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Zoonomia/II.A

ADDITION I.

 * At the end of the article Canities, in Class I. 2. 2. 11. please to add the following:

As mechanical injury from a percussion, or a wound, or a caustic, is liable to occasion the hair of the part to become grey; so I suspect the compression of parts against each other of some animals in the womb is liable to render the hair of those parts of a lighter colour; as seems often to occur in black cats and dogs. A small terrier bitch now stands by me, which is black on all those parts, which were external, when she was wrapped up in the uterus, teres atque rotunda; and those parts white, which were most constantly pressed together; and those parts tawny, which were generally but less constantly pressed together. Thus the hair of the back from the forehead to the end of the tail is black, as well as that of the sides, and external parts of the legs, both before and behind.

As in the uterus the chin of the whelp is bent down, and lies in contact with the fore part of the neck and breast; the tail is applied close against the division of the thighs behind; the inside of the hinder thighs are pressed close to the sides of the belly, all these parts have white hairs.

The fore-legs in the uterus lie on each side of the face; so that the feet cover part of the temples, and compress the prominent part of the upper eye-brows, but are so placed as to defend the eye-balls from pressure; it is curious to observe, that the hair of the sides of the face, and of the prominent upper eye-brows, are tawny, and of the inside of the feet and legs, which covered them; for as this posture admitted of more change in the latter weeks of gestation, the colour of these parts is not so far removed from black, as of those parts, where the contact or compression was more uniform.

Where this uterine compression of parts has not been so great as to render the hair white in other animals, it frequently happens, that the extremities of the body are white, as the feet, and noses, and tips of the ears of dogs and cats and horses, where the circulation is naturally weaker; whence it would seem, that the capillary glands, which form the hair, are impeded in the first instance by compression, and in the last by the debility of the circulation in them. See Class I. 1. 2. 15.

This day, August 8th, 1794, I have seen a negro, who was born (as he reports) of black parents, both father and mother, at Kingston in Jamaica, who has many large white blotches on the skin of his limbs and body; which I thought felt not so soft to the finger, as the black parts. He has a white divergent blaze from the summit of his nose to the vertex of his head; the upper part of which, where it extends on the hairy scalp, has thick curled hair, like the other part of his head, but quite white. By these marks I supposed him to be the same black, who is described, when only two years old, in the Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, Vol. II. page 292, where a female one is likewise described with nearly similar marks.

The joining of the frontal bones, and the bregma, having been later than that of the other sutures of the cranium, probably gave cause to the whiteness of the hair on these parts by delaying or impeding its growth.

ADDITION II.

The following extract from a letter of Dr. Beddoes on hydrocephalus internus, I esteem a valuable addition to the article on that subject at Class I. 2. 3. 12.

 * "Master L——, aged 9 years, became suddenly ill in the night about a week before I saw him. On the day before the attack, he had taken opening medicines, and had bathed afterwards. He had complained of violently acute pain in his head, shrieked frequently, ground his teeth hard, could not bear to have his head raised from the pillow, and was torpid or deaf. His tongue was white, pulse 110 in the evening and full. As yet the pupil of the eye was irritable, and he had no strabismus. He had been bled with leeches about the head, and blistered. I directed mercurial inunction, and calomel from 3 to 6 grains to be taken at first every six, and afterwards every three hours. This plan produced no sensible effect, and the patient died on the 18th day after the seizure. He had convulsion fits two days preceding his death, and the well-known symptoms of hydrocephalus internus all made their appearance. From what I had seen and read of this disease, I believed it to belong to inflammations, and at an earlier period I should be tempted to bleed as largely as for pneumonia. The fluid found after death in the ventricules of the brain I impute to debility of the absorbents induced by inflammation. My reasons are briefly these; 1. The acuteness of the pain. 2. The state of the pulse. In the above case for the first 9 or 10 days it did not exceed 110, and was full and strong.

 * 3. To find out whether any febrile alternations took place, Master L.'s feet were frequently felt, and they were found at times cold, and at other times of a dry heat. I have many times seen this disease, but the patients were too young, or too far advanced, to inform me, whether they had chillness succeeded by heat at its onset. 4. The disorders to which the young are more peculiarly liable afford a presumption, that hydrocephalus internus is an inflammatory disease; and this is confirmed by the regularity of the period, within which it finishes its course. And lastly, does it not happen more frequently than is suspected from external injury?

 * I have just now been well informed, that Dr. Rush has lately cured five out of six patients by copious bleedings. I relate here the reasons for an opinion without pretending to a discovery. Something like this doctrine may be found in certain modern publications, but it is delivered in that vague and diffuse style, which I trust your example will banish from medical literature."

 * Clifton, near Bristol,
 * July 28, 1795.

To this idea of Dr. Beddoes may be added, that the hydrocele generally succeeds an injury, and consequent inflammation of the bag, which contains it. And that other dropsies, which principally attend inebriates, are consequent to too great action of the mucous membranes by the stimulus of beer, wine, and spirits. And lastly, that as these cases of hydrocephalus end so fatally, a new mode of treating them is much to be desired, and deserves to be seriously attended to.

ADDITION III.

To be placed after the additional Note at the end of Vol. I. on this Subject.

Having reperused the ingenious Essay of Dr. Wells on Single Vision, and his additional observations in the Gentleman's Magazine on the apparent retrogression of objects in vertigo, I am induced to believe, that this apparent retrogression of objects is not always owing to the same cause.

When a person revolves with his eyes closed, till he becomes vertiginous, and then stands still without opening them, he seems for a while to go forward in the same direction. This hallucination of his ideas cannot be owing to ocular spectra, because, as Dr. Wells observes, no such can have been formed; but it must arise from a similar continuance or repetition of ideas belonging to the sense of touch, instead of to the sense of vision; and should therefore be called a tangible, not a visual, vertigo. In common language this belief of continuing to revolve for some time, after he stands still, when a person has turned round for a minute in the dark, would be called a deception of imagination.

Now at this time if he opens his eyes upon a gilt book, placed with other books on a shelf about the height of his eye, the gilt book seems to recede in the contrary direction; though his eyes are at this time kept quite still, as well as the gilt book. For if his eyes were not kept still, other books would fall on them in succession; which, when I repeatedly made the experiment, did not occur; and which thus evinces, that no motion of the eyes is the cause of the apparent retrocession of the gilt book. Why then does it happen?—Certainly from an hallucination of ideas, or in common language the deception of imagination.

The vertiginous person still imagines, that he continues to revolve forwards, after he has opened his eyes; and in consequence that the objects, which his eyes happen to fall upon, are revolving backward; as they would appear to do, if he was actually turning round with his eyes open. For he has been accustomed to observe the motions of bodies, whether apparent or real, so much more frequently by the eye than by the touch; that the present belief of his gyration, occasioned by the hallucinations of the sense of touch, is attended with ideas of such imagined motions of visible objects, as have always accompanied his former gyrations, and have thus been associated with the muscular actions and perceptions of touch, which occurred at the same time.

When the remains of colours are seen in the eye, they are termed ocular spectra; when remaining sounds are heard in the ear, they may be called auricular murmurs; but when the remaining motions, or ideas, of the sense of touch continue, as in this vertigo of a blindfolded person, they have acquired no name, but may be termed evanescent titillations, or tangible hallucinations.

Whence I conclude, that vertigo may have for its cause either the ocular spectra of the sense of vision, when a person revolves with his eyes open; or the auricular murmurs of the sense of hearing, if he is revolved near a cascade; or the evanescent titillations of the sense of touch, if he revolves blindfold. All these I should wish to call vanishing ideas, or sensual motions, of those organs of sense; which, ideas, or sensual motions, have lately been associated in a circle, and therefore for a time continue to be excited. And what are the ideas of colours, when they are excited by imagination or memory, but the repetition of finer ocular spectra? What the idea of sounds, but the repetition of finer auricular murmurs? And what the ideas of tangible objects, but the repetition of finer evanescent titillations?

The tangible, and the auricular, and the visual vertigo, are all perceived by many people for a day or two after long travelling in a boat or coach; the motions of the vessel, or vehicle, or of the surrounding objects, and the noise of the wheels and oars, occur at intervals of reverie, or at the commencement of sleep. See Sect. XX. 5. These ideas, or sensual motions, of sight, of hearing, and of touch, are succeeded by the same effects as the ocular spectra, the auricular murmurs, and the evanescent titillations above mentioned; that is, by a kind of vertigo, and cannot in that respect be distinguished from them. Which is a further confirmation of the truth of the doctrine delivered in Sect. III. of this work, that the colours remaining in the eyes, which are termed ocular spectra, are ideas, or sensual motions, belonging to the sense of vision, which for too long a time continue their activity.

ADDITION IV.

A correspondent acquaints me, that he finds difficulty in understanding how the convulsions of the limbs in epilepsy can be induced by voluntary exertions. This I suspect first to have arisen from the double meaning of the words "involuntary motions;" which are sometimes used for those motions, which are performed without the interference of volition, as the pulsations of the heart and arteries; and at other times for those actions, which occur, where two counter volitions oppose each other, and the stronger prevails; as in endeavouring to suppress laughter, and to stop the shudderings, when exposed to cold. Thus when the poet writes,

———video meliora, proboque, Deteriora sequor.——

The stronger volition actuates the system, but not without the counteraction of unavailing smaller ones; which constitute deliberation.

A second difficulty may have arisen from the confined use of the words "to will," which in common discourse generally mean to choose after deliberation; and hence our will or volition is supposed to be always in our own power. But the will or voluntary power, acts always from motive, as explained in Sect. XXXIV. 1. and in Class IV. 1. 3. 2. and III. 2. 1. 12. which motive can frequently be examined previous to action, and balanced against opposite motives, which is called deliberation; at other times the motive is so powerful as immediately to excite the sensorial power of volition into action, without a previous balancing of opposite motives, or counter volitions. The former of these volitions is exercised in the common purposes of life, and the latter in the exertions of epilepsy and insanity.

It is difficult to think without words, which however all those must do, who discover new truths by reasoning; and still more difficult, when the words in common use deceive us by their twofold meanings, or by the inaccuracy of the ideas, which they suggest.

ADDITION V.

I feel myself much obliged by the accurate attention given to the first volume of Zoonomia, and by the ingenious criticisms bestowed on it, by the learned writers of that article both in the Analytical and English Reviews. Some circumstances, in which their sentiments do not accord with those expressed in the work, I intend to reconsider, and to explain further at some future time. One thing, in which both these gentlemen seem to dissent from me, I shall now mention, it is concerning the manner, in which we acquire the idea of figure; a circumstance of great importance in the knowledge of our intellect, as it shews the cause of the accuracy of our ideas of motion, time, space, number, and of the mathematical sciences, which are concerned in the mensurations or proportions of figure.

This I imagine may have in part arisen from the prepossession, which has almost universally prevailed, that ideas are immaterial beings, and therefore possess no properties in common with solid matter. Which I suppose to be a fanciful hypothesis, like the stories of ghosts and apparitions, which have so long amused, and still amuse, the credulous without any foundation in nature.

The existence of our own bodies, and of their solidity, and of their figure, and of their motions, is taken for granted in my account of ideas; because the ideas themselves are believed to consist of motions or configurations of solid fibres; and the question now proposed is, how we become acquainted with the figures of bodies external to our organs of sense? Which I can only repeat from what is mentioned in Sect. XIV. 2. 2. that if part of an organ of sense be stimulated into action, as of the sense of touch, that part so stimulated into action must possess figure, which must be similar to the figure of the body, which stimulates it.

Another previous prepossession of the mind, which may have rendered the manner of our acquiring the knowledge of figure less intelligible, may have arisen from the common opinion of the perceiving faculty residing in the head; whereas our daily experience shews, that our perception (which consists of an idea, and of the pleasure or pain it occasions) exists principally in the organ of sense, which is stimulated into action; as every one, who burns his finger in the candle, must be bold to deny.

When an ivory triangle is pressed on the palm of the hand, the figure of the surface of the part of the organ of touch thus compressed is a triangle, resembling in figure the figure of the external body, which compresses it. The action of the stimulated fibres, which constitute the idea of hardness and of figure, remains in this part of the sensorium, which forms the sense of touch; but the sensorial motion, which constitutes pleasure or pain, and which is excited in consequence of these fibrous motions of the organ of sense, is propagated to the central parts of the sensorium, or to the whole of it; though this generally occurs in less degree of energy, than it exists in the stimulated organ of sense; as in the instance above mentioned of burning a finger in the candle.

Some, who have espoused the doctrine of the immateriality of ideas, have seriously doubted the existence of a material world, with which only our senses acquaint us; and yet have assented to the existence of spirit, with which our senses cannot acquaint us; and have finally allowed, that all our knowledge is derived through the medium of our senses! They forget, that if the spirit of animation had no properties in common with matter, it could neither affect nor be affected by the material body. But the knowledge of our own material existence being granted, which I suspect few rational persons will seriously deny, the existence of a material external world follows in course; as our perceptions, when we are awake and not insane, are distinguished from those excited by sensation, as in our dreams, and from those excited by volition or by association as in insanity and reverie, by the power we have of comparing the present perceptions of one sense with those of another, as explained in Sect. XIV. 2. 5. And also by comparing the tribes of ideas, which the symbols of pictures, or of languages, suggest to us, by intuitive analogy with our previous experience, that is, with the common course of nature. See Class III. 2. 2. 3. on Credulity.

ADDITION VI.

Please to add the following in page 14, after line 20

Cold and hot Fit.

As the torpor, with which a fit of fever commences, is sometimes owing to defect of stimulus, as in going into the cold-bath; and sometimes to a previous exhaustion of the sensorial power by the action of some violent stimulus, as after coming out of a hot room into cold air; a longer time must elapse, before there can be a sufficient accumulation of sensorial power to produce a hot fit in one case than in the other. Because in the latter case the quantity of sensorial power previously expended must be supplied, before an accumulation can begin.

The cold paroxysm commences, when the torpor of a part becomes so great, and its motions in consequence so slow or feeble, as not to excite the sensorial power of association; which in health contributes to move the rest of the system, which is catenated with it. And the hot fit commences by the accumulation of the sensorial power of irritation of the part first affected, either so as to counteract its deficient stimulus, or its previous waste of sensorial power; and it becomes general by the accumulation of the sensorial power of association; which is excited by the renovated actions of the part first affected; or becomes so great as to overbalance the deficient excitement of it. On all these accounts the hot fit cannot be supposed to bear any proportion to the cold one in length of time, though the latter may be the consequence of the former. See Suppl. I. 16. 8.

ADDITION VII.

To be added at the end of the Species Sudor Calidus, in Class I. 1. 2. 3.

When the heat of the body in weak patients in fevers is increased by the stimulus of the points of flannel, a greater consequent debility succeeds, than when it is produced by the warmth of fire; as in the former the heat is in part owing to the increased activity of the skin, and consequent expenditure of sensorial power; whereas in the latter case it is in part owing to the influx of the fluid matter of heat.

So the warmth produced by equitation, or by rubbing the body and limbs with a smooth brush or hand, as is done after bathing in some parts of the East, does not expend nearly so much sensorial power, as when the warmth is produced by the locomotion of the whole weight of the body by muscular action, as in walking, or running, or swimming. Whence the warmth of a fire is to be preferred to flannel shirts for weak people, and the agitation of a horse to exercise on foot. And I suppose those, who are unfortunately lost in snow, who are on foot, are liable to perish sooner by being exhausted by their muscular exertions; and might frequently preserve themselves by lying on the ground, and covering themselves with snow, before they were too much exhausted by fatigue. See Botan. Garden, Vol. II. the note on Barometz.

ADDITION VIII.

To be added to Class II. 1. 6. 16.

A very interesting account of the puerperal fever, which was epidemic at Aberdeen, has been lately published by Dr. Alexander Gordon. (Robinson, London.) In several dissections of those, who died of this disease, purulent matter was found in the cavity of the abdomen; which he ascribes to an erysipelatous inflammation of the peritonæum, as its principal seat, and of its productions, as the omentum, mesentery, and peritonæal coat of the intestines.

He believes, that it was infectious, and that the contagion was always carried by the accoucheur or the nurse from one lying-in woman to another.

The disease began with violent unremitting pain of the abdomen on the day of delivery, or the next day, with shuddering, and very quick pulse, often 140 in a minute. In this situation, if he saw the patient within 12 or 24 hours of her seizure, he took away from 16 to 24 ounces of blood, which was always sizy. He then immediately gave a cathartic consisting of three grains of calomel, and 40 grains of powder of jalap. After this had operated, he gave an opiate at night; and continued the purging and the opiate for several days.

He asserts, that almost all those, whom he was permitted to treat in this manner early in the disease, recovered to the number of 50; and that almost all the rest died. But that when two or three days were elapsed, the patient became too weak for this method; and the matter was already formed, which destroyed them. Except that he saw two patients, who recovered after discharging a large quantity of matter at the navel. And a few, who were relieved by the appearance of external erysipelas on the extremities.

This disease, consisting of an erysipelatous inflammation, may occasion the great debility sooner to occur than in inflammation of the uterus; which latter is neither erysipelatous, I suppose, nor contagious. And the success of Dr. Gordon's practice seems to correspond with that of Dr. Rush in the contagious fever or plague at Philadelphia; which appeared to be much assisted by early evacuations. One case I saw some time ago, where violent unceasing pain of the whole abdomen occurred a few hours after delivery, with quick pulse; which ceased after the patient had twice lost about eight ounces of blood, and had taken a moderate cathartic with calomel.

This case induces me to think, that it might be safer and equally efficacious, to take less blood at first, than Dr. Gordon mentions, and to repeat the operation in a few hours, if the continuance of the symptoms should require it. And the same in respect to the cathartic, which might perhaps be given in less quantity, and repeated every two or three hours.

Nor should I wish to give an opiate after the first venesection and cathartic; as I suspect that this might be injurious, except those evacuations had emptied the vessels so much, that the stimulus of the opiate should act only by increasing the absorption of the new vessels or fluids produced on the surfaces of the inflamed membranes. In other inflammations of the bowels, and in acute rheumatism, I have seen the disease much prolonged, and I believe sometimes rendered fatal, by the too early administration of opiates, either along with cathartics, or at their intervals; while a small dose of opium given after sufficient evacuations produces absorption only by its stimulus, and much contributes to the cure of the patient. We may have visible testimony of this effect of opium, when a solution of it is put into an inflamed eye; if it be thus used previous to sufficient evacuation, it increases the inflammation; if it be used after sufficient evacuation, it increases absorption only, and clears the eye in a very small time.

I cannot omit observing, from considering these circumstances, how unwise is the common practice of giving an opiate to every woman immediately after her delivery, which must often have been of dangerous consequence.

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 and indeed on any view, it is incredible that an animal should have undergone such momentous and abrupt transformations as those above indicated, and yet should not bear even a trace in its embryonic condition of any sudden modification, every detail in its structure being developed by insensibly fine steps.

He who believes that some ancient form was transformed suddenly through an internal force or tendency into, for instance, one furnished with wings, will be almost compelled to assume, in opposition to all analogy, that many individuals varied simultaneously. It cannot be denied that such abrupt and great changes of structure are widely different from those which most species apparently have undergone. He will further be compelled to believe that many structures beautifully adapted to all the other parts of the same creature and to the surrounding conditions, have been suddenly produced; and of such complex and wonderful co-adaptations, he will not be able to assign a shadow of an explanation. He will be forced to admit that these great and sudden transformations have left no trace of their action on the embryo. To admit all this is, as it seems to me, to enter into the realms of miracle, and to leave those of science.

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 III. THE RISE OF MODERN PHILOSOPHY

E WERE once taught that after having slept soundly through "the Dark Ages," Europe was suddenly awakened in 1453 by the Fall of Constantinople. We now know that it had been light all the while and that Europe had, to say the least, been in a very lively state of somnambulism. We know that for many centuries before 1453 men had been living very intensely and very nobly; and with a seriousness and elevation of thought that have perhaps had no parallel. The age that created Gothic art, and dreamed so splendid a dream as the Holy Roman Empire, can scarcely be said to be lacking in imagination and enlightenment. But that something important happened to the European mind in and about the fifteenth century no scholar is so iconoclastic as to deny. It was not so much an awakening of thought as a change of direction which proved in the sequel to be amazingly fruitful. It may perhaps best be described as a return to the sources. This is characteristic of all of its more notable manifestations, such as the retrospect of antiquity, the reexamination of institutions, and the more direct observation of nature. This turn of thought back to the originals and roots of things, this general freshening up by the admixture of new experiences, had its effects upon every interest and work of man. So there was, among other things, a Renaissance philosophy, which meant chiefly a new study of some ancient philosophy. Pico of Mirandola founded a new cult of Plato; Pomponatius defended the Greek or Alexandrist interpretation of Aristotle against the Averroist and orthodox interpretations; while Montaigne revived the ancient scepticism. But what was more significant for the


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 Rh future of philosophy, came not directly through the influence of the spirit of the age upon philosophy, but through the influence of this spirit first upon science, and, indirectly through science, upon philosophy. The great men of the age, so far as the future of philosophy is concerned, were not Pico and Pomponatius, but Copernicus and Galileo.

Copernicus ventured to assert that the earth moved. He could scarcely have astonished and disturbed men more if he had actually set it moving. The belief in the earth as the firm center of creation, lighted by sun and moon, encircled by celestial spheres, and furnished for the great drama of man's fall and redemption this belief was itself the firm center of all human belief. It seemed impossible to move it without bringing down in ruin that whole grand scheme of things to which man had been fitting himself for centuries, and where he had at length come to feel himself at home. How shall one find a place for God, and a place for man, and how shall they find one another, in a universe with neither beginning nor end, neither center nor boundaries? This was the problem to which the great martyr Bruno devoted himself, and his death in 1600 may well serve as a monument to mark the beginning of modern philosophy. Bruno saw that the world can no longer be divided into terrestrial and celestial regions, with the empyrean beyond. There can be no God above nature, or before or after nature, because nature itself is infinite. The universe is a system of countless worlds, none more divine than the rest. God is therefore not local, but universal; he is the life and beauty of the whole. This idea, recovered by Bruno from Stoicism and Neo-Platonism, and appropriated to the needs of the age which Copernicus had robbed of its ancient landmarks, persisted in the latent pantheism of Descartes and his followers, and in the avowed pantheism of Spinoza, was suffered to lapse during the eighteenth century, was revived again by Lessing and Herder, and became one of the central ideas of the great


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150 Romantic and Hegelian movements in Germany in the nineteenth century.

Copernicus contributed to modern thought an epoch-making hypothesis. Galileo contributed something less definite, but even more germinal a new method. It would be safer to say that he represented two methods, the method of discovery, and the method of exact or mathematical description. He was neither the only discoverer of his age nor the only mathematical physicist, but he was the preeminent embodiment of both of these moving ideas.

In 1610, a year or so after the construction of his telescope, Galileo published his "Sidereal Messenger," "announcing," to quote from the title-page, "great and very wonderful spectacles, and offering them to the consideration of every one, but especially of philosophers and astronomers; which have been observed by Galileo Galilei … by the assistance of a perspective glass lately invented by him; namely, in the face of the moon, in innumerable fixed stars in the milky-way, in nebulous stars, but especially in four planets which revolve round Jupiter at different intervals and periods with a wonderful celerity." This is the Galileo of the telescope, the prophet of an age of discovery. But greater than the Galileo of the telescope is the Galileo who formulated the three laws of motion, and so became the founder of the modern science of dynamics. He explained the fall of bodies to the earth, not by ascribing them to a vague force of gravity, but by formulating exact mathematical ratios of time and distance, so that it was possible to deduce, predict and prove, with quantitative exactness. In other words he brought the clearness and certainty of mathematics into the field of physical events.

Now this twofold influence of Galileo is the most important source of what is new in modern philosophy. Bacon and Locke were philosophical observers, trusting sense above reason, and animated by the spirit of discovery. Descartes, Hobbes, and Spinoza were mathematical philosophers, advocates of reason, not so much concerned at first to widen knowledge as to make it more certain.

Bacon (1561–1626) was the founder of modern "empiricism," or


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Rh the philosophy of sense-experience. He criticized those faults of his age that he thought stood in the way of clear seeing, such faults as verbalism, anthropomorphism, or undue regard for tradition and authority. He formulated a new "Organon" ("Novum Organum" ), a logic and methodology which was to correct and supplement the Aristotelian organon, and afford a basis for scientific procedure. But Bacon was significant not so much for what he formulated as for what he prophesied. He was the first to dream that magnificent dream which has been so largely realized in the course of the last century: the dream of the progressive control of nature through the patient and self-denying study of it. The kingdom of man, the "New Atlantis," is to be founded on knowledge. "Human knowledge and human power meet in one; for where the cause is not known, the effect cannot be produced. Nature to be commanded must be obeyed; and that which in contemplation is as the cause, is in operation as the rule." Observe nature in order that you may use nature, thus converting it into the habitation, instrument, and treasure of man. Here is the supreme maxim of our modern world, and the chief ground of its peculiar confidence and hopefulness.

Descartes and Hobbes were the founders of modern rationalism, but each in a different way. Descartes (1596–1650) found mathematics a model of procedure. In other words, he proposed that men should philosophize after the manner of mathematics. He did not believe that mathematics, with its applications to physics, was itself the highest knowledge. He sought rather to formulate a logic that should be as exact as mathematics, but more fundamental and universal; thus affording a basis for the demonstration of the higher truths concerning God and the soul. The "Discourse on Method" is a record of the author's profound regard for mathematics and of his own search for a like certainty in philosophy. But Hobbes (1588–1679) was a follower of Galileo in a different sense. He proposed not so much to imitate mathematics as to adopt and extend it. He represents that idea which La Place so eloquently proclaimed a century later, and which the work of Newton seemed


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 Rh a general rule, the main body of talcs in Ireland and Scotland bear a very near relation to each other". This principle of selection adds to the importance of the book, which thus gives us a better notion of the vast wealth of Celtic tradition. Some of the illustrations it affords of the fairy superstitions, like that of "Leeam O'Rooney's Burial", are especially valuable. Dr. Hyde's Preface, and Mr. Alfred Nutt's Postscript, contain a discussion deserving of careful consideration concerning the relations of bardic stories, and of heroic sagas in general, to folk-tales. It is to be regretted that Mr. Nutt was unable to comment on the stories themselves so fully as he intended. Perhaps we may hope for a further instalment of tales from Dr. Hyde. So able and conscientious a collector is wanted to gather the folk-lore of Ireland and give it to the world before it vanishes away with the language.

Let me, in conclusion, quote two sentences from an article in the first volume of the, by the late Mr. W. R. S. Ralston, whose loss we have so much cause continually to regret. "It is impossible", he says, "to impress too strongly on collectors the absolute necessity of accurately recording the stories they hear, and of accompanying them by ample references for the sake of verification. The temptation to alter, to piece together, and to improve, is one which many minds find extremely seductive, but yielding to it deprives the result of any value, except for purposes of mere amusement." Would that these golden words could be written on the conscience of every one who goes about to publish a book of folktales! Thirteen years have passed since they were first penned, but, if we may judge by the works mentioned in this report, how few have yet taken them to heart!

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152 so nearly to realize, the idea of a universal mechanism, in which the laws of bodily motion should apply even to the origins of nature and to man. It was hoped thus to bring it about that all things should be as demonstrably known, and as certainly predictable, as the velocities and orbits of the planets. To this end the author of "The Leviathan" regards both man and society, the little man and the giant composite man, as simply delicate and complicated mechanisms, moved by an impulse of self-seeking.

These, then, are the three forms in which the science of the Renaissance as embodied in Galileo is communicated to modern philosophy. Bacon, Descartes, and Hobbes became in turn the sources of the new tendencies that make up the philosophy of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. The empiricism of Bacon was renewed in Locke, who applied "the plain historical method" to the study of the human mind; continued by Berkeley, who reduced even being to perception ("esse est, percipi"); was brought to a sceptical crisis in Hume; but persisted as the national philosophy of England. The rationalism of Descartes afforded a basis for the great metaphysical systems of Continental philosophy, for the monism of Spinoza and the pluralism of Leibnitz; was degraded to a mere formalism and dogmatism in Wolff; but nevertheless persisted in the new idealistic German philosophy which was inspired by Kant. The physical philosophy of Hobbes, mingled with similar elements drawn from the philosophies of Locke and Descartes, developed into the French materialistic movement which attended the outbreak of the Revolution, and remains the model for all philosophers who seek to make a metaphysics out of physics. The forms which these three tendencies assumed during the eighteenth century, and especially their excessive emphasis on facts and necessities, provoked the great reaction which bore fruit in the following century, but which was already anticipated in Pascal's philosophy of faith, in Rousseau's philosophy of feeling, and in Lessing's philosophy of development.


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 IV. INTRODUCTION TO KANT

T IS generally admitted that Kant is one of the great epoch-making philosophers, like Socrates and Descartes. There are two things that are universally true of intellectual epoch-makers: first, they embody in themselves certain general tendencies of their age, which are usually due to a reaction against the more pronounced tendencies of the previous age; second, their thought is peculiarly germinal, and among their followers assumes a maturer form, in which the originators would scarcely recognize it as their own. Let us consider these two aspects of the philosophy of Kant.

From among the pronounced tendencies of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries I shall select two for special emphasis. In the first place, it was characteristic of these two centuries to isolate and over-emphasize either one or the other of the two great sources of human knowledge, sense-perception or reason. Locke and his followers attempted to convert reason into a mere echo of sense; while for Descartes and his followers, sense was always viewed with suspicion as confusing the intellect, or as supplying only an inferior sort of knowledge which must yield precedence to "rational science." Extreme sensationalism or empiricism seemed to have reached an impasse in Hume; while rationalism degenerated into formalism and word-making in Wolff. Thus Kant's greatest work, the "Critique of Pure Reason" (1789), was an attempt to correct these extreme views by making the necessary provision for both sense-perception and reason. Perception without conception, he said, is blind; while conception without perception is empty. Kant's critique was aimed first at excessive emphasis on sense-perception. He showed that the bare sequence of sense-impressions can never yield the connections, necessities, unities, laws, etc., which are required for science. The


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Zoonomia/II.Index

INDEX OF THE CLASSES.

 * A.

 * Abortion, i. 2. 1. 14.
 * —— from fear, iv. 3. 1. 7.
 * —— not from epilepsy, iii. 1. 1. 7.
 * —— not from hepatitis, ii. 1. 2. 12.
 * Absorption of solids, i. 2. 2. 14.
 * —— of matter, ii. 1. 6. 2. and 6.
 * —— cellular, iv. 1. 1. 6.
 * —— from the lungs, iv. 3. 1. 5. Suppl. i. 8. 6.
 * Abstinence of young ladies, ii. 2. 2. 1.
 * Accumulation of feces, ii. 2. 2. 7.
 * Acupuncture, iii. 1. 1. 8.
 * Adipsia, ii. 2. 2. 2.
 * Ægritudo ventriculi, i. 2. 4. 4.
 * —— See Sickness.
 * Agrypnia. See Vigilia.
 * Ague-cakes, Suppl. i. 2. 3.
 * Alum in ulcers of the mouth, ii. 1. 3. 1.
 * Ambition, iii. 1. 2. 9.
 * Amaurosis, i. 2. 5. 5.
 * Anasarca of the lungs, i. 2. 3. 16.
 * Anger, iii. 1. 2. 17.
 * Anger, tremor of, iv. 2. 3. 4.
 * —— blush of, iv. 2. 3. 5.
 * Angina. See Tonsillitis.
 * —— pectoris. See Asthma painful.
 * Anhelitus, ii. 1. 1. 4.
 * Anhelatio spasmodica, i. 3. 3. 3.
 * Annulus repens, ii. 1. 5. 10.
 * Anorexia, ii. 2. 2. 1.
 * —— maniacalis, Suppl. i. 14. 3.
 * —— epileptica, ii. 2. 2. 1. iii. 1. 1. 7.
 * Apepsia, i. 3. 1. 3. Suppl. i. 8. 11.
 * Aphtha, ii. 1. 3. 17.
 * Apoplexy, iii. 2. 1. 16.
 * Appetite defective, ii. 2. 2. 1.
 * —— depraved, iii. 1. 2. 19.
 * —— from abstinence, ii. 2. 2. 1.
 * —— destroyed, iii. 1. 2. 20.
 * —— from epilepsy, ii. 2. 2. 1.
 * Arm, pain of, iv. 2. 2. 13.
 * —— palsy of, iii. 2. 1. 4.
 * Arsenic in tooth-ach, i. 2. 4. 12.
 * —— in head-ach, i. 2. 4. 11.
 * Arthrocele, ii. 1. 4. 17.
 * Arthropuosis, ii. 1. 4. 18.
 * Arthritis. See Gout.
 * Ascarides, i. 1. 4. 12. iv. 1. 2. 9.
 * Ascites, i. 2. 3. 13.
 * Associations affected four ways, iv. 1. 1. G.
 * —— how produced, iv. 1. 1. H.
 * —— distinct from catenations, iv. 1. 1. A.
 * —— three kinds of, iv. 1. 1. B.
 * —— tertian, iv. 1. 1. K.
 * —— of the fauces and pubis, iv. 1. 2. 7.
 * —— sensitive, a law of, iv. 2. 2. 2.
 * —— sensitive iv. 2. 1.
 * —— accumulates, Suppl. i. 8. 3. i. 11. 4.
 * Asthma humoral, ii. 1. 1. 7. i. 3. 2. 8.
 * —— of infants, i. 1. 3. 4.
 * —— convulsive, iii. 1. 1. 10.
 * —— painful, iii. 1. 1. 11.
 * Auditus acrior, i. 1. 5. 2.
 * —— imminutus, i. 2. 5. 6.
 * Azote, Suppl. i. 9. 3. i. 11. 6.

 * B.

 * Bandages, ill effect of, ii. 1. 1. 12.
 * —— promote absorption, i. 1. 3. 13.
 * Bath, cold, i. 2. 2. 1.
 * —— warm, Addit. vii.
 * Beauty, iii. 1. 2. 4.
 * —— loss of, iii. 1. 2. 12.
 * Bile-duct, pain of, iv. 2. 2. 4.
 * Bile crystalized, i. 1. 3. 8.
 * Bitter taste, i. 1. 3. 1.
 * —— not from bile, i. 1. 3. 1.
 * Bleeding. See Hæmorrhage.
 * Bladder, distention of, ii. 2. 2. 6.
 * —— stone of, i. 1. 3. 10.
 * —— catarrh of, ii. 1. 4. 11.
 * Blindness, i. 2. 5. 5.
 * Blush of anger, iv. 2. 3. 5. Suppl. i. 12. 7.
 * —— of guilt, iv. 2. 3. 6. Suppl. i. 12. 7.
 * Bones, innutrition of, i. 2. 2. 14.
 * —— caries of, ii. 1. 4. 19.
 * Borborigmus, i. 3. 1. 9.
 * Bougies, ii. 1. 4. 11.
 * Brachiorum paralysis, iii. 2. 1. 4.
 * Brain stimulated, Suppl. i. 16. 9.
 * Bronchocele, i. 2. 3. 20.
 * Burns, i. 1. 3. 13.
 * Butterflies, experiment on, i. 1. 2. 3.

 * C.

 * Cacositia, iii. 1. 2. 20.
 * Calculi productio, i. 1. 3. 9. ii. 1. 2. 14.
 * —— renis, i. 1. 3. 9. iv. 2. 3. 3.
 * —— vesicæ, i. 1. 3. 10. iv. 2. 2. 2.
 * Callico shirts, i. 1. 2. 3.
 * Callus, i. 2. 2. 12.
 * Canities. See Hair grey.
 * Calor febrilis, i. 1. 2. 1.
 * Calves fed on gruel, i. 1. 2. 5.
 * —— hydatides of, i. 2. 5. 4.
 * Cancer, ii. 1. 4. 16. ii. 1. 6. 13.
 * Cantharides, large dose of, iv. 2. 2. 2.
 * Carbonic acid gas, Suppl. i. 9. 3.
 * Cardialgia, i. 2. 4. 5.
 * Carcinoma, ii. 1. 4. 16. ii. 1. 6. 13.
 * Caries ossium, ii. 1. 4. 19.
 * Cataract, i. 2. 2. 13.
 * Catarrh, warm, i. 1. 2. 7.
 * —— cold, i. 2. 3. 3.
 * —— lymphatic, i. 3. 2. 1.
 * —— sensitive, ii. 1. 3. 5.
 * —— epidemic, ii. 1. 3. 6.
 * —— of dogs and horses, ii. 1. 3. 6.
 * —— from cold skin, iv. 1. 1. 5.
 * —— periodic, iv. 3. 4. 1.
 * Catamenia, i. 2. 1. 11. iv. 2. 4. 7.
 * Catalepsis, iii. 2. 1. 9.
 * Cats, mumps of, ii. 1. 3. 4.
 * Cephalæa frigida, i. 2. 4. 11. iv. 2. 2. 7.
 * Charcoal tooth-powder, i. 2. 4. 12.
 * Cheek, torpor of, iv. 2. 2. 1.
 * Chicken pox, ii. 1. 3. 15.
 * Chin-cough, ii. 1. 3. 8.
 * Child-bed fever, ii. 1. 6. 16.
 * Children, new born, ii. 1. 1. 12.
 * —— gripes and purging of, i. 1. 2. 5.
 * Chlorosis, i. 2. 3. 10. Suppl. i. 8. 11.
 * Chorea St. Viti, iv. 2. 3. 2.
 * Citta, iii. 1. 2. 19.
 * Clamor, iii. 1. 1. 3.
 * Clavicular animals, ii. 1. 2. 6.
 * Clavus hystericus, iv. 2. 2. 8.
 * Claudicatio coxaria, i. 2. 2. 17.
 * Cold in the head_ See Catarrh.
 * Colic, flatulent, i. 2. 4. 7.
 * —— from lead, i. 2. 4. 8.
 * —— hysteric, i. 2. 4. 7. iii. 1. 1. 8.
 * Cold air in fevers, iii. 2. 1. 12. iv. 2. 4. 11.
 * —— effects of, iii. 2. 1. 17.
 * —— how to be used, iv. 1. 1. 4.
 * Compassion, iii. 1. 2. 24.
 * Consumption, ii. 1. 6. 7.
 * Convulsion, iii. 1. 1. 5.
 * —— weak, iii. 1. 1. 5.
 * —— from bad air, iii. 1. 1. 5.
 * —— painful, iii. 1. 1. 6. iv. 2. 4. 5.
 * Consternation, i. 1. 5. 11.
 * Constipation, i. 1. 3. 5. ii. 2. 2. 7.
 * Contagious matter of two kinds, ii. 1. 3.
 * —— is oxygenated, ii. 1. 5.
 * —— produces fever, how, Suppl. i. 16. 7.
 * Cornea to perforate, i. 1. 3. 14.
 * —— scars of seen on milk, i. 1. 3. 14.
 * Corpulency, i. 2. 3. 17.
 * Coryza. See Catarrh.
 * Costiveness, i. 1. 3. 5. ii. 2. 2. 7.
 * Cough of drunkards, ii. 1. 1. 5.
 * —— hooping, ii. 1. 3. 8.
 * —— hepatic, iv. 2. 1. 8.
 * —— gouty, iv. 2. 1. 9.
 * —— periodic, iv. 2. 4. 6. iv. 3. 4. 2.
 * —— from cold feet, iv. 2. 1. 7.
 * Cows, pestilence of, ii. 1. 3. 13.
 * —— bloody urine of, ii. 1. 3. 13.
 * Cramp, iii. 1. 1. 13.
 * —— painful, iii. 1. 1. 14.
 * —— in diarrhœa, iv. 1. 2. 10.
 * Crab-lice, i. 1. 4. 14.
 * Credulity, iii. 2. 2. 3.
 * Crines novi, i. 1. 2. 15.
 * Croup, i. 1. 3. 4. ii. 1. 2. 4. ii. 1. 3. 3.
 * Crusta lactea, ii. 1. 5. 12.
 * Cutis arida, i. 1. 3. 6.
 * Cynanche. See Tonsillitis.
 * —— parotidæa. See Parotitis.

 * D.

 * Darkness in fevers, i. 2. 5. 3.
 * Deafness, two kinds of, i. 2. 5. 6.
 * Debility, three kinds of, i. 2. 1.
 * —— and strength metaphors, i. 2. 1.
 * Decussation of nerves, iii. 2. 1. 10.
 * Deglutition, ii. 1. 1. 1.
 * —— involuntary, iv. 1. 3. 1.
 * Dentition, i. 1. 4. 5.
 * Dentium dolor a stridore, iv. 1. 2. 3.
 * Descent of the uterus, i. 1. 4. 8.
 * Diabetes, i. 3. 2. 6.
 * —— foul tongue in, i. 1. 3. 1.
 * —— irritative, iv. 3. 1. 1.
 * —— from fear, iv. 3. 1. 3.
 * Diarrhœa warm, i. 1. 2. 5.
 * —— of infants, i. 1. 2. 5.
 * —— lymphatic, i. 3. 2. 4.
 * —— chyliferous, i. 3. 2. 5.
 * —— cold, i. 2. 3. 6.
 * —— rheumatic, iv. 1. 2. 16.
 * —— from fear, iv. 3. 1. 4.
 * —— from toothing, iv. 2. 2. 14.
 * —— in fevers, Suppl. i. 2. 4.
 * —— cure of, iv. 1. 1. f.
 * Digestion increased by cold, iv. 1. 1. 4.
 * —— decreased by cold, iv. 2. 1. 6.
 * Dilirium febrile, ii. 1. 7. 1.
 * —— of drunkenness, ii. 1. 7. 3.
 * —— maniacal, ii. 1. 7. 2.
 * —— in parotitis, iv. 1. 2. 19.
 * Diluents, use of, ii. 1. 2. 1.
 * Distention of the nipples, ii. 1. 7. 10. iv. 1. 2. 7.
 * Diuretics useless in dropsy, i. 1. 3. 7.
 * Dizziness. See Vertigo.
 * Dogs, catarrh of, ii. 1. 3. 6.
 * Dolor digiti sympathet, iv. 2. 2. 12.
 * —— ductus choledochi, iv. 2. 2. 4.
 * —— humeri in hepatitide, iv. 2. 2. 9.
 * —— pharyngis ab acido, iv. 2. 2. 5.
 * —— testium nephriticus, iv. 2. 2. 11.
 * —— urens, i. 1. 5. 10.
 * Dracunculus, i. 1. 4. 13.
 * Dreams, ii. 1. 7. 4.
 * Dropsy of the brain, i. 2. 3. 12.
 * —— of the belly, i. 2. 3. 13.
 * —— of the chest, i. 2. 3. 14.
 * —— of the ovary, i. 2. 3. 15.
 * —— of the lungs, i. 2. 3. 16.
 * —— of the scrotum, i. 2. 3. 11.
 * Dysentery, ii. 1. 3. 18.
 * Dysmenorrhagia, i. 2. 1. 12.
 * Dyspnœa from cold bath, iv. 2. 1. 5.
 * —— rheumatica, iv. 1. 2. 16.
 * Dyspepsia, i. 3. 1. 3.
 * —— a frigore, iv. 2. 1. 6.
 * Dysuria insensitiva, ii. 2. 2. 6.

 * E.

 * Ears, discharge behind, i. 1. 2. 9.
 * —— noise in them, iv. 2. 1. 15.
 * Ear-ach, iv. 2. 2. 8.
 * Ebrietas, i. 1. 1. 2.
 * Education, iii. 2. 1. 8. iii. 1. 2. 24.
 * —— heroic, iii. 1. 2. 25.
 * Egg boiled for inflamed eyes, ii. 1. 4. 1.
 * —— boiled soonest, Suppl. i. 7.
 * —— life of, iv. 1. 4. 1.
 * Electric shocks, iv. 1. 4. 5.
 * Electrized zinc and silver, i. 2. 5. 5.
 * —— in paralysis, ii. 1. 1. 9.
 * —— in scrophula, i. 2. 3. 21.
 * —— in hoarseness, iii. 2. 1. 5.
 * Empyema, ii. 1. 6. 4.
 * Enteralgia rheumatica, iv. 1. 2. 16.
 * Enteritis, ii. 1. 2. 11.
 * —— superficialis, ii. 1. 3. 20.
 * Epilepsy, iii. 1. 1. 7. iv. 3. 1. 6.
 * —— painful, iii. 1. 1. 8. iv. 2. 4. 4.
 * —— terminates with sleep, iii. 1. 1.
 * —— in parturition, iii. 1. 1. 7.
 * —— with indigestion, ii. 2. 2. 1.
 * Epistaxis. See Hæmorraghia.
 * Epoulosis. See Cicatrix.
 * Erotomania, iii. 1. 2. 4.
 * Eructation, voluntary, iv. 3. 3. 3.
 * Eruption of small-pox, iv. 1. 2. 12. iv. 2. 2. 10.
 * Erysipelas, iv. 1. 2. 17. ii. 1. 3. 2. iv. 2. 4. 10.
 * —— seldom suppurates, why, ii. 1. 3. 2.
 * Esuries, i. 2. 4. 2.
 * Evil, i. 2. 3. 21.
 * Expectoration, warm, i. 1. 2. 8.
 * —— solid, i. 1. 3. 4.
 * —— cold, i. 2. 3. 4.
 * Exsudation behind the ears, i. 1. 2. 9.
 * Eyes, blue under the, i. 2. 2. 2. ii. 1. 4. 4.
 * Eyelid inverted, cure of, ii. 1. 1. 8.
 * —— coloured with antimony, ii. 1. 4. 3.

 * F.

 * Face, pimpled, ii. 1. 4. 6.
 * —— red after meals, Suppl. i. 12. 7.
 * —— flushed after dinner, iv. 1. 1. 1.
 * Fat people why short breathed, ii. 1. 1. 4.
 * Fear, syncope from, i. 2. 1. 4.
 * —— abortion from, iv. 3. 1. 7.
 * —— produces absorption, ii. 1. 6. 4.
 * —— paleness in, iv. 3. 1. 5.
 * —— of death, iii. 1. 2. 14.
 * —— of hell, iii. 1. 2. 15.
 * —— of poverty, iii. 1. 2. 13.
 * Feet cold produces heartburn. Suppl. i. 8. 5.
 * —— fetid, i. 1. 2. 14.
 * —— cold in small-pox, iv. 2. 2. 10.
 * Fevers, five kinds, ii. 1. 2. Suppl. i. 1. 2.
 * —— irritative, i. 1. 1. 1. iv. 1. 1. 8.
 * —— inirritative, i. 2. 1. 1. iv. 2. 1. 19. Suppl. i. 1. 2.
 * —— sensitive, ii. 1. 6. 1.
 * —— sensitive irritated, ii. 1. 2. 1.
 * —— sensitive inirritated, ii. 1. 3. 1.
 * —— intermit, why, Suppl. i.
 * —— continue, why, Suppl. i.
 * —— periods of, iv. 2. 4. 11.
 * —— simple, Suppl. i. 1.
 * —— compound, Suppl. i. 2.
 * —— termination of cold fit, Suppl. i. 3.
 * —— return of cold fit, Suppl. i. 4.
 * —— sensation in, Suppl. i. 5.
 * —— circles of motions in, Suppl. i. 6.
 * —— cold and hot fits, Suppl. i. 7.
 * —— continued, Suppl. i. 8.
 * —— torpor of lungs in, Suppl. i. 9. 1.
 * —— not determinable in cold fit, i. 1. 1. 1.
 * —— frequency of pulse in, i. 1. 1. 1.
 * —— not an effort to cure, i. 1. 2. 3.
 * —— puerperal, ii. 1. 6. 16. i. 2. 4. 9.
 * —— from inclosed matter, ii. 1. 6. 2.
 * —— from aerated matter, ii. 1. 6. 6.
 * —— from contagious matter, ii. 1. 6. 11.
 * —— from contagious sanies, ii. 1. 6. 15.
 * —— torpor of the stomach, Suppl. i. 12.
 * —— case of, Suppl. i. 13.
 * —— termination of, Suppl. i. 14.
 * —— inflammation excited, Suppl. i. 15.
 * —— returns of, Suppl. i. 4.
 * —— when cold air in, Suppl. i. 2. 2.
 * —— sympathetic, theory of, Suppl. i.
 * —— duration of explained, Suppl. i. 2. 5.
 * Fingers, playing with, iv. 1. 3. 4.
 * —— pain of, iv. 2. 2. 12.
 * Fish live longer with injured brain, i. 2. 5. 10.
 * Fistula in ano, ii. 1. 4. 10.
 * —— lacrymalis, ii. 1. 4. 9.
 * —— urethra, ii. 1. 4. 11.
 * Flannel shirt in diarrhœa, iv. 1. 1. 3.
 * —— injurious in summer, i. 1. 2. 3.
 * Fluor albus warm, i. 1. 2. 11.
 * —— cold, i. 2. 3. 7.
 * Frigus febrile, i. 2. 2. 1.
 * —— chronicum, i. 2. 2. 1.

 * G.

 * Gall-stone, i. 1. 3. 8.
 * Gangreen, ii. 1. 6. 17.
 * Gargles, ii. 1. 3. 3.
 * Gastritis, ii. 1. 2. 10.
 * —— superficialis, ii. 1. 3. 19.
 * Genu tumor albus, i. 2. 3. 19.
 * Gleet. See Gonorrhœa.
 * Globus hystericus, i. 3. 1. 7.
 * Gonorrhœa warm, i. 1. 2. 10.
 * —— cold, i. 2. 3. 8.
 * Gout, iv. 1. 2. 15. iv. 2. 4. 9.
 * —— of the liver, ii. 1. 1. 7.
 * —— cases of, iv. 1. 2. 15.
 * —— cough, iv. 2. 1. 9.
 * —— of the stomach, i. 2. 4. 6.
 * —— hæmorrhage in, i. 1. 1. 4.
 * Grace defined, iii. 1. 2. 4.
 * Gravel distinguished from salts, i. 1. 3. 10.
 * Gravitation, iv. 2. 4.
 * Green-sickness. See Chlorosis.
 * Grief, iii. 1. 2. 10.
 * Gripes of children, i. 1. 2. 5. iv. 2. 1. 3.
 * Gustus acrior, i. 1. 5. 4.
 * —— imminutus, i. 2. 5. 8.
 * Gutta rosea, ii. 1. 4. 6. iv. 1. 2. 13. and 14.
 * —— serena, i. 2. 5. 5.

 * H.

 * Hæmorrhage arterial, i. 1. 1. 3.
 * —— of the lungs, i. 1. 1. 4.
 * —— of the nose, i. 1. 1. 5.
 * —— venous, i. 2. 1. 5.
 * —— of the rectum, i. 2. 1. 6.
 * —— of the kidnies, i. 2. 1. 7.
 * —— of the liver, i. 2. 1. 8.
 * Hæmoptoe arterial, i. 1. 1. 4.
 * —— venous, i. 2. 1. 9.
 * Hæmorrhois cruenta, i. 2. 1. 6. iv. 2. 4. 8.
 * —— alba, i. 1. 2. 12.
 * Hair, grey, i. 2. 2. 11.
 * —— new, i. 1. 2. 15.
 * —— white by uterine pressure, Addit. i.
 * Hallucination of sight, ii. 1. 7. 5.
 * —— of hearing, ii. 1. 7. 6.
 * —— maniacal, iii. 1. 2. 1.
 * —— studiosa, iii. 1. 2. 2.
 * Harrogate water fact, i. 1. 4. 12.
 * Head-ach. See Hemicrania and Cephalæa.
 * Hearing acuter, i. 1. 5. 2.
 * —— diminished, i. 2. 5. 6.
 * Heart-burn, i. 2. 4. 5.
 * Heart stimulated, Suppl. i. 11. 7. i. 16. 9.
 * Heat, animal, i. 1. 2. 1. i. 1. 2. 3.
 * —— sense of acuter, i. 1. 5. 6.
 * —— elemental, iv. 2. 4.
 * —— hectic lessened by swinging, iv. 2. 1. 10.
 * —— not perceived by the lungs, iii. 1. 1. 10.
 * —— not estimated by thermometers, Suppl. i. 7.
 * —— of the breath, Suppl. i. 2. 2.
 * Hemicrania, iv. 2. 2. 8. iv. 2. 4. 3.
 * —— relieved by mercury, iv. 2. 2. 8.
 * Hemiplegia, iii. 2. 1. 10.
 * Hepatis tumor, i. 2. 3. 9.
 * Hepatitis, ii. 1. 2. 12.
 * —— chronica, ii. 1. 4. 12.
 * Herpes, ii. 1. 5. 8.
 * —— nephritica, iv. 1. 2. 11.
 * Hiccough, ii. 1. 1. 6. iv. 1. 1. 7.
 * Hip-joint injured, i. 2. 2. 17.
 * Hoarseness, ii. 1. 3. 5. iii. 2. 1. 5.
 * Horses, broken wind of, i. 2. 4. 9.
 * Humectation of the body, iv. 1. 4. 7.
 * Hunger, i. 2. 4. 2.
 * Hydatides in calves, i. 2. 5. 4.
 * Hydrocele, i. 2. 3. 11.
 * Hydrocephalus inter, i. 2. 3. 12. i. 2. 5. 4. iii. 2. 1. 10.
 * —— from inflammation, Addit. ii.
 * Hydrogene gas. Suppl. i. 9. 3. i. 11. 6.
 * —— in fevers, Suppl. i. 11. 6. i. 16. 9.
 * Hydrothorax, i. 2. 3. 14. case of, iv. 2. 2. 13.
 * Hydro-carbonate gas, Suppl. i. 9. 1. Suppl. i. 15. 3.
 * Hydrops ovarii, i. 2. 3. 15.
 * Hydrophobia, i. 3. 1. 11. iii. 1. 1. 15. iv. 1. 2. 7.
 * Hypochondriasis, i. 2. 4. 10.
 * Hysteralgia frigida, i. 2. 4. 17.
 * Hysteria, i. 3. 1. 10. Suppl. i. 8. 11.
 * —— from fear, iv. 3. 1. 8.
 * —— from cold, iv. 3. 4. 3.
 * —— convulsions in, iii. 1. 1. 5.
 * —— laughter in, iii. 1. 1. 5.
 * Hysteritis, ii. 1. 2. 16.

 * I.

 * Jactitatio, iii. 1. 1. 1.
 * Jaundice, i. 1. 3. 8. i. 2. 4. 19.
 * Icterus, i. 1. 3. 8. i. 2. 4. 19.
 * Ileus, i. 3. 1. 6. ii. 1. 2. 11.
 * Impotentia, ii. 2. 2. 3.
 * Indigestion, i. 3. 1. 3.
 * —— See Anorexia and Apepsia.
 * —— from cold feet, iv. 2. 1. 6. Sup. i. 8. 5.
 * Incubus, iii. 2. 1. 13.
 * Infants, green stools of, i. 1. 2. 5.
 * —— new born, ii. 1. 1. 12.
 * Inflammation of the eye, ii. 1. 2. 2.
 * —— superficial, ii. 1. 4. 1.
 * —— of the brain, ii. 1. 2. 3.
 * —— of the lungs, ii. 1. 2. 4.
 * —— superficial, ii. 1. 3. 7.
 * —— of the pleura, ii. 1. 2. 5.
 * —— of the diaphragm, ii. 1. 2. 6.
 * —— of the heart, ii. 1. 2. 7.
 * —— of the peritoneum, ii. 1. 2. 8.
 * —— of the mesentery, ii. 1. 2. 9.
 * —— of the stomach, ii. 1. 2. 10.
 * —— superficial, ii. 1. 3. 19.
 * —— of the bowels, ii. 1. 2. 11.
 * —— superficial, ii. 1. 3. 20.
 * —— of the liver, ii. 1. 2. 12.
 * —— chronical, ii. 1. 4. 12.
 * —— of the spleen, ii. 1. 2. 13. Sup. i. 16. 6.
 * —— of the kidnies, ii. 1. 2. 14.
 * —— of the bladder, ii. 1. 2. 15.
 * —— of the womb, ii. 1. 2. 16.
 * —— of the tonsils, ii. 1. 3. 3.
 * —— of the parotis, ii. 1. 3. 4.
 * Inirritability of lacteals, i. 2. 3. 26.
 * —— of lymphatics, i. 2. 3. 27.
 * —— of the gall-bladder, i. 2. 4. 19.
 * —— of the kidney, i. 2. 4. 20.
 * —— of the spleen, Suppl. i. 16. 6.
 * —— vicissitudes of, i. 1. 1.
 * Inoculation, ii. 1. 3. 9.
 * Innutrition of bones, i. 2. 2. 14.
 * Insanity, quick pulse in, iii. 1. 1.
 * —— from parturition, iii. 1. 2.
 * —— with fever, iii. 1. 2.
 * —— cure of, iii. 1. 2.
 * —— confinement in, iii. 1. 2.
 * Insensibility, ii. 2. 1. 1.
 * Ira, iii. 1. 2. 17.
 * Ischias, ii. 1. 2. 18. i. 2. 4. 15.
 * Issues, use of, i. 1. 2. 9. iii. 1. 1. 11.
 * Itch, ii. 1. 5. 6.
 * Itching, i. 1. 5. 9.
 * —— of the nose, iv. 2. 2. 6.

 * L.

 * Lacrymarum fluxus sym. iv. 1. 2. 1.
 * Lameness of the hip, i. 2. 2. 17.
 * Lassitude, iii. 2. 1. 1.
 * Laughter, iv. 2. 3. 3. iii. 1. 1. 4. iv. 1. 3. 3.
 * —— See Risus.
 * Leg, one shorter, i. 2. 2. 17.
 * Lepra, ii. 1. 5. 3.
 * Lethargus, iii. 2. 1. 14.
 * Lethi timor, iii. 1. 2. 14.
 * Lice, i. 1. 4. 15.
 * Lientery, i. 2. 3. 6.
 * Light debilitates in fevers, i. 2. 5. 3.
 * Lingua arida, i. 1. 3. 1. iv. 2. 4. 11.
 * Liver, torpor of, i. 2. 2. 6.
 * —— tumor of, i. 2. 3. 9.
 * —— inflamed, ii. 1. 2. 12.
 * Lochia nimia, i. 2. 1. 13.
 * Locked jaw, iii. 1. 1. 13.
 * Love, sentimental, iii. 1. 2. 4.
 * Lues venerea, ii. 1. 5. 2.
 * —— imaginaria, iii. 1. 2. 21.
 * Lumbago, ii. 1. 2. 17. iii. 1. 1. 1.
 * —— cold, i. 2. 4. 16.
 * Lumbricus, i. 1. 4. 10.
 * Lunar influence on the solids, i. 2. 1. 11.
 * Lungs, adhesions of, ii. 1. 2. 5.
 * —— not sensible to heat, iii. 1. 1. 10.
 * Lusus digitorum invitus, iv. 1. 3. 4.

 * M.

 * Maculæ vultus, i. 2. 2. 10.
 * Madness, mutable, iii. 1. 2. 1.
 * Mammarum tumor, iv. 1. 2. 19.
 * Mammularum tensio, iv. 1. 2. 6. i. 1. 4. 7.
 * Mania mutabilis, iii. 1. 2. 1.
 * Matter variolous, ii. 1. 3. 9.
 * —— contagious, ii. 1. 3. ii. 1. 6. 11.
 * —— inclosed, ii. 1. 6. 2.
 * —— oxygenated, ii. 1. 6. 6.
 * —— sanious, ii. 1. 6. 15.
 * Measles, ii. 1. 3. 10.
 * Membranes, what, iv. 1. 2.
 * Menorrhagia, i. 2. 1. 11.
 * Mercury crude, as a clyster, i. 3. 1. 6.
 * —— in all contagions, Suppl. i. 16. 7.
 * —— in vertigo, iv. 2. 1. 11.
 * Miliaria, ii. 1. 3. 12.
 * Milk new, for children, i. 1. 2. 5.
 * —— old, induces costiveness, ii. 2. 2. 7.
 * Milk-crust, ii. 1. 5. 12.
 * Miscarriage. See Abortion.
 * Mæror, iii. 1. 2. 10.
 * Mobility, iv. 1. 2.
 * —— of the skin, Suppl. i. 7.
 * Mollities ossium, i. 2. 2. 14.
 * Moon, effect of, iv. 2. 4.
 * Morbilli. See Rubeola.
 * Mortification, ii. 1. 6. 17.
 * Morpiones, i. 1. 4. 14.
 * Mucus diminished, i. 2. 2. 4.
 * —— of the throat cold, i. 2. 3. 1.
 * —— of the bowels, i. 2. 3. 6. i. 1. 2. 12.
 * —— of the lungs, i. 1. 3. 4.
 * —— forms stones, i. 1. 3. 9.
 * —— distinguished from pus, ii. 1. 6. 6.
 * Mumps, ii. 1. 3. 4.
 * Murmur aurium, iv. 2. 1. 15.
 * Muscæ volitantes, i. 2. 5. 3.

 * N.

 * Nails, biting of, iv. 1. 3. 5.
 * Nares aridi, i. 1. 3. 3.
 * Nausea, dry, i. 2. 4. 3.
 * —— humid, i. 3. 2. 3.
 * —— ideal, iv. 3. 2. 1.
 * —— from conception, iv. 3. 2. 2.
 * Navel-string of infants, ii. 1. 1. 12.
 * —— cut too soon, ii. 1. 1. 12.
 * Neck thickens at puberty, iv. 1. 2. 7.
 * Neck-swing, i. 2. 2. 16.
 * Nephritis, ii. 1. 2. 14. i. 1. 3. 9. iii. 2. 1. 14.
 * Nerves decussate, iii. 2. 1. 10.
 * Nictitation irritative, i. 1. 4. 1.
 * —— sensitive, ii. 1. 1. 8.
 * —— involuntary, iv. 1. 3. 2.
 * Night-mare, iii. 2. 1. 13.
 * Nipples, tension of, i. 1. 4. 7. iv. 1. 2. 6.
 * Nostalgia, iii. 1. 2. 6.
 * Nostrils, dry, i. 1. 3. 3.

 * O.

 * Obesitas, i. 2. 3. 17.
 * Odontitis, ii. 1. 4. 7.
 * Odontalgia, i. 2. 4. 12.
 * Œsophagi schirrus, i. 2. 3. 25.
 * Olfactus acrior, i. 1. 5. 3.
 * —— imminutus, i. 2. 5. 7.
 * Oil destroys insects, i. 1. 4. 14.
 * —— essential of animals, i. 1. 2. 14.
 * —— why injurious in erysipelas, ii. 1. 3. 2.
 * Opium in catarrh, i. 2. 3. 3.
 * —— in diaphragmitis, ii. 1. 2. 6.
 * Ophthalmy, internal, ii. 1. 2. 2.
 * —— superficial, ii. 1. 4. 1.
 * Orci timor, iii. 1. 2. 15.
 * Oscitatio, ii. 1. 1. 9.
 * Ossium innutritio, i. 2. 2. 14.
 * Otitis, ii. 1. 4. 8.
 * Otalgia, i. 2. 4. 13. iv. 2. 2. 8.
 * Otopuosis, ii. 1. 4. 8.
 * Ovary, dropsy of, i. 2. 3. 15.
 * —— exsection of, i. 2. 3. 15.
 * Oxygenation of blood, iv. 1. 4. 6.
 * Oxygen gas, Suppl. i. 9. 3.
 * —— in fevers, Suppl. i. 11. 7. i. 16. 9.

 * P.

 * Pain exhausts sensorial power, iv. 2. 2.
 * —— greater prevents less, iv. 2. 2. 2.
 * —— nervous, i. 2. 4.
 * —— of the little finger, symptom, iv. 2. 2. 12.
 * —— of arm in hydrothorax, iv. 2. 2. 13.
 * —— of the bile-duct, iv. 2. 2. 4.
 * —— of the shoulder, iv. 2. 2. 9.
 * —— of the pharynx, iv. 2. 2. 5.
 * —— of the testis, iv. 2. 2. 11.
 * —— smarting, i. 1. 5. 10.
 * —— of the side, i. 2. 4. 14. iv. 1. 2. 16.
 * —— of menstruation, i. 2. 1. 12.
 * —— use of, iii. 1. 1. 11. i. 1. 2. 9.
 * —— of the uterus, i. 2. 4. 17.
 * Paint, white, dangerous, ii. 1. 4. 6.
 * Palate, defect of, i. 2. 2. 20.
 * Paleness, i. 2. 2. 2.
 * —— from fear, iv. 3. 1. 5.
 * —— from sickness, iv. 2. 1. 4.
 * —— of urine after dinner, iv. 2. 1. 2.
 * —— from cold skin, iv. 2. 1. 1.
 * Palpitation of heart, i. 3. 3. 2. i. 2. 1. 10.
 * —— from fear, iv. 3. 1. 6.
 * —— relieved by arsenic, iv. 2. 1. 18.
 * Pancreas, torpor of, i. 2. 2. 7.
 * Pandiculatio, ii. 1. 1. 9.
 * Panting, ii. 1. 1. 4. i. 3. 3. 3.
 * Paracentesis at the navel, i. 2. 3. 13.
 * Paralysis, iii. 2. 1. 10.
 * —— of the bladder, iii. 2. 1. 6.
 * —— of the rectum, iii. 2. 1. 7.
 * —— of the hands, iii. 2. 1. 4.
 * —— cure of, iii. 2. 1. 4.
 * Paraplegia, iii. 2. 1. 11.
 * Paresis inirritativa, i. 2. 1. 2. Suppl. i. 8. 10.
 * —— sensitiva, ii. 2. 1. 3.
 * —— voluntaria, iii. 2. 1. 8.
 * Paronychia internal, ii. 1. 2. 19.
 * —— superficial, ii. 1. 4. 5.
 * Parturition, ii. 1. 1. 12. ii. 1. 2. 16.
 * —— more fatal in high life, ii. 1. 1. 12.
 * —— with convulsion, iii. 1. 1. iii. 1. 1. 7.
 * Parotitis, ii. 1. 3. 4.
 * Passions depressing and exciting, iv. 3. 1. 5.
 * Paupertatis timor, iii. 1. 2. 13.
 * Pediculus, i. 1. 4. 15.
 * Pemphigus, ii. 1. 3. 14.
 * Penetration of animal bodies, iv. 1. 4. 7.
 * Peripneumony, ii. 1. 2. 4.
 * —— tracheal, ii. 1. 2. 4.
 * —— superficial, ii. 1. 3. 7.
 * —— inirritated, ii. 1. 2. 4.
 * Peritonitis, ii. 1. 2. 8.
 * Perspiration not an excrement, i. 1. 2. 14.
 * —— greatest in the hot fit, i. 1. 2. 3.
 * —— fetid, i. 1. 2. 14.
 * Pertussis, ii. 1. 3. 8.
 * Pestis, ii. 1. 3. 13.
 * Petechiæ, i. 2. 1. 17.
 * —— cure of, Suppl. i. 2. 7.
 * Pharynx, pain of, iv. 2. 2. 5.
 * Phthisis, pulmonary, ii. 1. 6. 7.
 * Pimples on the face, ii. 1. 4. 6.
 * Piles, bleeding, i. 2. 1. 6.
 * —— white, i. 1. 2. 12.
 * Placenta, ii. 1. 1. 12. ii. 1. 2. 16.
 * Plague, ii. 1. 3. 13.
 * Plasters, why moist, i. 1. 3. 6.
 * Pleurisy, ii. 1. 2. 5.
 * Pleurodyne chronica, i. 2. 4. 14.
 * —— rheumatica, iv. 1. 2. 16.
 * Podagra, iv. 1. 2. 15. iv. 2. 4. 9.
 * Polypus of the lungs, i. 1. 3. 4.
 * —— of the nose from worms, iv. 1. 2. 9.
 * Pregnancy, ii. 1. 1. 12.
 * Priapismus, i. 1. 4. 6. ii. 1. 7. 9.
 * Proctalgia, i. 2. 4. 18.
 * Prolapsus ani, i. 1. 4. 9.
 * Pruritus, i. 1. 5. 9.
 * —— narium a vermibus, iv. 2. 2. 6.
 * Psora, ii. 1. 5. 6.
 * —— imaginaria, iii. 1. 2. 22.
 * Ptyalismus. See Salivatio.
 * Pubis and throat sympathize, iv. 1. 2. 7.
 * Puerperal fever, i. 2. 4. 9. ii. 1. 6. 16. Add. 8.
 * —— insanity, iii. 1. 2. 1.
 * Pulchritudinis desiderium, iii. 1. 2. 12.
 * Pullulation of trees, iv. 1. 4. 3.
 * Pulse full, why, i. 1. 1. 1.
 * —— strong, how determined, i. 1. 1. 1. Suppl. i. 16. 10.
 * —— soft in vomiting, iv. 2. 1. 17.
 * —— intermittent, iv. 2. 1. 18.
 * —— quick from paucity of blood, Suppl. i. 11. 4.
 * —— quick sometimes in sleep, iii. 2. 1. 12.
 * —— quick in weak people, iii. 2. 1. Sup. i. 11. 4.
 * —— slower by swinging, iv. 2. 1. 10.
 * —— quick in chlorosis, i. 2. 3. 10.
 * Punctæ mucosæ vultûs, i. 2. 2. 9.
 * Purging. See Diarrhœa.
 * Pus diminished, i. 2. 2. 3.
 * —— distinguished from mucus, ii. 1. 6. 6.

 * R.

 * Rabies, iii. 1. 2. 18.
 * Rachitis, i. 2. 2. 15.
 * Raucedo catarrhal, ii. 1. 3. 5.
 * —— paralytic, iii. 2. 1. 5.
 * Recollection, loss of, iii. 2. 2. 1.
 * Recti paralysis, iii. 2. 1. 7.
 * —— schirrus, i. 2. 3. 23.
 * Red-gum, ii. 1. 3. 12. i. 1. 2. 3.
 * Redness from heat, ii. 1. 7. 7.
 * —— of joy, ii. 1. 7. 8.
 * —— after dinner, iv. 1. 1. 1.
 * —— of anger, iv. 2. 3. 5.
 * —— of guilt, iv. 2. 3. 6.
 * —— of modesty, iv. 2. 3. 6.
 * Respiration, ii. 1. 1. 2.
 * —— quick in exercise, ii. 1. 1. 4.
 * —— in softness of bones, i. 2. 2. 14.
 * Restlessness, iii. 1. 1. 1.
 * Reverie, iii. 1. 2. 2. iv. 2. 4. 2.
 * Rhaphania, iii. 1. 1. 6.
 * Rheumatism, iv. 1. 2. 16.
 * —— of the joints, iv. 1. 2. 16.
 * —— of the bowels, iv. 1. 2. 16.
 * —— of the pleura, iv. 1. 2. 16.
 * —— suppurating, iv. 1. 2. 16.
 * —— from sympathy, iv. 2. 2. 13.
 * —— chronical, i. 1. 3. 12. iii. 1. 1. 6.
 * Rickets, i. 2. 2. 15.
 * Ring-worm, ii. 1. 5. 10.
 * Risus, iii. 1. 1. 4. iv. 2. 3. 3.
 * —— sardonicus, iv. 1. 2. 4.
 * —— invitus, iv. 1. 3. 3.
 * Rubeola, ii. 1. 3. 10.
 * Rubor a calore, ii. 1. 7. 7.
 * —— jucunditatis, ii. 1. 7. 8.
 * —— pransorum, iv. 1. 1. 1.
 * Ructus, i. 3. 1. 2.
 * Ruminatio, i. 3. 1. 1. iv. 3. 3. 1.

 * S.

 * Sailing in phthisis, ii. 1. 6. 7.
 * Salivation warm, i. 1. 2. 6.
 * —— lymphatic, i. 3. 2. 2.
 * —— sympathetic, iv. 1. 2. 5.
 * —— in low fevers, i. 1. 2. 6.
 * Salt of urine, i. 1. 2. 4. i. 1. 3. 9.
 * Satyriasis, iii. 1. 2. 16.
 * Scabies. See Psora.
 * Scarlatina, ii. 1. 3. 11.
 * Scarlet fever, ii. 1. 3. 11.
 * Scald-head, ii. 1. 5. 11.
 * Sciatica frigida, i. 2. 4. 15.
 * Schirrus, i. 2. 3. 22.
 * —— suppurans, ii. 1. 4. 15.
 * —— of the rectum, i. 2. 3. 23.
 * —— of the urethra, i. 2. 3. 24.
 * —— of the œsophagus, i. 2. 3. 25.
 * Scorbutus, i. 2. 1. 15.
 * —— suppurans, ii. 1. 4. 14.
 * Scrophula, i. 2. 3. 21.
 * —— suppurating, ii. 1. 4. 14.
 * —— produces insanity, iii. 1. 2.
 * Scurvy, i. 2. 1. 15.
 * —— suppurating, ii. 1. 4. 14.
 * Scurf of the head, i. 1. 3. 6.
 * —— of the tongue, i. 1. 3. 1.
 * Sea air in phthisis, ii. 1. 6. 7.
 * Seat, descent of, i. 1. 4. 9.
 * Seed, ejection of, ii. 1. 1. 11.
 * Sea-sickness, iv. 2. 1. 10. Suppl. i. 8. 3.
 * See-saw of old people, iii. 2. 1. 2.
 * Sensitive association, law of, iv. 2. 2. 2.
 * Sensation inert, Suppl. i. 6. 4.
 * Setons, ii. 1. 6. 6.
 * Shingles, ii. 1. 5. 9.
 * Shoulder, pain of, iv. 2. 2. 9.
 * Shrieking, iii. 1. 1. 3.
 * Sickness, i. 2. 4. 4. i. 3. 2. 3.
 * —— cured by a blister, iv. 1. 1. 3.
 * —— by warm skin, iv. 1. 1. 2. Suppl. i. 11. 4.
 * —— by whirling, i. 1. 1. 4.
 * —— by swinging, Suppl. i. 15. 3.
 * —— by hydrocarbonate gas, Suppl. i. 15. 3.
 * —— See Nausea.
 * Sight acuter, i. 1. 5. 1.
 * —— impaired, i. 2. 5. 2.
 * Side, chronical pain of, i. 2. 4. 14.
 * Sighing and sobbing, iii. 1. 2. 10.
 * Sitis calida, i. 2. 4. 1.
 * —— frigida, i. 2. 4. 1.
 * —— defectus, ii. 2. 2. 2.
 * Skin pale in old age, i. 2. 2. 2.
 * —— from cold, i. 2. 2. 2.
 * —— dry, i. 1. 3. 6.
 * —— yellowish, i. 2. 2. 2.
 * —— bluish and shrunk, i. 2. 1. 1.
 * —— reddish, ii. 1. 3. 1.
 * —— cold after meals, iv. 2. 1. 1.
 * Sleep, iii. 2. 1. 12.
 * —— interrupted, i. 2. 1. 3.
 * —— periods in, iv. 2. 4. 1.
 * —— with quick pulse, iii. 2. 1. 12.
 * —— disturbed by digestion, iii. 2. 1. 12.
 * Sleep-walkers, iii. 1. 1. 9.
 * Small-pox, ii. 1. 3. 9.
 * —— why distinct and confluent, Sup. i. 15. 2.
 * —— secondary fever of, ii. 1. 6. 12.
 * —— eruption of, iv. 1. 2. 12.
 * Smarting, i. 1. 5. 10.
 * Smell acuter, i. 1. 5. 3.
 * —— impaired, i. 2. 5. 7.
 * Sneezing, ii. 1. 1. 3. iv. 1. 2. 2.
 * Snow in scrophula, i. 2. 3. 21.
 * —— in paralysis, iii. 2. 1. 4.
 * Snuff in hydrocephalus, i. 2. 3. 12.
 * Somnambulism, iii. 1. 1. 9.
 * Somnium, ii. 1. 7. 4.
 * Somnus, iii. 2. 1. 12. iv. 2. 4. 1.
 * —— interruptus, i. 2. 1. 3.
 * Softness of bones, i. 2. 2. 14.
 * Spasm of diaphragm, iii. 1. 1. 11.
 * —— of the heart, iii. 1. 1. 11.
 * Spine distorted, i. 2. 2. 16.
 * —— protuberant, i. 2. 2. 18.
 * —— bifid, i. 2. 2. 19.
 * Spitting blood, i. 1. 1. 4. i. 2. 1. 9.
 * Spleen swelled, i. 2. 3. 18. Suppl. i. 16. 6.
 * Splenitis, ii. 1. 2. 13.
 * Spots on the face, i. 2. 2. 9.
 * Spots seen on bed-clothes, i. 2. 5. 3.
 * Squinting, i. 2. 5. 4.
 * —— in hydrocephalus, i. 2. 5. 4.
 * Stammering, iv. 2. 3. 1.
 * Stays tight, injurious, ii. 1. 1. 12.
 * Sterility, ii. 2. 2. 4.
 * Sternutatio, ii. 1. 1. 3. iv. 1. 2. 2.
 * —— a lumine, iv. 1. 2. 2.
 * Stimulants, their twofold effect, ii. 1. 2. 6.
 * Stocks for children dangerous, i. 2. 2. 17.
 * Stomach, torpor of, Suppl. i. 10. i. 16. 6.
 * —— inflammation of, ii. 1. 2. 10. ii. 1. 3. 19.
 * —— its association, iv. 1. 1.
 * —— cause of fever, Suppl. i. 8. 8.
 * Stones in the bladder, See Calculi.
 * —— in horses, i. 1. 3. 5. i. 1. 3. 10.
 * Strabismus, i. 2. 5. 4.
 * Strangury, ii. 1. 1. 11. iv. 2. 2. 2.
 * —— convulsive, iv. 2. 2. 3.
 * Strength and debility metaphors, i. 2. 1.
 * Stridor dentium, iii. 1. 1. 12.
 * Studium inane, iii. 1. 2. 2. iv. 2. 4. 2.
 * Stultitia inirritabilis, i. 2. 5. 1.
 * —— insensibilis, ii. 2. 1. 1.
 * —— voluntaria, iii. 2. 2. 2.
 * Stupor, i. 2. 5. 10. Suppl. i. 15.
 * Subsultus tendinum, iii. 1. 1. 5.
 * Sudor. See Sweats.
 * Suggestion, slow,
 * Surprise, i. 1. 5. 11.
 * Sweats, warm, i. 1. 2. 3.
 * —— cold, i. 2. 3. 2.
 * —— lymphatic, i. 3. 2. 7.
 * —— asthmatic, i. 3. 2. 8. iv. 3. 1. 2.
 * —— covered in bed, iv. 1. 1. 2. Suppl. i. 11. 6
 * —— in fever fits, why, i. 1. 2. 5.
 * —— from exercise, i. 1. 2. 3.
 * —— from heat, i. 1. 2. 3.
 * —— from medicines, i. 1. 2. 3.
 * Sweaty hands cured, i. 3. 2. 7.
 * Swinging, ii. 1. 6. 7.
 * —— makes the pulse slower, iv. 2. 1. 10.
 * Swing centrifugal, Suppl. i. 15 and 3.
 * Sympathy direct and reverse, iv. 1. 1. f.
 * —— with others, iii. 1. 2. 24.
 * —— of various parts, Suppl. i. 11. 5.
 * —— reverse of lacteals and lymphatics, Suppl. i. 11. 5
 * —— of capillaries, Suppl. i. 11. 5.
 * —— direct of stomach and heart, Sup. i. 11. 5.
 * —— of throat and pubis, iv. 1. 2. 7.
 * Syncope, i. 2. 1. 4.
 * —— epileptic, iii. 2. 1. 15.
 * Syngultus, ii. 1. 1. 6.
 * —— nephriticus, iv. 1. 1. 7.
 * Syphilis, ii. 1. 5. 2.
 * —— imaginaria, iii. 1. 2. 21.
 * Syphon capillary of cloth, ii. 1. 3. 1.

 * T.

 * Tactus acrior, i. 1. 5. 5.
 * —— imminutus, i. 2. 5. 6.
 * Tape-worm, i. 1. 4. 11.
 * Tapping at the navel, i. 2. 3. 13.
 * Taste. See Gustus.
 * —— bitter, not from bile, i. 1. 3. 1.
 * Tædium vitæ, ii. 2. 1. 2.
 * Tænia, i. 1. 4. 11.
 * Tears sympathetic, iv. 1. 2. 1. iii. 1. 2. 10.
 * Teeth, to preserve, i. 1. 4. 5.
 * —— fall out whole, ii. 1. 4. 7.
 * Tenesmus, ii. 1. 1. 10.
 * —— calculosus, iv. 1. 2. 8.
 * Testium dolor nephriticus, iv. 2. 2. 11.
 * —— tumor in gonorrhœa, iv. 1. 2. 18.
 * —— tumor in parotitide, iv. 1. 2. 19.
 * Tetanus trismus, iii. 1. 1. 13.
 * —— doloroficus, iii. 1. 1. 14.
 * Thirst. See Sitis and Adipsia.
 * Thread-worm, i. 1. 4. 12.
 * Throat swelled, i. 2. 3. 20.
 * —— thickens at puberty, iv. 2. 1. 7.
 * —— grown up, i. 2. 3. 25.
 * Thrush, ii. 1. 3. 17.
 * Tickling, i. 1. 5. 8.
 * Timor orci, iii. 1. 2. 15.
 * —— lethi, iii. 1. 2. 14.
 * —— paupertatis, iii. 1. 2. 13.
 * Tinea, ii. 1. 5. 11.
 * Tinnitus aurium, iv. 2. 1. 15.
 * Titillatio, i. 1. 5. 8.
 * Titubatio linguæ, iv. 2. 3. 1.
 * Tobacco, smoke of in piles, i. 2. 1. 6.
 * Tongue dry, i. 1. 3. 1. Suppl. i. 2.
 * —— coloured mucus, i. 1. 3. 1.
 * Tonsillitis, ii. 1. 3. 3.
 * Tonsils swelled from bad teeth, i. 2. 3. 21. ii. 1. 3. 3.
 * Torpor of the liver, i. 2. 2. 6.
 * —— of the pancreas, i. 2. 2. 7.
 * —— of the lungs, Suppl. 1. 9.
 * —— of the stomach, Suppl. i. 10.
 * —— of the heart, Suppl. i. 10.
 * Tooth-ach, i. 2. 4. 12. ii. 1. 4. 7.
 * Tooth-edge, iv. 1. 2. 3.
 * Toothing, i. 1. 4. 5.
 * Tooth-powder, i. 1. 4. 5.
 * Touch. See Tactus.
 * —— deceived three ways, i. 2. 5. 9. iv. 2. 1. 10.
 * Transfusion of blood, i. 2. 3. 25. Suppl. i. 14. 4.
 * Translation of matter, i. 3. 2. 9.
 * —— of milk, i. 3. 2. 10.
 * —— of urine, i. 3. 2. 11.
 * Transparency of cornea, i. 1. 4. 1.
 * —— of crystalline, i. 2. 2. 13.
 * —— of air before rain, i. 1. 4. 1.
 * Tremor of old age, iii. 2. 1. 3.
 * —— of fever, iii. 1. 1. 2.
 * —— of anger, iv. 2. 3. 4.
 * —— of fear, iv. 3. 1. 5.
 * Tussis ebriorum, ii. 1. 1. 5.
 * —— convulsiva, ii. 1. 3. 8.
 * —— hepatica, iv. 2. 1. 8.
 * —— arthritica, iv. 2. 1. 9.
 * —— periodica, iv. 3. 4. 2.
 * —— a pedibus frigidis, iv. 2. 1. 7.
 * Tympany, i. 2. 4. 9.

 * U.

 * Ulcers, healing of, i. 1. 3. 13.
 * —— of the cornea, i. 1. 3. 14.
 * —— from burns, i. 1. 3. 13.
 * —— scrophulous, ii. 1. 4. 13.
 * —— of the throat, ii. 1. 3. 3. ii. 1. 3. 11.
 * —— of the legs, ii. 1. 4. 14.
 * Unguium morsiuncula, iv. 1. 3. 5.
 * Urethra, scirrhus of, i. 2. 3. 24.
 * —— fistula of, ii. 1. 4. 11.
 * Urine copious, coloured, i. 1. 2. 4.
 * —— copious, pale, i. 2. 3. 5.
 * —— diminished, coloured, i. 1. 3. 7.
 * —— diminished, pale, i. 2. 2. 5.
 * —— its mucus, salts, Prussian blue, i. 1. 2. 4.
 * —— why less and coloured in dropsies, i. 1. 3. 7.
 * —— translation of, i. 3. 2. 11.
 * —— difficulty of, iii. 2. 1. 6.
 * —— not secreted, i. 2. 2. 8.
 * —— pale after meals, iv. 2. 1. 2.
 * —— pale from cold skin, iv. 2. 1. 3.
 * —— sediment in fevers, Suppl. i. 2. 3.
 * —— pale in fevers, Suppl. i. 2. 3. and 5.
 * Urticaria, ii. 1. 3. 16.
 * Uteri descensus, i. 1. 4. 8.

 * V.

 * Vacillatio senilis, iii. 2. 1. 2.
 * Varicella, ii. 1. 3. 15.
 * Variola, ii. 1. 3. 9.
 * —— eruption of, iv. 1. 2. 12.
 * Vasorum capil retrogressio, i. 3. 3. 1.
 * Venereal orgasm, iv. 1. 4. 4.
 * —— disease, ii. 1. 5. 2.
 * —— imaginary, iii. 1. 2. 21.
 * Ventriculi ægritudo, i. 2. 4. 4.
 * —— vesicatorio sanata, iv. 1. 1. 3.
 * Vermes, i. 1. 4. 10.
 * Vertigo rotatory, iv. 2. 1. 10.
 * —— of sight, iv. 2. 1. 11.
 * —— inebriate, iv. 2. 1. 12.
 * —— of fever, iv. 2. 1. 13.
 * —— from the brain, iv. 2. 1. 14.
 * —— of the ears, iv. 2. 1. 15.
 * —— of the touch, Addit. iii.
 * —— of the touch, taste and smell, iv. 2. 1. 16.
 * —— with vomiting, iv. 3. 2. 3.
 * —— produces slow pulse, iv. 2. 1. 10.
 * —— of blind men, iv. 2. 1. 10.
 * —— use of mercurials in it, iv. 2. 1. 11.
 * —— from ideas, Addit. iii.
 * Vibices, i. 2. 1. 16. Suppl. i. 2. 7.
 * Vigilia, iii. 1. 2. 3. iv. 1. 3. 6.
 * Vision acuter, i. 1. 5. 1.
 * —— diminished, i. 2. 5. 2.
 * —— expends much sensorial power, i. 2. 5. 3.
 * Vita ovi, iv. 1. 4. 1.
 * —— hiemi-dormientium, iv. 1. 4. 2.
 * Vitus's dance, iv. 2. 3. 2.
 * Volition, three degrees of, iii. 2. 1. 12.
 * —— lessens fever, iii. 2. 1. 12. Suppl. i. 11. 6.
 * —— produces fever, iii. 2. 1. 12.
 * —— without deliberation, iv. 1. 3. 2. Addit. iv.
 * Vomica, ii. 1. 6. 3.
 * Vomitus, i. 3. 1. 4.
 * Vomendi conamen inane, i. 3. 1. 8.
 * Vomiting stopped, iv. 1. 1. 3. iv. 1. 1. f.
 * —— voluntary, iv. 3. 3. 2.
 * —— how acquired, iv. 1. 1. 2.
 * —— vertiginous, iv. 3. 2. 3.
 * —— from stone in ureter, iv. 3. 2. 4.
 * —— from paralytic stroke, iv. 3. 2. 5.
 * —— from tickling the throat, iv. 3. 2. 6.
 * —— sympathizes with the skin, iv. 3. 2. 7.
 * —— in hæmoptoe, i. 1. 1. 4.
 * —— from defect of association, iv. 2. 1. 10.
 * Vulnerum cicatrix, i. 1. 3. 13.

 * W.

 * Watchfulness, iii. 1. 2. 3. iv. 1. 3. 6.
 * Water-qualm, i. 3. 1. 3.
 * Weakness, three kinds of, i. 2. 1.
 * Whirling-chair, Suppl. i. 15. 3.
 * Whirling-bed, Suppl. i. 15. 7.
 * White swelling of the knee, i. 2. 3. 19.
 * Winking, ii. 1. 1. 8. i. 1. 4. 1. iv. 1. 3. 2.
 * Wine in fevers, ii. 1. 3. 1. iv. 2. 1. 12.
 * Winter-sleeping animals, iv. 1. 4. 2.
 * Witlow, superficial, ii. 1. 4. 5.
 * —— internal, ii. 1. 2. 19.
 * Womb, descent of, i. 1. 4. 8.
 * —— inflammation of, ii. 1. 2. 16.
 * Worms, i. 1. 4. 10.
 * —— mucus counterfeits, i. 1. 3. 4.
 * —— in sheep, i. 2. 3. 9.
 * Wounds, healing of, i. 1. 3. 13.

 * Y.

 * Yawning, ii. 1. 1. 9.
 * Yaws, ii. 1. 5. 5.

 * Z.

 * Zona ignea, ii. 1. 5. 9. iv. 1. 2. 11. ii. 1. 2. 14.

title: Zoonomia/II.Index


text:
Page:The Harvard Classics Vol. 51; Lectures.djvu/473

 Rh A man of the world, he consorted with brilliant talkers, entered into scientific discussions against the Jesuits, or argued on philosophy with other thinkers. But the real interest of his life for our purpose begins with his conversion to the doctrines of Jansenius. Bishop Jansen of Ypres in Belgium had devoted his life to the study of Saint Augustine and to the elucidation of the doctrines of that great father of the church. Saint Augustine is the spiritual forefather of those who in religious thought are believers in determinism, in religious fatalism, with all the consequences which it involves, such as predestination and the doctrine of primitive sin which man is apparently endeavoring in vain to expiate. The theories of Jansen were propagated in France through the teachings of his friend the Abbé de Saint Cyran, a man of rigid and unbending principles, and the spiritual director of the convent of Port Royal. Port Royal was at the time dominated by members of the great Arnauld family, one of whom had in earlier days offended the strong and ambitious order of Jesuits. The Jesuits were by principle and temperament unfavorable to the theories of Jansen. A doctrine of self-concentration and of introspection, akin in almost every respect to Calvinism, which awoke in a human being a thousand cares and anxious doubts as to the why and wherefore of man's existence on earth—such a doctrine was diametrically opposed to the urbane teachings of the Jesuits, eager rather to acquire new converts by methods of amenity than to frighten them away by visions of dread. Therefore, with the Arnaulds and Jansenists all linked together at Port Royal, the convent became the storm center of religious discussion.

THE "PROVINCIAL" LETTERS In the course of the controversy, Pascal was invited by one of the Arnaulds to help the cause of Jansenism. This he did by his "Provincial Letters," most of them purporting to be a narrative of the condition of religious affairs at Paris by a certain Louis de Montalte to a friend in the provinces. In these letters, which are considered masterpieces of sarcastic polemic, Pascal did the Jesuits untold harm. By methods which may seem sometimes technically unfair, but which are after all employed by every controversial writer,


text:
Zoonomia/III.Preface

OR,

THE LAWS OF ORGANIC LIFE.

PART III.

CONTAINING

THE ARTICLES OF THE MATERIA MEDICA,

WITH AN ACCOUNT OF THE

OPERATION OF MEDICINES.

 * IN VIVUM CORPUS
 * AGUNT MEDICAMENTA.

PREFACE.

includes all those substances, which may contribute to the restoration of health. These may be conveniently distributed under seven articles according to the diversity of their operations.

1., or those things which preserve in their natural state the due exertions of all the irritative motions.

2., or those things which increase the exertions of all the irritative motions.

3., or those things which increase the irritative motions, which constitute secretion.

4., or those things which increase the irritative motions, which constitute absorption.

5., or those things which invert the natural order of the successive irritative motions.

6., or those things which restore the natural order of the inverted irritative motions.

7., those things which diminish the exertions of all the irritative motions.

It is necessary to apprize the reader, that in the following account of the virtues of Medicines their usual doses are always supposed to be exhibited; and the patient to be exposed to the degree of exterior heat, which he has been accustomed to, (where the contrary is not mentioned), as any variation of either of these circumstances varies their effects.

title: Zoonomia/III.Preface