England were in force in Maryland. Meanwhile he was employed under Bishop Compton in seeking out missionaries to be sent abroad as soon as the new act could be obtained. He found that he could only enlist poor men unable to buy books, and he seems to have made the help of the bishops in providing libraries a condition of his going to Maryland. From a paper still extant in Lambeth library it appears that the two archbishops and five bishops agreed to 'contribute cheerfully towards these parochial libraries.' Meanwhile Bray had extended his plans, and set himself to provide libraries for the clergy at home as well as abroad. He projected a scheme for establishing parochial libraries in every deanery throughout England and Wales, and so far succeeded that before his death he saw upwards of eighty established. No less than thirty-nine libraries, some containing more than a thousand volumes, were established in North America, besides many in other foreign lands during Bray's lifetime. His t premier library 'was founded at Annapolis, the capital of Maryland, called after Anne, Princess of Denmark, who gave a 'noble benefaction' towards the valuable library there. The library scheme soon became part of a larger scheme which took shape in the 'Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge.' In 1697 a bill was brought into parliament to alienate lands given to superstitious uses, and vest them in Greenwich Hospital. Bray petitioned that a share of them should be appropriated to the 'propagation of true religion in our foreign plantations.' The petition was well received in the house, but the bill fell through; so he received no help from that quarter. In 1698 he addressed the king for a grant of some arrears of taxes due to the crown, and actually followed the king to Holland to get the grant completed; but it was found that the arrears were all but valueless. He drew up a plan 'for having a protestant congregation pro propagandâ fide by charter from the king; but 'things were not yet ripe for the charter society,' so to prepare the way he tried to form a voluntary society, laid the plan of it before the bishop of London, and found 'several worthy persons willing to unite.' The first sketch of the objects of the society, which included the libraries at home and abroad, charity schools, and missions both to colonists and the heathen, was prepared by Bray, and he was one of the first five members, and the only clergyman among them, who composed the first meeting on 8 March 1698-9. All this while Bray was entirely without any provision to support him. Two preferments were offered him at home, the office of sub-almoner and the living of St. Botolph, Aldgate; but he was not the man to be so diverted. Having waited for more than two years, he determined to set forth. He had previously, at the request of the governor of Mary land, taken the degrees of B.D. and D.D.


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Author:Anna Eliza Bray

Works

 * Traditions, legends, superstitions, and sketches of Devonshire on the borders of the Tamar and the Tavy (1836) in 3 vols. and subsequently republished under varying names.

title: Author:Anna Eliza Bray


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 at Oxford (Magdalen, 17 Dec. 1696), though he could ill afford to pay the fees. No allowance was made him for expenses, and he was obliged to dispose of his own small effects and raise money on credit. On 16 Dec. 1699 he set sail for Maryland. Knowing that missionaries were often detained in the seaports, he determined to found seaport libraries; he was able himself to deposit books on his way at Gravesend, Deal, and Plymouth. Arriving in Maryland in March, he 'at once set about repairing the breach made in the settlement of the parochial clergy,' and was well backed up by the governor Nicholson. But it was felt on all sides that Bray would do better service to the church in Maryland by returning home and endeavouring to get the law, which had been twice rejected there, re-enacted with the royal assent. If Bray had consulted his own interests, he would have remained in Maryland, for the commissary's office would yield him no profits if he left the country; but he returned to England at once, and found that the quakers had raised prejudices against the establishment of the church in Maryland. Bray refuted these in a printed memorial, and the bill was at last approved. Before he resigned his office of commissary he made a vigorous effort to obtain a bishop for Maryland. Bray had borne all the cost of his voyage and outfit; it was rightly thought unfair to allow him to impoverish himself for the public good. Viscount Weymouth therefore presented him with 300l., and two other friends with 50l. each; but he characteristically devoted it all to public purposes. On his return to England he found the work of the society so largely increased that it was necessary to make one of its departments the work of a separate society. Bray therefore obtained from King William a charter for the incorporation of a society for propagating the gospel throughout our plantations, June 1701. Thus Bray may almost be regarded as the founder of our two oldest church societies. The living of St. Botolph Without, Aldgate, which he had refused before he went to Maryland, was again offered to him in 1706. He accepted it, and set himself with characteristic energy to work the parish thoroughly. Meanwhile he never forgot his earliest project of erecting libraries, and in 1709 he had the gratification of seeing an act passed, through the instrumentality of Sir Peter King, afterwards lord chancellor, 'for the better preservation of parochial libraries in England.' He took a deep interest in the condition of the negroes in the West Indies and North America. When he was in Holland he had conversed much on the subject with Mr. D'Allone, King William's secretary, at the Hague, and this gentleman gave him 900l., to be devoted to the instruction of the negroes. In 1723 Bray was attacked with a dangerous illness, and, feeling that his life was very insecure, he nominated certain persons to carry out his work with him and after him. These were called 'Dr. Bray's associates for founding clerical libraries and supporting negro schools.' A decree of chancery confirmed their authority soon after Bray's death. The association still exists, and publishes a report of its labours every year, to which is always attached a memoir of Bray. He continued to work diligently in his parish. In 1723 Ralph Thoresby records in his diary that he ' walked to the pious and charitable Dr. Bray's in Aidgate, and was extremely pleased with his many pious, useful, and charitable works.' A week later he 'heard the charity children catechised at Dr. Bray's church,' and remarks on 'the prodigious pains so aged a man takes.' 'He is,' Thoresby adds, 'very mortified to the world, and takes abundant trouble to have a new church, though he would lose 100l. per annum.' The 'aged man' was not content with the work of his own parish. So late as 1727 'an acquaintance made a casual visit to Whitechapel prison, and his representation of the miserable state of the prisoners had such an effect on the doctor that he applied himself to solicit benefactions to relieve them;' and he also employed intended missionaries to read and preach to the prisoners. This work brought him into connection with the benevolent General Oglethorpe, who joined the 'associates' of Bray, and persuaded others to do so. And it was probably owing to his acquaintance with Oglethorpe that to the two designs of founding libraries and instructing negroes he added a third, viz. the establishing a colony in America to provide for the necessitous poor who could not find employment at home. He died on 15 Feb. 1730.

Bray is a striking instance of what a man may effect without any extraordinary genius, and without special influence. It would be difficult to point to any one who has done more real and enduring service to the church. His various appeals are plain, forcible, and racy. He cannot be reckoned among our great divines, but his writings produced more immediate practical results than those of greater divines have done. His first publication was entitled 'A Course of Lectures upon the Church Catechism, in 4 volumes, by a Divine of the Church of England,' Oxford, 1696. The first volume only, 'Upon the Preliminary Questions and Answers,' was published; it contains 303 folio pages, and consists of 26 lectures. In 1697 he


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 published 'An Essay towards promoting all Necessary and Useful Knowledge, both Divine and Human, in all parts of his Majesty's Dominions.' The essay with this ambitious title is of course connected with his library scheme. In the same year he published another work on the same design, entitled 'Bibliotheca Parochialis, or a Scheme of such Theological Heads as are requisite to be studied by every Pastor of a Parish.' In 1700-1 he published his circular letters to the clergy of Maryland, 'A Memorial representing the Present State of Religion on the Continent of North America,' and 'Acts of Visitation at Annapolis;' in 1702 'Bibliotheca Catechetica, or the Country Curates' Library;' in 1708 a single sermon entitled 'For God or Satan,' preached before the Society for the Reformation of Manners at St. Mary-le-Bow. In 1712 he appeared in print in a new light. He had always been a strong anti-Romanist, and on this ground he expressed two years later his intense satisfaction at the 'protestant succession' of George I in an interesting letter still preserved in the British Museum. During the last four years of Queen Anne's reign it is well known that there was great alarm about the return of popery. Bray issued a seasonable publication, entitled 'A Martyrology, or History of the Papal Usurpation,' consisting of 'choice and learned treatises of celebrated authors, ranged and digested into a regular history.' Only one volume of this work was published in Bray's lifetime; but he left materials for the remainder, which he bequeathed to Sion College. In 1726 he published his 'Directorium Missionarium.' This was quickly followed by a work entitled 'Primordia Bibliothecaria,' in which are given 'several schemes of parochial libraries, and a method laid down to proceed by a gradual progression from strength to strength, from a collection not much exceeding in value II. to 100l.' In 1728 he reprinted the 'Life of Bernard Gilpin,' and then Erasmus's 'Ecclesiastes,' a treatise on the pastoral care, the separate publication of which he thought would be of great use, as it was not likely to be much read when it was 'mixed up,' as it had hitherto been, in Erasmus's voluminous works. Finally, Bray published 'A Brief Account of the Life of Mr. John Rawlet,' a clergyman of like mind with himself, and author of the once famous work, 'The Christian Monitor.'

 BRAY, THOMAS, D.D. (1759–1820), an Irish catholic prelate, was born in the diocese of Cashel on 5 March 1759. He became archbishop of Cashel in 1792, and died in 1820. He was author of the following privately printed work: 'Statuta Synodalia pro unitis Dioecesibus Cassel. et Imelac. lecta, approbata, edita, et promulgata in Synodo Dioecesana; cui interfuit clerus utriusque Dioeceseos, habita prima hebdomada mensis Septembris, anno M.DCCC.X.,' 2 vols., Dublin, 1813, 12mo. This rare book contains a papal bull against freemasonry; a decree of the council of Trent against duellists, with an explanation of it in English to be given by each priest to his flock; and short memoirs of the archbishops of Cashel and the bishops of Emly. The second volume bears the following title: 'Regulations, Instructions, Exhortations, and Prayers, &c., &c., in English and Irish: with the manner of absolving heretics, in Latin and English: for the united dioceses of Cashel and Emly.'

BRAY, WILLIAM (d. 1644), chaplain to Archbishop Laud, was educated at Christ's College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. in 1616-17, M.A. in 1620, and B.D. in 1631. At the outset of his clerical career he was a popular lecturer in puritan London, but changing his views he became one of Archbishop Laud's chaplains in ordinary, and obtained considerable church preferment. He was rector of St. Ethelburga in London, 5 May 1632; prebendary of Mapesbury in the church of St. Paul, 12 June following; and vicar of St. Martin-in-the-Fields, 2 March 1632-3. The king presented him, on 7 May 1634, to the vicarage of Chaldon-Herring in Dorsetshire, and by letters patent, dated 15 Jan. 1637-8, bestowed on him a canonry in the church of Canterbury. Having licensed two obnoxious books by Dr. John Pocklington, the Long parliament enjoined him to preach a recantation sermon at St. Margaret's, Westminster. On 12 Jan. 1642-3 the house proceeded to sequester him from the vicarage of St. Martin's, and in the latter end of March following his books were seized; he was also imprisoned, plundered, and forced to fly into remote parts, where, it is said, he died in 1644. His recantation sermon was published with the title: 'A Sermon of the Blessed


text:
Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 06.djvu/254

  of the Lord's Supper; proving that there is therein no proper sacrifice now offered; Together with the disaprovingdisapproving [sic] of sundry passages in 2 Bookes set forth by Dr. Pocklington; the one called Altare Christianum, the other Sunday no Sabbath: Formerly printed with Licence. Now published by Command, London, 1641, 4to.

BRAY, WILLIAM (1736–1832), antiquary, the fourth and youngest son of Edward Bray of Shere in Surrey, who married Ann, daughter of Rev. George Duncomb, was born in 1736. When only ten years old he was entered at Rugby, and cultivated literature by means of occasional purchases from an itinerant bookseller from Daventry. On one occasion, having ordered a single number of the 'Rambler,' the bookseller, to his amazement, ordered all the copies which had then appeared, a proceeding which, as Bray was wont to declare, nearly ruined him. On leaving school he was placed with an attorney, Mr. Martyr, at Guildford, but not long afterwards obtained a position in the board of green cloth, which he held for nearly fifty years and was then superannuated. On the death of his elder brother, the Rev. George Bray, on 1 March 1803, he inherited the family estates in Shere and Gomshall. In 1758 he married Mary, daughter of Henry Stephens of Wipley, in Worplesdon, who died 14 Dec. 1796, aged 62, having had numerous children, though only three, one son and two daughters, lived to maturity, and the son predeceased his father. Bray was an incessant worker. His position in the county and his legal training caused him to be associated in many charitable and civil trusts in Surrey. He died at Shere 21 Dec. 1832, aged 96, and a mural monument is erected to his memory in its church. Bray was elected F.S.A. in 1771, became the treasurer of the society in 1803, and contributed frequently to the 'Archæologia.' His first publication was the 'Sketch of a Tour into Derbyshire and Yorkshire;' originally published anonymously in 1777, the second edition appearing with the author's name in 1783, and though its pages were somewhat overburdened with antiquarian lore, it was frequently reprinted and included in Pinkerton's 'Travels.' His next work, which was printed privately, was 'Collections relating to Henry Smith, sometime Alderman of London.' When the Rev. Owen Manning, who had begun a history of Surrey, died in 1801, Bray undertook to complete the work, and in its prosecution visited every parish and church within the county's borders. The first volume was issued in 1804, the second in 1809, and the third in 1814; it still remains one of the best county histories that England can boast of. In the British Museum there exists a duplicate of this work in thirty folio volumes, with a special title-page dated 1847, and with over 6,000 prints and drawings collected by Mr. R. Percival. Bray's last literary labour was the printing and editing of the 'Memoirs of the Life and Writings of John Evelyn, comprising his Diary, &c.,' which was first published in 1818 in two volumes, appeared in 1827 in five volumes, and has been often reissued.

BRAYBROC, HENRY (d. 1234?), judge, was undersheriff of Rutlandshire, Buckinghamshire, and Northamptonshire, in 1210-1219, and of Bedfordshire 1211, and sheriff of the same three counties in the next and three succeeding years. He is included by Roger of Wendover (1211) with his father, Robert Braybroc, in the list of the evil counsellors of John in his struggle with the pope. He remained loyal until 1215, when the insurgent barons induced him to join their party. His estates, which were extensive, were immediately confiscated, and on John's making his peace with the pope, Braybroc was one of those who were excommunicated as enemies to the king (, ed. Coxe, iii. 237). In 1217 he defended the castle of Montsorel, near Dunstable, against the protector, William Marshall, until relieved by Louis; but after the battle of Lincoln he did homage, and was reinstated in his lands. In 1224 he was sent to Dunstable with two colleagues to hold assizes of novel disseisin for the counties of Bedford and Buckingham, when [q. v.] was so incensed by being fined 100l. upon each of thirty verdicts found against him for forcible disturbance of his neighbours, that he ordered his brother William, who was in command of Bedford Castle, to seize the offending justices and confine them in the dungeon. They were warned of the impending danger, and quitted the town.


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Bray, Thomas (1656-1730)


text:
User talk:206.255.108.183

Welcome

Hello, and welcome to Wikisource! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers:

 * Help pages
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title: User talk:206.255.108.183


text:
Author:Benjamin Paul Blood

Works

 * The bride of the iconoclast. A poem, 1854 external scan
 * Optimism : the lesson of ages, 1860 external scan
 * The Anaesthetic Revelation and the Gist of Philosophy 1874 (small work) external scan
 * A capitalist's view of socialism, 1916 (Introduction) external scan
 * Pluriverse; an essay in the philosophy of pluralism, 1920 external scan

title: Author:Benjamin Paul Blood


text: Author:Charles Buxton Going

title: Author:Charles Buxton Going


text:
Page:The Unconquered Air, Coates, 1912.djvu/34

 IN THE TOWN A WILD BIRD SINGING

"Hear me, Theresa, Theresa, Theresa!"

! Do I dream? Nay, even now I heard

The whitethroat's music, tremulous yet clear:

The very plaint, O lonely bird,

That often midst the greening woods hath stirred

My heart; but never here!

This is the City! High above the street,

Before my window singing in the dawn,

By what imagination dost thou cheat

Thy hope to utter melody so sweet,

Far from thy groves withdrawn?

Thy tones transport me, wistful, to the North,

Seeming to lay a touch upon my brow

Cool as the balsam-laden airs that now

Through pine-woods blow: they woo my spirit forth—

Forth of the town—forth of myself. But thou?

Dost thou an exile wander from thy home

Or art thou hast'ning thither? 18


text: Author talk:Charles Buxton Going

title: Author talk:Charles Buxton Going


text:
Page:The Unconquered Air, Coates, 1912.djvu/35

 Through what beguilement dost thou friendless roam?

And goest thou—ah, whither?

Day quickly fades, Night may refuse her star,

Clouds may arise, and elemental strife,—

Ah, hapless bird! what wanderlust of life

Betrayed thy wings so far?

Full as my soul of tremulous desires,

Thy voice I hear in supplication rise.

"Theresa!" dost thou call? Unto the skies

The plaint, adoring, holily aspires:—

"Theresa!" Is it she keeps watch o'er thee?—

Homeless—but free?

Wise minstrel! Thou dost well to call on her;

No saint was ever lovelier.

Her heart had room for such wide tenderness

As his who "Little Sister" called the birds,

And pity, deeper than all words,

Taught her, like him, to bless.

Silent? Where art thou? Lo, the City wakes!

Toil's round begins, and calm the world forsakes.

Thou, too, art gone!—nor evermore shalt come

Without my window here at dawn to sing.

Adieu, strange guest! Theresa guide thy wing

Safe to the sweet wild woods that are thy home!


text:
Page:The Unconquered Air, Coates, 1912.djvu/36

 ROBERT BROWNING

"Never say of me that I am dead!"

son of the Titan mother, Earth,

Fed at her breast,

He builded upward from the solid ground,

While listening ever for the heavenly sound

Of higher voices, to his soul addressed.

The elemental mother, lending might

With vital breath,

Made him, with her instinctive courage, brave;

And the immortals to his spirit gave

Their deeper knowledge and their scorn of death.

So evermore with energy and joy,

He followed Truth:

Still for the message and the vision sought,

Still to the temple of her worship brought

The imagination of unaging youth,

And in its largeness ever viewing life,

Perceived its goal

To be beyond the bounds of space or time.

He strove to picture it in powerful rhyme;

But what he painted ever—was the soul!

20


text:
Page:The Unconquered Air, Coates, 1912.djvu/37

 Ay, 't was the soul that moved, delighted him,

Absorbed his care,

From early days in English Camberwell

To that far hour when tolled for him a knell,

Mournful across the deep, from Venice the all fair.

Voiceless he sleeps, his giant task performed;

But in his stead,

Brave Caponsacchi, poignantly alive,

Pippa, beloved Pompilia, and Clive,

Forbid the world to think of him as dead!


text:
Page:The Unconquered Air, Coates, 1912.djvu/38

 ÉASTRE

am ever young,

Am she whom Earth hath sung

From the far ages when from death awaking

She felt the dawn of life within her breaking—

A strange and inexperienced delight—

That warned the desert places of her night,

And, after bondage long,

Left her divinely free

To worship with an ecstasy,

Voiceless, that yet was song!

I am that she, Astarte named,

By proud Phœnicia and Assyria claimed,

Adored by Babylon and Naucratis.

From the moon, my throne of bliss,

On famed Hieropolis

Where stood my temple sanctified and hoary,

I poured such floods of silver glory

That mortals—blest my palest beams to see—

Fell prone upon the earth and worshiped me!

I am Aurora—goddess of the dawn!

To heaven in my orient car updrawn,

While wingéd joys fly after, 22


text:
Page:The Unconquered Air, Coates, 1912.djvu/39

 I part with roseate hand the curtained dark.

Mid bird-songs and celestial laughter,

I perfume all the æther with my breath,

And putting by the envious clouds of Death,

With my insistent yearning

Rekindle the sun's fire and set it burning.

Persephone am I—the Spring!

Whom all things celebrate and sing.

When glad from Hades' sombre home

Back to the dear, dear earth I come,

The gods themselves, my way befriending,

Look down on me with shining eyes benign,

And grant that, to my mother's arms ascending,

Of miracles the loveliest shall be mine.

Howe'er men speak my name

I ever am the same,—

In herb and tree and vine and blossoming flower,

Regenerating, consecrating power,

Youth am I and delight.

Astarte or Aurora, still the priest

Of mysteries beneficently bright.

The vivifying glory of the East,

The Spring, in vesture of transparent dyes

'Broidered with blossoms and with butterflies,

The door that leads from gloomy vasts of Death,—

I resurrection am!—new life! new breath!


text:
Translation:Puss in Boots/Act 1/Scene 3

ACT ONE

__________ Scene Three Outside a tavern.

_____

, sitting on a bench;.

Lorenz I must be off. I have a long journey home ahead of me.

Landlord You are a subject of the king, aren't you?

Lorenz Yes, indeed. What do you call your ruler?

Landlord We just call him Bugbear.

Lorenz What a silly title. Has he no other name, then?

Landlord Whenever he issues edicts, they always read: For the good of the public, the Law demands.... From which I conclude that that is his real name. All petitions too are always laid before the Law. He's a fearsome man.

Lorenz Still, I would prefer to be a king's subject; a king is more distinguished, you know. They say that bugbears make very ungracious masters.

Landlord He is not particularly gracious, that is certainly true, but, on the other hand, he's also the very embodiment of justice. Lawsuits are often sent to him, even from abroad, and he must settle them.

Lorenz They say wonderful things about him; the story goes he can transform himself into any animal.

Landlord That's true; he often travels about incognito to sound the opinions of his subjects; that's why we never trust a stray cat or dog, because we always think it could very well be our ruler in disguise.

Lorenz There too we are surely better off than you; our king never goes out without his crown, cloak and sceptre; he can be easily recognized by these, even when he's a mile away. Well, take care of yourselves.

Exit Lorenz.

Landlord He's already in his own country now.

Kunz Is the border that close?

Landlord Of course; even that tree belongs to the king; from this very spot you can see everything that goes on in his country; this border here has even been lucky for me. I would have been bankrupt long ago if deserters from over there had not supported me; almost every day quite a few cross over.

Michel Is military service over there so hard?

Landlord Not particularly, but running away is so easy; and just because it is so strictly forbidden, the fellows have an incredible desire to desert. Look, I bet that's another one coming now!

enters, running

Soldier A tankard of beer, innkeeper! Quickly!

Landlord Who are you?

Soldier A deserter.

Michel Perhaps it was filial love that made him desert. Poor fellow, do look after him, innkeeper.

Landlord Well, if he has money, he shall not lack for beer.

He goes into the tavern. Enter on horseback; they dismount.

First Hussar Well, thank God we made it this far! Your health, neighbor!

Soldier This is the border.

Second Hussar Yes, thank Heavens! Thanks to this fellow we really had to ride. Innkeeper! Beer!

Landlord with several glasses Here, gentlemen, a nice cool drink; you all seem pretty hot.

First Hussar Here, you scroundrel! Cheers!

Soldier Cheers! Let me hold your horses while you drink.

Second Hussar Boy, that fellow can certainly run! It's a good thing the border is so close: otherwise this job would be a bitch!

First Hussar Well, we have to go back, I suppose. Adieu, deserter! The best of luck to you!

They mount their horses and ride away.

Landlord Will you be staying here?

Soldier No, I'm going on; I have to enlist again – with the neighboring duke.

Landlord Do come and see me again when you next desert.

Soldier I will. Farewell.

They shake hands. The soldier and the guests leave; the landlord goes into the tavern. The curtain falls.

__________

title: Translation:Puss in Boots/Act 1/Scene 3


text:
Page:The Unconquered Air, Coates, 1912.djvu/44

 ODE ON THE CORONATION OF KING GEORGE V

"I have vowed to God to lead a right life in all things, to rule justly and piously my realms and subjects, and to administer just judgment to all. If heretofore I have done aught beyond what was just, through headiness or negligence of youth, I am ready with God's help to amend it utterly."—King Canute's letter to his English subjects.

Nature takes away the things we prize,

With all a mother's patient tenderness

She soothes us, and from treasure limitless

Brings forth new joys to gladden our grieved eyes.

Before the leaves fall fluttering to the ground

Affrighted at the very breath and sound

Of the wind's passion, she from blight and storm

Garners the seeds of Summer, safe and warm.

She knows, though glad and sweet the wild bird sing,

How soon the trillium of the wood shall fade,—

Nor longer with its stars illume the shade,—

She knows, and harvests for a future Spring;

And though about her winds of Autumn sigh,

And though the rose—the rose, itself, must die, 28


text:
User talk:Douglas the Comeback Kid

— billinghurst  sDrewth  15:16, 29 November 2010 (UTC)

title: User talk:Douglas the Comeback Kid


text:
Page:The Unconquered Air, Coates, 1912.djvu/45

 Rh And though the lordly pine that scorns to bend

Must fall at last,—she knows there is no end.

Sure of her birthright—elemental, vast,—

Calmly she waits; but man, to whom is given

Earth in its fullness and the dream of heaven,

Still looks with fond regret unto a past

Whose colors fade not in the distant light,

But rather to his worship grow more bright,

And careless as to that the future saith,

Pays tribute to the nothingness of death.

When the fourth Henry, in that chamber called

Jerusalem, lay dying, with what fear,

Knowing the Angel-of-the-Shadow near,

Must he have viewed the future and, appalled,

Beheld succeeding to his perilous throne—

To reign and rule alone—

One who to Folly turned a laughing face,

Dallied with Fortune, and out-dared Disgrace.

More grievous, as the fatal hour drew nigh,

More dreadful than the death he might not fly,

More poignant than regret or mortal pain

Or memories of woeful Richard slain,—

More tragic than all else to him the thought

That his own offspring, in but little while,


text:
Page:The Unconquered Air, Coates, 1912.djvu/46

 30 Consorting with the worthless and the vile,

Should bring his dearly purchased good to naught.

Fainting, the King saw sorrows multiply,

And out of weakness dared to prophesy

Evil of Harry Monmouth! nor might guess How idle his distress

For one whose future Honour should secure

In human hearts and in heroic story,—

The King new found, new crowned, at Agincourt,—

Great England's darling and her future glory!

But how should doubt not add to care its pain

When, after Mary Tudor's baleful reign,

Forth came from prison drear

Another Queen? Yet 't was her spirit, fired

By grave ambition, nobly men inspired

To victories thrice dear,—

Giving her Age to breathe immortal breath,

Illustrious in the name Elizabeth!

Still with misgiving crowns are laid

Upon the brow of kings.

Yet oft have fairest plantings been repaid

With poorest harvestings,

While following vain auguries of ill

To man have come, beneficently born,


text:
Page:The Unconquered Air, Coates, 1912.djvu/47

 Rh Such reigns as his whose tact and generous will

The Nations of the earth late joined to mourn.

But no misgiving clouds the Future now!

In all the ages rarely hath there been

Such light of hope upon the forehead seen

As that which haloes her auroral brow,

Whose puissance shall uplift the poor and weak,

Whose love shall teach, to such as wisdom seek,

That they are blest who give, they only free

Who in the strength of Law find liberty!

England, it is thy coronation hour!

Doubt is of high and ancient lineage,

But faith is more than plenitude of power,

And now—distrust were treason. Turn in pride,

O England, to thy happy heritage!

And as the bridegroom forth to meet the bride

Fares smiling, so, from cloudy griefs of night,

Turn thou where lovely dawns the day's new light,

And with wise trust, the fruit of loyalty,

To his great father's throne

Make doubly welcome Alexandra's son—

Thy son, O England!—worthy thine to be!


text:
Page:The Unconquered Air, Coates, 1912.djvu/48

 32 Far from thy beauteous isle, across the Sea,

A Sister-Land prays heaven for him and thee—

Prays that the coming ages still may sing

The blessings of his reign. God save the King!


text:
Page:The Unconquered Air, Coates, 1912.djvu/50

 YESTERDAY

soul is fain to drink of joy; Thy cup is full of tears. Ah, take it from me, nor destroy The dream of future years! Thy face is fair, but grief is there— And grief but wastes and sears.

We two have been companioned long; Now straightway let us part! Another and a dearer song, By some mysterious art, Draws young, sweet breath while thy lips of death Yet whisper to my heart.

Ah, joy it is a timid thing, And easily 't is slain; A tender firstling of the spring, It shrinks at touch of pain; Then haste away, dread Yesterday! Nor hither come again!

So quickly? But who goes with thee, Unrecognized before? 34


text:
Page:The Unconquered Air, Coates, 1912.djvu/51

Rh Are hope, alas! and memory

Thus joined forevermore?

Then must thou stay, O Yesterday!

Lest joy, too, quit my door.


text:
Page:The Unconquered Air, Coates, 1912.djvu/54

 LOVE IS PASSING

is passing through the street.

Love, imperishably sweet,

On his silver-sandaled feet

Draweth near.

Suppliant he came of yore,—

Comes he now as conqueror?

Will he, pausing at my door,

Enter here?

Once his lips were ruby-red,

And his wings like gold, outspread,

And the roses crowned his head,

As in story;

And, though these he now disguise,

Ever a lost paradise

In the azure of his eyes

Keeps its glory.

Love is passing through the street—

Love, imperishably sweet,

And were death our way to meet,

I would dare it.

38


text:
Page:The Unconquered Air, Coates, 1912.djvu/55

 Rh Come he suppliant, as before,

Come he as a conqueror,—

So he turn not from my door,

I can bear it!


text:
User talk:174.109.197.82

Welcome

Hello, and welcome to Wikisource! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers:

 * Help pages
 * Style Guide
 * Inclusion policy

You are welcome to continue editing articles without logging in, but you may wish to  [ create an account] . Doing so is free, requires no personal information, and provides several benefits. For one thing, if you continue to edit without a username, your IP address is used to publicly identify you.

In any case, I hope you enjoy donating your time to grow the Wikisource library that is free for everyone to use! In discussions, please sign your comments using four tildes ( ~ ); this will automatically produce your IP address (or username if you're logged in) and the date. If you need help, ask me on my talk page, or ask your question here (click  [ edit] ) and place  before your question. Again, welcome! — billinghurst  sDrewth  15:57, 29 November 2010 (UTC)

title: User talk:174.109.197.82


text: Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Morgan, Michael Ryan


text: Pacchiarotto/Filippo Baldinucci on the Privilege of Burial


text: Pacchiarotto/House

title: Pacchiarotto/House


text: Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Morgan, Miles


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Candlish, Robert Smith


text:
Page:A book of the Pyrenees.djvu/47

Rh

goods with them. Here in the West they continue to lead the Asiatic life of Lot and Abraham.

"The formidable barrier of Spain now rises before us in all its majesty. The Pyrenees are not, like the Alps, a complicated system of peaks and valleys, they are simply a mighty wall that drops to lower elevations at its extremities. Two peoples, distinct from one another—the Basques at the west, the Catalans at the east—hold the doors of two worlds. These irritable and capricious porters open and shut at will, wearied and impatient at the incessant passage of the nations through these ports. They opened to Abderaman, they shut to Roland. Many graves lie between Roncevaux and the Seu d'Urgel."

Certain it is that the approach to the Pyrenees across the long level of the Landes lends to them an advantage only possessed by the Alps when seen from the plains of Lombardy. I know nothing so impressive as the scene from a swell on the surface of the Landes, when the eye sees the great range in silver and cobalt stretching to the south from a dim east, in which snowy peaks and silver clouds are indistinguishable, to die away beyond the reach of the eye in the west, and all beheld over a vast sheet of dark green forest, like a sea stretching to their roots. Nowadays we whirl from Bordeaux to Dax and Bayonne by rail. I recall the journey by carriage, when before our eyes for two days we saw that blue ridge tipped with silver half-way up the sky, hour after hour becoming more distinct. I have spoken of the colours of the mountains as cobalt and silver. So they are in the remote distance, but when near at hand the tints are richer. I had a drawing-master at Bayonne, to whom I showed some water-colour sketches of English scenery. He shook his head. "Cobalt!" said he; "that will not do for the shadows of our Pyrenees. For them you must employ

title: Page:A book of the Pyrenees.djvu/47


text:
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32 ultramarine and carmine." He spoke the truth. Such are the royal purples of Pyrenean shadows worn in summer and autumn. Bayonne is a trefoil. There are three towns, but the third is on the north side of the Adour, and in the department of Landes. It has grown up about the railway station and the citadel. Old Bayonne is a city planted on both banks of the Nive, where it joins the Adour. Bayonne is the capital of the Basque country, and the population of the town is composed of Basques, Spaniards, Jews, with a sprinkling only of French. The cathedral, the old castle, the Mairie, and the theatre are in Grand Bayonne on the left bank of the Nive. In Petit Bayonne, on the right bank, are the arsenal, the Chateaux Neuf, and the military hospital.

The old town, cramped within its fortifications, capable of expansion upwards only, has narrow and gloomy streets. The cathedral was left incomplete by the English when driven out of Bayonne. It lacked a west front and towers; but these have been supplied of late years. Externally the cathedral is not striking, but within it is well-proportioned. Choir and apse pertain to the thirteenth century, the nave to the fourteenth, all constructed when the English were masters of the town. The arms of England, of Talbot, and other noble families that are English, are emblazoned on the keys of the vaulting ribs. On the south side of the church are the beautiful cloisters, almost the largest in France. Their date is 1240. A good many houses in the town have cellars vaulted with ribs to a key, and on some of these latter are English arms. But few old buildings in the town are of interest. The château dates from the twelfth and thirteenth centuries,

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Rh and the new château is of the fifteenth and sixteenth, but neither is architecturally remarkable. Bayonne and Bordeaux were warmly attached to England during the three hundred years that they pertained to the English crown. Their love was not altogether sentimental; it sprang out of self-interest, as these two ports furnished the wine that was supplied to Britain and Ireland. Our kings did what they could to attach the citizens to their crown by the grant of extensive privileges, and undoubtedly Bayonne reached its greatest prosperity when under the sceptre of England. This prosperity roused the jealousy of the commercial ports of Normandy, especially was this the case when that duchy was detached from the English crown. To avenge the death of a Rouen merchant killed in an affray in Bayonne the Normands attacked and butchered a whole ship's crew that had entered one of their ports. On another occasion they surprised sixty-two Bayonnais merchant vessels in the port of S. Malo, and hung from the yardarm one of the crew of each side by side with dogs. This latter insult was more keenly felt by the Bayonnais than the execution itself. They appealed to Edward I "against these bad persons who have put your subjects to death, hanging mastiffs alongside of Christians, in defiance of Christianity and of your Majesty, and of your subjects." The outrage had to be chastised. Large armaments were equipped on both sides, and in one engagement the Normands lost five thousand men. The grim joke with the dogs proved costly to them in the end.

But at the close of the thirteenth century these petty quarrels between rival cities were merged in the general war that raged between England and France. Philip the Fair got possession of Bayonne in 1294. Edward I hastened into

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 THE HOSPITAL

I

this the place? So still!—as with the hush

That follows storm.

Each on her narrow bed, they quiet lie—

They who, so young, have been so near to die—

Seeming of life but effigy and form.

How fair these girlish faces with closed eyes!

Passion and strife

Seem far from them. Are these beyond their reach?

Nay, see!—high-cradled at the foot of each,

A tender, new-born miracle of life!

On slippered feet the nurses to and fro

Move noiselessly.

A feeble cry!—a sigh half breathed in sleep!

But who is this that vigil here doth keep—

What Presence of august benignity?

O strangely moving vision! I behold

The Mighty Mother!— 40


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 Rh She who, wandering friendless and forlorn,

Sought far and near the child herself had borne,

Finding nor help nor comfort in another.

Over the weakness here so proven strength,

She, heavenly,

Bends down; and, lo! the room becomes a shrine

And hallowed altar for a love divine,—

Pure as her love for lost Persephone!

II

Last night a shape of fear

Came in the silence drear—

Unlooked-for and unsought—

With stealthy, ghost-like motion drawing near.

I could not see its face

In the unlighted place;

No sound of it I caught;

But, shuddering, I felt its creeping pace

A thing too dread to bear.

I knew that it was there,

And, my warm blood grown cold,

An icy breathing horror stirred my hair.