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Sailing Directions For The Navigation About Rottnest Island

Rottnest Island, 6 miles in length E. by N. and W. by S. with an extreme breadth of 2½ miles, has an irregular hummocky surface, not much wooded, and may now be distinguished from Garden Island and the contiguous main land by a white obelisk, 15ft. in height, with a pole in the middle, of the same length, which has recently been erected on its highest part near the centre of the Island. This sea-mark, being elevated about 157ft. above the level of the sea, may be seen from a ship's deck in clear weather at the distance of 7 or 8 leagues, and will shortly give place to a lighthouse of greater elevation. Its position, according to observations in H.M.S. Beagle, is lat. 32d. 0m. 14s. South, long. 115d. 29m. 6s. East from Greenwich.

To round the Island on its north side, a ship should not approach nearer than one mile, in order to avoid the Horseshoe Rock which lies ¾ of a mile off shore, at the distance of two miles N. 396. E. from the Island's west extremity, and Roe's Reef situate ¾ of a mile N. 16 deg. W. from a small rock with a cask beacon upon it, about half a cable's length from the island's N.E. point. The beacon is upon Duck Rock, and the projection near it is Bathurst Point. A ship will be clear to the northward of Horse-shoe Rock while Duck Rock beacon is kept open of the N. point of Rottnest; and Roe's Reef may be cleared on the north by keeping the west end of Rottnest (Cape Vlaming) open of the north point, until Duck Rock bears south; a course may then be shaped about E. by S. for a remarkable white sand patch on the main, which will be distinctly visible 3½ miles north from the entrance to Swan river; and when some rocky islets near the S.E. side of Rottnest are seen to the SSW., opening near the east end of another small rock with a cask[?] beacon upon it 1¼ mile SE½E from Duck Rock, a SE by E course will conduct in Gage's Roads.

Kingston Spit, in front of Thompson's Bay, extends 2 miles east from Duck Rock, and a long mile NE by E from the beacon last mentioned, which has recently been placed upon Fisherman's Rock, a small mass of white rocks about 2 cables length NE from the sandy east point of Rottnest Island, distinguished by the name of Point Philip. To clear Kingston Spit on the north, keep Duck Rock a little shut in to the south of a bare pointed hill near the northern shore of Rottnest; or should the bare hill not be distinguished, keep the north extreme of Rottnest to the southward of W½S; and to clear Kingston Spit on the south, keep the south extreme of Rottnest (Point Parker) open of the next projection to the N.E. of it (S.W. by W.)

Thompson's Bay is a fit resort for boats only, being full of shoal rocky patches and sand banks, to the distance of a mile from the shore,—the remainder of Kingston Spit being occupied by foul uneven ground, with depths varying between 5 and 2 fathoms; near its north and east edges are 7 fathoms, deepening to 9 and 10 in ½ a mile. Between Point Philip and the next projection along ½ mile to the SSW (Bickley Point) there is good shelter in Beagle's Anchorage from all the usual NW and SW gales of winter, the best birth being in 4 fathoms water, sandy ground, nearly ½ a mile south from Fisherman's Rock, and a ¼ of a mile NE from two small rocks called the Twins,—the south point of Rottnest being also in a line with Bickley Point. In this situation a vessel should moor, on account of the limited space.

On the SE side of Rottnest there is a good channel, 2½ miles wide, called the Southern Passage into Gage's Road,—the only obstruction in it being a patch of 3 fathoms, sand and weeds, called Middle Bank, in a line between Point Philip and the Champion Rock, at 1¾ miles from the former, and 1¼ miles from the latter. After a gale; the NW swell round the east end of Rottnest crossing the ocean roll from the S W, breaks heavily at this spot, and indicates its position; it may, however, be avoided by borrowing towards tho rocky islets near Rottnest, which have no dangers fronting them beyond a cable's length; and the bank is cleared to the eastward when the beacon on Duck Rock opens round to the NE'd of that on Fisherman's Rock. These 2 beacons in a line lead also about a cable's length to the NE of the Champion Rock, which has only 9ft. water upon it, with 4 & 5 fathoms all around. This danger, which lies on the SE side of the Southern Passage, is at the NW extremity of a collection of rocks and foul ground that extend 2½ miles NNW ½ W from the Stragglers toward the east end of Rottnest, without any channel amongst them which can yet be pronounced safe. In working up for the southern passage with a northerly wind, the Champion Rock and dangers in its vicinity may be avoided by keeping the high lump of rock called the Mewstone, open to the SW of the largest and highest of the Stragglers, until the SW end of Rottnest shuts in round its south point, bearing about W½N. This last mark will carry a ship clear between Champion Rock and Middle Bank; but should the Mewstone and Stragglers not be satisfactorily distinguished, the beacon on Fisherman's Rock should not be brought to bear more to the westward than N 30d. W by compass, until the SW point is shut in by the south point of Rottnest, as before shewn.

Approaching Rottnest and Southern Passage.: In steering for Rottnest Island and the southern passage from the westward, the shore should not be approached nearer than half a mile, and the bays on each side of the south point are foul and rocky. Porpoise Bay, on its NE side, is also fronted by a low rocky mass called Direction Islet, which lies 1¼ miles E 23d. N from the south point, and has deep water to within a cable's length of its SE side. The summit of Direction Islet in a line with a hill with some trees on its summit (Tree Hill), about ½ a mile to the north of the south point, leads directly over Middle Bank; therefore Tree Hill a little open to the north of Direction Islet leads clear to the north of Middle Bank,—and the same hill on with south point of Direction Islet leads clear on its south side. The next grey rock (Wallace islet) ½ a mile to the NNE, is very rugged, and lies close in to Bickley Point,—it has 2½ fathoms, rocky ground, nearly ¼ of a mile SE of it, which may be avoided in hauling up for Beagle's Anchorage by keeping the south point on with the southern extreme of Direction islet until Fisherman's Rock bears North. The Twin Rocks lie near each other, ¼ of a mile NE from Wallace Islet, and are bold and steep. Round their NE side is Beagle's Anchorage, which is a secure retreat in winter.

Currents.: In beating up to Rottnest against a strong northerly or southerly breeze, much ground will be gained by working in the stream of the island, in order to avoid the strength of a lee current which is found on such occasions to run at the rate of 1 to 1½ miles an hour. The Beagle found it highwater at full and change in Thompson's Bay at 7h. 50m. ,—tide ebbing 10 hours, and flowing 14 hours, with a rise not exceeding 32 inches.

Winds.:—Sea and land breezes prevail in summer. From March to October, NW gales may be expected, rising from the north ward, preceded by a fall in the barometer,—blowing longest at NW,—strongest between WNW and W,—and moderating after a hard squall from the S.W.

J. S. ROE,

Surveyor-General.

Western Australia, Oct. 15, 1840


text: Talk:Sailing Directions For The Navigation About Rottnest Island

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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not describe my feelings when I found myself in a cage in Cursitor street, instead of that fine house in Berkeley square, which was to have been mine as the husband of Mrs. Mannasseh. What a palace!—in an odious, dismal street leading from Chancery lane—a hideous Jew boy opened the second of three doors; and shut when Mr. Nabb and I (almost fainting) had entered: then he opened the third door, and then I was introduced to a filthy place, called a coffee-room, which I exchanged for the solitary comfort of a little dingy back parlor, where I was left for a while to brood over my miserable fate. Fancy the change between this and Berkeley square! Was I, after all my pains, and cleverness, and perseverance, cheated


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Page:Indian Journal of Economics Volume 2.djvu/725

 INDEX


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Page:Indian Journal of Economics Volume 2.djvu/95

UNIVERSITY MILITANT 88 UNIVERSITY MILITANT 83

5. Every economic survey discusses Malthus, but why not also Darwin? Show that his doctrine, commonly thought restrictedly biological, is really and fundamentally the projection of current mechanical improvements, and their associated economic theories, of competition, etc., upon the evolution of the organic and human world. Can any exception be taken to this view, that Darwinism was and is the very flower of classic economic thought, applied to other fields ?

6. Estimate the bearing of later biologists upon economic theory, e.g., Weismann, Kropotkin, Bergson. Returning to the psychological treatment of economics — how far can the traditional doctrine of hedonism be maintained in face of the criticisms of evolutionists, e.g. that progressive processes, from birth and teething onwards, are frequently painful, while those of disease, vice, and deterioration are frequently pleasurable, e.g. spes pthisica, drunkenness, opium-eating, etc. ? Does not the introduction of a future element involve the replacement of the hedonist theory by a distinctly evolutionary one ?

7. Give references to economists who have endeavoured to clear up the position of economics within the general field of sociology. Also compare the fields of sociology and biology, with their respective subsciences ; so as to make the above position of economics still more clear, as by comparison with the economics of animal life and societies.

8. How can it be clearly explained to the student that economics is related to (a) Geography, (b) Anthropology, (c) Elementary Psychology, as of experience, pleasure and pain, etc., (d) to a deeper Psychology of Ideals— of Philosophy, Science and Religion, Doctrine and Symbol, of Imaginative and Creative Art? How far have recent economic schools encouraged (or discouraged) these ?


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SIZE OF LAND HOLDINGS 221 Some of the most recent legislation for preserving economic holdings intact has been passed in Schwartzburg Sondarshansen. A law of 1888 required the previous consent of the Provincial Governor before estates could be subdivided; but this was found to be inadequate. A "New Law against Sub-division of Land" passed in 1912 enacts that this consent to sub-division shall be given only on three conditions: -

(a) Payment of a fixed tax,


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Rh Blackall Range. The property was worked with great success at first with white labour, and afterwards with Kanakas and Cingalese, until the price of sugar declined, when the brothers lost heavily, and J. E. McDonald had to begin the world afresh. John Ernest McDonald came to Western Australia, and his scholarship enabled him to obtain a teacher's appointment in a Perth school. If his active nature had not chafed against the monotony of the life of a pedagogue he would have probably lived and died a schoolmaster, for his first class education qualified him to acquit himself with credit in the post. But he longed, as he would express it, to be a free man again, in other words his own master, and keenly watched for an opportunity to escape from the trammels of his desk and birch. The chance came with the discovery of the Murchison goldfields, and the readiness of capitalists to equip prospectors who might discover new treasure spots in the far North. Mr. McDonald joined Mr. Leslie Robert Menzie, and for three years they were prospecting in the neighbourhood of Cue on the Murchison, and discovered some payable ground. They took over the management of the Star of the East mine, and when that property was acquired by an English company, Messrs. McDonald and Menzie returned to Perth to equip a prospecting party to explore the Coolgardie district. That expedition proved to be the loadstar of the destiny of the friends who had shared so many dangers and privations together. A month to the day after the party had left Perth they lighted upon the site of the great gold field, to which the leader of the party has given his name. Like many other notable discoveries Menzies was come upon by accident. The members of the party were leading their camels and moving at a slow pace through the scrubby country, which did not look promising enough to cause them to call a halt, in order that they might thoroughly examine the formation. It seemed to be enough to use the napping hammer here and there upon any likely bit o[ stone that lay upon the track. It was a bright September day in 1894, on which a lucky blow of the hammer brought to light thick-ribbed shining veins of gold in a fractured stone, and made wealthy men of the prospectors who had braved so much and waited so long for a great reward. They pegged out thirty-six acres on the sites of what are now the celebrated Lady Shenton and Florence mines, and then sought to hide their trail until they could get into Coolgardie with a dazzling collection of rich specimens to secure the valuable leaseholds. Leaving an Afghan and blackboy in charge of the pegs Messrs. McDonald and Menzie hastened back to Coolgardie, encountering on the way another party of prospectors, who, seeing them returning, guessed that they had "struck it lucky," and were naturally anxious to share in the spoil, but the secret was for the time well kept.

At Coolgardie Mr. W. R. Wilson was taken into the confidence of the finders of the new goldfield, and he despatched Mr. D. M. Hall to the scene, with the result that 120 acres of ground were secured for the Octagon syndicate in the immediate vicinity of the leaseholds of Messrs. McDonald and Menzie, whose return to their property was anxiously awaited by nearly 150 miners, who closely dogged their footsteps. En route another sensation was experienced. When Menzies had been nearly reached, one of Mr. McDonald's Afghan camel-drivers picked up a stone showing gold, whereupon the crowd of followers immediately started pegging out in all directions, amid a scene of the wildest excitement. All over the country parties were out eagerly searching for the site of the leaseholds which Messrs. Menzie and McDonald had registered at Coolgardie, crossing and re-crossing the locality like hounds in a covert, and on one occasion some of the pursuers were within three miles of the quarry, but they were foiled, and it was not until the Afghan camel-driver, who had been left in charge, emerged from the scrub to meet his employers when they were almost "home," that the site of Menzies became known to outsiders, by which time Mr. Hall, who had slipped out of Coolgardie unobserved, and had not been followed, had all the pegs Of the Octagon Syndicate in their places, and he was half-way back to the Warden's office to secure the ground. As soon as the rush set in to Menzies, an offer of £10,000 was made for the Lady Shenton lease before a pick had been put into the ground. The would-be purchasers were shrewd men, for the property was afterwards sold for £160,000, while the Florence was floated by the Hon. H. J. Saunders, mayor of Perth, for £120,000. Encouraged by their great success, Messrs. McDonald and Menzie started on another exploring and prospecting expedition, but Mr. Menzie was at a very early stage of the journey seized with rheumatic fever, and had to return to Perth, and Mr. McDonald went on alone for four months longer, travelling in a north-easterly direction from Menzies, and returning by a southerly route. On this journey he found auriferous country, carrying fine gold, but no show that would be likely to be profitable to work in the interior. He went as far as the spinifex country, beyond the most easterly point touched by Sir John Forrest in his exploring expedition of 1869, namely about 400 miles north-east of Coolgardie. The natives a short time previously had had a fight near Lake Carey, and corpses disclosing ghastly spear wounds strewed the plain,but very few blacks were seen, as they had nearly all made their way out east and to Victoria Springs. Around Lake Carey there were a great many emus, but east in the desert no other signs of life, save the small spinifex snakes which the natives allege to be venomous, but none of the party ever suffered any hurt from these reptiles.

On the completion of the trip Mr. McDonald resolved to retire on his laurels as a prospector, and to enjoy the ample means which his courage, endurance, and a certain measure of good luck has brought him. He settled in Perth, bought a valuable estate of city property, and is about to build a palatial suite of shops and warehouses upon it, while, however, continuing to manifest his confidence in the gold fields of Western Australia by retaining large mining interests and accepting a seat upon the directorship of several of the most important companies. As an old and successful explorer and prospector Mr. McDonald will be heard with respect in giving it as his conviction that there is in this colony auriferous country all the way between Port Esperance and Kimberley.

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HE reflection of a man's brightness of intellect invariably shines in his countenance. Mr. Rhodes, the South African hero, was wont to say in reply to youthful and ambitious spirits courting influence or requesting assistance in obtaining appointments, "send me your photograph, and I shall thereby read your worth."

Mr. W. H. C. Lovely's name, on the Western Australian goldfields, is known to all who profess the slightest acquaintance with the doings of our mining world. He is a son of Colonel Lovely, and was born in Adelaide, and educated at St. Peter's and Prince Alfred Colleges. While at these two educational institutions he conceived a love for science which led him to the gates of the Adelaide University. Partly here, and partly in the School of Mines, he pursued a vigorous course of scientific study and research, and specialised in the Department of Mining. He attended lectures on metallurgy, assaying, mine surveying, and all sciences utilised theoretically and practically in mining. Experiments in the laboratory, careful and wearisome digestion of text-books and manuals, made his student life one of laborious study. His three years' curriculum in the science faculty soon fled, and with a record to compensate for his studious gifts he graduated, and bade farewell to his Alma Mater.

His first appointment was that of assayer in the Kohinoor mine at Captain's Flat, New South Wales. For some time he acted as its chief assayer, and combined with this post the equally important position of mining surveyor on the Lake George, in the same district. After assaying in New South Wales for two or three years he took the management of the MacKinlay Mount Wells Silver and Tin Mines. He vacated this appointment after a years' service in order to fulfil a mission to Singapore entrusted to his charge. His object was to arrange a market in Singapore in connection with the disposal of Australian tin. It is not superfluous to add, though it is generally known, that half of the tin in the world is smelted in Singapore, and that more than half of the same mineral is exported from the same city,

Having accomplished satisfactorily the object of his expedition he returned. He did not remain long in the eastern colonies, for early in 1894, he left for Coolgardie, where be at once established his headquarters. With that energy and enthusiasm which are his rights, he strove to win a reputation for himself proportionate to his merits. He started first as consulting engineer, and in that position laurels were not long withheld. But other accessories paved the way to influential authority. Before leaving the sister colonies he had been appointed representative for several capitalists, and curator of the interests of many influential friends, and successful treatment of these entrusted commissions increased his sphere of influence. The number of mines acquired by his sole agency, and floated at his recommendation, may perhaps convince the reader of his vigour and financial knowledge. In quick succession the Kalgurli Gold Mines were floated, with a capital of £100,000, by John Howell and David Lindsay; North Kalgurli Gold Mines, Limited, with a capital of £100,000; South Kalgurli, for £60,000, by John Mortey; the Consuella Gold Mines, Limited, at the Ninety Mile, for £90,000, and the Bunyip Gold Mine, between Broad Arrow and the Forty-Five Mile, was floated by Mr. Lovely himself, in London, quite recently, for £150,000. To his source are traced many other rich streams of capital and flotation.

At present (1896) he has a large scheme in project for the acquisition of properties in the Northern Territory of South Australia. A company is in process of formation, with capital of £500,000, of which £100,000 is set apart as working capital, to take over 11,850,000 acres of pastoral and mineral rights, and a second property comprising 65,000 acres of the same. Let us hope that when once the affairs of this company are fully developed the rewards will be in keeping with the magnitude of the scheme.

In September, 1896, Mr. Lovely visited Mount Malcolm, and was fortunate in discovering a mine which is now known as Lovely's Find. He came upon a rich outcrop of gold, and, having inspected and surveyed it, he pegged out a lease. Some of his purchases have proved conclusively that a judgment, unerring and discriminative, was brought to grapple with what always are admitted to be speculative difficulties. He holds many leases in a process of development, and many others from various considerations undeveloped. The Bunyip Mine, which he personally floated in London, turns out 3 ozs. to the ton. His belief in the goldfields is not confined to barren words, He has invested large sums of money in land in Kalgoorlie, Menzies, and other centres, for building sites. He acts as consulting engineer for many mines, and employs over 200 men. He retains large interests in all the mines mentioned in this biography.

When one reflects that these many issues took place within the narrow time-radius of two and a half years we can appreciate his

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text:
USAMGIK Ordinance 41

 * HEADQUARTERS

 * UNITED STATES ARMY FORCES IN KOREA

 * Office of the Military Governor

ORDINANCE NUMBER 41 10 January 1946
 * Seoul, Korea

  A system of special judicial officers is established.

 Each special judicial officer shall have original jurisdiction of cases in which the punishment imposed shall not exceed confinement in a penal institutin ofr a period of thirty (30) days or a fine of three hundred yen (¥300), or both

 Upon recommendation of a chief judge of district court, the Director court, the director of the Bureau of Justice shall appoint special judicial officers who shall exercise the powers of a judge with reference to the class of cases mentioned in paragraph two.

 The number of special judicial officers in each province whose appointments are authorized by this ordinance shall not exceed the total number of district and branch court judges such provinces.

 Special judicial officers shall be paid the sum of sic hundred on yen and ninety-nine sen (¥601. 99) for each month of service

 Proceedings before special judicial officers shall be summary in nature. The special Judicial officers shall hear evidence on behalf of the prosecution and the accused and render his decision thereon.

 An accused who is not satisfied with the decision of a special judicial officer may demand trial in a district or branch court.

 The decision shall contain the name, age and address of the accused, a brief statement of the facts, the sentence imposed, the name and title of the person making the decision and the date thereof. A permanent record of the decision shall be preserved.

 An accused who demands trial by district or branch court shall present a written or oral application therefor to the special judicial officer within five (5) days after the rendition of the decision. If the application is oral the special judicial officer shall make a written notation of the same.

 A special judicial officer who receives the application mentioned in the preceding paragraph shall send the record of the case and all pertinent records promptly to the public prosecutor of the district or branch court.

 In a case where a sentence of penal servitude or Imprisonment is pronounced, the special judicial officer may issue the writ custody for a period of five (5) days unless appeal is perfecred earlier but the period of custody shall not exceed the sentence imposed.

 In a case where a fine or lower fine is pronounced the accused shall deposit the amount immediately. If he does not do so he shall be held in custody for a term calculated by converting yen ten (¥10) into one day and for this purpose any amount less than yen ten (¥10) shall be taken as one day.

 When an accused has appealed from the decision of a special judicial officer and the appeal has been perfected and a writ of summons has been issued he shall be released immediately pending the appeal.

 The number of days of custody mentioned in paragraph 12 shall accordingly be considered as days served. The number of days custody mentioned in paragraph 13 shall accordingly be considered as yen paid on the basis of yen ten ((¥10) for one day, toward the discharge of a fine or lower fine.

 At any time prior to the rendition of his decision, the special judicial officer may determine that the nature of the case requires trial before a judge of the distress court or branch court. In such case, he shall stay all proceedings before him and forward the record of the case and all pertinent papers, together with the reason for his opinion, to the public prosecutor of the branch or district court.

 It shall be the duty of the chief judge of each district court to assign special judicial officers within the province to such places and for such periods of time as he deems  necessary to accomplish the trial of cases the jurisdiction of which are casted in special judicial officers by the terms of this ordinance.

 This ordinance is effective at midnight, 2400, 10 January 1946.

 * BY DIRECTION OF THE COMMANDING GENERAL

 * UNITED STATES ARMY FORCES IN KOREA

 * Archer L. Lerch

 * Major General, United States Army

 * Military Governor of Korea.

군정법령 제41호

title: USAMGIK Ordinance 41


text:
USAMGIK Ordinance 43

 * HEADQUARTERS

 * UNITED STATES ARMY FORCES IN KOREA

 * Office of the Military Governor

 * Seoul, Korea

ORDINANCE NUMBER 43 16 January 1946

  The Chosun Stock Exchange is hereby dissolved.

  The Chosun Trust Company is appointed liquidator of the Chosun Stock Exchange. Upon the final settlement of the affairs of the Chosun Stock Exchange the Chosun Trust Company will file a report with the Direction of the Financial Bureau of the Government of Korea.

  This ordinance is effective 2400. 16 January 1946.

 * BY DIRECTION OF THE COMMANDING GENERAL

 * UNITED STATES ARMY FORCES IN KOREA

 * ARCHER L. LERCH

 * Major General, United States Army

 * Military Governor of Korea.

군정법령 제43호

title: USAMGIK Ordinance 43


text: Popular Tales from the Norse/Farmer Weathersky


text: Popular Tales from the Norse/Lord Peter

title: Popular Tales from the Norse/Lord Peter


text: Popular Tales from the Norse/The Seven Foals


text: Popular Tales from the Norse/The Widow's Son


text: Popular Tales from the Norse/Bushy Bride


text: Popular Tales from the Norse/Boots and his Brothers


text: Popular Tales from the Norse/Big Peter and Little Peter


text: Popular Tales from the Norse/Tatterhood

title: Popular Tales from the Norse/Tatterhood


text: Popular Tales from the Norse/The Cock and Hen that went to the Dovrefell


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 412 "What! are we to go home already?" said the man, who hadn't given any heed to what the lad did.

"Yes, we must, since mother calls," said the lad.

So when they got into the passage, the lad began to hem and cough, that the Goody might get Tom Totherhouse out of the way. But when they came into the room, there stood a whole bowl of custards on the table.

"Nay, nay, mother," cried out the man, "shall we have custards to-day?"

"Yes, that you shall, dear," said the Goody; but she was as sour as verjuice, and as cross as two sticks.

So when they had eaten and drank all the good cheer up, off they went again to their work, and the Goody said to Tom,—

"Deil take that lad's sharp nose, this was all his fault; but now you must be off as fast as you can, and I'll come down to you in the mead with a snack between meals."

This the lad stood outside in the passage and listened to.

"Do you know, father," he said, "I think we'd best go down into the hollow and put our fence to rights, which is blown down, before the neighbours' swine get in and root up our meadow."

"Ay, ay, let's go and do it," said the man; for he did all he was told, good, easy man.

So when the afternoon was half spent, down came the Goody sneaking along into the mead, with something under her apron.

"Nay, nay, mother," said the man, "it can't be you any longer; are we to have a snack between meals too?"

"Yes, yes, that you shall," she said; but she was sourer and wilder than ever.


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 Rh So they made merry, and crammed themselves with bannocks and butter, and had a drop of brandy into the bargain.

"I'll go off to Tom Totherhouse with a snack—shan't I, mother?" said the lad. "He's had nothing between meals, I'll be bound."

"Ah! do; there's a good fellow," said the Goody, who all at once got as mild as milk.

As he went along the lad broke a bannock to bits, and dropped the crumbs here and there as he walked. But when he got to Tom Totherhouse he said,—

"Now, just you take care, for our old cock has found out that you come too often to see our Goody. He won't stand it any longer, and has sworn to drive his axe into you as soon as ever he can set eyes on you."

As for Tom, he was so frightened he scarce knew which way to turn, and the lad went back again to his master.

"There's something wrong," he said, "with Tom's plough, and he begs you to be so good as to take your axe, and go and see if you can't set it right."

Yes, the man set off with his axe, but Tom Totherhouse had scarce caught sight of him, before he took to his heels as fast as he could. The man turned and twisted the plough round and round, and looked at it on every side, and when he couldn't see anything wrong with it he went off home again; but on the way he picked up the bits of broken bannock which the lad had let fall. His old dame stood in the meadow and looked at him as he did this for a while, and wondered and wondered what it could be her husband was gathering up.

"Oh, I know," said the lad, "master's picking up stones,


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 414 I'll be bound; for he has marked how often this Tom Totherhouse runs over here; and the old fellow won't stand it any longer; and now he has sworn to stone mother to death."

Off went the Goody as fast as her legs could carry her.

"What in the world is it that mother is running after now?" asked the man, when he reached the spot where she had stood.

"Oh," said the lad, "maybe the house at home is on fire?"

So there ran the husband behind and the Goody before; and as she ran she screeched out,—

"All! ah! don't stone me to death; don't stone me to death I and I'll give you my word never to let Tom Totherhouse come near me again."

"Now the ten dollars are mine," bawled out the lad; and so they were.

LITTLE ANNIE THE GOOSE-GIRL.

on a time there was a King who had so many geese, he was forced to have a lassie to tend them and watch them; her name was Annie, and so they called her "Annie the Goose-girl." Now you must know there was a King's son from England who went out to woo; and as he came along Annie sat herself down in his way.

"Sitting all alone there, you little Annie?" said the King's son.


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 "Yes," said little Annie, "here I sit and put stitch to stitch and patch on patch. I'm waiting to-day for the King's son from England."

"Him you mustn't look to have," said the Prince.

"Nay, but if I'm to have him," said little Annie, "have him I shall after all."

And now limners were sent out into all lands and realms to take the likenesses of the fairest Princesses, and the Prince was to choose between them. So he thought so much of one of them, that he set out to seek her, and wanted to wed her, and he was glad and happy when he got her for his sweetheart.

But now I must tell you this Prince had a stone with him which he laid by his bedside, and that stone knew everything, and when the Princess came little Annie told her, if so be she'd had a sweetheart before, or didn't feel herself quite free from anything which she didn't wish the Prince to know, she'd better not step on that stone which lay by the bedside.

"If you do, it will tell him all about you," said little Annie.

So when the Princess heard that she was dreadfully downcast, and she fell upon the thought to ask Annie it' she would get into bed that night in her stead and lie down by the Prince's side, and then when he was sound asleep, Annie should get out and the Princess should get in, and so when he woke up in the morning he would find the right bride by his side.

So they did that, and when Annie the goose-girl came and stepped upon the stone the Prince asked,—

"Who is this that steps into my bed?"


text:
Page:Popular tales from the Norse (1912).djvu/602

 416 "A maid pure and bright," said the stone, and so they lay down to sleep; but when the night wore on the Princess came and lay down in Annie's stead.

But next morning, when they were to get up, the Prince asked the stone again,—

"Who is this that steps out of my bed?"

"One that has had three bairns," said the stone.

When the Prince heard that he wouldn't have her, you may know very well; and so he packed her off home again, and took another sweetheart.

But as he went to see her, little Annie went and sat down in his way again.

"Sitting all alone there, little Annie, the goose-girl," said the Prince.

"Yes, here I sit, and put stitch to stitch, and patch on patch; for I'm waiting to-day for the king's son from England," said Annie.

"Oh! you mustn't look to have him," said the king's son.

"Nay, but if I'm to have him, have him I shall, after all;" that was what Annie thought.

Well, it was the same story over again with the Prince; only this time, when his bride got up in the morning, the stone said she'd had six bairns.

So the Prince wouldn't have her either, but sent her about her business; but still he thought he'd try once more if he couldn't find one who was pure and spotless; and he sought far and wide in many lands, till at last he found one he thought he might trust. But when he went to see her, little Annie the goose-girl had put herself in his way.


text:
Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 06.djvu/209

 Braham which 'protruded a long Hebrew nose and a huge pair of black whiskers.'

During his forty years' professional life the popular tenor had accumulated a large fortune, but in 1831 he unwisely joined Yates in buying the Colosseum in Regent's Park for 40,000l., and in 1835 built the St. James's Theatre, which cost 30,000l. Both of these speculations proved disastrous, and he was forced once more to return to the stage and concert-room. In 1839 he sang the parts of Tell and Don Giovanni in Rossini's and Mozart's operas, though both are written for baritones, but his voice at this time had suffered from the ravages of time, and he was no longer able to sing his old parts. In 1840 he went to America with his son Charles, but the tour was unsuccessful. On his return he gave a concert in which the father and son were the sole performers. For several years the veteran tenor continued to sing in public, principally in concerts and at provincial festivals, and he did not finally retire until March 1852, when his last appearance took place at the Wednesday concerts. After his retirement he lived at the Grange, Brompton, where he died on 17 Feb. 1856. He was buried in the Brompton cemetery.

Braham left six children. Three of his sons, Charles, Augustus, and Hamilton, adopted the musical profession; one of his daughters (afterwards Frances, countess Waldegrave) was for many years a notable figure in London society. A son by Nancy Storace took orders in the Anglican church. In person Braham was short, stout, and Jewish-looking. At one of the Hereford festivals his small stature gave rise to an amusing incident. Braham was singing the 'Bay of Biscay,' in the last verse of which he was in the habit of making considerable effect by falling on one knee at the words 'A sail! a sail!' On the occasion in question he did this as usual, but unfortunately the platform was constructed with a rather high barrier on the side towards the audience, so that the little tenor was completely lost to sight. The audience, in alarm, thinking he had slipped down a trap-door, rose like one man, and when Braham got up again he was received with shouts of laughter. His voice had a compass of nineteen notes, with a falsetto extending from D to A in alto; the junction between the two voices was so admirably concealed that it could not be detected when he sang an ascending and descending scale in chromatics. The volume of sound he could produce was prodigious, and his declamation was magnificent. Even in 1830, when he sang in Auber's 'Masaniello,' his voice is said to have rung out like a trumpet. In spite of all these extraordinary natural gifts, great discrepancies of opinion exist as to the merits of his singing. His great fault seems to have been that though he could sing with the utmost perfection of style and execution, yet he generally preferred to astonish the groundlings by vulgar and tricky displays and sensational effects. In this way he was accused of corrupting the taste of the age, and he certainly injured his voice by shouting and forcing it, so that in his later days he even sang out of tune. He frittered away extraordinary powers of declamation and pathos in trivialities and vulgarities, and used his magnificent talents only as a means of acquiring money. When at the zenith of his career, he entertained the Duke of Sussex at his house, and in the course of the evening sang a number of songs in the most perfectly artistic style. 'Why, Braham,' said the duke, 'why don't you always sing like that?' 'If I did,' was the reply, 'I should not have the honour of entertaining your royal highness to-night.' His own compositions were of the feeblest description, and could only have been endurable by the embellishments he introduced in singing them, but which are never found in the published copies of his operas and songs. In private life he was much liked, especially in his later days, when he enjoyed great reputation for his conversational powers. The best portraits of him are: (1) a water-colour drawing by Deighton, painted in 1830 (now in the possession of Mr. Julian Marshall); (2) a vignette by Ridley, after Allingham (published 26 July 1803); (3) a coloured full-length, as Orlando in the 'Cabinet,' drawn and etched by Deighton (22 March 1802); (4) a vignette by Anthony Cardon, after J. G. Wood (published 30 Nov. 1806); and (5) a vignette by H. Adlard, 'Mr. Braham in 1800,' in Busby's 'Concert Room Anecdotes.'

 BRAHAM, ROBERT (fl. 1555), edited in 1555 'The Auncient Historic and onely trewe and syncere Cronicle of the warres


text:
User talk:27.110.234.26

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title: User talk:27.110.234.26


text:
User talk:65.5.77.131

Welcome

Hello, and welcome to Wikisource! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers:

 * Help pages
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title: User talk:65.5.77.131


text:
Author:Barack Obama/Floor statements

2005

 * On Nomination of Alberto Gonzales as Attorney General, (3 February 2005)
 * On Confirmation of John Bolton, (11 April 2005)

2006

 * On Confirmation of Samuel Alito, (26 January 2006)
 * On Ethics Reform, (7 March 2006)
 * On Immigration Reform, (3 April 2006)
 * On the Employment Verification Amendment, (23 May 2006)
 * On a Photo ID to Vote, (24 May 2006)
 * On Confirmation of Michael Hayden, (25 May 2006)
 * On the Iraq Debate, (21 June 2006)
 * On the Habeas Corpus Amendment, (27 September 2006)
 * On the Military Tribunal Bill, (28 September 2006)

2007

 * On President's Decision to Increase Troops in Iraq, (19 January 2007)
 * On Iraq War De-escalation Act of 2007, (30 January 2007)
 * New Leadership Resolution on Iraq, (13 March 2007)

2008

 * On the G.I. Bill (22 May 2008)

title: Author:Barack Obama/Floor statements


text:
Author:Barack Obama/Letters

As Senator

 * Letter to John McCain on ethics reform (2 February 2006)
 * Letter regarding the housing crisis (22 March 2007)
 * Letter to Howard Dean (3 May 2007)
 * Letter regarding David Palmer (26 July 2007)
 * Letter to Aníbal Acevedo Vilá (12 February 2008)
 * Letter to Tavis Smiley (13 February 2008)
 * Letter to the LGBT Community (28 February 2008)
 * Letter of resignation from Trinity United Church of Christ (30 May 2008)
 * Letter to the Alice B. Toklas LGBT Democratic Club (1 June 2008)
 * Letter to George W. Bush regarding Israel (24 June 2008)
 * Prayer at the Western Wall (July 2008)
 * Letter to the Editor of the New York Times (14 July 2008)
 * Letter to Business and Professional Women/USA (17 July 2008)
 * Letter to the Dalai Lama (24 July 2008)
 * Letter to James A. Grogan (15 August 2008)
 * Letter to Vibe Magazine (9 September 2008)
 * Letter to the National Minority AIDS Council (19 September 2008)
 * Letter to the National Albanian American Council (19 September 2008)
 * Letter regarding NASA (21 September 2008)
 * Letter to Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh (23 September 2008)
 * Letter regarding the Hmong (25 September 2008)
 * Letter regarding the Open Debate Coalition (6 October 2008)
 * Letter to Timothy E. Hoeksema (10 October 2008)
 * Letter regarding the Department of Defense (20 October 2008)
 * Letter regarding the Bureau of Prisons (20 October 2008)
 * Letter regarding the Department of Homeland Security (20 October 2008)
 * Letter regarding the Department of Labor (20 October 2008)
 * Letter regarding the Environmental Protection Agency (20 October 2008)
 * Letter regarding the Department of Housing and Urban Development (20 October 2008)
 * Letter regarding the Department of Veterans' Affairs (20 October 2008)
 * Letter regarding the Social Security Administration (20 October 2008)
 * Letter regarding the Transportation Security Administration (20 October 2008)
 * Letter to the National Council of Textile Organizations (24 October 2008)

As President-elect

 * Letter to Millions (4 November 2008)
 * Letter to the people of Kenya (7 November 2008)
 * Letter of resignation from the Senate (8 November 2008)
 * Letter of thanks to the people of Illinois (16 November 2008)
 * The Action Americans Need (5 February 2009)

Received

 * Letter from John McCain on lobbying reform (6 February 2006)
 * Letter from Toni Morrison (28 January 2008)
 * Letter from Ralph Nader (3 November 2008)
 * Letter of congratulations from the Dalai Lama (5 November 2008)
 * Letter of congratulations from Nicolas Sarkozy (5 November 2008)
 * Letter of congratulations from Tarja Halonen (5 November 2008)
 * Letter of congratulations from Mahmoud Ahmadinejad (6 November 2008)
 * Letter of congratulations from the TYO (6 November 2008)
 * Letter from Chuck Norris (10 November 2008)
 * Letter from Henry C. Karlson III (14 November 2008)
 * Letter from Willie Nelson (November 2008)
 * Letter from Nancy Killefer (3 February 2009)
 * Letter from Nancy Pelosi and Harry Reid (12 February 2009)

title: Author:Barack Obama/Letters


text:
Author:Barack Obama/Official statements

January

 * Statement welcoming senior staff and Cabinet secretaries to the White House (January 21)
 * Statement on meeting about the situation in Iraq (January 21)
 * Statement on the 36th anniversary of Roe v. Wade (January 22)
 * Statement on appointment of Kirsten Gillibrand (January 23)
 * Statement on revocation of the Mexico City Policy (January 24)
 * Statement on 58th anniversary of India's Constitution (January 26)
 * Statement on the Year of the Ox (January 26)
 * Statement on meeting the Republican House Caucus (27 January)
 * Statement on the House passage of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (January 28)
 * Statement on meeting with the Secretary of Defense and Joint Chiefs of Staff (January 28)
 * Statement on the impeachment of Rod Balgojevich (January 29)
 * Statement on meeting with the Vice-President and Secretary of the Treasury (January 29)
 * Statement on the Senate passage of SCHIP (January 30)
 * Statement on Iraqi provincial elections (January 31)

February

 * Statement on the American Recovery and Reinvestment Plan (February 2)
 * Statement on the withdrawal of Tom Daschle (February 3)
 * Statement on the state of education (February 4)
 * Statement on the tenure of John Dingell (February 11)
 * Statement on AR&R Act Agreement (February 11)
 * Statement on signing the DTV Delay Act (February 11)
 * Statement on the re-opening of Ford's Theatre (February 11)
 * Statement on the Buffalo plane crash (February 13)
 * Statement on the situation in Afghanistan (February 17)
 * Statement on the launch of Recovery.gov (February 17)
 * Statement on meeting with Prime Minister Aso (February 23)

March

 * Statement on the Congressional Committee Chairs dinner (March 4)
 * Statement on International Women's Day (March 8)

August

 * President Obama's Eulogy of Senator Edward Kennedy (August 29)

title: Author:Barack Obama/Official statements


text:
Author:Barack Obama/Podcasts

2005

 * Hurricane Katrina Relief Efforts, (8 September 2005)
 * Katrina Relief Spending Accountability and Securing Our Energy Future, (14 September 2005)
 * Avian Flu Preparedness, (5 October 2005)
 * Remembering Rosa Parks, (26 October 2005)
 * Protecting Voters Against Deceptive Practices, (10 November 2005)
 * Fiscal Responsibility and Gulf Coast Reconstruction, (16 November 2005)
 * Reauthorization of the Patriot Act, (16 December 2005)

2006

 * From the Road: Speaking with American Troops in Iraq, (9 January 2006)
 * From the Road: Israel and the Palestinian Territories, (14 January 2006)
 * Remarks: Honest Leadership and Open Government, (18 January 2006)
 * Today's Meeting on Iraq with President Bush, (25 January 2006)
 * Lobbying and Ethics Reform, (9 February 2006)
 * Darfur: Current Policy Not Enough, (15 February 2006)
 * Improving Chemical Plant Security, (29 March 2006)
 * A Real Solution for High Gas Prices, (11 May 2006)
 * Honoring Our Commitment to Veterans, (18 May 2006)
 * Network Neutrality, (8 June 2006)

title: Author:Barack Obama/Podcasts


text:
Author:Barack Obama/Presidential memoranda

2009

 * Transparency and Open Government (January 21)
 * Pay Freeze (January 21)
 * Freedom of Information Act (January 21)
 * Review of the Detention of Ali Saleh Kahlah al-Marri (January 22)
 * Mexico City Policy and Assistance for Voluntary Population Planning (January 23)
 * The Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (January 26)
 * State of California Request for Waiver Under 42 U.S.C. 7543(b), the Clean Air Act (January 26)
 * Unexpected Urgent Refugee and Migration Needs Related to Gaza (January 27)
 * Memorandum for the Heads of Executive Departments and Agencies (January 30)
 * Unexpected Urgent Refugee and Migration Needs Related to Gaza (February 2)
 * State Children's Health Insurance Program (February 4)
 * Appliance Efficiency Standards (February 5)
 * Transfer of Detainee to Control of the Attorney General (February 27)
 * The Endangered Species Act (March 3)
 * Government Contracting (March 4)
 * Scientific Integrity (March 9)
 * Presidential Signing Statements (March 9)
 * Federal Benefits and Non-Discrimination (June 17)

2010

 * Attempted Terrorist Attack on December 25, 2009: Intelligence, Screening, and Watchlisting System Corrective Actions · (January 7)
 * Addressing Tax Delinquency by Government Contractors · (January 22)
 * Respecting the Rights of Hospital Patients to Receive Visitors and to Designate Surrogate Decision Makers for Medical Emergencies · (April 15)

2012

 * Order Regarding the Acquisition of Four U.S. Wind Farm Project Companies by Ralls Corporation (September 28)

 * Presidential Determination with respect to the Suspension of Limitations under the Jerusalem Embassy Act (December 4)
 * Presidential Determination Pursuant to Section 1245 (d) (4) (B) and (C) of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2012 (December 7)
 * Federal Employee Pay Schedules and Rates that are Set by Administrative Discretion (December 21)
 * Authorized Representative of the Federal Government Under Section 7302 of the National Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 (December 21)

2013

 * National Flood Insurance Program (January 7)
 * Letter From the President to the Speaker of the House of Representatives and the President Pro Tempore of the Senate Regarding the War Powers Resolution (January 13)
 * Delegation of Certain Functions Under Section 6 of Public Law 112-150 (January 15)
 * Tracing of Firearms in Connection with Criminal Investigations (January 16)
 * Improving Availability of Relevant Executive Branch Records to the National Instant Criminal Background Check System (January 16)
 * Engaging in Public Health Research on the Causes and Prevention of Gun Violence (January 16)


text:
Author:Barack Obama/Presidential speeches

2009

 * Taking the Oath of Office (20 January)
 * Inaugural address (20 January)
 * First Congressional Address (February 24)
 * The Price of Freedom is Great (February 27)
 * America is Listening (March 9)
 * Remarks recorded by Barack Obama for the Hall of Presidents at Magic Kingdom Park, Walt Disney World, Florida (Spring or summer)
 * My education, my future (September 8)
 * Health Care Speech (September 9)

2011

 * Remarks by the President at a Memorial Service for Victims of the Shootings in Tucson, Arizona (January 12)
 * A Time of Great Trial (June 22)
 * Put Aside Party and Pride (July 26)
 * The American People's Voice (August 1)

2012

 * Remarks by the President to the UN General Assembly (September 25th)
 * Presidential speech at the Connecticut vigil (December 16)


text:
Author:Barack Obama/Presidential works

Press Conferences

 * 9 February 2009
 * 19 February 2009
 * 11 January 2013
 * 14 January 2013

Town Hall Meetings

 * Elkhart, Indiana (9 February 2009)
 * Ft. Myers, Florida (10 February 2009)

Interviews

 * Interview on Al Arabiya (26 January 2009)
 * Interview of the President by Matt Lauer of NBC's “Today” (1 February 2009)
 * Super Bowl Pre-Game Interview (1 February 2009)
 * Interivew on CBC (17 February 2009)

Presidential Works

 * Speeches
 * Executive orders
 * Proclamations
 * Memoranda
 * Weekly addresses
 * Official statements
 * Remarks
 * Press briefings

title: Author:Barack Obama/Presidential works


text:
Author:Barack Obama/Remarks

The following remarks have been delivered at various events by President Barack Obama

2009

 * From Peril to Progress (26 January)
 * Sunlight is the Best Disinfectant (28 January)
 * Standing for What's Right (29 January)
 * Sense of Responsibility (29 January)
 * Measure of Our Prosperity (30 January)
 * A Trusted Voice (February 3)
 * The Reality of This Crisis (February 4)
 * A Critical First Step (February 4)
 * Extraordinary Measures (February 4)
 * My Hope, My Prayer (February 5)
 * My Door is Always Open (February 5)
 * Inaction is Not an Option (February 5)
 * Beyond the Echo Chamber (February 6)
 * What We Do At This Moment (February 11)
 * One Nation and One People (February 12)
 * Vision of a Better Future (February 12)
 * What Needs to be Done (February 12)
 * Our Success as a Nation (February 13)
 * A Destiny of Our Own Making (February 17)
 * Faith in the American Dream (February 18)
 * Every Corner of Our Cities (February 19)
 * Having an Honest Debate (February 23)
 * A New Era of Responsibility (February 23)
 * A Tireless Advocate (February 25)
 * A New Regulatory Framework (February 25)
 * More Than Simply Numbers (February 26)
 * Grace and Good Humor (March 2)
 * The Face of This Nation (March 3)
 * Part of the Solution (March 3)
 * The Department of Everything Else (March 3)
 * A New Way of Doing Business (March 4)
 * The Promise of Health Care (March 5)
 * Essence of Responsibility (March 6)
 * Giving Substance to Hope (March 9)
 * Important Partner (March 10)

2011

 * Put Aside Party and Pride (July 26)
 * The American People's Voice (July 31)

2012

 * The Light of the Values We Stand For (September 12)
 * Solving Our Fiscal Challenges (November 9)
 * We Take Care of Our Own (November 11)
 * The Hour for Immediate Action (December 28)
 * A Pressing Concern on People's Minds (December 31)

2013

 * There Is a Path Forward (January 1)
 * The Most Vulnerable Among Us (January 16)

title: Author:Barack Obama/Remarks


text:
Author:Barack Obama/Weekly addresses

As President
What had previously been referred to as the "Presidential Radio Address" became known as the "Presidential Weekly Address" when President Obama began using YouTube as a method of delivering the address.

title: Author:Barack Obama/Weekly addresses


text:
Author:Barack Obama/Presidential Proclamations

2011

 * Proclamation 8636 − 150th Anniversary of the Inauguration of Abraham Lincoln (March 04)
 * Proclamation 8685 − Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Pride Month, 2011 (May 31)
 * Proclamation 8730 − National Energy Action Month, 2011 (Oct 06)
 * Proclamation 8731 − German-American Day, 2011 (Oct 06)
 * Proclamation 8732 − Fire Prevention Week, 2011 (Oct 07)
 * Proclamation 8733 − National School Lunch Week, 2011 (Oct 07)
 * Proclamation 8734 − Leif Erikson Day, 2011 (Oct 07)
 * Proclamation 8735 − Columbus Day, 2011 (Oct 07)
 * Proclamation 8736 − General Pulaski Memorial Day, 2011 (Oct 11)
 * Proclamation 8762 − World AIDS Day, 2011 (Nov 30)

2012

 * Proclamation 8801 − National Park Week, 2012 (April 20)
 * Proclamation 8802 − Earth Day, 2012 (April 20)
 * Proclamation 8803 − Establishment of the Fort Ord National Monument (April 20)
 * Proclamation 8805 − Workers Memorial Day, 2012 (April 27)
 * Proclamation 8810 − Law Day, U.S.A., 2012 (May 1)
 * Proclamation 8829 − Commemoration of the 50th Anniversary of the Vietnam War (May 25)
 * Proclamation 8834 − Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Pride Month, 2012 (June 1)
 * Proclamation 8909 − World AIDS Day, 2012 (Nov 29)


text: Author:Wheelton Hind

title: Author:Wheelton Hind


text:
Talk:The Holy Qur'an/Maryam

Allah (God) is great

title: Talk:The Holy Qur'an/Maryam


text: Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Leypoldt, Frederick


text: Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Sower, Christopher


text:
Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 60.djvu/460

 WHEWELL, WILLIAM (1794–1866), master of Trinity College, Cambridge, born in Brock Street, Lancaster, on 24 May 1794, was eldest of the seven children of John Whewell, master-carpenter, by his wife Elizabeth (Bennison). Of William's three brothers, two died in infancy, while the third lived just long enough (1803–1812) to show promise. He had three sisters: Elizabeth, who died unmarried in 1821; Martha, who married the Rev. James Statter, and died in 1863, when her brother privately printed some of her verses, with a prefatory notice; and Ann, who married William Newton and died in 1879. William was sent very young to the ‘Blue School’ in Lancaster. Joseph Rowley, master of the grammar school, happening to talk to William, was struck by his abilities, and offered to teach him freely at the grammar school. The father, who had intended to apprentice his son to himself, consented after some hesitation. Richard Owen the naturalist was sent to the same school at the age of six (1810), and gave his recollections of Whewell to Mrs. Stair Douglas (Life of Whewell, p. 3). According to this account, Whewell, a ‘tall, ungainly youth,’ was humiliated by being sent to Owen to learn the meaning of the mysterious word ‘viz.’ The two formed, says Owen, a lasting friendship from that time. Whewell, however, made so rapid a bound upwards that his schoolfellows had to take forcible measures to prevent him from raising the standard of lessons. A sense of fair play prevented more than two together from attempting to ‘wallop’ him into decent idleness, and the fate of the first pair did not encourage a second assault. The dates suggest some inaccuracy. In 1809, before Owen came to the school, Whewell had been examined by a Mr. Hudson, tutor of Trinity College, Cambridge, who prophesied that he would be among the first six wranglers. He consequently moved in 1810 to the grammar school at Heversham, where there was an exhibition to Trinity, worth about 50l. a year. No parishioner of Heversham having applied, Whewell obtained the exhibition in 1811 on condition of passing two years at the school. After going to Cambridge in 1811 to be entered, he returned to spend another year at Heversham. He also took charge of the school during a vacancy of the mastership. He had some lessons from John Gough (1757–1825) [q. v.] of Kendal, the famous blind mathematician, reading ‘conic sections, fluxions, and mechanics.’ In October 1812 he went up to Cambridge. His health, which had been delicate, became strong. He set to work vigorously at the studies and amusements of the place. He made friends with John Frederick William Herschel, the senior wrangler of 1813, and other young men of academical distinction. He did well in college examinations, won a ‘declamation prize’ in 1813 by an essay upon Brutus and Cæsar, and in 1814 won the chancellor's English medal by a poem upon Boadicea. His friends expected him to be senior wrangler in 1816, but he was beaten by Edward Jacob [see under ]. At that time the candidates were first arranged in brackets, the order within each bracket being decided by a further examination. Jacob was placed by himself in the first and Whewell by himself in the second bracket. Jacob was also first, and Whewell second, Smith's prizeman. Legends were long current in Cambridge as to this defeat; Whewell, it was said, had been thrown off his guard by Jacob's apparent idleness. Whewell, from his letters, seems to have taken the result in good part, complaining only that he could not write fast enough in the examination. He was president of the Union Society in 1817, and in the chair at a famous debate in March of that year when the vice-chancellor sent the proctors to disperse the meeting. Whewell vainly desired the strangers to withdraw while their message was under consideration. He and Connop Thirlwall [q. v.] were permitted to appeal to the vice-chancellor in person, but the debates were for the time suppressed.

Whewell's mother died in 1807, and his father in July 1816. He was now able to support himself by taking private pupils, and for several years took reading parties for the long vacation. Two of his closest friends, Herschel and Richard Jones (1790–1855) [q. v.] the economist, left Cambridge, to his great regret; but he had become strongly attached to the place. Among other friends were Babbage, Richard Sheepshanks [q. v.] the astronomer, and Hugh James Rose [q. v.] With Rose he kept up a long correspondence. Kenelm Henry Digby [q. v.] was a private pupil, and, though differing very widely in tastes, spoke in strong terms of his tutor's generosity and friendliness (, p. 36). He was elected to a fellowship at his college on 1 Oct. 1817, and appointed assistant tutor in 1818. In 1823 he became tutor of one of the ‘sides,’ having a colleague for the first year. The number of sides was increased at the time of his appointment from two to three. One of the other tutors was George Peacock (1791–1858) [q. v.], afterwards dean of Ely. Among the lecturers during his tutorship were Julius Charles Hare [q. v.], whom he induced to return to


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 Cambridge in 1822, and Connop Thirlwall, afterwards bishop of St. David's, who also returned on giving up the bar in 1827. Whewell was thus one of a group of very able men who were beginning to raise the standard of Cambridge education. In 1818 the Cambridge Philosophical Society was founded, and Whewell was one of the original members. Rose, Hare, and Thirlwall were studying German literature in various departments. Whewell read Kant carefully, and became in some degree a disciple. He learnt German thoroughly. Humboldt complained of having missed him at Potsdam, because orders had been given to admit an English gentleman, and Whewell was taken for a German (, i. 411). In later years he translated a novel of Auerbach's and Goethe's ‘Hermann and Dorothea,’ for which he had an enthusiastic admiration. His friends Babbage, Herschel, and Peacock were now introducing the analytical methods of continental mathematicians, still neglected at Cambridge [see under, (1791–1858)]. Whewell supported them (, ii. 14, 30), and, when his friends talked of starting a review, suggested that it might be floated at Cambridge by adding some ‘neatly done mathematics’ (ib. p. 21)—an ‘odd expedient,’ as he admits. As the review never started, this mode of increasing circulation was not tested. Meanwhile, as mathematical lecturer at Trinity and moderator (1820 and 1828) he could exercise a more appropriate influence in the cause. He first became an author in the same interest. A text-book upon mechanics, first published in 1819, helped, as Todhunter says (i. 13), to introduce the continental mathematics. It went through many editions, and he followed it up by other books of a similar kind. In 1820 he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society, and early in the same year made the acquaintance of George Biddell Airy (afterwards astronomer royal), then an undergraduate at Trinity, and at a later time one of his warmest friends. He made tours during the long vacations. The first attempt with his friend Sheepshanks in 1819 was ended by the wreck of the packet in which they were crossing the Channel, and the loss of all their baggage. In 1820 they visited Switzerland. These tours led to a new subject of study. Letters from Sheepshanks in 1822 show that Whewell was taking an interest in ecclesiastical architecture (, i. 31). In 1823 he made a tour with Kenelm Digby to see the churches of Normandy and Picardy. In 1829, 1830, and 1831 he made later tours for similar purposes in Germany, Cornwall, and Normandy. His various observations enabled him to write a book of ‘Architectural Notes,’ giving his theory of Gothic architecture. A tour in Germany in 1825 had a more strictly scientific purpose. He had already published papers upon crystallography in the ‘Transactions’ of the Royal and the Cambridge Philosophical societies, and he announced himself (June 1825) a candidate for the chair of mineralogy about to be vacated by John Stevens Henslow [q. v.] He visited Germany to obtain instruction in the science from Professor Mohs. Disputes as to the right of election delayed the appointment to the Cambridge professorship till March 1828, when Whewell was elected. He immediately published an essay upon ‘Mineralogical Classification.’ In 1827 he had been elected a fellow of the Geological Society. In 1826, and again in 1828, he made some laborious experiments with Airy at the bottom of Dolcoath mine, near Camborne in Cornwall, with a view to determining the density of the earth. Accidents to the instruments employed were on both occasions fatal to the success of the experiments.

Whewell had been ordained priest on Trinity Sunday 1825 (the date of his ordination as deacon seems to be unknown;, p. 101; , i. 32). His scientific occupations had not diminished his interest in theology, upon which he communicated with his friends H. J. Rose and Julius Hare. In September 1830 he was appointed to write one of the Bridgewater ‘Treatises.’ This, which appeared in 1833, was the first and perhaps the most popular of the series. It was also, as Todhunter thinks, the book which first made Whewell known to general readers. Its subject is astronomy considered with reference to natural theology. The book anticipates the point which he treated at length in the ‘Plurality of Worlds.’ It was criticised with some severity by Brewster in the ‘Edinburgh Review’ of January 1834.

Whewell in 1832 resigned the chair of mineralogy, in which he was succeeded by William Hallowes Miller [q. v.] He presented his collections to the university, with a sum of 100l. towards the provision of a suitable museum. Whewell had already made the acquaintance of many men of scientific eminence on the continent as well as in England. James David Forbes [q. v.], who visited Cambridge in May 1831, became one of his warmest friends. The foundation of the British Association in 1831 widened his circle of acquaintance. He was prevented by college business from attending


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 term 1678 he was created a baron of the exchequer, but early next year (29 April) was dismissed, without reason assigned, along with Sir William Wild of the king's bench, Sir Edward Thurland of the exchequer, and Vere Bertie of the common pleas, Sir Thomas Raymond being sworn in his place (5 May), though, according to his own account, he 'had laboured, and not without great reason, to prevent it.' It was supposed that either Sir William Temple or Lord-chancellor Finch was at the bottom of the affair. On 4 June a pension of 500l. a year was granted him, of which the first three terminal instalments only were paid him. At his death, which occurred at his chambers in Serjeants' Inn 27 March 1683, it was three years and six months in arrear. He was buried 30 March in Roxwell Church. He died heavily in debt, and his brother John, who was his executor, made persistent efforts to get in the amount due in respect of his pension (some 1,750l.), and succeeded in 1686 in recovering 1,456l. 5s., the balance being, as he plaintively puts it, abated in costs. Sir Francis was never married. In person he was short and rather stout.

BRAMSTON, JAMES (1694?–1744), poet, was the son of Francis Bramston, fourth son of Sir Moundeford Bramston, master in chancery, who in his turn was younger son of Sir the elder [q.v.], lord chief justice of the king's bench. In 1708 James Bramston went to Westminster School. Thence, in 1713, he passed to Christ Church, Oxford, taking his B.A. degree on 17 May 1717, and his M.A. degree on 6 April 1720. In March 1723 he became vicar of Lurgashall, Sussex, and later (1725) vicar of Harting in the same county, obtaining a dispensation to hold both livings. In 1729 he published the 'Art of Politicks,' an imitation of the 'Ars Poetica' of Horace, accompanied by a clever frontispiece illustrating the opening lines:—

The 'Art of Politicks' was followed by 'The Man of Taste. Occasion'd by an Epistle of Mr. Pope's on that subject' (i.e. that to the Earl of Burlington, 1731), 1733. Both these little satires, which hold an honourable place in eighteenth-century verse, abound with contemporary references, and frequently happy lines. They were reprinted in vol. i. of Dodsley's 'Poems by several Hands.' The only other works attributed to Bramston are some Poems in 'Carolina Quadragesimalia;' one in the University Collection on the death of Dr. Radcliffe, 1715; 'Ignorami Lamentatio,' 1736; and a not very successful imitation of the 'Splendid Shilling' of John Philips, entitled 'The Crooked Sixpence,' Dodsley, 1743. This, in 'a learned preface,' is ascribed to Katherine Philips (the 'matchless Orinda'). 'Bramston,' say the authors of Dallaway and Cartwright's 'History of Sussex,' ii. (i.) 365, 'was a man of original humour, the fame and proofs of whose colloquial wit are still remembered in this part of Sussex.' He died 16 March 1744.

BRAMSTON, JAMES YORKE, D.D. (1763–1836), catholic bishop, was born 18 March 1763 at Oundle in Northamptonshire. He came of an old and well-to-do race of landowners in that county, his family being staunch protestants. He was educated at a school near his birthplace, and at Trinity College, Cambridge. He was first intended for the Indian civil service and then for the navy, which latter intention was abandoned at the desire of his invalid mother. On 26 April 1785 he was entered as a student at Lincoln's Inn. Although he was never called to the bar, he studied for nearly four years under the distinguished catholic, Charles Butler. He frequently conversed with Charles Butler on religious matters, and in 1790 publicly joined the catholic church. Bramston was bent upon at once becoming an ecclesiastic. He yielded, however, to his father's entreaty that he should remain at least twelve months longer in England. In 1792 he went to Lisbon, where he entered himself as a theological student at the English college. He remained between eight and nine years in Portugal. In 1796 he was ordained to the priesthood. His last five years at Lisbon were given up entirely to his missionary labours, chiefly among the British then in garrison there. While he was thus engaged, early in 1800, a terrible epidemic


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cornwallis, Charles (1738-1805)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cornwallis, Frederick


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 Sir Paul Davys, and died s.p. 2. Isabella, married Sir James Graham, son of William, earl of Monteith; her daughter Ellinor, or Helen, married Sir Arthur Rawdon, of Moira, lineal ancestor of the Marquis of Hastings. 3. Jane, married Alderman Toxteith of Drogheda. 4. Anne, married Standish Hartstonge, one of the barons of exchequer. His works were collected by John Vesey, archbishop of Tuam, in one volume, Dublin, 1677, fol., arranged in four tomes, and containing five treatises against Romanists (including a confutation of the Nag's Head fable); three against sectaries, three against Hobbes, and seven unclassified, being defences of royalist and Anglican views. Allibone incorrectly says that the 'sermon preached at York Minster, 28 Jan. 1643. before his excellency the Marquess of Newcastle,' &c., York, 1643, 4to, is not included in the collected works. The works were reprinted in the 'Library of Anglo-Catholic Theology,' Oxford, 1842-5, 8vo, 5 vols. Milton thought Bramhall wrote the 'Apologia pro Rege et Populo Anglicano,' 1650, 18mo, but the real author was John Rowland. The posthumous publication of Bramhall's 'Vindication of himself and the Episcopal Clergy from the Presbyterian Charge of Popery, as it is managed by Mr. Baxter,' &c., 1672, 8vo, with a preface by Samuel Parker (afterwards bishop of Oxford), produced Andrew Marvell's 'The Rehearsal Transpros'd,' 1672, 12mo.

BRAMIS or BROMIS, JOHN (14th cent.), writer, was a monk of Thetford. He translated the 'Romance of Waldef' from French metre into Latin prose. This romance was originally written in English verse, and had been done into French at the desire of a lady. The manuscript of Bramis is in the Corpus Christi College Library, Cambridge, No. 329. 'Incipit prologus super hystoriam Waldei, &c.' An historical compilation entitled 'Historia compendiosa de regibus Britonum,' and attributed to Ralph de Diceto, is printed in Gale, 'Quindecim Scriptores,' p. 553. The author repeatedly refers to a former compilation thus 'Hæc Brom, &c.' There is no reason for making Ralph of Diceto the author, though the 'Historia' is based on his works; it ends 'Hæc Brome,' and is probably the work of Bramis.

BRAMSTON, FRANCIS (d. 1683), judge, third son of Sir the elder [q. v.], was educated at the celebrated school of Thomas Farnabie or Farnaby, in Goldsmiths' Alley, Cripplegate, and at Queens' College, Cambridge, of which Dr. Martin was then the master, where he graduated B. A. in 1637, and M.A. in 1640. He was admitted to the Middle Temple as a student in 1634, but as his health was weakly he for a time entertained the idea of taking holy orders. Shortly before the final rupture between the king and the parliament he was elected a fellow of his college, and after being called to the bar (14 June 1642) left the country. The ensuing four years (1642-46) he spent in travel in France and Italy, falling in with Evelyn and his friend Henshaw at Rome in the spring of 1645, and again at Padua and Venice in the autumn of that year. On his return to this country he dismissed the idea of entering the church, and devoted himself to the study and practice of the law. His history, however, is a blank until the Restoration, when he was made steward of some of the king's courts (probably manorial) in Essex, and of the liberty of Havering in the same county. In 1664 he represented Queens' College, Cambridge, in the litigation respecting the election of Simon Patrick to the presidency, and in the following year was appointed one of the counsel to the university, with a fee of 40s. per annum. In 1668 he was elected one of the benchers of his inn, and appointed reader, his subject being the statute 3 Jac. c. 4, concerning popish recusants. The banquet which, according to custom, he gave on this occasion (3 Aug.) is described by Evelyn, who was present, as 'so very extravagant and great as the like hath not been seen at any time.' He mentions the Duke of Ormonde, the lord privy seal (Robartes), the Earl of Bedford, Lord Belasyse, and Viscount Halifax as among the guests, besides 'a world more of earls and lords.' In Trinity term of the following year he was admitted to the degree of serjeant-at-law, presenting the king with a ring inscribed with the motto, 'Rex legis tutamen,' and was appointed steward of the court of common pleas at Whitechapel, with a salary of 100l. per annum. In Trinity


text:
Executive Order 2017

In order to secure a more prompt and effective enforcement of the neutrality laws to meet the emergent conditions now existing, it is hereby ordered that all instructions to customs officers concerning the enforcement of the neutrality laws of the United States, shall, until otherwise directed, be issued by the Treasury Department.

., August 8, 1914.

title: Executive Order 2017


text: Talk:Executive Order 2017

title: Talk:Executive Order 2017


text: Alaska Days with John Muir/Chapter 5

title: Alaska Days with John Muir/Chapter 5


text: Alaska Days with John Muir/Chapter 6

title: Alaska Days with John Muir/Chapter 6


text: Alaska Days with John Muir/Chapter 7

title: Alaska Days with John Muir/Chapter 7


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 "Sitting all alone there, you little Annie, the goosegirl," said the Prince.

"Yes, here I sit, and put stitch to stitch, and patch on patch; for I'm waiting to-day for the king's son from England," said Annie.

"Him you mustn't look to have," said the Prince.

"Nay, but if I'm to have him, have him I shall, after all," said little Annie.

So when the Princess came, little Annie the goose-girl told her the same as she had told the other two, if she'd had any sweetheart before, or if there was anything else she didn't wish the Prince to know, she mustn't tread on the stone that the Prince had put at his bedside; for, said she,—

"It tells him everything."

The Princess got very red and downcast when she heard that, for she was just as naughty as the others, and asked Annie if she would go in her stead and lie down with the Prince that night; and when he was sound asleep, she would come and take her place, and then he would have the right bride by his side when it was light next morning. Yes! they did that. And when little Annie the goosegirl came and stepped upon the stone, the Prince asked,—

"Who is this that steps into my bed."

"A maid pure and bright," said the stone; and so they lay down to rest.

Farther on in the night the Prince put a ring on Annie's finger, and it fitted so tight she couldn't get it off again; for the Prince saw well enough there was something wrong, and so he wished to have a mark by which he might know the right woman again.


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 418 Well, when the Prince had gone off to sleep, the Princess came and drove Annie away to the pigstye, and lay down in her place. Next morning, when they were to get up, the Prince asked—

"Who is this that steps out of my bed?"

"One that's had nine bairns," said the stone.

When the Prince heard that he drove her away at once, for he was in an awful rage; and then he asked the stone how it all was with these Princesses who had stepped on it, for he couldn't understand it at all, he said.

So the stone told him how they had cheated him, and sent little Annie the goose-girl to him in their stead.

But as the Prince wished to have no mistake about it, he went down to her where she sat tending her geese, for he wanted to see if she had the ring too, and he thought, "if she has it, 'twere best to take her at once for my queen."

So when he got down he saw in a moment that she had tied a bit of rag round one of her fingers, and so he asked her why it was tied up.

"Oh! I've cut myself so badly," said little Annie the goose-girl.

So he must and would see the finger, but Annie wouldn't take the rag off. Then he caught hold of the finger; but Annie, she tried to pull it from him, and so between them the rag came off, and then he knew his ring.

So he took her up to the palace, and gave her much fine clothes and attire, and after that they held their wedding feast; and so little Annie the goose-girl came to have the king of England's son for her husband after all, just because it was written that she should have him.


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 the first meeting at York, but he was at the Oxford meeting in 1832, and a secretary at the Cambridge meeting of 1833. He then induced Quetelet and (Sir) William Rowan Hamilton [q. v.] to attend, and gave and address expounding his principles of scientific inquiry. He was afterwards a regular attendant at the meetings; was a vice-president at Dublin in 1835—where he took occasion to study Irish architecture and the round towers—and president at Plymouth in 1841. He remarked in his presidential address that there was scarcely ‘any subordinate office of labour or dignity’ in the body which he had not discharged at one or other of its meetings. He suggested at the first meeting the reports upon the state of various sciences, and he himself contributed various memoirs. He seems to have originally taken up the subject of tides with the intention of reporting to the association. He published his fourteen memoirs upon tides in the Royal Society's ‘Transactions’ from 1833 to 1850, and in 1837 received a gold medal from the Royal Society for his investigations. He had many other relations with scientific contemporaries. In 1831 he helped Lyell, whose ‘Principles of Geology’ he had reviewed in the ‘British Critic,’ to construct an appropriate geological nomenclature; and in 1834 he had a similar correspondence with Faraday in regard to a nomenclature for his correspondent's discoveries in electricity. In February 1837 he was made president of the Geological Society in succession to Lyell, the office being tenable for two years. In February 1838 and 1839 he delivered two addresses in this capacity, announcing the award of the Wollaston medal to Owen on the first and to Professor Ehrenberg on the second occasion. Among these various occupations Whewell had found time to complete the first part of his greatest book. He describes the general plan in a letter to Jones on 27 July 1834. The ‘History of the Inductive Sciences’ appeared in three thick octavo volumes in 1837. The sequel, called the ‘Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences,’ in two thick volumes, was published in 1840. Humboldt acknowledged a copy of this book in a letter expressive of warm admiration (given in, i. 147–9). The whole went through various modifications in later editions. Lyell had been accustomed to regret (as he had said in a letter to the author) that Whewell had not concentrated himself upon some special department. He had now come round to the belief that Whewell had given a greater impulse to study by becoming ‘a universalist’ (, i. 112). Brewster criticised the ‘History’ in the ‘Edinburgh Review’ for October 1837, and the ‘Philosophy’ in the ‘Edinburgh’ for January 1842; besides noticing Whewell unfavourably in an article upon Comte in the same review for July 1838 (see Correspondence, pp. 193, 371, 374, 377–81). Outsiders considered that the severity was due to personal malignity, and the general opinion of the books was highly favourable. Whewell henceforth held a recognised position of high authority among the scientific writers of the day. The publication of these treatises was at least a remarkable proof of Whewell's extraordinary powers of accumulating knowledge. The tutorship in a leading college is generally found enough to occupy a man's whole energy. Although the duties were probably less absorbing at that than at a later time, Whewell had plenty of work as a tutor, and it is not surprising that he found some of the duties irksome. In 1833 he had handed over to Charles Perry (1807–1891) [q. v.], afterwards bishop of Melbourne, the financial duties of his office; and moved into rooms in the New Court, looking down the lime-tree avenue (, ii. 170, 173). This arrangement, as he says, would enable him to finish his book. Thirlwall also took part of his friend's duties. Thirlwall next year got into difficulties by a pamphlet advocating the admission of dissenters and speaking unfavourably of compulsory attendance at chapel. Whewell wrote two pamphlets in answer to Thirlwall—mainly on the chapel question. He protested, however, urgently against the dismissal of Thirlwall by the master; and Thirlwall acknowledged his good offices in cordial terms (see, pp. 165–70, for letters). Their common friend Hare had left Cambridge in 1832. In 1836 Whewell was a candidate for the Lowndean professorship, to which, however, Peacock was appointed through the influence of his personal friend, Thomas Spring Rice (afterwards Lord Monteagle) [q. v.] (ib. p. 184). In the same year Whewell wrote a pamphlet upon the ‘Study of Mathematics’ which brought him into a controversy with Sir William Hamilton. Whewell's first pamphlet and a reply to Hamilton are embodied in a book upon the ‘Principles of an English University Education’ (1837). He here defended principles which were more fully explained in a later book (of 1845) upon the same topic, and which guided his action in regard to university reform. In 1838 he finally retired from the tutorship, and in June of that year was elected to the Knightbridge professorship of


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 moral philosophy. He considered the election to be due to the encouragement of one of his intimate friends, Thomas Worsley, master of Downing. The professorship was of small value, and for a century had been treated as a sinecure. Whewell afterwards endeavoured, without success, to have a stall at Ely annexed to it. He took up the duties vigorously. His mind was now turning towards the topics appropriate to the chair. In 1835 he had witten a preface to Mackintosh's ‘Dissertation,’ and in November 1837 he had preached four sermons before the university on the ‘Foundation of Morals.’ During his tenure of the professorship he published various lectures and other works upon allied topics. From this time it seems that scientific investigation ceased to possess its old interest for him, and it may perhaps be said that he had taken to a line of thought less congenial to his real abilities.

After giving up his tutorship Whewell began to tire, like most ‘dons,’ of a college life. In a letter to Hare of 13 Dec. 1840 he asks advice. He has done what he could to improve the mathematical studies of the place; he has introduced philosophy into the Trinity fellowship examination (the only examination in philosophy at Cambridge), and he has finished the great book for which a college life was desirable. Many friends had left Cambridge; he could not easily make new intimacies; and ‘college rooms are no home for declining years.’ He wished to prepare for an ‘improved system of ethics,’ but that might be done if he took a college living and resided at Cambridge for a term to give lectures. If he stayed he might be forced to take the uncomfortable office of vice-master, involving responsibility without sufficient power. He and his friend both doubted (apparently with good reason) his fitness for a country cure. A visit to Masham, a college living then vacant, decided him to stay at Cambridge. Soon afterwards his prospects were completely changed. He was engaged in June 1841 to Cordelia, daughter of John Marshall of Leeds and Hallsteads on Ulleswater. The marriage was at Watermillock church, Cumberland, on 12 Oct. 1841. The ceremony was performed by Frederic Myers [q. v.], who afterwards married Susan, a sister of Cordelia Marshall, and became Whewell's warm friend. On the day of the marriage Christopher Wordsworth, the master of Trinity, wrote to Whewell to announce his resignation of the mastership. He had held on so long in order that his successor might be appointed by a conservative minister. Peel had formed his ministry in September. Hare, to whom the news was sent by Worsley and Herschel, instantly made applications on behalf of Whewell to influential persons; but before they could be received Peel had announced to Whewell (17 Oct.) that the queen had approved of his appointment to the mastership. The political controversy of the day was one of the few subjects in which Whewell seems to have taken no particular interest. His sympathies, however, were conservative; and the whigs might probably have given the appointment to Adam Sedgwick [q. v.] Whewell wrote to Sedgwick expressing his ‘alarm’ at being placed above his senior, and hoping that their goodwill would not be affected. Sedgwick replied that ‘common consent’ admitted Whewell to be the worthiest man for the place, and far better qualified than himself. In fact, Whewell's claims were undeniable. During his tenure of the mastership he was incomparably superior to any of the other heads of colleges, very few of whom had any reputation outside of Cambridge, while none showed any intellectual power of at all the same order. Whewell's force of character, as well as his knowledge and abilities, soon gave him the most prominent position in the university; and no master since Bentley had been so worthy to preside over the greatest of English colleges. Happily too, though masterful and rejoicing in argument, he was thoroughly magnanimous and free from the litigious propensities which made Bentley's rule a period of intestine warfare. From Dean Milman's letter of congratulation it appears that he had also been elected a member of ‘The Club.’

Whewell, after a stay at the lakes, where he occasionally met William Wordsworth, returned to Cambridge in November, and on the 16th took possession of Trinity Lodge. He at once set about improving the building, and proposed to add an oriel in place of one destroyed by Bentley. Alexander James Beresford Hope [q. v.] desired to help, and ultimately gave 1,000l. to the expense, to which Whewell himself contributed 250l. He presented to the college chapel a copy in marble (by Weekes) of the statue of Bacon at St. Albans (erected in 1845). It was upon his suggestion that Byron's statue was admitted to the college library in 1843. He set about a revision of the college statutes with a view mainly of legalising practices which had made some of them obsolete. The new statutes were approved in 1844, but, in view of later alterations, were of little importance. In September 1842 he was entertained at


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 a public dinner at Lancaster along with his schoolfellow Owen. On returning to Cambridge he was chosen vice-chancellor for the year 1842–3. He entered office with the intention of promoting certain improvements, especially desiring to limit the system of private tuition and to give a more important place to professors' lectures. A syndicate, over which he presided, proposed a measure which was rejected at the time, and Whewell had to find that his position, though very distracting, gave little power of introducing reforms. The Duke of Northumberland, who had been installed chancellor of the university during Whewell's vice-chancellorship, died on 12 Feb. 1847, and Whewell at once proposed to elect the prince consort as his successor. A requisition was sent to the prince on 20 Feb., when he expressed his willingness to comply with ‘the unanimous wish’ of the university. As Lord Powis, who was also a candidate, did not withdraw, this reply might be taken for a refusal. The prince's supporters, however, determined to proceed, and at a poll on 25, 26, and 27 Feb. he was elected by a majority of 116. A good deal of feeling was roused. Lord Powis was supported by the high-church party, and the election of the prince was supposed to be a step towards the ‘Germanising’ of the university, that is, to the decay of sound learning, morals, and religion. The prince had accompanied the queen to Cambridge in 1843, and again upon his installation in 1847, and both then and afterwards had some personal communication with Whewell. A chancellor can do little to introduce reforms, good or bad, but the prince approved of Whewell's attempt to widen the Cambridge course. The foundation of the ‘moral sciences’ and ‘natural sciences’ triposes by a grace of 1848 was due to Whewell. The first examination was in 1851. In 1849 Whewell offered two prizes to be won by the candidates for the first of these triposes most distinguished in moral philosophy. The prizes were continued till he resigned the professorship in 1855. The new triposes, however, languished, though Whewell did his best to promote them. They were raised to the level of the old triposes as qualifications for a degree by grace of 24 May 1860, when boards for regulating them were constituted. Whewell served on the moral sciences board, and acted as examiner for two years.

Meanwhile public attention was being roused to more extensive reforms, and royal commissions for Oxford and Cambridge were issued in August 1850, and reported in August 1852. An act for an executive commission for Cambridge was passed after various delays in 1856. Whewell, though a reformer in his own way, took a strong part in opposing many of the changes finally adopted. He held that the university should be allowed to reform itself. He was member of a syndicate appointed in 1849, and again in 1850 and 1851, to revise the university statutes. He replied to the inquiries of the royal commission, but always under protest. He affirmed generally the principles set forth in his books upon education. Whewell especially stood out in the syndicate for maintaining the powers of the ‘caput,’ an old-fashioned body which practically gave to the heads of houses a veto upon all university legislation. A considerable minority objected to this, and the senate threw out a grace embodying the plan. The bill of 1856 transferred the power of the ‘caput’ to an elected council, of which Whewell was a member from its first establishment till his death. The reform of Trinity College produced new difficulties. The whole body of sixty fellows became the governing body of the college under the act. Whewell and the eight seniors who had previously held the authority refrained for some time from summoning the new body and gave offence to the juniors. The discussion of the statutes by the new body began in 1857, when many of the juniors were in favour of changes which Whewell regarded as pernicious. On 1 Jan. 1858 the power of framing new statutes passed to the commissioners, though a vote of two-thirds of the governing body might reject them. Ultimately the commissioners' scheme was accepted with some modifications in 1859. Whewell's main objection was to any regulation which should interfere with the autonomy of the colleges. He declared that such changes would really hinder instead of promoting reform, especially the introduction of new studies. Though he was opposed throughout to the schemes of decided reformers, he loyally accepted the new state of things. He had especially objected to an annual meeting of the masters and fellows, but when it became the law he took care to arrange the meeting so as to make attendance convenient.

In 1851 Whewell gave a successful lecture to inaugurate a course suggested by the prince consort in connection with the Great Exhibition. His last important work appeared during the same period. At the end of 1853 he published (anonymously) his essay ‘Of the Plurality of Worlds.’ His doctrine—that we have no ground for believing in other inhabited worlds than our