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Rh ast night a shape of fear, II, 167. Last night I dreamed, mine enemy, II, 125. Leaving my tent once as the dawn grew fair, I, 187. Let me believe you, love, or let me die! I, 41. Life has its limitations manifold, I, 180. Life is like a beauteous flower, I, 120. Life laid upon his forehead a caress, I, 169. Listen, O listen! 'T is the thrush—God bless him! I, 190. Little sister, everywhere, I, 84. Live thy life gallantly and undismayed, I, 234. Love came into the world and said, II, 80. Love conquers Death by night and day, II, 233. Love, dost thou smile, believing thou shalt cheat, II, 4. Love has no foes; where'er he goes, II, 188. Love is dying; lay him low, II, 145. Love is enough: were all we fondly cherish, II, 249. Love is passing through the street, I, 140. Love never is too late; it sums, I, 166. Love sailed at morn in a fragile bark, I, 163. Love that faltered for an hour, II, 139.

aiden of the laughing eyes, I, 24. Man, that will not be beguiled, I, 200. Methinks, the Blessèd was content, her journey overpast, II, 235. Midst noble monuments, alone at eve, I, 224. Midst rejoicings I have wept, II, 185. Might I return to that May-day of gladness, II, 175. My brother's face is turned from me, II, 81. My friend leaned o'er the flowery brink, I, 227. My garden, long time desolate, II, 195. My laddie's a' the world to me! II, 27. My love is fairer than the tasselled corn, I, 212. My parents had great joy, I wis, I, 94. My soul is fain to drink of joy, II, 177. My store is spent; I am fain to borrow, I, 116. My true-love's eyes are a surprise, I, 153.

ear where the royal victims fell, II, 204. No more, dear heart—no more I moan, II, 180. Not far from Paris, in fair Fontainebleau, II, 251. Nothing that man's creative mind hath wrought, II, 136.

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Rh mastery over his every volition by which his splendid strength, courage, and endurance will seem to be added to your own. You will find him, however, no tiresome pupil. On the contrary, every day will increase your pleasure both in his progress and in his companionship, for he will soon become attached to you, and will now and then turn his head and look at you with such an expression in his eyes that you will think the old belief in the transmigration of souls not so very wonderful after all. You will, besides, find in your lessons no contemptible discipline of character, for you will have to conquer your natural timidity in feeling your weakness opposed to his strength, to suppress your impatience when he is slow of apprehension, to remain calm when he is restive, and to award him your caresses, not because his neck is sleek and beautiful, but because he has done exactly as you directed. You will find also that they will have a tendency to improve your seat, by taking your attention from yourself, and with it some of the involuntary stiffness always born of self-consciousness.

A different, but equally practical, result of knowing something of horse-training is that wherever you may be you will have no difficulty in getting a mount—no small advantage either, as many an enthusiastic young girl can testify as she remembers the stony look which came over some comfortable farmer's countenance when she confidingly asked to ride one of his

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274 Nothing that we deem can die, II, 219. Now gracious plenty rules the board, II, 238.

aged man, pray, if you know, II, 47. O beauty! vision of forgotten gladness! I, 35. O little plant, so meek and slight, I, 151. O music of divine imagining! II, 46. O thou, sublime, who on the throne, I, 15. O'er-topping all—upon how lone a height! I, 197. Old as the race of man, I, 239. On that divine all-hallowed morn, I, 71. Once a man set forth at morning, II, 36. Once in a still, sequestered place, I, 112. Once lovely Venus to her wayward boy, II, 221. One spot of green, watered by hidden streams, II, 3. Others endure Man's rule: he therefore deems, I, 25. Others may see thee; I behold thee not, II, 53. Our days by deeds are numbered,—and by dreams, II, 104. Our single lives are circled round, II, 159.

ale priestess of a fame discredited, II, 52. Peace! for the silver bugles play, I, 247. Peace to-night, heroic spirit! II, 216. Pilgrims of the trackless deep, I, 98. Poet, why wilt thou wander far afield, II, 155. Poor Icarus!—to soar so high, II, 158. Poor Love! said Life, that hast nor gold, I, 31.

eproach not Death, nor charge to him, in wonder, I, 228. Rodin's it was—this vital thing, this Soul, I, 37. Roses are but for a day, I, 203.

ay, hast thou never been compelled to lie, II, 57. She cannot wind the distaff, II, 71. She dances, I, 10. She dwelt apart, as one whom love passed by, II, 24. She laid her head upon the straw, I, 109. She said: My babe is dead, II, 76. She stood a vision vestureless and fair, II, 171. She will not hear you if you sing, I, 222. Silent amidst unbroken silence deep, II, 253. So war has begun, they say, I, 104.


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20 round-bellied horses. Many an owner of a trained saddle-horse would gladly have him ridden carefully by one capable of keeping him "in good form," while every horse-owner, no matter how poor his nags, dreads an ignorant rider as he does the epizooty. Probably scores of country stable-keepers and thousands of farmers, after a season's experience with ordinary city riders, have vowed never to let a woman mount one of their horses again. One of the former, at a popular summer resort, said to the writer, "Two ladies hurt my hosses more last summer than all the rest of the work. They ain't no more saddles to be found in my stable!" A neighboring farmer, who had at first thought to reap a golden harvest from his five excellent horses at a dollar a ride, hereupon remarked, "They hain't no sense. They think a horse will go like a machine, and all they've got to do is to turn steam on with the whip." Very different would have been the verdict had the riders but possessed even a slight experience in training, for the horses would have come from their hands improved in mouth and gait, and almost certainly uninjured by bad usage.

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Rh So you love me, have no care, II, 170. Softly, with palpitating heart, I, 53. "Some things I never would forgive," II, 143. Something I may not win attracts me ever, I, 9. Sorrow, quit me for a while! II, 220. Sweet are the woodland notes, I, 235. Sweet is the birth of love, and the awakening, II, 9. Swelling bud and fond suggestion, II, 245.

' is I have been waiting to know, dear, II, 117. 'T is the front toward life that matters most, I, 241. 'T were little to renounce what now I hold, I, 209. Tell us of beauty! Touch thy silver lyre, I, 150. Tender grass in April springing, I, 194. Thank God, a man can grow! I, 192. That Love has wings the poets say, II, 184. The air is full of perfume and the promise of the spring, I, 160. The Austrians at Arcola, I, 85. The clouds give back to earth again, I, 175. The day, from slumber waking, dawns most fair, I, 188. The earth is mine and its myriad flowers, II, 113. The end of life is living, II, 218. The friend I loved betrayed my trust, II, 23. The heart has room for gladness, II, 58. The houseless wind has gone to rest, II, 91. The knell that dooms the voiceless and obscure, II, 35. The lilacs blossom at the door, II, 14. The lordly pines like grasses wave, I, 225. The might of music, and its mystic fire, I, 93. The new-born leaves unfolding fast, II, 173. The night-wind drives across the leaden skies, II, 59. The oriole sang in the apple tree, I, 6. The peace we longed to keep, I, 131. The perfect eloquence of silence; then, II, 226. The robin chants when the thrush is dumb, II, 240. The seedling bidden in the sod, I, 154. The serpent-horror writhing in her hair, II, 201. The sights and sounds of the wretched street, II, 95. The summer-time is in the rose, II, 197. The tomb said to the rose, II, 88. The vast cathedral-crown of the high hill, I, 100.


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276 The voices of all waters that make moan, II, 248. The wild bird's first exultant strain, II, 19. The words of love I never said to thee, I, 174. The world denies her prophets with rash breath, I, 243. The world in mourning for a Russian Tsar! I, 60. Then Love, reproachful, sighed: Art thou become, II, 163. There is a legend somewhere told, I, 56. There is a power in innocence, a might, II, 174. There is always room for beauty: memory, I, vii. There's a spot in the mountains, where the dew, dear, II, 72. These sounds sonorous rolling! II, 141. They are at rest, II, 61. They live so long, the Gods! II, 85. They tell you Lincoln was ungainly, plain? II, 31. They told me: Pan is dead—Nature is dead, II, 164. Think not of love as of a debt, II, 101. Thou art more ancient than the oldest skies, I, 208. Thou lonely, dew-wet mountain road, I, 213. Thou, thou hast seen the child I seek, II, 149. Though full of care, II, 130. Though hence I go—though with the fading day, II, 21. Though thou hast climbed, by patient effort slow, II, 234. Through the rushes by the river, I, 3. Through the window Love looked in, I, 207. Thy children are inspired by thee, I, 127. Thy hand I press, II, 51. Thy heart and mine are one, my dear, II, 137. Time, like to sand from out the glass, unceasing flows away, I, 223. To drift with thee, not strive against thy tide, II, 99. To him who doth remember, II, 154. To him who found me sleeping, all my soul, I, v. To see thee, hear thee, wistful watch I keep, I, 88. To welcome her the Mother wakes, I, 176. Towering above the plain, proud in decay, II, 237. True love is not a conquest won, I, 191. Two angels stood at Eden's gate, II, 126. Two rocked his infant cradle as he slept, I, 159.

ntimely blossom! poor, impatient thing, I, 22. Unto the Prison House of Pain none willingly repair, II, 25. Unto the woodland spring he came, II, 39.


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Rh Up, lads, they say we've struck a berg, though there's no danger yet, II, 152.

iceroy they made him, Admiral and Don, I, 97.

anderer from a fading strand, II, 247. War has its field of blood—heart-breaking War, II, 215. Was it worth while to paint so fair, II, 243. We are not twain, but one: through seas divide us, I, 142. "We ne'er will part!" Ah me, what plaintive sounds, II, 194. We trekked our way to the desert, II, 115. We who have seen the seed fall without sound, I, 47. Weary and long the winding way, I, 215. What frolic zephyr through the young leaves plays, I, 73. What miracle is here, II, 10. What thought can measure Time? I, 39. When beeches bud and lilacs blow, I, 50. When I come to my Father's house he will hear me, II, 244. When I hear men discoursing idle things, I, 249. When Nature takes away the things we prize, II, 54. When Spring comes tripping o'er the lea, II, 30. When the wolds of Lycæus are silvery fair, I, 75. When they are dead, we heap the laurels high, II, 18. When through thy arching aisles, I, 42. When to the undesired home, II, 121. When Winter's sovereignty complete, II, 192. When wintry wells are water-filled, I, 96. When, with a mortal mother's helpless tears, II, 79. Where Harold sleeps the night is blest, II, 124. Where hast thou gone, my Day? II, 59. Where shall we lay you down to rest? I, 89. Who knocks at the door so late, so late, I, 91. Who walks the world with soul awake, II, 181. Why does great beauty waken in the soul, II, 100. Why hast Thou bound my feet, II, 128. Would Jesus come to me, Mither, I, 121. Would you feel the witching spell, II, 65. Wouldst thou learn what coldness is, II, 191.

ou have outstripped me in the race, II, 252. You say I'm dying! It is so, I think, II, 227. You were not of one country. To one Race, II, 198.


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 Rh Mr. Leslie Stephen to withdraw from the 'Cornhill,' Payn succeeded him as editor, filling, as before, the position of the firm's 'reader' in addition. With a view to converting the 'Cornhill' into an illustrated repertory of popular fiction, Payn induced Smith to reduce its price to sixpence. The magazine was one of the earliest monthly periodicals to appear at that price. The first number of the 'Cornhill' under the new conditions was issued in July 1883; but the public failed to welcome the innovation, and a return to the old tradition and the old price was made when Payn retired from the editorial chair in 1896. Payn had then fallen into ill-health, and during long years of suffering Smith, whose relations with him were always cordial, showed him touching kindness. While he conducted the magazine, he accepted for the first time serial stories from Dr. Conan Doyle ('The White Company,' 1891), H. S. Merriman, and Mr. Stanley Weyman, and thus introduced to the firm a new generation of popular novelists. Payn's connection with the firm as 'reader' was only terminated by his death in March 1898.

Petty recrimination was foreign to Smith's nature, and the extreme consideration which he paid those who worked with him in mutual sympathy is well illustrated by a story which Payn himself related under veiled names in his 'Literary Recollections.' In 1880 Mr. Shorthouse's 'John Inglesant' was offered to Smith, Elder, & Co., and, by Payn's advice, was rejected. It was accepted by another firm, and obtained great success. A few years afterwards a gossiping paragraph appeared in a newspaper reflecting on the sagacity of Smith, Elder, & Co. in refusing the book. The true facts of the situation had entirely passed out of Payn's mind, and he regarded the newspaper's statement as a malicious invention. He mentioned his intention of publicly denying it. Smith gently advised him against such a course. Payn insisted that the remark was damaging both to him and the firm, and should not be suffered to pass uncorrected. Thereupon Smith quietly pointed out to Payn the true position of affairs, and called attention to the letter drafted by Payn himself, in which the firm had refused to undertake 'John Inglesant.' Payn, in reply, expressed his admiration of Smith's magnanimity in forbearing, at the time that the work he had rejected was achieving a triumphant circulation at the hands of another firm, to complain by a single word of his want of foresight. Smith merely remarked that he was sorry to distress Payn by any reference to the matter, and should never have mentioned it had not Payn taken him unawares.

Meanwhile new developments both within and without the publishing business were in progress. The internal developments showed that there was no diminution in the alertness with which modes of extending the scope of the firm's work were entertained. A series of expensive éditions de luxe was begun, and a new department of medical literature was opened. Between October 1878 and September 1879 there was issued an édition de luxe of


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 in main flues, &c. (g) The chimney draught must be assisted with forced draught from fans or steam jet to a pressure of 1 in. to 2 in. under grates by water-gauge. (h) Where a destructor is required to work without risk of nuisance to the neighbouring inhabitants, its efficiency as a refuse destructor plant must be primarily kept in view in designing the works, steam-raising being regarded as a secondary consideration. Boilers should not be placed immediately over a furnace so as to present a large cooling surface, whereby the temperature of the gases is reduced before the organic matter has been thoroughly burned. (i) Where steam-power and a high fuel efficiency are desired a large percentage of CO2 should be sought in the furnaces with as little excess of air as possible, and the flue gases should be utilized in heating the air-supply to the grates, and the feed-water to the boilers. (j) Ample boiler capacity and hot-water storage feed-tanks should be included in the design where steam-power is required.

As to the initial cost of the erection of refuse destructors, few trustworthy data can be given. The outlay necessarily depends, amongst other things, upon the difficulty of preparing the site, upon the nature of the foundations required, the height of the chimney-shaft, the length of the inclined or approach roadway, and the varying prices of labour and materials in different localities. As an example may be mentioned the case of Bristol, where, in 1892, the total cost of constructing a 16-cell Fryer destructor was £11,418, of which £2909 was expended on foundations, and £1689 on the chimney-shaft; the cost of the destructor proper, buildings and approach road was therefore £6820, or about £426 per cell. The cost per ton of burning refuse in destructors depends mainly upon—(a) The price of labour in the locality, and the number of “shifts” or changes of workmen per day; (b) the type of furnace adopted; (c) the nature of the material to be consumed; (d) the interest on and repayment of capital outlay. The cost of burning ton for ton consumed, in high-temperature furnaces, including labour and repairs, is not greater than in slow-combustion destructors. The average cost of burning refuse at twenty-four different towns throughout England, exclusive of interest on the cost of the works, is 1s. 1d. per ton burned; the minimum cost is 6d. per ton at Bradford, and the maximum cost 2s. 10d. per ton at Battersea. At Shoreditch the cost per ton for the year ending on the 25th of March 1899, including labour, supervision, stores, repairs, &c. (but exclusive of interest on cost of works), was 2s. 6.9d. The quantity of refuse burned per cell per day of 24 hours varies from about 4 tons up to 20 tons. The ordinary low-temperature destructor, with 25 sq. ft. grate area, burns about 20 ℔ of refuse per square foot of grate area per hour, or between 5 and 6 tons per cell per 24 hours. The Meldrum destructor furnaces at Rochdale burn as much as 66 ℔ per square foot of grate area per hour, and the Beaman and Deas destructor at Llandudno 71.7 ℔ per square foot per hour. The amount, however, always depends materially on the care observed in stoking, the nature of the material, the frequency of removal of clinker, and on the question whether the whole of the refuse passed into the furnace is thoroughly cremated.

The amount of residue in the shape of clinker and fine ash varies from 22 to 37% of the bulk dealt with. From 25 to 30% is a very usual amount. At Shoreditch, where the refuse consists of about 8% of straw, paper, shavings, &c., the residue contains about 29% clinker, 2.7% fine ash, .5% flue dust, and .6% old tins, making a total residue of 32.8%. As the residuum amounts to from one-fourth to one-third of the total bulk of the refuse dealt with, it is a question of the utmost importance that some profitable, or at least inexpensive, means should be devised for its regular disposal. Among other purposes, it has been used for bottoming for macadamized roads, for the manufacture of concrete, for making paving slabs, for forming suburban footpaths or cinder footwalks, and for the manufacture of mortar. The last is a very general, and in many places profitable, mode of disposal. An entirely new outlet has also arisen for the disposal of good well-vitrified destructor clinker in connexion with the construction of bacteria beds for sewage disposal, and in many districts its value has, by this means, become greatly enhanced.

Through defects in the design and management of many of the early destructors complaints of nuisance frequently arose, and these have, to some extent, brought destructor installations into disrepute. Although some of the older furnaces were decided offenders in this respect, that is by no means the case with the modern improved type of high-temperature furnace; and often, were it not for the great prominence in the landscape of a tall chimney-shaft, the existence of a refuse destructor in a neighbourhood would not be generally known to the inhabitants. A modern furnace, properly designed and worked, will give rise to no nuisance, and may be safely erected in the midst of a populous neighbourhood. To ensure the perfect cremation of the refuse and of the gases given off, forced draught is essential. This is supplied either as air draught delivered from a rapidly revolving fan, or as steam blast, as in the Horsfall steam jet or the Meldrum blower. With a forced blast less air is required to obtain complete combustion than by chimney draught. The forced draught grate requires little more than the quantity theoretically necessary, while with chimney draught more than double the theoretical amount of air must be supplied. With forced draught, too, a much higher temperature is attained, and if it is properly worked, little or no cold air will enter the furnaces during stoking operations. As far as possible a balance of pressure in the cells during clinkering should be maintained just sufficient to prevent an inrush of cold air through the flues. The forced draught pressure should not exceed 2 in. water-gauge. The efficiency of the combustion in the furnace is conveniently measured by the “Econometer,” which registers continuously and automatically the proportion of CO2 passing away in the waste gases; the higher the percentage of CO2 the more efficient the furnace, provided there is no formation of CO, the presence of which would indicate incomplete combustion. The theoretical maximum of CO2 for refuse burning is about 20%; and, by maintaining an even clean fire, by admitting secondary air over the fire, and by regulating the dampers or the air-pressure in the ash-pit, an amount approximating to this percentage may be attained in a well-designed furnace if properly worked. If the proportion of free oxygen (i.e. excess of air) is large, more air is passed through the furnace than is required for complete combustion, and the heating of this excess is clearly a waste of heat. The position of the econometer in testing should be as near the furnace as possible, as there may be considerable air leakage through the brickwork of the flues.

The air supply to modern furnaces is usually delivered hot, the inlet air being first passed through an air-heater the temperature of which is maintained by the waste gases in the main flue.

The modern high-temperature destructor, to render the refuse and gases perfectly innocuous and harmless, is worked at a temperature varying from 1250° to 2000° F., and the maintenance of such temperatures has very naturally suggested the possibility of utilizing this heat-energy for the production of steam-power. Experience shows that a considerable amount of energy may be derived from steam-raising destructor stations, amply justifying a reasonable increase of expenditure on plant and labour. The actual calorific value of the refuse material necessarily varies, but, as a general average, with suitably designed and properly managed plant, an evaporation of 1 ℔ of water per pound of refuse burned is a result which may be readily attained, and affords a basis of calculation which engineers may safely adopt in practice. Many destructor steam-raising plants, however, give considerably higher results, evaporations approaching 2 ℔ of water per pound of refuse being often met with under favourable conditions.

From actual experience it may be accepted, therefore, that the calorific value of unscreened house refuse varies from 1 to 2 ℔ of water evaporated per pound of refuse burned, the exact proportion depending upon the quality and condition of the material dealt with. Taking the evaporative power of coal at 10 ℔ of water per pound of coal, this gives for domestic house refuse a value of from to  that of coal; or, with coal at 20s. per ton, refuse has a commercial value of from 2s. to 4s. per ton. In London the quantity of house refuse amounts to about 1 million tons per annum, which is equivalent to from 4 cwt. to 5 cwt. per head per annum. If it be burned in furnaces giving an evaporation of 1 ℔ of water per pound of refuse, it would yield a total power annually of about 138 million brake horse-power hours, and equivalent cost of coal at 20s. per ton for this amount of power even when calculated upon the very low estimate of 2 ℔ of coal per brake horse-power hour, works out at over £123,000. On the same basis, the refuse of a medium-sized town, with, say, a population of 70,000 yielding refuse at the rate of 5 cwt. per head per annum, would afford 112 indicated horse-power per ton burned, and the total indicated horse-power hours per annum would be
 * $70,000 ✕ 5 cwt.⁄20$ ✕ 112＝1,960,000 I.H.P. hours annually.

If this were applied to the production of electric energy, the electrical horse-power hours would be (with a dynamo efficiency of 90%)
 * $1,960,000 ✕ 90⁄100$＝1,764,000 E.H.P. hours per annum;

and the watt-hours per annum at the central station would be
 * 1,764,000 ✕ 746＝1,315,944,000.

Allowing for a loss of 10% in distribution, this would give 1,184,349,600 watt-hours available in lamps, or with 8-candle-power lamps taking 30 watts of current per lamp, we should have $1,184,349,600 watt-hours⁄30 watts$＝39,478,320 8-c.p. lamp-hours per annum; that is, $39,478,320⁄70,000 population$＝563 8-c.p. lamp hours per annum per head of population. Taking the loss due to the storage which would be necessary at 20% on three-quarters of the total or 15% upon the whole, there would be 478 8-c.p. lamp-hours per annum per head of the population: i.e. if the power developed from the refuse were fully utilized, it would supply electric light at the rate of one 8-c.p. lamp per head of the population for about 1 hours for every night of the year.

In actual practice, when the electric energy is for the purposes of lighting only, difficulty has been experienced in fully utilizing the thermal energy from a destructor plant owing to the want of adequate means of storage either of the thermal or of the electric energy. A destructor station usually yields a fairly definite amount of thermal energy uniformly throughout the 24 hours, while the consumption of electric-lighting current is extremely

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text: Horsemanship for Women/Part 1

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 xlii Thackeray's 'Works' in twenty-four volumes, to which two additional volumes of hitherto uncollected writings were added in 1886. A similarly elaborate reissue of 'Romola,' with Leighton's illustrations, followed in 1880, and a like reprint of Fielding's 'Works' in 1882. The last of these ventures proved the least successful. In 1872 Smith inaugurated a department of medical literature by purchasing, at the sale of the stock of a firm of medical publishers, the publishing rights in Ellis's 'Demonstrations of Anatomy' and Quain and Wilson's 'Anatomical Plates.' These works formed a nucleus of an extended medical library the chief part of which Smith, Elder, & Co. brought into being between 1873 and 1887. Ernest Hart acted as adviser on the new medical side of the business, and at his suggestion Smith initiated two weekly periodicals dealing with medical topics, which Hart edited. The earlier was the 'London Medical Record,' of which the first number appeared in January 1873; the second was the 'Sanitary Record,' of which the first number began in July 1874. After some four years a monthly issue was substituted for the weekly issue in each case, and both were ultimately transferred to other hands. The 'Medical Record' won a high reputation among medical men through its copious reports of medical practice in foreign countries. The most notable contributions to medical literature which Smith undertook were, besides Ellis's 'Demonstrations of Anatomy,' Holmes's 'Surgery,' Bristowe's 'Medicine,' Playfair's 'Midwifery,' Marshall's 'Anatomy for Artists,' and Klein's 'Atlas of Histology.' He liked the society of medical men, and while the medical branch of his business was forming he frequently entertained his medical authors at a whist party on Saturday nights in his rooms at Waterloo Place.

Of several new commercial ventures outside the publishing office with which Smith identified himself at this period, one was the Aylesbury Dairy Company, in the direction of which he was for many years associated with his friends Sir Henry Thompson and Tom Hughes. Other mercantile undertakings led to losses, which were faced boldly and cheerfully. It was almost by accident that he engaged in the enterprise which had the most conspicuous and auspicious bearing on his financial position during the last twenty years of his life. When he was dining with Ernest Hart early in 1872, his host called his attention to some natural aerated water, a specimen of which had just been brought to this country for the first time from the Apollinaris spring in the valley of the Ahr, to the east of the Rhine, between Bonn and Coblenz. Smith, who was impressed by the excellence of the water, remarked half laughingly that he would like to buy the spring. These casual words subsequently bore important fruit. Negotiations were opened between Smith and Mr. Edward Steinkopff, a German merchant in the city of London, whereby a private company was formed in 1873 for the importation of the Apollinaris water into England, Hart receiving an interest in the profits. A storehouse was taken in the Adelphi, and an office was opened in Regent Street within a short distance of Waterloo Place. As was his custom in all his enterprises, Smith at the outset gave close personal attention to the organisation of the new business, which grew steadily from


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 irregular, the maximum demand being about four times the mean demand. The period during which the demand exceeds the mean is comparatively short, and does not exceed about 6 hours out of the 24, while for a portion of the time the demand may not exceed th of the maximum. This difficulty, at first regarded as somewhat grave, is substantially minimized by the provision of ample boiler capacity, or by the introduction of feed thermal storage vessels in which hot feed-water may be stored during the hours of light load (say 18 out of the 24), so that at the time of maximum load the boiler may be filled directly from these vessels, which work at the same pressure and temperature as the boiler. Further, the difficulty above mentioned will disappear entirely at stations where there is a fair day load which practically ceases at about the hour when the illuminating load comes on, thus equalizing the demand upon both destructor and electric plant throughout the 24 hours. This arises in cases where current is consumed during the day for motors, fans, lifts, electric tramways, and other like purposes, and, as the employment of electric energy for these services is rapidly becoming general, no difficulty need be anticipated in the successful working of combined destructor and electric plants where these conditions prevail. The more uniform the electrical demand becomes, the more fully may the power from a destructor station be utilized.

In addition to combination with electric-lighting works, refuse destructors are now very commonly installed in conjunction with various other classes of power-using undertakings, including tramways, water-works, sewage-pumping, artificial slab-making and clinker-crushing works and others; and the increasingly large sums which are being yearly expended in combined undertakings of this character is perhaps the strongest evidence of the practical value of such combinations where these several classes of work must be carried on.

For further information on the subject, reference should be made to William H. Maxwell, Removal and Disposal of Town Refuse, with an exhaustive treatment of Refuse Destructor Plants (London, 1899), with a special Supplement embodying later results (London, 1905).

See also the Proceedings of the Incorporated Association of Municipal and County Engineers, vols. xiii. p. 216, xxii. p. 211, xxiv. p. 214 and xxv. p. 138; also the Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, vols. cxxii. p. 443, cxxiv. p. 469, cxxxi. p. 413, cxxxviii. p. 508, cxxix. p. 434, cxxx. pp. 213 and 347, cxxiii. pp. 369 and 498, cxxviii. p. 293 and cxxxv. p. 300.

 DE TABLEY, JOHN BYRNE LEICESTER WARREN, (1835–1895), English poet, eldest son of George Fleming Leicester (afterwards Warren), 2nd Baron De Tabley, was born on the 26th of April 1835. He was educated at Eton and Christ Church, Oxford, where he took his degree in 1856 with second classes in classics and in law and modern history. In the autumn of 1858 he went to Turkey as unpaid attaché to Lord Stratford de Redcliffe, and two years later was called to the bar. He became an officer in the Cheshire Yeomanry, and unsuccessfully contested Mid-Cheshire in 1868 as a Liberal. After his father’s second marriage in 1871 he removed to London, where he became a close friend of Tennyson for several years. From 1877 till his succession to the title in 1887 he was lost to his friends, assuming the life of a recluse. It was not till 1892 that he returned to London life, and enjoyed a sort of renaissance of reputation and friendship. During the later years of his life Lord De Tabley made many new friends, besides reopening old associations, and he almost seemed to be gathering around him a small literary company when his health broke, and he died on the 22nd of November 1895 at Ryde, in his sixty-first year. He was buried at Little Peover in Cheshire. Although his reputation will live almost exclusively as that of a poet, De Tabley was a man of many studious tastes. He was at one time an authority on numismatics; he wrote two novels; published A Guide to the Study of Book Plates (1880); and the fruit of his careful researches in botany was printed posthumously in his elaborate Flora of Cheshire (1899). Poetry, however, was his first and last passion, and to that he devoted the best energies of his life. De Tabley’s first impulse towards poetry came from his friend George Fortescue, with whom he shared a close companionship during his Oxford days, and whom he lost, as Tennyson lost Hallam, within a few years of their taking their degrees. Fortescue was killed by falling from the mast of Lord Drogheda’s yacht in November 1859, and this gloomy event plunged De Tabley into deep depression. Between 1859 and 1862 De Tabley issued four little volumes of pseudonymous verse (by G. F. Preston), in the production of which he had been greatly stimulated by the sympathy of Fortescue. Once more he assumed a pseudonym—his Praeterita (1863) bearing the name of William Lancaster. In the next year he published Eclogues and Monodramas, followed in 1865 by Studies in Verse. These volumes all displayed technical grace and much natural beauty; but it was not till the publication of Philoctetes in 1866 that De Tabley met with any wide recognition. Philoctetes bore the initials “M.A.,” which, to the author’s dismay, were interpreted as meaning Matthew Arnold. He at once disclosed his identity, and received the congratulations of his friends, among whom were Tennyson, Browning and Gladstone. In 1867 he published Orestes, in 1870 Rehearsals and in 1873 Searching the Net. These last two bore his own name, John Leicester Warren. He was somewhat disappointed by their lukewarm reception, and when in 1876 The Soldier of Fortune, a drama on which he had bestowed much careful labour, proved a complete failure, he retired altogether from the literary arena. It was not until 1893 that he was persuaded to return, and the immediate success in that year of his Poems, Dramatic and Lyrical, encouraged him to publish a second series in 1895, the year of his death. The genuine interest with which these volumes were welcomed did much to lighten the last years of a somewhat sombre and solitary life. His posthumous poems were collected in 1902. The characteristics of De Tabley’s poetry are pre-eminently magnificence of style, derived from close study of Milton, sonority, dignity, weight and colour. His passion for detail was both a strength and a weakness: it lent a loving fidelity to his description of natural objects, but it sometimes involved him in a loss of simple effect from over-elaboration of treatment. He was always a student of the classic poets, and drew much of his inspiration directly from them. He was a true and a whole-hearted artist, who, as a brother poet well said, “still climbed the clear cold altitudes of song.” His ambition was always for the heights, a region naturally ice-bound at periods, but always a country of clear atmosphere and bright, vivid outlines.

 DETAILLE, JEAN BAPTISTE ÉDOUARD (1848–), French painter, was born in Paris on the 5th of October 1848. After working as a pupil of Meissonier’s, he first exhibited, in the Salon of 1867, a picture representing “A Corner of Meissonier’s Studio.” Military life was from the first a principal attraction to the young painter, and he gained his reputation by depicting the scenes of a soldier’s life with every detail truthfully rendered. He exhibited “A Halt” (1868); “Soldiers at rest, during the Manœuvres at the Camp of Saint Maur” (1869); “Engagement between Cossacks and the Imperial Guard, 1814” (1870). The war of 1870–71 furnished him with a series of subjects which gained him repeated successes. Among his more important pictures may be named “The Conquerors” (1872); “The Retreat” (1873); “The Charge of the 9th Regiment of Cuirassiers in the Village of Morsbronn, 6th August 1870” (1874); “The Marching Regiment, Paris, December 1874” (1875); “A Reconnaissance” (1876); “Hail to the Wounded!” (1877); “Bonaparte in Egypt” (1878); the “Inauguration of the New Opera House”—a water-colour; the “Defence of Champigny by Faron’s Division” (1879). He also worked with Alphonse de Neuville on the panorama of Rezonville. In 1884 he exhibited at the Salon the “Evening at Rezonville,” a panoramic study, and “The Dream” (1888), now in the Luxemburg. Detaille recorded other events in the military history of his country: the “Sortie of the Garrison of Huningue” (now in the Luxemburg), the “Vincendon Brigade,” and “Bizerte,” reminiscences of the expedition to Tunis. After a visit to Russia, Detaille exhibited “The Cossacks of the Ataman” and “The Hereditary Grand Duke at the Head of the Hussars of the Guard.” Other important works are: “Victims to Duty,” “The Prince of Wales and the Duke of Connaught” and “Pasteur’s Funeral.” In his picture of “Châlons, 9th October 1896,” exhibited in the Salon, 1898, Detaille painted the emperor and empress of Russia at a review, with M. Félix Faure. Detaille became a member of the French Institute in 1898.

title: Page:EB1911 - Volume 08.djvu/125


text:
Author:William Henry Maxwell

Works

 * Removal and Disposal of Town Refuse, with an exhaustive treatment of Refuse Destructor Plants (1899)
 * Encyclopaedia of Municipal and Sanitary Engineering (joint editor)

title: Author:William Henry Maxwell


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/De Tabley, John Byrne Leicester Warren, Baron


text: A Book of Dartmoor/Chapter 9

title: A Book of Dartmoor/Chapter 9


text:
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title: User:HelperMonkey


text: Selections from Muḥammadan Traditions

title: Selections from Muḥammadan Traditions


text:
Page:Horsemanship for Women.djvu/35

Rh LESSON II.

TO HOLD THE BIT LIGHTLY (FLEXION DE LA MÂCHOIRE), USING THE CURB.

by assuring yourself that the horse has forgotten nothing of the previous lesson. Do not allow him to sidle up to you upon your movement of the whip towards him, nor to twist his nose towards you, but make him advance in a straight line.

Now, standing at the left of the horse's head, with your feet firmly planted a little way apart, take the left snaffle-rein in the left hand, and the left curb-rein in the right, at five or six inches from their respective bits, and having brought the head into the proper perpendicular position, pull the two hands apart with gentle but steady force. Hold your whip, meanwhile, tip downward in the right hand, to prevent him from running back, which can be done without relaxing your pull by tapping him with it upon the breast.

The object of this lesson, as well as of those which follow, is to overcome involuntary muscular contraction. In some cases, as probably in the present one, the contractions are simply nervous, and will cease with the

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Page:Horsemanship for Women.djvu/36

22 mental cause; in others the muscles have grown into improper positions, so that time will be required to set them right.

Your object at present is to get the jaw relaxed, so that you can move it at pleasure without resistance, and

FLEXION OF THE JAW—USING THE CURB.

this may take time and patience, for you must not be satisfied with anything less than complete success, or you will repent it later. At first, however, seize the slightest involuntary opening of the horse's mouth as an excuse to relax your hold, caress and praise him, then

title: Page:Horsemanship for Women.djvu/36


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Page:Horsemanship for Women.djvu/37

Rh let him stand a half-minute with his head free, and begin again.

When he is submissive, and pleased with you, he will almost always show it by gently champing his bit; but do not be deceived by a nervous simulation which you will probably detect, and which consists in opening the mouth a very little and immediately gripping the bit again. You will have been completely successful when, by simply drawing on the curb-reins, the head is brought to the proper perpendicular position, and the bit, instead of being gripped, is held lightly in the mouth, or, to use the school term, when the horse is "light in hand."

This is the only lesson in the series in which it is possible (though not probable) that your unaided strength may be insufficient; if so, get some one to help you over the first resistance of the horse. With care and tact, however, you will in all probability require no assistance.

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Page:Horsemanship for Women.djvu/38

24 LESSON III.

TO HOLD THE BIT LIGHTLY, USING THE SNAFFLE.

by repeating in proper order all that has been done at the previous lessons. Now, having got the horse "light in hand" with the curb, relax the curb-rein and try to keep him light with the snaffle.

He will probably begin to bear on it. If so, restrain him by successive tugs, punishing him a little with the curb, if necessary, and always rewarding him with praises and caresses when he does well. Avoid any violent use of the curb, or the horse, in his efforts to escape the pain, may get his tongue over the bit, and thus acquire a very troublesome habit. It must be remembered that the bit being the principal channel of communication between his mind and yours, his whole attention is concentrated upon it, and he is almost as much disconcerted by a sudden harsh movement of it as you would be by an unexpected shout in your ear.

By this time your groom is perhaps watching you with interest, and may be trusted to repeat your handling, thus saving you some time and trouble; but, as a general thing, two lessons a day of from half to three-quarters of an hour each, are as much as a horse can receive with profit.

title: Page:Horsemanship for Women.djvu/38


text:
1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Pascoli, Giovanni

PASCOLI, GIOVANNI (1855-1912), Italian poet, was born at San Mauro, Romagna, Dec. 31 1855. His first volume of verse, entitled Myricae, appeared in 1891, and his Primi Poemetti in 1897. His other volumes include Odi ed inni (1906); Le Canzoni di Re Enzio (1908) and Nuovi Poemetti (1909). He wrote also much elegant Latin verse, and was well known both as a prose essayist and for his Dante studies, which led to his appointment as professor of Italian literature at the university of Bologna. He died at Barga April 6 1912.


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Page:Horsemanship for Women.djvu/39

Rh LESSON IV.

TO LOWER THE HEAD.

look over your horse before beginning your instruction, to see that he has not met with any mishap. Observe that his eye is bright and that he feels in good spirits; run your eye over his limbs to detect any cut, bruise, or swelling; see that the hoofs are not cracked.

Assure yourself that he is properly groomed—one good test being the absence of scurf at the roots of the mane; that his mouth has been sponged out before putting in the bit, his hoofs wiped off clean—never, however, blacked—and that he is properly saddled and bridled. With a little practice you will do all this in half a minute, while you are buttoning your gloves. About once a week ask after his food and appetite, and make the groom show you his shoes; and when the time comes for him to be re-shod (which should be at least once a month) positively forbid any trimming of the frog or of the inside of the hoof—any "cleaning up of the foot," as farriers are pleased to call it. The only part to be touched with the knife is the bottom of the outer, horny shell, which is not half an inch thick; and even this

title: Page:Horsemanship for Women.djvu/39


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Page:Horsemanship for Women.djvu/40

26 LOWERING THE HEAD.

must be cut with moderation, never burned by fitting the shoe to it hot—the common makeshift of lazy farriers—nor filed on the outside, as both these operations not only weaken the hoof but impair Nature's arrangement for oiling and lubricating it. Should the horse not bear equal weight on all four legs, move him a step to see if the faulty posture may not have been

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Page:Horsemanship for Women.djvu/41

Rh PUNISHMENT IN CASE OF RESISTANCE.

 * and if it is repeated, examine the "favored" leg, carefully laying your bare hand on the hoof and joints to detect inflammation, feeling along the bones for lumps, comparing any suspicious spot with the same part of the corresponding leg, observing whether it is warmer or more sensitive than its fellow.

Having assured yourself that your horse is in perfect

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Page:Horsemanship for Women.djvu/42

28 order, and that he has forgotten nothing of your previous instruction, you will now proceed to the lesson of the day. Place yourself on his left, or "near," side, take the snaffle-reins at a few inches from the bit, and pull his head downward. Should he not yield, cross the reins, by taking the right rein in the left hand and vice versa, which will pinch his jaw sharply, and pull again till he drops his head, when you will hold, it down a few seconds, praising him the while; then raise it up, and allow him a little time to rest.

For our young readers we give below a few of the more usual technical terms, of which it will be found convenient to have a knowledge in the course of these lessons:

Amble.—A gait like pacing, but slower, in which the two legs on the same side are moved together. Appel.—The gentle tug on the rein given by the horse at each step. Arrière-main.—That part of the horse back of the saddle, called, not quite correctly, in this article, the croup. Avant-main.—That part of the horse forward of the saddle—the forehand. Bore.—To lean on the bit. Bridle-tooth.—Tusk found in the horse's mouth, though not in the mare's, between nippers and grinders. Bucking.—Leaping vertically into the air with all four feet at once.

title: Page:Horsemanship for Women.djvu/42


text:
Translation:Mishnah/Seder Moed/Tractate Eruvin/Chapter 3/1

Any [food] may be used to make an eruv or a shituf, except water and salt. Any [food] may be purchased with tithe funds, except water and salt. One who vowed to abstain from nourishment is permitted water and salt. One may make an eruv for a nazir with wine, or for an Israelite with terumah. Sumchos says: with non-terumah. For a Kohen in a beis-hapras: R’ Yehuda says: Even in a graveyard, because he may go, make a partition, and eat.


text:
Translation:Mishnah/Seder Moed/Tractate Eruvin/Chapter 3/5

A person may attach a condition to his eruv and say, ‘If gentiles come from the east, my eruv is to the west; if from the west, my eruv is to the east; if they come from both directions, I shall go to the place I choose; if they do not come from either direction, I am as my townspeople.’ ‘If a scholar comes from the east, my eruv is to the east; from the west, my eruv is to the west; if ones comes to here and [one comes] to there, I shall go to the place I choose; if to neither direction, I am as my townspeople.’ R’ Yehuda says: If one of his scholars was his teacher, he must go to his teacher. But if both were his teachers, he may go to the place he chooses.


text:
Translation:Mishnah/Seder Moed/Tractate Eruvin/Chapter 3/6

R’ Eliezer says: If Yom Tov adjoins the Sabbath either before it or after it – a person may make two eruvin and declare, ‘my eruv [for] the first is to the east and [for] the second to the west;’ ‘My eruv is for the first, but for the second I am as my townspeople;’ or My eruv is for the second but for the first I am as my townspeople. But the Sages say: He makes an eruv to one direction or he makes no eruv at all; either he makes an eruv for both days or he makes no eruv at all. How should one proceed? He should take it on the first and stay with it until nightfall, then take it and go. On the second, he should stay with it until nightfall, then eat it. Thus he benefits in his walking area, and he benefits from his eruv. If it was eaten on the first the eruv is valid for the first, but the eruv is not valid for the second. Said R’ Eliezer: So you agree with me that they are two periods of holiness.


text:
Translation:Mishnah/Seder Moed/Tractate Eruvin/Chapter 3/7

R’ Yehuda says: If before Rosh Hashanah there was concern lest Elul be full, a person may make two eruvin and declare, ‘my eruv for the first is to the east and for the second to the west.’ ‘For the first to the west and the second to the east.’  ‘My eruv is for the first, but for the second I am as my townspeople.’ [or] ‘my eruv is for the second but for the first I am with my townspeople.’  But the Sages did not agree with him.


text:
Translation:Mishnah/Seder Moed/Tractate Eruvin/Chapter 3/8

Additionally, R’ Yehuda said: A person may stipulate a condition concerning a basket on the first day of Yom Tov and eat it on the second. And so also, an egg laid on the first may be eaten on the second. But the Sages did not agree with him.


text:
Translation:Mishnah/Seder Moed/Tractate Eruvin/Chapter 3/9

R’ Dosa ben Harkinas says: He whole leads the prayers on the Yom Tov of Rosh Hashana says, ‘fortify us O Hashem our God, on this Rosh Chodesh, whether it is today or whether it will be tomorrow;’ and on the morrow he says ‘…whether it is today or whether it was yesterday.’ But the Sages did not agree with him.


text:
Page:Folk-lore - A Quarterly Review. Volume 4, 1893.djvu/39

 Rh The maiden rocked the fire, swung the flame up and down, arranged the fire with her fingers, tended the flame with her hands. The fire fell from the stupid careless girl, from the hands of her that dandled it, the fingers of her that cherished it.

The fiery spark slipped suddenly, the ruddy drop whizzed, flashed through the heavens, fell through the clouds from above the nine heavens, through the six speckled firmaments. The fiery spark shot, the ruddy drop fell, from where the Creator, the Old man of the air, had struck fire, through the sooty chimney-hole, along the side of the dry ridge-beam into Tuuri’s new room, the roofless room of Palvonen. Then, when it had penetrated into Tuuri’s new room, it set itself to evil deeds, turned itself to acts of villainy. It tore his daughters’ breasts, the forearms of his little girls, injured the knees of the boys, burnt the beard of the master of the house. A mother was suckling her baby in a miserable cradle under the sooty chimney-hole. When the fire entered, it burnt the baby in the cradle right through the mother’s breasts.

Then it went its way, pursued its course, first of all burnt much land and swamp, sandy and deserted fields, and secluded forests terribly. Finally, it plashed into water, into the waves of Lake Alue [v. Alava, v. Alimo]. Thereby Lake Alue burst into flame, corruscated with sparks, when subjected to that raging fire, was stimulated to overflow its banks, welled over the forest firs so that its fish, its perch were left high and dry upon the dry bottom. Still, the fire was not quenched in the waves of Lake Alue. It attacked a clump of junipers, so the juniper-covered heath was burnt. It dashed suddenly at a clump of firs and burnt up the lovely fir-clump. Still it went rolling on, and burnt up half Bothnia [v. Sweden, half a mile of Russia], a projecting corner of the marches of Saxolax, and a portion [v. both halves] of Karelia.

Then it went into concealment to hide its infamy, threw itself down to repose under the root of two stumps, in the


text:
Translation:Mishnah/Seder Moed/Tractate Eruvin/Chapter 4

Eruvin 4:1 One who was taken out by gentiles or by an evil spirit has only four cubits. If they brought him back, it is as if he never left, If they took him to another town, or if they put him in a fold or in a corral – Rabban Gamliel and R’ Elazar ben Azarya say: He may traverse its entirety. R’ Yehosua and R’ Akiva say: He has only 4 cubits. It once happened that they arrived from Prandisin and their ship went out to sea. Rabban Gamliel and R’ Elazar ben Azarya traversed its entirety; R’ Yehoshua and R’ Akiva did not move out of 4 cubits, because they wished to be strict. Eruvin 4:2 Once, they did not enter the harbor until night had fallen. They asked Rabban Gamliel: ‘May we disembark?’ He answered them: ‘You are permitted, for I had been observing and we were within the techum before dark.’ Eurvin 4:3 If one left with permission and they said to him: ‘The act has already been done,’ he has 2000 cubits in every direction. If he was within the techum, it is as if he did not leave. And all those leaving to save people may return to their places. Eruvin 4:4 One who sat down while on a journey, then stood up and saw that he was near a city, since it had not been his intention, he may not enter – these are the words of R’ Meir. R’ Yehuda says: He may enter. R’ Yehuda said: It once happened that R’ Tarfon entered without intent. Eruvin 4:5 One who slept which on a journey and did not know that it had become dark has 2000 cubits in every direction – these are the words of R’ Yochanan ben Nuri. But the Sages say he has only 4 cubits. R’ Eliezer says: And he is in their midst. R’ Yehuda says: He may go in any direction he wishes. Yet R’ Yehuda agrees that once he chooses for himself, he cannot retract.

Eruvin 4:6 If there were two, some of the cubits of one overlapping the cubits of the other, they may bring their food and eat in the middle, provided that one does not carry form his into his friend’s. If there were three and the middle one’s area was overlapped but the other two, he is permitted with them and they are permitted with him; but the other two are forbidden with each other. Said R’ Shimon: ‘To what is this comparable? To 3 courtyards which open one into the other and which open into the public domain. If the two made an eruv with the middle one, it is permitted to them, and they are permitted to it; but the 2 outer ones are forbidden to one another.’ Eruvin 4:7 One who was traveling as darkness approached, and he knew of a tree or a fence and said, ‘My Sabbath dwelling place is beneath it,’ has said nothing. If however he said ‘My Sabbath dwelling place is at its trunk,’ he may walk from his present location to the trunk 2000 cubits, and from the trunk to his house 2000 cubits. Thus, he may go 4000 cubits after dark. Eruvin 4:8 If he does not know, or he is not conversant with the law, and he said: ‘My Sabbath dwelling place is at my location,’ his location acquires 2000 cubits for him in every direction. In a circle – these are the words of R’ Chanina ben Antignos. But the Sages say: In a square, like a square board, so that he may gain the corners. Eruvin 4:9 This is what they have said: ‘The poor man may make an eruv with his feet.’ Said R’ Meir: ‘We can apply this only to a poor man.’ R’ Yehuda says: ‘Both a poor man and a rich man they did not say, “we may make an eruv with bread,” except to make it easier for the rich man, so that he not go out and make an eruv with his feet.’ Eruvin 4:10 One who set out for a town for which they may make an eruv, but his friend turned him back, he may go, but all the townspeople are prohibited – these are the words of R’ Yehuda. R’ Meir says: Whoever is able to make an eruv and does not, he is caught in between.

Eruvin 4:11 One who went out of the techum, even one cubit, may not return. R’ Eliezer says: 2 cubits he may return; 3 cubits, he may not return. One who was overtaken by darkness outside the techum, even one cubit, may not enter. R’ Shimon says: Even 15 cubits, he may enter; for the surveyors do not give the full measure, because of those who err.


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Bellenden, Adam


text:
Translation:Mishnah/Seder Moed/Tractate Eruvin/Chapter 5

Eruvin 5:1 How does one extend the towns? A house is recessed or a house protrudes, a tower is recessed or a tower protrudes, there were ruins ten fists high, or bridges or mausoleums in which there is a dwelling, they extend the boundary opposite them, and they make it as a square tablet, so that one may gain the corners. Eruvin 5:2 We grant a karpeif to a town – these are the words of R’ Meir. But the Sages say: They did not say the rule of karpeif, except between two towns; if this one has seventy cubits and a fraction and that one has seventy cubits and a fraction, a karpeif is granted to the two of them to become as one. Eruvin 5:6 If a town of an individual became public property, we may make an eruv for its entirety; but if a public town became an individual’s, we may not make an eruv for its entirety, unless we exclude an area from it equivalent to the town of Chadashah in Yehuda, which has fifty inhabitants – these are the words of R’ Yehuda. R’ Shimon says: three courtyards containing two dwellings. Eruvin 5:7 One who was to the east and had told his son, ‘make an eruv for me in the west;’ to the west and had told his son, ‘make an eruv for me in the east’ – if the distance from him to his house is two thousand cubits and to his eruv more than that, he is permitted to the techum of his house but forbidden to the techum of his eruv; if to his eruv is two thousand cubits and to his house more than that, he is forbidden the techum of his house but permitted the techum of his eruv. One who places his eruv in the extension of a town has accomplished nothing. If he placed it beyond the techum, even one cubit, whatever he gains he loses. Eruvin 5:8 The residents of a large town may traverse an entire small town, but the residents of a small town may not traverse an entire large town. How so? One who was in a large town and placed his eruv in a small town, or in a small town and placed his eruv in a large town, may traverse its entirety and 2000 cubits beyond it. But R’ Akiva says: He has no more than 2000 cubits from the place of his eruv. Eruvin 5:9 R’ Akiva said to them: ‘Do you not agree with me regarding one who placed his eruv in a cave, that he has no more than 2000 cubits?’ They answered him: ‘When is this so? Only when there are no inhabitants in it; but if it had inhabitants in it, he may traverse its entirety and beyond it for 2000 cubits.’ Thus it follows that its interior is more lenient than its roof. And concerning the surveyor, about whom they said, ‘we give him 2000 cubits,’ even if his measurement ended in the middle of a cave [it is so].


text:
Translation:Mishnah/Seder Moed/Tractate Eruvin/Chapter 6

Eruvin 6:1 One who lives together with a gentile in a single courtyard, or with one who does not accept the laws of eruv, that person places a restriction upon him – these are the words of R’ Meir. R’ Eliezer ben Yaakov says: He never restricts, unless there are two Jews restricting each other. Eruvin 6:2 Rabban Gamliel said: ‘It once happened that a Sadducee lived with us in an alley in Jerusalem, and father told us, “Hurry and carry out all your utensils into the alley before he carries out and restricts you.”’ R’ Yehuda related this in different terms: ‘Hurry and attend to your needs in the alley before it passes and he restricts you.’ Eruvin 6:3 The residents of a courtyard, one of whom forgot to participate in the eruv, his house is restricted with regard to carrying in and carrying out, to him and to them; but theirs are permitted to him and to them. If they ceded their rights to him, he is permitted, but they are restricted. If there were two, they restrict each other; because an individual can cede rights and acquire rights, two can cede rights but cannot acquire rights. Eruvin 6:4 When may rights be ceded? Beis Shammai say: While it is yet day. But Beis Hillel say: When it is dark. One who ceded his rights then carried out, whether unintentionally or deliberately, restricts – these are the words of R’ Meir. R’ Yehuda says: Deliberately, he restricts; unintentionally, he does not restrict. Eruvin 6:5 If a houseowner was a partner with neighbors, with this one in wine and with that one in wine, they need not make an eruv; with this one in wine and with that one in oil, they must make an eruv. R’ Shimon says: In either case they need not make an eruv. Eruvin 6:6 If five groups spent the Sabbath in one mansion – Beis Shammai say: an eruv for each group. But Beis Hillel say: one eruv for all of them. They agree, however, that when some of them are quartered in rooms or upper stories, they need an eruv for each group. Eruvin 6:7 Brother or partners who eat at their father’s table, but who sleep in their own homes, need an eruv for each one. Therefore, if one of them forgot to contribute to the eruv, he must nullify his rights. When is this so? When they bring their eruv to another place; but if the eruv was brought to them, or there are no other residents in the courtyard, they need not contribute to the eruv. Eruvin 6:8 Five courtyards which open one into the other and into an alley – if they made an eruv in the courtyards but did not make a shituf in the alley, they are permitted in the courtyard but prohibited in the alley; if there did a make shituf in the alley, they are permitted here and there. If they made an eruv for the courtyards and a shituf for the alley, but one of the residents of the courtyard forgot to contribute to the eruv, they are permitted here and there; if one of the residents of the alley did participate in the shituf, they are permitted in the courtyards, but are prohibited in the alley; for an alley is to the courtyards as a courtyard is to the houses. Eruvin 6:9 Two courtyards one behind the other – if the inner made an eruv but the outer did not, the inner is permitted while the outer is prohibited; the outer, but not the inner, both are prohibited; each courtyard made its own eruv, then each is individually permitted. R’ Akiva prohibits the outer because the right of passage restricts it. But the Sages say: The right of passage doesn’t restrict it. Eruvin 6:10 If one resident of the outer forgot to contribute to the eruv, the inner is permitted while the outer is prohibited. If one from the inner forgot, both are prohibited. If they placed their eruv in one place, and one resident of either the inner or the outer forgot to contribute to the eruv, both are prohibited. But if they were inhabited by individuals, they need not make an eruv.


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Page:Folk-lore - A Quarterly Review. Volume 4, 1893.djvu/40

32 recess of a rotten stump, the hollow of an alder-trunk. Thence it was brought into rooms, into houses of pine, to be used by day in a stone oven, to rest at night upon a hearth in a receptacle for charcoal.

(b.) Fire does not originate from a depth, does not grow from a fearful depth. Fire originated in the sky on the back of the Seven stars. Fire was rocked there, flame was swayed to-and-fro in a 'golden' thicket on the summit of a 'golden' knoll.

Lovely Kasi [v. Katrinatar], a young girl, the fire-maiden of the sky, rocks fire, swings it to-and-fro in the centre of the sky above the nine heavens. The silver cords vibrated, the golden hook creaked while the girl was rocking fire, was swaying it to-and-fro.

The red fire fell, one spark shot from the 'golden' thicket, from the silver enclosure, from the ninth aerial region, from above the eighth firmament through the level sky, the far-extending air, through the latch of a door, through a child's bed, and burnt the knees of the small boy, and the breasts of his mother.

The child went to Mana, the luckless boy to Tuonela, as he had been destined to die, had been selected to expire in anguish caused by red fire, in the torments of cruel fire. He went putrefying to Mana, stumbling along to Tuonela, to be reviled by Tuoni's daughters, to be addressed by the children of Mana.

His mother, indeed, did not go to Mana. The old woman was clever and furious, she knew how to fascinate fire, to make it sink down powerless through the small eye of a needle, through the back of an axe, through the tube of a hot borer. She winds up the fire into a ball, arranges it into a skein, makes the ball spin quickly round along the headland of a field, right through the earth, the solid earth, and propelled it into the river of Tuonela, into the depths of Manala.


text:
1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Passy, Frédéric

PASSY, FRÉDÉRIC (1822-1912), French economist and pacifist, was born in 1822 and was a nephew of the economist Hippolyte Passy, finance minister to Louis Philippe and to Louis Napoleon's Republican Government. Under his uncle's influence Frédéric devoted himself to economic studies, and to that end gave up the appointment as auditor of the Conseil de Droit, which he had held during 1846-49. In 1860 he began to teach political economy both in Paris and in the provinces. His first work on the subject, Mélanges économiques, appeared in 1857. True to his republican principles, he refused to be reconciled to the Second Empire, and remained, therefore, ineligible for any Government post. He was an ardent free-trader and an admirer of Cobden. In 1867 he founded the Ligue Internationale de la Paix, afterwards known as the Société Française pour l'Arbitrage entre Nations, and for the rest of his life he devoted himself to the promotion of international peace. From 1881 to 1899 he was deputy for the Seine department. In 1901 he received the Nobel Prize, sharing it with M. Dunant. His published works include

De la Propriété Intellectuelle (1859); Leçons d'économie politique (1860-61); La Démocratie et l'Instruction (1864); L'Histoire du Travail (1873); Malthus et sa Doctrine (1868); La Solidarité du Travail et du Capital (1875) and Le Petit Poucet du 19ième Siècle: George Stephenson (1881). He died in Paris June 12 1912.


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Page:Horsemanship for Women.djvu/43

Rh Chin Groove.—That part of underjaw next the swell of lower lip in which curb-chain rests. Curb.—Bit without joint, with levers at side and chain, which, passing under jaw, serves as a fulcrum to communicate pressure of bit to bars of mouth. Deux Pistes.—To go on deux pistes is to advance with the body placed obliquely, so that the hind feet move on a different line or piste from the fore. Elbow.—Joint of fore-leg next above knee, lying next horse's side. Fetlock.—Joint next below knee. Forearm.—That part of leg between elbow and knee. Forge.—To strike the toe of the fore-foot with the toe of the hind-foot — usually the result of bad shoeing. Frog.—Triangular piece of spongy horn in middle of sole of foot, forming a cushion for the navicular bone. Grinders.—Back teeth. Hand.—Four inches (one-third of a foot). Hand-gallop.—A slow gallop. Haute Êcole—Haut Manége.—The complete course of training given in the French military riding-schools. To translate this by "high-school," as is sometimes done, produces a ludicrous impression. Hock.—Joint of hind-leg between thigh and shank. Interfere.—To strike the fetlock with the foot—often caused by bad shoeing. Manége.—Horse-training, also the training-school itself.

title: Page:Horsemanship for Women.djvu/43


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Barton, Edward


text: Page:Dictionary of National Biography. Errata (1904).djvu/32


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Bellenden, John (fl.1533-1587)


text:
Page:Horsemanship for Women.djvu/44

30 Nippers.—Front teeth. Pace.—A rapid gait, in which the fore and hind foot on same side move at same time and strike the ground together. Pastern.—Bones between fetlock and foot. Passage.—Moving sideways, as to close up or open the ranks, as in cavalry exercises. Pirouette.—Wheeling on the hind-legs. Pirouette renversée.—Wheeling on the fore-legs. Piaffer.—A slow and cadenced trot, in which the horse balances a certain time on each pair of feet. Piste.—The imaginary circle (usually, however, a well-beaten track) three feet from the wall of the manége. Poll.—Top of head between the ears. Rack.—A gait somewhat similar to single-foot. Ramener.—To bring the head to the perpendicular. Rasseinbler.—To get the horse together, with his legs well under him and his head perpendicular. Shank.—Parts of fore-leg between knee and fetlock, and parts of hind-leg between hock and fetlock. Single-foot.—A very rapid gait, taught principally in the Western States of America, in which one foot is put down at a time. Snaffle.—Bit jointed in middle, without side levers or chin-chain. Spavins and Splints.—Excrescences on bones of legs, usually caused by strain. When they occur on the fore-shanks they are called splints, and may do no harm.

title: Page:Horsemanship for Women.djvu/44


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Barton, Charles


text:
Page:Folk-lore - A Quarterly Review. Volume 4, 1893.djvu/41

Rh (c.)

The origin of fire is well known, its genesis can be guessed. Fire, a creation of God, a creation of the Creator, originated from the word of Jesus, from the gracious mouth of God, above nine heavens, above nine heavens and a half The Virgin Mary, the dear mother, the holy little maid rocks fire, nursed it in a doorless, wholly windowless room. She carried fire in a birch-bark vessel to the point of a fiery promontory.

Fire was christened there. Who stood godmother to fire — who godfather ? A maiden came from Pohjola [v. the sky], from the snowy castle [v. the air], from the centre of an icy spring, from an icy well's recess. She could bear to touch it with her hands, to hold it in her fingers. Juhannes, the very best priest, christened the boy. The name they gave him was Fire (Panu), he was entitled Darling Fire {Tulonen), to be kept by day in the hollow of a golden hearth, to be concealed at night in an ashy tinder-bag.

(d.) Höyhenys of the Panutars, Lemmes of the Lentohatars carried a child for about nine months. When the time drew near, the time for lightening, she ran waist-deep into the water, up to her girdle in the sea. There she brings forth her child, gives birth to a boy. She could not bear to touch him with her hands, to hold him in her grasp. From that she knew him to be fire, was warned that he was fire.

Who indeed rocked fire? The luckless girl of summer


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Page:Horsemanship for Women.djvu/45

Rh If on the hind-legs they are called spavins, and usually result in permanent lameness. Stifle.—Joint of hind-leg between hip and hock, lying against horse's side. Surcingle.—A girth extending entirely around the horse. Thigh.—Popularly speaking, it comprises the two upper joints of hind-leg from hip to hock. Throat-latch.—That strap of the bridle which passes under the throat. Withers.—Highest point of shoulder between neck and saddle.

title: Page:Horsemanship for Women.djvu/45


text: Horsemanship for Women/Part 1/Lesson 2

title: Horsemanship for Women/Part 1/Lesson 2


text: Horsemanship for Women/Part 1/Lesson 3

title: Horsemanship for Women/Part 1/Lesson 3


text: Horsemanship for Women/Part 1/Lesson 4

title: Horsemanship for Women/Part 1/Lesson 4


text:
1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Robins, Elizabeth

ROBINS, ELIZABETH (1865-), Anglo-American novelist and actress, was born at Louisville, Ky., Aug. 6 1865, and educated at Zanesville, O. She had had her early training as an actress in America with the Boston Museum stock company, and afterwards with Edwin Booth. Coming to London she first appeared in The Real Little Lord Fauntleroy in 1889, and between 1890 and 1896 she played in most of Ibsen's plays, in which she established her position on the stage. In 1902 she was Lucrezia in Stephen Phillips's Paolo and Francesca at the St. James's theatre, London. Her first novels, George Mandeville's Husband (1894), The New Moon (1895) and Below the Salt (1896), appeared over the pseudonym of C. E. Raimond, but in 1898 the success of The Open Question led to her publishing in her own name, her reputation as a writer being maintained in The Magnetic North (1904); A Dark Lantern (1905); Come and Find Me (1908); Camilla (1918) and The Messenger (1920). She took an active part in the agitation for woman suffrage. Her play Votes for Women was acted at the Court theatre, London, in 1907.


text:
Good Morning, Dearie/Easy Pickin's

 * Verse 1

 * Chorus

 * Verse 2

 * Chorus

title: Good Morning, Dearie/Easy Pickin's


text:
User talk:RG Visser

— billinghurst  sDrewth  23:52, 26 January 2011 (UTC)

title: User talk:RG Visser


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Page:EB1911 - Volume 25.djvu/309

 American pit-vipers by the possession of a loreal shield, i.e. a shield intercalated between the two preoculars and the posterior nasal; below the loreal lies the pit.

The moccasin and the water-viper have occasionally been mentioned under the name of Trigonocephalus cenchris, one of the many synonyms.

Lachesis has the upper surface of the head covered. with very small shields, or with scales, and contains about 40 species, in S. and Central America, the Antilles and also in S.E. Asia. The most ill-famed is L. s. Bothrops s. Craspedocephalus lanceolatus, which inhabits the greater part of S. America, extending into Mexico and the Lower Antilles. notably Martinique, Guadaloupe and Santa Lucia, where it is known as the “Fer de Lance”; Mexicans call it “rabo de hueso” or bone-tail, on account of the curiously coloured and spike-like tip of the tail. It is a very quick and highly irascible beast and even known to turn on its pursuer. It grows to a length of 6 ft., lives in swamps, plantations, forests, on the plains and on the hills, and is very prolific, producing dozens of young, which at birth are 10 in. long and as vicious as their parents.

L. s Trimeresurus gramineus s. viridis s. erythurus is one of the Asiatic species, ranging over the whole of India to Hong-kong, Timor and even to the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. It is arboreal, bright green above; the end of the prehensile tail is usually bright red.

 SNAPDRAGON, or (Gr., , snout, from the shape of the flower), a plant of the natural order Scrophulariaceae (q.v.), native to central and south Europe, occurring as an alien on old walls in Britain. It is an old-fashioned garden perennial of easy cultivation. Antirrhinum majus, sown in heat, and forwarded until the general time for planting out, becomes a summer annual, and may be so treated; but under a slower and more hardy regime it may be sown in boxes in August, and pricked off into other boxes and wintered in a frame. So treated, and planted out in well-prepared beds of good friable garden soil, it will become very showy and effective. The “Tom Thumb” or dwarf strain, obtainable in self and mixed colours, is a very valuable plant for bedding. The named sorts are propagated by cuttings, and wintered in a frame. Some of the double-flowered sorts are interesting. There are forms with white, yellow, rose, crimson, magenta, and variously mottled and striped flowers, some of them of great beauty, but the named sorts are too fugitive to make it desirable to record a list.  SNEEK, a town in the province of Friesland, Holland, to the west of Sneek lake, 14 m by rail S.S.W. of Leeuwarden, with which it is also connected by canal. Steam tramways connect it S.E. with Heerenveen and N.W. with Bolsward and Harlingen. Pop. (1900) 12,075. Sneek is one of the great butter and cheese markets of the province. One of the former city gates (1615) remains, and there are a town hall, communal buildings (1863), court-house, weigh-house, synagogue and churches of various denominations, in one of which is the tomb of the naval hero of the 16th century, Lange, or Groote Pier (Long or Great Peter). The horse-fair of Sneek is widely attended, and there is a considerable activity in trade and shipping.  SNEEZING (O. Eng. fnēosung, from fnēosan, to sneeze, cf. Dutch fnlezen, allied to the obsolete neeze, and ultimately to be referred to root seen in Gr. πνεἲν, to breathe; the initial s is due to association with numerous words, such as snort, snuff, snore, &c.), a violent expiration of air from the nose and mouth; it is an involuntary reflex respiratory act; caused by irritation of the nerve-endings of the mucous membrane of the nose or by stimulation of the optic nerve by a bright light. The irritation may be due to the swelling of the nasal mucous membrane, which occurs in catching cold, sneezing being often a premonitory or accompanying symptom, or to foreign bodies in the nose, as by inhalation of snuff or other “errhines” or “sternutatories.” A venerable and widespread belief survives in the custom of saying “God bless you” when a person sneezes. The Hindus say “live,” to which the answer “with you” is given (E.B. Tylor, Primitive Culture, i. 101). A sneeze was considered a sign or omen from the gods by the Greeks and Romans; it was one of the many common everyday occurrences which if coming at an important moment could be interpreted as presaging the future. There are many allusions to it in classical literature, e.g. Homer, Od. xvii. 561, Plutarch, Themist. 13, Xenophon, Anab. iii. 2 and Catullus, Carm. 45. There are references to it

in Rabbinical literature, and it has been found in Otaheite, Florida and the Tonga Islands.  SNELL, HANNAH (1723–1792), the “female soldier,” was born at Worcester on the 23rd of April 1723, being the daughter of a hosier. In order to seek her husband, who had ill-treated and abandoned her, in 1745 she donned man's attire and enlisted as a soldier in Guise's regiment of foot, but soon deserted, and shipped on board the sloop “Swallow” under her brother-in-law's name of James Gray. The “Swallow” sailed in Boscawen's fleet to the East Indies, and took part in the siege of Araapong. Hannah served in the assault on Pondicherry and was wounded, but she succeeded in extracting the bullet without calling in a surgeon. When recovered she served before the mast on the “Tartar” and the “Eltham,” but when paid off she resumed woman's costume. Her adventures were published as The Female Soldier, or the Surprising Adventures of Hannah Snell (1750), and she afterwards gave exhibitions in military uniform in London. She died insane in Bethlehem Hospital on the 8th of February 1792.  SNELL, JOHN (1629–1679), founder of the Snell exhibitions at Oxford, was born in 1629 in Ayrshire, Scotland, the son of a blacksmith. He joined the royalists during the civil war, and fought in several battles, including Worcester. Thereafter he took refuge in Cheshire, where he met Sir Orlando Bridgeman, whose clerk he became, being raised to the offices of court-crier and seal-bearer as his patron was promoted to those of judge and Lord Keeper. Later he was secretary to the Duke of Monmouth and had the management of his Scottish estates. He died at Oxford on the 6th of August 1679, leaving a bequest for sending students from Glasgow University to an Oxford college or hall. The Court of Chancery decided in 1693 that Balliol should receive the beneficiaries.  SNELL, WILLEBRORD (1591–1626), commonly known as, Dutch astronomer and mathematician, was born at Leiden in 1591. In 1613 he succeeded his father Rudolph Snell (1546–1613) as professor of mathematics in the university of Leiden. In 1615 he planned and carried into practice a new method of finding the dimensions of the earth, by determining the distance of one point on its surface from the parallel of another, by means of a triangulation. His work Eratosthenes Batavus, published in 1617, describes the method and gives as the result of his operations between Alkmaar and Bergen-op-Zoom a degree of the meridian equal to 55,100 toises=117,449 yds. (A later recalculation gave 57,033 toises =121,569 yds., after the application of some corrections to the measures indicated by himself.) Snell also distinguished himself as a mathematician, and discovered the law of refraction, in 1621 (see 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Light). He died at Leiden on the 90th of October 1626.

In addition to the Eratosthenes Batavus he published Cyclometria sive de circuli dimensione (1621), and Tiphys Batavus s. Histfiodromice, de navium cursibus et re navali (1624). He also edited Coeli et siderum in eo errantium observationes Hassiacae (1618), containing the astronomical observations of Landgrave William IV. of Hesse. A trigonometry (Doctrina triangulorum,) by him was published a year after his death.  SNIPE (O. Eng. Snite, Icel. Snípa, Dutch Snip, Ger. Schnepfe), one of the commonest Limicoline birds, in high repute no less for the table than for the sport it affords. It is the Scolopax gallinago of Linnaeus, but by later writers it has been separated from that genus, the type of which is the Woodcock (q.v.), and has been named Gallinago caelestis. Though considerable numbers are still bred in the British Islands, notwithstanding the diminished area suitable for them, most of those that fall to the gun are undoubtedly of foreign origin, arriving from Scandinavia towards the close of summer or later, and many will outstay the winter if the weather be not too severe, while the home-bred birds emigrate in autumn to return the following spring. Of later years British markets have been chiefly supplied from abroad, mostly from Holland.

The variegated plumage of the Snipe is subject to no inconsiderable variation, especially in the extent of dark markings on the belly, flanks, and axillaries, while examples are occasionally seen in which no trace of white, and hardly any of buff or grey,<section end="Snipe" />

title: Page:EB1911 - Volume 25.djvu/309


text:
1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Robinson, Edwin Arlington

ROBINSON, EDWIN ARLINGTON (1869–), American poet, was born at Head Tide, Me., Dec. 22 1869. From the public schools of Gardiner, Me., he proceeded in 1891 to Harvard, but withdrew after two years to take a business position in New York City. From 1905 to 1910 he was connected with the N.Y. Customs House, and then returned to Gardiner to devote his time to literature, and especially to poetry. He became a member of the National Institute of Arts and Letters.

His works include The Torrent and the Night After (1896); The Children of the Night (1897); Captain Craig (1902); The Town down the River (1910); Van Zorn (1914, a play); The Porcupine (1915, a play); The Man against the Sky (1916); Merlin (1917); Lancelot (1920); The Three Taverns (1920); Avon's Harvest (1921); Collected Poems (1921).


text:
Author:John Selby Watson

Works

 * The life of George Fox, founder of the Quakers (1860)
 * Sir William Wallace, the Scottish hero: a narrative of his life and actions (1861)
 * The Life of Richard Porson, M. A. (1861)
 * The life of William Warburton, D.D., lord bishop of Gloucester from 1760-1779 (1863)
 * The reasoning power in animals (1867)
 * Biographies of John Wilkes and William Cobbett (1870)

As translator

 * Lucretius On the nature of things. A philosophical poem, in six books (1851) by Lucretius
 * Sallust, Florus, and Velleius Paterculus, literally translated with copious notes and a general index (1852)
 * Historiarum libris duobus (Compendium of the History of Rome) by Marcus Velleius Paterculus
 * Justin, Cornelius Nepos, and Eutropius (1853)
 * The Anabasis, Or Expedition of Cyrus, and the Memorabilia of Socrates (1854) by Xenophon
 * Quintilians Institutes Of Oratory: Or Education Of Anorator (1856) by Quintilian
 * Cicero on oratory and orators (1860) by Cicero
 * The Prometheus Vinctus of Aeschylus (1870) by Aeschylus
 * Lives of the Eminent Commanders (1886) by Cornelius Nepos
 * Xenophon's Minor Works (1891) by Xenophon
 * Conspiracy of Catiline, and The Jugurthine War (1896) by Sallust
 * Abridgement of Roman History by Eutropius

title: Author:John Selby Watson


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Snell, John


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Snell, Willebrord


text: Talk:Conspiracy of Catiline

title: Talk:Conspiracy of Catiline


text:
1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Rolland, Romain

ROLLAND, ROMAIN (1866–), French man of letters, was born at Clamecy, Nièvre, Jan. 29 1866. He was educated at Clamecy, and later in Paris, where he had a distinguished academic career. From 1889-91 he was a member of the French School in Rome, in 1892 went with an archaeological expedition to Italy, and in 1895 was appointed professor of the history of art at the École Normale Supérieure, later occupying the same position at the Sorbonne, where he introduced the study of the history of music. He produced many critical and historical works, among them Histoire de l’Opéra en Europe avant Lulli et Scarlatti (1895); Des Causes de la Décadence de la Peinture italienne (1895); and Le Théâtre du Peuple (1903); besides studies on Millet (1902); Beethoven (1903) and Michel-Ange (1906). His most famous work, however, is the romance of Jean Christophe, the biography of a German musician, one of the most remarkable productions of the present day. The work is in three series, Jean Christophe, Jean Christophe à Paris and La Fin du Voyage. It appeared in 10 volumes, the first, L’Aube, in 1904, and the last, La Nouvelle Journée, in 1912. A series of articles published by Romain Rolland in the Journal de Genève during Sept. and Oct. 1914 created an extremely bad impression in France owing to the “defeatist” attitude of the author. His later works include Au-dessus de la Mélée, of which the ninth edition appeared in 1915; Colas Brangnon, a novel (1918); Les Précurseurs (1919) and Voyage musical aux pays du passé (1919).

See Jan Romein, Romain Rolland (1918); I. Debran, M. R. Rolland, initiateur du défaitisme (1918); W. Kuechler, Romain Rolland (1919).


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sneek

title: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sneek


text:
1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Santayana, George

SANTAYANA, GEORGE (1863-), American philosopher and writer, was born in Madrid, Spain, Dec. 16 1863. At the age of nine he came to America and was educated at Harvard (A.B. 1886; Ph.D. 1889), where he taught from 1889 to 1912 as instructor, assistant professor, and, after 1907, as professor of philosophy. He then retired to devote his time to literary work. In 1905 he was Hyde Lecturer at the Sorbonne. He was a member of the National Institute of Arts and Letters. His chief work is The Life of Reason: or the Phases of Human Progress (1905-6), 5 vols., entitled respectively Reason in Common Sense; Reason in Society; Reason in Religion; Reason in Art and Reason in Science. His other writings include: Sonnets and Other Verses (1894); Lucifer, a Theological Tragedy (1899); Three Philosophical Poets (1910); Winds of Doctrine; Studies in Contemporary Opinion (1913); Egotism in German Philosophy (1916) and Character and Opinion in the United States; with Reminiscences of William James and Josiah Royce, and Academic Life in America (1920).


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1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Synge, John Millington

SYNGE, JOHN MILLINGTON (1871-1909), Irish dramatic author, came of an Anglo-Irish family, which had contributed several bishops to the Irish church. He was born near Dublin April 16 1871. A delicate child, he was left much to himself, and as a youthful member of the Dublin Naturalists' Field Club took long rambles over the Dublin and Wicklow hills. At Trinity College, where he graduated in 1892, he obtained prizes in Irish and Hebrew, and he knew something of several modern languages. At this period his chief interest was in music and he gained a scholarship in counterpoint and harmony in the Royal Irish Academy of Music. A sonnet, moreover, contributed to Kottabos, shows not a little of the accomplishment of verse, as well as his innate passion for primitive things. During the next few years (1893-8), Synge travelled in Germany, Austria, Italy, finally making Paris his headquarters. He managed to spend a third of the year in Paris, a third in the W. of Ireland, and a third in London or Dublin. W. B. Yeats found him in Paris (1898) preoccupied with theories of language and literature, and advised him to return to Ireland. He went to the Aran Is., where he shared the life of the islanders, and he gave an account of it in a series of sketches afterwards collected in the volume, The Aran Islands (1907). In these and other sketches of the same period he had not quite shaken off the obsession of “stylism,” and still had a wish “to do for the W. of Ireland what Pierre Loti had done for the Bretons.” Gradually, however, Ireland got hold of him, and, turning to the dramatization of incidents in the life he now knew intimately, he began to elaborate, partly from his note-books and partly from the writings of Lady Gregory and Dr. Douglas Hyde, that richly imaginative though largely artificial dialect of Anglo-Irish which he carried to its furthest capacities. The Abbey theatre was opened towards the close of 1904, with Synge as one of the directors. He had already produced two one-act plays, In the Shadow of the Glen and Riders to the Sea (1903), of which the first had acquired some notoriety for the author as an affront to Irish morals; he had also written a farcical play, The Tinker's Wedding, which proved a failure when acted (1909) after his death. The beautiful three-act play, The Well of the Saints, produced before a few dozen people in the early months of the Abbey (1905), was regarded as a new affront; and in Jan. 1907, rumour having got about of its subject matter, the performance of The Playboy of the Western World was interrupted by an organized disturbance which continued night after night for a week. This affair, when the merits of the play came to be known, made the fame of the Abbey theatre. Synge's health was now shattered, and with

death in prospect he worked at his fine play Deirdre of the Sorrows, all but completing it before the end came on March 24 1909. Just before he had collected his curious Poems (1900).

Synge appeared at a peculiar moment in the development of Irish literature, which had begun to address a largely increased public, blended of the two main elements of the population. By descent and culture he was of the Anglo-Irish stock, and he really saw the Irish subject matter in the detached spirit of an artist. It was probably something like this that part of his audience detected in the Playboy, and it caused his work for a while to be rejected in his own country. Time, however, has already proved the depth of Synge's insight into the soul of peasant Ireland. The Playboy is by general consent his masterpiece. In this play, the fantastically rich imagery of his dialogue, which elsewhere has often a somewhat monotonous effect, has full dramatic justification; the play has even, like Hamlet, the supreme mark of vitality, that it conveys the suggestion of a permanent human enigma. There are good critics, however, who assign the highest place among his works to Deirdre.

(W. K. M.)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Bellenden, William (d.1633?)


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User talk:Sannita

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text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Bellenden, William (d.1671)


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284 peculiar circumstances in the history of a language have arisen, to cause the rapid and general decay and effacement of ancient forms, as in our language and the Romanic, the process of formative composition; though never wholly extinct, has been found too inactive to repair the losses; they have been made up by syntactical collocation, and the language has taken on a prevailingly analytic character.

These considerations and such as these, I am persuaded, furnish a satisfactory explanation of the preponderating tendency to the use of analytic forms exhibited by modern languages; as they also account for the greatly varying degree in which the tendency exhibits itself. But even should they be found insufficient, this would only throw open for a renewed investigation the question respecting the ground of the tendency; the general facts in the history of earliest development of our languages would still remain sure, beyond the reach of cavil, since they are established by evidence which cannot be gainsaid, contained in the structure of the most ancient forms. We are compelled to believe that the formative processes which we see going on, in decreasing abundance, in the historically recorded ages of linguistic life, are continuations and repetitions of the same constructive acts by which has been built up the whole homogeneous structure of inflective speech.

One more theoretic objection to the doctrine of a primitive Indo-European monosyllabism we may take the time to notice, more on account of the respectability of its source than for any cogency which it in itself possesses. M. Renan, namely, asserts that this doctrine is the product of a mistaken habit of mind, taught us by the artificial scholastic methods of philosophizing, and leading us to regard simplicity as, in the order of time, anterior to complexity; while, in fact, the human mind does not begin with analysis; its first acts being, on the contrary, complex, obscure, synthetic, containing all the parts, indistinctly heaped together. To this claim respecting the character of the mental act we may safely yield a hearty assent; but, instead of inferring


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VII.] from it that "the idea expressed itself at the beginning with its whole array of determinatives and in a perfect unity," and that hence, "in the history of languages, synthesis is primitive, and analysis, far from being the natural form of the human mind, is only the low result of its development," we shall be conducted to a precisely contrary conclusion. The synthetic forms which we are asked to regard as original have not the character of something indistinctly heaped together; they contain the clear and express designation of the radical idea and of its important relations; they represent by a linguistic synthesis the results of a mental analysis. The idea is, indeed, conceived in unity, involving all its aspects and relations; but these cannot be separately expressed until the mind has separated them, until practice in the use of language has enabled it to distinguish them, and to mark each by an appropriate sign. In amabor, the (Latin) word cited as an example of synthesis, are contained precisely the same designations as in the equivalent English analytic phrase, ' I shall be loved: ' ama expresses 'loving;' bo unites future-sign and ending designating the first person; and the r is the sign of passivity. Who can possibly maintain that a system of such forms, gathered about a root, exhibits the results of experience, of developed acuteness, in thought and speech, any less clearly than the analytic forms of our English conjugation? The two are only different methods of expressing the same "array of determinatives." The first synthetic mental act, on the contrary, is truly represented by the bare root: there all is, indeed, confused and indiscrete. The earliest radical words, when first uttered, stood for entire sentences, expressed judgments, as undeniably as the fully elaborated phrases which we now employ, giving every necessary relation its proper designation. It is thus that, even at present, children begin to talk; a radical word or two means in their mouths a whole sentence: up signifies 'take me up into your lap;' go walk, 'I want to go out to walk,' or 'I went to walk,' or various other things, which the circumstances sufficiently explain; but forms, inflections, connectives, signs of tense and mode and condition, they do not learn to use until later, when their minds have acquired