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 PEA, SWEET PEAR

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = The example of America must be the example not merely of peace because it will not fight, but of peace because peace is the healing and elevating influence of the world, and strife is not. There is such a thing as a man being too proud to fight. There is such a'thihg as a nation being so right that.it does not need to convince others by force that it is right. Woodrqw Wilson—Address in. Contention Hall. Philadelphia, May 10, 1915. | seealso = (See also {{sc|Pitt,. Sumner) Ne'er to meet, or ne'er to part, is peace. Young—Night Thoughts. Night V. L. 1,058. • PEA, SWEET Lathyrus Odoratus The pea is but a wanton witch In too much haste to wed, And clasps her rings on every hand. Hood—Flowers. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 591 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Here are sweet peas, on tiptoe for a flight; With wings of gentle flush o'er delicate white, And taper fingers catching at all things, To bind them all about with tiny rings. Keats—1 Stood Tiptoe Upon a Little HM. PEACOCK For everything seemed resting on his nod, As they could read in all eyes. Now to them, Who were accustomed, as a sort of god, To see the sultan, rich in many a gem, Like an imperial peacock stalk abroad (That royal bird, whose tail's a diadem.) With all the pomp of power, it was a doubt How power could condescend to do without. | author = Byron | work = Don Juan. | place = Canto VII. St. 74. | note = | topic = | page = 591 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = To frame the little animal, provide All the gay hues that wait on female pride: Let Nature guide thee; sometimes golden wire The shining bellies of the fly require; The peacock's plumes thy tackle must not fail, Nor the dear purchase of the sable's tail. Gay—Rural Sports.. Canto I. L. 177. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 591 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = To Paradise, the Arabs say, Satan could never find the way Until the peacock led him in. Leland—The Peacock. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 591 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = "Fly pride," says the peacock. Comedy of Errors. Act IV. Sc. 3. L. 81. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 591 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Let frantic Talbot triumph for a while And like a peacock sweep along his tail. Henry VI. Pt. I. Act III. Sc. 3. L. 5. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 591 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Why, he stalks up and down like a peacock,— a stride and a stand. Troilus and Cressida. Act III. Sc. 3. L. 251. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 591 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = And there they placed a peacock in his pride, Before the damsel | author = Tennyson | work = Gareth and Lynette. PEACH A little peach in an orchard grew,— A little peach of emerald hue; Warmed by the sun and wet by the dew It grew. Eugene Field—The Little Peach. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 591 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = As touching peaches in general, the very name in Latine whereby they are called Persica, doth evidently show that they were brought out of Persia first. ruin:—Natural History. Bk. XV. Ch. 13. Holland's trans. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 591 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = The ripest peach is highest on the tree. James Whttcomb Riley—The Ripest Peach. (See {{sc|Carman}} under {{sc|Apples}})

PEAR "Now, Sire,"quod she, "for aught that may bityde, I moste haue of the peres that I see, Or I moote dye, so soore longeth me To eten of the smalle peres grene." Chaucer—Canterbury Tales. The Merchantes Tale. L. 14,669. ' 21 The great white pear-tree dropped with dew from leaves And blossom}}, under {{sc|heavens of happy blue. Jean Ingelow—Songs with Preludes. Wedlock. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 591 }}


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 POETS

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Graecia Mseonidam, jactet sibi Roma Maronem Anglia Miltonum jactat utrique parem. Greece boasts her Homer, Rome can Virgil claim: England can either match in Milton's fame. Salvaggi—Ad Joannem Miltonum. | seealso = (See also {{sc|Dkyden) * * * For ne'er Was flattery lost on Poet's ear; A simple race ' they waste their toil For the vain tribute of a smile. Searr-r-Lay of the Last Minstrel. Canto IV. Last stanza. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 608 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Call it not vain:—they do not err. Who say that, when the Poet dies, Mute Nature mourns her worshipper, And celebrates his obsequies. Scott—Lay of the Last Minstrel. Canto V. St. 1. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 608 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = I would the gods had made thee poetical. As You Like It. Act III. Sc. 3. L. 15. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 608 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Never durst poet touch a pen to write Until his ink were temper'd with Love's sighs. Love's Labour's Lost. Act IV. Sc. 3. L. 346. The poet's eye, in a fine frenzy rolling. Dotn glance from heaven to earth, from earth to heaven; And as imagination bodies forth The forms of things unknown, the poet's pen Turns them to shapes and gives to airy nothing A local habitation and a name. Midsummer Night's Dream. Act V. Sc. 1. L. 12. POETS Most wretched men Are cradled into poetry by wrong; They learn in suffering what they teach in song. Shelley—Julian and Maddalo. L. 556. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 608 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Dan Chaucer, well of English undefyled, On Fame's eternall beadroll worthie to be f yled. Spenser—Faerie Queene. Bk. IV. Canto II. St. 32. | seealso = (See also {{sc|Lydgate) I learnt life from the poets. Madame de Staël—Corinne. Ch.V. Bk. XVIII. With no companion but the constant Muse, Who sought me when I needed her—ah, when Did I not need her, solitary else? R. H. Stoddard—Proem. L. 87. The Poet in his Art Must intimate the whole, and say the smallest part. W. W. Story—The Unexpressed. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 608 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Then, rising with Aurora's light, The Muse invoked, sit down to write; Blot out, correct, insert, refine, Enlarge, diminish, interline. Swift—On Poetry. | seealso = (See also {{sc|Lyttleton, Waller}}) | topic = | page = 608 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Unjustly poets we asperse: Truth shines the brighter clad in verse, And all the fictions they pursue Do but insinuate what is true. Swift—To Stella. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 608 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Villon, our sad bad glad mad brother's name. Swinburne—Ballad of Francois Villon. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 608 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = To have read the greatest works of any great poet, to have beheld or heard the greatest works of any great painter or musician, is a possession added to the best things of life. Swinburne—Essays and Studies. Victor Hugo. L' Annie Terrible. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 608 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = The Poet's leaves are gathered one by one, In the slow process of the doubtful years. Bayard Taylor—Poet's Journal. Third Evening. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 608 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = I do but sing because I must, And pipe but as the linnets sing. Tennyson-—In Memoriam. XXI. 6. | seealso = (See also {{sc|Lamartine}}) | topic = | page = 608 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = The poet in a golden clime was born, With golden stars above; Dower'd with the hate of hate, the scorn of scorn, The love of love. | author = Tennyson | work = The Poet. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 608 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = For now the Poet cannot die, Nor leave his music as of old. But round him ere he scarce be cold Begins the scandal and the cry. | author = Tennyson | work = To, after Beading a Life and Letters. St. 4. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 608 }}

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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710

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Shallow brookes murmur moste, deepe silent slide away. Sib Philip Sidney—The Arcadia. Thirsts andDorus. | seealso = (See also {{sc|Lyly) | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 710 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = 1 | text = Macaulay is like a book in breeches * * * He has occasional flashes of silence, that make his conversation perfectly delightful. Sydney Smith—Lady Holland's Memoir. Vol. I. P. 363. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 710 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = 5 | text = Le silence du peuple est la lecon des rois. The silence of the people is a lesson for kings. Soanen, Bishop of Senax; also Abbe de Beauvais—Funeral oration over Louis XV. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 710 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Woman, to women silence is the best ornament. Sophocles—Ajax. 293. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 710 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = To me so deep a silence portends some dread event; a clamorous sorrow wastes itself in sound. Sophocles—Antigone. 1251. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 710 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = The deepest rivers make least din, The silent soule doth most abound in care. Eabl of Stirling—Aurora. (1604) Song. But let me silent be : For silence is the speech of love, The music of the spheres above. R. H. Stoddard—Speech of Love. St. 4. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 710 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Of every noble work the silent part is best, Of all expression, that which cannot be expressed. W. W. Story—The Unexpressed. Silence, beautiful voice. | author = Tennyson | work = Maud. Pt. V. St. 3. And / too talk, and lose the touch I talk of. Surely, after all, The noblest answer unto such Is kindly silence when they brawl. | author = Tennyson | work = The After Thought. In Punch, March 7, 1816. (Altered in the published Eoems to: "Is perfect stillness when they rawl. | author =  | work =  | place =  | note =  | topic =  | page = 710 }}


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W. DRUGULIN, ORIENTAL PRINTER, LEIPZIG (GERMANY).


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Rh


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S the fall of man made himselfe and all other creatures subject to vanity; so, by reason thereof, the most noble and excellent Arts wherewith the Rational soul was indued, are by the rusty canker of Time brought unto Corruption. For Magick it selfe, which the ancients did so divinely contemplate, is scandalized with bearing the badg of all diabolical sorceries: which Art (faith Mirandula) Pauci intelligunt, multi reprehendunt, & sicut canes ignotos semper allatrant: Few understand, many reprehend, and as dogges barke at those they know not: so doe many condemne and hate the things they understand not. Many men there are, that abhor the very name and word Magus, because of Simon Magus, who being indeed not Magus, but Goes, that is, familiar with evill Spirits, usurped that Title. But Magicke and Witchcraft are far differing Sciences; whereof Pliny being ignorant, scoffeth thereat: for Nero (saith Pliny) who had the most excellent Magicians of the East sent him by Tyridates king of Armenia, who held that kingdome by him, found the Art after long study and labour altogether ridiculous. Now Witchcraft and Sorcery, are workes done meerely by the devill, which with respect unto some covenant made with man, he acteth by men his instruments, to accomplish his evill ends: of these, the histories of all ages, people and countries, as also the holy Scriptures, afford us sundry examples.

But Magus is a Persian word primitively, whereby Rh


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22 mean by no means the same feelings. How pregnant with sacred meaning are home, patriotism, faith to some, while others utter or hear them with cool indifference! It is needless, however, to multiply examples. Not half the words in our familiar speech would be identically defined by any considerable number of those who employ them every day. Nay, who knows not that verbal disputes, discussions turning on the meaning of words, are the most frequent, bitter, and interminable of controversies?

Clearly, therefore, we are guilty of no paradox 1n maintaining that, while we all speak the English language, the English of no two individuals among us is precisely the same: it is not the same in form; it is not the same in extent; it is not the same in meaning.

But what, then, is the English language? We answer: It is the immense aggregate of the articulated signs for thought accepted by, and current among, a certain vast community which we call the English-speaking people, embracing the principal portion of the inhabitants of our own country and of Great Britain, with all those who elsewhere in the world talk like them. It is the sum of the separate languages of all the members of this community. Or—since each one says some things, or says them in a way, not to be accepted as in the highest sense English—it is their average rather than their sum; it is that part of the aggregate which is supported by the usage of the majority; but of a majority made in great part by culture and education, not by numbers alone. It is a mighty region of speech, of somewhat fluctuating and uncertain boundaries, whereof each speaker occupies a portion, and a certain central tract is included in the portion of all: there they meet on common ground; off it, they are strangers to one another. Although one language, it includes numerous varieties, of greatly differing kind and degree: individual varieties, class varieties, local varieties. Almost any two persons who speak it may talk so as to be unintelligible to each other. The one fact which gives it unity is, that all who speak it may, to a considerable extent, and on subjects of the most general and pressing interest, talk so as to understand one another.


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I.] How this language is kept in existence is clearly shown by the foregoing exposition. It is preserved by an uninterrupted tradition. Each generation hands it down to the generation following. Every one is an actor in the process; in each individual speaker the language has, as we may say, a separate and independent existence, as has an animal species in each of its members; and each does what in him lies to propagate it—that is to say, his own part of it, as determined in extent and character by the inherent and acquired peculiarities of his nature. And, small as may be the share of the work which falls to any one of us, the sum of all the shares constitutes the force which effects the transmission of the whole language. In the case of a tongue like ours, too, these private labours are powerfully aided and supplemented by the influence of a literature. Each book is, as it were, an undying individual, with whom, often, much larger numbers hold intercourse than any living person can reach, and who teaches them to speak as he speaks. A great body of literary works of acknowledged merit and authority, in the midst of a people proud and fond of it, is an agent in the preservation and transmission of any tongue, the importance of which cannot easily be over-estimated: we shall have to take it constantly into account in the course of our further inquiries into the history of language. But each work is, after all, only a single person, with his limitations and deficiencies, and with his restricted influence. Even Shakspeare, with his unrivalled wealth and variety of expression, uses but about fifteen thousand words, and Milton little more than half so many—mere fragments of the encyclopedic English tongue. The language would soon be shorn of no small part of its strength, if placed exclusively in the hands of any individual, or of any class. Nothing less than the combined effort of a whole community, with all its classes and orders, in all its variety of characters, circumstances, and necessities, is capable of keeping in life a whole language.

But, while our English speech is thus passed onward from generation to generation of those who learn to speak it, and, having learned themselves, teach others, it does not remain


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24 precisely the same; on the contrary, it is undergoing all the time a slow process of modification, which is capable of rendering it at length another language, unintelligible to those who now employ it. In order to be convinced of this, we have only to cast an eye backward over its past history, during the period for which we have its progress recorded in contemporary documents. How much is there in our present familiar speech which would be strange and meaningless to one of Elizabeth's court! How much, again, do we find in any of the writers of that period—in Shakspeare, for instance—which is no longer good current English! phrases and forms of construction which never fall from our lips now save as we quote them; scores of words which we have lost out of memory, or do not employ in the sense which they then bore. Go back yet farther, from half-century to half-century, and the case grows rapidly worse; and when we arrive at Chaucer and Gower, who are separated from us by a paltry interval of five hundred years, only fifteen or twenty descents from father to son, we meet with a dialect which has a half-foreign look, and can only be read by careful study, with the aid of a glossary. Another like interval of five hundred years brings us to the Anglo-Saxon of King Alfred, which is absolutely a strange tongue to us, not less unintelligible than the German of the present day, and nearly as hard to learn. And yet, we have no reason to believe that any one of those thirty or forty generations of Englishmen through whom we are descended from the contemporaries of King Alfred was less simply and single-mindedly engaged to transmit to its children the same language which it had received from its ancestors than is the generation of which we ourselves form a part. It may well be that circumstances were less favourable to some of them than to us, and that our common speech stands in no danger of suffering in the next thousand years a tithe of the change which it has suffered in the past thousand. But the forces which are at work in it are the same now that they have always been, and the effects they are producing are of the same essential character: both are inherent in the nature of


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I.], and inseparable from its use. This will be made plain to us by a brief inquiry.

The most rapid and noticeable mode of change in our language is that which is all the time varying the extent and meaning of its vocabulary. English speech exists in order that we may communicate with one another respecting those things which we know. As the stock of words at the command of each individual is an approximate measure of the sum of his knowledge, so the stock of words composing a language corresponds to what is known in the community; the objects it is familiar with, the distinctions it has drawn, all its cognitions and reasonings, in the world of matter and of mind, must have their appropriate expression. That speech should signify more than is in the minds of its speakers is obviously impossible; but neither must it fall short of indicating what they think. Now the sum of knowledge in every community varies not a little from generation to generation. Every trade and handicraft, every art, every science, is constantly changing its materials, its processes, and its products; and its technical dialect is modified accordingly, while so much of the results of this change as affects or interests the general public finds its way into the familiar speech of everybody. As our material condition varies, as our ways of life, our institutions, private and public, become other than they have been, all is necessarily reflected in our language. In these days of railroads, steamboats, and telegraphs, of sun-pictures, of chemistry and geology, of improved wearing stuffs, furniture, styles of building, articles of food and luxury of every description, how many words and phrases are in every one's mouth which would be utterly unintelligible to the most learned man of a century ago, were he to rise from his grave and walk our streets! It is, of course, in its stores of expression for these more material objects and relations, and for the details of technical knowledge, that language changes most notably, because it is with reference to these that the necessity for change especially arises. The central and most indispensable substance of every language is made up of designations for things, properties, acts, the


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26 apprehension of which is nearly as old as humanity itself, which men learned to name as soon as they learned to talk at all, and whose names are not liable to pass away or become superseded. The words red, green, blue, yellow, or their equivalents, go back to the earliest period of human speech; it is when some new and delicate shades of colour, like the aniline dyes, are invented, that appellations must be sought for them, and may be found even among names of localities, as Magenta, Solferino, to which the circumstances of the time have given a sudden notoriety. Any two rustics, from the time of Adam to the present, could talk with one another, with all the particularity which their practical ends required, of earth and rock, of pebbles and stones, of sand and gravel, of loam and clay: but, since the beginning of the present century, the mineralogist and geologist have elicited a host of new facts touching the history and constitution of the earth's crust and the materials of which this is made up, have arranged and classified its strata and their contents, have brought to light numberless relations, of cause and effect, of succession, of origin, date, and value, which had hitherto lain hidden in it; and, to express these, they have introduced into English speech a whole technical vocabulary, and one which is still every year extending and changing. So it is with botany; so with metaphysics; so with every other branch of science and art. And though the greater part of the technical vocabularies remains merely technical, understood and employed only by special students in each branch, yet the common speech is not entirely unaffected by them. Some portion of the results of the advancement in knowledge made by the wise and learned reaches even the lowest, or all but the very lowest, and is expressed in their language; and it thus becomes a part of the fundamental stock of ideas which constitute the heritage of each generation, which every child is taught to form and use. Language, in short, is expanded and contracted in precise adaptation to the circumstances and needs of those who use it; it is enriched or impoverished, in every part, along with the enrichment or impoverishment of their minds.

This is, as I have said, the most noticeable mode of change


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I.] in language, and also the most natural, inevitable, and legitimate. Even the bigoted purist cannot object to it, or wish it otherwise: conservatism here would be the conservatism of ignorance, opposing itself to the progress of civilization and enlightenment. Along with it, too, comes its natural counterpart, the dropping out of use and out of memory of words and meanings of words and phrases which circumstances have made it no longer desirable to maintain in existence; which denote the things of a by-gone time, or, by the substitution of more acceptable expressions, have become unnecessary and otiose.

But there are also all the time going on in our language changes of another and a more questionable character, changes which affect the form rather than the content of speech, and are in a sense unnecessary, and therefore stoutly opposed by the authority of exact tradition; yet which have hitherto shown themselves not less inevitable than the others. We have seen that the transmission of language is by tradition. But traditional transmission is by its inherent nature defective. If a story cannot pass a few times from mouth to mouth and maintain its integrity, neither can a word pass from generation to generation and keep its original form. Very young children, as every one knows, so mutilate their words and phrases that only those who are most familiar with them can understand what they say. But even an older child, who has learned to speak in general with tolerable correctness, has a special inaptness to utter a particular sound, and either drops it altogether or puts another and nearly related one in its place. There are certain combinations of consonants which it cannot manage, and has to mouth over into more pronounceable shape. It drops a syllable or two from a long and cumbrous word. It omits endings and confounds forms together: me, for instance, has to do duty in its usage for me, my, and I; and eat, to stand for all persons, tenses, and numbers of the verb. Or, again, having learned by prevailing experience that the past sense in a verb is signified by the addition of a d, it imagines that, because it says I loved, it must also say I bringed; or else, perhaps, remembering I sang from I sing, it says I brang.


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28 It says foots and mouses; it says gooder and goodest; it confounds sit and set, lie and lay (in which last blunders, unfortunately, it is supported by the example of too many among the grown-up and educated). Care, on its own part and on that of its instructors, corrects by degrees such childish errors; but this care is often wanting or insufficient, and it grows up continuing still to speak bad English. Moreover, as we have already seen, not each child only, but each man, to his dying day, is a learner of his native tongue; nor is there any one who is not liable, from carelessness or defective instruction, to learn a word or phrase incorrectly, or to reproduce it inaccurately. For these reasons there always lies, in full vigour and currency, in the lower strata of language-users, as we may term them—among the uneducated or half-educated—a great host of deviations from the best usage, offences against the propriety of speech, kept down in the main by the controlling influence of good speakers, yet all the time threatening to rise to the surface, and now and then succeeding in forcing their way up, and compelling recognition and acceptance from even the best authorities.

Of this origin are the class of changes in language which we are at present considering. They are, in their inception, inaccuracies of speech. They attest the influence of that immense numerical majority among the speakers of English who do not take sufficient pains to speak correctly, but whose blunders become finally the norm of the language. They are mainly the results of two tendencies, already illustrated in the instances we have given: first, to make things easy to our organs of speech, to economize time and effort in the work of expression; second, to get rid of irregular and exceptional forms, by extending the prevailing analogies of the language. Let us look at a few examples.

Our written words are thickly sown with silent letters, which, as every one knows, are relics of former modes of pronunciation, once necessary constituents of spoken language, but gradually dropped, because it was easier to do without them. Instances are knight, calm, psalm, would, doubt, plough, thought, sword, chestnut. If we will but carry


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Chinatown, My Chinatown

When the town is fast asleep, And it's midnight in the sky, That's the time the festive Chink Starts to wink his other eye, Starts to wink his dreamy eye, Lazily you'll hear him sigh.

Chinatown, my Chinatown, Where the lights are low, Hearts that know no other land, Drifting to and fro, Dreamy, dreamy Chinatown, Almond eyes of brown, Heart seems light and life seems bright, In dreamy Chinatown.

Strangers taking in the sights, Pigtails flying here and there; See that broken Wall Street sport Still thinks he's a millionaire, Still thinks he's a millionaire, Pipe dreams banish ev'ry care.

Chinatown, my Chinatown, Where the lights are low, Hearts that know no other land, Drifting to and fro, Dreamy, dreamy Chinatown, Almond eyes of brown, Heart seems light and life seems bright, In dreamy Chinatown.

title: Chinatown, My Chinatown


text: Talk:Chinatown, My Chinatown

title: Talk:Chinatown, My Chinatown


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 Society, published:
 * 1) 'Lectures on the Elements of Algebra,' London, 1810, 8vo.
 * 2) 'Six Lectures on the Elements of Plane Trigonometry,' London, 1810, 8vo. These were included in a collection of his 'Mathematical Lectures,' 2 vols. Broxbourne, 1810-11.
 * 3) 'A Treatise on Mechanics: intended as an Introduction to the Study of Natural Philosophy,' 2 vols. London, 1813-14.
 * 4) 'An Elementary Treatise on Algebra,' 3rd edit. London, 1815, 8vo, 12th edit. 1847.
 * 5) 'A compendious Treatise on the Elements of Plane Trigonometry; with the method of constructing Trigonometrical Tables,' 2nd edit. London, 1818, 8vo, 4th edit. 1832.
 * 6) 'A compendious Treatise on the Theory and Solution of Cubic and Biquadratic Equations, and of Equations of the higher orders,' London, 1821, 8vo.
 * 7) 'A brief Narrative of a Visit to the Valleys of Piedmont, inhabited by the Vaudois, the descendants of the Waldenses; together with some observations upon the fund now raising in this country for their relief,' London, 1825, 8vo.

 BRIDGE or BRIDGES, RICHARD (fl. 1750), was one of the best organ-builders of the eighteenth century, but details as to his biography are very deficient. His first recorded organ is that of St. Bartholomew the Great, which was built in 1729. In the following year he built his best organ, that of Christchurch, Spitalfields, which cost the very small sum of 600l. In the same year he built the organ at St. Paul's, Deptford, in 1733 that of St. George's-in-the-East, in 1741 that of St. Anne's, Limehouse, in 1753 that of Enfield parish church, and in 1757 that of St. Leonard's, Shoreditch. Bridge also built an organ for Eltham parish church, and, together with Jordan and Byfield, the organ at St. Dionis Backchurch (between 1714 and 1732), the celebrated instrument at Yarmouth parish church, and an organ at St. George's Chapel in the same town. In 1748 (according to the Morning Advertiser of 20 Feb.) he was living in Hand Court, Holborn, but the date and place of his death, which took place prior to 1776, are unknown.

[Hopkins and Rimbault's History of the Organ, (1855), pt. i. p. 100.]  BRIDGE, WILLIAM (1600?–1670), puritan divine, was born in Cambridgeshire about 1600. He entered Emmanuel College at the age of sixteen, became M.A. in 1626, and was many years a fellow of the college. In 1631 he was appointed to the lectureship of Colchester, where he continued but a short time. In 1633 he held a Friday lecture at St. George's Tombland, Norwich, for which he was paid by the corporation. In 1636 he was the rector for St. Peter's Hungate, Norwich, a living at that time worth no more than 22l. per annum. Here he was silenced by Bishop Wren. He continued, however, in the city for some time after his suspension until he was 'excommunicated ' and the writ 'de capiendo' came forth against him. He took refuge in Holland and settled at Rotterdam, succeeding as pastor the celebrated Hugh Peters, and he was thus associated in the pastorate with Jeremiah Burroughs. From a passage in the 'Apologetical Narration' it may be inferred that Bridge received much support from the magistrates of the city, and that many wealthy persons joined the church, some of whom had fled from the persecution of Bishop Wren. While at Rotterdam he renounced the ordination which he had received when he entered the church of England, and was again ordained, after the independent way, by Samuel Ward, B.D., after which he similarly ordained Ward.

He returned to England in 1642, frequently preached before the Long parliament, and on 30 July 1651 the sum of 100l. per annum was voted to him, to be paid out of the impropriations. It would seem from two letters preserved in Peck's 'Desiderata Curiosa' that he was consulted by the parliament in reference to a general augmentation of ministers' salaries. Dr. Nathaniel Johnson, in his book entitled 'The King's Visitorial Power asserted,' gives a petition from the fellows of Emmanuel College, Cambridge, signed, amongst others, by Bridge, and says, 'He was a great preacher, and one of the demagogues of this parliament.' He was in the assembly of divines at Westminster, and was one of the writers of the 'Apologetical Narration,' published in 1643. His name is also subscribed to the 'Reasons of the Dissenting Brethren against certain Propositions concerning Presbyterial Government,' which was published in 1648.

After a brief sojourn at Norwich, where he preached a sermon to the volunteers, Bridge at length settled at Great Yarmouth, where he continued his labours till 1662. It is very probable that at Yarmouth his congregation, at least for some time, met in the parish church, for in 1650 the north part of the church was enclosed for a meeting-place at an expense of 900l. When ejected he went to reside at Clapham, near London, and preached in, if not founded, the 'Independent Meeting' there. He died at Clapham on 12 March 1670, aged 70. From an epitaph


text:
Author:Jean Schwartz

Songs

 * Chinatown, My Chinatown (1910)

title: Author:Jean Schwartz


text:
Author:William Jerome

Songs

 * Chinatown, My Chinatown (1910)

title: Author:William Jerome


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Hume

 * Hume, a biography in the English Men of Letters series, by Thomas Henry Huxley
 * Allan Octavian Hume by William Wedderburn

For works by David Hume, see Author:David Hume.

For works by Allan Octavian Hume, see Author:Allan Octavian Hume

See also: Home.

title: Hume


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Page:Fourth Book of Occult Philosophy, 1655.djvu/12

 Rh is expreſt ſuch a one as is altogether converſant in things divine; and as Plato affirmeth, the art of Magick is the art of worſhipping God • and the Perſians called their gods Μαγο͂ς • hence Apollonlius ſaith, that Magus is either ὁ κατὰ φύσιν θεὸς, or θεραπευτὴς θεῶν that is, that Magus is a name ſometime of him that is a god by nature, & ſomtimes of him that is in the ſervice of God: in which latter ſence it is taken in Matth.2.1,2. when the wiſe men came to worſhip Jeſus, and this is the firſt and higheſt kinde, which is called divine Magick ; and theſe the Latines did intitle ſapientes, or wiſe men: for the feare and worſhip of God, is the beginning of knowledge. Theſe wiſemen the Greeks call Philoſophers; and amongſt the Egyptians they were termed Prieſts: the Hebrews termed them Cabaliſtos, Prophets, Scribes and Phariſees; and amongſt the Babylonians they were differenced by the name of Caldeans; & by the Perſians they were called Magicians: and one ſpeaking of Soſthenes, one of the ancient Magicians, uſeth theſe words: Et verum Deum merita majeſtate proſequitur, & angelos miniſtros Dei, ſed veri ejus venerationi novit aſsiſtere; idem dæmonas prodis terrenos, Vagos, humanitatis inimicos; Soſthenes aſcribeth the due Majeſty to the true God, & acknowledgeth that his Angels are miniſters and meſſengers which attend the worſhip of the true God; he alſo hath delivered, that there are devils earthly and wandring, and enemies to mankind.

So that the word Magus of it ſelf imports a Contemplator of divine & heavenly Sciences; but under the name of Magick, are all unlawful Arts comprehended; as Necromancy and Witchcraft, and ſuch Arts which are effected by combination with the devil, and whereof he is a party. Rh


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Nets to Catch the Wind/The Tortoise in Eternity

Within my house of patterned horn I sleep in such a bed As men may keep before they're born And after they are dead. Sticks and stones may break their bones, And words may make them bleed; There is not one of them who owns An armor to his need. Tougher than hide or lozenged bark, Snow−storm and thunder proof, And quick with sun, and thick with dark, Is this my darling roof. Men's troubled dreams of death and birth Pulse mother−o'−pearl to black; I bear the rainbow bubble Earth Square on my scornful back.


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Page:A Dictionary of the Targumim, the Talmud Babli and Yerushalmi, and the Midrashic Literature, Volume 1 (1903).djvu/21

 m. (b. h.; interj.=) woe! ah! Num. R. s. 10 (ref. to Prov. XXIII, 29) the woe and the ah.

pr. n. m. Abuyah, known as the father of Elisha, v. Y. Ḥag. II, 77$b$; a. fr.

Y. Sabb. V, 8 b bat. Ar., read or.

mourning, v..

m. (, cmp. ) the gate for carrying grain into the house, wagon-gate, gate-way. Pl. , . Tosef. B. Mets. XI, 10 ed. Zuck. (ed. ) you dare not divide gate-ways between heirs unless there is the required space for each.

, ch. same, esp. (corresp. to h. ) city gate-way which is opened for wagons &c.; fortified place where judges sit &c; cmp. —M. Kat. 22$a$ begin to count the days of mourning from the time ye turn your faces from the city gate-way (to go home while the corpse is carried to the grave-yard). Keth. 17$a$; Meg. 29$a$ when people form a lane from the city gate-way to the burial place. [Ar. house of mourning, v. ] B. Batli. 58$a$ bot. there was written Ms. M. (ed. incorr. ) over the gate of the town entrance (where court was held).—Pl. . Erub. 6$b$. Yoma 11$a$. Targ. Y. Deut. XXVIII, 52 (ed. Vien. ). Targ. Jer. L, 26 (h. text ; v. Pesh. a. l.).

m. pi. (v. foreg.) city-gate-guards, police. Nid. 67$b$ on account of the rude conduct of &c. [Rashi= dangerous, cavern-like entrances to the bath-house.]

, B. Bath 143$a$, read with Ms. M., v..

, v..

pr. n. m. Abbun, an Amora. Y. Pes. IV, beg. 30$cd$ ; Y. Taan. I, 64$c$. Y. Shebu. VI, 37$a$ bot.—V. .

,, pr. n. m. Abuna, an Amora. Y. Shebi. II, 33$d$; a. fr.

, v..

, m. (b. h. ; ) 1) feeding receptacle, bowl for working men; manger. Ned. IV, 4.—Sabb. 140$b$ (Rashi ) a real manger, opp.  a piece of ground fenced in and used as manger.—2) stall, stable. Y. Shebu. VII, 37$d$ top; VIII, beg. 38$b$. [Y. Ter. I, 40$b$ read  or .]— Pl. . Y. Snh. 63$b$ their stables. V..

pr. n. m. Abuka. Yalk. Lam. 1001, v..

f. (, cmp., ; v. Sachs Beitr. I, p. 62; Naḥm. to Gen. XXXII, 25) [bundle of twigs], torch (with, or without ). Sot. 21$a$ a burning torch happened to come in his possession. Ber. 43$b$ walking by torchlight is equal to two walking together (as regards protection from night-spirits).—Pl. . Tosef. Succ. IV, 2 were dancing before them with torches. Ib. 4 ; Succ. 53$a$ ; Y. ib. V, 55$c$ top (corr. acc. or read ?); Mish. ib. V, 4.

, (Ar.) m. (= q. v.; a Babyl. corrupt. of an imported Palestinean phrase) bed-cover, ticking (involucrum). Pl. , Erub. 62$a$ a lease of a court yard is called sound (legal and not merely a legal fiction), if connected with the privilege of placing in the yard chairs and seats, [Rashi, cmp. Mishnah;—, obviously a corruption for or, cmp. .—Other explanations of our w., suggested by, v. s. v. .]

, v.

, v.

, f. breaking, crumbling, corrosion, whence 1) a foot-disease in animals believed to arise from vermin in consequence of a stroke of lightning; 2) moth-eaten condition of garments. B. Mets. 78$b$ (expl. Mish.)  (Rashi, Ms. M. , corr.  for ; cmp. Y. ib. VI, ll$a$ top. s. v. ) atrophy or paralysis of the feet. Ib. the moths are in the royal wardrobe.

, m. (Arab. bazr, abzăr, v., ) anything used for seasoning, spices &c.—Fig. pl. , requisites, appurtenances. Snh. 74$b$ they (the commands) and all appertaining thereto. Men. 73$b$ Ar. a. Rashi to Snh. 1. c. (ed. corr. acc.) the burnt-offering and &c.

, v. a..

, v..

m. (cmp., , a. deriv.) belly, whence leather wine-bag. Ab. Zar. 34$b$ (Ar. ) the travellers' wine-bag. [Y. Yeb. IV, 5$d$, v. .] [, v. .]

, v..

,, v. next w.

pr. n. m. (prob., or =) Abtolmos. Erub. III, 4 (35$a$) ed. (Ms. M. ). Ib. 36$a$; Y. ib. 21$a$ bot. (v. Rabb. D. S. Erub. l. c., notes). Ex. R. s. 21 .—M. Kat. 18$a$ (prob. abbrev. of our w.), surnamed  (v. Rabb. D. S. a. l.), an Amora.

m. self-moving, self-growing, spontaneous. Midr. Till, to Ps. I, 5 Mus. (ed., corr. ace.) who say the universe is a self-moving power (has no creator). [Better: (, S.) chance.]


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Nets to Catch the Wind/Incantation

A white well In a black cave; A bright shell In a dark wave.

A white rose Black brambles hood; Smooth bright snows In a dark wood.

A flung white glove In a dark fight; A white dove On a wild black night.

A white door In a dark lane; A bright core To bitter black pain.

A white hand Waved from dark walls; In a burnt black land Bright waterfalls.

A bright spark Where black ashes are; In the smothering dark One white star.

title: Nets to Catch the Wind/Incantation


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Nets to Catch the Wind/Silver Filigree

The icicles wreathing On trees in festoon Swing, swayed to our breathing: They're made of the moon. She's a pale, waxen taper; And these seem to drip Transparent as paper From the flame of her tip. Molten, smoking a little, Into crystal they pass; Falling, freezing, to brittle And delicate glass. Each a sharp−pointed flower, Each a brief stalactite Which hangs for an hour In the blue cave of night.

title: Nets to Catch the Wind/Silver Filigree


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Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 27.djvu/223

 HOLYWOOD HALIFAX, JOHN, in Latin  (fl. 1230), mathematician, was probably born at Halifax in Yorkshire. The statements that he was a Scot, an Irishman ( ap. , Scriptt. Hib.), or a Brabançon are unsupported. Holywood is said to have studied at Oxford, and to have afterwards settled at Paris about 1230. The remainder of his life was spent in Paris, where he died, either in 1244 or 1256, according as we interpret some lines on his tomb in the cloister of the Mathurins.

the later date is more probable. Holywood’s name, in addition to the forms given above, appears also as Holywalde and Holyfax, and in Latin as Sacro Busco and Sacro Busto.

Holywood’s fame rests entirely on his ‘Tractatus de Sphæra’ a little work in four chapters, which treat respectively of the terrestrial globe, of circles great and small, of the rising and setting of the stars, and of the orbits and movements of the planets. It added nothing to Ptolemy and his Arabic commentators, but enjoyed a great renown during the middle ages, and was still studied for eighty years after Barozzi, in 1570, had pointed out its numerous errors. The manuscripts are extremely numerous, and it was the second astronomical work to appear in print. The first edition, which is very rare, appeared at Ferrara in 1472 (4to, pp.24), with the colophon, ‘Sphæra mundi … emendatum per … Petrum bonum Avogarium Ferrariensem. Impressi Andreas hoc opus; cui Francia nomen Tradidit. At civis Ferrariensis ego.’

Twenty-four more editions appeared before 1500, one of which, published at Paris in 1498, with the commentary of Crevelli, sometimes bears the false date 1468. At least forty editions appeared between 1500 and 1647, the date at which the last was published at Leyden. Weiss seems to have mistaken in stating that there was a later edition in 1699 (Biog. Universelle, xxxix. 463). Besides these editions in the original Latin, four versions appeared in Italian, by Mauro, Venice, 1537 and 1550; by A. Brucioli, Venice, 1543; by Dante de Renaldi, Florence, 1571 and 1579; and by Pifferi, Siena, 1604; French translations appeared at Paris in 1546, 1570, and 1584; a German translation by C. Heinfogel appeared at Nuremberg, 1516 and 1519, and Strasburg, 1533; Spanish versions were printed at Seville, 1545, and Madrid, 1650, by Gomez Texada de los Reyes. Among the numerous commentators on the ‘Tractatus de Sphæra’ are Michael Scot, Cecco d’Ascoli, Pierre d’Ailly, Regiomontanus, Jacques Le Febvre d’Etaples, Melanchton, and Clavius.

Holywood’s other works are: Several manuscripts of the ‘Sphæra’ and the first two of these minor treatises are described in Black’s ‘Catalogue of the Ashmolean Manuscripts.’
 * 1) ‘Algorismus,’ or ‘De Arte numerandi,’ printed without date or place [1490?], and at Vienna, 1517, by Hieronymus Vietor; Cracow, 1521 or 1522; and Venice, 1523; also on several occasions with the ‘Sphæra,’ and at Cambridge, 1838, ed. J. O. Halliwell, and in Halliwell’s ‘Rara Mathematica,’ 1841; there is an English translation in Ashmole MS. 396, f. 48, in the Bodleian Library.
 * 2) ‘De Anni Ratione,’ or ‘De Computo Ecclesiastico,’ printed, Paris [1538?], 1550, 1572, 8vo; Antwerp, 1547, 16mo; 1566, 8vo.
 * 3) ‘De Astrolabio.’
 * 4) ‘Breviarium Juris,’ very improbably ascribed to Holywood by Bale.

 HOME. [See also .]

 HOME or HUME, ALEXANDER (d. 1456), of Home, warden of the marches, was the eldest son of Sir Alexander Home of Dunglass, by Jean, daughter of Sir William Hay of Locharret. His father was killed at the battle of Verneuil on 17 Aug. 1424. The family were relatives and feudatories of the earls of Dunbar and March, but on the forfeiture of that family in 1435 became manorial tenants of the crown. They then succeeded in some degree to the position previously held by their chiefs, and gradually they acquired an authority and influence greater than that formerly wielded by them. Sir Alexander had a charter of part of the barony of Home or Hume, 4 Sept. 1439; of the office of balliary of Coldingham in 1442; of the lands of Lamben in Berwickshire, and the office of sheriff depute of the county of Berwick


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Author:Edward Gibbon Wakefield

Works

 * A Letter from Sydney: The Principal Town of Australasia, 1829
 * "Householders in Danger from the Populace" (1831 pamphlet)
 * Facts Relating to the Punishment of Death in the Metropolis (1831)
 * England and America: A Comparison of the Social and Political State of Both Nations, 1833
 * The new British province of South Australia (1838)
 * A letter on the ministerial crisis, 1843
 * A view of Sir Charles Metcalfe's government of Canada, 1844
 * A View of the Art of Colonisation (1849)
 * High-Priced Land System of the Three Colonies
 * The Founders of Canterbury, 1868

title: Author:Edward Gibbon Wakefield


text: Index:The new British province of South Australia.djvu


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Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Roosevelt

ROOSEVELT, a borough of Middlesex co., N. J. It has a frontage on Staten Island Sound, and on the Rahway river, and is on the Central of New Jersey railroad. It was formed in 1906 by the consolidation of three districts. It is an important industrial city and has manufactures of steel, fertilizers, metal goods, cigars, paints, etc. Pop. (1910) 5,786; (1920) 11,047.


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Translation talk:Catullus 1

This translation is very poor.

1. 'Delightful new little book' violates English rules for order of adjectives. (Since we have two adjectives modifying libellum already, it should probably be rendered 'booklet' anyway, avoiding the problem entirely.)

2. There is no legitimate reason to leave the macron on 'pūmice'. Leaving it on 'Cornēlīus' is highly problematic; but 'pumice' is a perfectly good English word, and there is simply no excuse for the macron here.

3. 'Cornelius to you' is a very poor expression of 'Cornēlī, tibi'; one cannot preserve word order slavishly going from Latin to English, and 'to you, Cornelius' is practically required to render the force of the vocative into English.

4. 'Ītalians'? Again, 'Italians' is an English word - it needs no macron.

5. 'Iuppiter'? The standard English form of the name is 'Jupiter'.

6. 'involving much work'? Using a three-word phrase here for 'labōriōsīs', and simply 'learned' for 'doctis', breaks the parallelism. Why can we not use the perfectly good English cognate 'laborious' to render 'labōriōsīs'?

7. 'oh patron muse'? Here the translation leapfrogs from the overscrupulous literalism that gave us Cornēlīus-with-macrons and Iuppiter, and unaccountably translates 'virgo' as 'muse'. 'patrōna virgō' is perfectly straightforwardly 'virgin/maiden patroness'.

I fixed these. The English of the last three lines is quite unnatural, but that will require more thought than these simple fixes. Dioskolos (talk) 19:41, 6 December 2010 (UTC)

title: Translation talk:Catullus 1


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Page:Fourth Book of Occult Philosophy, 1655.djvu/13

Rh Thee Witches and Necromancers are alo called Malefici or venefici; orcerers or poioners; of which name witches are rightly called, who without the Art of Magicke do indeed ue the helpe of the devill himele to do michiefe; practiing to mix the powder of dead bodies with other things by the help of the devill prepared; and at other times to make pictures of wax, clay; or otherwie (as it were acramentaliter) to effect thoe things which the devil by other means bringeth to pas. Such were, and to this day partly, if not altogether, are the corruptions which have made odious the very name of Magick, having chiefly ſought, as the maner of all impotures is, to counterfeit the highet and mot noble part of it.

A econd kind of Magick is Atrologie, which judgeth of the events of things to come, natural and humane, by the motions and influences of the tars upon thee lower elements, by them oberv'd & undertood.

Philo Judæus affirmeth, that by this part of Magick or Atrologie, together with the motions of the Stars and other heavenly bodies, Abraham found out the knowledge of the true God while he lived in Caldea, Qui Contemplatione Creaturarum, cognovit Creatorem (ſaith Damacen) who knew the Creator by the contemplation of the creature. Joephus reporteth of Abraham, that he intructed the Egyptians in Arithmetick and Atronomy; who before Abraham's coming unto them, knew none of thee Sciences.

''Abraham anctitate & apientia omnium prælantißimus, primum Caldæos, deinde Phœnices, demum Egyptios Sacerdotes, Atrologia & Divina docuerit. Abraham'' the holiet and wiet of men, did firt teach the ans


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Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Roosevelt, Franklin Delano

ROOSEVELT, FRANKLIN DELANO, an American public official, born at Hyde Park, Dutchess co., N. Y., in 1882, a distant relative of Theodore Roosevelt. He graduated from Harvard University in 1904 and studied at the Columbia University Law School from 1904 to 1907. He was admitted to the bar in the latter year and began practice with the firm of Carter, Ledyard & Milburn, of New York City. He remained in this connection until 1910, when he became a member of the firm of Marvin, Hooker & Roosevelt. He was elected to the State Senate in 1910, but resigned in 1913 on his appointment as assistant secretary of the navy. In 1918 he was in charge of the inspection of the United States naval forces in European waters and in 1919 had general charge of demobilization of naval forces in Europe. During the World War he carried on his important duties with the Navy Department with great energy, and, in general, escaped the criticism which was lodged against other high officials of that department. Although he had not hitherto been conspicuous in partisan politics, he was chosen Democratic candidate for vice-president at the Democratic National Convention, in July, 1920. Following his nomination he took a vigorous

part in the campaign and made speeches in all parts of the country, but chiefly in the Middle and Far West.


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Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Roosevelt, Kermit

ROOSEVELT, KERMIT, an American writer, born in Oyster Bay, N. Y., in 1889, the second son of ../Roosevelt, Theodore (elder) (q. v.). He was educated at Harvard University in 1909, and in 1910 he accompanied his father on a hunting trip to Africa, being also his companion on his South American trip in 1914. From 1911 to 1916 he was engaged in engineering and banking enterprises in South America. During the World War he served as captain in the British army in Mesopotamia, being transferred to the 7th artillery, first division, United States Army, in June, 1918. He was honorably discharged in March, 1919, and received the British Military Cross and the Montenegrin War Cross. After the war he was for some time secretary of the American Ship and Commerce Corporation and of the Kerr Navigation Corporation. He wrote “War in the Garden of Eden” (1919).


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Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 06.djvu/332

 Shaftesbury, who was thought to be willing to be more compliant. The warrant from Charles to Henry Coventry to receive the seal from Bridgeman is dated 16 Nov. (Hist. MSS. Comm. 4th Rep. 234 b}. He at once went into retirement at Teddington, and after an illness in the spring of 1673, from which, however, he had completely recovered in April, he died on 25 June 1674, and was buried at Teddington. He was twice married: first to Judith, daughter and heir of John Kynaston of Morton, Shropshire; secondly, in May 1670 (ib. 7th Rep. 488 ), to Dorothy, daughter of Dr. Saunders, provost of Oriel College, Oxford, widow of George Craddock of Carswell Castle, Staffordshire. By his first marriage he had one son, by his second two sons and a daughter, the latter of whom, in 1677, married Sir Thomas Middleton of Chirk Castle, bringing with her 6,000l., left her by her father (ib. 470 a). The present Earl of Bradford is the direct lineal descendant of the lord keeper by his first wife.

 BRIDGES. [See also .]

 BRIDGES, CHARLES (1794–1869), evangelical divine, was educated at Queens' College, Cambridge, and proceeded B.A. 1818, M.A. 1831. He was ordained deacon in 1817, priest in 1818, and in 1823 was presented to the vicarage of Old Newton, near Stowmarket in Suffolk. In 1849 he was nominated vicar of Weymouth, where he remained till failing health induced him to retire to the rectory of Hinton Martell in Dorsetshire, to which he was presented by Lord Shaftesbury. Bridges was a prominent member of the evangelical party in the church, and author of many popular devotional and theological treatises. Among his works may be mentioned a 'Memoir of Miss M. J. Graham' (1823), of which several editions were published, a similarly executed 'Memoir of Rev. J. T. Nottidge' (1849), and a 'Life of Martin Boos, Roman Catholic Priest in Bavaria' (1855), which forms the fifth volume of the 'Library of Christian Biography,' edited by R. Bickersteth. Besides these devotional biographies, he wrote 'An Exposition of Psalm cxix.' (1827), which ran through several editions, and was also translated into German; 'An Exposition of the Book of Proverbs' (1846); 'Forty-eight Scriptural Studies' (5th ed. 1833); 'Fifty-four Scriptural Studies '(1837); and several smaller devotional and practical tracts. A book entitled 'The Christian Ministry, with an Inquiry into the causes of its Inefficiency, and with special reference to the Ministry of the Establishment' (1830) reached many editions. He also published several sermons, one of the latest of which, against 'Vain Philosophy' (1860), is a counterblast to the teaching of broad-church divines. A small selection from Bridges' correspondence was published at Edinburgh in the year after his death, under the title of 'Letters to a Friend.'

 BRIDGES, JOHN (d. 1618), bishop of Oxford and controversialist, was educated at Pembroke Hall, Cambridge, where he proceeded B.A. in 1556, and M.A. in 1560. He was elected fellow of Pembroke in 1556, and obtained the degree of D.D. from Canterbury in 1575. He spent some years in Italy in his youth; translated, about 1558, three of Machiavelli's discourses into English, which were not published, and afterwards received a benefice at Herne in Kent. He preached a sermon at Paul's Cross in 1571, which was printed, and published in 1572 a translation from the Latin of Rudolph Walther's 175 'Homilies on the Acts of the Apostles.' In the following year he replied to two catholic treatises—Thomas Stapleton's 'Counterblast' and Sanders's 'Visible Monarchie of the Romaine Church' in a book entitled 'The Supremacie of Christian Princes over all Persons throughout their Dominions.' Bridges was appointed dean of Salisbury in 1577. In 1581 Bishop Aylmer directed him, with other divines, to reply to Edmund Campion's 'Ten Reasons' in favour of the church of Rome. In 1582 he was a member of a commission appointed to hold a conference with some papist dialecticians. But his most important contribution to polemical literature was 'A Defence of the Government established in the Church of Englande for Ecclesiasticall Matters' (London, by John Winder, 1587). It is a quarto of 1412 pages, directed against Calvinism. It undertakes especially to answer two books—Thomas Cartwright's 'Discourse of Ecclesiastical Government,' or a 'briefe and plaine declaration,' 1574 (a translation from the Latin of Walter Travers),


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Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Roosevelt, Quentin

ROOSEVELT, QUENTIN, an American aviator, youngest son of ../Roosevelt, Theodore (elder) (q. v.), born at Oyster Bay, N. Y., in 1897. At the entrance of the

United States into the World War he at once enlisted in the aviation service and, after training, was assigned to the American Air Force in France. On July 14, 1918, he war flying with an American squadron, when it was suddenly attacked by German aeroplanes. A struggle ensued which culminated in a duel between Lieutenant Roosevelt and a German non-commissioned officer. The latter succeeded in so injuring Lieutenant Roosevelt's machine that it fell near the village of Chamery, about six miles north of the Marne. Lieutenant Roosevelt was found to have been shot through the head. He was buried with military honors by the German airmen and in 1920 the area in which his body lay was given to Mrs. Theodore Roosevelt by the French Government.

QUENTIN ROOSEVELT


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Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Roosevelt, Robert Barnwell

ROOSEVELT, ROBERT BARNWELL, an American lawyer; born in New York City, Aug. 7, 1829. He was an enthusiastic sportsman, and published: “The Game Fish of North America” (1860); “The Game Birds of the North” (1866); “Superior Fishing” (1866); “Florida and the Game Water Birds” (1868); “Five Acres Too Much” (1869), a satire provoked by Edmund Morris's “Ten Acres Enough”; and “Progressive Petticoats,” a satire on female physicians. He died June 14, 1906.


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 and Theodore Beza's 'Judgment,' which had been published in an English translation in 1580. Bridges's ponderous volume was immediately answered in the three tracts, 'A Defence of the Godlie Ministers against the Slaunders of D. B.,' 1587; 'A Defence of the Ecclesiastical Discipline ordayned of God. … Against a Replie of Maister Bridges,' 1588; 'A Dialogue, wherein is … laide open the Tyrannicall Dealing of L. Bishopps … (according to D. B., his "Judgement"),' 1588 (?). The chief interest attaching to Bridges's book lies in the fact that it was the immediate cause of the great Martin Mar-Prelate controversy. About a year after the publication of Bridges's 'Defence' there was issued the earliest of the Mar-Prelate tracts, with the title of 'Oh read ouer D. John Bridges, for it is a worthy worke,' an introductory epistle to a promised 'Epitome of the fyrste Booke of that right worshipfull volume, written against the Puritanes in the defence of the noble cleargie by as worshipful a prieste, Iohn Bridges, presbyter, an elder, Doctor of Diuillitie, and Deane of Sarum.' Scathing criticisms are here made on Bridges's literary incapacity: 'A man might almost run himselfe out of breath before he could come to a full point in many places in your booke.' The satirists state doubtfully that he was the author of 'Gammer Gurton's Needle,' usually attributed to Bishop Still (see Brit. Mus. MS. Addit. 24487, if. 33-7), and add that he had published 'a sheet in rime of all the names attributed to the Lorde in the Bible.' In February 1588-9 the promised epitome of Bridges's first book duly appeared, as the second Martin Mar-Prelate tract. Four bishops who were specially attacked here replied in an 'Admonition,' drawn up by Thomas Cooper, bishop of Winchester; but Bridges does not seem to have been connected with the later development of the controversy. Bridges took part in the Hampton Court conference of 1603, and on 12 Feb. 1603-4 was consecrated bishop of Oxford at Lambeth by Whitgift. He attended the king on his visit to Oxford in 1605, when he was created M. A., and took part in the funeral of Henry, prince of Wales, in 1612. Bridges died at a great age in 1618. Unlike his predecessors in the see of Oxford, he lived in his diocese—at March Baldon (, Diocese of Oxford, p. 121). His last published work was 'Sacrosanctum Novum Testamentum ... in hexametros versus … translatum,' 1604.

A son, William, proceeded B.D. of New College, Oxford, on 9 July 1612, and was archdeacon of Oxford from 1614 till his death in 1626 (, Fasti, Bliss, i. 348).

 BRIDGES, JOHN (1666–1724), topographer, was born in 1666 at Barton Seagrave, Northamptonshire, where his father then resided. His grandfather was Colonel John Bridges of Alcester, Warwickshire, whose eldest son of the same name purchased the manor of Barton Seagrave about 1665, and employed himself for many years in the careful improvement of the estate by planting it and introducing such discoveries in agriculture as were then recent, particularly the cultivation of sainfoin. His mother was Elizabeth, sister of Sir William Trumball, secretary of state. He was bred to the law, became a bencher of Lincoln's Inn, was appointed solicitor to the customs in 1695, a commissioner in 1711[-2], and cashier of excise in 1715. He was also a governor of Bridewell and Bethlehem Hospitals. In 1718 he was elected a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries, and in the following year he began the formation of his voluminous manuscript collections for the history of his native county. He personally made a circuit of the county, and employed several persons to make drawings, collect information, and transcribe monuments and records. In this manner he expended several thousand pounds. It was his intention to make another personal survey of the county, but before he could carry this design into effect he was attacked by illness, and died at his chambers in Lincoln's Inn on 16 March 1723-4.

Bridges's manuscripts fill thirty folio volumes, besides five quarto volumes of descriptions of churches collected for him and four similar volumes in his own handwriting. These are now to be found, paged and indexed, in the Bodleian Library at Oxford. Left by Bridges as an heirloom to his family, they were placed by his brother William, secretary of the stamp office, in the hands of Gibbons, a stationer and law-bookseller at the Middle Temple Gate, who circulated proposals for their publication by subscription, and engaged Dr. Samuel Jebb, a learned physician of Stratford in Essex, to edit them. Before many numbers had appeared Gibbons became bankrupt, and the manuscripts remaining in the hands of the editor, who had received no compensation for his labours, were at length secured by Mr. William Cartwright, M.P., of Aynho, for his native county,


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 Rh, then the Phœnicians,lastly the Egyptian Priests, Astrologie and Divine knowledge.

Without doubt, Hermes Trismegistus, that divine Magician and Philosopher, who (as some say) lived long before Noah, attained to much Divine knowledg of the Creator through the studie of Magick and Astrologie; as his Writings, to this day extant among us, testifie.

The third kinde of Magick containeth the whole Philosophy of Nature; which bringeth to light the inmoft vertues, and extracteth them out of Natures hidden bosome to humane use: Virtutes in centro centri latentes; & Vertues hidden in the centre of the Centre, according to the Chymists: of this sort were Albertus, Arnoldus de villa nova, Raymond, Bacon', and others, &c.

The Magick these men profefs'd, is thus defined. Magia est connexio a viro Sapiente agentium per naturam cum patientibus, sibi, congruenter respondentibus, ut inde opera prodeant, non sine corum admiratione qui causam ignorant. Magick is the connexion of natural agents and patients, answerable each to other, wrought by a wise man, to the bringing forth of such effects as are wonderful to those that know not their causes. In all these, Zoroaster was well learned, especially in the first and the highest : for in his Oracles he confesseth God to be the first and the highest; he believeth of the Trinity, which he would not investigate by any natural knowledge : he speaketh of Angels, and of Paradise; approveth the immortality of the soul; teacheth Truth, Faith, Hope, and Love, discoursing of the abstinence and charity of the Magi. Rh


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 The Treface. Of this Zorcafier s Eufebiui in the Theologie of the Phoenicians, ultng Zoyoajler'% own words: H&c ad V(rbumfcribit(foth Euf(b:us) Dtut primus } incorrupti- bilittm, fcmpittrnus , ingtruius y expert partium, fibiipfi/i- mi//imus y bonorum omnium auriga, muntra non expeftant, optlmttsrfrudentifsimtts, pater uris, fine doclrina ]a(ltti- am perdotiu* , natura perftttus, fapiens^ facra, nature uni- on inventor t &• Thus faith Zoroafler, word for word : God the firft, incorruptible, everlafting, un- begotten, without parts,moft like himfelf, the guide of all good,expe<5ting no reward,the beft,the wifeft, the father of right , having learned juftice without teaching,perfec~t, wife by nature, the onely inventor thereof. So that a Magician is no other but divinorumcultor & interpret , a (ludious obferver and expounder of divine things 5 and the Art it felf is none other quam Naturalis Philofophia abfoluta confummatio^ then the ab- folute perfection of Natural Philofophy. Never- thelefs there is a mixture in all things, of good with evil, of falfhood with truth, of corruption with pu- ri ty. The good,the truth ,the purity,in every kinde, may well be embraced : As in the ancienc worihip- ping of God by SacrifTce,there was no man knowing God among the Elders, that did forbear to worfhip the God of all power, or condemn that kinde of Wor/hip, becaufe the devil was Co adored in the Image of Baal, Dagon, K^dflamh, Chemojh, Jupiter, ApllO) and the like. Neither did theabufe of Aftrology rerrifie Abraham, (if we believe the moft ancient and religiousWriters) from obferving the motions and natures of the hea- venly bodies. Neither can it dehort wife and learned men


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 The Treface. men In thefe days from attributing thofe venues, in- fluences, and inclinations, to the Stars and other Lights of heaven, which God hath given to chofe his glorious creatures. I muft expect Come calumnies and obtreflations againft this, from the malicious prejudiced man, and the lazie affe&ers of Ig- norance, of whom this age fwarms : but the voiceand found of the Snake and the Goofe is all one. But our ftomacks arc not now fo qucazie and tender, after fo long time feeding upon folid Divinity j nor we fo umbragious and itanJing.havingbeen folong enlightned in Gods path, that we fhould relapfe into thatchildifh Age, in which AriQotlcs Metaphyficks, in a Councel in France, was forbid to be read. But I incite the Reader to a charitable opinion hereof, with a Chriftian Proteftation of an innocent purpofe therein ; and intrcac the Reader to follow this advice of TTab&ui, Qui littgant, fine ambo in co»jf>ctlfi tuo malt dr ret. And if there be any fcandal in this enterprife of mine, it is takcn.not given. And this comfort I have in that Axiome of Trifmegiftuf, Qui pirn eft, fnmme phi/ofophatur. And therefore 1 prefent it without difguifc, and object it to all of candor and indifference : and of Readers, of whom there be four forts, as one obferves : Spunges.which attraft all without diftinguiuYing ; Hour-glafTes, which receive.and pour out as faft • Bags, which retain onely the dregs of Spices, and let the Wine efcape ; and Sieves, which retain the beft onely. Some there are of the laft fort, and to them I prefent this Occult Phi- A>/fy£/,knowing that they may reap good thereby. And they who are fevere againfr it, they (hall pardon this my opinion, that fuch their feverity proceeds from Self-guilcinefs • and give me leave to apply that of ' Ennoditts that it is the nature of Self- wickcdncls,to think that of others, which themfelves deferve. And it is all the comfort which the guilty have, Not to find any innocent. But that amongft others this may find fome acceptation, is the defire of LondoH i i.j4t4g.^. R.Tumcr. To


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To his special friend Mr. R. Turner, on his judicious Translation of Corn, Agrippa.

Mercury,

Agrippa

I.P.B. Cantabrigiæ.


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hrice-noble Soul! renown'd Epitome Of Learning and Occult Philosophie; That unknown Geomancie dost impart, With profound Secrets of that abstruse Art! T' expound Natural Magick is thy task; Not hell-born Necromancie to unmask; Exposing Mysteries to publike view, That heretofore were known to very few. Thou dost not keep thy Knowledge to thy self, (As base-covetous Misers do their pels; Whose numerous bags of rust-eaten gold, Profits none, till themselves art laid in mold) But studious of Publike good, dost make All of th' fruits of thy labours to partake.
 * Therefore if some captious Critick blame

Thy Writings, surely then his judgement's lame. Art hath no hater but an empty pate, Which can far better carp, then imitate. Nay Zoilus or Momus will not dare Blame thy Translation, without compare Excellent, So that if an hundred tongues Dame Nature had bestow'd and brazen lungs; Yet rightly to ebuccinate thy praises, I should want strength, at well as polite phrases. But if the gods will grant what I do crave, Then Enoch's Translation shalt thou have.

W. P. S. John's Cambr.


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 and a local committee was formed to accomplish the publication of the work. This was entrusted to the Rev. Peter Whalley, a master at Christ's Hospital. The first volume appeared in 1762, and the first part of the second in 1769; but delay arose in consequence of the death of Sir Thomas Cave, chairman of the committee, and the entire work was not published till 1791, more than seventy years after Bridges's first collection. It bears this title: 'The History and Antiquities of Northamptonshire. Compiled from the manuscript collections of the late learned antiquary, John Bridges, Esq. By the Rev. Peter Whalley, late fellow of St. John's College, Oxford,' 2 vols., Oxford, 1791, folio. Whalley's part in the work was very inadequately performed. He professed, indeed, to have added little of his own, except what he compiled from Wood and Dugdale; and so easy a matter as the continuation of the lists of incumbents and lords of manors was left unattempted. Archdeacon Nares wrote the preface, and Samuel Ayscough compiled the index. The value of these two folio volumes is entirely due to Bridges, and if his papers had been properly arranged he would, in the estimation of his successor, Baker, have equalled Dugdale. A magnificent copy of the work is preserved among the select manuscripts in the British Museum (Addit. MSS. 32118-32122). It is illustrated with numerous sketches, engravings, and additions in print and manuscript. A printed title pasted inside the cover states that 'this copy of Bridges's "History and Antiquities of Northamptonshire" was, at great expense and with untiring perseverance, illustrated by Mr. Thomas Dash of Kettering. It has received numerous additions by his son William Dash, who has had it rebound (1847) in its present extended form of five volumes, and strictly enjoins on the party receiving it that the book be preserved in its entirety, and that no part of it be ever broken up or dispersed.' It was bequeathed by Mr. William Dash to the British Museum, where it was deposited in 1883.

Bridges's collection of books and prints was sold by auction soon after his death. The catalogue of his library was long retained as valuable by curious collectors. A portrait of him, painted by Sir Godfrey Kneller in 1706, was engraved by Vertue in 1726.

BRIDGES, NOAH (fl. 1661), stenographer and mathematician, was educated at Balliol College, Oxford, and acted as clerk of the parliament which sat in that city in 1643 and 1644. He was created B.C.L. on 17 June 1646, 'being at that time esteemed a most faithful subject to his majesty.' He was in attendance on King Charles I in most of his restraints, particularly at Newcastle and the Isle of Wight (State Papers, Dom., Charles II, vol. xx. art. 126). His majesty granted him the office of clerk of the House of Commons, but the appointment failed to pass the great seal because of the surrender of Oxford. It appears that the king also promised him the post of comptroller, teller, and weigher of the Mint. After the Restoration he vainly endeavoured to obtain the grant of these offices with survivorship to his son Japhet. For several years he kept a school at Putney, where he was living in 1661.

He is the author of:
 * 1) 'Vulgar Arithmetique, explayning the Secrets of that Art, after a more exact and easie way than ever,' London, 1653, 12mo. A portrait of the author is prefixed.
 * 2) 'Stenographie and Cryptographie: or the Arts of Short and Secret Writing. The first laid down in a method familiar to meane capacities; the second added to convince and cautionate the credulous and the confident …' London, 1659, 16mo. This extremely scarce work is dedicated to Sir Orlando Bridgeman. The address to the reader is thus most curiously dated: 'March 18/59 the first of the four last months of 13 yeares squandered in the Valley of Fortune.' A second edition, which has escaped the notice of bibliographers, appeared with this title: 'Stenography and Cryptography. The Arts of Short and Secret Writing. The second Edition enlarged, with a familiar Method teaching how to cypher and decypher all private Transactions. Wherein are inserted the Keys by which the Lines of Text-Writing affixed to those Cyphers are folded and unfolded,' London, 1662.
 * 3) 'Lux Mercatoria, Arithmetick Natural and Decimal …' London, 1661, 8vo. With a fine portrait of the author, engraved by Faithorne. This portrait was re-engraved as Milton, for Duroveray's edition of 'Paradise Lost.'

[Wood's Fasti Oxon. (ed. Bliss), ii. 94; Granger's Biog. Hist. of England (1824), iv. 77, v. 297; Lewis's Historical Account of Stenography (1816), 75; Anderson's Hist, of Shorthand, 107; Rockwell's Teaching, Practice, and Literature of


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 To his friend the (lAuthor 7 on this bis Tranjlation. WHat, not a Sibyl or Caflandra left ? A polio ceasd ? Has {harp-fang d Time bereft Us of the Oracles ? Is Dodarwgrow Cut down ? Does ne'er a word proceed from Jove Into the ears of mortals that inherit Tire fias foul, or the great Cachz'sfpirit ? What it become o' th' Augurs that foretold Nature's intents ? Are th'Mzgi dead, that could TeS what was done in every Sphere ? Shall we Not know what's done in the remot'fl Country Without great travel ? Can V we belowt defcry The mindc o th 'gods above ? ^A 11' s done by thee, Agrippa 5 all their Arts lie couch'd in thecs. Th' Art that before in divers heads did lie, Is now collect ini one Monopoly. But all's in vain ; we Uclc'd an Oedi pus, Whofhould interprets meaning unto us : This thou efecl'Jl with fuch dexterity, Adding perhaps what th' Author ne'er did fee ; That we may fay, Thou doll the Art renew : To thee the greater half of th' praife is dues* J. B. CantabrigU, b a To


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 To tbeaJfuthor, on his Tranjlation of Cornelius Agrippa. PA lias of Learning th* art, if Goddefs nam'd ; Which Prototype thy knowledge hath explain* A $ Which Nature at Jo {{riving to combines , Science and Learning, in thit Form of thlneLJ, To U4 not darkly, but doth clearly flew Knowledge of My [ley its as thejhrine in you. By thypermifsion 'tit, we have accefs IntoGeomancy 5 whtchyet,unlefs Thou hadji unmaslid^ c myflery't had lain , A task too hard for mortals to explain. Which fine e thou hajlfrom the Lethaean floods Prefervdy we'll con feet ate the Lawrel buds To thee: (Phoebus difmijfed) thine (hall be The Oracle, to which all men (hall flee In time of danger ; thy predtcl ions jhall^ To whatfoever thou command' ft, Inthral Oar willing hearts } yea, thoufhaXt he Sole Prophet^ we obedient to thee* To


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 To the ^Author, on his Tranflation of Cornelius Agrippa. DOth PhccbuJ ceafe to anfwer t' our demands ? Or will he not accept at mortals hands A {ad Bidental f And u Sibyls cave Inhabitable ? Or may Tircfns have No fuccejfor nor rival } How (hall we Then Oedipus to th* world diretl f If he Do Inceft aide to Parricide, th* are dumb, That could predict what things fliould furely come : And they are filent that knew when t' apply 7" our body P o lit iclt^P urge and Phlebotomy. How will bold thieves our treafures rob, who {hall Loft goods regain, or by his Charms recal The nocent t Th* Art it by thee repriv'd : In thee the Magifeem to be reviv'd, Phoebus is not brain- fick^t Joyes doves not dead, Th' Oracles not ceaf'd .- AgrippaV bed (Likf the Arabian birds felf buildtd neft, Which firft her Zirn proves, then her quickjning reft Hath theeprodue'd more then his equal fure» Elfe had tnit Art as yet remained obfeure, ji miracle to vulgar s, well known to none, Scarce read by deepeft apprehenfion* Then ril conclude Since thou doft him explain, That th' younger brother hath the better brain* John Tomlinfon, of St. John V in Cambridge* To


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 THE

NEW BRITISH PROVINCE

OF

SOUTH AUSTRALIA;

OR

A DESCRIPTION OF THE COUNTRY. ILLUSTRATED BY CHARTS AND VIEWS; WITH AN ACCOUNT OF THE PRINCIPLES, OBJECTS, PLAN, AND PROSPECTS OF THE COLONY.

[by Edward Gibbon Wakefield]

SECOND EDITION,

WITH A COPY OF THE SOUTH AUSTRALIAN ACT; AND THE REGULATIONS MADE BY THE SOUTH AUSTRALIAN COMMISSION FOR THE DISPOSAL OF LANDS IN THE COLONY; FOR THE PRELIMINARY SALES OF COLONIAL LANDS, IN THIS COUNTRY; AND FOR THE EMIGRATION OF LABOURERS.

LONDON: PRINTED FOR C. KNIGHT, 22, LUDGATE-STREET. MDCCCXXXVIII.


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 To his good friend the Author, on his Tranjlation of Occult Thilofophj and Geomancie. MOfi noble undertakings / at if Art And Prudence (hould a bargain make, t' impart Refulgent lu fires : you fend forth a ray Which noble ft Patrons never could difplay. Well may Dia na love you and infpire Tour nob left Genius with c deleft ial fire, Whofe fparkjing Fancie with more power can quell, u4ndfooner conquer, then a Afagick. Spelt- The^futhor thought not, {when he pen'd the Book ) To be fur mounted by a higher look^t Or be o*ertopt b' a more triumphant flrein. Which (hould exalt hit then-mofl pleafant vein* But feeing that a later progeny Hath fnatch'd hU honour from obfeurity. Both (had revive, and make SpettatoTs know The be ft defervers of the Lawrel bow. Nature and tArt here fir ive* the vttlory To get : and though toyeeld he doth deny, Th* haft got the fiart : though he triumph in praife, Yet may hh /vie wait upon your Bays. M. S. Cantabrigicu To


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 To the aJuthor, on this bis ingenious Tranjlation of Cornelius Agrippa. ytffJat u*tl view ? Agrippa made to wear An Englifl) habit ? Sure 'tis fomcthing rare. Or are bis Romane garments, by tby Wit, Tranjlated to an Englifb garb fo fit 1" illuflrate him ? for that thou haft, we fee, Eniightned his ob feme Philofophie • And that which didfo intricate remain, Thou halt expos' d to ev'ry vulgar brain. Jf then thy beams through fuch dark works jhlne clear, Bow ff Undent will they in thine own appear I Then go thou on % brave fcut, to fpreadfucb rap Of Learning through the world, may [peak tbypraifc. And fear no Criticks : for thou, by a Spell, Canfi force their tongues within their teeth to dwell, Jo. Tabor, of St. ] ohnV in Cambridge.


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 "A colony so founded would fairly represent English society, and every new comer would have his own class to fall into; and to whatever class he belonged, he would find his relation to the others, and the support derived from the others, much the same as in the parent country. There would then be little more in Van Piemen's Land, or in Canada, revolting to the habits and feelings of an emigrant, than if he had merely shifted his residence from Sussex to Cumberland or Devonshire—little more than a change of natural scenery."—Archbishop Whately.

"Colonization, as hitherto conducted, may be likened to the building of a bridge; a work no part of which is complete until the whole be completed. According to the method here proposed, colonisation would be like the making of a tunnel; a work in the progress of which each step must be complete before another step can be taken."—England and America.

London: Printed by, Stamford Street.


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Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Roosevelt, Theodore (elder)

ROOSEVELT, THEODORE, an American statesman, historian, essayist, publicist, naturalist, explorer, civil and political reformer, soldier, 26th president of the United States. Born, New York City, Oct. 27, 1858; was graduated from Harvard University 1880, and was subsequently the recipient of many honorary degrees from American and European universities. During early life Roosevelt was frail, but succeeded in building up a strong physical constitution by exercise and open air life.

After graduation he engaged in the study of law, but abandoned the pursuit to become a member of the New York State Legislature, 1882-84, representing the 21st Assembly District of New York. The key to his later attitude as a reformer will be found in his indignation over the decision of the Court of Appeals that a law he had fathered in favor of public health by prohibiting the manufacture and the preparation of tobacco in tenement-houses was declared unconstitutional.

He was a delegate to the Republican National Convention, 1884, and during the campaign supported James G. Blaine. From 1884-86 he lived on a ranch in North Dakota, which gave the background for his subsequent writings on life in the far west. In 1886 he was defeated for the

mayoralty of New York City by Abram F. Hewitt. Upon appointment by President Benjamin Harrison, Roosevelt became a member of the United States Civil Service Commission serving 1889-95. Into this work he threw great enthusiasm, and forced the question of civil service reform upon Congress and the American people. He resigned in 1895 to become President of the Board of Police Commissioners for the City of New York, in which position he probably made himself

more felt than any other official in the history of the city.

At the request of President McKinley in 1897 he resigned to become Assistant Secretary of the Navy under John D. Long of Massachusetts. Foreseeing that war with Spain was inevitable, he insisted on putting the United States fleet in preparation for instant action. When the war with Spain came he resigned his naval position, May 6, 1898, and entered the military service as Lieutenant Colonel, First United States Cavalry Volunteers, known subsequently as the “Rough Riders.” He was in command of his regiment in the fight at San Juan Hill, was commended for gallantry and promoted to be Colonel.

In November, 1898, Roosevelt was elected Governor of the State of New York. During his incumbency he fought strenuously against boss control and for

the many measures he had advocated while United States Civil Service Commissioner.

The Republican National Convention in Philadelphia, 1900, nominated him for, the Vice-Presidency on the McKinley ticket, a candidacy which Roosevelt was very reluctant to accept. President McKinley was assassinated on Sept. 14, 1901, and Roosevelt succeeded to the Presidency at the age of 43. During his term of office he fulfilled his promise and adhered strictly to the Republican platform and principles as enunciated by McKinley during the campaign, and retained the Cabinet which McKinley had chosen. One of his outstanding acts was to appoint the Anthracite Strike Arbitration Commission, which brought about peace in the anthracite coal regions for many subsequent years.

The Republican National Convention at Chicago in 1904 unanimously nominated Roosevelt for the Presidency, and he received 7,623,486 popular votes and 336 electoral votes to 5,077,970 popular votes and 140 electoral college votes given for the Democratic candidate, Alton B. Parker. During his presidency Roosevelt endeavored to regulate the influence of large corporations without destroying their equities. He resisted the German Kaiser and brought about the submission of the Moroccan dispute to a conference of the Powers of Algeciras. Evidence has come to light that both Roosevelt and his Secretary, John Hay, were well aware at that time of the plans of the German Emperor for universal dominion, and they succeeded in frustrating those plans so far as American interests were concerned, and particularly in relation to China. Through Roosevelt's influence in 1905 Russia was persuaded to come to terms with Japan and thus close the costly Russo-Japanese War, for which he received the Nobel Prize in 1906. Throughout his administration Roosevelt's chief domestic policy was the conservation of natural resources. The most conspicuous and spectacular of Roosevelt's acts as President was the recognition of the new republic of Panama which led to the subsequent completion of the Panama Canal.

Upon the expiration of his term Roosevelt went immediately on a big game hunting excursion through Central Africa. From 1909-14 he was contributing editor of the “Outlook,” in which journal he commented on national and international affairs. In 1910 he was special ambassador of the United States at the funeral of King Edward VII.

Upon his return from Africa and Europe Roosevelt became convinced that the Republican Party was falling into the hands of reactionaries. The Republican

National Convention, Chicago, 1912, brought on a crisis in which the Liberal or Progressive Republicans demanded Roosevelt's nomination. There was bitter dispute over the seating of certain delegates, but William H. Taft was nominated for the presidency. Owing to a belief that certain rulings of the Chairman were unparliamentary, the Progressive Republicans felt that they were not bound by the vote. This gave birth to what was known as the Progressive or Bull Moose Party, which six weeks later met in Chicago and nominated Roosevelt for the presidency on a new party ticket. The platform adopted stressed many of the liberal doctrines which Roosevelt had advocated during his career and some to which he gave personally only reluctant assent. The chief planks in the platform were direct primaries, conservation of natural resources, woman suffrage, the initiative, the referendum and the recall of judicial decisions. Woodrow Wilson, Governor of New Jersey, was nominated by the Democratic Party which resulted in an intensely bitter three-cornered fight. At the election on Nov. 5, Wilson was elected by 6,286,000 votes out of 15,310,000. Roosevelt received 4,126,000 and Taft 3,483,000.

Although many of the Progressives felt that they had formed a new permanent political party, Roosevelt did not share their views, for in 1916 he gave his unqualified support to Charles E. Hughes, the Republican candidate for the presidency. In 1913 Roosevelt went to South America where he delivered a series of addresses, and in 1914 explored a tributary of the Madeira river, in Brazil, for a distance of 600 miles. Fever contracted during this expedition led to physical troubles which finally ended in death. The year 1915 is memorable in his life because of a law-suit brought against him by William Barnes, Jr., of Albany, N. Y., charging Roosevelt with libel. The verdict was in favor of the defendant.

The Progressive Party in 1916 nominated Roosevelt for the presidency which he declined almost immediately, in order to throw his personal influence in favor of Hughes against Wilson.

During the World War, 1914-18, Roosevelt spoke and wrote incessantly on the duty of America to take a more positive stand in the conflict. He offered to raise and equip an army division or several divisions and lead them to France in 1917, but the offer was declined by President Wilson.

Roosevelt died unexpectedly Jan. 6, 1919. Since his death all partisan feeling toward him has passed away, and he is now recognized as one of the greatest leaders of the United States, certainly

the most versatile man America has produced. He was apparently impulsive in his utterances, but when his conclusions were examined, almost invariably they were found to rest upon sound erudition and had been reached by sustained and consecutive thought. His reading was unusually extensive, and his personal friendship with statesmen, scientists and eminent thinkers and writers of many lands made him familiar with the best and most advanced contemporaneous thought of the world.

Besides a multitude of magazine and newspaper articles he wrote the following volumes: “Winning of the West” (1889-96); “History of the Naval War of 1812” (1882); “Hunting Trips of a Ranchman” (1885); “Life of Thomas Hart Benton” (1886); “Life of Gouverneur Morris” (1887); “Ranch Life and Hunting Trail” (1888); “History of New York” (1890); “The Wilderness Hunter” (1893); “American Ideals and Other Essays” (1897); “The Rough Riders” (1899); “Life of Oliver Cromwell” (1900); “The Strenuous Life” (1900); “Works” (8 Vols., 1902); “The Deer Family” (1902); “Outdoor Pastimes of an American Hunter” (1906); “Good Hunting” (1907); “True Americanism”; “African and European Addresses” (1910); “African Game Trails” (1910); “The New Nationalism” (1910); “Realizable Ideals” (the Earl lectures, 1912); “Conservation of Womanhood and Childhood” (1912); “History as Literature, and Other Essays” (1913); “Theodore Roosevelt, an Autobiography” (1913); “Life Histories of African Game Animals” (2 vols., 1914); “Through the Brazilian Wilderness” (1914); “America and the World War” (1915); “A Book-lover's Holidays in the Open” (1916); “Fear God, and Take Your Own Part” (1916); “Foes of Our Own Household” (1917); “National Strength and International Duty” (Stafford Little Lectures, Princeton Univ., 1917); “Theodore Roosevelt's Letters to His Children” (1919).

THEODORE ROOSEVELT


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 Eomancy is an Art of Divination, wher-by the judgement may be rendred by lot, or destiny, to every question of every thing whatsoever, but the Art hereof consisteth especially in certain points whereof certain figures are deducted according to the reason or rule of equality or inequality, likenesse or unlikenesse; which Figures are also reduced to the Cœlestiall Figures, assuming their natures and proprieties, according to the course and forms of the Signes and Planets; notwithstanding this in the first place we are to consider, that whereas this kinde of Art can declare or shew forth nothing of verity, unless it shall be radicall in some sublime vertue, and this the Authours of this Science have demonstrated to be two-fold: the one whereof consists in Religion and Ceremonies; and therefore they will have the Projectings of the points of this Art to bee made with signes in the Earth, wherefore this Art is appropriated to this Element of Earth, even as Pyromancy to the fire, and Hydromancy to the Element of Water: Then whereas they judged the hand of the Projector or Worker to be most powerfully moved, and directed to the terrestriall spirits; and therefore they first used certaine holy incantations and deprecations,


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Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Roosevelt, Theodore (younger)

ROOSEVELT, THEODORE, an American military officer and public official, born in Oyster Bay, N. Y., in 1887, oldest son of ../Roosevelt, Theodore (elder) (q. v.). He graduated from Harvard University in 1908, receiving an honorary degree of M.A. in 1919. After leaving college he engaged in business. Upon the entrance of the United States into the World War, he volunteered, being commissioned major of the 26th infantry on April 20, 1917, and being promoted lieutenant-colonel in September, 1918. He saw service in France from June, 1917, to the end of the war, participating in the battles at Cantigny, Soissons, and in the Argonne-Meuse and the St. Mihiel offensives. He

was wounded and received the Legion of Honor and the Croix de Guerre. He was an organizer of the American Legion, a member of the National Executive Committee of the Boy Scouts of America,

and trustee of the American Museum of Natural History, New York. In November, 1919, he was elected to the New York State Assembly, and was elected again in November, 1920. He wrote “Average Americans” (1919). He was nominated Assistant Secretary of the Navy on March 7, 1921, by President Harding, and confirmed March 9th.

THEODORE ROOSEVELT


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text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Egbert (d.839)