text:
Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 03.djvu/111

 Banastre was his 'Miracle of St. Thomas,' written in 1467, and extant at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge (MS. Q. viii.); and he is also said to have written a drama, or more probably a sort of interlude, in 1482.

Banastre was a musician as well as an author, and in 1482 he appears as 'master of the song,' otherwise of the children of the chapel royal. On 22 Aug. 1486 Robert Colet was granted two corrodies, one within the monastery of St. Benet, the other within the monastery of St. Oswald of Bardney, co. Lincoln, 'upon the surrender of the same by Gilbert Banastre' (, Materials for the Hist. of the Reign of Henry VII, Rolls Ser. i. 547). On 1 Sept. 1487 Thomas Worley, 'one of the gentlemen of the king's chapel,' was granted 'the corrody or sustentation in the monastery of Bardney,' vacant by the death of Gilbert Banastre (ib. ii. 189). He was succeeded as master of the children of the chapel royal by William Newark. Banastre left behind him several musical compositions in a somewhat stiff and unpretending counterpoint. Some three-voiced pieces are in Pepys' MS. 1236 at Magdalene College, Cambridge; there are others in a manuscript at Eton College, and one song for three voices is in the 'Fayrfax Boke' now in the British Museum (Addit. MS. 5465, f. 90 b). Leland (Collectanea, ed. 1770, ii. 520) mentions a William Banastre who was author of 'Prophetiæ quædam,' and Tanner says 'one or other' of three was extant among the manuscripts of one Henry Worsley, while [q. v.] cites some 'Vaticinalia Carmina' by this William as belonging to one H. Mason. Tanner suggests that this William may have been the Gilbert Banastre who, he says, was prebendary and canon of Wells in 1368 (Bibliotheca Brit. Hibern. p. 72).

BANBURY, first. [See .]

BANCHINUS. [See .]

BANCK, JOHN (1694?–1739), portrait painter. [See .]

BANCK, PETER (1649–1697), line engraver. [See .]

BANCKS, JOHN (1709–1751), miscellaneous writer. [See .]

BANCROFT, EDWARD, M.D., F.R.S. (1744–1821), politician, naturalist, and chemist, was born at Westfield, Massachusetts, on 9 Jan. 1744. He received only a rudimentary education, and after a few years' apprenticeship to some trade, he ran away to sea. In 1763 he settled in Guiana, where he commenced to practise medicine. He then removed to England, where in 1769 he published 'An Essay on the Natural History of [Dutch] Guiana … with an account of the Religion, Manners, and Customs of several Tribes of its Indian Inhabitants' (London, 8vo). Bancroft had by this time become a freethinker, and in 1770 he published a novel, 'Charles Wentworth,' of which the motive is said to have been as attack on the Christian religion (there is no copy in the British Museum Library).

Meanwhile, in 1769, Bancroft published, in answer to (1732-1810) [q. v.] and George Grenville, his 'Remarks on the Review of the Controversy between Great Britain and her Colonies' (London, 8vo). Possibly it was this work that brought him the acquaintance of Benjamin Franklin and Joseph Priestley, who secured him employment on the 'Monthly Review.' He was elected fellow of the Royal Society on 20 May 1778, being then described as M.B.; he afterwards became M.D., though of what university is not known (, Royal Soc. App. p. liv). When the breach with the American colonies became complete, Bancroft seems to have acted as a spy in London for Franklin, who removed to Passy. In 1777 he was suspected of complicity in the attempt to burn Portsmouth dockyard, but he escaped to France (cf., Memoirs, 1861, i. 315). There he proceeded to turn king's evidence, and forwarded to the British government information communicated to him by Silas Deane, one of the American commissioners in Europe.

After the close of the war Bancroft became principally concerned in dyeing and calico printing, in which he made important discoveries. In 1786 an act of parliament secured him special rights of importing and using a certain kind of oak bark in calico-printing, but in 1799 a bill which had passed the House of Commons, for extending his rights for seven years, failed to pass the Lords, in consequence of the opposition of many northern calico-printers. Bancroft was bitterly disappointed, as he considered be had exercised his rights liberally; and in less than twelve months the bark in question rose to three times the price at which Bancroft had invariably supplied it, and at which,


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Boate, Gerard

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vol 8:1

 * Demijohn
 * Demise
 * Demiurge
 * Demmin
 * Demochares
 * Democracy
 * Democratic Party
 * Democritus
 * Demogeot, Jacques Claude
 * Demography
 * Demoivre, Abraham
 * Demonetization
 * Demonology
 * De Morgan, Augustus
 * Demosthenes
 * Demotic
 * Demotica
 * Dempster, Thomas
 * Demurrage
 * Demurrer
 * Denain
 * Denbigh, William Feilding, 1st Earl of
 * Denbigh
 * Denbighshire
 * Dendera
 * Dendrocometes
 * Dene-holes
 * Dengue
 * Denham, Dixon
 * Denham, Sir John
 * Dénia
 * Deniker, Joseph
 * Deniliquin
 * Denim
 * Denina, Carlo Giovanni Maria
 * Denis, Saint
 * Denis, Johann Nepomuk Cosmas Michael
 * Denison, George Anthony
 * Denison, George Taylor
 * Denison
 * Denizen
 * Denizli
 * Denman, Thomas
 * Denmark
 * Dennery, Adolphe
 * Dennewitz
 * Dennis, John
 * Denomination
 * Denon, Dominique Vivant, Baron de
 * Denotation
 * Dens, Peter
 * Density
 * Dentatus, Manius Curius
 * Dentil
 * Dentistry
 * Denton
 * Denver
 * Deodand
 * Deogarh
 * Déols
 * Department
 * De Pere
 * Depew, Chauncey Mitchell
 * Depilatory
 * Deportation
 * Deposit
 * Depot
 * Depretis, Agostino
 * Deptford
 * Deputy
 * De Quincey, Thomas
 * Dera Ghazi Khan
 * Dera Ismail Khan
 * Derbent
 * Derby, Earls of
 * ../Derby (Connecticut)/
 * Derby (England)
 * Derbyshire
 * Dereham
 * Derelict
 * Derenbourg, Joseph
 * Derg, Lough
 * Derham, William
 * D'Erlon, Jean Baptiste Drouet, Count
 * Dermot Mac Murrough
 * Derna
 * Déroulède, Paul
 * Derrick
 * Derring-do
 * De Ruyter, Michael Adrianzoon
 * Dervish
 * Derwent
 * Derwentwater, Earl of
 * Derwentwater
 * Des Adrets, François de Beaumont, Baron
 * Desaix de Veygoux, Louis Charles Antoine
 * Désaugiers, Marc Antoine Madeleine
 * Desault, Pierre Joseph
 * Des Barreaux, Jacques Vallée, Sieur
 * Desborough, John
 * }
 * Desault, Pierre Joseph
 * Des Barreaux, Jacques Vallée, Sieur
 * Desborough, John
 * }

title: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vol 8:1


text:
1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vol 8:2

 * Descartes, René
 * Deschamps, Émile
 * Deschamps, Eustache
 * Deschanel, Paul Eugène Louis
 * Des Cloizeaux, Alfred Louis Olivier Legrand
 * Descloizite
 * Descriptive Poetry
 * Desert
 * Desertion
 * Des Essarts, Emmanuel Adolphe
 * Desfontaines, René Louiche
 * Desforges, Pierre Jean Baptiste Choudard
 * Desgarcins, Magdeleine Marie
 * Deshayes, Gérard Paul
 * Deshoulières, Antoinette du Ligier de la Garde
 * Desiccation
 * Desiderio da Settignano
 * Desiderius
 * Design
 * Desire
 * Desk
 * Deslongchamps, Jacques Amand Eudes-
 * Desmaiseaux, Pierre
 * Desmarest, Nicolas
 * Desmarets, Jean
 * Desmarets, Nicolas
 * Des Moines
 * Desmond, Gerald Fitzgerald, 15th Earl of
 * Desmond
 * Desmoscolecida
 * Desmoulins, Lucie Simplice Camille Benoist
 * Desnoyers, Jules Pierre François Stanislas
 * Desor, Pierre Jean Édouard
 * De Soto
 * Despard, Edward Marcus
 * Despenser, Hugh le (d. 1265)
 * Despenser, Hugh le (1262-1326)
 * Des Périers, Bonaventure
 * Desportes, Philippe
 * Despot
 * Des Prés, Josquin
 * Desprès, Suzanne
 * Desrues, Antoine François
 * Dessaix, Joseph Marie
 * Dessau
 * Dessewffy, Aurel
 * Dessoir, Ludwig
 * Destouches, Philippe
 * Destructors
 * De Tabley, John Byrne Leicester Warren, 3rd Baron
 * Detaille, Jean Baptiste Édouard
 * Detainer
 * Determinant
 * Determinism
 * Detinue
 * Detmold
 * Detroit
 * Dettingen
 * Deucalion
 * Deuce
 * Deus, João de
 * Deuteronomy
 * Deutsch, Immanuel Oscar Menahem
 * Deutschkrone
 * Deutz
 * Deux-Sèvres
 * Deva (spirits)
 * Deva (Chester)
 * Devadatta
 * Devaprayag
 * Devens, Charles
 * Deventer
 * De Vere, Aubrey Thomas
 * Device
 * Devil
 * Devizes
 * Devolution, War of
 * Devon, Earls of
 * Devonian System
 * Devonport
 * Devonport, East and West
 * Devonshire, Earls and Dukes of
 * Devonshire
 * Devrient
 * Dew
 * Dewan
 * Dewar, Sir James
 * Dewas
 * Dewberry
 * Dew-claw
 * D'Ewes, Sir Simonds
 * De Wet, Christian
 * De Wette, Wilhelm Martin Leberecht
 * Dewey, Davis Rich
 * Dewey, George
 * Dewey, Melvil
 * Dewing, Thomas Wilmer
 * De Wint, Peter
 * De Winter, Jan Willem
 * De Witt, Cornelius
 * De Witt, John
 * }
 * De Winter, Jan Willem
 * De Witt, Cornelius
 * De Witt, John
 * }

title: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vol 8:2


text:
The New International Encyclopædia/Grant, (Hiram) Ulysses Simpson

GRANT, Author:Ulysses S. Grant (1822-85). A celebrated American general, and the eighteenth President of the United States. He was born at Point Pleasant, Clermont County, Ohio, April 27, 1822, and was the eldest child of Jesse R. Grant, a tanner and farmer, and Hannah Simpson Grant. On his father's side he was remotely of Scottish ancestry, being a descendant of Matthew Grant, one of the settlers of Windsor, Conn., in 1635, and a man of much importance in the infant colony, which he served for many years as surveyor and town clerk. Ulysses's great-grandfather, Noah Grant, held a military commission in the French and Indian War, and his grandfather, also named Noah, fought in the Revolution, afterwards emigrating to Pennsylvania, and from thence to Deerfield, Ohio. His maternal grandfather, John Simpson, had likewise emigrated to Ohio from Pennsylvania.

Jesse Grant, who had worked as a tanner for the father of the afterwards noted Abolitionist, John Brown, started in business for himself at Ravenna, but removed to Point Pleasant, and in 1823 to Georgetown, about 40 miles from Cincinnati, where Ulysses was brought up, working on his father's farm in summer and attending school in winter. Jesse Grant, desirous that his son should have a better education than he himself had had, procured for him in 1839 an appointment to West Point, where Ulysses in 1843 graduated twenty-first in a class of thirty-nine, and was then commissioned brevet second lieutenant in the Fourth Regiment of Infantry, stationed at Jefferson Barracks, Mo. In May, 1844, his regiment was ordered to Louisiana, and in September, 1845, to Texas, to join the army of General Taylor. In the Mexican War, Grant took part in the battles of Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma, and was present at the capture of Monterey; was then made quartermaster of his regiment in 1847; participated in the battles of General Scott's campaign, and for his bravery at Molino del Rey, September 8, 1847, was made first lieutenant, and for his conduct at Chapultepec, September 13th, was brevetted captain. In the summer of 1848 his regiment returned, to be stationed first at Detroit and then at Sackett's Harbor. In the same year he was married to a Miss Julia T. Dent, of Saint Louis, sister of one of his classmates at West Point, who survived him many years, dying in 1902. In 1852 he accompanied his regiment to California and Oregon, and on August 5, 1853, was commissioned full captain; but on July 31, 1854, resigned and removed to the neighborhood of

Saint Louis, Mo., where he cultivated a farm and engaged in the real-estate business. His lack of knowledge of business methods, however, and his carelessness in money matters involved him heavily in debt, and caused him in 1859 to give up and move to Galena, Ill., where he was employed in his father's store at $800 a year. Here he was living when the Civil War broke out in 1861. He immediately recruited and drilled a company of Galena volunteers, and accompanied them to Springfield, where he was employed in the Adjutant-General's department as a mustering officer. He offered his services to the national Government, but, receiving no reply, accepted on June 17th the colonelcy of the Twenty-first Illinois Volunteer Infantry, and served with his regiment under General Pope in Missouri until August 7th, when he was commissioned a brigadier-general of volunteers. In this capacity he served in Missouri; was later placed in charge at Cairo, Ill., and early rendered important service by the seizure, on September 6, 1861, of Paducah, Ky., at the mouth of the Tennessee, and on the 25th of Smithland, at the mouth of the Cumberland, two important strategic points. His next move, a month later, was to check the advance of a large force under General Jeff Thompson, this being successfully accomplished by two battles, one at Fredericktown, Mo., the other at Belmont. The District of Cairo was now enlarged, and General Grant was placed in command. In February, 1862, he moved from Paducah with 15,000 men, aided by Commodore A. H. Foote (q.v.), with a fleet of gunboats, for the purpose of capturing Fort Henry, on the Tennessee, and Fort Donelson, on the Cumberland. The former surrendered February 6th, its reduction, however, being the work of the gunboats; the latter was taken on the 16th, only after a severe battle in which the land forces were engaged. (See .) Buckner, who was in command of the fort after the withdrawal of his superior officers, proposed the appointment of commissioners to settle the terms of capitulation, to which General Grant replied: “No terms other than an unconditional and immediate surrender can be accepted. I propose to move immediately upon your works.” The capture of this fort was the first important and brilliant victory of the Federal arms, and it made a great impression upon the country. General Grant was at once made a major-general of volunteers, his commission being dated as of the day of the battle; and by a play upon his initials he became widely known as ‘Unconditional Surrender Grant.’ The battle of Shiloh (q.v.), or Pittsburg Landing. was next fought. The Federal troops at that point were attacked April 6th by a large Confederate force under Gen. A. S. Johnston (q.v.), and suffered heavy loss. General Grant arrived on the field at the critical moment and reformed the broken lines, and heavy reënforcements under General Buell having arrived, the battle was renewed on the 7th and the Confederates, now under the command of General Beauregard (Johnston having been killed), were driven back to Corinth. In this battle General Grant was slightly wounded. He was second in command in the movement against Corinth, which was occupied by the Federal troops on May 30th. When, in July, General Halleck was called to Washington to take command of the armies of

the United States, General Grant was assigned to the command of the Department of the Tennessee, with headquarters at Corinth. In September he fought the Confederate General Price at Iuka and defeated him. He then removed his headquarters to Jackson, leaving Rosecrans with 20,000 men to hold Corinth, which he did successfully. In October General Grant's department was enlarged by a portion of Mississippi, including Vicksburg, the forces under his command being designated as the Thirteenth Army Corps. After several efforts by different plans to capture Vicksburg, he was finally enabled, as a result of his brilliant movements, to invest the city, May 18, 1863, and on July 4th General Pemberton surrendered with about 30,000 men. General Grant was now appointed a major-general in the Regular Army, and in October was placed in command of the Military Division of the Tennessee, comprising the departments commanded by Sherman, Thomas, Burnside, and Hooker. General Grant was next called upon to conduct the operations against the Confederate General Bragg at Chattanooga. On November 24th the Federals stormed Lookout Mountain, and on the 25th they carried the heights of Missionary Ridge. General Halleck, in his annual report to the War Department, said that, in view of the strength of Bragg's position and the difficulty of storming his intrenchments, “the battle of Chattanooga must be considered the most remarkable in history. Not only,” he continued, “did the officers and men exhibit great skill and daring in their operations on the field, but the highest praise is due to the commanding general for his admirable dispositions for dislodging the enemy from a position apparently impregnable.” Congress at its next session passed a vote of thanks to General Grant and his army, and ordered a gold medal to be struck in his honor. The grade of lieutenant-general was revived. General Grant was nominated by President Lincoln for the position, and the nomination was promptly confirmed by the Senate. On March 17, 1864, he issued his first order as commander-in-chief of the armies of the United States. His headquarters thereafter were with the Army of the Potomac. The battles of the next campaign, which had for their object the capture of Richmond, in front of which the main army of the Confederates was concentrated for a last and desperate resistance, were among the bloodiest of the whole war.

ULYSSES S. GRANT

The first movements of General Grant, though unsuccessful as to his main design, resulted in crippling the enemy and so preparing the way for final victory: but they were attended with terrible loss of life. The great battle of the Wilderness (q.v.) was fought against General Lee on May 5th-May 6th, and was followed by the bloody engagements at Spottsylvania Court-House. On June 3d Lee repulsed a tremendous assault of the Union forces at Cold Harbor. General Grant, having failed in his flanking movements, saw at last that his only hope of seizing Richmond depended upon his first taking Petersburg, and to this object he now addressed himself with his usual pertinacity. Lee attempted to create a diversion by sending Early on a raid across the Potomac. Sherman soon after forced Hood to evacuate Atlanta, and then started on his famous ‘march to the sea.’ Sheridan's victory at Five Forks, March 31-April 1, 1865, destroyed the last hope of a successful defense of Richmond. On

April 2d Petersburg was abandoned, and on the 3d the Federal forces entered the Southern capital, the Confederates fleeing as they advanced. Grant pursued the fleeing army, overtook and surrounded it, and forced it to surrender at Appomattox Court-House, on April 9th. Lee was captured, and the Confederacy overthrown.

The assassination of Lincoln and the accession of Andrew Johnson quickly followed, and then came the excitement of the period of Reconstruction, in which General Grant, for whom Congress had created the rank of General of the Army, bore a loyal and honorable part. During the administration of Johnson he was drawn into the struggle between the President and Congress. On the removal of Stanton, Secretary of War, by President Johnson, Grant was asked to fill the office ad interim, and held it from August, 1867, to January, 1868. Having become prominent in national politics, he was soon recognized as an available candidate for the Presidency, his military services making it evident that whatever party nominated him would receive a large independent support. He was approached by members of both parties, but his views were more nearly in accord with those of the Republicans. In May, 1868, a convention of soldiers and sailors at Chicago indorsed his contemplated candidacy, and on May 20th the Republican Convention on the first ballot nominated him for the Presidency unanimously, naming for the Vice-Presidency Schuyler Colfax of Indiana. Although the Democratic candidate, Governor Horatio Seymour, carried his own State of New York, he secured only seven other States, with a total of only 80 electoral votes against 214 electoral votes cast for Grant. The new administration was marked by a studied independence of Congressional politicians and by a disregard of various political traditions of the National Govermnent. The apparent influence of a military coterie, coupled with the President's marked reticence as to his views and plans, and his want of tact in dealing with civilians, produced an unfortunate lack of cordiality in his relations with Congress and gave rise to a few incidents of discord. During the campaign he had been conspicuously reticent and inactive, and it was impossible to learn in advance his intentions with regard to matters of public moment. However, he had the confidence of the people at large, and this was increased by the negotiation of the important Treaty of Washington (q.v.) and by the steps which were thus taken for the early settlement of the ../Alabama Claims/ (q.v.). The President made foreign relations an important feature of his first administration by his persistent efforts in favor of the annexation of Santo Domingo, the treaty for which, however, was rejected by the Senate, largely through the opposition of Charles Sumner, whose attitude in this matter led to his exclusion, by the friends of the Administration, from his influential post as chairman of the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations. A policy of friendly supervision of the South American States was also followed, and much interest was manifested in the war of independence which was being waged in Cuba, and the danger of intervention seemed imminent, especially for a brief period during the excitement caused by the seizure of the Virginius. The political condition of the South continued to present serious problems, although most of the actual work of reorganization had been accomplished; the vindictiveness of the extreme Republicans was abating; and the President was inclined to lessen the direct control of Southern administration at the hands of the National Government, and to look forward to the moral regeneration of the newly organized political bodies through their own initiative unaffected by external influences. (See .) The scandals attaching to the Crédit Mobilier (q.v.) were looked upon by the President's opponents as sources of weakness; but neither these nor other seeming irregularities had any material effect in the campaign of 1872, when Grant was reëlected with the unprecedented number of 286 electoral votes, and with a popular vote exceeding by more than 700,000 that given to his chief opponent, Horace Greeley (q.v.). The collapse, as it seemed, of the movement of the new ../Liberal-Republican Party/ (q.v.) left the President in full authority, with very little opposition, and with very few problems of really national importance to be settled. Financial affairs, the control of the Indians, and minor matters of ordinary significance occupied the greater portion of his second term, which was marked also by various irregularities, such as the scandal of the ‘../Whisky Ring/’ (q.v.), in which high Federal officials were concerned, but in which the President himself was in no way implicated, save in so far as he obstinately stood by friends whose guilt was beyond doubt. In 1874 he rendered a great service to his country by his veto of the bill passed by Congress for the inflation of the paper currency, and he was also responsible in a large measure for the passage of the Resumption Act in the following year.

At the close of his second term, in 1877, he made the tour of the whole civilized world, visiting especially the great countries of Europe and Asia, and receiving, as a soldier and civilian and the first citizen of the United States, all the honor which rulers and people could bestow. As the unofficial representative of his country, his bearing was such as to win universal admiration and respect. On his return home in the spring of 1880 a large and influential portion of the Republican Party sought to make him a candidate for the Presidency once more; but the movement was defeated, not because the people did not still admire and trust him, but on account of the formidable opposition to the bestowal of the office upon any man, however eminent or able, for more than two terms.

After his long journey General Grant made his home in New York. He became a partner in a financial firm which came to grief and involved him in pecuniary ruin. The story is a sad one, which will not here be recorded. The only blame that attached to him was that he bestowed too much confidence upon those who misused it. Universal sympathy was accorded to him. With the energy of a young man he took up his pen and wrote out the recollections of his military life, “for the money it gave me,” he says, “for at that moment I was living upon borrowed money.” Every token of respect was shown to him in the city of his residence, and Congress, by a special enactment in 1884. placed him on the retired list of the army, as General, with full pay — a position he had resigned to become President.

In the summer of 1884 General Grant entered upon a long period of suffering from a cancerous

affection of the throat, and he died at Mount MacGregor, near Saratoga, N. Y., July 23, 1885. Until a few days before his death he was diligently engaged in writing his memoirs, in order, by their sale, to make provision for his family. His body found its final resting-plaee in a magnificent tomb In Riverside Park, New York City, overlooking the Hudson River.

Memoirs of General Grant's career are numerous. Soon after the Civil War General Adam Badeau, his aide near the close of the war, wrote his Military History, in three octavo volumes (New York, 1867-81). In his later years General Grant was induced to contribute to the Century Magazine many articles which attracted widespread attention, and were afterwards published in the work entitled: Battles and Leaders of the Civil War (New York, 4 vols., 1887), and in his Personal Memoirs (New York, 2 vols., 1885). The dedication of the volumes last named, “To the American Soldier and Sailor,” is dated New York, May 23, 1885, and the preface at Mount MacGregor, July 1, 1885. There is a short and excellent biography by Col. W. C. Church (New York, 1897); another by Gen. James Grant Wilson (New York, 1868; revised ed. 1886); a study of the ancestry of General Grant by E. C. Marshall (1869), and a story of his tour around the world by John Russell Young. Less noteworthy are Coppée's Grant and His Campaigns (1866), and Headley's Grant and Sherman (1860). Among the eulogies of General Grant, that by Henry Ward Beecher, in Boston, October 22, 1885, deserves special mention. For a further account of his administrations as President, see the article.


text:
1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vol 8:3

 * Dewlap
 * Dewsbury
 * Dexippus, Publius Herennius
 * Dexter, Henry Martyn
 * Dexter, Timothy
 * Dextrine
 * Dey
 * Dhammapāla
 * Dhanis, Francis
 * Dhar
 * Dharampur
 * Dharmsala
 * Dharwar
 * Dholpur
 * Dhow
 * Dhrangadra
 * Dhuleep Singh
 * Dhulia
 * Diabase
 * Diabetes
 * Diabolo
 * Diaconicon
 * Diadochi
 * Diagonal
 * Diagoras
 * Diagram
 * Dial and Dialling
 * Dialect
 * Dialectic
 * Diallage
 * Dialogue
 * Dialysis
 * Diamagnetism
 * Diamante, Fra
 * Diamante, Juan Bautista
 * Diamantina
 * Diamantino
 * Diameter
 * Diamond
 * Diamond Necklace, The Affair of the
 * Diana
 * Diana monkey
 * Diane de France
 * Diane de Poitiers
 * Diapason
 * Diaper
 * Diaphoretics
 * Diaphragm
 * Diarbekr
 * Diarrhoea
 * Diary
 * Diaspore
 * Diastyle
 * Diatomaceae
 * Diaulos
 * Diavolo, Fra
 * Diaz, Narcisse Virgilio
 * Diaz, Porfirio
 * Diaz de Novaes, Bartholomeu
 * Diazo Compounds
 * Diazomata
 * Dibdin, Charles
 * Dibdin, Thomas Frognall
 * Dibdin, Thomas John
 * Dibra
 * Dibrugarh
 * Dicaearchus
 * Dice
 * Diceto, Ralph de
 * Dicey, Edward
 * Dichotomy
 * Dick, Robert
 * Dick, Thomas
 * Dickens, Charles John Huffam
 * Dickinson, Anna Elizabeth
 * Dickinson, John
 * Dickson, Sir Alexander
 * Dickson, Sir James Robert
 * Dicotyledons
 * Dictator
 * Dictionary
 * Dictyogens
 * Dictys Cretensis
 * Dicuil
 * Didachē, The
 * Didactic Poetry
 * Diderot, Denis
 * Didius Salvius Julianus, Marcus
 * Dido
 * Didon, Henri
 * Didot
 * Didron, Adolphe Napoléon
 * Didymi
 * Didymium
 * Didymus
 * Didymus Chalcenterus
 * Die (France)
 * Die (art)
 * Diebitsch, Hans Karl Friedrich Anton
 * Diedenhofen
 * Diekirch
 * }
 * Diebitsch, Hans Karl Friedrich Anton
 * Diedenhofen
 * Diekirch
 * }

title: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vol 8:3


text:
1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vol 8:4

 * Dielectric
 * Dielmann, Frederick
 * Diemen, Anthony van
 * Diepenbeck, Abraham van
 * Dieppe
 * Dierx, Léon
 * Dies, Christoph Albert
 * Diest
 * Diesterweg, Friedrich Adolf Wilhelm
 * Diet
 * Dietary
 * Dietetics
 * Dietrich, Christian Wilhelm Ernst
 * Dietrich of Bern
 * Diez, Friedrich Christian
 * Diez
 * Differences, Calculus of
 * Differential Equation
 * Difflugia
 * Diffraction of Light
 * Diffusion
 * Digby, Sir Everard
 * Digby, Sir Kenelm
 * Digby, Kenelm Henry
 * Digenes Acritas, Basilius
 * Digest
 * Digestive organs (Pathology)
 * Digges, West
 * Digit
 * Digitalis
 * Digne
 * Digoin
 * Dijon
 * Dike
 * Dikka
 * Dilapidation
 * Dilatation
 * Dilatory
 * Dilemma
 * Dilettante
 * Diligence
 * Dilke, Sir Charles Wentworth
 * Dill
 * Dillen, Johann Jakob
 * Dillenburg
 * Dillens, Julien
 * Dillingen
 * Dillmann, Christian Friedrich August
 * Dillon, Arthur Richard
 * Dillon, John
 * Diluvium
 * Dime
 * Dimension
 * Dimity
 * Dinajpur
 * Dinan
 * Dinant
 * Dinapur
 * Dinarchus
 * Dinard
 * Dindigul
 * Dindorf, Karl Wilhelm
 * D'Indy, Paul-Marie-Théodore-Vincent
 * Dineir
 * Dingelstedt, Franz von
 * Dinghy
 * Dingle
 * Dingo
 * Dingwall
 * Dinka
 * Dinkelsbühl
 * Dinner
 * Dinocrates
 * Dinoflagellata
 * Dinotherium
 * Dinwiddie, Robert
 * Dio Cassius
 * Diocese
 * Dio Chrysostom
 * Diocletian
 * Diocletian, Edict of
 * Diodati, Giovanni
 * Diodorus Cronus
 * Diodorus Siculus
 * Diodotus
 * Diogenes
 * Diogenes Apolloniates
 * Diogenes Laërtius
 * Diogenianus
 * Diognetus, Epistle to
 * Diomedes (Greek legend)
 * Diomedes (Latin grammarian)
 * Dion
 * Dione
 * Dionysia
 * Dionysius (Pope)
 * Dionysius (Tyrant of Syracuse)
 * Dionysius Areopagiticus
 * Dionysius Exiguus
 * Dionysius Halicarnassensis
 * }
 * Dionysius Areopagiticus
 * Dionysius Exiguus
 * Dionysius Halicarnassensis
 * }

title: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vol 8:4


text:
1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vol 8:5

 * Dionysius Periegetes
 * Dionysius Telmaharensis
 * Dionysius Thrax
 * Dionysus
 * Diophantus
 * Diopside
 * Dioptase
 * Diorite
 * Dip
 * Diphenyl
 * Diphilus
 * Diphtheria
 * Diplodocus
 * Diplomacy
 * Diplomatic
 * Dipoenus and Scyllis
 * Dippel, Johann Konrad
 * Dipsomania
 * Diptera
 * Dipteral
 * Diptych
 * Dir
 * Dirce
 * Direct Motion
 * Directors
 * Directory
 * Dirge
 * Dirk
 * Dirschau
 * Disability
 * Discharge
 * Discharging Arch
 * Disciple
 * Disciples of Christ
 * Disclaimer
 * Discount
 * Discovery
 * Discus
 * Disinfectants
 * Dismal
 * Disorderly House
 * Dispatch
 * Dispensation
 * Dispersion
 * D'Israeli, Isaac
 * Diss
 * Dissection
 * Dissenter
 * Dissociation
 * Dissolution
 * Distaff
 * Distillation
 * Distraction
 * Distress
 * Distribution
 * District
 * Distyle
 * Dithmarschen
 * Dithyrambic Poetry
 * Dittersbach
 * Dittersdorf, Karl Ditters von
 * Ditto
 * Ditton, Humphry
 * Diu
 * Diuretics
 * Diurnal Motion
 * Divan
 * Diver
 * Divers and Diving Apparatus
 * Dives-sur-Mer
 * Divide
 * Dividend
 * Dividivi
 * Divination
 * Divining-rod
 * Division
 * Divorce
 * Diwanieh
 * Dix, Dorothea Lynde
 * Dix, John Adams
 * Dixon, George
 * Dixon, Henry Hall
 * Dixon, Richard Watson
 * Dixon, William Hepworth
 * Dixon
 * Dizful
 * Djakovo
 * Dlugosz, Jan
 * Dmitriev, Ivan Ivanovich
 * Dnieper
 * Dniester
 * Doab
 * Doane, George Washington
 * Dobbs Ferry
 * Dobell, Sydney Thompson
 * Döbeln
 * Doberan
 * Döbereiner, Johann Wolfgang
 * Dobree, Peter Paul
 * Döbrentei, Gabor
 * }
 * Döbereiner, Johann Wolfgang
 * Dobree, Peter Paul
 * Döbrentei, Gabor
 * }

title: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vol 8:5


text:
Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 39.djvu/243

 Mowbray whose father, John Holland, duke of Exeter [q. v.], was beheaded in the preceding January (Ord. Privy Council, i. 100; Kalendars and Inventories of the Exchequer, ii. 62).

Smarting under his exclusion from his father's honours, and perhaps urged on by his discontented Yorkshire neighbours, the Percies and Scropes,the earl-marshal joined in the treasonable movements of 1405 (Chron. ed. Davies, p. 31). On his own confession he was privy to the Duke of York's plot for carrying off the young Mortimers from Windsor in February of that year (Ann. Henrici IV, p. 399). But the king accepted his assurances that he had taken no active part in the conspiracy. Immediately afterwards he quarrelled with Richard Beauchamp, earl of Warwick. The latter claimed, in a council on 1 March, precedence of Mowbray as the holder of an earldom of elder creation (cf. Rot. Parl. iv. 267, 269). The king decided in Warwick's favour, and the earl-marshal withdrew in dudgeon to the north, where the Earl of Northumberland was already preparing for revolt (Eulogium, iii. 405; Ord. Privy Council, ii. 104).

Mowbray joined Archbishop Scrope of York in formulating and placarding over that city a list of grievances in English, in one form of which the king was denounced as a usurper (Anglia Sacra, ii. 362-8; Ann. Henrici IV, pp. 402-5; Eulogium, iii. 405;, ii. 269; Chron. ed. Giles, p. 44). These articles hit most of the blots on Henry's administration, and some eight or nine thousand Yorkshiremen gathered round Scrope and Mowbray as they marched northwards from York towards Mowbray's country about Thirsk, where Sir John Fauconberg and other local knights were already in arms (Rot. Parl. iii. 604). They were probably aiming at a junction with Northumberland and Lord Bardolf. But the king's second son, John, afterwards Duke of Bedford, and Ralph Nevill, earl of Westmorland [q. v.], the wardens of the Scottish marches, dispersed Fauconberg's forces at Topcliffe, a Percy lordship close to Thirsk, and on 29 May intercepted the earl-marshal and Archbishop Scrope at Shipton Moor, five and a half miles north of York (ib.; Eulogium, iii. 405). It was against Mowbray's judgment that the archbishop consented to the fatal interview with Westmorland, when the latter, assuming a spirit of friendly concession, induced the archbishop to dismiss his followers (Ann. Henrici IV, p. 406). The leaders were then seized and hurried off to Pontefract, where the king arrived from Wales by 3 June. They were afterwards brought to the archbishop's house at Bishopthorpe, some two miles south of York. The king's wrath was fanned by his half-brother, Thomas Beaufort, and by the young Earl of Arundel, Mowbray's uncle, and he resolved that the prisoners should die where they had raised the standard of revolt (, Const. Hist. iii. 30). Commissioners, among whom were Beaufort, Arundel, and Chief-justice Gascoigne, had already been appointed to try all persons concerned in the rebellion. On the morning of Monday, 8 June, the king called upon Gascoigne to pass sentence upon the archbishop and his fellow-traitors (, Loci e Libro Veritatum, ed. Rogers, p. 227; Anglia Sacra, ii. 369; Chron. ed. Giles, p. 45;, Henry IV, ii. 230-6). Gascoigne refused to sit in judgment on a prelate, and sentence of death was delivered in the name of the commissioners without form of trial by another member, Sir William Fulthorpe, a man learned in the law, though not a judge (ib.) He was supported by Arundel and Beaufort, who acted constable and marshal respectively (cf. Ann. Henrici IV, p. 409). The same day, the feast of St. William of York and a holiday in the city, the condemned men were led out to execution before a great concourse of the citizens in a cornfield under the walls of the town, which, according to one account, belonged to the nuns of Clementhorpe (Chron. ed. Giles, p. 46; Ann. Henrici IV, p. 409; cf., Yorkshire, p. 73). Mowbray showed some natural fear of death, but was encouraged by his companion to keep a stout heart. He was beheaded before the archbishop. His body was buried in the Grey Friars' Church (, ii. 242), but his head was placed on a stake and fixed on Bootham Bar. A legend grew up that when the king two months after permitted it to be taken down, it was found to have retained all the freshness of life (Ann. Henrici IV. 411).

 MOWBRAY, WILLIAM, fourth (d. 1222?), one of the executors of Magna Charta, was the eldest of four sons of Nigel de Mowbray, by Mabel, daughter


text:
1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vol 8:6

 * Dobritch
 * Dobrizhoffer, Martin
 * Dobrowsky, Joseph
 * Dobrudja
 * Dobsina
 * Dobson, Henry Austin
 * Dobson, William
 * Docetae
 * Dochmiac
 * Dock
 * Dock (plant)
 * Dock (structure)
 * Docket
 * Dock Warrant
 * Dockyards
 * Doctor
 * Doctors' Commons
 * Doctrinaires
 * Document
 * Dodd, William
 * Dodder
 * Doddridge, Philip
 * Dodds, Alfred Amédée
 * Dodecahedron
 * Dodecastyle
 * Döderlein, Johann C. W. L.
 * Dodge, Theodore Ayrault
 * Dodgson, Charles Lutwidge
 * Dodo
 * Dodona
 * Dods, Marcus
 * Dodsley, Robert
 * Dodsworth, Roger
 * Dodwell, Edward
 * Dodwell, Henry
 * Dog
 * Doge
 * Dog-fish
 * Dogger Bank
 * Doggett, Thomas
 * Dogma
 * Dogmatic Theology
 * Dogra
 * Dogs, Isle of
 * Dog-tooth
 * Dogwood
 * Dol
 * Dolabella, Publius Cornelius
 * Dolben, John
 * Dolce, Ludovico
 * Dolci, Carlo
 * Doldrums
 * Dôle
 * Dole
 * Dolerite
 * Dolet, Étienne
 * Dolgelley
 * Dolgoruki, Vasily Lukich
 * Dolhain
 * Dolichocephalic
 * Doll
 * Dollar (Scotland)
 * Dollar (coin)
 * Dolling, Robert William Radclyffe
 * Döllinger, Johann Joseph Ignaz von
 * Dollond, John
 * Dolman
 * Dolnja Tuzla
 * Dolomieu, Déodat ... Gratet de
 * Dolomite
 * Dolomites, The
 * Dolphin
 * Domat, Jean
 * Dombes
 * Dombrowski, Jan Henryk
 * Dome
 * Domenichino Zampieri
 * Domesday Book
 * Domestic Relations
 * Domett, Alfred
 * Domfront
 * Domicile
 * Dominic, Saint
 * Dominica
 * Dominicans
 * Dominis, Marco Antonio de
 * Dominoes
 * Dominus
 * Domitian
 * Domrémy-la-Pucelle
 * Don (Russia)
 * Don (Scotland)
 * Donaghadee
 * Donaldson, Sir James
 * Donaldson, John William
 * Donatello
 * Donati, Giovanni Battista
 * Donatio Mortis Causa
 * Donation of Constantine
 * Donatists
 * }
 * Donatio Mortis Causa
 * Donation of Constantine
 * Donatists
 * }

title: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vol 8:6


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Mowbray, William de


text:
1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vol 8:7

 * Donatus, Aelius
 * Donauwörth
 * Don Beníto
 * Doncaster
 * Don Cossacks, Territory of the
 * Donegal (county)
 * Donegal (town)
 * Donelson, Fort
 * Donga
 * Dongola (province)
 * Dongola (town)
 * Donizetti, Gaetano
 * Donjon
 * Don Juan
 * Donkin, Sir Rufane Shaw
 * Donnay, Charles Maurice
 * Donne, John
 * Donnybrook
 * Donoso Cortés, Juan
 * Donovan, Edward
 * Doom
 * Doon de Mayence
 * Door
 * Doorway
 * Dopplerite
 * Doran, John
 * Dorat, Claude Joseph
 * Dorchester, Dudley Carleton, Viscount
 * Dorchester, Guy Carleton, 1st Baron
 * Dorchester (Dorsetshire)
 * Dorchester (Oxfordshire)
 * Dorchester (Massachusetts)
 * Dordogne (river)
 * Dordogne (department)
 * Dordrecht
 * Doré, Louis Auguste Gustave
 * Doria, Andrea
 * Dorians
 * Doria-Pamphilii-Landi
 * Dorion, Sir Antoine Aimé
 * Doris
 * Dorislaus, Isaac
 * Dorking
 * Dorléans, Louis
 * Dormer
 * Dormitory
 * Dormouse
 * Dornbirn
 * Dornburg
 * Dorner, Isaac August
 * Dornoch
 * Dorohoi
 * Dorotheus
 * D’Orsay, Alfred Guillaume Gabriel, Count
 * Dorset, Earls, Marquesses and Dukes of
 * Dorsetshire
 * Dorsiventral
 * Dort, Synod of
 * Dortmund
 * Dory
 * Dositheus Magister
 * Dossal
 * Dosseret
 * Dost Mahommed Khan
 * Dostoievsky, Feodor Mikhailovich
 * Douai
 * Douarnenez
 * Double
 * Double Bass
 * Doubleday, Abner
 * Doubleday, Thomas
 * Doublet
 * Doubs (river)
 * Doubs (department)
 * Douce, Francis
 * Douglas
 * Douglas, Sir Charles
 * Douglas, Gavin
 * Douglas, Sir Howard
 * Douglas, John
 * Douglas, Stephen Arnold
 * Douglas (Isle of Man)
 * Douglas (Scotland)
 * Douglass, Frederick
 * Doukhobors
 * Doullens
 * Doulton, Sir Henry
 * Doumer, Paul
 * Doumic, René
 * Doune
 * Douro
 * Douroucouli
 * Dousa, Janus
 * Douville, Jean Baptiste
 * Douw, Gerhard
 * Dove (river)
 * Dove (bird)
 * Dover, George James ..., Baron
 * Dover, Henry Jermyn, Earl of
 * Dover, Robert
 * }
 * Dover, George James ..., Baron
 * Dover, Henry Jermyn, Earl of
 * Dover, Robert
 * }

title: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vol 8:7


text:
1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vol 8:8

 * Dover (Delaware)
 * Dover (England)
 * Dover (New Hampshire)
 * Dover (New Jersey)
 * Dovercourt
 * Dow, Lorenzo
 * Dow, Neal
 * Dowager
 * Dowden, Edward
 * Dowdeswell, William
 * Dower
 * Dowie, John Alexander
 * Dowlas
 * ../Down (county)/
 * Down (hill)
 * Downes, Andrew
 * Downing, Sir George
 * Downman, John
 * Downpatrick
 * Downs
 * Downshire, Wills Hill, 1st Marquess of
 * Dowry
 * Dowser and Dowsing
 * Doxology
 * Doyen, Gabriel François
 * Doyle, Sir Arthur Conan
 * Doyle, Sir Francis Hastings Charles
 * Doyle, John Andrew
 * Doyle, Richard
 * Dozsa, György
 * Dozy, Reinhart Pieter Anne
 * Dracaena
 * Drachmann, Holger Henrik Herboldt
 * Draco (statesman)
 * Draco (constellation)
 * Dracontius, Blossius Aemilius
 * Drafted Masonry
 * Drag
 * Dragashani
 * Dragoman
 * Dragomirov, Michael Ivanovich
 * Dragon
 * Dragonetti, Domenico
 * Dragon-fly
 * Dragon's blood
 * Dragoon
 * Draguignan
 * Drainage of Land
 * Drake, Sir Francis
 * Drake, Nathan
 * Drakenborch, Arnold
 * Drakensberg
 * Drama
 * Dramburg
 * Drammen
 * Drane, Augusta Theodosia
 * Draper, John William
 * Draper
 * Draught
 * Draughts
 * Draupadi
 * Drave
 * Dravidian
 * Drawback
 * Drawing
 * Drawing and Quartering
 * Drawing-room
 * Drayton, Michael
 * Dream
 * Dredge and Dredging
 * Drelincourt, Charles
 * Drente
 * Dresden
 * Dress
 * Dresser
 * Dreux
 * Drew
 * Drew, Samuel
 * Drewenz
 * Drexel, Anthony Joseph
 * Dreyfus, Alfred
 * Driburg
 * Driffield
 * Drift
 * Drill
 * Drinking Vessels
 * Dripstone
 * Drisler, Henry
 * Driver, Samuel Rolles
 * Driving
 * Drogheda
 * Droit
 * Droitwich
 * Drôme
 * Dromedary
 * Dromore
 * Dromos
 * Drone
 * Dronfield
 * Dropsy
 * }
 * Drone
 * Dronfield
 * Dropsy
 * }

title: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vol 8:8


text:
Author:Harry Alonzo Cushing

Works

 * (in part)
 * (in part)
 * (in part)
 * (in part)

title: Author:Harry Alonzo Cushing


text:
1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vol 8:9

 * Dropwort
 * Droshky
 * Droste-Hülshoff, Annette Elisabeth, Freiin von
 * Droste-Vischering, Clemens August, Baron von
 * Drouais, Jean Germain
 * Drouet, Jean Baptiste
 * Drowning and Life Saving
 * Droysen, Johann Gustav
 * Droz, Antoine Gustave
 * Droz, François-Xavier Joseph
 * Drug (India)
 * Drug (medicine)
 * Druidism
 * Druids, Order of
 * Drum
 * Drummond, Henry (1786-1860)
 * Drummond, Henry (1851-1897)
 * Drummond, Thomas
 * Drummond, William
 * Drunkenness
 * Drury, Sir William
 * Druses
 * Drusius, Johannes
 * Drusus, Marcus Livius
 * Drusus, Nero Claudius
 * Drusus Caesar
 * Dryades
 * Dryander, Jonas
 * Dryburgh Abbey
 * Dryden, John
 * Dryopithecus
 * Dry Rot
 * Dualism
 * Dualla
 * Du Barry, Marie Jeanne Bécu
 * Du Bartas, Guillaume de Saluste
 * Dubawnt
 * Dubbo
 * Du Bellay, Guillaume
 * Du Bellay, Jean
 * Du Bellay, Joachim
 * Dublin (county)
 * Dublin (city)
 * Dübner, Johann Friedrich
 * Dubois, François Clément Théodore
 * Dubois, Guillaume
 * Dubois, Jean Antoine
 * Dubois, Paul
 * Dubois, Pierre
 * Dubois
 * Dubois-Crancé, Edmond Louis Alexis
 * Du Bois-Reymond, Emil
 * Dubos, Jean-Baptiste
 * Dubuque
 * Du Camp, Maxime
 * Du Cange, Charles du Fresne, Sieur
 * Ducange, Victor Henri Joseph Brahain
 * Ducas (family)
 * Ducas (historian)
 * Ducasse, Pierre Emmanuel Albert
 * Ducat
 * Du Chaillu, Paul Belloni
 * Duchenne, Guillaume Benjamin Amand
 * Du Chesne, André
 * Duchesne, Louis Marie Olivier
 * Ducis, Jean François
 * Duck
 * Ducking and Cucking Stools
 * Duckweed
 * Duckworth, Sir John Thomas
 * Duclaux, Agnes Mary F.
 * Duclos, Charles Pinot
 * Ducos, Pierre Roger
 * Ductless Glands
 * Duderstadt
 * Dudley, Barons and Earls of
 * Dudley, Edmund
 * Dudley, Sir Robert
 * Dudley, Thomas
 * Dudley
 * Dudo
 * Dudweiler
 * Duel
 * Duenna
 * Duet
 * Dufaure, Jules Armand Stanislas
 * Duff, Alexander
 * Dufferin and Ava, Frederick Temple Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, 1st Marquess of
 * Duff-Gordon, Lucie
 * Dufftown
 * Duffy, Sir Charles Gavan
 * Dufour, Wilhelm Heinrich
 * Dufrénoy, Ours Pierre Armand Petit
 * Dufresny, Charles
 * Dugazon
 * Dugdale, Sir William
 * Dugong
 * Duguay-Trouin, René
 * Du Guesclin, Bertrand
 * Duhamel, Jean Baptiste
 * }
 * Duguay-Trouin, René
 * Du Guesclin, Bertrand
 * Duhamel, Jean Baptiste
 * }

title: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vol 8:9


text:
Page:The Air Force Role In Developing International Outer Space Law (Terrill, 1999).djvu/58

 that DOD would remain in charge of military space projects even if a new space agency was created. In response, the services while publicly expressing acceptance of the space-for-peace policy also supported efforts to establish US control of outer space, at least, until international arrangements guaranteed the commitment of all other nations to the same space-for-peace policy, As Lee Bowen observes:  In seeking to adjust to the President’s somewhat extreme position and their obligations to safeguard the defense of the United States, the military did not criticize the space-for-peace policy but sought rather to determine for themselves how effective international space law was likely to be, how it could curtail their own activities, and how far they should go in presenting a case for military space projects. By the spring of 1958, because of the continuing disquietude within the military with the space-for-peace policy. Secretary McElroy requested that the National Security Council (NSC) formulate a national policy on outer space to assuage the restiveness of the US armed forces regarding their responsibilities in outer space. After reiterating “support” for the space for-peace policy, the military services, in their March 1958 responses to the NSC, argued against emasculating military space programs. The NSC’s efforts to formulate a US policy for outer space moved faster than the Air Force sponsored Project RAND study (which was initially for Air Force eyes only) of the legal implications of the proposed NSC policy. The Air Doctrine Branch, Deputy Chief of Staff (DCS) for Plans and Programs, which had been coordinating on the NSC plan, forwarded the Air Staff position to the Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS). The JCS adopted the Air Staff position and in turn recommended that the NSC modify its proposal by essentially withholding judgment until further study could be completed. However, on 18 August 1958, President Eisenhower signed NSC 5814/1 entitled “Preliminary US Policy on Space,” which described in detail the purpose and principles for US civilian and military space programs. The NSC policy that Eisenhower adopted generally downplayed the role of the military and


text:
1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vol 8:10

 * Duhamel du Monceau, Henri Louis
 * Dühring, Eugen Karl
 * Duigenan, Patrick
 * Duiker
 * Duilius, Gaius
 * Duisburg
 * Duk-Duk
 * Duke
 * Duke of Exeter's Daughter
 * Duker, Carl Andreas
 * Dukeries, The
 * Dukes, Leopold
 * Dukinfield
 * Dulcigno
 * Dulcimer
 * Dülken
 * Dulong, Pierre Louis
 * Dulse
 * Duluth
 * Dulwich
 * Dumaguete
 * Dumanjug
 * Du Marsais, César Chesneau
 * Dumas, Alexandre
 * ../Dumas, Alexandre (fils)/
 * ../Dumas, Guillaume Mathieu, Count/
 * ../Dumas, Jean Baptiste André/
 * Du Maurier, George Louis Palmella Busson
 * ../Dumbarton/
 * ../Dumbartonshire/
 * ../Dumb Waiter/
 * ../Dum-Dum/
 * ../Dumesnil, Marie Françoise/
 * Dumfries
 * Dumfriesshire
 * Dümichen, Johannes
 * Dümmler, Ernst Ludwig
 * Dumont
 * Dumont, André Hubert
 * Dumont, François
 * Dumont, Jean
 * Dumont, Pierre Étienne Louis
 * Dumont d'Urville, Jules Sébastien César
 * Dumortierite
 * Dumoulin, Charles
 * Dumouriez, Charles François
 * Dump
 * Dunash
 * Dunbar, George
 * Dunbar, Paul Laurence
 * Dunbar, William
 * Dunbar
 * Dunblane
 * Duncan
 * Duncan, Adam Duncan, 1st Viscount
 * Duncan, Peter Martin
 * Duncan, Thomas
 * Dunce
 * Duncker, Maximilian Wolfgang
 * Dunckley, Henry
 * Duncombe, Sir Charles
 * Dundalk
 * Dundee, John Graham of Claverhouse, Viscount
 * Dundee
 * Dunderlandsdal
 * Dundonald, Thomas Cochrane, 10th Earl of
 * Dunedin
 * Dunes, Battle of
 * Dunfermline, Alexander Seton, 1st Earl of
 * Dunfermline, James Abercromby, 1st Baron
 * Dunfermline
 * Dungannon
 * Dungarpur
 * Dungarvan
 * Dungeness
 * Dungeon
 * Dunkeld
 * Dunkirk (France)
 * Dunkirk (New York)
 * Dunlop, John Colin
 * Dunmore
 * Dunmow
 * Dunne, Finley Peter
 * Dunnottar Castle
 * Dunois, Jean
 * Dunoon
 * Dunrobin Castle
 * Duns
 * Dunsinane
 * Duns Scotus, John
 * Dunstable
 * Dunstaffnage
 * Dunstan, Saint
 * Dunster
 * Duntocher
 * Dunton, John
 * Düntzer, Johann Heinrich Joseph
 * Dunwich
 * Duoviri
 * Dupanloup, Félix Antoine Philibert
 * }
 * Dunwich
 * Duoviri
 * Dupanloup, Félix Antoine Philibert
 * }

title: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vol 8:10


text:
Through the Rushes

 * Coates, Florence Earle (1892), "Through the Rushes" in the The Atlantic Monthly (March 1892).
 * Coates, Florence Earle (1898), "Through the Rushes" in Poems.
 * Coates, Florence Earle (1916), "Through the Rushes" in Poems I.

title: Through the Rushes


text:
1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vol 8:11

 * Duperron, Jacques Davy
 * Dupin, André Marie Jean Jacques
 * Du Pin, Louis Ellies
 * Dupleix, Joseph François
 * Dupont, Pierre
 * Dupont de l'Étang, Pierre Antoine
 * Dupont de l'Eure, Jacques Charles
 * Du Pont de Nemours, Pierre Samuel
 * Duport, Adrien
 * Duport, James
 * Düppel
 * Du Prat, Antoine
 * Dupré, Jules
 * Dupuis, Charles François
 * Dupuy, Charles Alexandre
 * Dupuy, Pierre
 * Dupuy de Lôme, Stanislas Charles Henri Laurent
 * Dupuytren, Guillaume
 * Duque de Estrada, Diego
 * Duquesne, Abraham
 * Duquesne
 * Duramen
 * Duran
 * Durán, Agustín
 * Durance
 * Durand, Asher Brown
 * Durand, Guillaume (of Mende)
 * Durand, Guillaume (of St Pourçain)
 * Durando, Giacomo
 * Durango (state)
 * Durango (city)
 * Durani
 * Durante, Francesco
 * Durão, José de Santa Rita
 * Durazzo
 * D'Urban, Sir Benjamin
 * Durban
 * Durbar
 * Düren
 * Durene
 * Dürer, Albrecht
 * Duress
 * D'Urfey, Thomas
 * Durfort
 * Durga
 * Durham, John George Lambton, 1st Earl of
 * Durham (county)
 * Durham (city)
 * Durham (North Carolina)
 * Durian
 * Duris
 * Dürkheim
 * Durlach
 * Duroc, Géraud Christophe Michel
 * Durocher, Joseph Marie Elisabeth
 * Durra
 * Duruy, Jean Victor
 * Du Ryer, Pierre
 * Duse, Eleanora
 * Dussek, Johann Ludwig
 * Düsseldorf
 * Dusserah
 * Dust
 * Dutch East India Company, The
 * Dutch Language
 * Dutch Literature
 * Dutch Wars
 * Dutch West India Company, The
 * Dutens, Louis
 * Dutrochet, René Joachim Henri
 * Dutt, Michael Madhu Sudan
 * Duty
 * Du Vair, Guillaume
 * Duval, Alexandre Vincent Pineux
 * Duval, Claude
 * Duveneck, Frank
 * Du Vergier de Hauranne, Jean
 * Duveyrier, Henri
 * Dux
 * Duxbury
 * Dvina
 * Dvinsk
 * Dvořák, Anton
 * Dwaraka
 * Dwarf
 * Dwars
 * Dwight, John
 * Dwight, John Sullivan
 * Dwight, Theodore William
 * Dwight, Timothy
 * Dyaks
 * Dyce, Alexander
 * Dyce, William
 * Dyeing
 * Dyer, Sir Edward
 * Dyer, John
 * Dyer, Thomas Henry
 * Dymoke
 * Dynamics
 * Dynamite
 * }
 * Dymoke
 * Dynamics
 * Dynamite
 * }

title: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vol 8:11


text:
1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vol 8:12

 * Dynamo
 * Dynamometer
 * Dynasty
 * Dysart
 * Dysentery
 * Dyspepsia
 * Dysteleology
 * Dzungaria
 * E
 * Ea
 * Eabani
 * Eachard, John
 * Eadbald
 * Eadie, John
 * Eadmer
 * Eads, James Buchanan
 * Eagle
 * Eaglehawk
 * Eagre
 * Eakins, Thomas
 * Ealing
 * Ear
 * Earl
 * Earle, John
 * Earle, Ralph
 * Earl Marshal
 * Earlom, Richard
 * Earlston
 * Early, Jubal Anderson
 * Early English Period
 * Earn
 * Earnest
 * Ear-ring
 * Earth
 * Earth, Figure of the
 * Earth Currents
 * Earth-nut
 * Earth Pillar
 * Earthquake
 * Earth-star
 * Earthworm
 * Earwig
 * Easement
 * East, Alfred
 * East Anglia
 * Eastbourne
 * East Chicago
 * Easter
 * Easter Island
 * Eastern Bengal and Assam
 * Eastern Question, The
 * East Grinstead
 * East Ham
 * Easthampton
 * East Hampton
 * East India Company
 * East Indies
 * Eastlake, Sir Charles Lock
 * East Liverpool
 * East London
 * Easton
 * East Orange
 * Eastport
 * East Providence
 * East Prussia
 * Eastwick, Edward Backhouse
 * Eaton, Dorman Bridgman
 * Eaton, Margaret O'Neill
 * Eaton, Theophilus
 * Eaton, William
 * Eaton, Wyatt
 * Eau Claire
 * Eau de Cologne
 * Eaux-Bonnes
 * Eaves
 * Eavesdrip
 * Ebbw Vale
 * Ebel, Hermann Wilhelm
 * Ebel, Johann Gottfried
 * Eber, Paul
 * Eberbach (town)
 * Eberbach (monastery)
 * Eberhard im Bart
 * Eberhard, Christian August Gottlob
 * Eberhard, Johann Augustus
 * Eberlin, Johann Ernst
 * Ebers, Georg Moritz
 * Eberswalde
 * Ebert, Friedrich Adolf
 * Ebingen
 * Ebionites
 * ../Ebner-Eschenbach, Marie, Freifrau von/
 * Eboli
 * Ebony
 * Ebrard, Johannes Heinrich August
 * Ebro
 * Ebroïn
 * Eburācum
 * Eça de Queiroz, José Maria
 * Écarté
 * }
 * Eburācum
 * Eça de Queiroz, José Maria
 * Écarté
 * }

title: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vol 8:12


text:
1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vol 8:13

 * Ecbatana
 * Eccard, Johann
 * Eccelino da Romano
 * Eccentric
 * Ecchellensis, Abraham
 * Eccles
 * Ecclesfield
 * Eccleshall
 * Ecclesia
 * Ecclesiastes
 * Ecclesiastical Commissioners
 * Ecclesiastical Jurisdiction
 * Ecclesiastical Law
 * Ecclesiasticus
 * Ecgbert (king)
 * Ecgbert (archbishop)
 * Ecgfrith
 * Ecgonine
 * Echegaray y Eizaguirre, José
 * Échelon
 * Echidna
 * Echinoderma
 * Echinus
 * Echiuroidea
 * Echmiadzin
 * Echo
 * Echternach
 * Echuca
 * Écija
 * Eck, Johann Maier
 * Eckermann, Johann Peter
 * Eckernförde
 * Eckersberg, Kristoffer
 * Eckhart, Johannes
 * Eckhel, Joseph Hilarius
 * Eckmühl
 * Eclecticism
 * Eclipse
 * Ecliptic
 * Eclogite
 * Eclogue
 * Economic Entomology
 * Economics
 * Economy (Pennsylvania)
 * Economy
 * Ecstasy
 * Ectospora
 * Ecuador
 * Eczema
 * Edam
 * Edda
 * Eddius
 * Edelinck, Gerard
 * Edelweiss
 * Eden, Sir Ashley
 * Eden
 * Edenbridge
 * Eden Hall, Luck of
 * Edenkoben
 * Edentata
 * Edenton
 * Edessa (Macedonia)
 * Edessa (Mesopotamia)
 * Edfu
 * Edgar, King
 * Edgar the Ætheling
 * Edgecumbe
 * Edge Hill
 * Edgeworth, Maria
 * Edgeworth, Richard Lovell
 * Edgeworth de Firmont, Henry Essex
 * Edgren-Leffler, Anne Charlotte
 * Edhem Pasha
 * Edict
 * Edinburgh
 * Edinburghshire
 * Edison, Thomas Alva
 * Edmonton (Alberta)
 * Edmonton (England)
 * Edmund, Saint
 * Edmund, King of East Anglia
 * Edmund I.
 * Edmund Ironside
 * Edmund, Earl of Lancaster
 * Edmunds, George Franklin
 * Edom
 * Edred
 * Edric Streona
 * Education
 * Edward the Elder
 * Edward the Martyr
 * Edward the Confessor
 * Edward I.
 * Edward II.
 * Edward III.
 * Edward IV.
 * Edward V.
 * Edward VI.
 * Edward VII.
 * Edward, the Black Prince
 * }
 * Edward VI.
 * Edward VII.
 * Edward, the Black Prince
 * }

title: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vol 8:13


text: Category:Countries in poetry

title: Category:Countries in poetry


text:
A solitary way

There is a mystery in human hearts; And though we be encircled by a host Of those who love us well, and are beloved, To every one of us, from time to time, There comes a sense of utter loneliness: Our dearest friend is stranger to our joy, And cannot realize our bitterness. There is not one who really understands, Not one to enter into all I feel: Such is the cry of each of us in turn; We wander in a solitary way. No matter what or where our lot may be; Each heart, mysterious even to itself, Must live its inner life in solitude.

And would you know the reason why this is? It is because the Lord desires our love: In every heart He wishes to be first. He therefore keeps the secret key Himself, To open all its chambers and to bless With perfect sympathy and holy peace, Each solitary soul that comes to Him. So when we feel this loneliness, it is The voice of Jesus saying, "Come to me"; And every time we are not understood, It is a call to us to come again; For Christ alone can satisfy the soul, And those who walk with Him from day to day, Can never have a solitary way.

And when beneath some heavy cross you faint, And say, I cannot bear this load alone, You say the truth. Christ made it purposely So heavy that you must return to Him. The bitter grief, which no one understands, Conveys a secret message from the King, Entreating you to come to Him again. The Man of Sorrows understands it well; In all points tempted, He can feel with you. You cannot come too often, or two near - The Son of God is infinite in grace, His presence satisfies the longing soul, And those who walk with Him from day to day, Can never have a solitary way.

title: A solitary way


text:
Page:EB1911 - Volume 08.djvu/80

 the fact that in ancient times the robes of an earl (as depicted in some early representations) were decorated with four rows of ermine, as in the robes of a modern duke, instead of the three rows to which they were restricted in later centuries. The three “catskin” earldoms are the only earldoms now in existence which date from creations prior to the 17th century.

, 1st earl of Derby (c. 1435–1504), was the son of Thomas Stanley, who was created Baron Stanley in 1456 and died in 1459. His grandfather, Sir John Stanley (d. 1414), had founded the fortunes of his family by marrying Isabel Lathom, the heiress of a great estate in the hundred of West Derby in Lancashire; he was lieutenant of Ireland in 1389–1391, and again in 1399–1401, and in 1405 received a grant of the lordship of Man from Henry IV. The future earl of Derby was a squire to Henry VI. in 1454, but not long afterwards married Eleanor, daughter of the Yorkist leader, Richard Neville, earl of Salisbury. At the battle of Blore Heath in August 1459 Stanley, though close at hand with a large force, did not join the royal army, whilst his brother William fought openly for York. In 1461 Stanley was made chief justice of Cheshire by Edward IV., but ten years later he sided with his brother-in-law Warwick in the Lancastrian restoration. Nevertheless, after Warwick’s fall, Edward made Stanley steward of his household. Stanley served with the king in the French expedition of 1475, and with Richard of Gloucester in Scotland in 1482. About the latter date he married, as his second wife, Margaret Beaufort, mother of the exiled Henry Tudor. Stanley was one of the executors of Edward IV., and was at first loyal to the young king Edward V. But he acquiesced in Richard’s usurpation, and retaining his office as steward avoided any entanglement through his wife’s share in Buckingham’s rebellion. He was made constable of England in succession to Buckingham, and granted possession of his wife’s estates with a charge to keep her in some secret place at home. Richard could not well afford to quarrel with so powerful a noble, but early in 1485 Stanley asked leave to retire to his estates in Lancashire. In the summer Richard, suspicious of his continued absence, required him to send his eldest son, Lord Strange, to court as a hostage. After Henry of Richmond had landed, Stanley made excuses for not joining the king; for his son’s sake he was obliged to temporize, even when his brother William had been publicly proclaimed a traitor. Both the Stanleys took the field; but whilst William was in treaty with Richmond, Thomas professedly supported Richard. On the morning of Bosworth (August 22), Richard summoned Stanley to join him, and when he received an evasive reply ordered Strange to be executed. In the battle it was William Stanley who turned the scale in Henry’s favour, but Thomas, who had taken no part in the fighting, was the first to salute the new king. Henry VII. confirmed Stanley in all his offices, and on the 27th of October created him earl of Derby. As husband of the king’s mother Derby held a great position, which was not affected by the treason of his brother William in February 1495. In the following July the earl entertained the king and queen with much state at Knowsley. Derby died on the 29th of July 1504. Strange had escaped execution in 1485, through neglect to obey Richard’s orders; but he died before his father in 1497, and his son Thomas succeeded as second earl. An old poem called The Song of the Lady Bessy, which was written by a retainer of the Stanleys, gives a romantic story of how Derby was enlisted by Elizabeth of York in the cause of his wife’s son.

, 3rd earl of Derby (1508–1572), was a son of Thomas Stanley, 2nd earl and grandson of the 1st earl, and succeeded to the earldom on his father’s death in May 1521. During his minority Cardinal Wolsey was his guardian, and as soon as he came of age he began to take part in public life, being often in the company of Henry VIII. He helped to quell the rising in the north of England known as the Pilgrimage of Grace in 1536; but remaining true to the Roman Catholic faith he disliked and opposed the religious changes made under Edward VI. During Mary’s reign the earl was more at ease, but under Elizabeth his younger sons, Sir Thomas (d. 1576) and Sir Edward Stanley (d. 1609), were concerned in a plot to free Mary, queen of Scots, and he himself was suspected of disloyalty. However, he kept his numerous dignities until his death at Lathom House, near Ormskirk, on the 24th of October 1572.

Derby’s first wife was Katherine, daughter of Thomas Howard, duke of Norfolk, by whom he had, with other issue, a son Henry, the 4th earl (c. 1531–1593), who was a member of the council of the North, and like his father was lord-lieutenant of Lancashire. Henry was one of the commissioners who tried Mary, queen of Scots, and was employed by Elizabeth on other high undertakings both at home and abroad. He died on the 25th of September 1593. His wife Margaret (d. 1596), daughter of Henry Clifford, 2nd earl of Cumberland, was descended through the Brandons from King Henry VII. Two of his sons, Ferdinando (c. 1559–1594), and William (c. 1561–1642), became in turn the 5th and 6th earls of Derby. Ferdinando, the 5th earl (d. 1594), wrote verses, and is eulogized by the poet Spenser under the name of Amyntas.

, 7th earl of Derby (1607–1651), sometimes styled the Great Earl of Derby, eldest son of William, 6th earl, and Elizabeth de Vere, daughter of Edward, 17th earl of Oxford, was born at Knowsley on the 31st of January 1607. During his father’s life he was known as Lord Strange. After travelling abroad he was chosen member of parliament for Liverpool in 1625, was created knight of the Bath on the occasion of Charles’s coronation in 1626, and was joined with his father the same year as lieutenant of Lancashire and Cheshire and chamberlain of Chester, and in the administration of the Isle of Man, being appointed subsequently lord-lieutenant of North Wales. On the 7th of March 1628 he was called up to the House of Lords as Baron Strange. He took no part in the political disputes between king and parliament and preferred country pursuits and the care of his estates to court or public life. Nevertheless when the Civil War broke out in 1642, Lord Strange devoted himself to the king’s cause. His plan of securing Lancashire at the beginning and raising troops there, which promised success, was however discouraged by Charles, who was said to be jealous of his power and royal lineage and who commanded his presence at Nottingham. His subsequent attempts to recover the county were unsuccessful. He was unable to get possession of Manchester, was defeated at Chowbent and Lowton Moor, and in 1643 after gaining Preston failed to take Bolton and Lancaster castles. Finally, after successfully beating off Sir William Brereton’s attack on Warrington, he was defeated at Whalley and withdrew to York, Warrington in consequence surrendering to the enemy’s forces. In June he left for the Isle of Man to attend to affairs there, and in the summer of 1644 he took part in Prince Rupert’s successful campaign in the north, when Lathom House, where Lady Derby had heroically resisted the attacks of the besiegers, was relieved, and Bolton Castle taken. He followed Rupert to Marston Moor, and after the complete defeat of Charles’s cause in the north withdrew to the Isle of Man, where he held out for the king and offered an asylum to royalist fugitives. His administration of the island imitated that of Strafford in Ireland. It was strong rather than just. He maintained order, encouraged trade, remedied some abuses, and defended the people from the exactions of the church; but he crushed opposition by imprisoning his antagonists, and aroused a prolonged agitation by abolishing the tenant-right and introducing leaseholds. In July 1649 he refused scornfully terms offered to him by Ireton. By the death of his father on the 29th of September 1642 he had succeeded to the earldom, and on the 12th of January 1650 he obtained the Garter. He was chosen by Charles II. to command the troops of Lancashire and Cheshire, and on the 15th of August 1651 he landed at Wyre Water in Lancashire in support of Charles’s invasion, and met the king on the 17th. Proceeding to Warrington he failed to obtain the support of the Presbyterians through his refusal to take the Covenant, and on the 25th was totally defeated at Wigan, being severely wounded and escaping with difficulty. He joined

title: Page:EB1911 - Volume 08.djvu/80


text:
Page:EB1911 - Volume 08.djvu/81

 Charles at Worcester; after the battle on the 3rd of September he accompanied him to Boscobel, and while on his way north alone was captured near Nantwich and given quarter. He was tried by court-martial at Chester on the 29th of September, and on the ground that he was a traitor and not a prisoner of war under the act of parliament passed in the preceding month, which declared those who corresponded with Charles guilty of treason, his quarter was disallowed and he was condemned to death. When his appeal for pardon to parliament was rejected, though supported by Cromwell, he endeavoured to escape; but was recaptured and executed at Bolton on the 15th of October 1651. He was buried in Ormskirk church. Lord Derby was a man of deep religious feeling and of great nobility of character, who though unsuccessful in the field served the king’s cause with single-minded purpose and without expectation of reward. His political usefulness was handicapped in the later stages of the struggle by his dislike of the Scots, whom he regarded as guilty of the king’s death and as unfit instruments of the restoration. According to Clarendon he was “a man of great honour and clear courage,” and his defects the result of too little knowledge of the world. Lord Derby left in MS. “A Discourse concerning the Government of the Isle of Man” (printed in the Stanley Papers and in F. Peck’s Desiderata Curiosa, vol. ii.) and several volumes of historical collections, observations, devotions (Stanley Papers) and a commonplace book. He married on the 26th of June 1626 Charlotte de la Tremoille (1599–1664), daughter of Claude, duc de Thouars, and grand-daughter of William the Silent, prince of Orange, by whom besides four daughters he had five sons, of whom the eldest, Charles (1628–1672), succeeded him as 8th earl.

Charles’s two sons, William, the 9th earl (c. 1655–1702), and James, the 10th earl (1664–1736), both died without sons, and consequently, when James died in February 1736, his titles and estates passed to Sir Edward Stanley (1689–1776), a descendant of the 1st earl. From him the later earls were descended, the 12th earl (d. 1834) being his grandson.

, 14th earl of Derby (1799–1869), the “Rupert of Debate,” born at Knowsley in Lancashire on the 29th of March 1799, grandson of the 12th earl and eldest son of Lord Stanley, subsequently (1834) 13th earl of Derby (1775–1851). He was educated at Eton and at Christ Church, Oxford, where he distinguished himself as a classical scholar, though he took no degree. In 1819 he obtained the Chancellor’s prize for Latin verse, the subject being “Syracuse.” He gave early promise of his future eminence as an orator, and in his youth he used to practise elocution under the instruction of Lady Derby, his grandfather’s second wife, the actress, Elizabeth Farren. In 1820 he was returned for Stockbridge in Hampshire, one of the nomination boroughs whose electoral rights were swept away by the Reform Bill of 1832, Stanley being a warm advocate of their destruction.

His maiden speech was delivered early in the session of 1824 in the debate on a private bill for lighting Manchester with gas. On the 6th of May 1824 he delivered a vehement and eloquent speech against Joseph Hume’s motion for a reduction of the Irish Church establishment, maintaining in its most conservative form the doctrine that church property is as sacred as private property. From this time his appearances became frequent; and he soon asserted his place as one of the most powerful speakers in the House. Specially noticeable almost from the first was the skill he displayed in reply. Macaulay, in an essay published in 1834, remarked that he seemed to possess intuitively the faculty which in most men is developed only by long and laborious practice. In the autumn of 1824 Stanley went on an extended tour through Canada and the United States in company with Mr Labouchere, afterwards Lord Taunton, and Mr Evelyn Denison, afterwards Lord Ossington. In May of the following year he married the second daughter of Edward Bootle-Wilbraham, created Baron Skelmersdale in 1828, by whom he had a family of two sons and one daughter who survived.

At the general election of 1826 Stanley renounced his connection with Stockbridge, and became the representative of the borough of Preston, where the Derby influence was paramount. The change of seats had this advantage, that it left him free to speak against the system of rotten boroughs, which he did with great force during the Reform Bill debates, without laying himself open to the charge of personal inconsistency as the representative of a place where, according to Gay, cobblers used to “feast three years upon one vote.” In 1827 he and several other distinguished Whigs made a coalition with Canning on the defection of the more unyielding Tories, and he commenced his official life as under-secretary for the colonies, but the coalition was broken up by Canning’s death in August. Lord Goderich succeeded to the premiership, but he never was really in power, and he resigned his place after the lapse of a few months. During the succeeding administration of the duke of Wellington (1828–1830), Stanley and those with whom he acted were in opposition. His robust and assertive Liberalism about this period seemed curious afterwards to a younger generation who knew him only as the very embodiment of Conservatism.

By the advent of Lord Grey to power in November 1830, Stanley obtained his first opportunity of showing his capacity for a responsible office. He was appointed to the chief secretaryship of Ireland, a position in which he found ample scope for both administrative and debating skill. On accepting office he had to vacate his seat for Preston and seek re-election; and he had the mortification of being defeated by the Radical “orator” Hunt. The contest was a peculiarly keen one, and turned upon the question of the ballot, which Stanley refused to support. He re-entered the House as one of the members for Windsor, Sir Hussey Vivian having resigned in his favour. In 1832 he again changed his seat, being returned for North Lancashire.

Stanley was one of the most ardent supporters of Lord Grey’s Reform Bill. Of this no other proof is needed than his frequent parliamentary utterances, which were fully in sympathy with the popular cry “The bill, the whole bill, and nothing but the bill.” Reference may be made especially to the speech he delivered on the 4th of March 1831 on the adjourned debate on the second reading of the bill, which was marked by all the higher qualities of his oratory. Apart from his connexion with the general policy of the government, Stanley had more than enough to have employed all his energies in the management of his own department. The secretary of Ireland has seldom an easy task; Stanley found it one of peculiar difficulty. The country was in a very unsettled state. The just concession that had been somewhat tardily yielded a short time before in Catholic emancipation had excited the people to make all sorts of demands, reasonable and unreasonable. Undaunted by the fierce denunciations of O’Connell, who styled him Scorpion Stanley, he discharged with determination the ungrateful task of carrying a coercion bill through the House. It was generally felt that O’Connell, powerful though he was, had fairly met his match in Stanley, who, with invective scarcely inferior to his own, evaded no challenge, ignored no argument, and left no taunt unanswered. The title “Rupert of Debate” is peculiarly applicable to him in connexion with the fearless if also often reckless method of attack he showed in his parliamentary war with O’Connell. It was first applied to him, however, thirteen years later by Sir Edward Bulwer Lytton in The New Timon:—

The best answer, however, which he made to the attacks of the great agitator was not the retorts of debate, effective though these were, but the beneficial legislation he was instrumental in

title: Page:EB1911 - Volume 08.djvu/81


text:
Page:EB1911 - Volume 08.djvu/82

 passing. He introduced and carried the first national education act for Ireland, one result of which was the remarkable and to many almost incredible phenomenon of a board composed of Catholics, Episcopalians and Presbyterians harmoniously administering an efficient education scheme. He was also chiefly responsible for the Irish Church Temporalities Act, though the bill was not introduced into parliament until after he had quitted the Irish secretaryship for another office. By this measure two archbishoprics and eight bishoprics were abolished, and a remedy was provided for various abuses connected with the revenues of the church. As originally introduced, the bill contained a clause authorizing the appropriation of surplus revenues to non-ecclesiastical purposes. This had, however, been strongly opposed from the first by Stanley and several other members of the cabinet, and it was withdrawn by the government before the measure reached the Lords.

In 1833, just before the introduction of the Irish Church Temporalities Bill, Stanley had been promoted to be secretary for the colonies with a seat in the cabinet. In this position it fell to his lot to carry the emancipation of the slaves to a successful practical issue. The speech which he delivered on introducing the bill for freeing the slaves in the West Indies, on the 14th of May 1833, was one of the finest specimens of his eloquence.

The Irish Church question determined more than one turning-point in his political career. The most important occasion on which it did so was in 1834, when the proposal of the government to appropriate the surplus revenues of the church to educational purposes led to his secession from the cabinet, and, as it proved, his complete and final separation from the Whig party. In the former of these steps he had as his companions Sir James Graham, the earl of Ripon and the duke of Richmond. Soon after it occurred, O’Connell, amid the laughter of the House, described the secession in a couplet from Canning’s Loves of the Triangles:—

Stanley was not content with marking his disapproval by the simple act of withdrawing from the cabinet. He spoke against the bill to which he objected with a vehemence that showed the strength of his feeling in the matter, and against its authors with a bitterness that he himself is understood to have afterwards admitted to have been unseemly towards those who had so recently been his colleagues. The course followed by the government was “marked with all that timidity, that want of dexterity, which led to the failure of the unpractised shoplifter.” His late colleagues were compared to “thimble-riggers at a country fair,” and their plan was “petty larceny, for it had not the redeeming qualities of bold and open robbery.”

In the end of 1834, Lord Stanley, as he was now styled by courtesy, his father having succeeded to the earldom in October, was invited by Sir Robert Peel to join the short-lived Conservative ministry which he formed after the resignation of Lord Melbourne. Though he declined the offer for reasons stated in a letter published in the Peel memoirs, he acted from that date with the Conservative party, and on its next accession to power, in 1841, he accepted the office of colonial secretary, which he had held under Lord Grey. His position and his temperament alike, however, made him a thoroughly independent supporter of any party to which he attached himself. When, therefore, the injury to health arising from the late hours in the Commons led him in 1844 to seek elevation to the Upper House in the right of his father’s barony, Sir Robert Peel, in acceding to his request, had the satisfaction of at once freeing himself from the possible effects of his “candid friendship” in the House, and at the same time greatly strengthening the debating power on the Conservative side in the other. If the premier in taking this step had any presentiment of an approaching difference on a vital question, it was not long in being realized. When Sir Robert Peel accepted the policy of free trade in 1846, the breach between him and Lord Stanley was, as might have been anticipated from the antecedents of the latter, instant and irreparable. Lord Stanley at once asserted himself as the uncompromising opponent of that policy, and he became the recognized leader of the Protectionist party, having Lord George Bentinck and Disraeli for his lieutenants in the Commons. They did all that could be done in a case in which the logic of events was against them, though Protection was never to become more than their watchword.

It is one of the peculiarities of English politics, however, that a party may come into power because it is the only available one at the time, though it may have no chance of carrying the very principle to which it owes its organized existence. Such was the case when Lord Derby, who had succeeded to the earldom on the death of his father in June 1851, was called upon to form his first administration in February 1852. He was in a minority, but the circumstances were such that no other than a minority government was possible, and he resolved to take the only available means of strengthening his position by dissolving parliament and appealing to the country at the earliest opportunity. The appeal was made in autumn, but its result did not materially alter the position of parties. Parliament met in November, and by the middle of the following month the ministry had resigned in consequence of their defeat on Disraeli’s budget. For the six following years, during Lord Aberdeen’s “ministry of all the talents” and Lord Palmerston’s premiership, Lord Derby remained at the head of the opposition, whose policy gradually became more generally Conservative and less distinctively Protectionist as the hopelessness of reversing the measures adopted in 1846 made itself apparent. In 1855 he was asked to form an administration after the resignation of Lord Aberdeen, but failing to obtain sufficient support, he declined the task. It was in somewhat more hopeful circumstances that, after the defeat of Lord Palmerston on the Conspiracy Bill in February 1858, he assumed for the second time the reins of government. Though he still could not count upon a working majority, there was a possibility of carrying on affairs without sustaining defeat, which was realized for a full session, owing chiefly to the dexterous management of Mr Disraeli in the Commons. The one rock ahead was the question of reform, on which the wishes of the country were being emphatically expressed, but it was not so pressing as to require to be immediately dealt with. During the session of 1858 the government contrived to pass two measures of very considerable importance, one a bill to remove Jewish disabilities, and the other a bill to transfer the government of India from the East India Company to the crown. Next year the question of parliamentary reform had to be faced, and, recognizing the necessity, the government introduced a bill at the opening of the session, which, in spite of, or rather in consequence of, its “fancy franchises,” was rejected by the House, and, on a dissolution, rejected also by the country. A vote of no confidence having been passed in the new parliament on the 10th of June, Lord Derby at once resigned.

After resuming the leadership of the Opposition Lord Derby devoted much of the leisure the position afforded him to the classical studies that had always been congenial to him. It was his reputation for scholarship as well as his social position that had led in 1852 to his appointment to the chancellorship of the university of Oxford, in succession to the duke of Wellington; and perhaps a desire to justify the possession of the honour on the former ground had something to do with his essays in the field of authorship. His first venture was a poetical version of the ninth ode of the third book of Horace, which appeared in Lord Ravensworth’s collection of translations of the Odes. In 1862 he printed and circulated in influential quarters a volume entitled Translations of Poems Ancient and Modern, with a very modest dedicatory letter to Lord Stanhope, and the words “Not published” on the title-page. It contained, besides versions of Latin, Italian, French and German poems, a translation of the first book of the Iliad. The reception of this volume was such as to encourage him to proceed with the task he had chosen as his magnum opus, the translation of the whole of the Iliad, which accordingly appeared in 1864.

During the seven years that elapsed between Lord Derby’s second and third administrations an industrial crisis occurred in his native county, which brought out very conspicuously his public spirit and his philanthropy. The destitution in Lancashire

title: Page:EB1911 - Volume 08.djvu/82


text: A Book of Dartmoor/Chapter 5

title: A Book of Dartmoor/Chapter 5


text:
Page:EB1911 - Volume 08.djvu/83

 caused by the stoppage of the cotton-supply in consequence of the American Civil War, was so great as to threaten to overtax the benevolence of the country. That it did not do so was probably due to Lord Derby more than to any other single man. From the first he was the very life and soul of the movement for relief. His personal subscription, munificent though it was, represented the least part of his service. His noble speech at the meeting in Manchester in December 1862, where the movement was initiated, and his advice at the subsequent meetings of the committee, which he attended very regularly, were of the very highest value in stimulating and directing public sympathy. His relations with Lancashire had always been of the most cordial description, notwithstanding his early rejection by Preston; but it is not surprising that after the cotton famine period the cordiality passed into a warmer and deeper feeling, and that the name of Lord Derby was long cherished in most grateful remembrance by the factory operatives.

On the rejection of Earl Russell’s Reform Bill in 1866, Lord Derby was for the third time entrusted with the formation of a cabinet. Like those he had previously formed it was destined to be short-lived, but it lived long enough to settle on a permanent basis the question that had proved fatal to its predecessor. The “education” of the party that had so long opposed all reform to the point of granting household suffrage was the work of another; but Lord Derby fully concurred in, if he was not the first to suggest, the statesmanlike policy by which the question was disposed of in such a way as to take it once for all out of the region of controversy and agitation. The passing of the Reform Bill was the main business of the session 1867. The chief debates were, of course, in the Commons, and Lord Derby’s failing powers prevented him from taking any large share in those which took place in the Lords. His description of the measure as a “leap in the dark” was eagerly caught up, because it exactly represented the common opinion at the time,—the most experienced statesmen, while they admitted the granting of household suffrage to be a political necessity, being utterly unable to foresee what its effect might be on the constitution and government of the country.

Finding himself unable, from declining health, to encounter the fatigues of another session, Lord Derby resigned office early in 1868. The step he had taken was announced in both Houses on the evening of the 25th of February, and warm tributes of admiration and esteem were paid by the leaders of the two great parties. He yielded the entire leadership of the party as well as the premiership to Disraeli. His subsequent appearances in public were few and unimportant. It was noted as a consistent close to his political life that his last speech in the House of Lords should have been a denunciation of Gladstone’s Irish Church Bill marked by much of his early fire and vehemence. A few months later, on the 23rd of October 1869, he died at Knowsley.

Sir Archibald Alison, writing of him when he was in the zenith of his powers, styles him “by the admission of all parties the most perfect orator of his day.” Even higher was the opinion of Lord Aberdeen, who is reported by The Times to have said that no one of the giants he had listened to in his youth, Pitt, Fox, Burke or Sheridan, “as a speaker, is to be compared with our own Lord Derby, when Lord Derby is at his best.”

, 15th earl of Derby (1826–1893), eldest son of the 14th earl, was educated at Rugby and Trinity College, Cambridge, where he took a high degree and became a member of the society known as the Apostles. In March 1848 he unsuccessfully contested the borough of Lancaster, and then made a long tour in the West Indies, Canada and the United States. During his absence he was elected member for King’s Lynn, which he represented till October 1869, when he succeeded to the peerage. He took his place, as a matter of course, among the Conservatives, and delivered his maiden speech in May 1850 on the sugar duties. Just before, he had made a very brief tour in Jamaica and South America. In 1852 he went to India, and while travelling in that country he was appointed under-secretary for foreign affairs in his father’s first administration. From the outset of his career he was known to be a most Liberal Conservative, and in 1855 Lord Palmerston offered him the post of colonial secretary. He was much tempted by the proposal, and hurried down to Knowsley to consult his father, who called out when he entered the room, “Hallo, Stanley! what brings you here?—Has Dizzy cut his throat, or are you going to be married?” When the object of his sudden appearance had been explained, the Conservative chief received the courteous suggestion of the prime minister with anything but favour, and the offer was declined. In his father’s second administration Lord Stanley held, at first, the office of secretary for the colonies, but became president of the Board of Control on the resignation of Lord Ellenborough. He had the charge of the India Bill of 1858 in the House of Commons, became the first secretary of state for India, and left behind him in the India Office an excellent reputation as a man of business. After the revolution in Greece and the disappearance of King Otho, the people most earnestly desired to have Queen Victoria’s second son, Prince Alfred, for their king. He declined the honour, and they then took up the idea that the next best thing they could do would be to elect some great and wealthy English noble, not concealing the hope that although they might have to offer him a Civil List he would decline to receive it. Lord Stanley was the prime favourite as an occupant of this bed of thorns, and it has been said that he was actually offered the crown. That, however, is not true; the offer was never formally made. After the fall of the Russell government in 1866 he became foreign secretary in his father’s third administration. He compared his conduct in that great post to that of a man floating down a river and fending off from his vessel, as well as he could, the various obstacles it encountered. He thought that that should be the normal attitude of an English foreign minister, and probably under the circumstances of the years 1866–1868 it was the right one. He arranged the collective guarantee of the neutrality of Luxemburg in 1867, negotiated a convention about the “Alabama,” which, however, was not ratified, and most wisely refused to take any part in the Cretan troubles. In 1874 he again became foreign secretary in Disraeli’s government. He acquiesced in the purchase of the Suez Canal shares, a measure then considered dangerous by many people, but ultimately most successful; he accepted the Andrassy Note, but declined to accede to the Berlin Memorandum. His part in the later phases of the Russo-Turkish struggle has never been fully explained, for with equal wisdom and generosity he declined to gratify public curiosity at the cost of some of his colleagues. A later generation will know better than his contemporaries what were the precise developments of policy which obliged him to resign. He kept himself ready to explain in the House of Lords the course he had taken if those whom he had left challenged him to do so, but from that course they consistently refrained. Already in October 1879 it was clear enough that he had thrown in his lot with the Liberal party, but it was not till March 1880 that he publicly announced this change of allegiance. He did not at first take office in the second Gladstone government, but became secretary for the colonies in December 1882, holding this position till the fall of that government in the summer of 1885. In 1886 the old Liberal party was run on the rocks and went to pieces. Lord Derby became a Liberal Unionist, and took an active part in the general management of that party, leading it in the House of Lords till 1891, when Lord Hartington became duke of Devonshire. In 1892 he presided over the Labour Commission, but his health never recovered an attack of influenza which he had in 1891, and he died at Knowsley on the 21st of April 1893.

During a great part of Lord Derby’s life he was deflected from his natural course by the accident of his position as the son of the leading Conservative statesman of the day. From first to last he was at heart a moderate Liberal. After making allowance, however, for this deflecting agency, it must be admitted that in the highest quality of the statesman, “aptness to be right,” he was surpassed by none of his contemporaries, or—if by anybody—by Sir George Cornewall Lewis alone. He would have been more at home in a state of things which did not demand from its leading statesman great popular power; he had none of those “isms” and “prisms of fancy” which stood in such good stead

title: Page:EB1911 - Volume 08.djvu/83