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144 'I agree with you, sir,' said Pierre, bowing. 'I fully agree with you. And now, madam, let us talk of something else.'

'You madam me very punctiliously this morning, Mr. Glendinning,' said his mother, half bitterly smiling, and half openly offended, but still more surprised at Pierre's frigid demeanour.

'"Honour thy father and mother,"' said Pierre—'both father and mother,' he unconsciously added. 'And now that it strikes me, Mr. Falsgrave, and now that we have become so strangely polemical this morning, let me say, that as that command is justly said to be the only one with a promise, so it seems to be without any contingency in the application. It would seem—would it not, sir?—that the most deceitful and hypocritical of fathers should be equally honoured by the son, as the purest.'

'So it would certainly seem, according to the strict letter of the Decalogue—certainly.'

'And do you think, sir, that it should be so held, and so applied in actual life? For instance, should I honour my father, if I knew him to be a seducer?'

'Pierre! Pierre!' said his mother, profoundly colouring, and half rising; 'there is no need of these argumentative assumptions. You very immensely forget yourself this morning.'

'It is merely the interest of the general question, madam,' returned Pierre, coldly. 'I am sorry. If your former objection does not apply here, Mr. Falsgrave, will you favour me with an answer to my question?'

'There you are again, Mr. Glendinning,' said the clergyman, thankful for Pierre's hint; 'that is another question in morals absolutely incapable of a definite answer, which shall be universally applicable.' Again the surplice-like napkin chanced to drop.

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Rh 'I am tacitly rebuked again then, sir,' said Pierre, slowly; 'but I admit that perhaps you are again in the right. And now, madam, since Mr. Falsgrave and yourself have a little business together, to which my presence is not necessary, and may possibly prove quite dispensable, permit me to leave you. I am going off on a long ramble, so you need not wait dinner for me. Good morning, Mr. Falsgrave; good morning, madam,' looking toward his mother.

As the door closed upon him, Mr. Falsgrave spoke—'Mr. Glendinning looks a little pale to-day; has he been ill?'

'Not that I know of,' answered the lady, indifferently, 'but did you ever see a young gentleman so stately as he was? Extraordinary!' she murmured; 'what can this mean—Madam—Madam? But your cup is empty again, sir'—reaching forth her hand.

'No more, no more, madam,' said the clergyman.

'Madam? Pray don't madam me any more, Mr. Falsgrave; I have taken a sudden hatred to that title.'

'Shall it be Your Majesty, then?' said the clergyman, gallantly; 'the May Queens are so styled, and so should be the Queens of October.'

Here the lady laughed. 'Come,' said she, 'let us go into another room, and settle the affair of that infamous Ned and that miserable Delly.'

V

The swiftness and unrepellableness of the billow which, with its first shock, had so profoundly whelmed Pierre, had not only poured into his soul a tumult of entirely new images and emotions, but, for the time, it almost entirely drove out of him all previous ones. The things that any way bore directly upon the pregnant fact of Isabel, these

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146 things were all animate and vividly present to him; but the things which bore more upon himself, and his own personal condition, as now forever involved with his sister's, these things were not so animate and present to him. The conjectured past of Isabel took mysterious hold of his father; therefore, the idea of his father tyrannised over his imagination; and the possible future of Isabel, as so essentially though indirectly compromisable by whatever course of conduct his mother might hereafter ignorantly pursue with regard to himself, as henceforth, through Isabel, forever altered to her; these considerations brought his mother with blazing prominence before him.

Heaven, after all, hath been a little merciful to the miserable man; not entirely untempered to human nature are the most direful blasts of Fate. When on all sides assailed by prospects of disaster, whose final ends are in terror hidden from it, the soul of man—either, as instinctively convinced that it cannot battle with the whole host at once; or else, benevolently blinded to the larger arc of the circle which menacingly hems it in;—whichever be the truth, the soul of man, thus surrounded, cannot, and does never intelligently confront the totality of its wretchedness. The bitter drug is divided into separate draughts for him: to-day he takes one part of his woe; to-morrow he takes more; and so on, till the last drop is drunk.

Not that in the despotism of other things, the thought of Lucy, and the unconjecturable suffering into which she might so soon be plunged, owing to the threatening uncertainty of the state of his own future, as now in great part and at all hazards dedicated to Isabel; not that this thought had thus far been alien to him. Icy-cold, and serpent-like, it had overlayingly crawled in upon his other shuddering imaginings; but those other thoughts would

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Rh as often upheave again, and absorb it into themselves, so that it would in that way soon disappear from his cotemporary apprehension. The prevailing thoughts connected with Isabel he now could front with prepared and open eyes; but the occasional thought of Lucy, when that started up before him, he could only cover his bewildered eyes with his bewildered hands. Nor was this the cowardice of selfishness, but the infinite sensitiveness of his soul. He could bear the agonising thought of Isabel, because he was immediately resolved to help her, and to assuage a fellow-being's grief; but, as yet, he could not bear the thought of Lucy, because the very resolution that promised balm to Isabel obscurely involved the everlasting peace of Lucy, and therefore aggravatingly threatened a far more than fellow-being's happiness.

Well for Pierre it was, that the pencilling presentiments of his mind concerning Lucy as quickly erased as painted their tormenting images. Standing half befogged upon the mountain of his Fate, all that part of the wide panorama was wrapped in clouds to him; but anon those concealings slid aside, or rather, a quick rent was made in them; disclosing far below, half veiled in the lower mist, the winding tranquil vale and stream of Lucy's previous happy life; through the swift cloud-rent he caught one glimpse of her expectant and angelic face peeping from the honeysuckled window of her cottage; and the next instant the stormy pinions of the clouds locked themselves over it again; and all was hidden as before; and all went confused in whirling rack and vapour as before. Only by unconscious inspiration, caught from the agencies invisible to man, had he been enabled to write that first obscurely announcing note to Lucy; wherein the collectedness, and the mildness, and the calmness, were but the natural though

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148 insidious precursors of the stunning bolts on bolts to follow.

But, while thus, for the most part wrapped from his consciousness and vision, still, the condition of his Lucy, as so deeply affected now, was still more and more disentangling and denning itself from out its nearer mist, and even beneath the general upper fog. For when unfathomably stirred, the subtler elements of man do not always reveal themselves in the concocting act; but, as with all other potencies, show themselves chiefly in their ultimate resolvings and results. Strange wild work, and awfully symmetrical and reciprocal, was that now going on within the self-apparently chaotic breast of Pierre. As in his own conscious determinations, the mournful Isabel was being snatched from her captivity of world-wide abandonment; so, deeper down in the more secret chambers of his unsuspecting soul, the smiling Lucy, now as dead and ashy pale, was being bound a ransom for Isabel's salvation. Eye for eye, and tooth for tooth. Eternally inexorable and unconcerned is Fate, a mere heartless trader in men's joys and woes.

Nor was this general and spontaneous self-concealment of all the most momentous interests of his love, as irretrievably involved with Isabel and his resolution respecting her; nor was this unbidden thing in him unseconded by the prompting of his own conscious judgment, when in the tyranny of the master-event itself, that judgment was permitted some infrequent play. He could not but be aware, that all meditation on Lucy now was worse than useless. How could he now map out his and her young life-chart, when all was yet misty-white with creamy breakers! Still more: divinely dedicated as he felt himself to be; with divine commands upon him to befriend and champion Isabel, through all conceivable contingencies of Time and Chance; how could he ensure himself

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Rh against the insidious inroads of self-interest, and hold intact all his unselfish magnanimities, if once he should permit the distracting thought of Lucy to dispute with Isabel's the pervading possession of his soul?

And if—though but unconsciously as yet—he was almost superhumanly prepared to make a sacrifice of all objects dearest to him, and cut himself away from his last hopes of common happiness, should they cross his grand enthusiast resolution;—if this was so with him; then, how light as gossamer, and thinner and more impalpable than airiest threads of gauze, did he hold all common conventional regardings;—his hereditary duty to his mother, his pledged worldly faith and honour to the hand and seal of his affiancement?

Not that at present all these things did thus present themselves to Pierre; but these things were fœtally forming in him. Impregnations from high enthusiasms he had received; and the now incipient offspring which so stirred, with such painful, vague vibrations in his soul; this, in its mature development, when it should at last come forth in living deeds, would scorn all personal relationship with Pierre, and hold his heart's dearest interests for naught.

Thus, in the Enthusiast to Duty, the heaven-begotten Christ is born; and will not own a mortal parent, and spurns and rends all mortal bonds.

VI

One night, one day, and a small part of the one ensuing evening had been given to Pierre to prepare for the momentous interview with Isabel.

Now, thank God, thought Pierre, the night is past,—the night of Chaos and of Doom; the day only, and the skirt of evening now remain. May heaven new-string my

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150 soul, and confirm me in the Christ-like feeling I first felt. May I, in all my least shapeful thoughts, still square myself by the inflexible rule of holy right. Let no unmanly, mean temptation cross my path this day; let no base stone lie in it. This day I will forsake the censuses of men, and seek the suffrages of the god-like population of the trees, which now seem to me a nobler race than man. Their high foliage shall drop heavenliness upon me; my feet in contact with their mighty roots, immortal vigour shall so steal into me. Guide me, gird me, guard me, this day, ye sovereign powers! Bind me in bonds I cannot break; remove all sinister allurings from me; eternally this day deface in me the detested and distorted images of all the convenient lies and duty-subterfuges of the diving and ducking moralities of this earth. Fill me with consuming fire for them; to my life's muzzle, cram me with your own intent. Let no world-syren come to sing to me this day, and wheedle from me my undauntedness. I cast my eternal die this day, ye powers. On my strong faith in ye Invisibles, I stake three whole felicities, and three whole lives this day. If ye forsake me now,—farewell to Faith, farewell to Truth, farewell to God; exiled for aye from God and man, I shall declare myself an equal power with both; free to make war on Night and Day, and all thoughts and things of mind and matter, which the upper and the nether firmaments do clasp!

VII

But Pierre, though charged with the fire of all divineness, his containing thing was made of clay. Ah, muskets the gods have made to carry infinite combustions, and yet made them of clay!

Save me from being bound to Truth, liege lord, as I am now. How shall I steal yet further into Pierre, and show

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Rh how this heavenly fire was helped to be contained in him, by mere contingent things, and things that he knew not. But I shall follow the endless, winding way,—the flowing river in the cave of man; careless whither I be led, reckless where I land.

Was not the face—though mutely mournful—beautiful, bewitchingly? How unfathomable those most wondrous eyes of supernatural light! In those charmed depths, Grief and Beauty plunged and dived together. So beautiful, so mystical, so bewilderingly alluring; speaking of a mournfulness infinitely sweeter and more attractive than all mirthfulness; that face of glorious suffering; that face of touching loveliness; that face was Pierre's own sister's; that face was Isabel's; that face Pierre had visibly seen; into those same supernatural eyes our Pierre had looked. Thus, already, and ere the proposed encounter, he was assured that, in a transcendent degree, womanly beauty, and not womanly ugliness, invited him to champion the right. Be naught concealed in this book of sacred truth. How, if accosted in some squalid lane, a humped, and crippled, hideous girl should have snatched his garment's hem, with—'Save me, Pierre—love me, own me, brother; I am thy sister!'—Ah, if man were wholly made in heaven, why catch we hell-glimpses? Why in the noblest marble pillar that stands beneath the all-comprising vault, ever should we descry the sinister vein? We lie in nature very close to God; and though, further on, the stream may be corrupted by the banks it flows through; yet at the fountain's rim, where mankind stand, there the stream infallibly bespeaks the fountain.

So let no censorious word be here hinted of mortal Pierre. Easy for me to slyly hide these things, and always put him before the eye as perfect as immaculate; unsusceptible to the inevitable nature and the lot of common men. I am more frank with Pierre than the best men are with

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The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Chamois

CHAMOIS, shăm-wä or shăm'ĭ, a horned animal (Rupicapra tragus) classed among the goat-antelopes, and native to the mountains of middle and southern Europe from the Pyrenees to the Caucasus and Georgian Mountains, and as far east as Persia. The chamois found in the Pyrenees and in the Caucasus differ in local peculiaries from the Tyrolese, which is the race-type. This is about the size of a goat; but its neck is somewhat longer in proportion than that of the goat and is more graceful. The general color is brown; the head pale, almost yellow, with a dark marking on each cheek; the nails black. The short black horns rise straight from the forehead, and are recurved at the tip. The chamois may be found in summer, in the highest Alpine altitudes, close to, and indeed beyond, the snow-line. In winter it seeks the forests, where it is somewhat protected. In the Alps, where they have been much hunted, the herds are small. The chamois is now rare in Switzerland. The breeding season is in May and June. The chamois is famous for its agility. The creature is timid; and when feeding in flocks, one is always on the watch to announce danger by a peculiar whistling noise. Chamois-hunting as a sport is almost impossible in the Alps, as the numbers have been so reduced by continuous hunting that the remaining ones are protected by law — only a few being annually at the disposal of the hunter; but in the Carpathians and eastward the sport is not restricted. Chamois leather is valuable

commercially for its softness and warmth. (See ). Ordinary “chamois leather,” however, is prepared from sheep-skin or goat-skin. The flesh of the chamois is esteemed a table delicacy. The horns are used for ornamental purposes, especially in making souvenirs of Alpine tourist resorts.


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 Wandesford's grandson, the first Lord Castlecomer, obtained a decree extinguishing the claim of the Brennans to it, they having been attainted as rebels (, iii. 197;, i. 234; , Ireland from the Restoration to the Revolution, pp. 126–38; , ii. 150; for an abstract of the will see , p. 183). It is said that Charles I, at the instigation of Strafford, offered Wandesford a peerage in the summer of 1640, with the title of Viscount Castlecomer, which Wandesford refused, saying: ‘Is it a time for a faithful subject to be exalted when the king, the fountain of honour, is likely to be reduced lower than ever?’ (, ii. 162;, p. 122). Wandesford was the author of a book of ‘Instructions’ to his son George, ‘in order to the regulating of his whole life,’ which was written in 1636 and published in 1777 (see Autobiogr. of Alice Thornton, pp. 20, 187).

A portrait of Wandesford by Van Dyck was in the Houghton collection, and one belonging to his descendant, the Rev. H. G. W. Comber of Oswaldkirk, was exhibited at Leeds in 1868. He is described as ‘a fair, oval-faced man, with a sanguine complexion and auburn hair’ (, Life of Sir George Radcliffe, p. 289;, Chapters from Yorkshire History, p. 200; Autobiography of Mrs. Alice Thornton, p. vi).

Wandesford is said to have married twice: first, the daughter of William and sister of Sir John Ramsden of Byrom, Yorkshire, by whom he had no issue (, iii. 198;, Extinct Baronetage, 1st edit. 1844, p. 550), but of this first marriage there seems to be no good evidence; secondly, Alice, daughter of Sir Hewett Osborne (22 Sept. 1614), who died 10 Dec. 1659, aged 67 (, pp. 100–22, 345). By her he had seven children, of whom Catherine, the eldest daughter, married Sir Thomas Danby, knt., of Thorpe Perrow; and Alice (b. 1626), married William Thornton of East Newton, Yorkshire; her autobiography was edited by Mr. Charles Jackson for the Surtees Society in 1875.

Of the sons, Christopher, the third, born 2 Feb. 1627–8, was created a baronet on 5 Aug. 1662, and died on 23 Feb. 1687. By his marriage with Eleanor, daughter of Sir John Lowther, he was the father of Christopher, second baronet and first viscount Castlecomer in the peerage of Ireland. , second (d. 1719), was the eldest son of Christopher, first viscount, by his wife Elizabeth, daughter of George Montagu of Horton in Northamptonshire. He was returned to the British parliament for Morpeth on 17 Oct. 1710, retaining his seat till 1713, and was again returned on 4 Feb. 1714–15 for Ripon. In 1714 he was sworn of the privy council, and in 1715 appointed governor of Kilkenny. On 14 March 1717–18 he was appointed secretary at war, a post which he resigned in May. He died without issue on 23 June 1719, and was buried at Charlton in Kent. He married, in 1717, Frances, daughter of Thomas Pelham, first baron Pelham [q. v.]

[Thomas Comber published in 1778 Memoirs of the Life and Death of the Lord-deputy Wandesford, 12mo, Cambridge; and also, in 1777, A Book of Instructions, written by Sir Christopher Wandesford to his son, George Wandesford. These two works form the basis of the account of Wandesford's life given by T. D. Whitaker in his History of Richmondshire, ii. 147–63. Much of the material used by Comber is to be found in the Autobiography of Alice Thornton. Letters written by Wandesford are printed in the Strafford Letters, Whitaker's Life of Sir George Radcliffe, Berwick's Rawdon Papers, 1819; unpublished letters are to be found in the Carte collection in the Bodleian Library and among the Marquis of Ormonde's manuscripts at Kilkenny Castle. See also Notes and Queries, 3rd ser. i. 271, 314, x. 277, and 5th ser. ii. 327, 370, iii. 158, 338, vi. 356.]

WANLEY, HUMFREY (1672–1726), antiquary, born at Coventry on 21 March 1671–2 and baptised on 10 April, was the son of Nathaniel Wanley [q. v.] About 1687 he was apprenticed to a draper called Wright at Coventry, and remained with him until 1694, but spent every vacant hour in studying old books and documents and in copying the various styles of handwriting. His studies are said to have begun with a transcript of the Anglo-Saxon dictionary of William Somner [q. v.] (Letters from the Bodleian Libr. 1813, ii. 118). His skill in unravelling ancient writing became known to William Lloyd, the bishop of Lichfield, who at a visitation sent for him, and ultimately obtained his entrance, as a commoner, at St. Edmund Hall, Oxford, where John Mill, D.D. [q. v.], was principal. He matriculated there on 7 May 1695, but next year removed to University College, on the persuasion of Dr. Charlett, with whom he lived. He took no degree at Oxford, but gave Mill much help in collating the text of the New Testament.

Wanley's talents were first publicly shown, when he was twenty-three, in compiling the catalogues of the manuscripts at Coventry school and the church of St. Mary, Warwick, which are inserted in Bernard's ‘Cata-


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The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Chamomile

CHAMOMILE, or CAMOMILE (Anthemis nobilis), a plant belonging to the family Asteraceæ. It is an herb with slender, trailing, hairy and branched stems. The leaves are doubly pinnate, with linear pointed pinnæ. The head of flowers is white, with a yellow centre. Both leaves and flowers of this plant have a strong though not unpleasant smell, and a very bitter nauseous taste; but the flowers are more bitter and aromatic than the leaves. Chamomile enjoys a wide, popular reputation as a diaphoretic and diuretic. The flowers are usually made into an infusion or tea and this is drunk while hot. A poultice is also made of the flowers and applied to painful swellings, such as rheumatic joints, or earache, boils, etc. There is a large amount of fixed and volatile oil in chamomile to which its useful physiological and physical properties are due. Volatile oils act as vaso dilators and antispasmodics, diuretics and diaphoretics, the fixed oils permitting of long-continued heat. Chamomile flowers are sometimes used by brewers as a substitute for hops. Distilled with water, an essential oil in small quantities is obtained, of a greenish color and strong pungent taste. So fragrant is the chamomile plant that the places where it grows wild may easily be discovered by the somewhat strawberry-like perfume emitted when it is trodden on. This quality has sometimes induced its cultivation for a greenwalk in gardens. Chamomile in the United States is an importation from Europe. Two other closely related plants of the same genus. May-weed or dog-fennel (A. cotula) and corn chamomile (A. arvensis), both natives of Europe, are widely naturalized as weeds in North America.


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 logue of Manuscripts’ (1697, ii. 33–4, 203–6), and he drew up ‘the very accurate but too brief’ index to that work. In February 1695–6 he obtained, through Charlett's influence, the post of assistant in the Bodleian Library at a salary of 12l. per annum. At the end of that year he received a special gift from the library of 10l., and in the beginning of 1700 a donation of 15l. ‘for his pains about Dr. Bernard's books.’ This second contribution was for selecting from Bernard's printed books such as were suitable for purchase on behalf of the library. The selection led to an angry difference with Thomas Hyde, D.D., the head librarian, which was, however, soon composed, and in 1698 Hyde wished Wanley to be appointed as his successor. But he had no degree, and without one he was ineligible. About 1698 he was preparing a work de re diplomatica (Thoresby Letters, i. 305, 355). The account of the Bodleian Library in Chamberlayne's ‘State of England’ (1704) is by him (, Collections, i. 130).

During 1699 and 1700 Wanley was engaged for George Hickes [q. v.] in searching through various parts of England for Anglo-Saxon manuscripts (Letters of Eminent Literary Men, Camden Soc. xxiii. 283), and this led to his drawing up the catalogue of such manuscripts published in 1705 as the second volume of the ‘Linguarum Veterum Septentrionalium Thesaurus’ of Hickes. The dedication (dated 28 Aug. 1704) to Robert Harley, acknowledging the benefits received from him, was written in English and translated into Latin by Edward Thwaites [q. v.] Wanley had been introduced by Hickes to Harley, on 23 April 1701, with the highest praise for ‘the best skill in ancient hands and manuscripts of any man, not only of this … but of any former age’ (Portland MSS. in Hist. MSS. Comm. 15th Rep. iv. 16). This introduction and dedication later on procured Wanley's advancement.

Wanley desired in December 1699 to be deputy-librarian to Bentley at the king's library, but this was denied him (Letters from the Bodleian Libr. i. 99). The post of assistant to the secretary of the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, offered to him through the influence of Robert Nelson, on 16 Dec. 1700, with a salary of 40l. per annum, was ‘thankfully accepted.’ He was promoted on 5 March 1701–2 to be secretary, with an annual salary of 70l. (, Minutes of S. P. C. K. pp. 98–9, 117, 172), and he retained the post until on or about 24 June 1708. Three letters from him relating to the society are printed in Nichols's ‘Illustrations of Literature’ (i. 816–19), and to promote its objects he translated from the French J. F. Ostervald's ‘Grounds and Principles of the Christian Religion’ (1704, 7th edit. 1765).

The manuscript report of Wanley, Anstis, and Matthew Hutton on the state of the Cottonian Library (dated 22 June 1703) is prefixed to a copy of Thomas Smith's ‘Catalogue’ (696) of the Cottonian manuscripts in the king's library at the British Museum. It also contains Wanley's manuscript catalogue of the charters in the collection. He communicated to Harley in 1703 the possibility of effecting the purchase of the D'Ewes collections, and they were bought through his agency in 1706 (, British Museum, i. 235–41;, Collections, i. 163). In 1708 he was employed by Harley to catalogue the Harleian manuscripts, and he then became ‘library-keeper’ in turn to him and his son, the second Earl of Oxford. By the time of his death he had finished the collation of No. 2407, and the catalogue remains as a monument of ‘his extensive learning and the solidity of his judgment’ (Harl. MSS. Cat. i. Pref. pp. 27–8).

Wanley was the embodiment of honesty and industry. He was also a keen bargainer, and often secured for his patron many desirable blocks of books and manuscripts. His journal, from 2 March 1714–15 to 23 June 1726, is in Lansdowne MSS. 771–2, and contains many amusing entries. It has never been printed in full, but extracts from it are in Nichols's ‘Literary Anecdotes’ (i. 86–94), ‘Notes and Queries’ (1st ser. viii. 335), ‘The Genealogist’ (new ser. i. 114, 178, 256), and in the ‘Library Chronicle’ (i. 87, 110). Memoranda by him of the prices of books are in Lansdowne MS. 677, but the opening leaves are wanting. He wrote the account of the Harleian Library in Nicolson's ‘Historical Libraries’ (1736, p. vi;, William Oldys, p. 38). Through Harley he became known to Pope, who used to imitate his ‘stilted turns of phraseology and elaboration of manner,’ and addressed two letters to him in 1725 (Works, ed. Courthope, viii. 206–7, x. 115–116). Gay introduced him, ‘from thy shelves with dust besprent,’ into his poem of ‘Mr. Pope's Welcome from Greece.’

Wanley often suffered from ill-health, and died of dropsy at Clarges Street, Hanover Square, London, on 6 July 1726. He was buried within the altar-rails of Marylebone church, and an inscription was put up to his memory. He married, at St. Swithin's, London Stone, on 1 May 1705, Anna, daughter of Thomas Bourchier of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, and widow of Bernard Martin Beren-


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 clow. She was buried at St. Paul's, Covent Garden, on 5 Jan. 1721–2. Of their three children, one was born dead and the other two died in infancy. His second wife was Ann, who afterwards married William Lloyd of St. James's, Westminster, and was buried in Marylebone church, a monument to her memory being placed against the north wall at the eastern end. Administration of Wanley's effects was granted to her on 3 Nov. 1726 (Notes and Queries, 4th ser. v. 142–3).

Wanley's minutes of the meetings of some antiquaries at a tavern in 1707 are in Harleian MS. 7055. This was the germ of the present Society of Antiquaries, and on its revival in July 1717 he became F.S.A. A communication by him on judging the age of manuscripts is in the ‘Philosophical Transactions’ (1705, pp. 1993–2008), and his account of Bagford's collections of printing is in the volume for 1707 (pp. 2407–10; cf. also Trans. Bibliographical Soc. iv. 189, 195–6). His statement of the indentures between Henry VII and Westminster Abbey is in the ‘Will of King Henry VII’ (1775). He transcribed from the Cottonian manuscripts for publication, with the patronage of Lord Weymouth, the ‘Chronicon Dunstapliæ,’ the ‘Benedicti Petroburgensis Chronicon,’ and the ‘Annales de Lanercost,’ but Weymouth's death in 1714 put an end to the design. The first two were afterwards published by Hearne, who inserted in the preface to the first work particulars of his life. Hearne at one time hated Wanley, and even accused him of theft (Collections, i. 180, iii. 434, iv. 421–7). Wanley meditated an edition of the Bible in Saxon, a new edition of the Septuagint, a life of Cardinal Wolsey, and had proceeded some way in a work on handwriting.

Masses of letters to and from Wanley are in the collections of the British Museum and the Bodleian Library. Many of them are in the ‘Life Journal of Pepys’ (ii. 261, &c.), Hearne's ‘Collections’ (ed. Doble and Rannie), Nichols's ‘Literary Anecdotes’ (i. 94–105, 530–41, ii. 472, iv. 135–7, viii. 360–4), Ellis's ‘Original Letters’ (2nd ser. iv. 311–14), Ellis's ‘Letters of Literary Men’ (Camd. Soc. xxiii. 238, &c.), ‘Letters from Bodleian Library’ (1813, i. 80, &c.), and ‘Notes and Queries’ (1st ser. ix. 7, 2nd ser. ii. 242–3, 296). His collection of bibles and prayer-books is set out in the ‘Gentleman's Magazine’ (1816, ii. 509); it was purchased in 1726, shortly before his death, by the dean and chapter of St. Paul's. Several volumes at the British Museum have copious notes in his handwriting; his additions to Wood's ‘Athenæ Oxonienses’ are contained in a copy in the library of the Royal Institution.

Three portraits of Wanley were painted by Thomas Hill; one, dated 18 Dec. 1711, belongs to the Society of Antiquaries; another, dated September 1717, was transferred in 1879 from the British Museum to the National Portrait Gallery, and the third remains in the students' room in the manuscripts department of the British Museum. A fourth portrait is at the Bodleian, showing a countenance, says Dibdin, ‘absolutely peppered with variolous indentations’ (Bibliomania, 1842, p. 346). Engravings after Hill were executed by J. Smith and A. Wivell.

[Foster's Alumni Oxon.; Restituta, ii. 76–7; Lysons's Environs, iii. 258; Macray's Bodleian Library, 2nd edit. pp. 163–7; Noble's Cont. of Granger, iii. 350–3; Colvile's Warwickshire Worthies, 1870, p. 784; Genealogist, new ser. 1884, pp. 114–17; Notes and Queries, 7th ser. viii. 224; Hearne's Collections, i. 20, 52, 211–212, ii. 137, 449; Nichols's Lit. Anecd. i. 82–4; Yeowell's William Oldys, p. 65; Edwards's Libraries, i. 689; Secretan's Nelson, pp. 104–14, 181, 217–19, 264.]

WANLEY, NATHANIEL (1634–1680), divine and compiler, was born at Leicester in 1634, and baptised on 27 March. His father was a mercer. He was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, and graduated B.A. in 1653, M.A. in 1657. His first preferment was as rector of Beeby, Leicestershire. His first publication, ‘Vox Dei, or the Great Duty of Self-reflection upon a Man's own Wayes,’ 1658, 4to, was dedicated to Dorothy Spencer [q. v.], Waller's ‘Sacharissa.’ On the resignation of John Bryan, D.D. [q. v.], the nonconformist vicar of Trinity Church, Coventry, Wanley was instituted his successor on 28 Oct. 1662. He established the same year an annual sermon on Christmas day, endowing it with a fee of 10s., charged on a house in Bishop Street. He published ‘War and Peace Reconciled … two books,’ 1670, 8vo; 1672, 8vo; it is a translation from the Latin of Justus Lipsius. He was far from being out of touch with the prevailing puritanism of Coventry. With Bryan (who attended his services, though ministering also to a nonconformist congregation) he was closely intimate, and on Bryan's death in 1676 he preached his funeral sermon in a strain of warm appreciation honourable alike to both men. It was published posthumously, with the title ‘Peace and Rest for the Upright,’ 1681, 4to. Wanley died in 1680; he was succeeded by Samuel Barton on 22 Dec. His portrait


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 is in the Bodleian Library at Oxford. He was married on 24 July 1655; by his wife Ellen (b. 30 April 1633, d. 28 June 1719), daughter of Humphrey Burton, coroner and town clerk of Coventry, he had five children, of whom Humfrey Wanley is separately noticed. Wanley gave or bequeathed to the grammar school library at Coventry a copy of the ‘Imitatio Christi,’ described as ‘Ecclesiastical Music, written on Parchment, about the time of King Edward IV.’

Wanley's opus magnum is ‘The Wonders of the Little World; or a General History of Man. In Six Books,’ 1678, fol., dedicated (17 June 1677) to Sir Harbottle Grimston [q. v.] The Coventry corporation gave him 10l., the Drapers' Company 6l., and the Mercers' Company 4l., in acknowledgment of presentation copies. The work, which is meant to illustrate anecdotically the prodigies of human nature, shows omnivorous reading and indiscriminate credence; it is well arranged, and the authorities are fully given and carefully rendered. Of later editions the best are 1774, 4to, with revision, and index; and 1806–7, 2 vols. 8vo, with additions by William Johnston, a coadjutor of John Aikin (1747–1822) [q. v.] in the ‘General Biography.’ Wanley compiled a history of the Fielding family, which is printed in Nichols's ‘Leicestershire;’ the original, written on fine parchment, is in the possession of Lord Denbigh.

[Colvile's Worthies of Warwickshire (1870), p. 784; Dugdale's Warwickshire, ed. Thomas, 1730, i. 174; Taunton's Coventry, 1870, pp. 194, 198, 205, 257, cf. Hist. and Antiquities, Coventry (1810), p. 81; Notes and Queries, 4th ser. v. 142; Parish Magazine, Holy Trinity, Coventry, July 1884; information from Dr. William Aldis Wright, vice-master, Trinity Coll.]  WANOSTROCHT, NICHOLAS (1804–1876), author of ‘Felix on the Bat,’ eldest son of Vincent Wanostrocht, was born at Camberwell on 5 Oct. 1804. His great-uncle (his father's uncle), Nicolas Wanostrocht (1745–1812), who is believed to have been of Belgian origin, came over to England, after some residence in France, about 1780, and was appointed French tutor in the family of Henry Bathurst, second earl Bathurst [q. v.] A few years after his arrival he founded a school known as the Alfred House Academy near Camberwell Green, ‘a spot very convenient on account of the coaches going to and from London every hour’ (see his flowery prospectus in the British Museum Library, dated 1795). Among his numerous compilations the most noteworthy are ‘A Practical Grammar of the French Language’ (London, 1780, 12mo; 19th edit. revised by Tarver, 1839); ‘Classical Vocabulary, French and English. … to which is added a Collection of Letters, Familiar and Commercial’ (1783, 12mo); ‘Recueil choisi de traits historiques et de contes moraux’ (1785, 12mo; 5th edit. 1797); ‘Petite Encyclopédie des jeunes gens,’ dedicated to Lady Charlotte Cavendish Bentinck (1788, 12mo, numerous editions); and ‘La Liturgie Anglicane’ (1794, 12mo). Dr. Wanostrocht, who printed the letters LL.D. after his name, died at Camberwell, aged 63, on 19 Nov. 1812. His widow Sarah, who with the aid of her husband had issued ‘Le Livre des Enfans, ou Syllabaire Français’ (4th edit. 1808), died at Camberwell on 18 Oct. 1820 (Gent. Mag. 1812 ii. 593, 1820 ii. 380). The school at Alfred House was continued by the doctor's nephew and assistant, Vincent Wanostrocht (the father of the writer on cricket), who, besides revising his uncle's editions of Marmontel, Florian, Barthélemy, and other French classics, published ‘The British Constitution, or an Epitome of Blackstone's Commentaries on the Laws of England’ (London, 1823). He died at Alfred House, aged 43, on 25 Jan. 1824 (Gent. Mag. 1824, i. 188), leaving issue, besides Nicholas, Vincent (1813–1888), who displayed great talent as an inventor, but was unfortunate in his experiments; Sally, who married, in 1820, George Warden of Glasgow; and Mary, who married, in December 1822, Nathaniel Chater of Fleet Street.

After Vincent's death the school was carried on by his eldest son, Nicholas, whose devotion to cricket is said to have been somewhat detrimental to the more strictly academic portion of the curriculum. He studied cricket at Camberwell under Harry Hampton, who had a ground there, and gradually developed into a very brilliant left-handed bat, his cut to the off from the shoulder being specially commended. His slow ‘lobs’ were also described as very fatal. He first appeared at Lord's as ‘N. Felix’ (a name which he always assumed at cricket, in deference, it is supposed, to the feelings of parents) on 23 Aug. 1828; but it was not until 1831 (24 July) that he first played for the gentlemen against the players, his scores being 0 bowled Pilch and bowled Lillywhite 1. He played again in this match in 1833, 1837, 1840, and, with a few exceptions, right down to 1851. In 1846 a match was played at Lord's ‘in his honour’ (1–3 June), at which the prince consort put in an appearance, but Felix's side was badly beaten by Pilch's eleven. On


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 18 June in the same year he was beaten by Alfred Mynn [q. v.] in a single-wicket match which attracted a large crowd of spectators; nor was he successful in the return match with Mynn at Bromley on 29 and 30 Sept. of the same year. In 1845 Felix published, in a thin quarto, his ‘Felix on the Bat; being a scientific Enquiry into the use of the Cricket Bat, together with the History and Use of the Catapulta’ (London, 2nd edit. 1850, and 3rd edit. 1855), which forms one of the classics of cricket, together with the ‘Cricketer's Guide’ of John Nyren [q. v.], and Denison's ‘Sketches of the Players.’ Each of the six chapters is adorned with a quaint coloured plate and a humorous tailpiece; both these and the emblematic frontispiece were engraved after the author's own drawings. The recommendations as to costume, ‘paddings’ (in view of ‘the uncertainty and irregularity of the present system of throwing bowling’), and other accessories are diverting, as is also the description of an engine, ‘the catapulta,’ which he devised as a substitute for a professional bowler.

About 1830 he moved the school from Camberwell to Blackheath, where he was long a familiar figure from the zeal with which he instructed his pupils in the rudiments of the national game. He gave up his school about 1858, when a subscription was raised for him among cricketers and a considerable sum collected. In addition to the ‘catapulta,’ which soon fell into disuse, he invented the tubular indiarubber batting gloves, the patent for which he sold to Robert Dark of Lord's. He retired to Brighton, where he painted portraits and animals, and he died at Montpelier Road, Brighton, in 1876.

[Lillywhite's Cricket Scores and Biographies, vols. ii. iii. and iv. passim, esp. ii. 61; Lit. Memoirs of Living Authors, 1798; Reuss's Regist. of Authors, 1791, p. 421; Brit. Mus. Cat.; private information.]  WANSEY, HENRY (1752?–1827), antiquary, born in 1751 or 1752, was the son of William Wansey of Warminster, Wiltshire. He was by trade a clothier, but retired from business in middle life and devoted his leisure to travel, to literature, and to antiquarian research. He was a member of the Bath and West of England Agricultural Society, in which he served the office of vice-president, and in connection with which he published in 1780 ‘A Letter to the Marquis of Lansdowne on the Subject of the Late Tax on Wool,’ in which he pointed out the impolicy of the tax, and maintained that commercial restrictions of such a nature were generally injurious. In 1789 Wansey was elected a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries, in 1794 he visited the United States, and in 1796 he published his observations under the title ‘An Excursion to the United States of America,’ Salisbury, 8vo; 2nd edit. 1798. While residing at Salisbury in 1801 he turned his attention to the condition of poorhouses, and published in that year a pamphlet entitled ‘Thoughts on Poorhouses, particularly that of Salisbury, with a view to their reform.’ Wansey, however, principally occupied himself with the study of local antiquities, and for some years he laboured in conjunction with Sir Richard Colt Hoare [q. v.] in preparing the account of the hundred of Warminster for Hoare's ‘History of Wiltshire.’ The volume containing Wansey's labours was not, however, published until 1831, four years after his death.

Wansey died at Warminster on 19 July 1827. By his wife Elizabeth he had one daughter, Emma, who died in childhood.

Besides the works referred to, Wansey was the author of: 1. ‘Wool encouraged without Exportation,’ published by the Highland Society of Scotland, Edinburgh, 1791, 8vo. 2. ‘A Letter to the Bishop of Salisbury on his late Charge to the Clergy of his Diocese,’ London, 1798, 8vo. 3. ‘A Visit to Paris in June 1814,’ London, 1814, 8vo. He also contributed several papers to the ‘Archæologia’ of the Society of Antiquaries.

[Gent. Mag. 1827, ii. 373; Ann. Biogr. and Obituary, 1828, p. 472; Miscellanea Gen. et Herald. 2nd ser. i. 116; Biogr. Dict. of Living Authors, 1816; Notes and Queries, 4th ser. iv. 58, 161.]  WARBECK, PERKIN (1474–1499), Pretender, has been surmised by one or two writers to have been the person he claimed to be, Richard, Duke of York, the second son of Edward IV. This theory, however, involves, among other difficulties, the supposition that the brother of a queen consort (Henry VII's wife, Elizabeth) was hanged during that queen's life without any apparent manifestation of feeling on her part or on that of the people. The true history of the impostor was doubtless contained in his own confession, printed and published shortly before his execution, when its truth in almost every particular could be easily verified. He was a native of Tournay, born most probably in 1474, the son of John Osbeck, controller of that town, by his wife Catherine de Faro. The name Osbeck seems only to be a variation of Warbeck, for that of Perkin's father is found in the archives of Tournay as ‘Jehan


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 de Werbecque,’ son of ‘Diericq de Werbecque,’ and the confession also mentions ‘Diryck Osbeck’ as the Pretender's grandfather. The same document names other family connections who were prominent citizens of Tournay. Early in his life Perkin's mother took him to Antwerp, where he remained half a year with a cousin, John Stienbeck, an officer of the town; but owing to the wars in Flanders he returned home probably about 1483. A year later a Tournay merchant named Berlo took him to the mart at Antwerp, where he had a five months' illness, then removed him to Bergen-op-Zoom, and afterwards put him in service at Middelburg. After some months he went into Portugal, in the company of Sir Edward Brampton's wife, an adherent of the house of York, and remained a year in that country, in the service of a knight named Peter Vacz de Cogna, who had only one eye. Then, leaving him, he took service with a Breton named Pregent Meno, with whom he sailed to Ireland.

He landed at Cork in 1491, arrayed in fine silk clothing which belonged to his master. Lambert Simnel [q. v.] had been crowned in Dublin four years before as the son of the Duke of Clarence, and the turbulent citizens would have it that Perkin was the same son of Clarence who had been so crowned. This he denied on oath before the mayor; but two other persons then maintained he was a son of Richard III. This also he denied, but, being finally assured of the support of the earls of Desmond and Kildare, he agreed to take upon himself the character of the Duke of York. He was accordingly put in training to speak good English and to act as became a son of Edward IV. On 2 March 1492 James IV of Scotland received letters from him out of Ireland as ‘King Edward's son.’ But he was immediately afterwards invited to France by Charles VIII, and was there in October 1492, when Henry VII made his brief invasion. On the peace of Étaples, however (3 Nov.), Charles was obliged to dismiss him, and he betook himself to Flanders, where Margaret, duchess dowager of Burgundy [q. v.], received him as her nephew. Under her his education as Duke of York was completed.

In July 1493 Henry VII sent Sir Edward Poynings [q. v.] and William Warham [q. v.] to Philip, archduke of Austria, Maximilian's son, to remonstrate against such support being given to him in Flanders. The archduke was then a lad of fifteen, and his council answered for him that while he wished to keep on good terms with England, he had no control over what the duchess did within the lands of her dowry. The king replied by a stoppage of trade with Flanders, which produced a riot in London. In November Perkin for a time left the Low Countries, and presented himself to Maximilian, king of the Romans at Vienna, at the funeral of his father, the Emperor Frederic III (, Geschichte des Hauses Habsburg, vol. viii., Verzeichniss der Urkunden, No. 2000). In the summer of 1494 Maximilian brought him down in his company to the Low Countries again, and recognised him as king of England. Garter king-of-arms was sent over to remonstrate against this, and to declare both to Maximilian and to Margaret that Henry had positive evidence of his being the son of a burgess of Tournay. Garter was not listened to, but, in spite of threats of imprisonment, he proclaimed the fact aloud in the streets of Mechlin, in presence of other heralds. In October Perkin was present at Antwerp when the Archduke Philip took his oath as Duke of Brabant, and he displayed the arms of the house of York on the house in which he stayed (, Nachlass, p. 228;, v. 15, 46).

Meanwhile secret conspiracies were formed in England in his favour. Henry, to learn the extent of these, sent spies over to Flanders, and offered pardons to Sir Robert Clifford and William Barley, two of the refugees who were among the leaders of the movement. Clifford at once accepted his pardon, and, coming over to England, received a reward of 500l. for supplying full information; but Barley deferred his submission to Henry for two years longer. Suddenly a number of Perkin's adherents in England were arrested, including Lord Fitzwalters, Sir Simon Mountford, and William Worsley, dean of St. Paul's, of whom the laymen were put to death. Clifford further accused Sir William Stanley [q. v.], to whose action at Bosworth Field Henry was indebted for his crown, and he, too, after trial was beheaded.

The Duchess Margaret, besides being animated against Henry by the feelings natural to a prominent member of the house of York, had lost on his accession all the revenues granted to her by Edward IV on her marriage. These her feigned nephew, by a deed dated 10 Dec. 1494, engaged to restore to her when he should get possession of his kingdom; and Maximilian, on similar frail securities, lent him pecuniary assistance for his expedition. Nor would Maximilian, notwithstanding a contemptuous refusal of the regents of Tyrol to contribute to the enterprise, admit that he had been deceived, and


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 when the expedition actually sailed in July 1495 he was sanguine that the young man would obtain possession of England, and soon after turn his arms against France. As a matter of fact, Warbeck's little fleet appeared off Deal and landed a small body of men on 3 July, but his adherents were attacked by the country people with hearty good will, and 150 of them were slain and eighty taken prisoners. After this disastrous loss the adventurer sailed to Ireland and laid siege to Waterford, but after eleven days was compelled to withdraw, one of his vessels being captured by the loyal citizens.

He then sailed to Scotland, where James IV received him at Stirling in November, and gave him in marriage his own cousin, Catherine Gordon, daughter of the Earl of Huntly. Measures were planned for invading England, and Warbeck wrote as Duke of York to the Earl of Desmond in Ireland to send forces into Scotland in his aid (, Antiquities of Ireland, ed. 1664, pp. 33, 46). In September 1496 an ambassador of the French king offered James a hundred thousand crowns to send him to France. That same month, after much preparation, James made a raid into Northumberland on his account, but returned in three days. For, though the Pretender had issued a proclamation as king, no Englishmen joined him; the Scots were not to be withheld from practising the barbarities of border warfare, and Warbeck, it is said, only excited ridicule by entreating James to spare those whom he called his subjects. He remained in Scotland till July 1497, when he embarked with his wife, and apparently more than one child whom he already had by her, at Ayr, in a Breton merchant vessel, whose captain was under engagement to land him in England for some new attempt. The renowned seamen Andrew and Robert Barton accompanied him in their own vessels. The rebels in Cornwall had invited him to land in those parts; but he first visited Cork on 26 July, and remained in Ireland more than a month. This time, however, he got no support in that country either from Kildare or Desmond, the former being now lord-deputy, and the loyal citizens of Waterford not only wrote to inform the king of his designs, but fitted out vessels at their own cost which nearly captured him at sea in crossing to Cornwall. He and a small company made the crossing in three ships, and the one in which he himself was, a Biscayan, was actually boarded. The commander of the boarding party showed the king's letters offering two thousand nobles for his surrender, which was only right, he said, considering the alliance between England and Spain. But the captain denied all knowledge of his being on board, though he was actually hidden in a cask, and the ship was allowed to proceed on its voyage.

He landed at Whitesand Bay in Cornwall, proclaimed himself Richard IV, as he had done in Northumberland, and at Bodmin found himself at the head of a body reckoned at three thousand men, which more than doubled as he went on. He laid siege to Exeter, but on the approach of the Earl of Devonshire and other gentlemen of the county withdrew to Taunton. Learning that Lord Daubeney was at Glastonbury in full march against him, he stole away from Taunton at midnight (21 Sept.) with sixty horsemen, whom apparently he soon left behind, and rode on himself with three companions to Beaulieu in Hampshire, where they took sanctuary. Two companies of horse presently surrounded the place, and Perkin and his two friends surrendered to the king's mercy. He was brought back to Taunton, where the king himself had now arrived, on 5 Oct., and, having been promised his life, made a full confession of his imposture. His followers had everywhere submitted. Henry went on to Exeter and despatched horsemen to St. Michael's Mount, where Warbeck had left his wife, to bring her to him; after seeing her, and making her husband confess his imposture once more in her presence, Henry sent her with an escort to his queen, assuring her of his desire to treat her like a sister.

The country being now pacified, the king went up to London, taking with him Perkin, who was paraded through the streets (28 Nov.) as an object of derision, and lodged in the Tower. Soon afterwards, however, he was released and kept in the king's court, with no restraint upon his liberty except that he was carefully watched. In 1498, however, on 9 June, he made an attempt to escape, but he got no further than the monastery of Syon, and surrendered once more on pardon. On Friday, 15 June, he was placed in the stocks on a scaffolding reared on barrels at Westminster Hall, and on Monday following underwent similar treatment in Cheapside, where he repeated his confession, and after five hours' exposure was conveyed to the Tower. The whole story of his imposture, written and read by himself, was printed by the king's command.

Next year (1499) he made an attempt to corrupt his keepers, who with a show of yielding brought him into communication with other prisoners, and among them with the unhappy Earl of Warwick, the only real


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 source of the king's anxieties. A very absurd plot was formed to seize the Tower; which being revealed, Perkin and his friend John à Water, mayor of Cork, and two others were condemned to death at Westminster on Saturday, 16 Nov. On the Monday following eight other prisoners in the Tower were indicted for the plot at the Guildhall. On Thursday, the 21st, Warwick was tried and received judgment on his own confession; and on Saturday, the 23rd, Perkin and John à Water were taken to Tyburn and hanged, both confessing their misdeeds and asking the king's forgiveness.

Perkin's widow, deeply humiliated, had reason to feel grateful for the king's kindness. She resumed her maiden name of Gordon, and was treated at court according to her birth. She not only received a pension, but her wardrobe expenses were defrayed by the king, and occasional payments were made to her besides. In January 1503 she was among the company assembled at Richmond to witness the betrothal of the king's daughter Margaret to James IV. She seems to have remained unmarried about eleven years, and received from Henry VIII a grant of lands in Berkshire, which had belonged to the attainted Earl of Lincoln, on condition that she should not go out of England, either to Scotland or elsewhere, without royal license. She then married James Strangways, gentleman usher of the king's chamber, and got a new grant of the same lands to her and her husband in survivorship. On 23 June 1517, Strangways being then dead, she got a further grant of Lincoln's lands in Berkshire on the same condition as before. A month later she had become the wife of Matthias (or Matthew) Cradock, and obtained leave to dwell with her husband in Wales. He was a gentleman of Glamorganshire, afterwards knighted, who had fitted out and furnished with men a vessel for the French war of 1513. He died in 1531, and she again married Christopher Ashton, another gentleman usher of the chamber, with whom she lived at Fyfield in Berkshire, one of the manors granted to herself. She died in 1537, and is buried in the chancel of the parish church of Fyfield, in a tomb still called ‘Lady Gordon's monument,’ though it is curious that a very fine tomb, also still existing, was built by her former husband, Sir Matthew Cradock, for herself and him, in Swansea church, with their effigies upon it.

WARBURTON, BARTHOLOMEW ELLIOTT GEORGE, usually known as  (1810–1852), miscellaneous writer, eldest son of George Warburton of Aughrim, co. Galway, formerly inspector-general of constabulary in Ireland, who married, on 6 July 1806, Anna, daughter of Thomas Acton of Westaston, co. Wicklow, was born near Tullamore, King's County, in 1810. After being educated for some time by a private tutor at Wakefield in Yorkshire, he went to Queens' College, Cambridge, on 8 Dec. 1828, but migrated to Trinity College on 23 Feb. 1830. He graduated B.A. on 22 May 1833, and M.A. 1837. On 19 March 1830 he took part with Monckton Milnes, Edward Ellice, J. M. Kemble, A. H. Hallam, and others in the Cambridge dramatic club rendering of ‘Much Ado about Nothing,’ and in August 1831 Milnes joined him at Belfast for a tour ‘in open cars.’ Kinglake, author of ‘Eothen,’ was a fellow-pupil at Procter's (Barry Cornwall's) in conveyancing (, Autobiogr. p. 67), and both Milnes and Kinglake were the ‘lifelong’ friends of Warburton. Letters from him to Milnes are in Reid's ‘Lord Houghton’ (i. 243, 345). He was called to the Irish bar in 1837, but threw up his profession to travel and write.

About 1838 he was living with his father at Gresford, near Wrexham (, Wrexham, p. 53). In the spring of 1844 he was at Paris, with introductions to the Tocquevilles, and in 1843 he made ‘an extended tour’ through Syria, Palestine, and Egypt. These travels were described by him in the ‘Dublin University Magazine’ (October 1843, January and February 1844) under the title of ‘Episodes of Eastern Travel,’ and he was persuaded by Charles Lever, its editor, to make a book from them. Its title was ‘The Crescent and the Cross, or Ro-


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 and Realities of Eastern Travel,’ and it came out in two volumes in 1844, but is dated 1845. Although Kinglake's ‘Eothen’ had but just appeared, this work by Warburton passed through at least seventeen editions, having been reprinted so late as 1888, and its popularity was due to its ‘glowing descriptions.’ T. H. S. E. [Escott] refers to it as almost a guide-book to Egypt. He dwells on its ‘terse, simple, but most telling touches,’ and finds in it the germ of many ideas now accepted by English statesmen (Observer, 5 Dec. 1897, p. 7). The success of this book led to the adoption of literature as his profession. Its copyright, when in the thirteenth edition, was sold in Henry Colburn's effects, on 26 May 1857, for 420 guineas (Notes and Queries, 2nd ser. iii. 458). A story of ‘Zoe: an Episode in the Greek War,’ told to him in the Archipelago, was printed in 1847 to help a bazaar for the distressed Irish.

Warburton led a roving life. His eldest son was born on 20 Oct. 1848, when he was at Lynmouth, North Devonshire. In January 1849 he was dwelling at a château in Switzerland. The summer of 1851 was passed on the Tweed and Yarrow. He was ‘generous, high-spirited, and unselfish;’ every one spoke well of him (, Letters, ed. Chorley, ii. 124, and Memoirs of Charles Boner, i. 221–5), and he had the Irish love of adventure. When Monckton Milnes challenged George Smythe (afterwards Lord Strangford) in 1849, Warburton was his second, and was much chagrined at the peaceful settlement (, Lord Houghton, i. 417–418). He brought out in 1849, in three volumes, the ‘Memoirs of Prince Rupert and the Cavaliers, with their Private Correspondence’ (French translation, Geneva, 1851, 8vo), which were sympathetically treated, and, having passed much time in the examination of manuscripts of this period, wrote a novel called ‘Reginald Hastings: a Tale of the Troubles in 164–’ (1850), but it was devoid of life. His own copy, with manuscript corrections for the second edition, is in the Forster Library at the South Kensington Museum. In 1851 he edited the ‘Memoirs of Horace Walpole and his Contemporaries,’ a compilation by Robert Folkestone Williams ( and, Anon. Lit. ii. 1581), and, just as he was departing on his fatal voyage, he published ‘Darien, or the Merchant Prince: an historical Romance’ (1852, 3 vols.; 4th edit. 1860), with William Paterson (1658–1719) [q. v.] as its hero, and with a description of the horrors of a ship on fire. To make its details accurate he spent some time at the Bodleian Library and British Museum in investigating the history of the buccaneers.

Warburton contemplated compiling an impartial history of Ireland—he described himself as an Irish landlord and a tory, but ‘by reading and observation a good deal chastened in that creed’—beginning with the lives of its viceroys; but no publisher would treat for the work, and the scheme was abandoned. Some letters to Mr. Digby Starkey on this undertaking are in L'Estrange's ‘Friendships of Miss Mitford’ (ii. 147–61). He collected the materials for a ‘History of the Poor,’ and his last visit to his native land was to examine the haunts of poverty in Dublin. At the close of 1851 he was deputed by the Atlantic and Pacific Junction Company to arrange a friendly understanding with the Indian tribes on the Isthmus of Darien, and he embarked from Southampton on 2 Jan. 1852, on board the West India mail steamer the Amazon, with that object, and also with the intention of exploring the district. The ship caught fire on this her first and last voyage, and Warburton was among those that perished on 4 Jan. He was the last passenger that was recognised on the deck of the burning ship (Loss of the Amazon, 1852, p. 23). A window was erected to his memory in Iffley church, near Oxford. Copious journals and memoirs of Eliot and his brother, George Drought, are in the possession of the widow of the Rev. Thomas Acton Warburton.

Warburton married at St. James's, Piccadilly, on 11 Jan. 1848, Matilda Jane, second daughter of late Edward Grove of Shenstone Park, Staffordshire. Lady Morgan boasted that ‘the marriage was made on my little balcony’ (Memoirs, ii. 497). The widow in 1855 chiefly lived with her two little boys at Oxford or at Iffley (, Story of my Life, i. 510–13, ii. 12, 13). She married, on 6 Aug. 1857, Henry Salusbury Milman, fellow of All Souls' College, Oxford, and barrister-at-law, and died at Bevere Firs, near Worcester, on 23 Oct. 1861, aged 41, having had three daughters by her second husband. Warburton's eldest sister, Sidney Warburton, ‘a most remarkable and interesting person,’ was author of ‘Letters to my unknown Friends, by a Lady,’ 1846. She died at Clifton on 18 June 1858 (ib. i. 510).

One brother, |George Drought [q. v.], is noticed separately. Another brother, Thomas Acton Warburton (d. 1894), at first a barrister, was afterwards ordained in the English church. He was vicar of Iffley from 1853 to 1876, and of St. John the Evangelist, East Dulwich, from 1876 to 1888. His chief works were: ‘Rollo and his Race, or Foot


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  of the Normans,’ 1848, 2 vols. 2 edits. ‘The Equity Pleader's Manual,’ 1850.

He died at Hastings Lodge, Dulwich Wood Park, on 22 Aug. 1894, and was buried in Iffley churchyard.

WARBURTON, GEORGE DROUGHT (1816–1857), writer on Canada, third son of George Warburton of Aughrim, and younger brother of [q. v.], was born at Wicklow in 1816. He was educated at the Royal Military College, Woolwich, and served in the royal artillery from June 1833. In 1837 he was sent with a detachment of the royal artillery to assist the Spanish legion in Spain, and was severely wounded in action. In the middle of July 1844 he embarked from Chatham for Canada, and wrote an agreeable description of the dominion, under its ancient vernacular name of ‘Hochelaga; or England in the New World.’ The work was published anonymously in 1846 in two volumes, as ‘edited by Eliot Warburton,’ and the fifth edition, revised, came out in 1854. It was also printed in New York, although the portion devoted to the United States was scarcely more complimentary to the manners of the republicans than the well-known work of Mrs. Trollope. He returned from Canada in 1846, and was afterwards stationed at Landguard Fort, near Harwich (, Landguard Fort, 1898, p. 80).

The success of his first book encouraged him to publish another anonymous work, ‘The Conquest of Canada,’ dated 1850, and also in two volumes. This passed through three editions in England, and was issued at New York in 1850. A compilation of a different kind, the ‘Memoir of Charles Mordaunt, Earl of Peterborough and Monmouth, by the author of “Hochelaga,”’ 1853, 2 vols., has through fresh research been superseded. He wrote with skill and spirit.

Warburton married at St. George's, Hanover Square, on 1 June 1853, Elizabeth Augusta Bateman-Hanbury, third daughter of the first Lord Bateman, and had an only daughter, who became the wife of Lord Edward Spencer-Churchill. In November 1854 he retired from the army as major on full pay, and resided at Henley House, Frant, Sussex. On 28 March 1857 he was elected by a large majority as an independent liberal member for the borough of Harwich in Essex. He was subject to severe pains and attacks of indigestion, and in a fit of temporary insanity resulting from these troubles shot himself through the head at Henley House on 23 Oct. 1857, aged 41. He was buried at Iffley, near Oxford. It was said of him and his brother Eliot, ‘their lives were sunshine, their deaths tragedies.’ In April 1869 his widow married George Rushout, third lord Northwick, and she was in 1886 the recipient of the ‘Dunmow Flitch’ (, Complete Peerage, s.v. ‘Northwick’).

WARBURTON, HENRY (1784?–1858), philosophical radical, son of John Warburton of Eltham, Kent, a timber merchant, was educated at Eton, being in the fifth form, upper division, in 1799, and at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he was admitted 24 June 1802, aged 18. He was in the first class of the college examinations as freshman in 1803, and as junior soph in 1804. He was admitted scholar on 13 April 1804, graduated B.A. (being twelfth wrangler and placed next to Ralph Bernal) in 1806, and proceeded M.A. in 1812. [q. v.] knew him in his undergraduate days, and both Bernal and Pryme were in after life his colleagues in political action. When at Cambridge he obtained distinction as a ‘scholar and man of science’ (Personal Life of George Grote, p. 76).

For some years after leaving the university Warburton was engaged in the timber trade at Lambeth, but his taste for science and politics ultimately led to his abandoning commercial life. He was elected F.R.S. on 16 Feb. 1809. Dr. [q. v.] was his most intimate friend, and in the autumn of 1818 they made a tour together on the continent. When Faraday desired to become F.R.S., Warburton felt objections to his election, thinking that he had in one matter treated Wollaston unfairly. Correspondence ensued, and these objections were dispelled (, Life of Faraday, i. 347–53). Warburton was also a member of the Political Economy Club from its foundation in 1821 to his death, bringing before


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 it on 13 Jan. 1823 the question ‘how far rents and profits are affected by tithes’ (Minutes of Club, 1882, pp. 36, 55). David Ricardo was one of his chief friends, and often mentions the name of Warburton in his ‘Letters to Malthus.’ ‘Philosopher Warburton,’ as he was termed, was one of the leading supporters of Brougham in founding London University, and was a member of its first council in 1827.

At the general election of 1826 Warburton was returned to parliament in the radical interest for the borough of Bridport in Dorset, making his first long speech on 30 Nov. on foreign goods, and was re-elected in 1830, 1831, 1833, 1835, 1837, and 1841, all of the elections after the Reform Bill being severely contested. On 8 Sept. 1841 he resigned his seat for that constituency on the ground that a petition would have ‘proved gross bribery against his colleague’ in which his own agent would have been implicated (Personal Life of George Grote, p. 144). It subsequently came out that before the passing of the Reform Bill he himself had paid large sums of money improperly to certain of the electors. A select committee was appointed to inquire into ‘corrupt compromises’ alleged to have been made in certain constituencies, so as to avoid investigation into past transactions, and the question whether bribery had been practised at Bridport was referred to the same committee (Hansard, 13, 20, 27 May and 1 June 1842;, Bibl. Dorset, pp. 116–18), but nothing resulted from its investigations. Warburton was out of the house until 9 Nov. 1843, when he was returned for the borough of Kendal. At the dissolution of 1847 he retired from political life, giving out that the reforms which he had at heart had been effected.

Warburton was a man of sound sense and judgment and of high personal integrity, though he did continue at Bridport to 1832 the pernicious practices initiated in previous elections. In the House of Commons he was assiduous in his duty, often spending twelve consecutive hours in his place. He worked with Joseph Hume, and after 1832 found fresh colleagues in Charles Buller, Grote, and Sir William Molesworth. The medical reformers selected him as their advocate. He brought forward on 20 June 1827, and Peel supported, a motion for an inquiry into the funds and regulations of the College of Surgeons [see art. ]. He was chairman of the parliamentary committee on the study of anatomy, which began its sittings on 28 April 1828, and after one failure, through the action of the House of Lords, succeeded in 1832 in carrying an anatomy bill, which is still in its substance the law of the land. A committee on the medical profession was appointed on 11 Feb. 1834, and Warburton became its chairman. He examined Sir Astley Cooper, Sir Charles Bell, and many others, his ‘perseverance and acuteness being remarkable’ (, Letters, p. 336); but the conclusions of the committee were never submitted to parliament (, Memoirs, p. 91).

Warburton took an active part in 1831 in debates on bankruptcy, and was then reckoned ‘one of Lord Althorp's most confidential friends’ (, Life of Place, pp. 278, 325). Early in 1833 he formed a project in conjunction with Grote and Roebuck for establishing a society for the diffusion of political and moral knowledge. He was intent in February 1835 upon arranging a union of the whigs under Lord John Russell with the followers of Daniel O'Connell; and it was he that sent to O'Connell a bundle of circulars from that whig leader, asking his friends to meet him at Lord Lichfield's house in St. James's Square, from which action resulted the Lichfield House compact. Warburton was for the repeal of the newspaper tax, and was active in the work of the Anti-Cornlaw League. On the select committee of the House of Commons on postage in 1837 he resolutely supported penny postage, and was second to Rowland Hill alone in that movement. He died at 45 Cadogan Place, London, on 16 Sept. 1858.

A portrait, painted by Sir George Hayter and engraved by W. H. Mote, is included in Saunders's ‘Portraits of Reformers’ (1840).

WARBURTON, JOHN (1682–1759), herald and antiquary, born on 28 Feb. 1681–1682, was son of Benjamin Warburton of Bury, Lancashire, who married Mary, eldest daughter and, at length, heiress of Michael Buxton of Manchester and of Buxton in Derbyshire. His descent from Sir John Warburton (d. 1575), who married Mary, daughter of Sir William Brereton, is set out in Lansdowne MS. 911, f. 297. In early life John was an exciseman and then a supervisor,


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text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Wansey, Henry


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Warbeck, Perkin


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Warburton, Bartholomew Elliott George


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Warburton, George Drought


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162 period when graves were not receptacles for the dead, but refuges for the living.” The idea is worked out with not a little speculative ingenuity, all manner of practices and beliefs relating to burial being tracked to this their supposed ultimate source. On the other hand, the author, as he frankly confesses, did not have access at the time of writing to a sufficiency of trustworthy documents. Now, personally, I am not convinced by any of the deductions from alleged survivals, since one and all these seem to me to be explicable in other and simpler ways. Nor, again, do I think that the direct evidence offered is really to the point. Thus the solitary fact cited in regard to pre-historic man is Lartet’s account of the Aurignac cave. But here were found the remains of no less than seventeen individuals; and it is surely most unlikely that it happened seventeen times over that a party of hunters when “trekking,” had to leave behind in the same shelter one of their number who, though alive, could not keep up with them. Besides, it happens that we have evidence going back to a still earlier period of the laying-out of the corpse after death, namely, at Le Moustier and at La Chapelle-aux-Saints. In the latter case a rectangular grave had been scooped out in the hard soil, and the head was especially protected by several long bones, on top of which lay the leg of a bison with the parts in connexion indicating a food-offering; while for the rest, the vault was so low that, in the opinion of the discoverers, the cave could hardly have been ever used as a living-place.

Nevertheless, if the author had been able to hunt up better proofs, I think he might have shown that this was one possible way, though by no means necessarily the only way, in which offerings to the dead came about. Here, for instance, is a case that seems to be relevant. “The Yerkla-mining never bury their dead or dispose of them in any way. When death approaches, the person is left alone, as comfortably as possible near a fire, and the tribe leave the neighbourhood, not to return for a considerable time” (A. W. Howitt, Nat. Tr. of S.E. Australia, 450). Or, again, we are told that by the Hottentots superannuated persons are sometimes “carried away to some cleft in the mountains, with provisions for a few days”

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168 The author’s intimate knowledge of Gaelic folk-legend enables him to prove his point by a series of convincing episodes. It would seem likely that Dr. Cross may take the place, as the champion of Celtic and especially of Gaelic origins, which Mr. Nutt's lamented death has so long left unfilled.

From the same writer comes also a study of Witchcraft in North Carolina (July, 1919). The author tells us that he had originally intended to deal only with witchcraft, "but that, owing to the heterogeneous character of the collectanea submitted, the paper has become a sort of omnium-gatherum of North Carolina tradition regarding magic and supernaturalism." The paper is, in fact, a compendium of instances of the witch-beliefs, haunted houses, sympathetic magic, black arts, etc., collected within the area in which the North Carolina branch of the American Folk-Lore Society works. Its object, the writer tells us, is two-fold: first, to enumerate such items of witch-lore as had already been collected in the district, and to point out their traditional character; secondly, by means of illustrations from the folk-lore of the neighbouring territory, to indicate what other articles of the diabolical creed future collectors may hope to discover. The author has brought together a large mass of material on these uncanny subjects. The people of America appear to treat witchcraft in a kindlier spirit than did their forebears in the old country, for Professor Cross gives us no examples of witch trials, or even witch-duckings.

book is a creditable attempt to provide a complete account of Hindu festivals, a work which is much wanted. The author is an anthropologist of repute who assisted Sir H. Risley in his work, and he has been aided by his wife who has a thorough

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text: Folk-Lore/Volume 30/The Language of Gesture


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Author:Mancherjee Merwanjee Bhownagree

Works

 * History of the Constitution of the East India Company
 * H.M.'s Life in the Highlands (Gujarati translation)

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 British Institution, Society of British Artists, and various provincial galleries. After Oliver's death she married, about 1856, John Sedgwick, a solicitor, of Watford, Hertfordshire, but continued to follow her profession in her first husband's name until her death, which took place at the Brewery House, Great Berkhamstead, on 15 March 1885.

OLIVERS, THOMAS (1725–1799), Wesleyan methodist preacher and hymn-writer, was the son of Thomas and Penelope Oliver. The parish register of Tregynon, Montgomeryshire, shows that he was baptised at that church on 8 Sept. 1725. His father died in December 1728 and his mother in 1729, and he was then entrusted to the care of a greatuncle, who, however, did not long survive Olivers's parents, but left him a small fortune, providing that the interest should be employed in the lad's bringing-up, and the principal paid to him when he came of age. He received only an imperfect education, and was, at the age of eighteen, apprenticed to a shoemaker. According to his own account, he was a restless, idle youth, who, as he grew to manhood, spent his time in roving from place to place, no doubt earning a precarious livelihood as a cobbler. In the course of his wanderings he happened to hear Whitefield preach at Bristol, and this at once changed the current of his life. He joined the methodist society at Bradford, Wiltshire, and soon became one of the local preachers of the organisation, taking long journeys in discharge of his Sunday duties. Wesley soon prevailed upon him to become one of the itinerant preachers whose time was fully taken up by the work. On 24 Oct. 1753 he set out for Cornwall. In 1766 he was at Dundee. After travelling for twenty-two years, he was, in 1775, appointed by Wesley supervisor of the methodist press, a position which he held until 1789, when Wesley removed him, because, as he said, 'the errata were insufferable,' and pieces were inserted in the magazine without his knowledge (Journal, 8 Aug. 1789). The remainder of his life was spent in retirement in London, where he died in March 1799. He was buried in Wesley's own tomb, in the City Road burying-ground. His portrait is among the collection of portraits of Wesleyan methodist ministers who occupied the meeting house at Dundee which was lent by Mr. George Worrall to the Old Dundee Exhibition, 1892-3.

Olivers was the author of: Olivers also composed the hymn-tune called 'Helmsley.'
 * 1) 'Twelve Reasons why the People called Methodists ought not to buy or sell uncustomed Goods.'
 * 2) 'Reply to a Pamphlet entitled "A few Thoughts on Matters of Fact concerning Methodism."'
 * 3) 'Reply to a Pamphlet on Wesley and Erskine.'
 * 4) 'Letter to Toplady.' This was a part of the Calvinistic controversy among the early methodists, in which Olivers figured prominently.
 * 5) 'Pamphlet against Richard Hill.'
 * 6) 'A Full Defence of the Rev. John Wesley against Rev. Caleb Evans,' 1776, 12mo.
 * 7) 'Answer to Rowland Hill.'
 * 8) Account of his own life.
 * 9) 'A Full Refutation of the Doctrine of Unconditional Perseverance,' 1790, 8vo.
 * 10) 'Defence of Methodism,' Leeds, 1818, 8vo.
 * 11) 'Tract against Dancing.' Better known are Olivers's verse compositions.
 * 12) 'Hymn on the Last Judgment' ('Come, Immortal King of Glory,' 1st edit. Leeds, n.d.; 2nd edit. Bristol, 1763).
 * 13) 'Hymn of Praise to Christ' ('Our Hearts and Hands to Christ we raise,' composed and printed in Ireland about 1756; 2nd edit. Bristol, 1763).
 * 14) 'Hymn to the God of Abraham' ('The God of Abraham praise,' 1st and 2nd edit. Nottingham, n.d.; others in rapid succession, 1772-9). It is upon this hymn, now to be found in nearly all collections, that Olivers's fame chiefly rests.
 * 15) 'A descriptive and plaintive Elegy on the Death of the late Reverend John Wesley,' London, 1791.

OLLIER, CHARLES (1788–1859), publisher and author, was born in 1788. He was descended from a French protestant family which migrated to England in 1685, and he began life in the banking-house of Messrs. Coutts. About 1816 he was in business as a publisher in Vere Street, Bond Street, in partnership with his brother James. James was the man of business; Charles possessed a keen sense of the beauties of poetry, and, having made the acquaintance of Leigh Hunt, undertook the publication of his 'Foliage,' 'Hero and Leander,' and the second edition of 'The Story of Rimini.' Through Hunt he became known to Keats, and, out of admiration for his genius, volunteered to


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Antigüedades Nicaragüenses

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O'LOCHLAINN, DOMHNALL (1048–1121), king of Ireland, born in 1048, was son of Ardghal, chief of the Cinel Eoghain and lord of Oilech, who received the submission of Connaught in 1063, died at Tullaghoge, and was buried at Armagh in 1604. Domhnall became king of Oilech, as the chief of Cinel Eoghain was called, in 1083, and immediately made a foray into Conaille (co. Cavan), whence he carried off a large number of cattle. In 1084 he plundered Ulidia (Down and Antrim), and also attacked and slew Domhnall O'Gairmleaghaidh, a weak neighbour. In 1087 he slew another minor chief, Domhnall O'Laithen, and made an unsuccessful expedition into Meath. In 1088 he invaded Connaught, and received the submission of Ruadhri O'Conor [q.v.], the king, marched on into Munster as far south as Kilmallock, co. Limerick, plundering Emly, co. Tipperary, Loch Gur, Bruree, Dunachip, Drummin, and Singland, co. Limerick, and Ceanncoradh, co. Clare, and bringing home eight score hostages, afterwards redeemed by Murtough O'Brien [q.v.] for a ransom of cows, horses, gold, and silver. He slew two of his kinsmen on one day in 1090, Maelruanaidh O'Cairellan of Tirkeeran, co. Londonderry, and Gillachrist O'Luinigh, chief of Cinel Moen, and in the same year received a formal submission from Muircheartach O'Brien, king of Cashel or Munster, Domhnall O'Maeleachlainn, king of Meath, and Ruadhri O'Conor, king of Connaught; and thenceforward the chroniclers speak of him as king of Ireland. The Danes of Dublin gave him two hostages to secure his passive support in a plundering expedition which they made into Magh Breagh as far as Athboy, co. Meath, with O'Brien. He captured Aedh O'Cannanain, chief of the Cinel Conaill (co. Donegal), in 1093, and put out his eyes, and thenceforward ruled the Cinel Conaill, and led them with him into all his wars. In 1094 he again invaded Ulidia, and slew Donnsleibhe O'Heochadha, its king, at the battle of the pass of Gortinure, co. Londonderry, after which he marched south at the head of the Cinel Eoghan and Cinel Conaill, and, in alliance with the Danes of Dublin under their king Godfrey, defeated the Munstermen and the men of Leinster and Ossory at Oughterard, co. Kildare. He then returned to Ulster, while the Munstermen marched east, drove Godfrey out of Dublin, and forced the king of Meath, who had also joined in the attack, to fly to the north. Four years later he repelled an invasion of Ulster by Muircheartach O'Brien at Fidh Conaille, co. Louth. The archbishop of Armagh made peace between them; but in 1099 a second attack was made by the Munstermen near Slieve Fuaid, co. Armagh, where Domhnall again held them in check. A year's peace between the north and south was then made by the archbishop. Domhnall crossed into Ulidia between Lough Neagh and Lough Beg, and after a battle at Creeve, co. Antrim, chiefly between horsemen, the Ulidians gave up an abbot and two chiefs as hostages. He cut down the great tree called Craobh Tulcha, under which the kings of Ulidia were inaugurated. As soon as the year of peace was up, Muircheartach O'Brien tried to invade Ulster at Assaroe, co. Donegal, but was driven back by Domhnall, who afterwards marched on into Meath and brought home much booty. O'Brien, with the aid of a Danish fleet, attacked Derry from the sea, and was again defeated; but in 1101 he got into Ulster at Assaroe, and destroyed Grianan Oiligh, near Londonderry, in revenge for the sack of Cenncoradh by Domhnall. Domhnall's son and his foster-brother had been captured by the Ulidians, and he gave up Donnchadh O'Heochadha, their king, whom he had captured some years before, in exchange. In 1102 Domhnall MacAmhalghaidh, archbishop of Armagh, took hostages from him and from O'Brien for another year's peace between them. In 1103 he expelled the successor of that O'Cannanain, whom he had blinded in 1090, and again made war on the Ulidians, who obtained aid from Munster, Leinster, Connaught, Ossory, and Meath. Domhnall held them in check near Armagh till O'Brien, with most of his men and the men of Meath and Connaught, marched away. He then fell upon the Leinstermen, who were supported by some Munstermen, the clans of Ossory, and some Danes of Dublin, and defeated them with great slaughter on 7 Aug. 1103, near Donaghmore in the barony of Iveagh, co. Down. Domhnall obtained much spoil. In 1106 he permitted Ceallach, archbishop of Armagh, to make a general visitation of Ulster, and to receive a cow from every six inhabitants. The archbishop again prevented a battle between Domhnall and O'Brien at Slieve Fuaid, co. Armagh, in 1109. He made peace in 1111 with his old enemy, Donnchadh O'Heochadha, king of Ulidia, in 1112 attacked the Danes in Fingall, co. Dublin, and carried off many cattle and prisoners; and in 1113 again made war on Donnchadh, drove him from Ulidia, and caused his own tribe to put out his eyes. Twice during this year, near Armagh and at Greenoge, co. Meath, the archbishop prevented a battle between O'Brien and O'Lochlainn. After marching to Rathkenny, co. Meath, in 1114, O'Lochlainn took hostages from the men of Meath, and, with the Connaughtmen,


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 Welles quitted it on promise of pardon. Edward made Welles write to his son telling him to give up Warwick's cause, and then took him down to Lincolnshire. Angry at the obstinacy of the son, he beheaded Lord Welles and Dymock at Huntingdon. His son then risked a battle near Stamford, but was defeated, taken, and executed on 19 March 1470. His confession is printed in ‘Excerpta Historica’ (pp. 382, &c.). Both father and son were attainted in the parliament of 1475, but the attainders were reversed in the first parliament of Henry VII. Richard Welles left a daughter Joane, who married, first, Richard Piggot of London, and, secondly, before 1470, Sir Richard Hastings. Hastings, in consequence, was afterwards summoned to parliament as Baron Welles, 15 Nov. 1482; he died in 1503, and his widow in 1505, both without issue, and the barony of Welles fell into abeyance between the descendants of Lionel Welles's four daughters. Sir Robert Welles had married Elizabeth, daughter of John Bourchier, lord Berners. She died a year after his execution, and was buried by his side in Doncaster church. Her will is printed in ‘Testamenta Vetusta.’

, first (d. 1499), son of Lionel, sixth baron, by his second wife, was a Lancastrian, but he is mentioned as a watcher at Edward IV's funeral. He was at the coronation of Richard III, but opposed him at once, and after the insurrection of Buckingham fled to Brittany. He took part in the Bosworth campaign, and was created Viscount Welles by summons to parliament on 1 Sept. 1487. Doubtless as a safe man of the second rank he was allowed to marry, before December 1487, Cecily, daughter of Edward IV, who had been promised to the king of Scotland. He was elected K.G. before 29 Sept. 1488, and died on 9 Feb. 1498–9; he was buried in Westminster Abbey. By his wife Cecily he had two daughters, Elizabeth and Anne, both of whom died young; the viscounty of Welles thus became extinct.

[Excerpta Historica, pp. 282, &c.; Rot. Parl. v. 182, &c., vi. 144, 246, &c.; Wars of English in France (Rolls Ser.), ii. 776, 778; Cal. Pat. Rolls, Edw. IV, pp. 113, &c.; Cooper's Life of the Lady Margaret, p. 6; Paston Letters, ed. Gairdner, i. 96, &c., ii. 3, &c.; Beaucourt's Hist. de Charles VII, vi. 47; Gilbert's Viceroys of Ireland, p. 334; Camden Miscellany, vol. i.; Warkworth's Chron. (Camd. Soc.), pp. 8, 52, 59; Polydore Vergil (Camd. Soc. transl.), pp. 126, 127; Testamenta Vetusta, p. 310; Ramsay's Lancaster and York, i. 415, ii. 185, &c.; G. E. C[okayne]'s Peerage; Burke's Extinct and Dormant Peerage.]  WELLES, THOMAS (1598–1660), governor of Connecticut, born in 1598, belonged to the branch of the family of Welles settled in Northamptonshire. In 1634 he was living at Rothwell in that county. On 3 Nov. 1634 he was admonished by the court of Star-chamber to answer in full articles against him and several others, among whom was William Fox, the ancestor of George Fox, charging him with holding puritan tenets. His property was confiscated, and on 16 April 1635 their cause was appointed to be finally sentenced; but Welles evaded punishment by proceeding to New England in the capacity of secretary to William Fiennes, first viscount Saye and Sele [q. v.], a great protector of nonconformists (Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1634–5 passim, 1635 p. 179). Early in 1636 Lord Saye and Sele arrived with his secretary at the fort at the mouth of the Connecticut, afterwards called Saybrook. Displeased with his reception and discouraged by the difficulties of colonisation, he speedily returned to England, leaving Welles, who was unwilling to face the Star-chamber. Welles joined a party of emigrants from Newtown (now Cambridge) in Massachusetts, among whom were Thomas Hooker and Samuel Stone [q. v.], in founding a new settlement on the north bank of the Connecticut, which they at first called Newtown, after their former residence, but afterwards, on 21 Feb. 1636–7, renamed Hartford, after Stone's birthplace. In 1637 Welles was chosen one of the magistrates of the town, an office which he held every year until his death. The colony of Connecticut was organised on an independent footing on 1 May 1637, and in 1639 Welles was chosen the first treasurer under the new constitution, a post which he held till 1651, when, finding the duties burdensome, he was relieved of it at his own request. From 1640 to 1648 he filled the office of secretary, and in 1649 was one of the commissioners of the united colonies in the first federal council assembled in New England. Welles defended the policy of the colony in placing a small duty on exports from the Connecticut river for the support of Saybrook, and successfully used his influence to avoid war with the Dutch in Delaware Bay. On 1 March 1653–4 John Haynes, the deputy governor, died, and as the governor, Edward Hopkins [q. v.], was absent in England, Welles was chosen head of the colony, with the title of moderator of the general court. In May 1654 he was elected deputy governor. In the same year he was again appointed a commissioner to the assembly of the united colonies, but was prevented by his other duties from serving.