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  by ‘sending them some heads’ as a demonstration of the punishment of the authors (ib. 1675–6, p. 228). Warner's cause was, however, warmly espoused by the colonists in Antigua; early in 1676 he was sent for trial to Barbados, where he was acquitted; but by an order in council, dated 18 May 1677, he was ‘put out of the government of Antigua and any other employment or trust in the king's service.’ The colonists, however, still placed confidence in him, and on 29 Jan. 1679 he was elected speaker of the Antiguan assembly. He died on 23 Oct. 1689, and was buried at St. Paul's, Antigua. When in the Tower of London he delivered to Sir Robert Southwell an ‘Account of the Caribee Islands,’ dated 3 April 1676. It is now in the Record Office (Cal. State Papers, Amer. and W. Indies, 1675–6, pp. 367, 368). By his wife Henrietta, sister and heiress of Colonel Henry Ashton, Warner had two sons and four daughters. The eldest son, Colonel Thomas Warner (d. 1695), had by his wife Jane Walrond three sons: Edward Warner, a colonel in the army and member of the council of Antigua; Ashton Warner (1691–1752), speaker and attorney-general, whose son was Joseph Warner [q. v.]; and Henry Warner (1693–1731), clerk of the assembly.

[The primary authorities for the settlement of St. Christopher's and Nevis are the account given by John Hilton, storekeeper and chief gunner of Nevis (dated 29 April 1673), in Egerton MS. 2395, ff. 503–8 (in Brit. Mus.). A Brief Discourse of Divers Voyages made into Guiana, and The Beginning and Proceedings of the New Plantation of St. Christopher's by Captain Warner, The Works of Captain John Smith, ed. Arber, chaps. xxiv. xxv., contributed by some of Warner's crew, and the Manuscript Account by Col. Philip Warner in the Record Office, mentioned in the text. Next in importance is Antigua and the Antiguans, 1844, by a resident in the island who had access to the records and received information from the Rev. Daniel Francis Warner among others. The pedigree given in Burke's Landed Gentry, 4th ed. pt. ii., is inaccurate in the early part (cf. Laurence-Archer MSS. in Brit. Mus.). T. Southey's Chron. Hist. of the West Indies, vols. i. ii., and Bryan Edwards's Hist. of the British West Indies, vol. i. chap. iv., are founded on the early English authorities as well as Dutertre's Histoire des Antilles and Labat's Nouveau Voyage and Iles de l'Amérique. A clearly written modern account is in A Young Squire of the Seventeenth Century, 1878, vol. i. chaps. i.–v., edited from the papers of Christopher Jeaffreson by Mr. J. C. Jeaffreson. Some additional information may also be gleaned from the Hon. Nicholas Darnell Davis's Cavaliers and Roundheads of Barbados, 1650–2, Georgetown, British Guiana, 1887, chap. ii. The Calendars of Colonial State Papers, America and West Indies, edited by W. Noel Sainsbury, are invaluable.]  WARNER, WILLIAM (1558?–1609), poet, born in London about 1558, was educated at Magdalen Hall, Oxford, but did not take a degree. According to Wood he was ‘more a friend to poetry, history, and romance than to logic and philosophy.’ Settling in London, he followed the profession of an attorney, and, while acquiring some reputation in the court of common pleas, managed to secure a more prominent position as a man of letters. He was acquainted with Marlowe and other writers of his day in London; Drayton claimed him as an old friend. Henry Carey, first lord Hunsdon, lord chamberlain [q. v.], and his son George, second lord Hunsdon, who was also lord chamberlain, proved encouraging patrons. Warner died suddenly on 9 March 1608–9 at Amwell in Hertfordshire, and was buried there. The entry in the parish register runs: ‘1608–9. Master William Warner, a man of good yeares and of honest reputation; by profession an attornye of the common pleas, author of “Albion's England,” diynge suddenly in the night in his bedde without any former complaynt of sicknesse on Thursday night, beinge the 9th daye of March; was buried the Saturday following, and lyeth in the church at the corner under the stone of Walter Ffader.’

Tanner mentions that an English translation of the ‘Novelle’ of Bandello was issued by a writer who only used his initials ‘W. W.’ in 1580. No such work is now known, but it may possibly be a first venture by Warner in the field of romance (cf., Hist. of English Poetry, 1824, iv. 312).

Warner's earliest extant publication is a collection of tales in prose, somewhat in the manner of Heliodorus's ‘Æthiopica,’ entitled ‘Pan his Syrinx, or Pipe, compact of seuen Reedes; including in one, seuen Tragical and Comicall Arguments, with their diuers Notes not impertinent. Whereby, in effect, of all thinges is touched, in few, something of the vayne, wanton, proud, and inconstant course of the World. Neither, herein, to somewhat praiseworthie, is prayse wanting. By William Warner. At London, by Thomas Purfoote’ [1585], 4to. This was dedicated to Sir George Carey (afterwards second Lord Hunsdon). The seven tales are entitled respectively: ‘Arbaces,’ ‘Thetis,’ ‘Belopares,’ ‘Pheone,’ ‘Deipyrus,’ ‘Aphrodite,’ and ‘Opheltes.’ Another edition, in 1597, bore the title ‘Syrinx, or a Seauenfold Historie, handled with Varietie of pleasant and profit-


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 able both comicall and tragicall argument. Newly perused and amended by the first Author, W. Warner,’ London, 1597, 4to. This edition is dedicated to George Carey, second lord Hunsdon.

Warner also translated several plays of Plautus, but of these only one was published. This was ‘Menæchmi. A pleasant … Comedie, taken out of … Plautus … Written in English by W. W. London, by T. Creede,’ 1595, 4to (without pagination). Shakespeare's ‘Comedy of Errors,’ which was probably composed in 1592, owes much to Plautus's ‘Menæchmi,’ and Shakespeare may have had access to Warner's translation before it was published. It was reprinted in John Nichols's ‘Six Old Plays,’ 1779, i. 109 seq., and in J. P. Collier's ‘Shakespeare's Library,’ 1844 (new edit. by W. C. Hazlitt, 1875, pt. ii. vol. i. 1 et seq.).

Warner's chief work and his earliest experiment in verse was a long episodic poem in fourteen-syllable lines, which in its original shape treated of legendary or imaginary incidents in British history from the time of Noah till the arrival in England of William the Conqueror, but was continued in successive editions until it reached the reign of James I. In its episodic design it somewhat resembled Ovid's ‘Metamorphoses.’ Historical traditions are mingled with fictitious fabliaux with curious freedom. The first edition in four books—now a volume of the utmost rarity—appeared in 1586, under the title ‘Albion's England. Or Historical Map of the same Island: prosecuted from the Lives and Acts and Labors of Saturne, Jupiter, Hercules, and Æneas: Originalles of the Bruton, and the Englishman, and occasion of the Brutons their first aryvall in Albion. Containing the same Historie vnto the Tribute to the Romaines, Entrie of the Saxones, Invasion by the Danes, and Conquest by the Normaines. With Historicall Intermixtures, Inuention, and Varietie profitably, briefly and pleasantly, performed in Verse and Prose by William Warner. London, by George Robinson for Thomas Cadman,’ 1586, 4to (black letter). Thomas Cadman obtained a license for printing the book on 7 Nov. 1586 (, Stationers' Reg. ii. 458), but a pirate-publisher, Roger Ward, had been detected setting the manuscript in type in the previous October (, Typogr. Antiq. ed. Herbert, p. 1190). Warner dedicated the original edition of ‘Albion's England’ to Henry Carey, first lord Hunsdon. At the close of the volume is a prose ‘Breviate of the true historie of Aeneas,’ which reappeared in all later editions except the second. The work was brought down to the accession of Henry VII in the second edition, which included six books, and was called ‘The First and Second parts of Albion's England. The former reuised and corrected, and the latter newly continued and added, containing an Historical Map,’ London, 1589, 4to. A folding woodcut, exhibiting the lineages of Lancaster and York, forms the frontispiece in some copies. A third edition further extended the work to nine books, and concluded with the accession of Queen Elizabeth; this edition bore the title ‘Albion's England; the Third time Corrected and Augmented. Containing an History of the same Countrey and Kingdome, from the Originals of the inhabitants of the same. With the chief Alterations and Accidents therein happening, until her nowe Majesties most blessed Raigne. …,’ London, 1592, 4to. Of later editions (all in quarto) a fourth, ‘now revised and newly inlarged,’ appeared in 1596 in twelve books, with a folding pictorial plate of the genealogy of Lancaster and York inserted opposite page 161 (some title-pages bear the date 1597), and a fifth edition, with the addition of a thirteenth book and a prose ‘Epitome of the whole Historie of England,’ was issued in 1602. ‘A Continuance of Albion's England, by the first Author, W. W.,’ supplied three additional books (xiv, xv, xvi) in 1606. Finally a new edition, ‘with the most chief Alterations and Accidents … in the … Raigne of … King James. … Newly revised and enlarged. With a new epitome of the whole Historie of England,’ was issued, after Warner's death, in 1612. Here the books number sixteen, and the chapters one hundred and seven with the two prose appendices (the ‘Breviate’ and the ‘Epitome’).

‘Albion's England’ in its own day gained a very high reputation, which was largely due to the author's patriotic aims and sentiment. But his style, although wordy and prosaic, is unpretentious, and his narrative, which bears little trace of a study of Italian romance, and lacks the languor of current Italian fiction, occasionally develops an original vigour and dignity which partially justify the eulogies of the writer's contemporaries. Thomas Nash in his preface to Greene's ‘Menaphon’ (1589), after mentioning the greatest of English poets, remarked, ‘As poetry has been honoured in those before-mentioned professors, so it hath not been any whit disparaged by William Warner's absolute Albions.’ Meres in his ‘Palladis Tamia’ (1598) associated Warner with Spenser as one of the two chief English heroic poets. As a lyric poet he classed him with


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 Spenser, Daniel, Drayton, and Breton. Meres added, ‘I have heard him termed of the best wits of both our universities, our English Homer. As Euripides is the most sententious among Greek poets, so is Warner among our English poets.’ Drayton, after eulogising Sidney, wrote in his ‘Epistle of Poets’— Then Warner, though his lines were not so trimmed Nor yet his Poem so exactly limn'd   And neatly jointed but the Criticke may Easily reproove him; yet thus let me say For my old friend; some passages there be   In him which, I protest, have taken me    With almost wonder; so fine, cleere, new, As yet they have bin equalled by few. Many extracts figured in ‘England's Parnassus,’ 1600.

The finest passage in ‘Albion's England’ recites the pastoral story of ‘Argentile and Curan.’ The tale was doubtless of Warner's invention, but it resembles the topic of the thirteenth-century poem called ‘Havelock the Dane.’ Warner's story has secured through adaptations a longer tenure of fame than the rest of the poem. It was plagiarised without acknowledgment by William Webster in a poem in six-line stanzas, entitled ‘The most pleasant and delightful Historie of Curan, a Prince of Danske, and the fayre Princesse Argentile’ (London, 1617, 4to). Warner's tale also formed the plot of the ‘Thracian Wonder,’ a play attributed to John Webster and William Rowley (London, 1661, 4to). It was subsequently converted into a ballad entitled ‘The Two Young Princes on Salisbury Plain,’ published in ‘A Collection of Old Ballads’ (3 vols. 1726–38, 12mo). Percy with much enthusiasm quoted it, as well as another of Warner's invented legends, ‘The Patient Countess,’ in his ‘Reliques of Ancient Poetry’ (1765), and William Mason based on it his ‘Legendary Drama of Five Acts, written on the Old English Model’ (Poems, 1786, vol. iii.). Warner's admirers of the present century have been few. In 1801 George Ellis quoted for ‘their singularity’ three extracts in his ‘Specimens of the Early English Poets’ (ii. 267 et seq.). The whole poem was reprinted in Chalmers's ‘Collection of the English Poets’ (1810). Charles Lamb wrote to Harrison Ainsworth on 9 Dec. 1823: ‘I have read Warner['s ‘Albion's England’] with great pleasure. What an elaborate piece of alliteration and antithesis! Why, it must have been a labour far above the most difficult versification. There is a fine simile or picture of Semiramis arming to repel a siege’ (Letters of Charles Lamb, ed. Ainger, ii. 93).

[Wood's Athenæ Oxon. ed. Bliss, vol. i.; Corser's Collectanea; Hazlitt's Bibliographical Collections; Hallam's Lit. Hist. of Europe, 5th ed. 1873, i. 36n. ii. 128; Ritson's Bibliographia Anglo-Poetica; Percy's Reliques of Ancient Poetry, ed. Wheatley, i. 298, ii. 252; Hunter's Chorus Vatum in Brit. Mus. Addit. MS. 24492, ff. 227–32.]

WARRE, WILLIAM (1784–1853), lieutenant-general, colonel of the 94th foot, eldest son of James Warre of George Street, Hanover Square, London, and of his wife Eleanor, daughter of Thomas Greg of Coles Park, Hertfordshire, was born at Oporto, Portugal, on 15 April 1784. He was educated at Harrow, and on 5 Nov. 1803 received an ensign's commission in the 52nd foot, which he joined at Hythe. He was promoted to be lieutenant by purchase on 2 June 1804, and on 25 April 1806 he purchased his company in the 98th foot, from which he exchanged on 7 Aug. into the 23rd light dragoons, joining them at Clonmel, co. Tipperary, in October 1806.

In the summer of 1807 Warre became a student of the Royal Military College, and in May 1808 was appointed aide-de-camp to Major-general Sir Ronald Craufurd Ferguson [q. v.], commander of an expedition to sail from Cork. After some detention, an alteration was made in the destination of this expedition, and it proceeded to Portugal, landing in July. Warre took part in the battles of Rolica (17 Aug.) and Vimiera (21 Aug.), after which he was seized with dysentery, and, being too ill to accompany his general on his return to England, was sent to Lisbon, where Major-general William Carr (afterwards Viscount) Beresford [q. v.] received him into his house, and, on his recovery, attached him to his staff. He served with him during the whole of Sir John Moore's campaign, ending with the battle of Coruña on 16 Jan. 1809, after which he remained with his division to cover the embarkation of the army during the night, and himself embarked with his chief and the rear-guard in the afternoon of the following day.

On the acceptance by Beresford of the chief command of the Portuguese army in March 1809, Warre accompanied him to Portugal, was commissioned as major in the Portuguese service, and appointed Beresford's first aide-de-camp. He was with Beresford at Lamego and the passage of the Douro on 12 May, and, after the capture of Oporto, was employed to destroy the bridges in rear of the retreating French army, a duty which he in great measure accomplished, with very inadequate means, and in spite of the opposition of an obstinate and refractory peasantry.


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  CONTENTS.

(3)


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, 1906. HERMAN V. AMES.


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STATE DOCUMENTS

THE STATES AND THE UNITED STATES.

HERMAN V. AMES, Ph.D.

THE DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY,

UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA.

Sold by the Department of History, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa., and by Longmans, Green & Co., New York.

PHILADELPHIA, 1906.


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 Wellington was thereby enabled to overtake Soult at Salamonde, whence, on 16 May, the French marshal only escaped by abandoning his guns and baggage. Warre took part in all the operations of Beresford's division in 1809–10, but during the retreat to the lines of Torres Vedras in September 1810 rheumatic fever compelled him to quit the army and eventually to return to England. He rejoined Beresford in May 1811 after the battle of Albuera, and took part in the second siege of Badajos in May and June. He was promoted to be brevet major in the British service on 30 May 1811, and lieutenant-colonel in the Portuguese service on 3 July. He was at the siege and capture on 19 Jan. 1812 of Ciudad Rodrigo, at the third siege and capture on 6 April of Badajos, and at the battle of Salamanca on 22 July, where Beresford was wounded. Warre accompanied him to Lisbon, and returned to England, where he married in 1812. For his services in the Peninsular war he received the medal and six clasps; was made a knight of the Portuguese order of the Tower and Sword, and a commander of the Portuguese order of St. Bento d'Avis (London Gazette, 9 April 1816). On 13 May 1813 he was promoted to be brevet lieutenant-colonel in the British Army. His ‘Letters from the Peninsula 1808–1812,’ were edited by his nephew Dr. Edmond Warre in 1909.

By the advice of Beresford, Warre accepted the appointment of deputy quartermaster-general at the Cape of Good Hope, and went thither in 1813, returning to England in 1821. In 1823 he was appointed one of the permanent assistant quartermasters-general, and served in the Dublin military district until 1826, when he was transferred to the southern military district and stationed at Portsmouth. In December 1826 he was appointed assistant quartermaster-general of the army under Lieutenant-general Sir William Henry Clinton [q. v.] which was sent to Portugal to assist that country against Spain, returning to his permanent appointment in England in the summer of 1828. He was promoted to be colonel on 22 July 1830. In 1832 he was transferred as permanent assistant quartermaster-general from Portsmouth to Cork, and in 1835 to Dublin. In 1837 he was appointed commandant of the Chatham garrison.

Warre was made a companion of the order of the Bath, military division, on 19 July 1838; was knighted in 1839, relinquished the Chatham command on promotion to major-general on 23 Nov. 1841, was given the colonelcy of the 94th foot in 1847, and was promoted to be lieutenant-general in November 1851. He died at York on 26 July 1853, and was buried at Bishopthorpe.

Warre married, on 19 Nov. 1812, Selina Anna (d. 3 Feb. 1821), youngest daughter of Christopher Thomson Maling of West Herrington, Durham, and sister of the first Countess of Mulgrave. By her he had seven children, three of whom died at the Cape of Good Hope. The others were: (1) Thomas Maling; (2) John Frederick; (3) Henry James; and (4) Julia Sophia. The third son, General Sir Henry James Warre, K.C.B. (1819–1898), colonel of the Wiltshire regiment, served in the Crimean and New Zealand wars; he married in 1855, Georgiana, daughter of R. Lukin and widow of W. P. Adams, British consul-general in Peru.

A full-length portrait of Warre, in the uniform of the 23rd light dragoons, is in possession of J. Acheson Lyle of the Oak, Londonderry.

[War Office Records; Despatches; Gent. Mag. 1853; Royal Military Calendar, 1820; Army Lists; Notes and Queries, 5th ser. vol. x.; Burke's Peerage; Warre's Letters from the Peninsula, 1909.]

WARREN. [See also .]

WARREN, ARTHUR (fl. 1605), poet, wrote two poems descriptive of the pangs of poverty while he was imprisoned for debt in 1604. The titles of the poems were respectively ‘The Poore Mans Passions’ and ‘Pouerties Patience.’ A volume in quarto bearing the double title, ‘written by Arthur Warren,’ was entered on the ‘Stationers' Registers’ on 14 Jan. 1604–5, and was published ‘Anno Dom. 1605, at London, printed by I[ames] R[oberts] for R[ichard] B[ankworth].’ Warren dedicated his work to ‘his kindest fauourer, Maister Robert Quarme.’ He wrote, with a good deal of force and feeling, in six-line stanzas. The volume is rare. Copies are in the British Museum and in Malone's collection in the Bodleian Library.

Warren may be the writer who, under the initials ‘A. W.,’ prefixed commendatory verses to Gascoigne's ‘Posies’ (1575), Kendall's ‘Flowers of Epigrams’ (1577), and Cotton's ‘A Spirituall Song’ (1596). Warren certainly has a better claim to the authorship of these verses than Andrew Willet [q. v.], who has also been suggested as their author. There seems some ground, too, for identifying Warren with the ‘A. W.’ who was the chief contributor to Davison's ‘Poetical Rhapsodie’ in 1602. Davison only refers to his mysterious coadjutor, who has hitherto eluded definite discovery, by the initials ‘A. W.’ ‘A. W.'s’ most interesting poem


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 in the collection is an ‘Eclogue upon the death of Sir Philip Sidney.’ The greater part of ‘A. W.'s’ voluminous verse in the ‘Poetical Rhapsodie’ deals with love. Its temper resembles that of Warren's ‘Poore Mans Passions.’ ‘A. W.’ in the ‘Poetical Rhapsodie’ very often employs the six-line stanza in which the whole of Warren's volume is composed. Some of ‘A. W.'s’ poems in the ‘Rhapsodie’ had circulated in manuscript in 1596 (Harl. MS. 6910). In the Harleian MS. 280, f. 102, there is a list in Davison's handwriting of the first lines of all the poems, ‘in rhyme and measured verse,’ which ‘A. W.’ had produced, apparently before 1602. The list includes 140 compositions, of which seventy-seven figured in the ‘Poetical Rhapsodie.’ Five further poems by ‘A. W.’ were introduced into the second edition of Davison's ‘Rhapsodie’ in 1608. Five others of ‘A. W.'s’ poems were subsequently transferred from the ‘Rhapsodie’ to the second edition of ‘England's Helicon,’ 1614.

[Collier's Bibliographical Account of Early English Literature, ii. 487; Davison's Poetical Rhapsody, ed. A. H. Bullen, vol. i. pp. lxvii et seq., pp. lxxxii et seq.; Ritson's Bibliographia Poetica, p. 382; Brydges's Restituta, iv. 190 et seq. Hunter suggests that ‘A. W.’ was Anthony Wingfield: see Brit. Mus. Addit. MS. 24491, f. 202. Heart-Easings: Songs, Sonnets, and Epigrams, by ‘A. W.’ of the Middle Temple, Gent. [1595], reprinted literally from a copy supposed unique in the British Museum: T. and J. Allman, Princes Street, Hanover Square, 1824, is a modern forgery. In Lansdowne MS. 821 is a letter from A. Warren to Henry Cromwell, but there is nothing to connect the writer of this letter with the poet.]

WARREN, CHARLES (1767–1823), line-engraver, was born in London on 4 June 1767. Of his early career the only facts recorded are that he married at the age of eighteen, and was at one time engaged in engraving on metal for calico-printing, but during the last twenty years of his life he enjoyed a great reputation as an engraver of small book-illustrations. His plates after R. Smirke in the English editions of the ‘Arabian Nights,’ 1802, ‘Gil Blas,’ 1809, and ‘Don Quixote,’ 1818, were very successful; and his ‘Broken Jar,’ after Wilkie, one of the illustrations to Coxe's ‘Social Day,’ is a masterpiece of its kind. Other fine publications to which he contributed were Kearsley's edition of Shakespeare, Du Roveray's edition of Pope, Walker's ‘British Classics,’ Sharpe's ‘Classics,’ Suttaby's ‘Poets,’ and ‘Physiognomical Portraits.’ Warren was an active member of the Society of Arts and also of the Artists' Fund, of which he was president from 1812 to 1815. For some valuable improvements which he made in the preparation of steel plates for engraving he was awarded the large gold medal of the Society of Arts in 1823, but he did not live to receive it, dying suddenly at Wandsworth on 21 April of that year. He was buried at St. Sepulchre's, Newgate Street. A portrait of Warren, from a sketch by Mulready, is in Pye's ‘Patronage of British Art.’

(1781?–1856), son of Charles Warren, born about 1781, practised line-engraving with ability, and examples of his work are found in the ‘Stafford Gallery,’ Cattermole's ‘Book of the Cartoons,’ the ‘Gem,’ 1830–1, and ‘Ancient Marbles in the British Museum.’ His most important single plates are ‘The Beggar's Petition,’ after Witherington, 1827, and ‘The New Coat,’ after Wilkie, 1832. He died in 1856.

[Gent. Mag. 1823, ii. 187; Pye's Patronage of British Art; Redgrave's Dict. of Artists; list of members of the Artists' Annuity Fund.]

WARREN, CHARLES (1798–1866), major-general, colonel of the 96th foot, born at Bangor on 27 Oct. 1798, was third son of John Warren (1766–1838), dean of Bangor, who was nephew of John Warren [q. v.], bishop of Bangor. His mother was Elizabeth, daughter of Thomas Crooke, M.D., of Preston, Lancashire. He entered the Royal Military Academy at Woolwich, but, being offered by the Duke of York a commission in the infantry, he was gazetted ensign in the 30th foot on 24 Nov. 1814, and joined the depôt at Colchester on 24 Jan. 1815. He commanded a detachment from Ostend in the march of the Duke of Wellington's army to Paris after Waterloo, and entered Paris with the allied army.

In January 1816 Warren embarked for India, and served at Fort St. George, Madras, until his return to England in the summer of 1819. He was promoted to be lieutenant on 13 Nov. 1818. On 17 Aug. 1820 he exchanged into the 55th foot. In December 1821 he embarked with his regiment for the Cape of Good Hope, was promoted to be captain by purchase on 1 Aug. 1822, commanded a detachment of two companies on the Kaffir frontier from November 1824 to the end of 1825, and returned to England in 1827. During his service at the Cape he rode from Capetown to Grahamstown, and, among other expeditions into the interior, he journeyed across the Orange and Vaal rivers to Sitlahoo in company with Mr. Glegg of the Madras civil service, who published an account of it at the time. Warren visited


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It seems that this edition of the constitution was ammended last year:

http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSSEO253213

a notice should be included in the text.

--Emilio juanatey (talk) 14:48, 13 October 2010 (UTC)


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 the Griqua and Baralong chiefs and Robert Moffat's mission station near Kuraman. Extracts from his journals were printed in the ‘Royal Engineers Journal’ in June and July 1884. His notes and sketches were made use of by his son, Lieutenant-colonel (afterwards Sir) Charles Warren of the royal engineers, when reporting on the Bechuana and the Griqua territories fifty years later, in 1876.

Warren married in 1830, and, with his wife, embarked for India. He served at Fort St. George, Madras, until the end of 1831, when he marched to Tunamalli and Bellary in command of a wing of the regiment. He commanded the 55th (Colonel Mill of that regiment being in command of the column, until a few days before he was killed) in the expedition against the raja of Kurg in April 1834, led an assault and captured the stockade of Kissenhally, and was engaged in the attack on the stockade of Soamwapettah, where he was severely wounded. He was promoted to be major on 21 Nov. 1834, sent to Vellore in 1835, to Sikandarabad in 1836, and returned to England with his family in 1838.

On 26 June 1841 Warren sailed for China in command of a detachment, and arrived at Hongkong in November. He embarked for the Yang-tse-kiang in June 1842, and when his lieutenant-colonel, (afterwards Sir) James Holmes Schœdde, succeeded to the command of the brigade, he commanded the regiment at the assault and capture, on 21 July, of Ching-kiang-foo (where he was personally engaged with three Tartars, whom he killed, and was himself severely wounded), and continued to command it until its return to England. Warren was favourably mentioned in Schœdde's despatch of 21 July 1842 to Sir Hugh Gough. For his services he was promoted to be brevet lieutenant-colonel on 23 Dec. 1842, and the following day was made a companion of the order of the Bath, military division. He also received the war medal. In October 1842 he moved to Chusan, which was held by the British as a material guarantee until the indemnity was paid, and he returned to England in August 1844.

Warren was promoted to be regimental lieutenant-colonel to command the 55th regiment on 25 Nov. 1845, and served with it in Ireland during the disturbances in 1846–7. In March 1851 he accompanied it to Gibraltar, where he served until May 1854, when he took it to Turkey and the Crimea. He commanded the regiment, which formed part of the 1st brigade, 2nd division, at the affair of Bouljanak on 19 Sept., and on the following day at the battle of the Alma, where he received two contused wounds. He was mentioned in despatches (see, ii. 302). He was also at the repulse of the sortie from Sebastopol on 26 Oct. He commanded the 1st brigade, 2nd division, at the battle of Inkerman on 5 Nov., and maintained the position of the division, which was attacked at the beginning of the day, until the whole of the Russians were driven off the field (see, vol. v.). He was slightly wounded at first, and later severely so in pursuing the Russians. He was mentioned in Lord Raglan's despatch of 11 Nov. 1854 as wounded ‘while leading his men with his usual conspicuous bravery;’ and Sir De Lacy Evans, in a letter of 11 Feb. 1855, wrote: ‘His conduct under my command has been distinguished on every occasion by efficiency, constant exertion, and marked gallantry.’

He was sent to Scutari and then on sick leave, until he was sufficiently recovered to return to the Crimea on 12 July 1855; on the 30th he resumed command of the 1st brigade, 2nd division, and served continuously in the trenches until the fall of Sebastopol. He was slightly wounded at the attack on the Redan on 8 Sept. He was mentioned in despatches by General (afterwards Sir) [q. v.] (3 Feb. 1856). In February 1856 he was given the command of an independent brigade, composed of the 11th hussars, the siege-train, and four battalions of infantry, which he held until June, and in July he returned to England. For his Crimean services he received the medal with clasps for Alma, Inkerman, and Sebastopol, the reward for distinguished military service, the fourth class of the legion of honour, the third class of the Medjidie, and the Turkish and Sardinian medals.

On 8 Aug. 1856 he was appointed to command a brigade at Malta with the temporary rank of major-general. On 26 Oct. 1858 he was promoted to be major-general on the establishment of the army. He remained at Malta for five years, and, in the absence of the governor, acted for some time as governor and commander of the forces. He was made a knight commander of the order of the Bath, military division, on 19 April 1865. He died at Monkstown, near Dublin, on 27 Oct. 1866.

Warren had a natural turn for science and mathematics. His memory was so good that he could retain in his mind all the figures of a long calculation, and could correct and alter those figures at will. He was also a good draughtsman. He occupied his leisure time during the later years of his life in perfecting an instrument which he had invented


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 for the graphic solution of astronomical problems for nautical purposes, and which he had brought to the notice of the admiralty in 1845. The instrument was for the purpose of approximately determining the latitude from two observations taken before 9 a.m. and at noon, and also of finding the latitude by a south altitude, from the time of day, and of finding the amplitude and azimuth. The invention was considered ingenious, and its principle correct; but its adoption was not recommended for the royal navy, lest its general use might induce neglect of even the slight acquaintance with nautical astronomy which officers were then required to possess.

Warren married, first, on 17 April 1830, at the British embassy at Paris, Mary Anne (d. 20 Jan. 1846), daughter of William and Margaret Hughes of Dublin and Carlow, by whom he had six children, two of whom died young; secondly, on 4 Oct. 1859, Mary (d. 22 Dec. 1860), daughter of George Bethell, rector of Worplesden and vice-provost of Eton College. The eldest son, John, a captain in the 55th regiment, served with his father in the Crimea, and died of a wound in Scutari hospital after the battle of Inkerman. Another son is Sir Charles Warren, chief commissioner of the metropolitan police 1886–8.

General Warren's elder brother, (1796–1852), mathematician, eldest son of the dean of Bangor, born on 4 Oct. 1796 at Bangor deanery, was educated at Westminster school and Jesus College, Cambridge, of which he was a fellow and tutor. In 1818 he was fifth wrangler, and in 1825 and 1826 served the office of moderator and examiner. In 1830 he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society. In 1828 he published at Cambridge ‘A Treatise on the Geometrical Representation of the Square Roots of Negative Quantities,’ a subject which had previously attracted the attention of Wallis, Professor Heinrich Kühn of Danzig, M. Buée, and M. Mourey, whose researches were, however, unknown to Warren. The work bears evident marks of originality, and has received honourable mention as well from continental as from English mathematicians. The title hardly conveys an exact idea of the main object, which is to represent every kind of quantity geometrically by the intervention of symbolical expressions, which involve the square roots of negative quantities, and designate lines in position as well as magnitude. He was strongly convinced of the superiority of geometry as a means of demonstration to the use of mere symbols of quantity, and thought that the obscurity attaching to the proofs of some of the fundamental rules of algebraic and analytical operations might be removed by adopting a geometrical representation of quantity such as he proposed.

On 19 Feb. 1829 Warren read a paper before the Royal Society entitled ‘Considerations of the Objections raised against the Geometrical Representation of the Square Roots of Negative Quantities,’ which was followed on the 4th of June by another ‘On the Geometrical Representation of the Powers of Quantities whose Indices involve the Square Roots of Negative Quantities,’ in which he came to the conclusion ‘that all algebraic quantity may be geometrically represented, both in length and direction, by lines drawn in a given plane from a given point.’

Warren was chancellor of the diocese of Bangor and rector of Graveley in Cambridgeshire, and of Caldecott in Huntingdonshire. He owned the advowson of the latter, which, as well as an adjoining parish, was without a resident clergyman. To remedy this evil he proposed to unite the two parishes. He sold the advowson of Caldecott to the patron of the other parish, and gave the purchase-money to build a parsonage for the united parishes—an incident characteristic of the man. He married his cousin, Caroline Elizabeth, daughter of Captain and Lieutenant-colonel Richard Warren of the 3rd foot guards. He died at Bangor on 16 Aug. 1852, without issue.

 WARREN, FREDERICK (1775–1848), vice-admiral, born in March 1775, was son of [q. v.], physician to George III, and elder brother of [q. v.] He was admitted to Westminster school on 15 Jan. 1783, and entered the navy in March 1789, on board the Adamant, flagship of Sir [q. v.] on the Halifax station. When the Adamant was paid off in 1792, Warren was sent to the Lion with Captain [q. v.], and in her made the voyage to China. Shortly after his return, on 24 Oct. 1794, he was confirmed in the rank of lieutenant and appointed to the Prince George. He after


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 wards served in the Jason on the home station, and in the Latona at Newfoundland, where he was promoted on 10 Aug. 1797 to command the Shark sloop. In 1800 he commanded the Fairy in the West Indies, and on 12 May 1801 was promoted to the rank of captain. On the renewal of the war in 1803 he had for three years the command of the sea fencibles of the Dundee district; in November 1806 he was appointed to the Dædalus, and took her out to the West Indies, where in April 1808 he was moved to the Meleager, which was wrecked near Port Royal on 30 July 1808. Warren was acquitted of all blame, and officially complimented on the exertions he had made after the ship struck. In 1809 he commanded the Melpomene in the Baltic for a few months; and on the night of 29–30 May fought a severe action in the Belt with about twenty Danish gunboats, which in a calm or light wind were very formidable antagonists. At daybreak the wind freshened and the gunboats retired; but the Melpomene had lost thirty-four men, killed and wounded; both hull and masts had suffered much damage, and her rigging was cut to pieces. She was shortly afterwards sent to England and paid off. In December Warren was appointed to the 44-gun ship Argo, which he commanded on the Lisbon station and in the Mediterranean for nearly three years. In 1814 he commanded the Clarence of 74 guns in the Channel, and from 1825 to 1830 the Spartiate. He was promoted to be rear-admiral on 22 July 1830; from 1831 to 1834 he was commander-in-chief at the cape of Good Hope, and from 1837 to 1841 admiral-superintendent at Plymouth. He was made a vice-admiral on 23 Nov. 1841, and died at Cosham, near Portsmouth, on 22 March 1848. He married, in 1804, Mary, only daughter of Rear-admiral David Laird of Strathmartine House, Dundee, and had issue. His eldest son, Richard Laird Warren, died an admiral in 1875.

[Barker and Stenning's Westminster School Register; O'Byrne's Naval Biogr. Dict.; Ann. Register, 1848, ii. 222.]  WARREN, GEORGE JOHN VERNON, fifth (1803-1866). [See .]

WARREN, JOHN (1730–1800), successively bishop of St. David's and Bangor, second son of Richard Warren, archdeacon of Suffolk, and elder brother of Richard Warren [q. v.], physician to George III, was born on 12 May 1730 at Cavendish in Suffolk, of which place his father was rector. He was educated for seven years at Bury St. Edmunds school, and was admitted a sizar of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, on 6 July 1747. On this foundation he was a scholar from 1747 to 1754, and from it he graduated B.A. as seventh wrangler in 1750, taking his M.A. degree in 1754, and gaining the member's prize in 1753. He was ordained deacon on 17 June 1753, and took priest's orders on 26 May 1754. He was then presented to the rectory of Leverington in the Isle of Ely, and became chaplain to Edmund Keene [q. v.], bishop of Ely, who collated him to the rectory of Teversham in Cambridgeshire. He was appointed the seventh prebend of Ely on 23 Jan. 1768, and the same day, on his resigning Teversham, he was appointed to the rectory of Snailwell in Cambridgeshire. He acted for some time as chaplain to Lord Sondes, and as chaplain and secretary to Matthias Mawson [q. v.], bishop of Ely. In 1772 he proceeded to the degree of D.D. in the university of Cambridge. He was nominated to the bishopric of St. David's on 3 Aug. 1779, on the translation of James Yorke to Gloucester, and on 15 May 1783 he was elected to the see of Bangor on the advancement of John Moore (1730–1805) [q. v.] to be archbishop of Canterbury. He died on 27 Jan. 1800 at his house in George Street, Westminster, and was buried on 10 Feb. in the north aisle of Westminster Abbey. He married, on 12 April 1777, Elizabeth (d. 1816), daughter of Henry Southwell of Wisbeach, Cambridgeshire, who brought him a considerable fortune.

Warren was a prelate of the greatest application to business, undoubted talents, candour, and integrity. No man was more accurate, and it was in all probability for these reasons, and from the high position his brother occupied in the medical profession, that he was chosen chairman of the committee when the House of Lords threw out the bill of the Surgeons' Company in 1797. There is a portrait of Warren in the hall of Caius College.

He published, besides various sermons, ‘The Duties of the Parochial Clergy,’ London, 4to, 1785.

[Nichols's Literary Anecdotes, viii. 430; Gent. Mag. 1800 i. 184, 1814 ii. 4; Davy's Suffolk Collections in Brit. Mus. Addit. MSS. 19154 ff. 252, 266–7, 268, 270, 19167 f. 9; additional information kindly given by Dr. J. Venn of Caius College, Cambridge, and by the Rev. J. R. Wilson, rector of Cavendish.]  WARREN, JOHN BORLASE (1753–1822), admiral, fourth son of John Borlase Warren of Stapleford, Nottinghamshire, and Little Marlow, by his wife Anne, was born at Stapleford on 2 Sept. 1753 and bap-


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 tised there on 5 Oct. His grandfather, Arthur Warren, married Alice, only daughter and heiress of Sir John Borlase, bart., of Little Marlow, at whose death in 1689 the baronetcy became extinct. As a lad young Warren was intended for the church. He was admitted a fellow-commoner of Emmanuel College, Cambridge, on 23 Sept. 1769, and seems to have kept his terms there till March 1771. The death of his elder brothers changing his prospects changed also his views; and on 24 April 1771 he was entered on the books of the Marlborough, guardship in the Medway, as an ‘able seaman.’ From this time his residence at Cambridge was curiously intermittent. His service on board the Marlborough must have been equally irregular, and early in 1772 his name was marked on the ship's books with an R, that is, run or deserted. On 14 Feb. the R was taken off, ‘per navy board's order,’ and on the 17th he was discharged to the Alderney sloop, employed on preventive service on the east coast from Orfordness to the Humber. On 9 April 1772 he was rated a midshipman of the Alderney, but for the next eighteen months he alternated, as before, between service on board the Alderney and residence at Emmanuel. In 1773 he graduated as B.A., and on 17 March 1774 he was discharged from the Alderney ‘per admiralty order.’ In the general election of 1774 he was elected member of parliament for Marlow; and on 1 June 1775, being by the death of his father the representative of the Borlase family, the baronetcy was restored in his person. In 1776 he took his M.A. at Cambridge. About this time he bought Lundy Island and a yacht, in which ‘he amused himself in the Bristol Channel.’ On the imminence of war with France he resolved to join the navy in earnest; he sold his yacht, ‘left Lundy to the rabbits,’ and in the autumn of 1777 went out to North America in the Venus frigate, from which in December he was moved into the Apollo.

On 19 July 1778 he was promoted to be fourth lieutenant of the Nonsuch, from which he was discharged in October, and returned to England. In March 1779 he was appointed to the Victory, and on 5 Aug. 1779 was promoted to command the Helena sloop. In February 1781 he was removed to the Merlin; and on 25 April 1781 was posted to the 20-gun frigate Ariadne. In March 1782 he was moved to the Winchelsea of 32 guns, and at the peace was put on half-pay. During the following years he is said to have occasionally served as a volunteer under Commodore John Leveson-Gower [q. v.].

On the outbreak of war in 1793 Warren was appointed to the Flora of 36 guns, in which for some months Rear-admiral John Macbride [q. v.] hoisted his flag as commander of a frigate squadron off Brest and among the Channel Islands. Early in 1794 he was himself ordered to hoist a broad pennant and take command of a frigate squadron on the coast of France, and especially to look for a squadron of French frigates which had done much damage to English trade. On 23 April he fell in with these, brought them to action, and succeeded in capturing three out of four [see ]. For this service Warren was made a K.B. In August he drove on shore, near the Penmarks, the French 36-gun frigate Volontaire and two 18-gun corvettes. One of these, though badly damaged, was afterwards got off, but the other and the frigate were totally destroyed (, ii. 382–4). The number of vessels which he destroyed as they were endeavouring to carry on the French coasting trade was very great. In the spring of 1795 Warren was moved to the 44-gun frigate Pomone, one of those captured on 23 April 1794, and was ordered to convoy and support the expedition of the French royalists to Quiberon Bay. The troops were safely landed on 27 June, but after some early successes were decisively defeated by the republican forces; many deserted; many capitulated and were afterwards butchered; about eleven hundred of the soldiers and 2,400 of the sympathising population were received on board the English ships. Warren then took possession of Hoedic and Houat and of the Isle Dieu, where the refugees were landed. In October he was joined by Captain Charles Stirling [see under ], convoying a reinforcement of four thousand British troops, which were also landed on Isle Dieu; but after several weeks' delay it was resolved that nothing could be done; the people were re-embarked, and the whole expedition, with the survivors of the royalists, returned to England (, i. 278–80).

In 1796 Warren was directed to attend more particularly to the enemy's coasting trade; and during the year he destroyed, captured, or recaptured no fewer than 220 sail, thirty-seven of which were armed vessels, including the 36-gun frigate Andromache [see ]. For this service he was presented by the patriotic fund with a sword of the value of a hundred guineas. In the following year he was appointed to the 74-gun ship Canada, one of the Channel fleet, sometimes off Brest under the command of Viscount Bridport, and during the mutiny in the spring of 1797,


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 happily at sea with the detached squadron. He was still in the Canada in September 1798, when he received intelligence from Keats of the sailing of a French expedition, carrying some five thousand troops, which it was intended to land on the west coast of Ireland, where—in Killala Bay—an advanced body of some eleven hundred men under General Humbert had been already put on shore. Warren immediately followed with three ships of the line, five powerful frigates, and some smaller vessels. Off the north-west of Ireland on 11 Oct. he came up with the enemy, whose force consisted of one 74-gun ship the Hoche, and eight frigates mostly smaller than the English. There is no question that the French, even in nominal force, were altogether outmatched; and when on the 12th Warren succeeded in bringing them to action, the Hoche and three of the frigates were captured after a sturdy defence. The others scattered and fled, but three more of the frigates were captured within a few days, either by the ships of Warren's squadron or others that had followed [see ; ; ; ]. Two frigates and a schooner got back to France. The Canada herself was not engaged, but Warren's conduct of the affair was deservedly commended, and the complete success which he had achieved, at a time of great public tension, insured his popularity; the thanks of both English and Irish parliaments and a gold medal were awarded to him and his gallant companions.

On 14 Feb. 1799 Warren was advanced to the rank of rear-admiral, and in July hoisted his flag on board the Téméraire, in which he continued throughout the year with Lord Bridport off Brest, or detached into the Bay of Biscay or off Ferrol. In 1800 he commanded a detached squadron in the Bay of Biscay, and was afterwards with Lord Keith off Cadiz [see ]. In 1801 he was in the Mediterranean, where, while Keith was co-operating with the army in Egypt, he was for the most part in charge of the western basin till the peace. In 1802 he was nominated a member of the privy council, and was sent to St. Petersburg as ambassador-extraordinary, principally, it would seem, on a complimentary mission to the emperor on his accession. On 9 Nov. 1805 he was made vice-admiral. In 1806 he had command of a small squadron in western waters, with his flag in the Foudroyant; and, stretching well to the southward, on 13 March fell in with and captured the French 74-gun ship Marengo and the frigate Belle Poule, homeward bound from the East Indies [see ;, (1781–1866)]. On 31 July 1810 Warren was promoted to the rank of admiral. Early in 1813 he was appointed commander-in-chief on the North American station, from which he was relieved in the following spring. On the extension of the order of the Bath in 1815 his K.B. was replaced by the new G.C.B. He had no further service, and died suddenly at Greenwich, while on a visit to Sir Richard Keats, on 27 Feb. 1822. He was buried in the family vault at Stretton Audley in Oxfordshire. There is a tablet to his memory in Attenborough church, Nottinghamshire.

He is described by Sir [q. v.] as ‘more an active and brave man than an officer of any great (particularly practical) professional knowledge.’ It appears now, from his time at sea in the junior ranks, and from the intermittent way in which he served in a harbour ship, that his knowledge of practical seamanship must have been extremely limited. ‘In his person he was above the middle size, with a pleasing countenance and good figure, and had much the air and appearance of a man of rank and fashion. He was one of the grooms of the bedchamber to the Duke of Clarence.’

Warren married, in December 1780, Caroline, daughter of Lieutenant-general Sir John Clavering, and had issue by her three daughters and two sons, the younger of whom died in infancy; the elder, a lieutenant in the guards, was killed in Egypt. The two younger daughters also predeceased their father; the eldest, Frances Maria, his sole heiress, married George Charles, fourth lord Vernon, and was mother of, fifth baron Vernon [q. v.] The widow died at Stapleford in December 1839. A portrait of Warren, by Opie, belonged in 1867 to Sir John Warren Hayes, bart. (Cat. of National Portraits, South Kensington Exhibition, 1867).

[Ralfe's Nav. Biogr. ii. 302; Naval Chronicle (with a portrait), iii. 333, xxvi. 89; Ann. Reg. 1822 ii. 272, 1839 ii. 378; Notts and Derbyshire Notes and Queries, 1892, i. 41–4. The unique intricacy of his early career is aggravated by the fact that neither passing certificate nor statement of services has been preserved; and it is impossible to say with certainty that he had no service in the navy, nominal or otherwise, before his entry on the books of the Marlborough. It is, however, probable that he had not. The course of his service in the Marlborough and Alderney is shown by the ships' pay and muster books. The writer is indebted to Mr. W. Chawner, the present master of Emmanuel, for


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 some notes on his residence at Cambridge. See also James's Naval History, the author of which shows himself uniformly and, in the present writer's opinion, unjustly hostile to Warren; and Troude's Batailles Navales de la France.]

WARREN, JOHN BYRNE LEICESTER, third and last (1835–1895), poet, the eldest son of George Warren, second baron de Tabley (1811–1887), was born at Tabley House, Cheshire, on 26 April 1835. Sir, first baron [q. v.], was his grandfather. His mother was Catherina Barbara, daughter of Jerome, count de Salis-Soglio, by his third wife, Henrietta, daughter of William Foster, bishop of Kilmore. From her he appears to have inherited the sensitive melancholy of his temperament, augmented by long sojourn with her in Italy and Germany during his childhood. Returning to England, he received his education at Eton and at Christ Church, Oxford (matriculating on 20 Oct. 1852, and graduating B.A. in 1859 and M.A. the next year), where he formed an intimate friendship with a fellow-collegian, George Fortescue, whose death by an accident in 1859 produced an ineffaceable impression upon his mind. A short time before this event the friends had jointly published a small volume of ‘Poems’ under the pseudonym of George F. Preston. It contained nothing remarkable, but several of Warren's poems were afterwards remodelled by the author and treated with more effect. ‘Ballads and Metrical Sketches’ (1860), ‘The Threshold of Atrides’ (1861), and ‘Glimpses of Antiquity’ (1862) followed under the same pseudonym, and all fell dead from the press. More power was evinced in ‘Præterita’ (1863), ‘Eclogues and Monodramas’ (1864), and ‘Studies in Verse’ (1865), all published under the pseudonym of ‘William Lancaster.’ The blank-verse poems of which these volumes chiefly consist are Tennysonian in style and substance, but the freshness of the natural descriptions reveals a man who had looked on nature with his own eyes. Upon leaving Oxford, where he had gained a second class in classics and history, Warren, after a brief interlude of diplomacy under Lord Stratford de Redcliffe at Constantinople, was in 1860 called to the bar from Lincoln's Inn; but probably had no serious intention of following the law, for which he laboured under every imaginable disqualification. He manifested some interest in country life, became and long continued to be an officer of the Cheshire yeomanry, and in 1868 unsuccessfully contested Mid-Cheshire in the liberal interest. Upon his father's second marriage, in 1871, he took up his residence in London.

The interval had been distinguished by three considerable efforts in verse. ‘Philoctetes,’ a tragedy, published anonymously in 1866, is the most powerful of Lord de Tabley's works. It departs from the Greek model in the introduction of a female character and in its gloomy pessimism, as remote as possible from the reconciling effect which Greek art aimed at producing. But these divergencies at all events preserve it from being a mere copy of Sophocles; nor is the influence of either Tennyson or Browning very apparent. The principal character seems in not a few respects a portrait of the author himself. ‘Orestes,’ a tragedy, published anonymously in 1868, was hardly less powerful than ‘Philoctetes,’ but attracted little attention. The volume of poems modestly entitled ‘Rehearsals,’ and also published under the pseudonym of ‘William Lancaster,’ indicates that the influence of Tennyson, though still strong, was yielding to that of Browning and Swinburne. ‘The Strange Parable,’ however, and ‘Nimrod,’ blank-verse poems very finely conceived, strike an original note, and ‘Misrepresentation’ is intensely individual. In another miscellaneous collection, entitled with equal modesty ‘Searching the Net’ (1873), the author for the first time placed his name upon the title-page. Here the poet's power, his dramatic efforts apart, culminates in the grandiose ‘Jael,’ the singularly intense ‘Count of Senlis,’ and the pathetic ‘Ocean Grave;’ and as the volume is mainly concerned with the description of nature and the expression of subjective feeling—departments in which he was entirely at home—he is less indebted than formerly to his predecessors. Had he now done what he did when, twenty years afterwards, he published a carefully winnowed selection of his poems, he must have taken a high place; but he unfortunately gave his time to the most hopeless of all poetical undertakings—the composition of a very long and entirely undramatic tragedy. Not one copy of ‘The Soldier's Fortune’ (1876) was sold, and Warren's disappointment, aggravated by private causes of sorrow, for a long time paralysed his activity as a poet. ‘Seized,’ as Mr. Watts-Dunton expresses it, ‘with a deep dislike of the literary world and its doings,’ he became almost a hermit in London, though retaining his regard for many old friends, and for some, such as W. Bell Scott and Sir A. W. Franks, to whom he was united by a community of tastes. His pursuits were many and interesting; he was a skilled


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 , and already (1863) the author of an essay on Greek coins as illustrative of Greek federal history; an enthusiastic botanist, which accounts for much of the minute description observable in his poems; and one of the earliest amateurs of the now favourite pursuit of collecting book-plates, upon which he produced a standard work, ‘A Guide to the Study of Book Plates (ex-libris),’ London, 1880, 8vo. His ‘Flora of Cheshire’ was prepared from two posthumous manuscripts by Mr. Spencer Moore, and was published in 1899 with a prefatory memoir by Sir Mountstuart Grant-Duff.

In 1887 Warren succeeded to the title of De Tabley by the death of his father, and at once found himself immersed in a multitude of business cares which seemed to render the pursuit of poetry more difficult than ever. An impulse, however, was at hand from an unexpected quarter. In 1891 Mr. A. H. Miles published in his ‘Poets of the Century’ an excellent selection from Lord de Tabley's poems, with an appreciative criticism. The author could not but feel encouraged; and, although still sincerely reluctant to make another trial of the public he had hitherto found so uncongenial, suffered himself to be persuaded by Mr. Watts-Dunton and Mr. John Lane to republish the best of his poems with additions. The volume, entitled ‘Poems Dramatic and Lyrical’ (London, 1893, 8vo, with illustrations by C. S. Ricketts), obtained full public recognition for one who had seemed entirely forgotten. A succeeding volume, issued in 1895 as a second series of the foregoing, could not rival the selected work of thirty years, but proved that much might still have been expected from the author if his physical powers had not begun to forsake him. A naturally delicate constitution, undermined by an attack of influenza, gradually gave way, and he died somewhat suddenly on 22 Nov. 1895. He was buried at Little Peover, Cheshire. He was unmarried, and the peerage became extinct, while the baronetcy devolved on a distant cousin. De Tabley was equally regretted as a poet and as a man. In the former capacity he cannot be named among those who have been possessed by an overmastering inspiration. He has little lyrical gift, his poems usually convey the impression of careful composition, and his principal claims as a mere writer are the ‘brocaded,’ as Mr. Gosse happily expresses it, stateliness of his diction, the vivid originality of his natural descriptions, and an occasional pungency of phrase. But if the poet sometimes disappears, the man is ever visible. His emotions are always genuine, and when the feeling becomes intense the writer is thoroughly himself, discards imitative mannerism, and emancipates himself from the influence of other poets. This is especially the case in his dramas and in the monologues approximating to the drama which form so large a portion of his poetical work. He will live as an impassioned writer who chose poetry for his medium, though not inevitably a poet. As a man his character was one of singular charm. His most intimate friends, Mr. Gosse, Mr. Watts-Dunton, and Sir Mountstuart Grant Duff, exhaust themselves in eulogies of his gentleness, considerateness, urbanity, and high-minded disinterestedness, and only lament the anguish he inflicted upon himself by excessive sensitiveness.

[Reminiscences by Mr. Edmund Gosse in the Contemporary Review for 1896, republished in the writer's Critical Kit-Kats; notice by Mr. Theodore Watts-Dunton in the Athenæum of 30 Nov. 1895; Sir Mountstuart Grant Duff's memoir prefixed to the Flora of Cheshire, 1899, and his notice in the Spectator of 7 Dec. 1895; personal knowledge.]  WARREN, JOHN TAYLOR (1771–1849), physician, born in 1771, was the son of Thomas Warren of Dunstable, Bedfordshire. He entered Merchant Taylors' school in 1780, and afterwards studied medicine at St. George's Hospital, where he became a favourite pupil of the great surgeon, John Hunter (1728–1793) [q. v.] At the outbreak of war at the French revolution Warren was appointed assistant surgeon in the 20th dragoons, a regiment raised for service in Jamaica. After serving in that island for some time he was ordered to St. Domingo. There he was appointed surgeon of Keppel's black regiment, but before joining, owing to the mortality among European officers, he was nominated surgeon to the 23rd infantry or Welsh fusiliers, and thence was promoted to the post of staff surgeon to the forces. In 1797 he returned to England with invalids, and, having distinguished himself by his activity and skill, he was placed at the recruiting depôt in Chatham barracks, subsequently at Gosport, and finally in the Isle of Wight, where he gained the friendship of Sir George Hewett [q. v.], the commander of the forces stationed there.

In 1805 Warren was appointed deputy-inspector of military hospitals, and was placed in charge of the home department. In 1808 he proceeded to Spain with a detachment of English troops, and, after being present at Vimiero, accompanied Sir John Moore on his expedition. When the troops embarked at Coruña he was placed in


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 charge of the wounded, and was the last English officer to leave the shore. In 1816 he was appointed inspector-general of hospitals, succeeding his friend James Borland [q. v.] in the Mediterranean station. He retired from the regular service in 1820. He acted for many years as vice-president of the Army Medical Benevolent Society for Orphans, and as trustee of the Society for the Widows of Medical Officers. In 1843, in recognition of his services, a silver vase was presented him by his brother officers and friends. He died on 6 Oct. 1849 at his house on the Marine Parade, Brighton, and was buried in the family vault at South Warnborough, Hampshire, where his brother, Thomas Alston Warren, was rector. In 1800 he married Amelia, daughter of the Chevalier Ruspini. She survived him, leaving an only daughter.

[Gent. Mag. 1849, ii. 543; Robinson's Register of Merchant Taylors' School, ii. 149.]

WARREN, JOSEPH (1804–1881), musician, was born in London on 20 March 1804. He first studied the violin, afterwards the pianoforte and organ under J. Stone. At an early age he conducted a society of amateurs, for whom he wrote two symphonies and many other vocal and instrumental pieces (, Biographie Universelle des Musiciens). In 1843 he was appointed organist of St. Mary's Roman catholic church, Chelsea; several masses and smaller works were composed for and performed at the services, but remain in manuscript. Some pianoforte pieces of Warren's were published. In 1840 he entered into relations with the firm of Cocks & Co., and edited or arranged a large quantity of music for them, including a collection of chants, thirty of Bach's choral-harmonisings (1842), a ‘Chorister's Handbook’ (1856), and very many arrangements for the pianoforte and the concertina. Warren also wrote a number of useful short treatises upon composition, orchestral writing, organ-playing, and madrigal-singing, and a method for the concertina which was very successful. He took an active part in the revival of early English music which distinguished the Oxford movement, and in November 1843 projected a new edition of Boyce's ‘Cathedral Music,’ which was published in 1849. As an antiquary Warren was far more accurate and trustworthy than Edward Francis Rimbault [q. v.]; and the two, once intimate friends, became estranged, and sneered in their prefaces at each other's publications. Late in life Warren fell into poverty; his valuable library, which included some of the most important early English manuscripts, was parted with piece by piece. Finally he became paralysed, and was saved from destitution by Mr. W. H. Cummings. He died at Bexley on 8 March 1881. Warren is remembered by his splendid edition of Boyce, which is far more valuable than the original; he added a complete organ accompaniment, and inserted extra services by Creyghton and Tomkins, movements from services by Blow, Child, and Aldrich, Parsons's ‘Burial Service’ from Low's ‘Short Directions for the performance of Cathedrall Service’ (1661), anthems by Gibbons, Byrd, Blow, Tallis, and Tomkins, with some chants, and the symphonies to the anthems by Pelham Humfrey and Blow. A life of Boyce and lives of the composers represented are prefixed; and the accuracy, discrimination, and taste shown in the editing have always been warmly praised by English and foreign critics. Warren, in conjunction with John Bishop of Cheltenham, also began in 1848 to issue a similar selection of Early Italian, German, and Flemish music for the catholic church, under the title of ‘Repertorium Musicæ Antiquæ,’ but only two parts appeared. They were equally good models of editing, as was also the collection of Hilton's ‘Fa-las’ (London, 1844, fol.), which Warren edited for the Musical Antiquarian Society.

[Grove's Dict. of Music and Musicians, iv. 383; Musical Times, February 1898; Warren's Works and prefaces to publications.]

WARREN, LEMUEL (1770–1833), major-general, born in 1770, entered the army as an ensign in the 17th foot on 7 March 1787, obtained his lieutenancy in the regiment on 27 Oct. 1788, and was for some time on board Lord Hood's fleet, in which the regiment served as marines. On 12 June 1793 he raised an independent company of foot, of which he was appointed captain; but on 2 Jan. following exchanged to the 27th (Inniskillings), then forming part of Lord Moira's army encamped at Southampton. He served with the regiment in Flanders in 1794–6 under the Duke of York; and was present at the siege of Nimeguen, the sortie of 6 Nov., and commanded the advanced picquet of the garrison. He accompanied the force under Lord Cathcart sent to attack the French army at Bommel, and was present at the action of Geldermalsen in January 1796.

He embarked with the 27th Inniskillings for the West Indies in September 1796, and commanded the grenadiers of the regiment at the storming of the enemy's advanced posts at Morne Fortuné, St. Lucia; at the con-


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 dean of St. Asaph, who, with seven children, survived him. In 1837 his widow presented his portrait, painted and engraved by John Linnell, to the College of Physicians.

His only published work was: ‘Oratio Harveiana prima in Novis ædibus Collegii habita Sext. Kalend. Jul. an. ,’ London, 1827, pp. 32, 4to.

[Munk's Coll. of Phys.; Medical Gazette, December 1835; Records of Royal Society; Cat. Brit. Mus. Library; Barker and Stenning's Westminster School Register.]

WARREN, PETER (1703–1752), vice-admiral, born in 1703, was the youngest son of Michael Warren of Warrenstown, co. Meath. His elder brother, Oliver, was also a captain in the navy. His sister Anne married Christopher Johnson of Warrentown, and was mother of Sir William Johnson [q. v.] Peter Warren, after having been borne on the books of the Rye as an ordinary seaman for nearly two years, entered on board the Rose as a volunteer per order in the early part of 1717, served in her for nearly five years with the captains Arthur Field and Thomas Whitney, and passed his examination on 5 Dec. 1721. He was afterwards in the Guernsey, on the coast of Africa, with Captain Francis Percy, by whom he was promoted to be lieutenant on 23 Jan. 1722–3. On 28 May 1727 he was promoted by Sir John Norris, in the Baltic, to command the Griffin fireship, and a few weeks later, 19 June, to be captain of the 70-gun ship Grafton. In 1728 he commanded the Solebay frigate in the West Indies; in 1729 the Leopard, in the fleet at Spithead, under Sir Charles Wager [q. v.]; in 1730 the Solebay again; in 1734–5 the Leopard, one of the western squadron under Sir John Norris; and in December 1735 commissioned the 20-gun frigate Squirrel [see ] for service on the coast of Carolina and North America. He remained on that station for nearly six years, with a break in the middle—apparently in the spring of 1739—when he was taken by Sir John Norris to advise Sir Robert Walpole in the first discontents with Spain, because, he said, ‘I had been much employed on the coast of America’ (Parl. Hist. xiv. 617); and ‘I was again stationed upon the coast of America and was at New York when the orders for reprisals arrived.’ In January 1741–2 he was appointed to the Launceston of 40 guns, on the Leeward Islands station, where, in 1744, he was moved into the Superbe of 60 guns, with a broad pennant as commodore in command. The appointment proved extremely lucrative, upwards of twenty valuable prizes, including one worth 250,000l., having been made by the ships under his orders.

Early in 1745 he received orders to take his little squadron north, and co-operate with the colonial troops in the attack on Louisbourg. On 25 April he established a close blockade of the harbour, and on the 30th the troops were landed in Gabarus Bay. The place was ill-prepared for defence, and the garrison was in a state of mutiny; but the colonial army was also but poorly provided for attack; and the town, though reduced to great straits by the close blockade, held out till Warren, having had his squadron strengthened by reinforcements from England, forced his way into the harbour, when the governor immediately capitulated, 27 June. Several vessels laden with military stores had been captured during the siege, but others, merchant ships of enormous value, were taken afterwards. Louisbourg was then the place of call for French ships homeward bound from the East Indies or the Pacific; and by the simple stratagem of keeping the French flag flying on the forts, many of these ran right in among Warren's squadron before they found out their mistake. Among others named were two East Indiamen of the respective value of 200,000l. and 140,000l., and one from the Pacific ‘having money and goods on board to the amount of 600,000l.’ (, i. 280, where a schedule of the cargo is given).

On 8 Aug. 1745 Warren was promoted to be rear-admiral of the blue, and in the spring of 1747 was appointed second in command of the western squadron under Anson, with whom he took part in the defeat of the French squadron off Cape Finisterre on 3 May. Warren's share in this timely victory was rewarded with the Cross of the Bath and with the appointment as commander-in-chief of the western squadron. On 15 July he was promoted to be vice-admiral. His health, however, gave way; he was for some months unequal to active service, and the command temporarily devolved on Rear-admiral Edward Hawke (afterwards Lord Hawke) [q. v.] In November he again hoisted his flag, but only to sit as president of the important court-martial on Captain Fox. He did not go afloat till the following spring, when he wrote from the Bay of Biscay, on 16 May, ‘It gives me great concern to have had so little success since I have been out, which is likewise Sir Edward Hawke's case, and really think it owing to the enemy having very few ships on the sea,’ which was scarcely to be wondered at after the wholesale captures made in the previous year. This was the last of his service at sea.


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The volumes bore, respectively, the following titles:—"The | Federalist, | on the new constitution. | By Publius. | Written in 1788. | To which is added, | Pacificus, | on the proclamation of neutrality. | Written in 1793. | Likewise, | The Federal Constitution, | with all the amendments. | Revised and corrected. | In two volumes. | Vol. I. | Copy-right secured. | New-York: | Printed and sold by, | At Washington's Head. | 1802."

"The | Federalist, | on the new constitution. | By Publius. | Written in 1788. | To which is added, | Pacificus, | on the proclamation of neutrality. | Written in 1793. | Likewise, | The Federal Constitution, | with all the amendments. | Revised and corrected. | In two volumes. | Vol. II. | Copy-right secured. | New-York: | Printed and sold by, | At Washington's Head. | 1802."

This edition of The Federalist forms two neat octavos, of three hundred and twenty-eight and three hundred


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 Before his success at Louisbourg in 1745, he had been making interest with the Duke of Newcastle ‘for the government of Jersey (New England) when it becomes vacant,’ the having which might, he wrote, ‘be an introduction to that of New York, where I should be at the pinnacle of my ambition and happiness’ (Warren to Anson, 2 April 1745). After the peace, however, he settled down quietly in London. He was generally recognised as one of the richest commoners in the kingdom, and member of parliament for Westminster, for which he was elected on 1 July 1747, and sat till his death. The freedom of the city had been conferred on him after the victory off Cape Finisterre, and in June 1752 he was elected alderman of Billingsgate ward. He declined the honour, on the ground that it would interfere with his ‘military office.’ He was still elected, and, refusing to serve, paid the fine of 500l. A few days afterwards he crossed over to Ireland, where he died of an ‘inflammatory fever’ on 29 July 1752. An ornate monument, by Roubiliac, was erected to his memory in Westminster Abbey. Portraits of him were painted by T. Hudson and N. Parr and engraved by Faber and White (, p. 288).

While in the Launceston, refitting at New York, he married Susannah, daughter of Stephen de Lancy, who brought him ‘a pretty fortune.’ By her he had three daughters: Charlotte, who married Willoughby Bertie, fourth earl of Abingdon [q. v.]; Anne, who married Charles Fitzroy, first baron Southampton [q. v.]; and Susannah, who married Colonel William Skinner. About the time of his marriage Warren bought a farm of three hundred acres on Manhattan Island, which was considerably increased by a gift from the city of New York in recognition of the capture of Louisbourg. The property, engulfed in New York, is now of immense value, but it was sold by Warren's heirs a few years after his death.

[Charnock's Biogr. Nav. iv. 184; Naval Chron. (with a portrait) xii. 257; Beatson's Naval and Military Memoirs, vol. i.; Anson Correspondence, Addit. MS. 15957; Commission and Warrant books and official letters in the Public Record Office; Stone's Life of Sir William Johnson, i. 152 sq.; Garneau's Hist. du Canada, ii. 190; Winsor's Hist. of America, v. 439. An article on Greenwich (New York) in Harper's Mag. August, 1893, p. 343, gives some interesting particulars of the Manhattan property.]

WARREN, RALPH (1486?–1553), lord mayor of London, son of Thomas Warren, a fuller, born about 1486, was admitted to the freedom of the Mercers' Company in 1507, after serving his apprenticeship to William Buttry or Botre, one of the principal mercers of his time. Warren soon attained to the highest position as a merchant, and belonged to the two great mercantile corporations of Merchant Adventurers and Merchants of the Staple. He was warden of the Mercers' Company in 1521 and master in 1530 and 1542. His wealth and influence gave him excellent opportunities of serving the company's interests. After the surrender of the hospital of St. Thomas of Acon, on the dissolution of monasteries in 1538, Warren was largely instrumental with Sir Richard Gresham and other leading mercers in procuring the purchase by the Mercers' Company of the church and adjoining buildings for their hall. The buildings were vested in Warren in trust for the company, and he executed a series of deeds for that purpose between the years 1542 and 1550 (, Hospital of St. Thomas of Acon, pp. 140, 154, cf. pp. 152, 189).

Shortly before April 1508 Warren was in business in the parish of St. Mary Magdalene, Milk Street (Cal. Letters and Papers, Hen. VIII, i. 238, ii. 1552). In 1524 he carried on trade in the parish of St. Bennet Sherehog, and, although not then forty years old, was assessed for the subsidy at the large sum of 3,000l., which was one third more than the sum contributed by any other leading merchant (ib. i. 421).

Warren became connected with the corporation in 1528, when he was elected alderman for Aldersgate ward on 18 June, removing to the ward of Candlewick on 26 Oct. 1531. He served the office of sheriff in 1528–9. In 1532 Warren appears as the largest creditor in the accounts of the great wardrobe (ib. v. 713). He was one of the six aldermen present at the baptism of Princess Elizabeth at Greenwich on 10 Sept. 1533 (ib. vi. 464–5).

Warren was twice lord mayor, in 1536–7 and in 1544. His first election was at the instance of the king, who sent a letter on 13 Oct., the day of election, to the assembled citizens requiring them to elect Warren as mayor (, Chronicle, i. 57). He was presented to the king at Westminster for approval on 22 Dec., when his election was confirmed and he received the honour of knighthood. On 26 March 1536–7 he was named, as lord mayor, immediately after the chancellor on a special commission of oyer and terminer for the trial of Dr. Mackerell and others who had taken part in the Lincolnshire rebellion (Cal. Letters and Papers,


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 Hen. VIII, i. 323). On 17 Oct. he was appointed by commission as ‘justiciar for the merchants of Germany, viz. those having the house in London called Gwildehalda Theutonicorum according to their priviledges.’ These were the well-known merchants of the steelyard (ib. p. 353). In the following November he was appointed a commissioner of gaol delivery for Newgate prison (ib. p. 406). On 28 Jan. 1537–8 he and Christiana his wife obtained a grant for their sole use of the manor of Frekenham or Frakenham in Suffolk, and of other lands in Suffolk and Cambridgeshire of which they had been co-trustees with the bishop of Rochester and Edward and Alice North (ib. i. 62; see also p. 486).

Warren is described as mayor of the staple of Westminster in a deed dated 20 March 1538, and still occupied that office on 8 Sept. 1540 (ib. p. 204, 9). In a letter to Cromwell dated from his house at Chester on 31 Jan. 1539, Warren strongly interests himself on behalf of the citizens of Chester, of which he appears to have been an important inhabitant (ib. i. 62). In a deposition taken before the lord mayor, Sir Ralph Warren, and the recorder on 13 Aug., Warren is described as ‘alderman and a gentleman of the king’ (ib. ii. 11). On 29 Jan. 1541 he was appointed on the commission for heresies and offences done within the city (ib. 236). Warren formed one of the ‘Surrey’ jury on 22 Dec. 1541 before whom Lord William Howard and others were tried for misprision of treason (ib. p. 685). In addition to his business as a mercer he had large financial dealings with the crown, whose servants in Flanders and Italy he and the Greshams supplied with large sums, receiving in exchange drafts on the exchequer and court of augmentations (Acts of the Privy Council, ed. Dasent, 1542–7, passim).

Warren was again elected lord mayor on 17 April 1544 to succeed Sir William Bowyer, who died on Easter day, four days before. On 14 Oct. 1549 Warren accompanied the lord mayor and sheriffs, and divers lords, knights, and gentlemen, in conveying the Protector Somerset through the city on his way from Windsor as a prisoner to the Tower (, ii. 27).

Warren, who was the senior alderman, died of stone on 11 July 1553 at his house at Bethnal Green (ib. ii. 87). He was buried on 16 July in the chancel of his parish church of St. Sythe or St. Bennet Sherehog (, p. 36). The monument erected to his memory and to that of his two wives, who were buried with him, was destroyed with the church in the great fire of London (, Survey of London, 1720, bk. iii. p. 28). Lady Warren gave a beautiful gilt standing-cup to her husband's company of mercers, and twenty marks to be distributed to the poor men of Whittington's almshouses yearly, at the dinner held on the anniversary of Sir Ralph's death (, Account of the Hospital of St. Thomas of Acon, p. 190). By his will, dated 30 June 1552 and proved in the prerogative court of Canterbury 5 Aug. 1553 (Tashe 16), Warren bequeathed to the Mercers' Company 100l. to provide twenty nobles a year towards a dinner on midsummer day. He was possessed of many manors in various counties (, History of Essex, ii. 434 n.; Inq. post mortem, 17 Sept. 1 Mary, 1553).

Warren lived in Size Lane, where his widow four years after his death continued to reside with her second husband, Alderman Sir Thomas White [q. v.], the founder of St. John's College, Oxford. His country house was at Bethnal Green, then a very fashionable part of London, where his contemporary, Sir Richard Gresham, also had a mansion.

Warren was twice married: by his first wife, Christiana, he had no issue. He married, secondly, Joan, daughter of John Lake of London, by whom he had two children, Richard (d. 1598) and Joan. His daughter Joan married Sir Henry Williams (afterwards Cromwell) of Hinchinbrook in Huntingdonshire, whose son Robert Cromwell, M.P. for Huntingdon, was the father of Oliver Cromwell, Lord Protector. This lady survived him, and was married on 25 Nov. 1558 to his colleague, Alderman Sir Thomas White (, Diary, p. 179). She died on 8 Oct. 1572 at Hinchinbrook in Huntingdonshire, the house of her son-in-law, Sir Henry Cromwell, and was buried in the church of St. Bennet Sherehog (, History of the Twelve Principal Companies).

[Orridge's Citizens of London and their Rulers; Sharpe's London and the Kingdom; Clode's History of the Merchant Taylors' Company; Noble's History of the House of Cromwell.]

WARREN, RICHARD (1731–1797), physician, born at Cavendish in Suffolk on 4 Dec. 1731, was the third son of Dr. Richard Warren (1681–1748), archdeacon of Suffolk and rector of Cavendish, by his wife Priscilla (d. 1774), daughter of John Fenner. He was the younger brother of John Warren [q. v.], bishop of Bangor, and, like him, was educated at the public school of Bury St. Edmunds. He entered Jesus College, Cam-


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 bridge, in 1748, shortly after the death of his father, graduated B.A. as fourth wrangler in 1752, and was elected a fellow of the college, obtaining in succeeding years the prizes awarded to middle and senior bachelors for proficiency in Latin prose composition. He proceeded M.A. in 1755 and M.D. on 3 July 1762. On obtaining a fellowship his inclination directed him to the law, chance made him a physician. He became tutor at Jesus College to the only son of Peter Shaw [q. v.], physician in ordinary to George II and George III, acquired the esteem of the physician, married his daughter Elizabeth in 1759, and in 1763 succeeded to the practice of his father-in-law. He was admitted a candidate of the College of Physicians on 30 Sept. 1762.

Shortly after he began to practise, Sir Edward Wilmot [q. v.], the son-in-law of Richard Mead [q. v.], then physician to the court, recommended Warren as a fitting person to assist him in his attendance upon the Princess Amelia. When Wilmot retired, Warren continued to act as physician to the princess, and by her influence he was appointed physician to George III in 1762 on the resignation of his father-in-law. He was elected a fellow of the College of Physicians on 3 March 1763. He delivered the Gulstonian lectures at the College in 1764 and the Harveian oration in 1768. He acted as censor in 1764, 1776, and 1782. On 9 Aug. 1784 he was named an elect.

On 5 Aug. 1756, having at that time a license ad practicandum from the university of Cambridge, he was elected a physician to the Middlesex Hospital, and on 21 Jan. 1760 he became physician to St. George's Hospital. The former appointment he resigned in November 1758, the latter in May 1766. In 1787 he was appointed physician to the Prince of Wales.

Warren died at his house in Dover Street on 22 June 1797, leaving a widow, eight sons, and two daughters. He was buried in Kensington parish church on 30 June 1797. Mrs. Inchbald, who had a great admiration for him, composed some mourning verses to his memory, addressed to Mrs. Warren (, Life of Mrs. Inchbald, i. 258, 269, 291, 387, ii. 13–14). Of his sons, Frederick Warren, rear-admiral, and Pelham Warren, physician, are separately noticed.

Warren arrived early at the highest medical practice in England, and maintained his supremacy to the last. He was in receipt of a larger annual income than had been known to accrue from the practice of medicine in this country. He is said to have realised 9,000l. a year from the time of the regency in 1788, and he bequeathed to his family upwards of 150,000l. But his eminence was the fair reward of exceptional powers of mind, felicity of memory, and solidity of judgment.

A three-quarter-length portrait by Gainsborough is in the Royal College of Physicians. It was presented by his son Pelham Warren, and was engraved by John Jones in 1792. There is a second portrait by G. Stuart, engraved in 1810 by G. Bartolozzi. Warren's only contributions to literature were a paper on bronchial polypus and an essay on the ‘Colica Pictonum,’ both published in the ‘Transactions’ of the College of Physicians. His ‘Oratio ex Harveii instituto’ was published in quarto, London, 1769.

[Seward's Biographiana, ii. 629, quoted in Nichols's Literary Anecdotes, iii. 130 n.; Hawkins's Memoir in the Lives of British Physicians, p. 230; Munk's Coll. of Phys. vol. ii; Wraxall's Posthumous Memoirs, iii. 189–90; Europ. Mag. 1797 ii. 346, 1798 i. 240, 1799 i. 165–6; Davy's Suffolk Collections in Brit. Mus. Addit. MSS. 19154 ff. 252, 261–4, 266, 270, 19173 f. 157; Gold-headed Cane, 2nd edit. pp. 186–93, 205–7; information kindly given by the Rev. J. R. Wilson, rector of Cavendish.]

WARREN, RICHARD AUGUSTUS (1705?–1775), Jacobite, son of John Warren of Corduff or Courtduffe, co. Dublin, was born about 1705. One of three younger sons, two of whom, William and John, had joined Lally's Franco-Irish regiment in the French service, he started in business as a merchant at Marseilles; but on hearing of the Young Pretender's preparations in 1744 for an expedition to Scotland, he wound up his affairs, and joined his brother's regiment as a volunteer. On 10 Aug. 1745 he was transferred as a captain without pay to Rothes's Franco-Irish infantry. In the middle of October he embarked for Scotland, landed at Stonehaven, joined the prince at Edinburgh, became aide-de-camp to Lord George Murray (1700?–1760) [q. v.], was made a colonel at Brampton on 12 Nov., and took part in the siege of Carlisle. After the prince's retreat from Derby he was sent to raise levies in Athol, and he collected the fishing-boats for the expedition by which Lord Loudoun's force of fifteen hundred men, posted between the Moray and Dornoch firths, was surprised and dispersed. On 18 April 1746 he sailed from Findhorn with despatches from the Marquis d'Éguilles, the French envoy, urging reinforcements. He reached Versailles on the 30th, and received the


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 grade of colonel. Commissioned to rescue the prince, he embarked on 31 Aug. at Cape Fréhel, on the frigate Heureux, and after three weeks' search took Charles Edward on board, on 30 Sept., at Lochnanuagh, Inverness-shire, and landed him on 10 Oct. at Roscoff, Brittany. Warren had stipulated for the French title of baron if he succeeded in his task, and James Edward on 9 Nov. made him a baronet, but with a prohibition publicly to assume that rank which was not removed till 1751. He was aide-de-camp to Marshal Saxe till 1748, received the grade of brigadier-general from James Edward in 1750, and the cross of St. Louis from the French government in 1755. He paid a visit to London in 1751. He had a French pension of twelve hundred livres, and in 1754 obtained a captaincy in Rothes's regiment. In 1762 he was made a maréchal-de-camp, was naturalised in 1764, and was appointed commandant of Belleisle, which post he held till his death on 21 June 1775. Unmarried, he left a will in favour of a young man named MacCarthy, but his debts exceeded the assets. His manuscripts are preserved in the Morbihan archives at Vannes.

WARREN, SAMUEL (1769–1839), rear-admiral, was born at Sandwich on 9 Jan. 1769, entered the navy in January 1782 on board the Sampson, with his kinsman Captain  (1740–1794) [q. v.], and in her was present at the relief of Gibraltar and the rencounter with the allied fleet off Cape Spartel [see ]. In 1793 he was appointed as lieutenant to the Ramillies, with [q. v.], and in her was present in the battle of 1 June 1794. In 1795 he was in the Royal George, flagship of Lord Bridport, in the action off Lorient on 23 June. On 1 March 1797 he was promoted to command the Scourge sloop on the Leeward Islands station, where he made many rich prizes and captured several privateers. In August 1800 he brought the Scourge home; on 29 April 1802 he was advanced to post rank. In 1805 he commanded the Glory of 98 guns, as flagship to Rear-admiral Charles Stirling [see under ], in the action off Cape Finisterre, on 22 July [see ]. In 1806–7 he was again with Stirling in the Sampson and in the Diadem during the operations in the Rio de la Plata; in 1809 he commanded the Bellerophon, one of the squadron in the Baltic, with Sir (afterwards Lord de Saumarez) [q. v.] In September 1810 he was appointed to the President, a remarkably fine 44-gun frigate captured from the French in 1806, and in her took part in the operations resulting in the capture of Java [see ]. On 4 June 1815 he was nominated a C.B. After the peace he successively commanded the Blenheim, the Bulwark, and the Seringapatam, in which last he conveyed the English ambassador to Sweden in the summer of 1823. In January 1830 he was appointed agent for transports at Deptford. On 3 Aug. 1835 he was nominated K.C.H., and was at the same time knighted by the king; on 10 Jan. 1837 he attained the rank of rear-admiral, and was made a K.C.B. on 18 April 1839. He died at Southampton on 15 Oct. of the same year. He married, in 1800, a daughter of Mr. Barton, clerk of the check at Chatham, and had a large family.

WARREN, SAMUEL (1807–1877), author of ‘Ten Thousand a Year,’ born at The Rackery, near Wrexham, on 23 May 1807, was the elder son of Dr. Samuel Warren (1781–1862), rector of All Souls', Ancoats, Manchester, by his first wife, Anne (1778–1823), daughter of Richard and Elizabeth Williams. He was brought up in an atmosphere of devout and very strict methodism.

The elder Warren, when thirteen, sailed as an apprentice in his father's ship, the Morning Herald, bound for Barbados. In May 1794, before she had got clear of the Channel, the vessel was captured by the French frigate L'Insurgent. The crew, with those of other captured merchantmen, was taken to Brest and thence to Quimper, where over half the prisoners (seventeen hundred out of three thousand) died of gaol-fever, and it was rumoured that the Convention intended to massacre the rest. The fall of Robespierre led to humaner measures. In March 1795 Warren and his father were transferred to Vendôme and kindly treated until arrangements were made for their exchange a few months later. The English prisoners set sail in two ships from La Rochelle, and Warren's vessel arrived safely at Mount's Bay (see ‘Narrative of an Imprisonment in France during the Reign of Terror,’ Blackwood's Mag. December 1831.


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 The identity of the narrator is fixed in ''Gent. Mag''. 1862, ii. 111). Samuel Warren the elder became a highly influential Wesleyan minister and preacher. In 1834, however, being then superintendent of the Manchester district, and jealous, it is said, of the rising influence of Dr. Jabez Bunting, he led an embittered opposition against the establishment of a theological training institution. Upon his being, in October 1834, suspended by the district committee, Warren took the step of applying to the court of chancery for an injunction against the trustees of chapels from which he was excluded. The application was refused (25 March 1835), and Warren was in the following August expelled by conference (Minutes of Conference, 1835, vii. 542 seq.; note kindly supplied by the Rev. A. Gordon). He had formed the Wesleyan Methodist Association, which went out with him, fifteen thousand strong and the body were temporarily styled ‘Warrenites.’ By amalgamations later on with other secessions from the main body [see ], they became ‘The United Methodist Free Churches,’ a flourishing body. In the meantime, in 1838, Warren was admitted to orders in the church of England by John Bird Sumner [q. v.], then bishop of Chester, and in December 1840 he was inducted into the living of All Souls', Ancoats. He died at Ardwick, Manchester, on 23 May 1862, aged 81. His portrait was engraved by W. T. Fry, after Jackson.

The future novelist studied medicine at Edinburgh in 1826–7, gaining a prize for English verse in 1827, and through it obtaining an introduction to Wilson (‘Christopher North’) and De Quincey. He left Edinburgh in 1828, and was admitted at the Inner Temple in that year. He practised as a special pleader between 1831 and 1837, when he was called to the bar. But Warren's early ambitions were literary rather than legal. In 1823 he consulted Sir Walter Scott on the propriety of publishing, and received a reply, dated 3 Aug., advising him to rely on the judgment of an intelligent bookseller. This letter, which is preserved among Warren's papers, is remarkable for an unqualified assertion by Scott, that ‘I am not the author of those novels which the world chooses to ascribe to me.’ Undeterred by Scott's cautious counsel, Warren began writing for the magazines, but met with little encouragement. His ‘Passages from the Diary of a late Physician,’ written in part during 1829, after being hawked from publisher to publisher, were at length accepted by William Blackwood. Twenty-eight of these papers, the morbid tone of which is shielded under a moral purpose, appeared in ‘Blackwood's Magazine’ at intervals between August 1830 and August 1837. Printed in collective form (1832, complete 1838), they went through numerous editions, were translated into several European languages, and extensively pirated in America, while they still sell largely in paper covers for sixpence. Their literary merit is slight, but their melodramatic power is considerable. The ‘Diary’ was attributed to (among others) Dr. [q. v.], and the ‘Lancet’ protested strongly against the revelation of professional secrets.

Warren next published ‘A Popular and Practical Introduction to Law Studies’ (London, 1835, enlarged 1845; numerous American editions), an entertaining book under an unattractive title, which was pronounced by a glowing critic in the ‘Quarterly Review’ to contain ‘a spice of Montaigne.’ The book seems to have attracted to Warren a few legal pupils, among them [q. v.] A successful school-book, ‘Select Extracts from Blackstone's Commentaries’ (1837), was followed in 1840 by a tract on the ‘Opium Question,’ which ran through four editions.

The first chapter of ‘Ten Thousand a Year’ appeared in ‘Blackwood’ for October 1839, and at once excited a powerful interest. Warren was anxious to disguise the authorship, his main reason apparently being that he might ask every one what he thought of the new novel. He was enraptured when told that it ‘beat Boz hollow,’ and while forwarding successive parts to Blackwood wrote in terms of comical ecstasy about his work. ‘I knew you would all like it,’ he says in one of these letters, ‘for it is most true to human nature, and it cost me (though you may smile) a few tears while writing it. How I do love the Aubreys! How my heart yearns towards them!’ Thackeray was less benevolent towards these martyred aristocrats (cf. Book of Snobs, chap. xvi.)

When the novel was completed and appeared in three dense volumes in 1841, it had an enormous sale, was translated into French, Russian, and other languages, and was applauded in the ‘Revue des Deux Mondes’ as well as in the English reviews. The well-constructed plot turns upon the validity of certain title-deeds, and a number of legal points are involved. Warren's handling of these was criticised by experts, and was justified by the author in elaborate notes in subsequent editions. His legal portraits were declared to be caricatures, but the cleverness of the farcical portraits—


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