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 true of any periodic disturbance. Let c be the velocity with which the disturbance travels, in this case that of light, λ0 and n0 the observed wave-length and frequency (of some particular line in the spectrum), when the source is at rest with respect to the observer, and λ and n the same quantities after the source has been set in motion towards the observer with the velocity v. Let us first consider—

Case I.— The velocity of light is independent of the velocity of the source. Then,

$$\lambda=\lambda_{0}-\frac{v}{c}\lambda_{0}=\lambda_{0}\left(1-\frac{v}{c}\right)$$

This is the ordinary formula for the Doppler effect and the derivation is simple, since it is evident that while an emitted wave-front is moving forward the distance λ0, the source itself has moved forward the distance λ0&midpoint;v/c, and the next wave-front to leave the source will have gained this distance over the earlier one. The frequency of the light will be equal to the velocity divided by the wave-length.

$$n=\frac{c}{\lambda}=\frac{c}{\lambda_{0}}\left(\frac{c}{c-v}\right)=n_{0}\frac{c}{c-v}=n_{0}\left(1+\frac{v}{c}+\frac{v^{2}}{c^{2}}+\cdot\cdot\cdot\right)$$.

Case II. — The velocity of light and that of the source are additive, the velocity with which light passes the observer is v+c.

λ=λ0.

This result is evident on inspection, since, under the conditions assumed, the velocity of light relative to the source is always the same, and the source and its surrounding disturbances move together as a whole, suffering no permanent change in configuration when the velocity of the source is changed. In detail, however, we see that, with respect to the observer, an emitted wave front moves forward the distance λ0·(c+v)/c during the interval of time which elapses before the next wave front leaves the source, and during that time the source has moved forward the distance

$$\frac{v}{c+v}\lambda_{0}\frac{c+v}{c}=\lambda_{0}\frac{v}{c}$$,

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 making

$$\lambda=\lambda_{0}\frac{c+v}{c}-\lambda_{0}\frac{v}{c}=\lambda_{0}$$.

The frequency of the light is evidently

$$\frac{c+v}{\lambda}=\frac{c+v}{\lambda_{0}}=\frac{c}{\lambda_{0}}\left(\frac{c+v}{c}\right)=n_{0}\left(1+\frac{v}{c}\right)$$,

a result which except for second order terms is identical with that obtained for Case I.

To sum the matter up, when the source is set in motion, whichever of the two hypotheses as to the velocity of light is true, the frequency of the light will be changed by practically the same amount, but the wave-length will be changed if one of the hypotheses is true and entirely unaffected if the other is true. Light emitted from moving sources, whether they are astronomical bodies or the moving mirrors arranged by Belopolsky, unquestionably does show the Doppler effect. We must investigate whether both the frequency and the wave-length are changed by the motion of the source.

The determination of the Doppler effect is made by a measurement of the displacement of some particular line from its normal position in the spectrum. When the spectrum is produced by a prism it is difficult to say whether the position of a given line would depend upon its frequency or its wave-length. Spectroscopic measurements made with the help of a grating are, however, actual determinations of wave-length. Since such measurements do show a change in wave-length of the light from many of the stars, and especially in light coming from the approaching and receding limbs of the sun, where the velocity of rotation is known from observations on the sun spots, we have, at first sight, strong evidence in favor of our first hypothesis that the velocity of light is independent of the source.

We must notice in these experiments, however, that the measurements of wave-length are made only after the light has been reflected from the surface of the grating and consider the possibility that this reflecting surface would act as a new source, giving to

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 the reflected beam the ordinary velocity of light as from any stationary source. If the surface of the grating should act in this way, then the reflected light would have the same velocity whichever of our hypotheses were true. Moreover, except for second-order terms, both hypotheses have led to the same conclusions as to the frequency of the light, and since the wave-length of light is completely determined by its frequency and velocity, such an action of a reflecting surface would prevent our distinguishing between the two hypotheses. We can, however, draw one useful conclusion from our consideration, namely, that if the velocity of light does depend on the velocity of the source, then a reflecting mirror acts as a new source, and the velocity of the reflected beam depends only on the motion of the mirror.

Before proceeding to the consideration of an experiment in which we shall make use of the principle just derived, let us consider whether a transmission grating would also act as a new source of light and destroy any original difference between the velocities of light, for example, from the two limbs of the sun. In the next section we shall consider more in detail certain experiments of Fizeau and of Michelson concerning the velocity of light in media which are moving with respect to the source of light. We are, however, led by them to the conclusion that an original difference in the velocity of light from the two limbs of the sun would be only about one half obliterated by passage through a plate of glass, and hence the use of transmission gratings for deciding between the two postulates as to the velocity of light would be possible. At the present time very excellent transmission gratings are obtainable, being replicas of original Rowland gratings. It is desirable that observations be made with apparatus in which the light suffers no reflection in order to definitely settle the matter.

Experiments On The Velocity Of Light From The Two Limbs Of The Sun.
The fact that a mirror acts as a new source of light led me to the construction of a very simple apparatus for comparing the velocity of light from the approaching and receding limbs of the

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 sun. A tube mounted on a small telescope stand was provided with a slit, an observing eye piece, and a mirror (plate glass) as shown in the diagram. The apparatus was adjusted to produce interference fringes between the light from the slit and from its mirror image, a method employed by Dr. Lloyd. The mirror was about 25 cm. in length and the distance from the end of the mirror to the eye piece was about 10 cm.

Let us suppose an interference fringe at the point f produced by the combination of a ray of light sf, coming direct from the slit and another smf which has suffered reflection from the mirror. If now the velocity of light were dependent on the velocity of its source, and we set the source in motion towards the slit, the time taken for a given wave-front to travel from the slit to the eye piece along the path sf would be increased by a greater amount than along the path smf, since for the distance mf, which in the apparatus was at least 10 cm., the ray is traveling with the normal velocity of light as from a stationary source, while for the whole path sf the light is traveling with an increased velocity. We should thus expect a shift in the fringes to accompany a change in the velocity of the source.

A lens of about 9 cm. aperture and 80 cm. focus was used to throw an image of the sun (about 8 mm. in diameter) on the apparatus, and light first from one and then from the other limb of the sun allowed to enter the slit. No shift in the fringes was observed. We may easily calculate the magnitude of the expected effect. Suppose we are receiving light from the approaching limb of the sun, the velocity of the ray sf would be greater than that of the 1 reflected ray by about 1.5 km. per second, so that a given wavefront in traveling the ten centimeters from m to f would fall behind the corresponding one which travels along sf by

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 $$\frac{1.5}{300000}\times10=.5\times10^{-4}$$ cm.

We obtain double the effect, or 10-4 cm., in changing from the approaching to the receding limb of the sun, and considering $$5\times10^{-5}$$ as an average wave-length, we should expect a shift of about two fringes. Since no shift was observed, we have strong evidence that the velocity of light is independent of the velocity of its source.

To complete the discussion, it is necessary to consider the effect of the lens (and the earth's atmosphere) through which the light has to pass before reaching the slit. At first sight, it might seem as if an original difference between the velocities of light from the two sources would be obliterated by passage through a stationary medium. The experiments of Fizeau and of Michelson, however, give us data for calculating the effect upon the velocity of light of relative motion between the source of light and a transmitting medium.

If c is the velocity of light in vacuo, μ the index of refraction of the medium and v the velocity with which the medium is moving towards the source, we have the velocity of light in the medium equal to $$c/\mu\mp v\theta$$, where θ is some fraction which must be determined experimentally. The considerations of Fresnel and others have led to the expression for any medium θ=(u²-1)/μ², an equation which was very closely verified for water in the experiments referred to. The velocity of light in the lens may now be calculated.

$$c/\mu\mp v\theta$$ is the velocity of light with respect to the source; with respect to the medium, it will be $$c/\mu\mp v(1-\theta)$$. For glass, putting μ=1.5, we have θ=(u²-1)/μ²=0.51. The velocity of light from the approaching limb will be c/μ+0.49v and from the receding limb c/μ-0,49v, where v may be taken as 1.5 km. per second. We now see that, even if the light after leaving the lens did not regain its original velocity, the difference in the velocities of the light from the two limbs of the sun would still be about 1.5 km. per second, which would give a shift of one fringe in the experiment performed.

As a result of the experiment, we conclude that the velocity of

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 light from the two limbs of the sun is the same. The possibility that an original difference in velocity would be destroyed when the light reached the neighborhood of the earth is not entirely excluded. Nevertheless, the experiments of Fizeau and Michelson which we have just discussed seem to show that the presence of air or other transmitting medium would not completely destroy such a difference. Furthermore, the experiment of Sir Oliver Lodge has led us to expect no change in the velocity of light produced by the neighborhood of large masses such as the earth. It may also be pointed out in this connection, that, up to the present time, no astronomical data of any kind have been found which are in disagreement with the principle that the velocity of light is independent of that of the source. For example, it has been shown by Comstock that a difference in the velocity of light from approaching and receding stars would lead us to expect irregularities in the observed orbital motion of double stars which have never been detected. Certainly, until further evidence is presented, we may best accept that principle regarding the velocity of light which has led to the second postulate of relativity.

We shall now consider an entirely different method of proving the second postulate of relativity.

The Kaufmann-Bucherer Experiment.
Certain conclusions of the theory of relativity have been quantitatively verified by the experiments of Kaufmann and of Bucherer on the mass of the β particle. It has already been stated in the article of Lewis and Tolman referred to above that this experimental fact may itself be used for the reverse process of deducing the second postulate, and a method of proof was worked out at the time that paper was published. It is very desirable to consider this proof since it includes a deduction, without the help of the second postulate, of all the changes in the units of length and time, to which the theory of relativity has led, and finally gives a proof of the second postulate itself.

Let us suppose an electron ε at rest and an electron ε'  moving past it with the velocity v.

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 Let ε'  be originally so far away that the electrons do not appreciably repel each other, and let the experiment continue until they are again far apart. Owing to their mutual repulsion, while they are within each other's sphere of influence, electron ε receives a certain component velocity μ in a direction perpendicular to the general line of motion of the two systems, and ε'  also receives a transverse velocity μ' . These transverse velocities are made small compared with the relative velocity of the two systems. If the mass of an electron at rest is m, then by the Bucherer experiment, the electron ε' , which we consider in motion, will have the mass $$m/\sqrt{1-\beta^{2}}$$, where β is v/c, so that the electrons have respectively received the transverse momenta μ and $$mu'\cdot/\sqrt{1-\beta^{2}}$$.

By the principle of the conservation of momenta

and

In other words, the electron ε' , since it has a larger mass than electron ε does not receive so great a transverse velocity. If, however, an observer had been traveling along with ε' , he would have been entirely unable to detect this fact that his electron had received a smaller velocity than the other one, since the first postulate of relativity states that no measurements are possible by which an observer may detect that he is in absolute motion. Since, now, to this moving observer, the velocity seems larger than it does to an observer at rest in the ratio $$1:\sqrt{1-\beta^{2}}$$, the second which the moving observer uses must be longer than a "stationary" second in the same ratio $$1:\sqrt{1-\beta^{2}}$$.

Having obtained the ratio between the units of time in a moving and stationary system, let us deduce the Lorentz shortening. Suppose two systems a and b moving past each other with the velocity v and two observers A and B on the systems. A makes two marks

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 on his system a centimeter apart, in the line of motion of the system, and requests B to determine the time it takes for a point on b to pass from one mark to the other. B also makes two marks on his system a centimeter apart, and A finds that it takes the same number of seconds to pass from one mark to the other as B found in his own similar experiment. Any other outcome of the trial would be contradictory to the first postulate of relativity. If, however, we again arbitrarily consider A to be at rest, A's seconds are shorter than B's in the ratio $$\sqrt{1-\beta^{2}}:1$$, and hence the two points on B's system must have been nearer together than those on A's in this same ratio $$\sqrt{1-\beta^{2}}:1$$. In other words, the "moving" centimeter in the longitudinal direction is shorter than a "stationary" one in the ratio $$\sqrt{1-\beta^{2}}:1$$.

We have now derived the change in the units of length and time in a moving system, with the help of the Bucherer experiment. Before we can derive the desired principle regarding the velocity of light, we must go one step further and find out how the clocks are set in a moving system.

The observer B who is in motion with the velocity v past a system a which we consider at rest, lays off a length of one centimeter on his system in a longitudinal direction, and with the help of two clocks, one at each end of the centimeter, notes the time taken for a point on a to pass from one end of this centimeter to the other. He obtains, of course, the time 1/v. Since, however, his seconds are "longer and his centimeters shorter than stationary ones in the ratio $$1:\sqrt{1-\beta^{2}}$$ we would have expected him to obtain the time (1-β²)·1/v, and we can account for his obtaining the longer time 1/v, only by the assumption, that, in a moving system, a clock 1 cm. to the rear of another is set ahead by the amount

$$\frac{1}{v}-\frac{1}{v}\left(1-\beta^{2}\right)=\frac{v}{c^{2}}$$ seconds.

We are now ready to deduce our principle as to the velocity of light. Consider a source of light and an observer B who measures the velocity of the light coming from this source. If the observer B is at rest and marks off a length of one centimeter in the path of light, he finds, of course, that the light takes the time 1/c to pass from one mark to the other. We wish to prove, however, that

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 the relation which we have just derived, requires that the observer will also obtain the time 1/c even if he is in motion towards or away from the source.

Let us suppose that the observer B is moving towards the light with the velocity v, the velocity with which light is passing his system is v+c, the time taken for it to travel over a centimeter length is 1/(v+c). Since, however, the centimeters which B marks off are shorter than "stationary" ones in the ratio $$\sqrt{1-\beta^{2}}:1$$, and the seconds which he uses are longer in the inverse ratio, the time required in his units would be (1-β²)·1/(v+c), and further since the rearmost clock is set ahead by the amount v/c², we finally conclude that B will obtain the time (1-β²)·1/(v+c)+v/c² which reduces to 1/c. We thus conclude that the velocity of light appears the same whatever the motion of the observer, or by the first postulate of relativity whatever the relative motion of the source of light and the observer, and have obtained a proof of the second postulate of relativity with the help of the Bucherer experiment.

In this connection, it must be again pointed out that the Kaufmann-Bucherer experiment may not really indicate an increase in the mass of an electron in motion. It is, at first sight, equally possible that the forces acting on an electron in rapid motion through electrostatic or magnetic fields are not as large as those calculated on the basis of Maxwell's fifth equation, since its application to high velocities certainly lacks experimental justification. The balance of all the evidence which has been presented, however, is in favor of the second postulate of relativity.

Summary.
In this paper it is shown that the extraordinary conclusions of the theory of relativity are forced on it by the second postulate of relativity. This postulate is obtained by combining the first postulate of relativity with the principle that the velocity of light is independent of the velocity of the source. The alternative hypothesis that the velocity of light and the velocity of its source are additive would lead to none of the complications of the theory of relativity. Two methods are presented for deciding between the two hypotheses.

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 The first method would be to measure the wave-length of light from some moving source, since it is shown that the first hypothesis would lead us to expect a change in the wave-length of light from moving sources and the alternative hypothesis would not. The existing measurements of the wave-length of light from moving astronomical sources, made with reflection gratings, are not of such a nature that we can definitely decide that the velocity of light is independent of the motion of the source. We can, however, state that, if the alternative hypothesis is true, then a reflecting surface acts as a new source of light and light coming from such a surface has the normal velocity as from any other stationary source. It is further shown that measurements with a transmission grating would more nearly allow a definite decision of the question.

The principle that the velocity of light from a stationary mirror is the same as for light from any stationary source leads to a second method of deciding between the two hypotheses as to the velocity of light. An apparatus is described in which interference fringes were produced between light which had come direct from the sun and light which had first suffered reflection. Since the velocity of the reflected ray would in any case be unaffected by the motion of the original source, we should expect a shift in the position of the fringes to accompany a change in the velocity of the direct ray. No shift in the fringes was observed in examining light first from the approaching and then from the receding limb of the sun. We conclude that the velocity of light from the two limbs of the sun is the same, which confirms the principle that has led to the second postulate of relativity.

An entirely different method of proving the second postulate of relativity is afforded by the results of the Kaufmann-Bucherer experiment. In fact, by a combination of the first postulate of relativity with the principle that the mass of a moving electron is greater than that of a stationary one in the ratio $$1:\ \sqrt{1-\beta^{2}}$$, it was found possible to deduce all the conclusions of the theory of relativity as to the units of length and time in a moving system, and finally to deduce the second postulate of relativity itself.

 * January 6, 1910
 * January 6, 1910
 * January 6, 1910

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136

HE Einstein theory of relativity assumes as its second postulate, that the velocity of light is independent of the relative motion of the source of light and the observer. It has been suggested in a number of places that all the apparent paradoxes of the Einstein theory might be avoided and at the same time the principle of the relativity of motion retained, if an alternative postulate were true that the velocity of light and the velocity of the source are additive. Relativity theories based on such a postulate may well be called emission theories.

All emission theories agree in assuming that light from a moving source has a velocity equal to the vector sum of the velocity of light from a stationary source and the velocity of the source itself at the instant of emission. Thus a source in uniform motion would always remain at the center of the spherical disturbances which it emits, these disturbances moving relative to the source itself with the same velocity c as from a stationary source. Emission theories differ, however, in their assumptions as to the velocity of light after its reflection from a mirror.

If an emission theory is accepted, it would seem most natural to assume that the excited portion of a reflecting mirror acts as a new source of light and that reflected light has the same velocity c with respect to the mirror as has original light with respect to its source. The possibility of such an assumption has already been suggested by the writer and apparently disproved by an experiment on the velocity of light from the approaching and receding limbs of the sun. In the present article additional evidence disproving the possibility of the assumption will be presented.

According to an emission theory suggested by Stewart light reflected from a mirror acquires a component of velocity equal to the velocity of the mirror image of the original source. Evidence disproving the possibility of such a principle will also be presented in this article.

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Rh A very complete emission theory of electromagnetism has been presented by Ritz. According to this theory light retains throughout its whole path the component of velocity which it obtained from its original moving source, and after reflection light spreads out in spherical form around a center which moves with the same velocity as the original source. In this article an experiment will be suggested whose performance would permit a decision between the Ritz and Einstein theories of relativity.

According to the first of the above emission theories, if a source of light is approaching an observer with the velocity $$v$$, the emitted light would have the velocity $$c+v$$ and after reflection from a stationary mirror would have the velocity c. We shall now show that measurements of the Doppler effect (in canal rays) do not agree with this theory.

Consider measurements of the Doppler effect in light from a moving source made with a concave grating arranged as shown in Fig. 1. Light from the source (canal rays) enters the slit and falls on the grating which is so mounted that its center of curvature coincides with the position of the line of the spectrum to be photographed at D, Hence the paths BD and CD traversed after reflection by the two rays of light ABD and ACD are equal, and

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 the only difference in length of path occurs, before reflection, i. e., $$AB=L_{1}>AC=L_{2}$$

Consider first a stationary source, and let τ be the period of the source which produces a bright line at D. For the production of such a line, it is evident that light impulses coming over the two paths ABD and ACD must arrive at D in the same phase. If Δt is the time interval between the departures from the source of two light impulses which arrive simultaneously at D, the condition necessary for their arrival in phase is evidently given by the equation

where i is a whole number. (Note that $$L_{2}-L_{1}$$ with the apparatus as arranged.)

Consider now a source of light approaching the slit with the velocity v. If τ' is the period of the source which now produces a bright line at D and Δt' the time interval between departures from the source of two light impulses which now arrive simultaneously at D we evidently have the relation

$$i\tau'=\Delta t'$$.

In order to obtain an expression for Δt' in terms of $$L_1$$ and $$L_2$$, we must note that the source moves toward the slit the distance vΔt' during the interval of time between the departures of the two light impulses, and hence the difference in path which was $$L_{1}-L_{2}$$ for a stationary source has now become $$L_{1}-L_{2}+v\Delta t'$$. Furthermore we must remember that according to the theory which we are investigating the light before reflection will have the velocity c+v, and hence

which by comparison with equation (i) gives us $$\tau'=\tau$$.

In other words if the first of the above emission theories of light is true, both before and after the source of light is set in motion, light produced by the same period of the source gives a bright line at the point D, that is, the expected Doppler effect or shifting of the lines does not occur.

In interpreting actual experimental results, it must be borne in mind that the adjustment of the grating was assumed to be such that the

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Rh reflected light is parallel to the axis of the grating. (Such an adjustment is automatically obtained with the Rowland form of mounting.) If the adjustment of the grating should be such that the difference in path all occurs after reflection it can easily be shown that the first theory would lead to a Doppler effect of the expected magnitude, and for intermediate adjustments to an effect of intermediate magnitude.

With regard to actual experimental results obtained with the reflected light parallel to the axis of the grating, the writer quotes from a letter received from Professor Stark.

Professor Stark says: "Sowohl in meinen Beobachtungen mit dem Konkav wie mit dem Plangitter (Ann. d. Phys., 28, 974, 1909) waren die gebeugten Strahlen, welche das beobachtete Spektrogram lieferten nicht parallel oder nahezu parallel der Gitteraxe. Doch has Paschen (Ann. d. Phys., 23, 247, 1907), soviel ich sehen kann, den Doppler Effekt bei Kanalstrahlen in der Näe der Axe (Normalen) eines Konkavgitters beobachtet; er hat dabei mit Hilfe eines Objektivs paralleles Licht auf das Gitter fallen lassen. Ein Unterschied zwischen Paschens und meinen Resultaten uber den Doppler-Effekt bei Kanalstrahlen hat sich indes nicht ergeben. Die zwei Methoden (einfallendes Licht parallel der Gitteraxe, gebeugtes Licht parallel dieser) liefern also bei gleicher dispersion ubereinstimmende Doppler-Effekt-Spektrogramme."

We thus see that the first of the above emission theories does not seem to accord with experimental facts.

The Stewart Theory.
By considering the same measurements of Doppler effect just described, it can also be shown that the Stewart theory does not agree with experimental facts.

Suppose a concave grating, Fig. 2, arranged as before with the center of curvature coinciding with the position of the line of the spectrum to be photographed at D.

Consider first a stationary source and let τ be the period of the source which produces a bright line at D, If Δt is the time interval between the departures from the source of two light impulses which after traveling over the two paths ABD and ACD arrive simultaneously at D, it is evident, as in the previous discussion that the condition necessary for their arrival in phase and hence for the production of a bright line is given by the equation

where i is a whole number.

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140 Consider now a source of light approaching the slit with the velocity v. If τ' is the period of the source which now produces a bright line at D and Δt' the time interval between departure from the source of two light impulses which now arrive simultaneously at D, we evidently have the relation

where c+v in accordance with the Stewart theory is the velocity of the light before reflection and $$L_{3}$$ and $$L_{4}$$ are the components which must be added to c to give the velocity of light along the paths $$BD=L_{3}$$ and $$CD=L_{4}$$ after its reflection.

According to the Stewart theory $$v_{3}$$ and $$v_{4}$$ will be equal to the components in the direction BD and CD of the velocities of the mirror images of the original source. An idea of the size of these components is most easily obtained graphically. Considering, for example, the point of reflection C as a portion of a plane mirror EF which is tangent to the concave mirror at C, the position of the image $$I_2$$ can be found by the usual construction, the line $$AI_2$$ connecting source and image being perpendicular to EF and the distances AE and $$EI_2$$ equal. Both the original source and the image will evidently be moving towards the point F with the same velocity v. By a similar construction, which has been omitted to avoid confusion, the image $$I_1$$ produced by reflection from B is found to be located as shown, and moves also with the velocity v in the direction of the corresponding arrow.

It can be seen from the construction that in the arrangement shown the motion of the image $$I_1$$ and the corresponding reflected ray BD are

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Rh more nearly parallel than the motion of $$I_2$$ and the ray CD. Hence from the principle of Stewart the component $$v_{3}$$ is greater than $$v_{4}$$. Referring once more to equation (4), since $$L_{3}$$ and $$L_{4}$$ are equal and $$v_{3}$$ is greater than $$v_{4}$$ we see that the negative term $$L_{4}/\left(c+v_{4}\right)$$ is numerically greater than $$L_{3}/\left(c+v_{3}\right)$$ and we may write the inequality

Neglecting second order terms this becomes

and substituting from equation (3),

Thus on the basis of the Stewart theory, with an approaching source, a shorter period would produce a bright line at the point D than with a stationary source. In other words the actual bright lines would shift towards the red end of the spectrum when the source is set in motion towards the slit, in contradiction to the actually observed shift towards the violet end of the spectrum.

We see that experimental facts do not agree with the Stewart theory.

The Ritz Theory.
According to the Ritz theory of relativity, throughout its whole path, light retains the component of velocity v which it obtained from the original moving source. Thus all the phenomena of optics would occur as though light were propagated by an ether which is stationary with respect to the original source. Light coming from a terrestial source would behave as though propagated by an ether stationary with respect to the earth and light coming from the sun would behave as though propagated by an ether stationary with respect to the sun. Now the Michelson-Morley experiment was devised for detecting the motion of the earth through the ether, and hence if this experiment should be reperformed using light from the sun instead of from a terrestrial source, a positive effect would be expected if the Ritz theory were true. On the other hand if the Einstein theory were true, no effect would be obtained, since according to this theory, all optical phenomena occur as though light were propagated by an ether stationary with respect to the observer.

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142 To show in detail the divergence between the two theories consider the diagrammatic representation of a Michelson-Morley apparatus as shown in Fig. 3.

Light from the sun which is supposed to be moving relative to the apparatus in the direction AB with the velocity v is thrown with the help of suitable reflectors on to the half silvered mirror at A. The divided beams of light travel to the mirrors B and C and after reflection reunite at D to produce a system of interference fringes. According to the Einstein theory of relativity the velocity of light is the same in all directions with respect to all observers, and hence the velocity along the paths AB and CD would be independent of the orientation of the apparatus and on the basis of this theory no change in the position of the interference fringes would be expected on rotation of the apparatus.

According to the Ritz theory, however, the velocity of light in the directions AB and AC would be different and a change in the position of the fringes would be expected on rotating the apparatus through an angle of ninety degrees. It is easy to see that the Ritz theory would lead us to expect c+v or the velocity of light in the direction AB, c - v for the velocity in the opposite direction, and $$\sqrt{c^{2}-v^{2}}$$ for the velocity in either direction along AC.

Assuming for simplicity that $$AB=AC=l$$ we see that the time required for light to travel along the path ABBAD will be longer than that along the path ACCD by the amount

which neglecting terms of higher orders reduces to $$lv^{2}/c^{2}$$.

If the apparatus should be rotated through ninety degrees, it is evident that the longer time would now be required for the light to pass over the path ACCD and we should expect a shift in the position of the fringes corresponding to the time interval

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Rh Hence if the Ritz theory should be true, using the sun as source of light we should find on rotating the apparatus a shift in the fringes of the same magnitude as originally predicted for the Michelson-Morley apparatus where a terrestial source was used. If the Einstein theory should be true, we should find no shift in the fringes using any source of light.

Summary.
Experimental evidence has been considered in this article which is apparently sufficient to disprove two of the three emission theories of light which have been proposed, and an experiment has also been suggested for testing the truth of the third emission theory, that of Ritz. A definite experimental decision between the relativity theories of Ritz and Einstein is a matter of the highest importance.

The writer wishes to express his gratitude to Dr. P. Ehrenfest for valuable suggestions and criticisms, and to Professor Stark for information concerning the adjustment of his gratings in the measurement of the Stark effect in canal rays.

 * University of California

title: Page:TolmanEmission.djvu/8


text:
Author talk:Lawrence Joseph Henderson

Image
Images appear in passport applications though of poor quality reproduction — billinghurst  sDrewth  12:22, 12 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Passport Applications, January 2, 1906 - March 31, 1925 (M1490) > 1924 > Roll 2452 - Certificates: 383350-383849, 25 Mar 1924-26 Mar 1924 > 337
 * Passport Applications, January 2, 1906 - March 31, 1925 (M1490) > 1920 > Roll 1193 - Certificates: 28876-29249, 05 May 1920-06 May 1920 > 309

title: Author talk:Lawrence Joseph Henderson


text: Index:Memoirs of the Queensland Museum Vol VI.djvu


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MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM—Vol. VI. (Gregory Terrace Frontage). Frontispiece.


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 MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM VOL. VI. WITH PLATES AND FIGURES IN THE TEXT.

EDITED BY THE DIRECTOR,

Heber a. Longman, F.L.S.

issued December 19, 1918.

Editorial Note. — -Owing to the exigencies of war time, the publication of these Memoirs has been in abeyance. Several of the articles here printed were received early in 1917.

BY AUTHORITY:

ANTHONY JAMES GUMMING, GOVERNMENT PRINTER.

BRISBANE.


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 Australian from the Atlantic fish giving to the former the name of S. antarctica, by which it is generally known at the present time, but it must be confessed that he does not give any very convincing reasons for his action. His decision was based on a single large specimen, fifty-seven inches long, captured in Bass Strait, where, he says, it seems to be an accidental visitor, appears exclusively in the colder months, and only of a very large size. Subsequently, influenced by McCoy, he reverts to the name .S'. aquila, and states that, during a six years' residence in ilelbourne, he had only seen two examples, "both of enormous size, weighing about eighty pounds" apiece. And just here we come upon the first of the fascinating mysteries, which enshroiid the historj' of the jewfishes in these waters; the others will disclose themselves in due course. In his paper last referi'ed to Castelnau, writing in 1878 of a recent visit to Brisbane, states that he "was astonished to find that a Scuena was amongst the most conuiion fishes of Moreton Bay, and is considered the best edible fish of the country. It is called Dewfish, because of its beautiful silvery gray colour"; and further on he writes "It attains the weight of fifty pounds. During my staj' in the months of Jiuie and July, numerous specimens of all sizes were caught every day; the great majority were of a foot long or even less." My first impression, on reading these lines, was that Castelnau, like so many others after him, had confounded the little Brisbane River "perch" {S. australis) with the young of the true jewfish, but after intimate conversations with several old Brisbane anglers with thirty to forty years' experience of the river, I am convinced that by so doing I would have made a serious mistake and that the small fishes, to which Castelnau refers, were in very truth the young of the large jewfish. Regarding this Mr. J. Trevethan, who is suj^ported by all the older angling identities, kindly writes to me as follows; — "On the first appearance of these fishes in the upper reaches they were of from one pound to six pounds in weight, and were to be caught in such large numbers that one could hardly get rid of them, even as gifts to friends, so common were they. I have known as many as sixty or seventy of these fishes to be creeled by a single angler in a very short space of time, by which you may judge what jewfishing was like in those days. Later on a second run of these fishes commenced, those composing it being of a much larger size, varying in weight from ten to over fifty lb." The largest jewfish Mr. Trevethan was at the catching of weighed fift.v-seven lb. after it had been cleaned. As a further instance of their abundance before the great fiood of 1893 he states that "even the prawners used to catch them in their nets up to thirty lb. weight, and were glad to get rid of them for a couple of shillings after carrying them from one restaurant to another before they could get a purchaser."

Uses:— As a foodfish this species is of considerable importance, although there is at present no regular fishery for it, most of those which appear in our shops being taken by hook. Up to 25 lb. weight it is an excellent table fish, but beyond that it becomes coarse and somewhat rank. However, as it


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 me by Mr. J. H. Hamson, and fully endorsed by Mv. J. Trevethan, both of many years' experience, give practically all the definite information that is known about this ^ecies. Mr. Hamson writes:—

"With regard to the fish commonly called 'perch,' there appears to be some ditference of opinion amongst anglers as to whether they make their first appearance for the season from the bay or from the npper reaches of the river. For the last two seasons I have canglit the first exami)les early in Mra'ch (this year on the •ith, in the Hamilton Reach), and the first good catches are usually made in the Newstead and Mowbray Park Reaches of the river, and gradually the fish travels higher uji. On the 20th of last March, while fishing in the reach near the South Brisbane Cemetery, 1 was told by two olil residents of the district that 'the perch had not got up that far yet.' They, of course, arrived later on, and are even now (Sept. 18) fairly plentiful in the upper reaches, for no later than yesterday a friend and I caught 86. It would be interesting to know where they go during the sunnner months; do they go out to sea again? or do they remain in the upper reaches? They evidently travel at times in large schools, and at times bite very freely, 'doubles' being a common occurrence. It is nothing unusual for a party of three or four anglex's to return after a ni'»ht's fishing with a catch of about 200. One can never be quite sure at what time the.y will bite freely; sometimes they are at their best just before and after slack water; at other times the running tide seems to suit them best ; while gi'uerally they feed more freely during the night." Finally thei'e is another remarkable circumstance connected with these fishes which, were it not vouched for by numbers of our most reliable anglers, appears well-nigh incredible. It is that prior to the great tlood of IMarch, 1898, which overtiowed all the low-lying lands along the banks of the Brisbane River, and caused great destruction of life and property, this little jewfish was unknown in the river, its i)lace being taken by the "golden jew," a fish of a briglit yellow eolor, which now occurs only singly and at long intervals. Follow- ing the subsidence of tlic waters after th(^ 1893 flood, the present species appeared.

Uses: — Opinions ditfer as to its value as a foodfish ; personally 1 consider it as a well-flavored and ])leasant addition to the menu of th(> breakfast table.

Food: — By coninioii consent prawns are acknowledged to be the most favored bait for the perch, but they will also take a fish or fowl-gut bait.

Range: — This is one of those species of jewfishes which have a very limited range. I have notes of its capture at Nerang (.'reek, Southport Pier, Coomera and Logan Rivers, Cleveland Jetty, Brisbane River, Doughboy Creek, Sandgate J'ier, Pine River, and Bribie Island, all in the Moreton Bay District and, as before mentioned, in the ^lai'y River at 'IMaro.

Dimensions:— Never or very rni-ely exceeds 300 mm.

Our illistratioH is taken fi-oin a siieeiiiieii in the Queensland Museum. Reg. No. I. 2890.


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 but one fourth of that of the head. The Australian Museum is fortunate in possessing a second specimen of this interesting and evidently scarce soilenid, of which McCulloch writes as follows: — "A nice little specimen, registered as having been collected by yourself in the Brisbane River in 1886, is Pseudo- myeterus maccullochi. I had almost identified it with Corrina comes de Vis. This example was taken by hook at the rocks below Thorn street, Kangaroo Point. Many old Brisbane anglers consider that this is, to the best of their belief, the species which was known to them many years ago as the "golden perch," and which disappeared so mysteriously after the great flood of 1893. McCulloch's identification of my 1886 fish with P. maccullochi lends color to this suggestion.

Our illustration is drawn from the holotype of P. maccullochi.

SCIÆNA SOLDADO (Lacépele).

(Plate XXIV.);

Holocentrus soldado Laćepède, Hist. Nat. Poiss., iv, 1802, pp. 344, 390. Tella Katchelee Bussell, Fish. Vizag., ii, 1803, p. 13, pi, cxvii. Corvina miles Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., v, 1830, p. 94; idd., ibid., ix, 1833, p. 479; Bleeker, Verb. Batav. Gen., sxiii, 1850, Scisen., p. 17; Jeidon, Madras Journ. Lit. & Sei., 1851, p. 131; Günther, Brit. Mus. Catal. Fish., ii, 1800, p. 300; Macleay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, ix, 1884, p. 23.

Scicena argentea (Kuhl & van Hasselt) Cuvier & Valenciennes, ibid., p. 95.

Corvina soldado Cantor, Catal. Malay. Pish., 1850, p. 70.

Corvina wolffi Bleeker, Nat. Tijds. Nederl. Ind., ii, 1851, p. 60.

Corvina sampitensis Bleeker, ibid., iii., 1852, p. 421.

Corvina celebica Bleeker, ibid., vii, 1854, p. 244.

Corvina dorsalis Peters, Arch. f. Nat., 1855, i, p. 242.

Johnius miles Bleeker, ibid., xviii, 1859, p. 364.

Johnius celebicus Bleeker, Act. Soc. Sci. Indo-Neerl., viii, 1860, Borneo, p, 12.

Pseudosciæna miles Bleeker, Verh. Akad. Amst., xiv, 1874, Sciien. p. 23; Atlas Ichth., viii, , pi. ccclxxxv, fig. 3.

Scicæna miles Day, Fish. India, pt. 2, 1876, p. 185, pi. xliii, fig. 5: Klunzinger. Sitz, Akad. Wien, lxxx, 1880, i, p. 372.

Sciana mülleri Steindachner, Denk. Akad. Wien, xli, 1879, i, p. 1; Klunzinger, ibid.

Corvina argentea Maeleay, ibid., viii, 1883, p. 204.

SILVER JEWFISH.

Type localities: — Pondicherry (C miles).

Java (S. argentea K. & v. H.).

Banjermassin, Borneo (C. wolffii).

Sampit, Borneo (C. sampitensis).

Macassar, Celebes (C. celebicus).

Quilimane (C. dorsalis).

South Australia (C. mülleri).

Lower Burdekin (C. argentea Mel.).

Body deep and strongly compressed, the dorsal contour much more arched than the ventral, which is nearly linear from the isthmus to the anal fin, its width


text:
Author:Ralph Barton Perry

Works

 * The Moral Economy 1909
 * The approach to philosophy 1905
 * Present philosophical tendencies 1912
 * Essays in radical empiricism with William James, 1912
 * "Philosophy: General Introduction" in The Harvard Classics, Vol. 51 (1914)
 * "The Rise of Modern Philosophy" in The Harvard Classics, Vol. 51 (1914)
 * "Introduction to Kant" in The Harvard Classics, Vol. 51 (1914)
 * "Religion: General Introduction" in The Harvard Classics, Vol. 51 (1914)
 * The free man and the soldier 1916
 * The present conflict of ideals 1918
 * The Plattsburg movement 1921
 * Annotated Bibliography of the Writings of William James 1920
 * Edwin Bissell Holt, Walter Taylor Marvin, William Pepperell Montague, Ralph Barton Perry, Walter B. Pitkin, Edward Gleason Spaulding The New Realism (1912)

title: Author:Ralph Barton Perry


text:
Author talk:Ralph Barton Perry

image
Passport image available though of poor quality in the available media — billinghurst  sDrewth  13:00, 12 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Passport Applications, January 2, 1906 - March 31, 1925 (M1490) > 1921 > Roll 1609 - Certificates: 34876-35249, 13 May 1921-14 May 1921 > 349

title: Author talk:Ralph Barton Perry


text:
Page:Alumni Oxoniensis (1715-1886) volume 3.djvu/323

 Pennefather, Edward Graham, o.s. William, of Kiltennel. co. Wexford, cler. , matric. 2 June, 1868, aged 18.  Pennefather, John, 2s. Richard, of Dublin (city), arm. (after baron of the Exchequer). , matric. 25 May, 1833, aged 18; B.A. 1837, a student of the Inner Temple 1835, bar.-at-law, King's Inns, Q.C. and a bencher, died 8 April, 1855, father of Somerset Edward. See Foster's Our Noble and Gentle Families.  Pennefather, Joseph Lysaght, 4s. John, of Newport, co. Tipperary, (Ireland), cler. , matric. 18 Jan., 1819, aged 18; B.A. from 1823, M.A. 1825, bar.-at-law, Lincoln's Inn, 1825.  Pennefather, Richard, 1s. Richard, of St. Peter's, Dublin, arm. , matric. 24 June, 1824, aged 17; B.A. 1828, of Darling Hill, co. Tipperary, high sheriff, 1848, a student of Lincoln's Inn 1826, under secretary for Ireland, died in July, 1849. See Eton School Lists.  Pennefather, Somerset Edward, 2s. John, of St. Peter's, Dublin, arm. , matric. 25 Oct., 1871, aged 23; B.A. from, Dublin, 1876, M.A. 1876, vicar of Christ Church, Wakefield, 1874-5, of Kenilworth 1875-82, and of Jesmond, Newcastle-on-Tyne, 1882.  [5]

Pennefather, William (Henry), 2s. Edward, of St. Peter's, Dublin, arm. , matric. 22 March, 1828, aged 16; B.A. 1831, M.A. 1835, rector of Callan, co. Kilkenny, father of Edward G.  Pennell, Aubray Percival, 1s. Charles, of Minster, Kent, arm. , matric. 12 Oct., 1883, aged 18; scholar 1883-6, B.A. 1886, of the Indian Civil Service 1883, a student of the Middle Temple 1883.  Pennell, George Herbert, 1s. George Bryce, of Pentland Hill, near Melbourne, gent. , matric. 18 Oct., 1879, aged 19; scholar 1879-83, B.A. 1884.

Pennell, Henry Lee, o.s. Henry L., arm. , matric. 12 Oct., 1878, aged 18.

Pennell, Richard, s. Lovell, of Oporto, arm. , matric. 2 May, 1810, aged 33; B.A. 1814, M.A. 1819, chaplain to the British factory at Oporto 1813, died 21 Dec., 1857.
 [10]

Pennell, Richard Lewin, 1s. Richard Lewin, of Exeter, Devon, D.Med. , matric. 4 June, 1846, aged 18; B.A. 1850, M.A. 1853, missionary preacher Zanzibar, died there 27 June, 1872.

Pennell, Shelley Pilkington, s. Shelley, of Navenby, co. Lincoln, arm. , matric. 15 June, 1810, aged 16.

Penney, Johnston, 2s. David Johnston Eckford, of London, arm. , matric. 17 Oct., 1885, aged 19; of the Indian Civil Service 1885.

Penney, Rev. William Campbell, 1s. David Johnston Eckford, of Bombay, gent. , matric. 19 Oct., 1881, aged 20; scholar 1880-5, B.A. 1886.

Penney, William Henry, o.s. Charles James, of London, arm. , matric. 17 Oct., 1874, aged 33; B.A. from 1877, M.A. 1881, vicar of Northmoor, Oxon, 1879-80.
 [15]

Pennicott, William, s. William, of Westminster, gent. , matric. 2 July, 1742, aged 16; B.A. 1746, M.A. 1749, rector of Long Ditton, Surrey, 1758, until his death 17 Feb., 1811.

Pennington, Arthur Delgarno, 1s. Arthur Robert, of Louth, co. Lincoln, cler. , matric. 1 May, 1877, aged 20; B.A. 1885.

Pennington, Christopher, s. Christopher, of Bodmyn, Cornwall, gent. , matric. 8 March, 1742-3, aged 19; B.A. 1746. See Maclean's Trigg Minor, i. 302.

Pennington, Frederick, o.s. Frederick, of Alderley Edge, arm. , matric. 18 Jan., 1883, aged 19.

Pennington, George, s. William, of South Morton, Berks, cler. , matric. 17 Dec., 1776, aged 18 (? vicar of Bassingbourn, co. Cambridge, 1801, until his death 21 Dec., 1832).
 [20]

Pennington, James, s. Thomas, of Deal, Kent, doctor. , matric. 6 July, 1772, aged 14; B.A. 1776.

Pennington, John, s. John, of Truro, Cornwall, pleb,, matric. 21 March, 1745-6, aged 19; B.A. 1749.

Pennington, Lowther Augustus John, Baron Muncaster, born at Cuckfield, Sussex, 1s. Lowther, Baron M., matric. 17 Oct., 1821, aged 18; 3rd Baron Muncaster, and 7th baronet, died 30 April, 1838. See Foster's Peerage & Eton School Lists.

Pennington, Montagu, s. Thomas, of Mongeham, Kent, doctor. , matric. 23 Oct., 1777, aged 14; B.A. 1781, M.A. 1784, vicar of Northbourne and Shoulden, Kent, 1806, perp. curate St. George's Chapel, Deal, 1814, until his death 15 April, 1849.

Pennington, Thomas, s. Daniel, of Canterbury, pleb. , matric. 16 July, 1747, aged 19; B.A. from 1751, M.A. 1754, B. & D.D. 1770, one of the six preachers Canterbury Cathedral, rector of Kingsdown, Kent, 1754, and of Tunstall 1766, until his death at Deal 26 Nov., 1802, father of James 1772.
 [25]

Pennington, William, s. Joseph, of Lowther, Westmoreland, arm. (after baronet). , matric. 19 Aug., 1726, aged 18; chief porter of the Tower 1727, died 8 April, 1734. See Foster's Peerage,.

Pennington, William, s. William, of Yattenden, Berks, cler. , matric. 1 April, 1732, aged 17; chorister 1727-33, clerk 1733-9, B.A. 1735, M.A. 1738, probably father of William 1764, and of George 1776. See Bloxam, i. 156.

Pennington, William, s. William, of Bodmyn, Cornwall, cler. , matric. 22 March, 1744-5, aged 17; B.A. 1748, M.A. 1751.

Pennington, William, s. —— P., of Wokingham, Berks, cler. , matric. 14 April, 1764, aged 14; demy 1768-76, B.A. 1771, M.A. 1774. See Bloxam, vi. 350.

Penny, Rev. Benjamin, s. James, of Liverpool, Lancashire, gent. , matric. 23 May, 1798, aged 22; B.C.L. & D.C.L. 1834, died at Chester 28 Nov., 1857.
 [30]

Penny, Charles, s. Thomas, of Kennington, Somerset, gent. , matric. 3 Dec., 1824, aged 18.

Penny, Charles, 3s. Elias, of Sherborne, Dorset, gent. , matric. 2 Feb., 1827, aged 17; B.A. 1831, M.A. 1833, B. & D.D. 1850, head-master Crewkerne Grammar School 1838, and rector of Chaffcombe, Somerset, 1848, until his death 15 Dec., 1875.

Penny, Charles, 2s. Henry, of Yeovil, Somerset, gent. , matric. 14 Oct., 1835, aged 19; B.A. 1840, M.A. 1842, rector of West Coker, Somerset, 1846-80, died in 1884.

Penny, Charles Joseph, 1s. Joseph, of Bath (city), gent. , matric. 19 March, 1833, aged 19; B.A. 1840, M.A. 1841.

Penny, Rev. Charles William, 2s. Charles, of West Ilsley, Berks,, matric. 22 May, 1856, aged 18; exhibitioner 1857-60, B.A. 1861, M.A. 1863, senior tutor and assistant-master Wellington College 1861.
 [35]

Penny, Edmund Henry, s. James, of Chelford, Cheshire, cler. , matric. 14. Dec., 1814, aged 17; scholar 1815-8, B.A. 1818, M.A. 1821, assistant-master and librarian of the Charterhouse, rector of Great Stambridge, Essex, 1839, until his death 28 May, 1879.
 [ 1094 ]


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 Papillon, William, s. David, of Lee, Kent, arm. , matric. 26 Oct., 1779, aged 18; B.A. 1783, M.A. 1786, vicar of Wymondham, Norfolk, 1788, until his death 26 Sep., 1836.  Papineau, Rossall William, 1s. William, of Bromley St. Leonard's, Middlesex, gent. , matric. 18 Oct., 1861, aged 19.  Paradise, John,, created M.A. 14 April, 1769, and also D.C.L. 3 July, 1776 (Acts Book), a celebrated linguist, born at Salonichi, educated at Padua, died in London 12 Dec., 1795.  Paramore, David Robert, 1s. David Ramsey, of Muddy Plains, Launceston, Tasmania, gent. , matric. 28 June, 1858, aged 18; scholar & fellow 1858-60, B.A. 1864, M.A. 1866, rector of Codford St. Mary, Wilts, 1868, until his death 14 May, 1873. See Robinson, 301.  Paravicini, Francis de, 2s. Joseph, of Plumpton, Middlesex, arm. , matric. 9 June, 1836, aged 20; B.A. 1840 (a baron), vicar of South Searle, Notts, 1846-57, rector of Avening, co. Gloucester, 1857.  [5] Paravicini, Francis de, 1s. Francis, of Wymondham, co. Leicester, cler. , matric. 18 Oct., 1863, aged 19, scholar 1861-6; a senior student 1866-71, B.A. 1867, M.A. 1869; fellow  1878, classical lecturer 1872-8, and tutor since 1873, junior bursar 1875-9.  Parcq, John du, s. Amice, of Isle of Jersey, pleb. , matric. 10 Oct., 1752, aged 17; B.A. from 1756.  Pardew, John, 3s. Samuel, of Plymouth, Devon, gent. , matric. 19 Oct., 1874, aged 18.

Pardo, John, s. Paul, of Kidwelly, co. Carmarthen, gent. , matric. 9 Dec., 1746, aged 17; B.A. 1750, M.A. 1753.

Pardoe, Geffrey, s. Geffrey, of Ombersley, co. Worcester, pleb. , matric. 15 Dec., 1738, aged 19.
 [10]
Pardoe, George, s. George, of Tenbury, co. Worcester, gent. , matric. 4 Nov., 1773, aged 18; of Clceton and Nash Court, Salop, died in 1798.

Pardoe, George, 2s. P., gent. , matric. 14 Dec., 1841; B.A. 1845, M.A. 1848, vicar of Alkham, Kent, 1864, until his death 1 Sep., 1881.

Pardoe, George (Dansey), s. George, of Nash (par. Burford), Salop, gent. , matric. 15 Dec., 1804, aged 18; B.A. 1808, of Nash Court, rector of Hopton Castle, co. Hereford, 1812, until his death 28 May, 1856.

Pardoe, George Owen, is. Frederick, of Bishops Castle, Salop, arm. , matric. 17 Oct., 1868, aged 19; B.A. 1872, vicar of Hyssington, co. Montgomery, 1874-85, and of Hinton Admiral 1885.

Pardoe, Thomas, s. Thomas, of Cleeton, Salop, gent. , matric. 14 Jan., 1724-5, aged 18; B.A. 1728.
 [15]
Pare, Edward Thomas, s. Edward, of Isle of Barbados, arm. , matric. 30 March, 1763. aged 19.

Pare, Frederick Harry, s. John, of Exeter, Devon, arm. , matric. 16 Oct., 1817, aged 19; B.A. 1821, M.A. 1825, vicar of Cranborne, Dorset, 1830, died 15 May, 1877.

Pares, John Tylston, s. John, of Leicester (town), arm. , matric. 4 Feb., 1817, aged 19; died Nov., 1831.

Parfect, John, s. Caleb, of Stroud, Kent, cler. , matric. 8 April. 174a, aged 17; B.A. 1745, M.A. 1748, B.D. 1764. See also

Parfitt, Peter Lewis, s. Edward, of Wells, Somerset, gent. , matric. 12 Dec., 1795, aged 17; B.A. 1799, M.A. 1802, rector of Allerton, Somerset, 1814, and minor canon of Wells, until his death 17 Dec., 1857.
 [20]
Parfitt, Thomas, s. Edward, of Wells (city), gent. , matric. 16 Dec., 1794, aged 18; B.A. 1798, M.A. 1801, B & D.D. 1833. perp. curate Glastonbury with chapelry of Pennard 1812, until his death 13 Jan., 1865.

Pargeter, Rev. Robert, s. Robert, of Bloxham, Oxon, cler. , matric. 13 June, 1745, aged 18; B.A. from 1750, rector of Stapleford, Herts, 1756, father of  and.

Pargeter, Robert, s., of Buckingham (town), cler. , matric. 8 April, 1775, aged 16; demy 1777-1803, B.A. 1778, M.A. 1781, died in London, 20 Feb., 1803. See Bloxam, vii. 54.

Pargeter, Rev. William, s., of Buckingham (town), cler. , matric. 15 Jan., 1777, aged 17; B.A. 1871, physician in the fleet at the battle of the Nile, died at Bloxham 17 April, 1810. See Gent.'s Mag., i. 496.

Pargiter, Alfred Arthur, 7s. Robert, of Taunton, Somerset, cler. , matric. 20 Oct., 1886, aged 19; scholar 1886.
 [25]
Pargiter, Frederick Eden, born at Jaffna, Ceylon, 1s. Robert, cler. , matric. 25 April, 1870, aged 18; exhibitioner 1870-5, B.A. 1873, of the Indian Civil Service 1873, assistant collector and magistrate Bengal 1875. See ''Coll. Reg.'', 165.

Pargiter, George Edgar Augustus, born at Jaffna, Ceylon, 4s. Robert, cler. , matric. 24 Jan., 1876, aged 19; B.A. 1879. M.A. 1882, principal St. John's College, Agra, 1883.

Parham, Francis, 3s. William, of Sutton Veney, Wilts, gent. , matric. 19 Oct., 1853, aged 18; servitor 1853-7, B.A. 1857, M.A. 1860, curate of Broadwindsor 1869-83, vicar of Chardstock 1883.

Paris, John Ayrton, s. Thomas, of Cambridge: matric. from, Cambridge, 17 Dec., 1803, student 1804, B.Med. 1808, D.Med. 1813, F.R.S.; created D.C.L. 12 June, 1850, president of the College of Physicians 1844 until his death 24 Dec., 1856. See Munk's Roll, iii. 120.

Paris, John Hen., 2s. Archibald, of Enfield, Middlesex, arm. , matric. 26 May, 1819, aged 18.
 [30]
Paris, Joseph, s. Joseph, of Clapham, Surrey, gent. , matric. 30 March, 1736, aged 17.

Parish, Charles, s. Samuel, of Epsom, Surrey, pleb. , matric. 16 Feb., 1815, aged 15; died at Epsom, 15 Dec., 1820.

Parish, Charles Samuel Pollock, 1s. Henry, of Dumdum, near Calcutta, cler.,, matric. 12 Dec., 1837, aged 15; B.A. 1841, chaplain at Moulmein 1852-76.

Parish, Henry, s. Samuel, of Epsom, Surrey, pleb. , matric. 12 July, 1808, aged 17; B.A. 1813, M.A. 1815, D.C.L. 1820, chaplain, died minister of Montpellier Chapel, Twickenham, 29 April, 1873.

Parish, Henry, 1s. Henry Headley, of Brasted, Kent, arm. , matric. 8 June, 1854, aged 19. See Eton School Lists.
 [35]
Parish, Samuel, s. William, of Warley Wiggan (par. Halesowen), co. Worcester, pleb. , matric. 16 July, 1783, aged 23.

Parish, William, s. Samuel, of Epsom, Surrey, pleb. , matric. 22 March, 1809, aged 20; B.A. 1819, chaplain, died 25 Jan., 1863, at Ealing.
 [ 1064 ]


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 The imports for the year 1896 (with a recovery from previous decline) exceeded £5,433,000 in value, of which goods worth nearly 2½ millions came from the United Kingdom, chiefly in apparel and haberdashery; cottons and woollens; and wrought and unwrought iron. The other imports of the colony were beer, ale, wine, spirits, and tobacco; tea, flour, paper, stationery (including books); rice, oilmen's stores, and boots and shoes. The total tonnage entering and cleared from the ports (exclusive of the very large coasting trade with neighbouring Australian colonies) was 1,094,000 in 1896, nearly all being British vessels. Returning for a moment to the mineral resources of Queensland, we find that, with coal-fields to have an area of 24,000 square miles, the output in 1896, chiefly from mines at Ipswich, near Brisbane; at Burrum, near Maryborough; and at Cooktown, amounted to 371,000 tons, valued at £155,000; and that, up to the end of 1896, the gold-fields had yielded metal to the total amount of 11,198,190 ounces, worth over 39 millions sterling.

BRISBANE, youngest of Australian capital cities, and by far the largest town and port of Queensland, stretches for a considerable distance on both banks of the Brisbane River, picturesquely placed on a series of hills sloping up from the stream at a point, about 24 miles from the river-mouth in Moreton Bay, where the river winds in a double curve. The Brisbane is there about a quarter of a mile in width, and, having the entrance to the port well lighted and buoyed, admits at all times, to the extensive wharves on each side, below bridge, vessels drawing over 2 1 feet. The city lies by railway about 500 miles north of Sydney, and 60 miles north of the southern boundary of the colony, and, within a circle of 5 miles radius, embracing the two municipalities of Brisbane and South Brisbane, has a population now nearly approaching 100,000. Well supplied with water from the neighbouring hills, efficiently drained, gas-lit and well paved, Brisbane contains a good number of fine buildings, public and private, including two cathedrals, over forty churches, a Parliament House erected at a cost of ,100,000, the splendid National Bank, a School of Arts, Museum, and Town Hall. Among the chief structures is the Queensland Club, the most pleasing in Australia for exterior and position. One facade commands a view over the Botanical Gardens,, which front the river, and have a glorious display of semi-tropical vegetation, being


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 further adorned by a lagoon and ponds fringed with water-lilies, and by winding paths, grassy lawns and knolls, beds of lovely orchids, and radiant parterres of many-hued flowers and variegated foliage-plants cunningly inlaid. The Parliament House is a hand- some freestone edifice, with a central dome, and wings surmounted by high mansard roofs. There are four public parks, and the gardens of the Acclimatization Society are as beautiful to behold as they have proved useful to the colony in introducing and plants and trees from every part of the tropical and  regions of the world. Tram-cars, omnibuses, wagonettes, and suburban railway-lines supply ample accommodation for traffic between the business quarters and the fringe of suburban residences built on charming and healthful sites among the ridgy inequalities of the ground.

Ipswich, 25 miles by railway from the capital, lies on the Bremer River, an affluent of the Brisbane, and has good structures in St. Paul's Anglican Church, the Grammar School, and a fine iron bridge spanning the stream. The population is about 8000, many of whose toilers find employment in the workshops, covering 22 acres, of the Southern and Western line. Thence the railway runs westward through rich forest flats to the foot of the coast range. The mountains are ascended, not by the "zigzag" method described in connection with the Blue Mountains of New South Wales, but by the " contouring " plan, whereby the railway follows the outline of the hills in a constant ascending grade along their face. Tunnels here and there pierce projecting spurs, and iron bridges, light but strong, leap across ravines and gullies often of great depth, where the traveller looks down from the carriage window into a ferny tangle, on to the tops of trees springing from ground hundreds of feet below. After an up-grade of about miles, the line, having overcome the mountain barrier, gently descends towards the great plateau of the Darling Downs and reaches Toowoomda, the capital of the District. This town, with a population of over 7000, lies nearly 2000 feet above sea-level, at the head of Cowrie Creek, a tributary of the Condamine. The broad gas-lit streets have no architectural merit; the industry of the place comprises soap-making, brewing, tanning, saw-mills, flour- mills, foundries, and a manufacture of tobacco. Here the line, one part proceeding westwards towards the vast region of


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 the Maranoa and Warrego Districts, the other turning south to join the railways of New South Wales. On this southern arm stands the pretty little stone and brick built town of Warwick, in a bracing air 1500 feet above sea-level, with a population of 4000. The place is the centre of an agricultural and pastoral district of rich black soil. The Condamine flows past to join the Darling far away.

The Mary River, falling into Wide Bay, has on its banks, about 25 miles from the sea, thriving Maryborough, with a population of about 9000. Vessels drawing 17½ feet can reach the wharves of this District-capital, which is the terminus of several short railways, and the port for the Gympie gold and Burrum coal. Two large engineering factories, saw-mills, sugar-mills, and important dugong and oyster fisheries give work and wealth to the people. The river, sharply curving at this point, is crossed by a bridge one-third of a mile in length. Gympie, with a population of 9000, lies also on the Mary River, many miles above Maryborough, in a mineral district which, besides a large production of gold from mines over 1000 feet in depth, has silver, copper, cinnabar, antimony, bismuth, and nickel. There are good public buildings, gas, and water-supply. , the second town of the colony for size and importance, with 12,000 people, lies 420 miles north-west of Brisbane, on the Fitzroy River, about 40 miles from its mouth. It is the chief town and port of central Queensland, and, as the terminus of a main line of railway (the Central), extending about 400 miles inland, it serves as an entrepôt for a vast interior region. The Mount Morgan gold-mine is about 30 miles distant, and the surrounding country is rich in copper and silver, with a large trade in wool, tallow, maize, and preserved meats. The town is well laid out, with gas-lit streets, good water-supply, excellent buildings, and fine botanical gardens, on both banks of the river, connected by a good iron suspension- bridge nearly 1200 feet in length. Many of the wide streets are planted with trees; a fine esplanade fronts the stream on the south bank. Shut out from the coast by a lofty range of hills that inter- cept the sea-breeze, and shut in by lesser elevations at the back, Rockhampton, in summer, suffers much from heat, which prosperous citizens escape by resorting to beautiful spots on the coast north of Keppel Bay. Another important town in this Port Curtis District is Gladstone, 90 miles south-west of Rockhampton. The place lies on the coast, with a fine harbour, reputed the best in Queensland,


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 sheltered by two islands from the winds and waves. With a popu- lation of about 4000 in the town and neighbourhood, the place largely exports cattle to New Caledonia, the French colonial island lying midway between Queensland and the Fiji Isles. Mackay, a town on the south bank of the Pioneer river, 625 miles north- west of Brisbane, has 4000 people, with over 10,000 in the suburban district, and is the centre of Queensland's chief sugar region. The buildings are good, and the port, an outlet for copper- mines and a gold-field, is being improved by engineering. Towns- mile, on Cleveland Bay, with a population of 9000, is the third port of the colony, and the most important and progressive place in northern Queensland, lying 870 miles north-west of the capital. 'It is the commercial centre of a vast area of pastoral and sugar country, also containing gold-fields at Charters Towers and elsewhere. The only natural port is an open roadstead, but an eastern breakwater, 4000 feet long, has been completed, and a western breakwater will aid in creating an artificial harbour along with dredging of the shallow bay. The gas-lit town has a good supply of water from wells, and a factory for making ice, a luxury in a place rendered very hot by reflection of the rays of a tropical sun from the adjacent Castle Hill and Tower Hill. Townsville is the see of an Anglican bishop, and has political importance as the head-quarters of the North Queensland Separation League, an influential body which commands the services of vigorous writers demanding, for the northern part of the colony, the independent political existence obtained by Queensland in regard to New South Wales. The Colonial Office in London has declined to ask the Imperial Parlia- ment for an Act of separation until the Queensland Legislature approves the claim of the League. Communication between different parts of the colony is largely effected by sea, owing to the number of excellent harbours, regu- larly visited by the large and well-appointed steamers of several lines. All the chief towns, on the coast and inland, are connected by good roads. The chief railway-lines, southern, central, and northern, have been already indicated. There are really eleven distinct systems, with no common centre, but all have a uniform gauge of 3^ feet, and are in the hands of the Government. In 1897, 2 43 miles were open, constructed at the cost of over 17 millions sterling, and having annual receipts of £1,136,861 against


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 The chief event in the recent history of Queensland was the disaster due to floods in the south-eastern part of the colony, which occurred in the early days of February, 1893. Nothing in the history of Australia ever equalled, in this kind, the mischief wrought in the valleys of the Brisbane and Bremer rivers through a downpour of which dwellers in the British Isles can form slight conception. For seven days and nights, without intermission, the rain came down in sheets that quickly filled every gully, whence torrents rushed to swell the water-courses and so send a deluge over the land. The towns of Gympie and Maryborough, 116 and 170 miles north of Brisbane, suffered severely. Ipswich, 23 miles west of the capital, was badly flooded. The country around Toowoomba, on the Darling Downs, about 80 miles further west than Ipswich, presented a scene of utter. The most severe loss was incurred at Brisbane, where the river rose nearly 10 feet higher than during the calamitous floods of January, 1890, and, covering the low-lying suburb of people, in the district called Fortitude Valley, to the depth of 50 feet, demolished several factories, and above 500 houses, which were there chiefly built of the native hard woods, with shingle roofs, the structures being raised on short trunks of timber, metal-capped, in order to preserve them from the ravages of "white ants". Around three, and sometimes four, sides of the house a verandah runs, wide enough to serve as a place for meals in the hot season. Such buildings could offer no resistance to so mighty a flood, and were forthwith swept away with serious loss of life. Some of the chief thoroughfares of the city proper, on higher ground, were flooded. Six miles above the capital, the railway-bridge spanning the Brisbane at Indooroopilly fell with a thunderous roar, and its piers and girders were swept away. The crowning mischief came when communication between North and South Brisbane was cut off by the demolition of the massive and magnificent Victoria Bridge, an iron swing structure on the lattice-girder principle, 1080 feet long, which took over nine years in building at a cost of a quarter of a million sterling. The scene at this point was one of terrible interest for many hours before the event. Above a hundred houses and great sheds, between the afternoon of Saturday, February 4th, and Sunday night, were borne down upon the bridge and crushed to pieces. In one case,


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 six men in a row, hanging on to a floating house, and uttering wild cries for help which it was impossible to afford, perished in the waters as the house was hurled against one of the piers. The Stanley Street swimming-baths dragged their four anchors, and drifted on to the bridge, to be instantly broken up. Live stock, farm produce, furniture, fencing, trees, pieces of land held together by reeds and scrub as floating islets, were carried down the swift stream and out to sea. Wreckage piled up against the of the bridge impeded the free flow of the water on the south side, and the rush in the deep channel on the north increased in speed. The crisis came at about four o'clock on the morning of Tuesday, February 7th, when there was a vast accumulation of iron and wood from houses, trees, and other objects. The of the bridge started from the centre and worked its way to the north bank. With seven separate crashes, girder after girder, lattice after lattice, canted up, turned a somersault, and was in the boiling flood, while the water dashed up to a height of 30 to 40 feet and descended in spray rendered snow-like by the rays of a brilliant moon. The wreckage was released and borne away seawards with terrific force, and in a few moments a clear stream appeared for half the distance across the river, and the southern half of the noble Victoria Bridge stood up sheer, ghastly, and gaunt in its survival where so much had been swept away. In September, a temporary wooden bridge was opened for traffic, and an entirely new structure, at an estimated cost, including approaches, of about £12,000, has now been completed.

Queensland, occupying the north-eastern portion of the continent, and including many adjacent islands in the Pacific Ocean and the Gulf of Carpentaria, and lying between the nth and 20th parallels of south latitude, and the 138th and 154th meridians of east longitude, has a maximum length of 1300 miles from north to south, and an extreme width of about 800 miles, with an area of nearly 670,000 square miles, making it about five and a half times as large as the United Kingdom. In its main features the surface of the country resembles that of New South Wales, and may be divided into the Coast District, the Table-land, and the Interior Plains. It is upon the first of these, lying between the sea on the east, and a backbone of mountains running parallel thereto at an average distance of 50 miles, that settlement has


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57] perceive that any exigency exists which can render it advisable to comply with the said requisition. But, as upon important questions of law, and upon solemn occasions, the Governor and Council have authority to require the opinion of the Justices of the Supreme Judicial Court, it is advisable to request the opinion of the Supreme Court upon the following questions, viz.:

"1st. Whether the commanders in chief of the militia of the several states have a right to determine, whether any of the exigencies contemplated by the constitution of the United States exist; so as to require them to place the militia, or any part of it, in the service of the United States, at the request of the President, to be commanded by him pursuant to acts of Congress?"

"2nd. Whether, when either of the exigencies exist, authorizing the employing the militia in the service of the United States, the militia thus employed, can be lawfully commanded by any officer, but of the militia, except by the President of the United States?"

I enclose a copy of the answer given by the judges to these questions. *** I am fully disposed to afford all the aid to the measures of the national government which the constitution requires of me, but, I presume it will not be expected, or desired, that I shall fail in the duty which I owe to the people of this state, who have confided their interests to my care.

[Senate Doc. 13 Cong. 3 sess. Report of Com. on Military Affairs, Feb. 28, 1815, 34–38.]

On the construction of the Federal and State constitutions must depend the answers to the several questions proposed. As the militia of the several states may be employed in the service of the United States, for the three specific purposes of executing the laws of the Union, of suppressing insurrections, and of repelling invasions, the opinion of the judges is requested, whether the Commanders-in-Chief of the militia of the several states have a right to determine whether any of the exigencies aforesaid exist, so as to require them to place the militia, or any part of it, in the


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14 service of the United States, at the request of the President, to be commanded by him pursuant to acts of Congress.

It is the opinion of the undersigned, that this right is vested in the Commanders-in-Chief of the militia of the several states.

The Federal Constitution provides, that whenever either of these exigencies exist, the militia may be employed, pursuant to some act of Congress, in the service of the United States; but no power is given, either to the President or to Congress, to determine that either of the said exigencies do in fact exist. As this power is not delegated to the United States by the Federal Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, it is reserved to the states, respectively; and from the nature of the power, it must be exercised by those with whom the states have respectively entrusted the chief command of the militia.

It is the duty of these commanders to execute this important trust, agreeably to the laws of their several states, respectively, without reference to the laws or officers of the United States, in all cases, except those specially provided in the Federal Constitution. They must, therefore, determine whether either of the special cases exist, obliging them to relinquish the execution of this trust, and to render themselves and the militia subject to the command of the President. A different construction, giving to Congress the right to determine when these special cases exist, authorizing them to call forth the whole of the militia, and taking them from the Commanders-in-Chief of the several states, and subjecting them to the command of the President, would place all the militia, in effect, at the will of Congress, and produce a military consolidation of the states, without any constitutional remedy against the intentions of the people, when ratifying the Constitution. Indeed, since passing the act of Congress of February 28, 1795, chapter 101, vesting in the President the power of calling forth the militia when the exigencies mentioned in the Constitution shall exist, if the President has the power of determining when those exigencies exist, the militia in the several states is, in effect, at his command, and subject to his control.

No inconvenience can reasonably be presumed to result from the construction which vests in the Commanders in Chief of the militia, in the several states, the right of determining when the exigencies exist, obliging them to place the militia in the service


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59] of the United States. These exigencies are of such a nature, that the existence of them can be easily ascertained by, or made known to, the Commanders in Chief of the militia; and when ascertained, the public interest will produce prompt obedience to the acts of Congress.

Another question proposed to the consideration of the judges, is, whether, when either of the exigencies exist, authorizing the employing of the militia in the service of the United States, the militia thus employed can be lawfully commanded by any officer not of the militia, except by the President of the United States?

[Senate Doc. 13 Cong. 3 sess. Report of Com. on Military Affairs, Feb. 28, 1815, 38–42.]
 * The officers of the militia are to be appointed by the states, and the President may exercise his command of the militia by officers of the militia, duly appointed; but we know of no constitutional provision authorizing any officer of the army of the United States to command the militia, or authorizing any officer of the militia to command the army of the United States. The Congress may provide laws for the government of the militia when in actual service; but to extend this power to placing them under the command of an officer not of the militia, except the President, would render nugatory the provision that the militia are to have officers appointed by the states. ***

Upon the receipt of General Dearborn's requisition, Governor Griswold convened the Council, June 29, 1812. This body advised him not to comply with the requisition on grounds similar to those afterwards taken by the authorities of Massachusetts. Upon the renewal of the requisition by the Federal authorities, Governor Griswold, on August 4, reconvened the Council, which body again recommended a non-compliance with the requisition, whereupon the Governor called the General Assembly in extra session on August 25, and in his message reviewed the situation. The General Assembly, on the same day, adopted a Report and Resolutions, extracts from which follow, and also a Declaration containing a justification of their action. In 1814 a similar controversy to that with Massachusetts arose between the State authorities and


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16 the Federal administration over the commanding officer of the State militia, when called into the Federal service.

References: Text, Report of Committee, August 25, 1812, on that part of the Governor's Speech which relates to his correspondence with the Secretary of War. (New Haven, 1812, 8o, 14 pages.) Also given in Niles, III, 22–25. Message of Governor Griswold, Special Session, with documents accompanying the same. (New Haven, 1812, 8o, 22 pages); also given in Niles, III, 4, 5. The text of these and earlier messages of the Governor and action of Council are given in Dwight, Hartford Convention, 243–248, 259–267; Proclamation of August 6, 1812, announcing proceedings of Council is in Niles, II, 389. Report of committee of LegislatareLegislature [sic] on the conflict over the command of the militia, Oct., 1814, Niles, VII, sup., 106, 107. For Correspondence of the Governor and the Federal authorities, see ''Amer. State Papers, Military Affairs, I, 325, 326, 608, 614–621; Annals, 12 Cong., 2 Sess., Appx., 1304–1310; Report of Com. on Military Affairs, Feb''. 28, 1815, State Papers, 13 Cong., 3 sess., 18–22, 55–80. For general references, see ante p. 56.

The committee consider it as of the highest importance, that no ground should be taken, on this subject, but that which is strictly constitutional, and that, being taken, it should be maintained at every hazard.

It is very apparent that the claim set up by the administration of the government of the United States, is, that when a war has been declared to exist, between this and any foreign country, the militia of the several states are liable to be demanded, by the administration of the government of the United States, to enter their forts, and there remain, upon the presumption, that the enemy may invade the place or places, which they are ordered to garrison and defend. And that for this purpose, they may be ordered to any part of the United States.

If then the militia can be constitutionally required to man the garrison of the United States, they may continue to be so required, as long as the danger continues to exist; and to become, for all the purposes of carrying on the war, within the United States, standing troops of the United States. And a declaration of war made by the administration of the government of the United States, and announced to the governors of the states, will substantially convert the militia of the states into such troops. Before it is agreed that the states have ceded such a power to the


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61] United States the question ought to be examined with much attention.

On the fullest deliberation, your committee are not able to discover that the constitution of the United States justifies this claim.

The people of this state were among the first to adopt that constitution. They have been among the most prompt to satisfy all its lawful demands, and to give facility to its fair operations—they have enjoyed the benefits resulting from the union of the states; they have loved, and still love, and cherish that union, and will deeply regret, if any events shall occur to alienate their affection from it. They have a deep interest in its preservation, and are still disposed to yield a willing and prompt obedience to all the legitimate requirements of the constitution of the United States.

But it must not be forgotten, that the state of Connecticut is a and  state; that the United States are a confederacy of states; that we are a confederated and not a consolidated republic. The governor of this state is under a high and solemn obligation, "to maintain the lawful rights and privileges thereof, as a sovereign, free and independent state" as he is "to support the constitution of the United States," and the obligation to support the latter, imposes an additional obligation to support the former. The building cannot stand, if the pillars upon which it rests, are impaired or destroyed. The same constitution, which delegates powers to the general government, inhibits the exercise of powers, not delegated, and reserves those powers to the states respectively. The power to use the militia "to execute the laws, suppress insurrection and repel invasions," is granted to the general government. All other power over them is reserved to the states. And to add to their security, on the all important subject of their militia, the power of appointing their officers is expressly reserved. If then the administration of the general government demand the militia, when neither of the exigencies provided for by the constitution have occurred, or to be used for purposes not contemplated by that instrument, it would be not only the heighthheight [sic] of injustice to the militia, to be ordered into the service of the United States, to do such duty, but a violation of the constitution and laws of this state, and of the United States. Once employed in the service of the United States, the militia would become subject to the articles of war,


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 should say so. This is the key to the whole question at issue, and it will put a different complexion on the campaign.

The remainder of Judge Douglas's speech was particularly severe, as well as logical and powerful. I will attempt no further description of it, as you can read it almost as soon as this.

When Lincoln commenced his reply, he was evidently laboring under great embarrassment. When he had spoken only twenty minutes, he turned round and asked the moderator how near his time was up! Poor fellow! he was writhing in the powerful grasp of an intellectual giant. His speech amounted to nothing. It was made up with such expressions as "I think it is so," "I may be mistaken," "I guess it was done," &c., &c. There were no straightforward assertions and logical conclusions, such as fall from the lips of Douglas. He spent over half an hour reading from some old speech that he had previously made on Abolitionism. As he continued reading, there were numerous voices exclaiming: "What book is that you are reading from?" This tended to increase his confusion, and after blundering and whining along, and endeavoring to tell anecdotes and nursery tales, he sat down at the end of one hour and fifteen minutes, a quarter of an hour before the expiration of his time, without alluding to one of the questions put to him by Judge Douglas. He dodged them all, not daring to give an answer. But they will be put to him again, and there is no alternative now but to "face the music."

When Judge Douglas rose to reply, his countenance brightened up with that peculiar intellectual and demolishing look that he is so famous for when he is about to make a great point. He electrified the crowd at once. Could you have seen those looks, and heard those burning words of sarcasm, as he commenced to rend his antagonist to atoms, you would have been obliged to admit that it was the culminating period of his life. He poured forth a torrent of logic and sarcasm blended in one strain, that was astonishing. Turning around and facing Lincoln, who was beginning to get very blue about his chops, he impaled him at once—then clutching him in his intellectual grasp, he held him up before the crowd as it were, in imagination, till you could see him like a captivated spider. He reiterated his questions and informed him that there must be no more dodging, and that he was "determined to screw an answer out of him." He reviewed Lincoln's political career, and showed how he had distinguished himself when in Congress by taking sides with the enemy, and how he voted

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 against his country and her soldiers. The excoriation that he gave him was terrible.

When he concluded his thirty-minute broadside, he left the stand immediately, for the cars were waiting. The crowd made one rush after him, and there arose a shout that reverberated for miles across the prairies. In front was the "Little Giant," swinging his hat from right to left, with thousands rushing after him. Such unbounded and electrical enthusiasm I never saw before.

Fifteen minutes afterwards a crowd of about 150 proceeded up the street, four of whom had shouldered Mr. Lincoln, and were carrying him to his hotel. A sardonic grin was on his countenance. It was decidedly the most laughable, as well as the most ridiculous, spectacle that I have beheld for many a day. It excited much merriment on all sides.

Lincoln is the worst-used-up man in the United States, and he is driven almost to desperation. You will find that before he passes through this discussion, there will scarcely be anything left of him. He now exhibits the appearance of great mental and bodily suffering. He has six appointments to meet Judge Douglas yet. I don't believe he will fill them all. The next one is at Freeport, on the 27th inst.

The campaign in Illinois surpasses all others that have ever taken place. The contest in Pennsylvania, in 1856, falls far behind it. . ..

[Evening Post, New York, Aug. 27, 1858]

SENATORIAL CANVASS IN ILLINOIS

Lincoln and Douglas at Ottawa

[From our Special Correspondent]

, August 23, 1858

Saturday, the 21st, was the day of the first discussion between Lincoln and Douglas. It was held at Ottawa, a city of about 9,000 inhabitants, on the line of the Chicago and Rock Island Railroad and the Illinois canal, and at the junction of the Fox and Illinois rivers. I arrived late the night before at Ottawa, and was accommodated with a sofa at the hotel. The city was already even full. Saturday was a pleasant, but warm day, and Ottawa was deluged in dust. By wagon, by rail, by canal, the people poured in, till Ottawa was one mass of

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 active life. Men, women, and children, old and young, the dwellers on the broad prairies, had turned their backs upon the plough, and had come to listen to these champions of the two parties. Military companies were out; martial music sounded, and salutes of artillery thundered in the air. Eager marshals in partisan sashes rode furiously about the streets. Peddlers were crying their wares at the corners, and excited groups of politicians were canvassing and quarreling everywhere. And still they came, the crowd swelling constantly in its proportions and growing more eager and more hungry, perhaps more thirsty, though every precaution was taken against this latter evil. About noon the rival processions were formed, and paraded the streets amid the cheers of the people. Mr. Lincoln was met at the depot by an immense crowd, who escorted him to the residence of the Mayor, with banners flying and mottoes waving their unfaltering attachment to him and to his cause. The Douglas turnout, though plentifully interspersed with the Hibernian element, was less noisy, and thus matters were arranged for the after-dinner demonstration in the Court House square, where the stand was erected, and where, under the blazing sun, unprotected by shade trees, and unprovided with seats, the audience was expected to congregate and listen to the champions.

Two men presenting wider contrasts could hardly be found as the representatives of the two great parties. Everybody knows Douglas, a short, thick-set, burly man, with large round head, heavy hair, dark complexion, and fierce bull-dog bark. Strong in his own real power, and skilled by a thousand conflicts in all the strategy of a hand-to-hand or a general fight. Of towering ambition, restless in his determined desire for notoriety; proud, defiant, arrogant, audacious, unscrupulous, "Little Dug," ascended the platform and looked out impudently and carelessly on the immense throng which surged and struggled before him. A native of Vermont, reared on a soil where no slave ever stood, trained to hard manual labor and schooled in early hardships, he came to Illinois a teacher, and from one post to another had risen to his present eminence. Forgetful of the ancestral hatred of slavery to which he was the heir, he had come to be a holder of slaves and to owe much of his fame to his continued subservience to southern influence.

The other—Lincoln—is a native of Kentucky, and of poor white parentage; and from his cradle has felt the blighting influence of the dark and cruel shadow which rendered labor dishonorable, and kept

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 the poor in poverty, while it advanced the rich in their possessions. Reared in poverty and the humblest aspirations, he left his native state, crossed the line into Illinois, and began his career of honorable toil. At first a laborer, splitting rails for a living—deficient in education, and applying himself even to the rudiments of knowledge—he, too, felt the expanding power of his American manhood, and began to achieve the greatness to which he has succeeded. With great difficulty struggling through the tedious formularies of legal lore, he was admitted to the bar, and rapidly made his way to the front ranks of his profession. Honored by the people with office, he is still the same honest and reliable man. He volunteers in the Black Hawk war, and does the state good service in its sorest need. In every relation of life, socially and to the State, Mr. Lincoln has been always the pure and honest man. In physique he is the opposite to Douglas. Built on the Kentucky type, he is very tall, slender and angular, awkward even, in gait and attitude. His face is sharp, large-featured and unprepossessing. His eyes are deep set, under heavy brows; his forehead is high and retreating, and his hair is dark and heavy. In repose, I must confess that "Long Abe's" appearance is not comely. But stir him up, and the fire of his genius plays on every feature. His eye glows and sparkles, every lineament, now so ill formed, grows brilliant and expressive, and you have before you a man of rare power and of strong magnetic influence. He takes the people every time, and there is no getting away from his sturdy good sense, his unaffected sincerity, and the unceasing play of his good humor, which accompanies his close logic and smoothes the way to conviction. Listening to him on Saturday, calmly and unprejudiced, I was convinced that he has no superior as a stump speaker. He is clear, concise and logical; his language is eloquent and at perfect command. He is altogether a more fluent speaker than Douglas, and in all the arts of debate fully his equal. The Republicans of Illinois have chosen a champion worthy of their heartiest support, and fully equipped for the conflict. . . . . . Yours, &c.,

[Boston Daily Advertiser, August 28, 1858]

THE CAMPAIGN IN ILLINOIS

Messrs. Douglas and Lincoln the rival candidates for the U. S. Senate in Illinois, have arranged to hold seven public debates with

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The New International Encyclopædia/Siebengebirge

SIEBENGEBIRGE,. A group of seven conical heights in the Rhine Province, Prussia, on the right bank of the Rhine, 22 miles above Cologne (Map:, B 3). The chief peaks are the Oelberg (1522 feet), the Löwenburg, and the (q.v.). The scenery is strikingly picturesque, and the region is intimately connected with the history and legend of the surrounding country.


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