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Page:Hudibras - Volume 1 (Butler, Nash, Bohn; 1859).djvu/62

10 Where Truth in person does appear, Like words congeal'd in northern air. He knew what's what, and that's as high As metaphysic wit can fly. In school-divinity as able As he that hight irrefragable; A second Thomas, or at once. To name them all, another Duns: Profound in all the nominal, And real ways, beyond them all; And, with as delicate a hand, Could twist as tough a rope of sand; And weave tine cobwebs, fit for scull That's empty when the moon is full; Such as take lodgings in a head That's to be let unfurnished.


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The New International Encyclopædia/Garfield, James Abram

GARFIELD, Author:James Abram Garfield (1831-81). Twentieth President of the United States. He was born at Orange, Cuyahoga County, Ohio, November 19, 1831; was early left fatherless, and spent his youth in alternate periods of study at school and hard manual work for his own support. He worked on a farm; is said to have driven horses for a time on the Ohio Canal; learned the carpenter's trade, and worked at it during his school vacation in 1850. He had already entered the Geauga Seminary at Chester, Ohio, where he began the study of Latin, Greek, and algebra. In 1851 he entered the Western Reserve Eclectic Institute (now Hiram College) at Hiram, Ohio, and in 1854 entered Williams College, Mass., where he graduated with distinguished honor in 1856. He then became teacher of Latin and Greek in the institute at Hiram, Ohio, of which he was elected the head one year later. Before entering college, he had united with the Disciples Church, in which he had been brought up, and, according to the usage of that denomination, though never formally ordained to the ministry, he often preached. In 1858 he entered his name as a student with a law firm in Cleveland, Ohio, though his study was carried on by himself at Hiram. Having taken some part as a Republican in the campaign of 1856, he was

in 1859 elected to represent the counties of Portage and Summit in the State Senate. In August, 1861, he was appointed lieutenant-colonel of volunteers, and in September colonel. In December he reported for duty to General Buell at Louisville, Ky., and was ordered in command of a brigade of four regiments of infantry, to repel the Confederates under General Marshall from the valley of the Big Sandy River. He accomplished the task in January, 1862, defeating Marshall in the battle of Middle Creek, and forcing him to retreat from the State. He was commissioned brigadier-general, was placed in command of the Twentieth Brigade, and was ordered to join General Buell. He reached, with his brigade, the field of Shiloh on the second day of the battle, and aided in the final repulse of the enemy; and next day, at the front with Sherman, took part in the attack on the enemy's rear guard. He participated in the siege of Corinth, and, after its evacuation, was detailed to rebuild the railroad to Decatur. In October, 1862, he served on a court of inquiry, and in November on the court-martial which tried General Fitz-John Porter. In February, 1863, he joined the Army of the Cumberland under Rosecrans, just after the battle of Stone River, and was appointed chief of staff. In the discussion with regard to a forward movement, Garfield, as chief of staff, collated the written opinions of the seventeen corps, division, and cavalry generals, and summarized their substance with cogent arguments of his own. This report induced Rosecrans to move forward, contrary to the opinions of most of his generals, in the Tullahoma campaign, opening the way for the advance on Chattanooga. In the battle of Chickamauga, September 19th, Garfield issued the orders, as chief of staff, and after the retreat of the right of the army rode under fire across country, and took word to Thomas, commanding the left wing, of the necessities of the situation, and, under Thomas, assisted in retrieving the disaster. Garfield was sent to Washington with dispatches, and was promoted to be a major-general for his services in the battle.

Having been elected a Representative in Congress, he resigned his commission December 3, 1863, and took his seat in the House of Representatives, where he served as member of the Military Committee until the close of the war. Largely through his efforts and arguments, the commutation clause of the Enrollment Act was repealed, and the draft enforced at a time when otherwise the army would have been fatally depleted. Tn 1865 he was assigned to the Committee of Ways and Means, and on March 10, 1866, made an elaborate speech on the public debt and specie payments. In 1867-68, as also later, he took strong ground against the improper inflation of the currency. In December, 1867, he returned to the Military Committee as chairman, and held that place during the discussions on the reconstruction of the Southern States, delivering a speech January 17, 1868, on the power of Congress in this relation, in which he severely criticised the action of the President, and the course of Major-General Hancock in his celebrated ‘Order No. 40.’ He also sustained the motion to impeach the President. Later he was chairman of the Committee on Banking and Currency, and of a special committee to investigate the cause of the gold panic in September, 1869, which culminuted in the crisis of ‘Black Friday.’ He also draughted a bill for the taking of the census of 1870, which was rejected by Congress, but was made the basis of the law passed ten years later for the census of 1880. In 1871-75 he served as chairman of the Committee on Appropriations, and in this capacity introduced many important reforms. In 1873 charges of corruption were made against him in relation to the ../Crédit Mobilier/ (q.v.). These attracted attention throughout the country, and especially in his own Congressional district. After earnest discussion he was renominated by the three-fourths vote of the convention, and was reëlected by a large majority. The charges were renewed two years later, but were met with greater strength. In 1876 there was no opposition in the convention, and in 1878 he was reëlected by a large majority. In the Forty-fourth Congress (1875-77) the Democratic Party was in the majority. Garfield became a member of the Committee of Ways and Means. He was a frequent and careful speaker on important measures, and was recognized as one of the leaders of the minority. After the Presidential election of 1876, he was one of the prominent Republicans requested to witness the counting of votes in Louisiana, and one of two Republican members appointed by the House of Representatives to sit in the ../Electoral Commission/ (q.v.). In December, 1876, he was nominated by his party for Speaker of the House of Representatives, and received the same nomination on two subsequent occasions. In the Forty-fifth Congress (1877-79) he earnestly advocated the resumption of specie payments, and spoke against the Bland Silver Bill. In 1880 he was elected by the Ohio Legislature United States Senator for six years from March 4, 1881.

In the Republican national convention at Chicago, June, 1880, he was an earnest advocate of the nomination of John Sherman of Ohio. The convention was divided between the advocates of General Grant and the opposition favoring James G. Blaine, John Sherman, and others. Garfield was not at first considered a candidate, but after more than thirty ballots without a choice, and earnest discussion in which, as well as in the advocacy of his favorite candidate, he won the admiration of delegates from all sections, he received the nomination. In November he received 214 electoral votes as against 155 for his opponent on the Democratic ticket, Gen. Winfield S. Hancock, and was inaugurated on March 4, 1881. With the single exception of Robert T. Lincoln, Secretary of War, his Cabinet, headed by James G. Blaine, as Secretary of State, was drawn from that wing of the Republican Party of which Garfield himself was a member, and which antagonized the so-called ‘../Stalwarts/’ (q.v.), among whom the Vice-President, Arthur, ranked himself. Both in public and in private, however, Garfield had signified his earnest desire to unite all factions in support of his Administration, and the people in general were disposed to trust in his promises. On March 23d the President sent in the name of William H. Robertson as his appointee to the office of Collector of the Port of New York. As Mr. Robertson was known to be a political enemy of Senator Conkling, the leading spirit among the ‘Stalwarts,’ Conkling looked upon the nomination as an affront to himself, and when he found that he could not prevent the Senate from confirming it, he and his colleague, Thomas C. Platt, resigned their offices (May 16th) and returned to New York to seek vindication by reëlection. The New York Legislature, however, refused to reëelect either one, and after a long and tedious struggle Messrs. Lapham and Warner Miller were chosen in their stead. Meanwhile the President's nomination had been confirmed in the Senate, and the breach between the Stalwarts and the Administration was hopelessly widened. On July 2d Charles J. Guiteau, a man whose vanity had been offended by the refusal of an office, and whose unbalanced brain had been excited by the dissensions in the Republican Party, shot Garfield in the railway station at Washington. The crime excited the horror and execration of all parties alike; and foreign nations joined in the universal sorrow and indignation. For eighty days Garfield lingered between life and death. Toward the end of August his medical attendants felt that his last chance of recovery depended on his removal from the malarious climate of Washington, and on September 6th he was taken by train to Elberon, N. J., where he died thirteen days later, on the 19th. His body was taken to Washington, where it lay in state September 22d-23d, and then to Cleveland, Ohio, where it was buried, September 20th. A subscription started in New York for the bereaved family soon reached the sum of $360,000. The assassin Guiteau was convicted after a protracted trial in which the only defense offered was that of insanity, and was hanged in the jail at Washington on June 30, 1882.

Many of Garfield's speeches were published at the time of their delivery, and after his death B. A. Hinsdale collected his writings and published them in two volumes (Boston, 1882). For his biography, consult: Gilmore (New York, 1880); Collin (Boston, 1880); Bundy (New York, 1880); Mason (London, 1881); and Stoddard (New York, 1889).


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178 "Come into the reception room. I have something very important to speak to you about."

Abramka followed in silence. He stepped softly on tiptoe, as if afraid of waking some one.

"Sit down, Abramka, listen—but give me your word of honour, you won't tell any one?" Tatyana Grigoryevna began, reddening a bit. She was ashamed to have to let the tailor Abramka into her secret, but since there was no getting around it, she quieted herself and in an instant had regained her ease.

"I don't know what you are speaking of, Mrs. Zarubkin," Abramka rejoined. He assumed a somewhat injured manner. "Have you ever heard of Abramka ever babbling anything out? You certainly know that in my profession—you know everybody has some secret to be kept."

"Oh, you must have misunderstood me, Abramka. What sort of secrets do you mean?"

"Well, one lady is a little bit one-sided, another lady"—he pointed to his breast—"is not quite full enough, another lady has scrawny arms—such things as that have to be covered up or filled out or laced in, so as to look better. That is where our art comes in. But we are in duty bound not to say anything about it."

Tatyana Grigoryevna smiled.

"Well, I can assure you I am all right that way. There is nothing about me that needs to be covered up or filled out."

"Oh, as if I didn't know that! Everybody knows that Mrs. Zarubkin's figure is perfect," Abramka cried, trying to flatter his new customer.

Mrs. Zarubkin laughed and made up her mind to remember "Everybody knows that Mrs. Zarubkin's figure is perfect." Then she said:

"You know that the ball is to take place in a week."

"Yes, indeed, Mrs. Zarubkin, in only one week; unfortunately, only one week," replied Abramka, sighing.

"But you remember your promise to make my dress for me for the ball this time?"

"Mrs. Zarubkin," Abramka cried, laying his hand on his heart. "Have I sad that I was not willing to make it?


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Page:Examiner, Journal of Political Economy, v2n13.djvu/6

 of the case the committee conceive that the State ought to be satisfied with effecting the objects for which the law was enacted.

"At this time the Bank can have no object in continuing its branches, except to maintain the point of Right—The State having refused to use the money collected, has no interest but that of character and the assertion of the right."

"The Committee recommend that a proposition of a compromise be made by law, making provision that upon the Bank discontinuing the suits prosecuted against the public officers, and giving assurances that the branches shall be withdrawn, and only an agency be left to settle its business and collect its debts, the amount collected for tax shall be paid without interest. But the Committee conceive that the General Assembly ought not to stop here.  The Representative of the State has been assailed through the United States—and the nature of the controversy and her true course of conduct have all alike been very much misunderstood.  It behovesbehooves [sic] the General Assembly, even if a compromise be effected, to take measures for vindicating the character of the State, and also for awakening the attention of the separate States to the consequences that may result from the doctrines of the Federal Courts upon the question that have arisen. And besides, as it is possible that the proposition of compromise may not be accepted, it is the duty of the General Assembly to take ulterior measures for asserting and maintaining the Rights of the State. For this purpose the Committee recommend that provision be made by law, forbidding the keepers of our jails from receiving persons committed at the suit of the Bank of the United States or for any injury done them—prohibiting any judicial officers from taking acknowledgment of conveyances, where the Bank is a party, or when made for their use, and our Recorders from receiving or recording such conveyances, forbidding our Courts, Justices of Peace, Judges and Grand Juries from taking cognizance of any wrong alleged to have been committed upon any species of property owned by the Bank, or upon any of its corporate rights of privileges, and prohibiting our Notaries Public from protesting any Notes or Bills held by the Bank or their Agents, or made payable to them."

"The adoption of these measures, will leave the Bank exclusively to the protection of the Federal Government; and its constitutional power to preserve it in the sense maintained by the Supreme Court may thus be fairly, peaceably, and constitutionally tested. The measures proposed, are peaceable and constitutional, conceived in no spirit of hostility to the Government of the Union, but intended to bring fairly before the nation great and important questions, which must be one day discussed, and which may now be very safely investigated."

In accordance with these recommendations, an Act was passed depriving the Bank of all protection from the State Laws, and of almost all civil rights.

And although this State afterwards consented to withdraw her restrictions upon the Bank and to allow of its existence, this does not at all effect the principle as at first asserted and enforced by her.

We have, in the above report, the practical effects of Nullification most admirably and satisfactorily explained. Indeed it is somewhat remarkable how perfectly the peaceful operation of this doctrine, as contended for by us at this time, was understood; and how ably set forth by the republicans of that day. With them we propose to enact laws of restriction and penalty, to arrest the progress of the evil," and when the severity of our laws shall be complained of, we will offer a compromise, (such as theirs,) of repealing the penalties upon the withdrawal of the obnoxious acts. With them, we solemnly declare, that we propose such measures in no spirit of hostility to the Union, but merely, in the event of refusal to annul the oppressive acts, to bring the question before the nation—that is a Convention of the States.


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The New International Encyclopædia/Garfield Monument

GARFIELD MONUMENT. A monument at Cleveland, Ohio, in memory of the martyred President, dedicated May 30, 1890. Its cost, $135,000, was defrayed by popular subscription. The monument is a round tower, 50 feet in diameter and 148 feet high, containing a marble statue of Garfield.


text: The Examiner, and Journal of Political Economy/Volume 2/Number 13/The Genuine Book of Nullification/4


text: The Examiner, and Journal of Political Economy/Volume 2/Number 13/The Genuine Book of Nullification/5


text: The Examiner, and Journal of Political Economy/Volume 2/Number 13/The Genuine Book of Nullification/6


text:
Budget of Paradoxes/R

INDEX.

 * Pages denoted by numerals of this kind (287) refer to biographical notes, chiefly by the editor. Numerals like 426 refer to books discussed by De Morgan, or to leading topics in the text. Numerals like 126 indicate minor references.

 * Abbott, Justice, I, 181.
 * Abernethy, J., II, 219.
 * Aboriginal Britons, a poem, II, 270.
 * Academy of Sciences, French, I, 163.
 * Adair, J., I, 223.
 * Adam, M., I, 65.
 * Adams, J. C., I, 43, 82, 385, 388; II, 131, 135, 140, 303.
 * Ady, Joseph, II, 42, 42.
 * Agnew, H. C., I, 328.
 * Agricola, J., I, 394.
 * Agricultural Laborer's letter, II, 16.
 * Agrippa, H. C., I, 48, 48.
 * Ainsworth, W. H., II, 132.
 * Airy, I, 85, 88, 152, 242; II, 85, 140, 150, 303, 347.
 * Alchemy, I, 125.
 * Alfonso X (El Sabio), II, 269.
 * Alford, H., II, 221.
 * Alfred, King, Ballad of, II, 22.
 * Algebra, I, 121.
 * Algebraic symbols, I, 121.
 * Almanac, I, 300; II, 147, 148, 207.
 * (See Easter.)
 * Aloysius Lilius, I, 362.
 * Alsted, J. H., II, 282.
 * Ameen Bey, II, 15.
 * Amicable Society, I, 347.
 * Ampère, I, 86.
 * Amphisbæna serpent, I, 31.
 * Anagrams, De Morgan, I, 138.
 * Anaxagoras, II, 59.
 * Angherà, II, 60, 60, 61, 279.
 * Annuities, Fallacies of, I, 157.
 * Antichrist, I, 130.
 * Antimony, I, 125.
 * Antinewtonism, I, 162.
 * Antinomians, I, 394.
 * Antiphon, II, 59.
 * Antonie, F., I, 126, 126.
 * Apollonius, I, 41, 107.
 * Apparitions, II, 47.
 * Arago, I, 243, 390.
 * Aratus, II, 167.
 * Arbuthnot, I, 133, 134.
 * Archer, H., II, 90.
 * Archimedes,I, 5, 11, 42, 83, 107.
 * Archytas, I, 53.
 * Argoli, I, 104.
 * Aristocrat, as a scientist, I, 131.
 * Aristotle, I, 5, 331.
 * Arnobius, II, 73.
 * Arson, P. J., II, 207.
 * Ashton, R., II, 99.
 * Astrology, I, 118, 127, 128, 350; II, 43.
 * Astronomer's Drinking Song, I, 380.
 * Astronomical Aphorisms, I, 398.
 * Paradox, I, 394.
 * Police Report, I, 390.
 * Society. (See Royal Astronomical Society.)
 * Astronomy, Bailly's exaggerated view of, I, 166.
 * Astunica, Didacas, I, 90.
 * Athanasian Creed, I, 371.
 * Atheists, Philosophical, I, 1.
 * Atoms, II, 191.
 * Attraction, I, 136, 151, 155.
 * Augustine, St., II, 23.
 * Aurora borealis, I, 134.
 * Austen, Jane, I, 191.
 * Auzout, A., II, 300.
 * Aviation, Early ideas of, II, 8.

 * Babbage, C., I, 207, 290, 291; II, 181.
 * Bachet, de Méziriac, I, 161.
 * Bacon, F., I, 5, 75, 75, 76, 79, 89, 145, 331.
 * Bacon, R., I, 5, 126, 126, 360; II, 94.
 * Baconian controversy, I, 141.
 * Baden Powell, II, 267.
 * Bailly, J. S., I, 166, 166, 308.
 * Baily, F., I, 308, 309; II, 16, 143, 188.
 * Baily, R., II, 16.
 * Baker, T., II, 302.
 * Bakewell, F. C., II, 156, 156.
 * Banks, J., I, 28.
 * Barberini, M., II, 267.
 * Barker, C., II, 262.
 * Baronius, I, 33, 35; II, 62.
 * Barrême, I, 42.
 * Barrett, G., II, 188.
 * Barrow, I., I, 160; II, 302.
 * Baruel, de, I, 165.
 * Bassano, Duc de, II, 3, 339.
 * Baxter, T., I, 146.
 * Bayle, P., II, 73.
 * Beaufort, F., II, 267.
 * Beaugrand, I, 119, 121.
 * Beaulieu, I, 119, 119, 121.
 * Beaune, de, II, 59.
 * Bécourt, R., II, 277.
 * Bedford, Duke of, (6th), I, 182.
 * Behmen, I, 168, 254; II, 317.
 * Bellenden, W., I, 175.
 * Bentley, I, 110.
 * Berkeley, G., II, 346.
 * Bernard, E., II, 297, 300.
 * Bernardus Trevisanus, I, 126, 126.
 * Bernoullis, I, 130, 150, 335, 336.
 * Bertius, P., II, 300.
 * Bèse, I, 66.
 * Bessel, I, 384; II, 2.
 * Bethune, I, 99, 279, 291.
 * Bettesworth, I, 19.
 * Beza. (See Bèse.)
 * Bickersteth, E. H., I, 238.
 * Bidder, I, 86.
 * Biden, J., II, 158, 160.
 * Bidle, (Biddle), I, 239.
 * Biot, I, 85.
 * Birch, T., I, 108; II, 304, 313.
 * Birks, T. R., II, 158, 158.
 * Bishop, G., I, 386.
 * Bishops as Paradoxers, I, 226.
 * Boccaccio, I, 38.
 * Boethius, I, 42, 45.
 * Böhme. (See Behmen.)
 * Boncompagni, I, 298.
 * Boniface, St., I, 32.
 * Bonnycastle, J., II, 16.
 * Booker, I, 115.
 * Boole, G., I, 261, 332; II, 75, 79.
 * —A tribute to, II, 79.
 * Borelli, G. A., II, 300.
 * Borello, I, 69.
 * Boreman,I, 113.
 * Borron, Mrs., II, 7.
 * Boscovich, I, 156, 164.
 * Bouguer, II, 301.
 * Bouillaud, I, 87; II, 295.
 * Bouvard, A., I, 327.
 * Bovillus, I, 44; II, 324.
 * —Epitome of, I, 44.
 * Bowdler, H. M., I, 194.
 * Bowring, J., I, 352; II, 256.
 * Boyle, R., I, 24, 125; II, 300.
 * Bradley, I, 24.
 * Bradwardine, I, 227, 228, 229.
 * Brahe. (See Tycho B.)
 * Brancker, I, 107; II, 300.
 * Brenan, J., I, 330, 330.
 * Brewster, D., I, 39, 137, 140; II, 214, 288, 372.
 * Briggs, I, 69; II, 299, 302.
 * Bright, J., II, 235.
 * Brinkley, J., I, 311.
 * Britannicus, D., II, 8.
 * British Museum library, I, 151.
 * Brothers, R., I, 315; II, 97.
 * Brougham, Henry, Lord, I, 191.
 * Brouncker (Brounker), I, 132; II, 302.
 * Brown, W., II, 168.
 * Browne, T., I, 31.
 * Brucker, I, 61.
 * Brunet, I, 402.
 * Brünnow, I, 386.
 * Bruno, I, 59, 59.
 * Bryson, II, 59.
 * Bürgi, I, 52.
 * Buffon, I, 282.
 * Bulstrode, II, 84.
 * Bungus, I, 55, 55, 57.
 * Buoncompagno, U., I, 362.
 * Burgon, J. W., II, 30.
 * Buridan, I, 37.
 * —Questiones morales, I, 37.
 * Buridan's Ass, I, 37.
 * Burke, E., I, 173.
 * Burlesque, Frend's, I, 208.
 * Burnet, G., I, 107.
 * Burney, Frances, I, 190.
 * Burton, Frances B., I, 374.
 * Busby, R., II, 313.
 * Buteo, I, 51.
 * Butler, G., I, 199.
 * Butler, S., II, 218.
 * Buxton, J., I, 86.
 * Byrgius. (See Bürgi.)
 * Byrne, O., I, 329; II, 186, 190.
 * Byron, I, 186; II, 270, 273.

 * Cabbala, I, 272.
 * Calculating Boys, I, 86.
 * Calculus, I, 129.
 * Calendar. (See Easter.)
 * Cambridge Poets, II, 269.
 * Campanus, I, 42, 43.
 * Canning, Geo., II, 145.
 * Carcavi, I, 106.
 * Cardanus, II, 59.
 * Carlile, R., I, 271.
 * Carlyle, T., II, 373.
 * Carnot, I, 107.
 * Caroline tables, I, 124.
 * Casaubon, I, 111.
 * Case, J., I, 128, 128.
 * Cassini, J., I, 172.
 * Castel, I, 148, 148.
 * Castiglioni, I, 139.
 * Castlereagh, I, 185, 186.
 * Cataldi, I, 69, 69.
 * Catcott, A., I, 237.
 * Causans, de, I, 298.
 * Cavalieri, I, 106.
 * Cavendish, C., I, 106; II, 299, 312.
 * Cavendish, W., I, 290.
 * Caxton, W., II, 281.
 * Cayley, A., II, 292.
 * Cecil, R. (1st Earl of Salisbury), II, 330.
 * Centrifugal force, II, 268.
 * Ceulen. (See Van Ceulen.)
 * Challis, J., I, 390; II, 141.
 * Chalmers, I, 102; II, 219.
 * Chambers, E., II, 282.
 * Chambers, R., I, 344, 344.
 * Charles IX, II, 94.
 * Charles X, II, 1.
 * Chasles, I, 39, 229.
 * Chesterfield, Earl of (4th), II, 298.
 * Chiffinch, W., II, 50.
 * Ch'in Chiu-shang, II, 66.
 * Chitty, J., II, 323.
 * Chiu-chang, Suan-shu, II, 67.
 * Christian Evidence Society, I, 270.
 * Christie, I, 27.
 * Christmann, I, 272, 272.
 * Church question, I, 62.
 * Church, The word, II, 30.
 * Circle squarers. (See Squaring the Circle.)
 * Circulating media of mathematics, I, 107.
 * Ciruelo. (See Sanchez.)
 * Clairaut, I, 219, 382.
 * Clarence, Duke of, I, 179.
 * Clarke, R., I, 255.
 * Clavius, I, 11, 69, 111, 112, 335, 362, 363, 372; II, 59.
 * Clayton., Geo., II, 98.
 * Cluvier, D., II, 332, 332.
 * Cobb, Mary, II, 117.
 * Cobbett, W., I, 177, 200, 399.
 * Cobden, R., II, 217.
 * Cocker, I, 42; II, 64, 173, 251, 307.
 * Cody, P., II, 208.
 * Coke, E., II, 331.
 * Colburn, Z., I, 86.
 * Colenso, I, 63, 247; II,191.
 * Collins, J., I, 107; II, 297, 300,302, 313.
 * Colvill, W. H., II, 68.
 * Cometic astrology, I, 128.
 * Comets, I, 128; II, 68, 83.
 * Cominale, C., I, 162, 162.
 * Compton, S. J. A., II, 19.
 * Computation, Paradoxes of, II, 251, 267.
 * Condamine, C. M. de la, II, 301.
 * Conduitt, John, I, 397.
 * Conduitt, Mrs., I, 136.
 * Congregation of the Index, I, 90.
 * Converse propositions, I, 295.
 * Convocation at Oxford, I, 96.
 * Cooke, Margaret, I, 310.
 * Cooper, A. A. (Shaftsbury), II, 181.
 * Copernicus, I, 5, 6, 76, 90, 121, 172, 380; II, 165, 335.
 * Copley, J. S., I, 198.
 * Cormouls, I, 225.
 * Cosmology, I, 172.
 * Cotes, R., II, 301.
 * Cottle, Mrs., II, 97, 97, 161.
 * Craig, J., I, 129, 129.
 * Creed, Mathematics of a, I, 329.
 * Cribb, T., I, 314.
 * Crotus, J., I, 318.
 * Cruickshank, G., I, 186.
 * Cube, Duplication of, I, 349.
 * Cumyns, Eliza, I, 299.
 * Cunningham, I, 172, 172.
 * Curabelle, I, 221.
 * Curious Calculations, II, 66.
 * Curll, E., II, 279.
 * Cusa, I, 44, 47, 360.
 * Custom, II, 324.
 * Cyclometry, II, 208. (SeeSquaring of the Circle.)
 * Cyclopædias, Review of, II, 280.

 * D'Alembert, I, 382; II, 283, 364.
 * Dalgarno, I, 116, 117.
 * Dalton, J., I, 255.
 * D'Arblay, Mme., I, 190.
 * Darwin, E., II, 8.
 * Darwinism, Primitive, I, 344.
 * Dary, M., II, 305.
 * Daval, P., II, 298.
 * Davies, T. S., II, 151, 151, 188.
 * Day, A., I, 295, 295.
 * De Baruel, I, 165.
 * De Beaune. (See Beaune.)
 * De Becourt, II, 277, 277.
 * Debenham, J., I, 393.
 * De Causans. (See Causans.)
 * Dechales. (See de Challes.)
 * De Challes, I, 45.
 * Decimal coinage, II, 80, 168, 169.
 * Decimals run riot, II, 80.
 * Dee, J., II, 302.
 * De Fauré, I, 149.
 * De la Leu, I, 297.
 * Delambre, I, 160, 167, 354; II, 165.
 * Democritus, II, 34.
 * De Moivre, I, 24, 376; II, 298.
 * De Molières, I, 220.
 * De Molina, I, 297.
 * Demonville, I, 291, 293.
 * De Morgan, A., I, 191, 383; II, 194.
 * —Refusal of LL. D., I, 191.
 * De Morgan, G. C., I, 383.
 * De Morgan, Mrs., I, 196; II, 194.
 * Denison, J., I, 348, 353.
 * Desaguliers, I, 153, 156, 157.
 * Desargues, I, 119, 221.
 * Descartes, I, 5, 59, 105, 132, 165, 204, 220; II, 94.
 * De Serres, II, 60.
 * De Sluse. (See Sluse.)
 * De Thou, I, 51, 111, 113; II, 295.
 * De Vausenville, I, 12.
 * Devonshire, Duke of (7th), I, 290.
 * Diamandi, I, 86.
 * Didacus Astunica, I, 90.
 * Diderot, II, 4, 283, 339.
 * Digby, K., I, 108.
 * Digges, T., and L., II, 302.
 * Dionysius Exiguus, I, 360.
 * Dircks, H., II, 138, 138.
 * Discoverers and discoveries, II, 206.
 * Discovery, Basis of, I, 85.
 * D'Israeli, I., I, 115, 118, 136, 188, 227.
 * Ditton, I, 133, 133.
 * Division, Nature of, II, 248.
 * Dobson, J., I, 234, 234.
 * Dodson, J., II, 312.
 * Dodt, I, 52.
 * Doggerel verse, I, 341.
 * Dolland, I, 377.
 * Double Vahu Process, II, 360.
 * Douglas, G., I, 232.
 * Drach, S. M., II, 317.
 * Drayson, G. A. W., II, 132, 132.
 * Dryden, II, 71.
 * Dual arithmetic, II, 186.
 * Duchesne, I, 52.
 * Dumortier, I, 313.
 * Duncan, A., I, 179.
 * Dunkin, E., II, 349.
 * Duodecimal scale, II, 68.
 * Duplication Problem, I, 349.
 * Dupuy, J. and P., II, 295.
 * Dutens, L., II, 90.
 * Dyer, G., I, 178.

 * Earth, Figure of, II, 54.
 * Easter, I, 359.
 * Easter Day Paradoxes, I, 353.
 * Ebrington, Thos., I, 247.
 * Edgeworth, Maria, I,191.
 * Editorial System, I, 15.
 * Edleston, I, 140; II, 296.
 * Edwards, J., I, 144.
 * Edwards, T., I, 112.
 * Eirenæus Philalethes, I, 125, 125, 126.
 * Eldon, Lord (1st), II, 197.
 * Elephant story, I, 58.
 * Elizabeth, Queen, I, 128.
 * Ellenborough, Baron, I, 181.
 * Ellicot, I, 24.
 * Ellis, I, 76, 82.
 * Engel, I, 230.
 * English language, Origin of, I, 215.
 * Enriques, F., II, 367.
 * Epps, J., I, 153; II, 143.
 * Equation of fifth degree, I, 250, 373.
 * Erasmus, I, 110.
 * Erastus, I, 65.
 * Erichsen, I, 163.
 * Ersch, II, 193, 282.
 * Erskine, T., II, 127.
 * Esperanto, Forerunner of, I, 116.
 * Euclid, I, 5, 43; II, 118, 151.
 * —Without Axioms, I, 287.
 * Eudoxus, II, 164.
 * Euler, I, 221, 382; II, 3, 4, 303, 331, 339.
 * Eusebius, II, 220.
 * Eustace, J. C., II, 46.
 * Eutocius, I, 41; II, 60.
 * Evelyn, J., I, 108.
 * Everett, J., I, 346.
 * Evidence, I, 57, 58.

 * Faber. (See Stapulensis.)
 * Fairfax, Mary, I, 242.
 * Falco, I, 53.
 * Faraday, M., II, 351.
 * Fauré, de, I, 149; II, 238.
 * Fawcett, H., II, 249.
 * Ferguson, J., II, 20.
 * Fermat, I, 122, 221; II, 300.
 * Ferrari, S., II, 68.
 * Fiction, New era in, I, 189.
 * Fienus, I, 74, 74.
 * Filopanti, Q. B., II, 93.
 * Finæus, I, 50, 50, 113.
 * Finleyson, J., I, 314, 314.
 * Flamsteed, I, 87, 309; II, 45, 143, 302, 306.
 * Fletcher, I, 378.
 * Fludd, II, 318.
 * Fly-leaf Paradox, II, 264.
 * Folkes, M., I, 136; II, 301.
 * Fontenelle, I, 103.
 * Forbes, D., I, 237.
 * Forman, W., I, 296, 296, 306.
 * Forster, T. I. M., I, 320, 320.
 * Foscarini, I, 90.
 * Foster, S., II, 310.
 * Fourier, II, 66.
 * Fox, G., I, 397.
 * Francis, P., II, 96.
 * Francœur, I, 365.
 * Frankland, W. B., I, 230, 287.
 * Franklin, J., II, 265.
 * Freedom of opinion, Growth of, I, 265.
 * Freher, A., II, 319.
 * French academy on circle squaring, I, 163.
 * Frend, W., I, 196, 196, 206, 208, 252.
 * Fresnel, II, 48.
 * Fromondus, I, 74, 74, 99.
 * Frost, I. and J., I, 394.
 * Fry, Elizabeth, I, 224.
 * Fuller, T., I, 86.
 * Fulton, R., I, 148.

 * Gadbury, J., I, 115, 115.
 * Galbraith, J. A., II, 372.
 * Galileo, I, 5, 6, 32, 76, 82, 83, 96, 122, 381.
 * Galle, J. G., I, 386; II, 7.
 * Galloway, I, 56, 57; II, 143.
 * Gamblers, I, 280.
 * Garrick, I, 21.
 * Gascoigne, W., II, 299.
 * Gassendi, I, 107.
 * Gauss, I, 86, 107, 310.
 * Gemistus, G., I, 188.
 * Gentleman's Monthly, Miscellany, I, 208.
 * Gephryander. (See Salicetus.)
 * Gergonne, I, 336.
 * Ghetaldi, I, 83; II, 59.
 * Ghost paradox, II, 47.
 * Giddy (Gilbert), II, 174.
 * Gilbert, Davies, II, 66, 174.
 * Gilbert, William, I, 6, 68, 68, 76.
 * Gillot, II, 315.
 * Glazier (Glazion), II, 7.
 * Godwin, F., I, 103.
 * Godwin, W., I, 174.
 * Golius, I, 106.
 * Gompertz, B., I, 378.
 * Goulburn, I, 288.
 * Goulden, S., II, 88.
 * Graham, I, 24.
 * Grandamicus, I, 104, 104.
 * Granger, J., I, 156.
 * Grant, A. R., II, 131.
 * Grant, R., I, 392; II, 131.
 * Grassi, O., I, 262.
 * Grassini, I, 231.
 * Graunt, J., I, 113, 114, 154.
 * Gravity, I, 151, 244, 348, 353.
 * —Newton's apple, I, 136.
 * Greek numerals, II, 77.
 * Greene, R., I, 135, 135.
 * Greenhill, Sir G., I, 136.
 * Greenwich observatory,I, 87.
 * Gregg, T. D., II, 75, 75.
 * Gregorian Calendar, I, 363.
 * Gregory, D., I, 66; II, 301.
 * Gregory, J., I, 118, 118, 207; II, 302.
 * Gregory O., II, 71.
 * Gregory, Pope, I, 362.
 * Grevil, I, 202.
 * Grey, C., (2d Earl), I, 315; II, 247.
 * Grosart, I, 141, 141, 145.
 * Grove, W. R., II, 320.
 * Gruber, II, 193, 282.
 * Gruenberger, I, 70.
 * Grynaeus, I, 66.
 * Guaricus, I, 43.
 * Guillim, J., II, 28.
 * Guldin, I, 83.
 * Gumpach, Von, II, 137, 137.
 * Gunning, H., I, 198.
 * Gurney. (See Fry, E.)
 * Guthrie, W., I, 395.

 * Hailes, J. D., II, 135, 135.
 * Hailesean system of astronomy, II, 135.
 * Hale, M., I, 123, 123.
 * Hales, S., I, 123.
 * Hall, B., II, 181.
 * Hallam, I, 159.
 * Halley, I, 24, 124, 311; II, 301, 332.
 * Halliwell-Phillips, II, 148, 296.
 * Hamilton, W., I, 112, 117, 331, 335, 339, 341, 342; II, 52, 53, 111.
 * Hamilton, W. Rowan, I, 332; II, 104, 256, 343.
 * Hanover, King of, I, 201.
 * Hardy, C., I, 298.
 * Hardy, T., I, 178.
 * Harriot, T., II, 302.
 * Harvey, I, 76, 78; II, 201.
 * Hauff, I, 230.
 * Haughton, S., II, 372.
 * Hauksbee, F., I, 156.
 * Hayes, C., I, 132, 132.
 * Heath, D. D., I, 76.
 * Heinfetter, H., II, 94, 94.
 * Helmont, J. B. van, I, 125.
 * Henson, II, 8.
 * Heraclitus, II, 34.
 * Herbart, J. F., I, 253, 253; II, 78.
 * Hérigone, II, 59.
 * Herschel, J., I, 80, 299, 326, 383, 386; II, 88, 95, 181, 255, 261, 262.
 * Herschel, W., I, 81, 151, 192, 225, 233, 299; II, 288, 348.
 * Heywood, F., II, 49.
 * Hicks, J. P., II, 67.
 * Higgins, G., I, 257, 274.
 * Hilarius, Pope, I, 359.
 * Hill, J., I, 21, 22, 23, 24.
 * Hill, Rev. R., I, 192.
 * Hill, Sir R., I, 165, 232.
 * Hind, J. R., I, 384.
 * Hippocrates, II, 59.
 * Hoax, An interesting, I, 163.
 * —Lunar Caustic, I, 288.
 * —Moon (Herschel), I, 326; II, 131.
 * Hobbes, I, 105, 109, 143, 144; II, 80.
 * Hobhouse, J. C., II, 126.
 * Hodder, J., II, 265.
 * Hodge, C. B., I, 114.
 * Hodges, W., I, 237.
 * Hoffmann, J. J., II, 282.
 * Hoffmann, J. J. I. von, I, 230.
 * Holloway, B., I, 237.
 * Holmes, O. W., I, 109.
 * Holyoake, G. J., I, 399, 399.
 * Hone, W., I, 124, 180, 184, 185.
 * Hook, T. E., II, 261.
 * Hooke, I, 77; II, 300.
 * Hooker, R., II, 201.
 * Hopkins, J., II, 41.
 * Horace, I, 40.
 * Horne, G., I, 152, 152, 154, 155, 236.
 * Horne, J., I, 178.
 * Horner, L., I, 176.
 * Horner, W. G., II, 66, 151, 187.
 * Houlston, W., II, 156, 156.
 * Howard, E., I, 131.
 * Howison, W., I, 256, 256.
 * Howitt, W., II, 193, 193.
 * Howley, I, 63.
 * Hulls, I, 147, 147; II, 8.
 * Hume, J., I, 352; II, 174.
 * Husaín Rifki, II, 16.
 * Hussein Effendi, II, 15.
 * Hutchinson, J., I, 154, 154.
 * Hutton, C., I, 153, 161; II, 303, 340.
 * Huyghens, I, 100, 133; II, 300.

 * Imaginary numbers, II, 186.
 * Impalement by request, II, 133.
 * Inaudi, I, 86.
 * Index Expurgatorius, I, 90.
 * Infant prodigies, I, 86.
 * Inglis, J. B., II, 52.
 * Inglis, R. H., I, 352.
 * Ingliz Selim Effendi, II, 15.
 * Innocent I., I, 359.
 * Irving, E., II, 54.
 * Ivory, J., II, 142, 142.

 * Jabir ben Aflah, II, 59.
 * Jack, R., I, 149.
 * Jacotot, J., I, 278, 278.
 * Jameson, Mrs., II, 63.
 * Jeffreys, G., I, 183.
 * Jenner, E., II, 205.
 * Jesuit contributions, I, 164.
 * Johnson, H. C., I, 350.
 * Johnson, S., I, 20, 190, 259; II, 117.
 * Johnston, W. H., II, 67.
 * Jombert, I, 161.
 * Jonchère, I, 146, 146.
 * Jones, W., I, 135; II, 298, 301.
 * Jones, Rev. W., I, 237.
 * Jonson, B., I, 13.
 * Journals, Three classes of, II,144.

 * Kantesian Jeweler,I, 258.
 * Karsten, I, 230.
 * Kästner, I, 43, 110, 112.
 * Kater, I, 11.
 * Keckermann, I, 3.
 * Keill, J., II, 302.
 * Kepler, I, 52, 76, 82, 381; II, 166.
 * Kerigan, T., I, 308, 353.
 * Keroualle, De, II, 50.
 * Kersey, I, 107.
 * King, Wm., I, 246.
 * Kircher, Adolphe, I, 229.
 * Kircher, Athanasius, I, 103.
 * Kirkringius, T., I, 125, 125.
 * Kittle, I, 236.
 * Klein, F., II, 367.
 * Knight, C., II, 109, 280, 289.
 * Knight, G., I, 151, 151.
 * Knight, R. P., II, 274.
 * Knight, Wm., I, 97.
 * Koenig, S., I, 150.

 * Lacomme, I, 46.
 * La Condamine, II, 301.
 * Lacroix, I, 41, 159, 207.
 * Lactantius, I, 33, 96.
 * Lagrange, I, 221, 288, 313, 382; II, 86.
 * Laing, F. H., II, 186, 186.
 * Lalande, I, 159.
 * Lamb, C., I, 178; II, 270.
 * Lambert, J. H., I, 336; II, 214, 367.
 * Lambert, John, II, 309.
 * Language, Test of, II, 327.
 * Lansbergius, I, 70, 70.
 * Laplace, I, 24, 255, 382; II, 1, 340.
 * Lardner, D., II, 253.
 * Lardner, N., I, 14; II, 221.
 * Laud, I, 145.
 * Lauder, W., I, 297.
 * Laurent, P., I, 309, 309.
 * Laurie, J., II, 4.
 * Laurie, P., II, 42.
 * Laurus, I, 381.
 * Law, Edmund, I, 181.
 * Law, Edward, I, 181.
 * Law, W., I, 168, 254; II, 317.
 * Le Coq, I, 86.
 * Lee, R., I, 66.
 * Lee, S., I, 131.
 * Lee, W., I, 157.
 * Legate, I, 59.
 * Legendre, I, 229; II, 215, 367.
 * Legh, P., II, 68, 83.
 * Leibnitz, I, 5, 7; II, 46.
 * Leo, St., I, 359.
 * Leverrier, I, 43, 82, 383, 386, 388, 390; II, 7, 135, 140, 303.
 * Lewis, G. C., II, 162, 162.
 * Libri, I, 40, 62; II, 295.
 * Lilius, Aloysius, I, 362.
 * Lilly, I, 115; II, 302.
 * Lipen, M., I, 298.
 * Little, J., I, 206.
 * Livingston, R., I, 148.
 * Locke, J., I, 142, 142, 144;
 * —and Socinianism, I, 142.
 * Locke, R., I, 146.
 * Locke, R. A., I, 326; II, 86, 131.
 * Logan, W. E., I, 337.
 * Logic, Formal, I, 158; II, 75.
 * —Has no paradoxes, I, 330.
 * London Mathematical Society, I, 383.
 * London, University of, I, 259; II, 71.
 * Long, G., II, 290.
 * Long, J. St. J., II. 38, 205.
 * Longitude problems, I, 132, 146, 249.
 * Longley, C. T., I, 325.
 * Longomontanus, I, 105, 105.
 * Lottery, I. 281.
 * Lovett, R., I, 165, 166.
 * Lowe, R., II, 169.
 * Lowndes, W. T., I. 402.
 * Lubbock, J., I, 279; II, 148.
 * Lucas, F., II, 28.
 * Lucian, I, 102.
 * Lunar Caustic Joke, I, 288.
 * Lunn, J. R., II, 66.
 * Lydiat, T., II, 302.
 * Lyndhurst, I, 198.

 * Macclesfield, Earls of, I, 7; II, 296, 301.
 * Macclesfield, Letters, II, 296.
 * MacElshender, II, 87.
 * Machin, J., II, 301.
 * Mackey, John,I, 349.
 * Mackey, S. A., I, 256.
 * Maclear, T., II, 181.
 * Macleod, H. D., II, 184, 184.
 * Magic, I, 118.
 * Magna Charta, I, 25.
 * Magnus, I, 42.
 * Maitland, S., I, 63, 163.
 * Malacarne, I, 119.
 * Malden, H., II, 162.
 * Malius, II, 342.
 * Mallemens, II, 333.
 * Mankind gullible, I, 115.
 * Manning, H. E., (Card.), II, 233.
 * Mansel, H. L., II, 162.
 * Marcelis, J., I, 129, 129.
 * Maret, II, 3.
 * Margarita Philosophica. (See Reisch.)
 * Marryat, Capt., II, 87.
 * Marsh, H., I, 199, 271.
 * Martin, B., I, 152, 153.
 * Martin, R., II, 236.
 * Maseres, F., I, 197, 203.
 * Mason, M., II, 132.
 * Mathematical Illustrations of Doctrine, II, 70;
 * —Psychology, I, 253;
 * —Society, I, 374, 376, 382;
 * —Theology, I, 149.
 * Mathematics, Condensed history of, II, 58.
 * Matter to Spirit, II, 194.
 * Maty, I, 23.
 * Maupertuis, II, 301.
 * Maurice, F. D., II, 101.
 * Maurolycus, I, 121.
 * Maxwell, A., I, 102.
 * Meadley, G. W., I, 223.
 * Mechanics Magazine, II, 141, 145.
 * Medici, Cosmo de, II, 295.
 * Medicine, Status of, I, 266.
 * Melanchthon, II, 323.
 * Menestrier, I, 127, 127.
 * Mercator, G., II, 92.
 * Mercator's projection, I, 84.
 * Mersenne, I, 106, 107; II, 295, 297.
 * Meslier, J., II, 195.
 * Meteorologist, An early, I, 320.
 * Meteorology, I, 327.
 * Metius, A. and P., I, 52, 99, 99.
 * Meton, II, 167.
 * Metric System, Forerunner of, I, 171.
 * Méziriac, I, 161.
 * Milbanke, A. I., I, 225.
 * Mill, Jas., I, 260.
 * Miller, Joe, I, 182.
 * Miller, S., I, 167.
 * Mills, Elizabeth, W., II, 7.
 * Milne, J., I, 286.
 * Milner, I., I, 251, 251.
 * Milner, J., II, 23.
 * Milner's lamp, I, 252.
 * Milward, II, 250.
 * Miracles vs. Nature, II, 6.
 * Mitchell, J., I, 242.
 * Molière, I, 232.
 * Molina, A. C. de, I, 297.
 * Mollendorff, von, II, 3, 338.
 * Mondeux, I, 86.
 * Montague, C., II, 311.
 * Montmort, P. R. de, II, 301.
 * Montucla, I, 40, 45, 54, 65, 117, 120, 159, 163; II, 60.
 * Moon Hoax, I, 326; II, 131.
 * Moon, Nature of, II, 84;
 * —Rotation of, II, 4, 19, 84, 87.
 * More, Hannah, I, 189, 192.
 * More, Henry, I, 123.
 * Moore, Dr. John, I, 190.
 * Moore, Sir John, I, 190.
 * Morgan, S., I, 6.
 * Morgan, T., I, 191.
 * Morgan, W., I, 223, 224.
 * Morhof, I, 61.
 * Morin, I, 99, 99.
 * Morinus, J. B., I, 149.
 * Morland, S., II, 302.
 * Mormonism, II, 69.
 * Morrison, R. J., I, 321; II, 43.
 * Mose, H., II, 266.
 * Mottelay, I, 68.
 * Motti, II, 60.
 * Mouton, I, 172; II, 300.
 * Muggleton, I, 394, 395.
 * Multiplication, Nature of, II, 251.
 * Murchison, R. I., I, 384.
 * Murhard, I, 43, 298.
 * Murphy, A., II, 308.
 * Murphy, J. L., II, 54, 54.
 * Murphy, P., I, 327, 398.
 * Murphy, R., I, 349, 349.
 * Murray, J., I, 186; II, 145.
 * Murray, L., II, 326.
 * Murray, Mungo, II, 310.
 * Musgrave, T., I, 324.
 * Mydorge, I, 298.
 * Mystrom, J. W., II, 182.
 * Mythological paradoxes, I, 256.

 * Names of Religious Bodies, II, 22.
 * Napier, J., I, 5, 66, 67, 82.
 * Napoleon, Doubts as to, I, 246.
 * Nautical Almanac, I, 300; II, 147.
 * Neal, I, 98.
 * Negative numbers, I, 196, 203.
 * Neile, W., II, 190.
 * Neptune, Discovery of, I, 387; II, 140. (See Adams, Leverrier.)
 * Nesse, C, I, 128, 128.
 * Newcomb, S., I, 162.
 * Newcomen, T., I, 147.
 * Newton, Sir Isaac, I, 5, 6, 8, 24, 39, 84, 88, 130, 136, 139, 144, 145, 148, 152, 154, 155, 162, 165, 167, 197, 225, 237, 242, 257, 282, 296, 297, 309, 311, 382, 394, 395, 396, 397; II, 2, 70, 184, 297, 302, 305.
 * Newton, John, II, 305.
 * Nicene Creed, I, 371.
 * Nichol, J. P., II, 289.
 * Nicholas. (See Cusa.)
 * Nichols, J., I, 175.
 * Nicolas, N. H., I, 354.
 * Nicollet, I, 326; II, 131.
 * Nicolson, W., I, 201.
 * Nieuwentijt, II, 333.
 * Nizzoli, M., II, 275.
 * Non-Euclidean geometry, II, 83.
 * Northampton, Marquis of (2d), II, 19.
 * Novum Organum Moralium, II, 74.
 * Number, Mystery of, I, 55, 56, 169.
 * Number of the Beast (666), I, 55, 130, 272, 298, 352; II, 77, 159, 217, 218, 361, 373.
 * Numeral system, II, 68.
 * Nursery rhymes, II, 150.

 * Occam, Wm. of, II, 40.
 * Odgers, N., II, 191, 191.
 * Oinopides of Chios, II, 59.
 * Oldenburgh, H., II, 300, 302.
 * Orthodox Paradoxes, II, 363.
 * Orthography, Paradoxes of, II, 267.
 * Ortwinus, I, 319.
 * Oughtred, W., II, 298, 303.
 * Owenson, I, 191.
 * Ozanam, I, 161, 312.

 * Pagi, I, 32.
 * Paine, T., I, 173, 173, 271.
 * Paley, W., I, 222; II, 226.
 * Palmer, C., I, 225.
 * Palmer, H., I, 141, 141, 145.
 * Palmer, J., II, 253.
 * Palmer, T. F., II, 254.
 * Palmer, W., II, 37.
 * Palmerston, Viscount (3d), I, 290, 352.
 * Palmézeaux, I, 167.
 * Panizzi, A., I, 151.
 * Papist, II, 26.
 * Paracelsus, II, 322.
 * Paradox defined, I, 2, 31.
 * Paradox, religious, I, 236.
 * Paradoxers in general, II, 352.
 * Parallels, Theory of, I, 229, 344.
 * Pardies, I. G., II, 300.
 * Park, Mungo, II, 91, 132.
 * Parker, F., II, 94.
 * Parker, G. (Earl of Macclesfield), II, 296.
 * Parr, S., I, 173, 173, 175, 176, 184.
 * Parsey, I, 293, 293.
 * Partridge, J., I, 305.
 * Pasbergius, I, 381.
 * Pascal, I, 39, 119, 122, 220, 221; II, 73.
 * Pascal's Hexagram, I, 221.
 * Passot, I, 279, 279.
 * Passover, I, 358, 372.
 * Patriotic paradox, I, 231.
 * Paucton, I, 172.
 * Paulian, I, 165, 165.
 * Peacock, Geo., I, 196, 350.
 * Peacock, T. L., I, 190, 340.
 * Pearce, A. J., II, 43.
 * Pearne, T., I, 239.
 * Peel, Sir R., I, 290, 352.
 * Peel, W. Y., I, 290.
 * Pèlerin, J., II, 324.
 * Pell, J., I, 105, 105, 107; II, 300, 302, 312.
 * Pepys, I, 113, 114.
 * Perigal, H., II, 19, 20.
 * Perpetual motion, I, 118, 348; II, 55, 138.
 * Perspective, New theory of, I, 293.
 * Peters, W., II, 11, 315.
 * Petitioning Comet, I, 127.
 * Petrie, W. M. F., I, 328.
 * Petty, I, 114; II, 300.
 * Philalethes, Eirenaeus, I, 125, 125, 126.
 * Philalethes, Eugenius, I, 255.
 * Phillips, R., I, 242, 242, 245.
 * Philo of Gadara, I, 40, 40.
 * Philosopher's stone, I, 118, 125.
 * Philosophical atheists, II, 1.
 * Philosophy and Religion, II, 37.
 * Phonetic spelling, II, 81.
 * π, values of, I, 11, 43, 45, 46, 52, 69, 100, 110, 129, 135, 146, 245, 283, 284, 294, 347, 348, 349, 350; II, 60, 63, 105, 110, 118, 135, 156, 209, 279, 315, 316.
 * Pighius, I, 372.
 * Pike, S., I, 236, 236.
 * Pindar, P., II, 272.
 * Piozzi, Mrs., I, 235; II, 272.
 * Piscator, B., II, 25.
 * Pitman, F., II, 81, 81.
 * Place, F., I, 199.
 * Planets inhabitable, I, 100, 102.
 * Plato, I, 5.
 * Platt, H., I, 126, 126.
 * Playfair, J., I, 233.
 * Pletho, G., I, 188.
 * Pliny, II, 280.
 * Ploucquet, I, 336, 337.
 * Poe, E. A., II, 132.
 * Poincaré, I, 136.
 * Poisson, I, 292; II, 2.
 * Pollock, J. F., II, 174.
 * Pons, II, 45.
 * Pope, Wm., I, 277, 277.
 * Porta, I, 68, 68, 83.
 * Porteus, B., I, 193, 203.
 * Porteus, H. F. A., II, 157, 157.
 * Porus, I, 44.
 * Powell, Baden, II, 267.
 * Powell, W. S., I, 222.
 * Pratt, H. F. A., II, 157, 157.
 * Pratt, O., II, 69.
 * Predaval, Count de, I, 348.
 * Prescot, B., I, 270, 270, 278.
 * Prester John, I, 70, 71, 152.
 * Price, R., I, 223.
 * Probability, Discourse on, I, 279.
 * Proclus, I, 188, 188.
 * Prodigies, Youthful, I, 219, 332.
 * Pronunciation, II, 330.
 * Protestant and Papal Christendom, II, 33.
 * Protimalethes, II, 6.
 * Ptolemy, I, 5, 33, 380.
 * Pullicino, II, 61, 61.
 * Pusey, I, 64.
 * Pyramids, The, I, 328; II, 95, 136.
 * Pythagoras, II, 59.

 * Quadrature problem. (See Squaring the circle.)
 * Quarles, F., II, 277.
 * Quintilian, II, 280.
 * Quotem, C., I, 399.

 * Rabelais, I, 102.
 * Rainbow Paradox, II, 334.
 * Ramachandra, Y., I, 374.
 * Ramchundra, I, 374.
 * Ramus, I, 5.
 * Recalcati, II, 208, 314.
 * Recorde, R., II, 328.
 * Reddie, Jas., II, 183, 183, 344, 360.
 * Reeve, J., I, 395.
 * Regiomontanus, I, 48, 360.
 * Reisch, I, 45; II, 281.
 * Religion and Philosophy, II, 37.
 * Religious bodies, Names of, II, 22;
 * —customs, Attacks on, I, 177;
 * —Insurance, I, 345;
 * —Paradox, I, 236;
 * —Tract society, I, 192.
 * Remigius, I, 50.
 * Reuchlin, J., II, 323.
 * Revelations, Napier on, I, 66.
 * Revilo, (O. Byrne), I, 241, 329, 329.
 * Reyneau, C. R., II, 301.
 * Rheticus, I, 69; II, 372.
 * Rhonius, II, 300.
 * Ribadeneira, P. de, II, 62.
 * Riccioli, I, 96.
 * Richards, G., II, 270.
 * Rigaud, J., II, 299.
 * Rigaud, S. J., II, 299.
 * Rigaud, S. P., I, 140; II, 298, 313.
 * Ringelbergh, J. S., II, 281.
 * Ripley, G., I, 126, 126.
 * Ritchie, W., I, 295, 295.
 * Ritterhusius, I, 60.
 * Rive, J.-J., I, 160.
 * Robertson, Jas., I, 237.
 * Roberval, I, 105, 122.
 * Robinson, B., I, 148, 148.
 * Robinson, H. C., I, 314; II, 52, 275.
 * Robinson, R., I, 177.
 * Robinson, T. R., II, 181.
 * Roblin, J., II, 136.
 * Rogers, S., II, 260.
 * Roget, P. M., I, 398.
 * Roomen, A. van, I, 110.
 * Ross, J. C., I, 303.
 * Rosse, I, 26.
 * Rossi, G., I, 231, 231.
 * Rotation of the Moon, II, 4, 19.
 * Rough, W., I, 198.
 * Rowning, J., I, 155.
 * Royal Astronomical Society, I, 27;
 * —Forerunner of, I, 374.
 * Royal Society, I, 21, 22, 24-30, 56, 57, 136, 153, 163, 164, 165.
 * Rudio, I, 159; II, 367.
 * Rudolff, C., II, 373.
 * Russell, Earl (1st), I, 296.
 * Rutherford, W., II, 109.

 * Sabatíer, A., II, 267.
 * Sabellius, I, 241.
 * Sacrobosco, I, 360.
 * Sadler, T., I, 238, 241.
 * Saint-Martin, I, 167, 168, 206.
 * St.-Mesmin, M. de., I, 280.
 * St. Vincent, G. de., I, 110, 117.
 * St. Vitus, Patron of Cyclometers, II, 60.
 * Sales, de, I, 167.
 * Salicetus, I, 64.
 * Salisbury, Earl of (1st), II, 330.
 * Salmasius, Claudius, II, 168.
 * Salusbury, Hester, I, 235.
 * Sanchez, Petro, I, 229, 229.
 * Sanders, W., I, 207.
 * Sanderson, R., I, 135.
 * Sara, R., I, 297.
 * Saunderson, N., I, 377; II, 301.
 * Scaliger, I, 44, 110, 111, 112, 113; II, 238.
 * Scévole de St. Marthe, I, 113.
 * Schooten, Van, II, 59.
 * Schopp, I, 60.
 * Schott, I, 64; II, 64.
 * Schumacher, H. C., I, 107; II, 297.
 * Schwab, I, 230.
 * Scientific paradoxes, I, 232.
 * Scott, Michael, I, 38.
 * Scott's Devils, I, 38.
 * Scott, W., I, 20, 27, 38, 39, 155, 191.
 * Scripture and Science, II, 261.
 * Search, John, I, 247.
 * Selden, J., II, 250.
 * Sénarmont, II, 48.
 * Serres, De, II, 60.
 * Shaftesbury, Earl of, II, 181.
 * Shakespeare, I, 13.
 * Shanks, II, 63, 65, 109.
 * Shaw, P., I, 142.
 * Sheepshanks, J., I, 147.
 * Sheepshanks, R., I, 290.
 * Shelley, I, 174.
 * Shepherd, S., I, 124.
 * Sherburne, E., II, 295.
 * Sheridan, R. B., I, 175.
 * Sheridan, T., I, 175.
 * Shoberl, F., II, 270.
 * Shrewsbury, I, 108.
 * Siddons, Mrs., I, 189.
 * Simms, W., I, 152.
 * Simplicius, II, 164.
 * Simpson, T., I, 377; II, 304.
 * Simson, R., I, 197, 202, 233.
 * Sinclair, G., I, 207.
 * Slander Paradoxes, II, 138.
 * Sloane, I, 24.
 * Sluse, R. de, I, 118, 118; II, 300.
 * Smith, Adam, II, 112.
 * Smith, Jas., I, 46; II, 103, 103, 154, 236, 237, 238, 241, 336, 360.
 * Smith, Jas., II, 217.
 * Smith, Jas. (Shepherd), II, 55, 193.
 * Smith, Joseph, II, 69.
 * Smith, Richarda, I, 242.
 * Smith, Thomas, I, 346, 346.
 * Smith, Wm., II, 152.
 * Smyth, C. P., I, 328; II, 65.
 * Snell, I, 75, 75.
 * Socinianism, I, 142, 143.
 * Socinus, I, 3, 143.
 * Socrates Scholasticus, I, 358.
 * Sohncke, L. A., II, 131.
 * Somerville, Mrs., I, 242.
 * South, J., II, 181.
 * Southcott, Joanna, II, 58, 97, 239.
 * Spearman, R., I, 237.
 * Speculative thought in England, I, 374.
 * Spedding, I, 76, 82, 142.
 * Speed, J., I, 201.
 * Speke, I, 70.
 * Spelling, phonetic, II, 81.
 * Spence, W., I, 231, 231.
 * Spencer, Earl (3d), II, 9.
 * Spinoza, I, 3, 37.
 * Spiritualism, II, 47, 55, 207.
 * Spurius Cassius Viscellinus, II, 342.
 * Spurius Maelius, II, 342.
 * Squaring the circle, I, 8, 42, 44, 46, 47, 50, 52, 53, 69, 70, 75, 109, 117, 119, 129, 135, 146, 149, 159, 163, 164, 347, 348, 374; II, 10, 11, 60, 105, 154, 156, 208, 278, 314.
 * Stäckel, I, 230.
 * Stanhope, P. D., (Earl of Chesterfield), II, 298.
 * Stapulensis, I, 44; II, 324.
 * Star polygons, I, 229.
 * Starkie, G., I, 126, 126.
 * Statter, D., II, 80.
 * Steamship suggested, I, 147.
 * Steel, Jas., II, 68.
 * Stenography, II, 81.
 * Stephens, I, 44; II, 324.
 * Stephenson, G., II, 138.
 * Stephenson, R., II, 138.
 * Stevin, I, 83, 313; II, 59.
 * Stewart, D., II, 53.
 * Stewart, R., I, 186.
 * Stifel, M., II, 373.
 * Strafford, Earl of, I, 240.
 * Stratford, W. S., I, 300.
 * Street, T., I, 124.
 * Stukely, W., I, 236.
 * Suffield, G., II, 66.
 * Suidas, II, 29.
 * Sumner, C. R., I, 324.
 * Sumner, J. B., I, 324.
 * Sun as an electric space, II, 41.
 * Supernatural, The, II, 193.
 * Suvaroff, II, 85.
 * Swastika, II, 231.
 * Swedenborg, E., I, 255.
 * Swift, I, 19, 133.
 * Sylvester, J. J., II, 336.
 * Symington, W., I, 148.
 * Symons, II, 4, 5, 20, 84, 85.
 * Sympathetic powder, I, 108.
 * Synesius, I, 125.

 * Talbot, G., I, 22, 108.
 * Talbot's powder, I, 108.
 * Tartaglia, II, 59.
 * Tasse, I, 106.
 * Tate, J., I, 199.
 * Tauler, J., II, 322.
 * Taylor, Brook, II, 301.
 * Taylor, John, I, 352; II, 95.
 * Taylor, Robt., I, 270.
 * Taylor, T., I, 188, 188.
 * Teissier, I, 113.
 * Temple, H. J., I, 290.
 * Tenterden, Chief Justice, I, 181.
 * Thales, II, 59, 83.
 * Theism independent of Revelation, I, 399.
 * Thelwall, J., I, 178.
 * Theodoretus, I, 358.
 * Theological Paradoxes, I, 316.
 * Theology, Mathematical, I, 129, 149.
 * Theophrastus, II, 167.
 * Thiébault, II, 3, 338.
 * Thom, D., II, 226, 240.
 * Thom, J. H., II, 226.
 * Thompson, P., I, 7.
 * Thompson, T. P., I, 252, 287, 344; II, 83, 185.
 * Thomson, Dr., I, 21.
 * Thomson, W., I, 325.
 * Thorn, W., II, 158, 158, 360.
 * Thorndike, H., II, 313.
 * Thrale, Mrs., I, 235.
 * Thurlow, Baron, I, 222.
 * Thyræus, I, 50.
 * Tides, New theory of, I, 393.
 * Tombstones of mathematicians, I, 106.
 * Tonal System, II, 182.
 * Tooke, H., I, 178.
 * Torriano, E., I, 250.
 * Towneley, II, 300.
 * Townley, C., II, 300.
 * Trisection problem, I, 118; II, 10, 12, 13, 15.
 * Troughton, I, 152.
 * Turnor, E., I, 137.
 * Tycho Brahe, I, 5, 76, 381; II, 302, 335.

 * Upton, W., II, 12, 12, 15.
 * Ursus, I, 52.

 * Valentine, B., I, 125, 125.
 * Van Ceulen, I, 52, 70, 100.
 * Van de Weyer, I, 313.
 * Van Etten, I, 161.
 * Van Helmont, I, 125, 125.
 * Van Roomen, I, 110.
 * Van Schooten, II, 59.
 * Vaughan, T., I, 255.
 * Victorinus, I, 359.
 * Viète, I, 51; II, 210, 295.
 * Virgil, St., I, 32, 33, 34, 99.
 * Virginia, University of, I, 233.
 * Viscellinus, II, 342.
 * Vitruvius, II, 281.
 * Vivian, T., I, 172, 172.
 * Vogel, A. F., I, 373.
 * Voltaire, I, 103, 165, 166, 167, 168, 248; II, 268.
 * Von Gumpach, II, 137, 137.
 * Von Hutten, I, 318.
 * Von Wolzogen. (See Wolzogen.)
 * Vyse, R. W. H., I, 328.

 * Walker, W. E., II, 316.
 * Walkingame, F., II, 173.
 * Wallich, N., II, 14.
 * Wallis, J., I, 107, 109, 110; II, 299, 313.
 * Walpole, I, 23, 131.
 * Walsh, John, I, 260, 260; II, 157.
 * Wapshare, J., II, 230.
 * Warburton, H., I, 349.
 * Warburton, Wm., I, 55, 112; II, 174.
 * Ward, S., II, 299.
 * Waring, E., I, 203, 222.
 * Warner, W., II, 302, 312.
 * Warren, S., II, 340.
 * Watkins, J., II, 270.
 * Watson, Bp., I, 223.
 * Watt, R., I, 102, 402.
 * Watts, I., II, 18.
 * Weddle, T., II, 187.
 * Wentworth, Thos., I, 240.
 * Wharton, I, 115.
 * Whately, R., I, 246, 246, 324.
 * Whately's Paradox, I, 246.
 * Whewell, I, 101, 101, 273, 314, 380; II, 104, 246, 247.
 * Whigs, II, 22.
 * Whiston, J., I, 147.
 * Whiston, W., I, 133, 133, 146, 156, 311.
 * White, H. K., II, 271.
 * White, J. B., I, 248.
 * White, R., I, 11.
 * Whitford, I, 105.
 * Whitworth, W. A., II, 344.
 * Whizgig, On the, I, 254.
 * Wightman, I, 59.
 * Wilberforce, W., II, 236.
 * Wilkins, J., I, 96, 100, 116, 226.
 * Williams, J. B., I, 378.
 * Williams, T., I, 171, 171.
 * Wilson, Sir J., I, 221.
 * Wilson, J. M., II, 344.
 * Wilson, R., II, 7, 7.
 * Wilson's Theorem, I, 222.
 * Wingate, E., II, 308.
 * Winter, I, 46.
 * Wirgman, T., I, 258, 258.
 * Wiseman, N. P. S., II, 26, 61, 294.
 * Wolcot, J. (Peter Pindar), II, 272.
 * Wollstonecraft, I, 173, 173.
 * Wolzogen, I, 106.
 * Wood, A., I, 98.
 * Wood, John, I, 233.
 * Wood, Wm., I, 246, 246.
 * Woodley, W., I, 307, 307.
 * Wordsworth, II, 273.
 * Wright, E., I, 84.
 * Wright, T., I, 151, 151, 152, 153.
 * Wright, W., II, 9.
 * Wronski, I, 249, 250.
 * Wrottesley, J. (Baron), II, 181.

 * Young, B., II, 69.
 * Young, J. W. A., II, 367.
 * Young, T., I, 24, 30, 250.
 * Youthful Prodigies, I, 219.
 * Yvon, I, 297.

 * Zach, von, II, 45, 196.
 * Zachary, Pope, I, 32, 34.
 * Zadkiel, I, 321; II, 43.
 * Zetetic Astronomy, II, 88.
 * Zodiac, II, 136.
 * Zytphen, II, 335.

title: Budget of Paradoxes/R


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Page:The Genealogy of Morals.djvu/64

 I.

The breeding of an animal that can promise—is not this just that very paradox of a task which nature has set itself in regard to man? Is not this the very problem of man? The fact that this problem has been to a great extent solved, must appear all the more phenomenal to one who can estimate at its full value that force of forgetfulness which works in opposition to it. Forgetfulness is no mere vis inertiæ, as the superficial believe, rather is it a power of obstruction, active and, in the strictest sense of the word, positive—a power responsible for the fact that what we have lived, experienced, taken into ourselves, no more enters into consciousness during the process of digestion (it might be called psychic absorption) than all the whole manifold process by which our physical nutrition, the so-called "incorporation," is carried on. The temporary shutting of the doors and windows of consciousness, the relief from the clamant alarums and excursions, with which our subconscious world of servant organs works in mutual co-operation and antagonism; a little quietude, a little tabula rasa of the

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Page:The Genealogy of Morals.djvu/65

 Rh consciousness, so as to make room again for the new, and above all for the more noble functions and functionaries, room for government, foresight, predetermination (for our organism is on an oligarchic model)—this is the utility, as I have said, of the active forgetfulness, which is a very sentinel and nurse of psychic order, repose, etiquette; and this shows at once why it is that there can exist no happiness, no gladness, no hope, no pride, no real present, without forgetfulness. The man in whom this preventative apparatus is damaged and discarded, is to be compared to a dyspeptic, and it is something more than a comparison—he can "get rid of" nothing. But this very animal who finds it necessary to be forgetful, in whom, in fact, forgetfulness represents a force and a form of robust health, has reared for himself an opposition-power, a memory, with whose help forgetfulness is, in certain instances, kept in check—in the cases, namely, where promises have to be made;—so that it is by no means a mere passive inability to get rid of a once indented impression, not merely the indigestion occasioned by a once pledged word, which one cannot dispose of, but an active refusal to get rid of it, a continuing and a wish to continue what has once been willed, an actual memory of the will; so that between the original "I will," "I shall do," and the actual discharge of the will, its act, we can easily interpose a world of new strange phenomena, circumstances, veritable volitions, without the snapping of this long chain of the will. But what is the underlying hypothesis of all this? How thoroughly, in order to be able to regulate the future in this way, must man have first learnt to distinguish between necessitated and

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Author:Chester Noyes Greenough

Works

 * "Emerson" in The Harvard Classics, Vol. 51 (1914)
 * "Franklin and Woolman" in The Harvard Classics, Vol. 51 (1914)

title: Author:Chester Noyes Greenough


text: Author talk:Chester Noyes Greenough

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Page:The Genealogy of Morals.djvu/66

42 phenomena, to think casually, to see the distant as present and to anticipate it, to fix with certainty what is the end, and what is the means to that end; above all, to reckon, to have power to calculate—how thoroughly must man have first become calculable, disciplined, necessitated even for himself and his own conception of himself, that, like a man entering a promise, he could guarantee himself as a future.

2.

This is simply the long history of the origin of responsibility. That task of breeding an animal which can make promises, includes, as we have already grasped, as its condition and preliminary, the more immediate task of first making man to a certain extent, necessitated, uniform, like among his like, regular, and consequently calculable. The immense work of what I have called, "morality of custom" (cp. Dawn of Day, Aphs. 9, 14, and 16), the actual work of man on himself during the longest period of the human race, his whole prehistoric work, finds its meaning, its great justification (in spite of all its innate hardness, despotism, stupidity, and idiocy) in this fact: man, with the help of the morality of customs and of social strait-waistcoats, was made genuinely calculable. If, however, we place ourselves at the end of this colossal process, at the point where the tree finally matures its fruits, when society and its morality of custom finally bring to light that to which it was only the means, then do we find as the ripest fruit on its tree the sovereign

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text:
Author:George Joachim Goschen

Works

 * The Theory of the Foreign Exchanges (1861)
 * Reports and speeches on local taxation, 1872
 * Laissez-faire and government interference, 1883
 * Addresses, 1885
 * Political speeches, delivered during the general election, 1885 Published 1886
 * Banks' cash reserves, 1891
 * The cultivation and use of imagination, 1893
 * Aspects of modern study; 1894 Contributor.
 * The life and times of Georg Joachim Goschen, publisher and printer of Leipzig, 1752-1828 Published 1903
 * Essays and addresses on economic questions (1865-1893) Published 1905
 * A wreath of memories, 1917

Works about Goschen

 * Mr. Goschen's finance. 1887-1890 by Thomas Henry Farrer, Baron, 1819-1899 Published 1891
 * Mr. Goschen's scheme for reform of the bank acts by Charles Gairdner, Published 1892
 * The Life of George Joachim Goschen, First Viscount Goschen, 1831-1907 by Arthur D. Elliot (1911)

title: Author:George Joachim Goschen


text:
The Theory of the Foreign Exchanges

FOURTEENTH EDITION.

LONDON:

EFFINGHAM WILSON & Co., ROYAL EXCHANGE.

1890.

The Right of Translation is reserved.

few weeks which have elapsed since the publication of the second edition have again proved the rapidity with which the situation of the "Foreign Exchanges" may be reversed, and the difficulty of selecting durable illustrations. In the preface to the second edition, allusion was made to the fact that the Russian Exchange, so long an example of unlimited fluctuations, had been brought almost to par. Since then a severe fall has again taken place. So, in the former edition, the rapid fall in the price of gold in America furnished the opportunity for comment and examination. But there also a turn has taken place, and to-day it would be necessary rather to seek an explanation of the rise than of the fall. It is scarcely the province of a theoretical treatise to keep pace with each new combination of facts. An author may be considered bound to watch the progress of events, as a constant test of the accuracy of his principles, but it is hardly possible, nor is it necessary, perpetually to adopt new illustrations. It has, therefore, been deemed unnecessary to make any further alterations in the present edition.

history of the Foreign Exchanges for the last two years is a history of revolutions. The movements which have occurred in many quarters have been almost unexampled in rapidity and extent. Countries which formerly supplied illustrations of particular phenomena in the Foreign Exchanges, may now be cited as instances of perfectly opposite combinations. The various causes which have been stated in the following work as determining the course of the Foreign Exchanges have been at work with more than usual intensity, and the new combinations which events have presented have afforded many opportunities of testing the correctness and sufficiency of the principles advanced. The exchanges of those countries which, two years ago, were selected as exemplifying the results of a depreciated currency or excessive indebtedness, might now, on the contrary, be cited as instances of rapid recovery. The Austrian Exchange has recovered fully 30 per cent. The Russian rouble has approached the par value of gold. In America, on the other hand, the very opposite has occurred. The American Exchanges, which in the former edition were shown to move within certain limits - determined by the cost of bullion shipments and by the intermediate value of money - have since afforded the most notorious examples in recent days of unlimited and indeterminable fluctuation. An inquiry into the theory of the Foreign Exchanges can scarcely keep pace with the tide of events. However interesting a review of the events themselves might have been, it could not conveniently be introduced into a treatise which aimed chiefly at the statement of a theory, and dealt with contemporary fact only as illustrating general causes. The new matter which, in this respect, has been introduced into the second edition, is confined to the consideration of the American Exchanges. It would not have been compatible with the general course of the argument to treat so complicated a question exhaustively or historically. The monetary situation of America has been so extraordinary, the difficulty of acquiring accurate knowledge on it is so great, the changes to which it is subjected are so rapid, that an exhaustive inquiry into the actual facts would have assumed the proportions of a separate work. Thus any controversy which may arise on that portion of the present treatise which deals with the American Exchanges, should turn rather on the correctness of the mode of interpretation on a common ground of face, than on the absolute correctness of the facts themselves. The latter have been stated as carefully as possible, and every precaution against error has been taken. If, nevertheless, any uncertainty should be felt with regard to the description of particular circumstances, it must not be allowed to place in doubt the scientific certainty of the theory itself.

The other important alterations which have been made in the second edition are to be found in those chapters which discuss the question of so-called "Unfavourable Exchanges," and the "Adverse Balance of Trade," and which examine the possibility of "correcting" such a situation by means of a high rate of interest. With regard to the exact force of the term "Unfaourable Exchanges" and "Adverse Balance of Trade," as they are still used in monetary treatises, not as characterising any situation which from the general point of view of the prosperity of any country is really unfavourable, but simple as denoting a certain set of circumstances which bankers and merchants persist in calling by that name, the original text scarcely left room for much misconception. Nevertheless the endeavor has now been made to limit and define the sense of these terms still more rigorously, as it is highly important that a real discrepancy should not be supposed to exist between political economists and the banking world, whereas the discrepancy, it it exists at all, lies only in the nomenclature and not in the theory. With regard to the power of a high rate of interest to affect the exchanges, the objection has been raised against certain passages in the first edition, that they seemed to countenance the idea that money might artificially be made cheaper or dearer, and that the action of banks or individuals might accomplish that which must really be determined by supply and demand. Possibly the expression employed may have lent a colour to this objection, and, at all event, it seemed desirable to develop their meaning more fully. It is hoped that the alterations introduced will clear up any misconceptions in this respect, and that it will appear from the observations made as to the limits within which the influence of the Bank of England in dealing with the rate discount is confined, that no exaggerated ideas of its powers were intended to be conveyed.

/Introduction. . .  .  .  .   .  xi

/Chapter I

. .  .  1

/Chapter II

. .  .  .  .   11

/Chapter III

.  23

/Chapter IV

. .   43

/Chapter V

. . 84

/Chapter VI

. .  .  .  .  .  .  125

title: The Theory of the Foreign Exchanges


text: Talk:The Theory of the Foreign Exchanges


text: Daydreams

title: Daydreams


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Author:William Roscoe Thayer

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title: Author:William Roscoe Thayer


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The Theory of the Foreign Exchanges/Introduction

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inquiry which is conducted in the following pages belongs to that class of discussion for which, owing to the prevalent belief that they are peculiarly abstruse and technical, it is difficult, in ordinary times, to obtain a hearing. The moment must be seized for the ventilation of such subjects, when peculiar combinations of circumstances bring them into prominent and exception notice, and when they are exhibited as influencing or explaining events which are of universal interest and importance. To those who make the Foreign Exchanges their constant study, and examine them not only in the light in which they present themselves to the political economist, as an index of the balance of trade between different countries, but also from the point of view from which they are regarded by bankers and merchants, as a reliable barometer of the state of the money-market, of the soundness of credit, of the rate of interest, and of the comparative position of the circulation in different countries, all monetary phases and mercantile incidents furnish an opportunity for correcting their theories by the test of facts. But comparatively few, even of leading bankers and merchants, with the exception of those who are exclusively or mainly engaged in international transactions, are as conversant with the subject as its immense importance deserves; and it is thought that the present situation of monetary affairs, in which the Foreign Exchanges are exercising an abnormal and extraordinary influence, affords a peculiarly suitable opportunity for a discussion, which otherwise might be considered uninviting and superfluous. The object proposed is by no means to propound any dogmatic theories, but rather to call attention to many facts which are commonly believed to be peculiarly complicated and unintelligible, which, however, if carefully analysed and illustrated, may be presented in a simple form, and under such an aspect as to command general assent.

If the present treatise should in any way contribute towards producing a better and clearer understanding of many principles, the true appreciation of which is absolutely indispensable for the formation of just and comprehensive views as to the laws which govern our money-market and our foreign commerce, it will have attained its end.

In the treatment of the subject, the main difficult has been to decide what degree of acquaintance with the matters discussed, the readers of the present essay might be presupposed to possess; and, further, from what point of view they might have been accustomed to regard it. The inquiry may be conducted on several distinct principles according to the class of readers who are likely to interest themselves in the investigation, and thus it is not easy to adopt a mode which shall be equally satisfactory to all. If addressed to those who have studied the subject theoretically themselves, much may be taken for granted, the exposition of which would be tedious and unnecessary, and would only serve to encumber the examination of the more interesting problems and theories; while, on the other hand, if the general public is to share in the discussion, it seems necessary to adopt the opposite plan, and to presume that as yet the first axioms and leading features of the subject are but vaguely and inaccurately understood. Under this supposition, it would be desirable to proceed as systematically and completely as possible, even at the risk of enumerating or illustrating much which, in the opinion of some, might be passed over in silence. A third and distinct course might be most suitable for those who, on the hand, have ample practical acquaintance with the Foreign Exchanges, and accordingly may be addressed as person conversant with the subject; but who, on the other hand, have not in any ways systematised their experiences, or drawn any conclusions from the facts which they have observed. The Foreign Exchanges should be an object of interest as well to the political economist as to the general reader, but they will mainly fix the attention of the mercantile part of the community, who consciously or unconsciously are always under their influence. It is to this class that the present essay - which attempts to exhibit the relations of the Foreign Exchanges to our own money-market,a s well as generally to international transactions, and to bring into clearer relief some of the hazy and indefinite notions which surround the subject - is primarily and mainly address. But while in this sense the inquiry is conducted from a mercantile point of view with the special desire of throwing light upon mercantile questions, the author has attempted to be sufficiently precise in his arguments as not to offend the scientific theorist, and sufficiently diffuse in his illustrations and explanations as to make himself understood by the general and uninitiated reader. His only qualification for the undertaking is to be found in his having daily opportunities of studying many various forms of international transactions, of practically feeling the effect of each different phase of the Foreign Exchanges. Without such opportunities it is exceedingly difficult to correct and test the various opinions which may be theoretically formed; but even with their aid, the author is conscious that he may prove unequal to his task. His motive for undertaking it is to be found in his conviction that the subject urgently requires ventilation, and in his hope that even an imperfect attempt in this direction may lead to further and more able investigation.


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The Theory of the Foreign Exchanges/Chapter I

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order to clear the ground for the consideration of the more interesting theories connected with the Foreign Exchanges, it is desirable in the first instance to define as clearly as possible the general meaning of the term. The phrase "Foreign Exchanges" is in itself vague and ambiguous, being more frequently used to express the rates at which the exchanges in question are effected than the exchanges themselves-the prices rather than the transactions. When it is said in technical phraseology that the exchanges are effected than the exchanges themselves - the prices rather than the transactions. When it is said in technical phraseology that the exchanges are rising or falling, or that the exchanges are at specie point, allusion is made to the fluctuations in the terms on which bargains are made between the buyers and sellers of Foreign Bills. However, before we treat the subject in this sense of the phrase, -that is to say, as denoting the rates at which exchanges take place, -it is necessary to examine the subject-matter of the exchange itself and to realize distinctly what it is that is bought or sold, transferred or given in exchange. When the transaction takes a practical form, Foreign Bills, -that is to say, bills on foreign countries, -constitute this subject-matter; but a less technical explanation can be given. That which forms the subject of exchange is a debt owing by a foreigner and payable in his own country, which is transferred by the creditor or claimant for a certain sum of money to a third person, who desires to receive money in that foreign country, probably in order to assign it over to a fourth person in the same place, to whom he in his turn may be indebted. The operation which takes place is put very clearly by Mr. Mill in the following passage:-

"A merchant in England, A, has exported English commodities, consigning them to his correspondent B in France. Another merchant in France, C, has exported French commodities, suppose of equivalent value, to a merchant D in England.  It is evidently unnecessary that B in France should send money to A in England, and that D in England should send an equal sum of money to C in France.  The one debt may be applied to the payment of the other, and the double cost and risk of carriage be thus saved.  A draws a bill on B for the amount which B owes to him; D having an equal amount to pay in France buys this bill from A and send it to C, who, at the expiration of the number of days which the bill has to run, presents it to B for payment.  Thus the debt due from France to England, and debt due from England to France, are both paid without sending an ounce of gold or silver from one country to the other."*

This explanation, however, involves the idea of the transaction being carried out by the intrumentality of an actual bill of exchange, which, at the present stage of the inquiry, it is better to ignore altogether. It will be found more convenient to treat the transaction, in the first instance, as a simple exchange of debts and claims without considering the instruments by which it is accomplished. IN its most general form, the case may be stated as follows:-

As the result of international commerce, a certain portion of the community has become indebted to

merchants in foreign countries; and in order to save the trouble, risk, and expense of sending coin, they seek out another portion of the community to whom a similar amount is owing by the identical foreign countries in question, and buys up these debts, assign them over in payment to their own foreign creditors. And if the aggregate sums owing by any two countries to each other were absolutely equal, -that is to say, equal in amount, equal in security, equal in the time when the debts become due, and equal in the proportion which the coin in which these debts are payable bears to the circulation of the respective country, -there would be no difficulty of any kind in determining the equivalent which the purchasers of such claims would pay to the sellers. It would simple be a sum equal to that which is payable abroad under the transferred claims. The amount required by the purchasers would be exactly equal to the amount held by the sellers; thus there would be no cause in operation to vary the price, and there would be no fluctuations in the rates of Foreign Exchanges. In technical language, they would always remain at par. But, conversely, we arrive at the point which forms the essence of the present discussion: the fluctuations which actually take place in the Foreign Exchanges are in the first instance the result, and in the second, the manifestation, of the inequalities which exist in the debts of different countries to each other, in the amount of such debts, in the time within which these debts must be paid, and in the relation of the currency of one country to that of another.

It might have seemed easier to have explained the exchanges in question as the exchanges between different currencies, as of sovereigns against francs, or of florins against dollars; the more so, as practically this is the shape which actual transactions almost invariably assume. But by confining the definition to these cases, a most important, and indeed essential, feature would have been overlooked; that is to say, that though one system of coinage were adopted for all countries, claims on foreign countries would nevertheless vary in price, and would still be either at a premium or at a discount, according as there happened to be at any moment more persons desiring to transmit funds abroad than such as had outstandings abroad which they were entitled to draw in. For this is the first cause of what is generally spoken of as the rise and fall of Foreign Exchanges. On the particular day, or through a given season, a large amount is required to be sent abroad in payment of debts; England, let us say, is heavily indebted to France, and the time has arrived for payment. At this time, however, it happens that in the opposite branch of trade, that which results in France being indebted to England, fewer transactions have taken place, and thus there are comparatively few who have accounts standing to their credit in Paris which they might transfer to those who have to remit; in other words, adopting the language of merchants, there are few who have bills upon France. The consequence is, that there is great competition for these few bills; those who do not bid high enough for them will either have to go through all the trouble of packing, insuring, and despatching gold, or else will not punctually meet their engagements. Thus those who have the bills to sell are able to obtain more than the actual par value for them; for, in consideration of their having a given sum already at a spot where another wishes to have it, and whither he will have to convey it himself at some expense if they do not cede it to him, they are able to secure for themselves the whole of the benefit, which, if the exchanges were at par (that is to say, if the indebtedness of the two countries were equal), would be divided between the buyer and the seller. Instead of the arrangement being a mutual convenience, the seller is able, by the competition of the buyers, to secure the whole convenience to himself.

Supply and demand, in their usual form, determine this part of the transaction. Bills on France would in this case be at a premium. It is needless to draw out the opposite case, in which, there being more person who had money to claim from France than those who required to send funds thither, bills on France would be at a discount. This is the first and most elementary phase in which the Foreign Exchanges can appear; and for the purpose of appreciating the most important lessons which can be derived from their study, it is better to discard the idea of the exchange taken place between different sorts of money, and to hold fast to the general principle that what is really given in exchange in the natural and simple transactions from which all others are derived, is a sum of money at one place for an equivalent sum of money at another. By way of anticipation it might, however, be stated here, that in contradistinction to this simples transaction, the most complicated would be one in which the sum of money given would be payable immediately, the equivalent recoverable three months later; the sum given be in gold, the equivalent in silver; the sum given be perfectly undoubted, being paid down at once, the equivalent be of doubtful character, because involving a lengthened credit. To establish the equality between the two sums, it would accordingly be necessary to take into consideration the relative value at the time of gold to silver, the amount of interest which would be lost by waiting three months, and the amount of risk which would be run by receiving a piece of paper representing a promise to pay three months hence in exchange for cash paid down. These are all considerations which affect the exchanges, and which indeed render the subject so complicated that the groundwork may easily be lost sight of. Discussions are sometimes held on the state of the Foreign Exchanges in which attention is paid mainly to the value of money in different countries, to the amount of bullion held by each, and to the relative position of their paper currency, -points, no doubt, of the highest moment in determining the fluctuations in the exchanges, but not entitled to exclude the first and leading feature, their relative indebtedness. In studying the subject as a whole it is above all things necessary to form a clear view of what is meant by international indebtedness, of the elements of which it is constituted, and the various phenomena which it presents. As soon as this elementary question which underlies the whole theory of the Foreign Exchanges is properly understood, and an idea has been gained of the various modes in which countries become indebted to one another, we shall proceed to consider the form which this indebtedness assumes when the time of settlement arrives and when the floating debt is fixed in bills of exchange. The course of the discussion will then naturally lead to the nature and form of these bills of exchange, to their purchase and sale, to the various influences which determine their price, to their frequent fluctuations, to the meaning and force of the term that the Foreign Exchanges are favourable or adverse, and to the value of the state of the exchanges as an index of international transactions. We shall first consider the debts themselves, and shall find them finally represented by, and embodied in, a constant mass of bill of exchange; it will then be necessary to inquire whether these bills are payable at once, or at fixed future terms, whether they represent a final transaction or whether a portion only of a commercial operation, and how the rate of interest, the credit of the debtors, the indulgence of the creditors, the depreciation of the currency in which the bills are payable, affect their exchange-ability. We shall examine what circumstances lead to a demand for bills on foreign countries, and how it is possible to check or intensify that demand. Thus, at the close of our investigation, we shall light on many of the most important questions which have lately been ventilated in monetary circles, -as to the possibility of checking the efflux of gold by a high rate of interest as to the power which foreign capitalists, holders of bills of exchange on England, may exert over our money-market, as to the effect of these bills being all forced upon the money-market for discount at once instead of being gradually encashed as they mature, and other matters of this nature; questions which are by no means theoretical or abstract, but of vital and practical importance to every one engaged in mercantile pursuits.


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Revlon, Inc. v. MacAndrews & Forbes Holdings, Inc.

A. Gilchrist Sparks, III (argued), Lawrence A. Hamermesh, and Kenneth Nachbar, of Morris, Nichols, Arsht & Tunnell, Wilmington, and Herbert M. Wachtell, Douglas S. Liebhafsky, Kenneth B. Forrest, and Theodore N. Mirvis, of Wachtell, Lipton, Rosen & Katz, New York, New York, Of Counsel, for Appellant Revlon.

Michael D. Goldman, James F. Burnett, Donald J. Wolfe, Jr., Richard L. Horwitz, of Potter, Anderson & Corroon, Wilmington, and Leon Silverman (argued), and Marc P. Cherno, of Fried, Frank, Harris, Shriver & Jacobson, New York, New York, Of Counsel, for Appellant Forstmann Little.

Bruce M. Stargatt (argued), Edward B. Maxwell, 2nd, David C. McBride, Josy W. Ingersoll, of Young, Conaway, Stargatt & Taylor, Wilmington, and Stuart L. Shapiro (argued), Stephen P. Lamb, Andrew J. Turezyn, and Thomas P. White, of Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom, Wilmington, and Michael W. Mitchell (New York) and Marc B. Tucker (Washington, District of Columbia), of Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom, for Appellee.

McNeilly, Moore, Justices, and Balick, Judge (Sitting by designation pursuant to Del. Const., Art. IV, § 12.).