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A Critique of the Theory of Evolution/INDEX

INDEX

 * Abnormal abdomen 109
 * Abraxas 78-81
 * Allantois 17
 * Allelomorphs 83-84
 * Altenburg 112
 * Amnion 16-17
 * Andalusian fowl 45, 46
 * Annelids 22
 * Antlered wing 111
 * Apterous wing 11
 * Arc wing 111
 * Aristae 104

 * Bar eye 67, 108, 169
 * Bateson 18, 34, 36
 * Beaded wing 11, 115
 * Beans 147-149, 157
 * Belgian hare 171
 * Bent wing 116
 * Bergson 30, 31
 * Bildungstrieb 34
 * Biogenetic law 15, 18, 19, 21
 * Biometricians 156
 * Bird 21, 23
 * Bithorax 65, 112, 113
 * Black body color 111, 133
 * Blakeslee 152
 * Bridges 114, 143, 163
 * British Association 36
 * Brünn 40
 * Buff eye color 109
 * Bufon 27

 * Castle 176-180
 * Cat 33
 * Cell 90, 91
 * Chance variations 37
 * Chick 16, 17, 20
 * Chromatin 184
 * Chromosome group of Drosophila 102
 * Chromosomes 91, 95, 96, 98, 130, 131, 132
 * Cleavage 21, 22, 94
 * Clover butterfly 62
 * Club wing 69, 70, 108
 * Colias philodice 62
 * Color blindness 77, 125
 * Comb of Drosophila 103
 * Combs of fowls 33, 54
 * Comparative anatomy 7, 8, 9, 14
 * Corn 150, 153, 172
 * Correns 41
 * Cosmogonies 27
 * Cream eye color 163, 164
 * Crepidula 22
 * Criss-cross inheritance 78
 * Crossing over 131-133
 * Cuénot 178
 * Curled wing 115
 * Curved wing 111
 * Curve of probability 149
 * Cut wing 11, 104

 * Dachs legs 112
 * Dahlgren 62
 * Darwin 15, 24, 28, 32, 35-37, 64, 145, 146, 152, 154-156
 * Dendy 188
 * De Vries 18, 147, 156
 * Dexter 170
 * Dichaete 114
 * Difflugia 184-187
 * Discontinuous variation 13
 * Disuse 31
 * Drosophila ampelophila 10, 12, 13, 48-50, 60, 75, 84, 85, 93, 100, 103, 119, 155, 162, 169
 * Drosophila repleta 76
 * Duplication of legs 109
 * Dwarf 114

 * East 170, 172
 * Ebony 50, 55, 56, 115
 * Egg 91, 94
 * Elephant 191
 * Elephants' skulls 188
 * Elephants' trunks 190
 * Embryology 13-23
 * Emerson 172
 * Environment 27
 * Eosin eye color 61, 107, 163
 * Erdmann 183
 * Evolution Creatrice 30
 * Evolution—three kinds of 1, 2, 4
 * Eye color 13
 * Eyeless 66, 115

 * Factorial theory 89
 * Factors of Drosophila 143
 * Fantails 172, 175
 * Fertilization 91
 * Fish 16, 20, 21
 * Flatworms 22
 * Fluctuations 12
 * Forked bristles 106
 * Fowl 77
 * Fused veins 107, 108

 * Galton 154
 * Geneticist 26
 * Germ-plasm 142
 * Geoffroy St. Hilaire 27
 * Giant 114
 * Gill-slits 20, 21, 23
 * Groups I, II, III, IV 100-118

 * Haeckel 15
 * Haemophilia 77
 * Heliotropism 106, 107
 * Himalyan rabbits 83
 * History 1, 6
 * Hoge 66
 * Horse, evolution of 6

 * Indian corn 172, 173
 * Interference 137, 138

 * Janssens 132
 * Jaunty wing 111
 * Jennings 161, 181-184, 186
 * Johannsen 156, 157, 159-161, 166, 182

 * Lamarck 31-34
 * Langshan 77
 * Leaves 147
 * Leidy 186
 * Lethal 105
 * Linkage groups 103
 * Lizard 23
 * Localization of factors 118

 * MacDowell 155, 170, 171
 * Macritherium 191
 * Mammal 16, 21, 23
 * Man 20, 77, 125, 126
 * Map of Chromosomes 136
 * Maroon eye color 114
 * Mendel 40, 41, 52, 89
 * Mendelian heredity 39
 * Mendel's law 41-59, 64, 124
 * Mendel's second law 52
 * Mesenchyme cells 22
 * Mesoderm cells 22
 * Metaphysician 30
 * Mice 33, 178
 * Middleton 183
 * Miniature wing 108
 * Mirabilis 42
 * Modifiers 163, 164, 170, 171
 * Molluscs 22
 * Mouse 83
 * Muller 112, 167
 * Mutations 35, 39, 84

 * Nägeli 34, 35
 * Natural Selection 36, 145, 146, 187-194
 * Nisus formativus 34
 * Non-disjunction 139-142
 * Notch wing 104-106
 * Nucleus 91

 * Origin of Species 35, 145
 * Orthogenesis 34

 * Paleontology 24-27
 * Papilio polytes 63
 * Papilio turnus 63
 * Paramecium 181, 182
 * Paratettix 81
 * Peach eye color 114
 * Pea comb 54
 * Pearl 161
 * Peas 47
 * Pigeons 172, 174, 175
 * Pink eye color 114, 115
 * Planarian 22
 * Plymouth Rock 77
 * Podarke 22
 * Polar bodies 126
 * Pole arms 5
 * Protozoa 181
 * Pseudo-parthenogenesis 183
 * Purple eye color 109
 * Purpose 4

 * Rabbits 83, 170
 * Rats 176-180
 * Reduction division 182
 * Reproductive cells 96
 * Ruby eye color 106
 * Rudimentary organ 116
 * Rudimentary wing 70, 71, 107

 * Sable body color 107
 * Science definition of 6
 * Segregation 41
 * Selenka 94
 * Sepia eye color 13, 114
 * Sex chromosomes 118
 * Sex linked inheritance 75, 118-130
 * Sexual dimorphism 62
 * Sheep 33
 * Single comb 54
 * Sooty body color 50, 114, 115
 * Speck 68, 69, 111
 * Spencer 145
 * Spermatozoön 91, 98
 * Stars, evolution of 6
 * St. Hilaire 27-30
 * Strap wing 110, 111
 * Stumpy wing 11
 * Sturtevant 76, 143
 * Stylonychia 183
 * Survival of the fittest 146
 * Systematist 85

 * Tails 33
 * Tan flies 106, 107
 * Tetrabelodon 191
 * Trefoil 111
 * Truncate wing 111, 112, 167, 168

 * Unfolding principle 34
 * Unio 22
 * Unit character 74, 75
 * Use 31

 * Variation discontinuous 13
 * Vermilion eye color 108, 163
 * Vestigial wing 11, 55, 56, 109, 133
 * Vital force 34

 * Wallace 36
 * Walnut comb 54
 * Weismann 17, 31-33
 * Wilson, E. B. 125
 * Wingless 67
 * Winiwarter 126
 * White eye color 13, 75, 119-130
 * Whiting eye color 163, 164
 * Woodruff 183

 * Yellow body color 108, 133
 * Yolk sac 16, 17

 * Zeleny 169


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Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 57.djvu/241

 logy and of commentaries on classical literature. But his chief title to fame rests on his ‘Annales sex Regum Angliæ qui a Comitibus Andegavensibus originem traxerunt.’ This chronicle, which extends from 1136 to 1307, was edited by D'Achery in his ‘Spicilegium’ (vol. viii.), by Anthony Hall at Oxford in 1719, and by Thomas Hog for the English Historical Society in 1845. The ‘Chronicle’ has considerable merit as a literary production, and as a history it is judicious and accurate. Its chief value is for the reign of Edward I, during which period it is of course a contemporary narrative. It was made use of by later writers, as notably in the ‘Chronicle’ ascribed to William Rishanger [q. v.] The chief manuscripts are: Queen's College, Oxford, 304, used as the basis of Hall's and Hog's editions; Merton College, 256; and Arundel MSS. 46 and 220, and Harleian MS. 29 in the British Museum.

Trivet's other principal works are: I. Theological.—1. ‘Expositio in Leviticum,’ Merton College MS. 188, with a preface to Haimeric, the general of the Dominicans. 2. ‘De Computo Hebreorum,’ Merton College MS. 188. 3. ‘In Psalterium,’ Bodleian MS. 2731, Hereford Cathedral MS. 199. This work is addressed to ‘John, his provincial in England,’ which fixes its date as 1317–20, during which years John of Bristol was the English provincial of the Dominicans (Engl. Hist. Rev. viii. 522). In September 1324 John XXII instructed Hugh of Angoulême to send him the apostils on the psalms composed by Nicholas Trevet (, Cal. Pap. Reg. ii. 461). 4. ‘In libros Augustini de Civitate Dei.’ This has been alleged by Bale and Wharton to be the joint work of Trivet and Thomas Walleys [q. v.] Trivet, however, wrote a complete commentary of his own, which begins ‘Gloriosa dicta sunt de Te;’ there are manuscripts of Trivet's commentary alone, or in combination with that of Walleys, viz. Reg. 14 C. xiii. 8, and Harleian 4093, in the British Museum; Laudian MSS. Misc. 128 and 426, in the Bodleian; Merton College, 31, and Balliol College, 78 (A) at Oxford; and Peterhouse, 24, at Cambridge. The last twelve books of Trivet's commentary appear in some manuscripts, and were several times printed, as a continuation of the commentary on the first ten books by Walleys, Mayence, 1473, fol.; Louvain, 1488, fol.; Toulouse, 1488, fol.; Venice, 1489; and Friburg, 1494. 5. ‘Flores super regulam B. Augustini,’ Bodleian MS. 3609; and Reg. 8 D. ix. 2 in British Museum. 6. ‘In [sc. librum] Boetii de consolatione Philosophiæ,’ Bodleian MS. 2150; Additional MSS. 19585, 27875 in the British Museum; Univ. Libr. Cambridge MSS. Dd. i. 11, Mm. ii. 18. There are also manuscripts at Paris and Florence. 7. ‘De Officio Missæ,’ also called ‘De Missa et ejus partibus,’ and ‘Ordo Missæ seu Speculum Sacerdotale.’ Addressed to John, bishop of Bath and Wells, i.e. John de Drokensford (d. 1329) [q. v.]; MSS. Lambeth, 150; Merton College, Oxford, 188; and Peterhouse, Cambridge, 62. 8. ‘De Perfectione Justicie;’ formerly in the Carmelite Library at London (, Collectanea, iii. 51). 9. ‘De Fato cum Opusculis Theologicis;’ in Bodleian MS. 2446 there are ‘Quæstiones sex de fato,’ with others, ‘De Sortibus, De Miraculis, Pollutione nocturna,’ &c., which are perhaps by Trivet. 10. ‘Quæstiones variæ.’ A question, ‘An omnia sunt admittenda, quæ tradit ecclesia circa passionem Domini?’ is attributed to Trivet in MS. Reg. 6 B. xi. 13, in the British Museum, and C. C. C. Cambridge MS. N. 7. Trivet is also credited with commentaries on Genesis, Exodus, Chronicles, and with other theological writings, as ‘De Peccatis.’

II. Philological.—1. ‘In [sc. librum] Valerii Rufini de non ducenda uxore’ [see or ], Lincoln College, Oxford, and University College, Oxford, MSS. 2. ‘In Declamationes Senecæ;’ dedicated to John Lewisham, confessor to King Edward; MSS. Reg. 15, C. xiii; Bodleian, 2446; Peterhouse, Cambridge, 15. 3. ‘In Tragœdias Senecæ,’ Bodleian MS. 2446. 4. ‘In Epistolas S. Pauli ad Senecam,’ Bodleian MS. 2446. 5. ‘In alia opuscula Senecæ.’ There is a manuscript of some commentaries by Trivet of this description in the Bibliothèque Nationale. Bodleian MS. 2446 contains ‘Expositio in Senecæ de Morte Claudii’ and ‘In alia opuscula Senecæ,’ which seem to be by Trivet. 6. ‘Super Ovidii Metamorphoses,’ Merton College MSS. 85, 299; St. John's College, Oxford, MS. 137. 7. ‘In Canones Eclipsium ad Meridiem Sarum.’ MS. Trinity College, Dublin (Hist. MSS. Comm. 4th Rep. p. 594).

III. Historical.—Besides the ‘Chronicle’ already noticed, Trivet wrote: 1. ‘Historia ab orbe condito usque ad suum tempus.’ This, or some part of it, is also styled ‘Historia ad Christi Nativitatem’ and ‘De Gestis Imperatorum, Regum, et Apostolorum.’ It appears to have been originally written in French as ‘Les Cronicles qe frere N. Trevet escript a dame Marie la fille mon seigneur le roi d'Engleterre le filtz Henri’ (Mary, daughter of Edward I, who became a nun at Amesbury). This French version is contained in Magdalen College, Oxford,

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 57.djvu/242

 MS. 45; in Rawlinson MS. B. 178; Douce MS. 119, in the Bodleian Library; and in Gresham MS. 56. For a manuscript at Wrest Park see Historical Manuscripts Commission, 2nd Rep. p. 6. Spelman printed some extracts from it in his ‘Concilia’ (i. 104). Chaucer is supposed to have derived his ‘Man of Law's Tale’ from this Anglo-French chronicle (, ap. Chaucer Soc.). The Latin version was addressed to Hugh of Angoulême, archdeacon of Canterbury; it is contained in MS. Reg. 13 B. xvi. 2. ‘Catalogus Regum Anglo-Saxonum durante Heptarchia,’ probably only a part of the longer chronicle.

 TRIVET, THOMAS (d. 1388), soldier, was a member of a Somerset family, to which Nicholas Trivet [q. v.], the historian, and his father, Sir Thomas Trivet, the judge, probably belonged. A Thomas Trivet held lands at Chilton Tryvet, Otterhampton, and North Petherton, Somerset, in 1316 (, Parl. Writs, iv. 1526). Sir Thomas Trivet was perhaps son of the John Trivet who represented Somerset in the parliament of January 1348 (Return of Members of Parliament, p. 144), and probably grandson of the Thomas Trivet of 1316; he was a nephew of Sir Mathew Gourney [q. v.] (cf., ed. Luce, ix. 104). He and John Trivet, probably a brother, served in the expedition to Spain in 1367, and Thomas Trivet was in the prince's company at the battle of Najara on 3 April (ib. vii. 18, 42). John Trivet accompanied Edmund, earl of Cambridge, to Aquitaine in 1369, and served under Sir John Chandos and Sir Robert Knolles during that year, and in Poitou in 1372; he died in 1386, having lands at Fordington, Dorset (ib. vii. 116, 141, 168, viii. 97; Cal. Inq. post mortem, iii. 79).

Sir Thomas Trivet seems also to have served in Poitou, for when the English cause in that province seemed nearly lost he went thither to serve under Sir Thomas Catterton in the Cotentin. He continued there during two years, and in 1375 took part in the defence of St. Sauveur le Vicomte under Catterton (, viii. 118, 193, 197, 213). After the surrender of St. Sauveur and the return of its garrison to England, Trivet obtained a grant of 40l. per annum for his services on 27 Oct. (Cal. Pat. Rolls, Richard II, ii. 198). He was a commissioner of array for Somerset in July 1377 (ib. i. 39, 42). On 10 March 1378 he was engaged to serve under Sir Mathew Gourney in Aquitaine with eighty men at arms and eighty archers ( vol. ix. p. liii n.) The fleet assembled under John de Neville, fifth baron Neville of Raby [q. v.], at Plymouth in July, but only reached Bordeaux on 8 Sept. (ib. ix. 70, 86). Trivet was then engaged to serve Charles of Navarre in charge of Tudela, and about the middle of October left Bordeaux with three hundred lances (ib. vol. ix. p. lvii). Marching by Dax, where his uncle Sir Mathew Gourney was captain, he was induced by Gourney's advice to stay and help rid the country of the Breton and French soldiery. The castles of Montpin, Claracq, and Pouillon were thus reduced, when, in response to an urgent summons from Charles of Navarre, Trivet resumed his march and joined the king at St. Jean Pied-de-Port (ib. viii. 103–108). With Charles he marched to Pampeluna, and then the English were sent out into winter quarters at Tudela. But Trivet, not wishing to lose the favourable opportunity offered by the mild winter, determined on a raid into Spain. Setting out on 24 Dec., he proposed to surprise the town of Soria, but the English lost their way through a snowstorm and the attempt failed. Trivet, however, advanced to Cascante, and in January made an attempt on Alfaro on the Ebro, but was repulsed through the valour of its women (ib. ix. 110–15). This raid won Trivet much favour with Charles of Navarre; but, though the English were eager for fighting, peace was presently concluded, and in the summer of 1379 Trivet was paid off with twenty thousand francs, and returned to Bordeaux (ib. ix. 116–18;, ii. 102).

On his arrival in England Trivet was well received by the king, and in October was one of the knights appointed to go with Sir John Arundell [q. v.] to Brittany. Trivet's ship escaped the storm which destroyed most of the fleet, and he returned in safety to Southampton (, ix. 124, 210–211). On 20 March 1380 he was a commissioner of array for Somerset (Cal. Pat. Rolls, Richard II, i. 473), and in the summer joined the expedition under Thomas of Woodstock which landed at Calais in July. Throughout the march to Brittany Trivet served with distinction in the advance guard, taking prisoner the Seigneur de Brimeu at Cléry-sur-Somme, and routing the Burgundians in a skirmish at Fervaques, and the Sire de Hangest before Vendôme


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 * Author:Mahadev Desai --> Mahadev Desai (Non-existent page)
 * Author:Friedrich Engels --> Friedrich Engels
 * Author:Joseph Estrada --> Joseph Estrada (Non-existent page)
 * Author:Saxby Chambliss --> Saxby Chambliss
 * Author:Dianne Feinstein --> Dianne Feinstein (Non-existent page)
 * Author:Barney Frank --> Barney Frank
 * Author:John Chrysostom --> John Chrysostom
 * Author:Richard Dawkins --> Richard Dawkins
 * Author:William Henry Davies --> William Henry Davies
 * Author:Voltairine de Cleyre --> Voltairine de Cleyre
 * Author:Amir-Abbas Fakhravar --> Amir-Abbas Fakhravar
 * Author:John Bacchus Dykes --> John Bacchus Dykes (Non-existent page)
 * Author:Salmon P. Chase --> Salmon P. Chase
 * Author:Edward Caswall --> Edward Caswall (Non-existent page)
 * Author:Desiderius Erasmus --> Desiderius Erasmus
 * Author:Rubén Darío --> Rubén Darío
 * Author:John Fletcher --> John Fletcher
 * Author:Antonín Dvořák --> Antonín Dvořák
 * Author:René Descartes --> René Descartes
 * Author:Philip Doddridge --> Philip Doddridge
 * Author:Pierre Duhem --> Pierre Duhem
 * Author:Norman Douglas --> Norman Douglas (Non-existent page)
 * Author:Catullus --> Catullus
 * Author:Gustave Flaubert --> Gustave Flaubert
 * Author:Carl von Clausewitz --> Carl von Clausewitz
 * Author:James Frazer --> James Frazer
 * Author:Thomas Edison --> Thomas Edison
 * Author:Maurice Davis --> Maurice Davis
 * Author:Kate Chopin --> Kate Chopin
 * Author:Cato the Elder --> Cato the Elder
 * Author:Havelock Ellis --> Havelock Ellis
 * Author:Austen Chamberlain --> Austen Chamberlain
 * Author:Will Carleton --> Will Carleton
 * Author:Daniel Dennett --> Daniel Dennett
 * Author:Theodore Dreiser --> Theodore Dreiser
 * Author:Marie de France --> Marie de France
 * Author:Ben Cardin --> Ben Cardin (Non-existent page)
 * Author:John Dyer --> John Dyer
 * Author:Susan Collins --> Susan Collins
 * Author:Judith Drake --> Judith Drake (Non-existent page)
 * Author:Charles II of England --> Charles II of England
 * Author:George Farquhar --> George Farquhar
 * Author:Epictetus --> Epictetus
 * Author:Pete Domenici --> Pete Domenici (Non-existent page)
 * Author:Eleanor Farjeon --> Eleanor Farjeon
 * Author:William Ellery Channing --> William Ellery Channing
 * Author:Thomas R. Carper --> Thomas R. Carper (Non-existent page)
 * Author:Alexandre Dumas --> Alexandre Dumas
 * Author:Mullah Dadullah --> Mullah Dadullah
 * Author:Anthony Ashley Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury --> Anthony Ashley Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury (Non-existent page)
 * Author:John Jay Chapman --> John Jay Chapman
 * Author:Édouard Daladier --> Édouard Daladier (Non-existent page)
 * Author:Chiang Kai-shek --> Chiang Kai-shek
 * Author:Anthony Eden --> Anthony Eden
 * Author:Larry Craig --> Larry Craig
 * Author:Richard Durbin --> Richard Durbin
 * Author:Dick Cheney --> Dick Cheney
 * Author:William Cushing --> William Cushing (Non-existent page)
 * Author:Ferdowsi --> Ferdowsi
 * Author:Bill Gates --> Bill Gates
 * Author:Chuck Hagel --> Chuck Hagel
 * Author:Carlos P. Garcia --> Carlos P. Garcia (Non-existent page)
 * Author:Horace --> Horace
 * Author:Judd Gregg --> Judd Gregg (Non-existent page)
 * Author:Adam Lindsay Gordon --> Adam Lindsay Gordon
 * Author:Gabrielle Giffords --> Gabrielle Giffords
 * Author:Walter Kittredge --> Walter Kittredge (Non-existent page)
 * Author:Amy Klobuchar --> Amy Klobuchar
 * Author:David Garrick --> David Garrick
 * Author:Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury --> Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury
 * Author:Ernest Hemingway --> Ernest Hemingway
 * Author:William Lloyd Garrison --> William Lloyd Garrison
 * Author:Iamblichus --> Iamblichus
 * Author:George Herbert --> George Herbert
 * Author:Abbie Hoffman --> Abbie Hoffman
 * Author:Irenaeus --> Irenaeus (Non-existent page)
 * Author:Philip Morin Freneau --> Philip Morin Freneau
 * Author:Innocent XI --> Innocent XI (Non-existent page)
 * Author:Charles, Kickham --> Charles, Kickham (Non-existent page)
 * Author:Benjamin Jowett --> Benjamin Jowett
 * Author:Bobby Jindal --> Bobby Jindal
 * Author:Eric Hobsbawm --> Eric Hobsbawm
 * Author:Felicia Hemans --> Felicia Hemans
 * Author:Nikita Khrushchev --> Nikita Khrushchev
 * Author:Richard Garnett --> Richard Garnett
 * Author:Theodor Herzl --> Theodor Herzl
 * Author:Isaiah --> Isaiah
 * Author:Albert Gorton Greene --> Albert Gorton Greene
 * Author:John Jellicoe, 1st Earl Jellicoe --> John Jellicoe, 1st Earl Jellicoe (Non-existent page)
 * Author:Daniil Kharms --> Daniil Kharms (Non-existent page)
 * Author:Homer --> Homer
 * Author:Jay Gould --> Jay Gould
 * Author:Francis Galton --> Francis Galton
 * Author:Riaz Ahmed Gohar Shahi --> Riaz Ahmed Gohar Shahi
 * Author:William Ralph Inge --> William Ralph Inge
 * Author:Richard Gifford --> Richard Gifford
 * Author:Lactantius --> Lactantius (Non-existent page)
 * Author:Galileo Galilei --> Galileo Galilei
 * Author:Galen --> Galen
 * Author:Immanuel Kant --> Immanuel Kant
 * Author:Antoni Lange --> Antoni Lange
 * Author:William Dean Howells --> William Dean Howells
 * Author:Steve Jobs --> Steve Jobs
 * Author:Langston Hughes --> Langston Hughes
 * Author:Baron d'Holbach --> Baron d'Holbach
 * Author:Federico García Lorca --> Federico García Lorca
 * Author:Benjamin Franklin King, Jr. --> Benjamin Franklin King, Jr.
 * Author:Mikhail Gorbachev --> Mikhail Gorbachev
 * Author:Horace Greeley --> Horace Greeley
 * Author:Pope John XXIII --> Pope John XXIII
 * Author:Jesse Jackson --> Jesse Jackson
 * Author:Robert Giaimo --> Robert Giaimo (Non-existent page)
 * Author:Mike Huckabee --> Mike Huckabee
 * Author:Carl Jung --> Carl Jung
 * Author:Samuel Johnson --> Samuel Johnson
 * Author:Philip Thomas Godsal --> Philip Thomas Godsal (Non-existent page)
 * Author:George Gershwin --> George Gershwin
 * Author:Søren Kierkegaard --> Søren Kierkegaard
 * Author:Shirley Jackson --> Shirley Jackson
 * Author:Khalil Gibran --> Khalil Gibran
 * Author:Albert Kivikas --> Albert Kivikas (Non-existent page)
 * Author:George Galloway --> George Galloway
 * Author:Stanley Kunitz --> Stanley Kunitz
 * Author:Hugo Grotius --> Hugo Grotius
 * Author:Dennis Kucinich --> Dennis Kucinich
 * Author:Samuel Garth --> Samuel Garth
 * Author:Emma Goldman --> Emma Goldman
 * Author:Mohandas Gandhi --> Mohandas Gandhi
 * Author:Peter Jones (missionary) --> Peter Jones (missionary)
 * Author:Zora Neale Hurston --> Zora Neale Hurston
 * Author:James I of England --> James I of England
 * Author:Adolf Hitler --> Adolf Hitler
 * Author:Robert A. Heinlein --> Robert A. Heinlein
 * Author:James Fintan Lalor --> James Fintan Lalor (Non-existent page)
 * Author:Reginald Heber --> Reginald Heber
 * Author:Martin Luther King, Jr. --> Martin Luther King, Jr.
 * Author:Angelica Kauffman --> Angelica Kauffman (Non-existent page)
 * Author:Robert F. Kennedy --> Robert F. Kennedy
 * Author:Jon Llewellyn Kyl --> Jon Llewellyn Kyl (Non-existent page)
 * Author:John Gay --> John Gay
 * Author:Josephus --> Josephus
 * Author:Henry VIII of England --> Henry VIII of England
 * Author:Fitz-Greene Halleck --> Fitz-Greene Halleck
 * Author:Kabir --> Kabir
 * Author:Tadeusz Kościuszko --> Tadeusz Kościuszko
 * Author:David Hilbert --> David Hilbert
 * Author:Ricardo Lagos --> Ricardo Lagos (Non-existent page)
 * Author:Rudy Giuliani --> Rudy Giuliani
 * Author:Nile Kinnick --> Nile Kinnick
 * Author:Matthew_Henry --> Matthew_Henry
 * Author:Mike Godwin --> Mike Godwin
 * Author:Pope John Paul II --> Pope John Paul II
 * Author:Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr. --> Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr.
 * Author:Maxim Gorky --> Maxim Gorky
 * Author:Ruhollah Khomeini --> Ruhollah Khomeini
 * Author:Robert Holmes (Barrister) --> Robert Holmes (Barrister)
 * Author:Juvenal --> Juvenal
 * Author:Charles Ives --> Charles Ives
 * Author:Justin Martyr --> Justin Martyr (Non-existent page)
 * Author:Aldous Huxley --> Aldous Huxley
 * Author:James Joyce --> James Joyce
 * Author:Ignatius of Antioch --> Ignatius of Antioch (Non-existent page)
 * Author:John Howard --> John Howard
 * Author:Thomas Hobbes --> Thomas Hobbes
 * Author:Jiddu Krishnamurti --> Jiddu Krishnamurti
 * Author:Mary Landrieu --> Mary Landrieu (Non-existent page)
 * Author:Zane Grey --> Zane Grey
 * Author:Hannah Glasse --> Hannah Glasse
 * Author:W. C. Handy --> W. C. Handy
 * Author:Hippocrates --> Hippocrates
 * Author:Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel --> Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
 * Author:Omar Khayyám --> Omar Khayyám
 * Author:Charles Kennedy --> Charles Kennedy
 * Author:Walter Savage Landor --> Walter Savage Landor
 * Author:Margaret Fuller --> Margaret Fuller
 * Author:Saddam Hussein --> Saddam Hussein
 * Author:Michael Ignatieff --> Michael Ignatieff
 * Author:Robert G. Ingersoll --> Robert G. Ingersoll
 * Author:Al Gore --> Al Gore
 * Author:Elena Kagan --> Elena Kagan
 * Author:Thomas Huxley --> Thomas Huxley
 * Author:George V of the United Kingdom --> George V of the United Kingdom
 * Author:Heraclitus --> Heraclitus
 * Author:Chuck Grassley --> Chuck Grassley
 * Author:Tom Harkin --> Tom Harkin (Non-existent page)
 * Author:Ali Khamenei --> Ali Khamenei
 * Author:Helen Keller --> Helen Keller
 * Author:Carl Friedrich Gauss --> Carl Friedrich Gauss
 * Author:Edward Gibbon --> Edward Gibbon
 * Author:Sadegh Hedayat --> Sadegh Hedayat
 * Author:Claire McCaskill --> Claire McCaskill (Non-existent page)
 * Author:Trent Lott --> Trent Lott
 * Author:Mao Zedong --> Mao Zedong
 * Author:Silas Weir Mitchell --> Silas Weir Mitchell
 * Author:Thomas Moore --> Thomas Moore
 * Author:Henry Hart Milman --> Henry Hart Milman
 * Author:Gloria Macapagal Arroyo --> Gloria Macapagal Arroyo (Non-existent page)
 * Author:John Mitchel --> John Mitchel
 * Author:James Monroe --> James Monroe
 * Author:Charles Mackay (1814-1889) --> Charles Mackay (author)
 * Author:Gottfried Leibniz --> Gottfried Leibniz
 * Author:Dmitry Medvedev --> Dmitry Medvedev (Non-existent page)
 * Author:Eugene McCarthy --> Eugene McCarthy
 * Author:Philo --> Philo
 * Author:Thomas Malory --> Thomas Malory
 * Author:Cotton Mather --> Cotton Mather
 * Author:James Justinian Morier --> James Justinian Morier (Non-existent page)
 * Author:Lisa Ann Murkowski --> Lisa Ann Murkowski (Non-existent page)
 * Author:Patrick Pearse --> Patrick Pearse
 * Author:Édouard Manet --> Édouard Manet
 * Author:Karl Marx --> Karl Marx
 * Author:John Gibson Lockhart --> John Gibson Lockhart
 * Author:Robert Peel --> Robert Peel
 * Author:Muhammad --> Muhammad
 * Author:Marcus Aurelius Antoninus --> Marcus Aurelius Antoninus
 * Author:Eugene O'Neill --> Eugene O'Neill
 * Author:Martial --> Martial
 * Author:Laozi --> Laozi
 * Author:C. S. Lewis --> C. S. Lewis
 * Author:Markham, Albert Hastings, Sir --> Markham, Albert Hastings, Sir (Non-existent page)
 * Author:Sandra Day O'Connor --> Sandra Day O'Connor
 * Author:James Clerk Maxwell --> James Clerk Maxwell
 * Author:Paul Morphy --> Paul Morphy
 * Author:Nelson Mandela --> Nelson Mandela
 * Author:John A. Macdonald --> John A. Macdonald
 * Author:Alexander Mackenzie --> Alexander Mackenzie
 * Author:Michel de Montaigne --> Michel de Montaigne
 * Author:Moses --> Moses
 * Author:Ben Nelson --> Ben Nelson (Non-existent page)
 * Author:George Marshall --> George Marshall
 * Author:Ron Paul --> Ron Paul
 * Author:Jose P. Laurel --> Jose P. Laurel (Non-existent page)
 * Author:Oswald Mosley --> Oswald Mosley
 * Author:Henry Livingston --> Henry Livingston (Non-existent page)
 * Author:Lowell Mason --> Lowell Mason (Non-existent page)
 * Author:William Penn --> William Penn
 * Author:Tom Lantos --> Tom Lantos
 * Author:Walter Lippmann --> Walter Lippmann
 * Author:Thomas Malthus --> Thomas Malthus
 * Author:Henry Newbolt --> Henry Newbolt
 * Author:Robert E. Lee --> Robert E. Lee
 * Author:Ramakrishna --> Ramakrishna
 * Author:Mikhail Lermontov --> Mikhail Lermontov
 * Author:Donald Grant Mitchell --> Donald Grant Mitchell
 * Author:Diosdado Macapagal --> Diosdado Macapagal
 * Author:Lu Xun --> Lu Xun
 * Author:William Henry Pickering --> William Henry Pickering (Non-existent page)
 * Author:Robert Musil --> Robert Musil
 * Author:Fernando Pessoa --> Fernando Pessoa
 * Author:Saint Patrick --> Saint Patrick
 * Author:John Newton --> John Newton
 * Author:Thomas Nashe --> Thomas Nashe
 * Author:Montesquieu --> Montesquieu
 * Author:Percival Lowell --> Percival Lowell
 * Author:Leonardo da Vinci --> Leonardo da Vinci
 * Author:Ivor Novello --> Ivor Novello (Non-existent page)
 * Author:John Marshall --> John Marshall
 * Author:Errico Malatesta --> Errico Malatesta
 * Author:Henry Cabot Lodge --> Henry Cabot Lodge
 * Author:Scott Nearing --> Scott Nearing (Non-existent page)
 * Author:Krste Misirkov --> Krste Misirkov (Non-existent page)
 * Author:Hannah More --> Hannah More
 * Author:Albert Libertad --> Albert Libertad (Non-existent page)
 * Author:Harvey Milk --> Harvey Milk
 * Author:Francis Parkman --> Francis Parkman
 * Author:George Pope Morris --> George Pope Morris
 * Author:Michelle Obama --> Michelle Obama
 * Author:Lawrence Lessig --> Lawrence Lessig
 * Author:Mel Martinez --> Mel Martinez (Non-existent page)
 * Author:Pablo Neruda --> Pablo Neruda
 * Author:Johanna Mueller --> Johanna Mueller (Non-existent page)
 * Author:William Morris --> William Morris
 * Author:Emma Lazarus --> Emma Lazarus
 * Author:Michelangelo --> Michelangelo
 * Author:Ramon Magsaysay --> Ramon Magsaysay (Non-existent page)
 * Author:Niccolò Machiavelli --> Niccolò Machiavelli
 * Author:Benjamin Netanyahu --> Benjamin Netanyahu
 * Author:William Topaz McGonagall --> William Topaz McGonagall (Non-existent page)
 * Author:Sarah Palin --> Sarah Palin
 * Author:Ehud Olmert --> Ehud Olmert
 * Author:Edward Lear --> Edward Lear
 * Author:Rodrigues Ottolengui --> Rodrigues Ottolengui (Non-existent page)
 * Author:E. D. Morel --> E. D. Morel (Non-existent page)
 * Author:Frederick Locker-Lampson --> Frederick Locker-Lampson
 * Author:Nezami --> Nezami (Non-existent page)
 * Author:Sidney Lanier --> Sidney Lanier
 * Author:Shimon Peres --> Shimon Peres
 * Author:Natsume Sōseki --> Natsume Sōseki (Non-existent page)
 * Author:Benito Mussolini --> Benito Mussolini
 * Author:Vyacheslav Molotov --> Vyacheslav Molotov
 * Author:Vladimir Mayakovsky --> Vladimir Mayakovsky
 * Author:John Boyle O'Reilly --> John Boyle O'Reilly
 * Author:Nancy Pelosi --> Nancy Pelosi
 * Author:Pierre Louis Moreau de Maupertuis --> Pierre Louis Moreau de Maupertuis (Non-existent page)
 * Author:Walter de la Mare --> Walter de la Mare
 * Author:Peter Anthony Motteux --> Peter Anthony Motteux (Non-existent page)
 * Author:Blanche Lambert Lincoln --> Blanche Lambert Lincoln (Non-existent page)
 * Author:Ambrose Philips --> Ambrose Philips
 * Author:Austen Henry Layard --> Austen Henry Layard
 * Author:Alfred Nobel --> Alfred Nobel
 * Author:John Pentland Mahaffy --> John Pentland Mahaffy
 * Author:Maimonides --> Maimonides
 * Author:Barbara Mikulski --> Barbara Mikulski (Non-existent page)
 * Author:Papias --> Papias (Non-existent page)
 * Author:Franklin Pierce --> Franklin Pierce
 * Author:Keith Olbermann --> Keith Olbermann
 * Author:Meher Baba --> Meher Baba
 * Author:Thomas Babington Macaulay --> Thomas Babington Macaulay
 * Author:Sergio Osmeña --> Sergio Osmeña (Non-existent page)
 * Author:Sinclair Lewis --> Sinclair Lewis
 * Author:James Russell Lowell --> James Russell Lowell
 * Author:T. E. Lawrence --> T. E. Lawrence
 * Author:Pearl Poet --> Pearl Poet
 * Author:Frank Lautenberg --> Frank Lautenberg
 * Author:Robert Menendez --> Robert Menendez (Non-existent page)
 * Author:David Livingstone --> David Livingstone
 * Author:John L. O'Sullivan --> John L. O'Sullivan (Non-existent page)
 * Author:Alice Miller (psychologist) --> Alice Miller (psychologist)
 * Author:Mark Lemon --> Mark Lemon
 * Author:Ferdinand Marcos --> Ferdinand Marcos
 * Author:George Orwell --> George Orwell
 * Author:Arthur Murphy --> Arthur Murphy
 * Author:John McCain --> John McCain
 * Author:Mitch McConnell --> Mitch McConnell
 * Author:Brander Matthews --> Brander Matthews (Non-existent page)
 * Author:John Masefield --> John Masefield
 * Author:Pierre-Simon Laplace --> Pierre-Simon Laplace
 * Author:Robert Owen --> Robert Owen
 * Author:Pope Paul VI --> Pope Paul VI
 * Author:A. A. Milne --> A. A. Milne
 * Author:Carl Levin --> Carl Levin
 * Author:William Osler --> William Osler
 * Author:Jerrold Nadler --> Jerrold Nadler
 * Author:Joaquim Maria Machado de Assis --> Joaquim Maria Machado de Assis
 * Author:Florence Nightingale --> Florence Nightingale
 * Author:Ovid --> Ovid
 * Author:Charles Sprague --> Charles Sprague
 * Author:John Paul Stevens --> John Paul Stevens
 * Author:Elpidio Quirino --> Elpidio Quirino (Non-existent page)
 * Author:Samuel Francis Smith --> Samuel Francis Smith
 * Author:Cecil Rhodes --> Cecil Rhodes
 * Author:Mehmed Talat --> Mehmed Talat
 * Author:Joseph Henry Shorthouse --> Joseph Henry Shorthouse
 * Author:John Cowper Powys --> John Cowper Powys
 * Author:Zachary Taylor --> Zachary Taylor
 * Author:Joshua Reynolds --> Joshua Reynolds
 * Author:Frank R. Stockton --> Frank R. Stockton (Non-existent page)
 * Author:Ronald Reagan --> Ronald Reagan
 * Author:Arthur Ransome --> Arthur Ransome
 * Portal:Socialist Party of Great Britain --> Socialist Party of Great Britain
 * Author:Karol Szymanowski --> Karol Szymanowski
 * Author:Rex Stout --> Rex Stout
 * Author:Polycarp --> Polycarp (Non-existent page)
 * Author:Marquis de Sade --> Marquis de Sade
 * Author:Ted Stevens --> Ted Stevens
 * Author:Richard Craig Shelby --> Richard Craig Shelby (Non-existent page)
 * Author:Francis Quarles --> Francis Quarles
 * Author:John Russell, 1st Earl Russell --> John Russell, 1st Earl Russell
 * Author:Arthur Quiller-Couch --> Arthur Quiller-Couch
 * Author:James Hudson Taylor --> James Hudson Taylor
 * Author:Colin Powell --> Colin Powell
 * Author:Condoleezza Rice --> Condoleezza Rice
 * Author:Averroes --> Averroes (Non-existent page)
 * Author:Antonin Scalia --> Antonin Scalia
 * Author:Marcel Proust --> Marcel Proust
 * Author:Maurice Ravel --> Maurice Ravel
 * Author:Harlan F. Stone --> Harlan F. Stone
 * Author:Carl Schurz --> Carl Schurz
 * Author:Saadi --> Saadi
 * Author:Nahum Tate --> Nahum Tate
 * Author:Tobias Smollett --> Tobias Smollett
 * Author:Karl Popper --> Karl Popper
 * Author:Enoch Powell --> Enoch Powell
 * Author:Leslie Stephen --> Leslie Stephen
 * Author:Jalal al-Din Muhammad Rumi --> Jalal al-Din Muhammad Rumi
 * Author:Arthur Rimbaud --> Arthur Rimbaud
 * Author:Sun Tzu --> Sun Tzu
 * Author:Carl Sandburg --> Carl Sandburg
 * Author:Margaret Singer --> Margaret Singer
 * Author:Pope Pius XII --> Pope Pius XII
 * Author:Plato --> Plato
 * Author:Bayard Taylor --> Bayard Taylor
 * Author:Baruch Spinoza --> Baruch Spinoza
 * Author:Franklin Delano Roosevelt --> Franklin Delano Roosevelt
 * Author:Halina Poświatowska --> Halina Poświatowska
 * Author:John Godfrey Saxe --> John Godfrey Saxe
 * Author:Mohammed Reza Taheri-azar --> Mohammed Reza Taheri-azar
 * Author:Tacitus --> Tacitus
 * Author:Jean-Philippe Rameau --> Jean-Philippe Rameau
 * Author:Jon Stewart --> Jon Stewart
 * Author:Ezra Pound --> Ezra Pound
 * Author:Ann Radcliffe --> Ann Radcliffe
 * Author:Ptolemy --> Ptolemy
 * Author:J. K. Rowling --> J. K. Rowling
 * Author:Nicolas Sarkozy --> Nicolas Sarkozy
 * Author:Polybius --> Polybius
 * Author:Arthur Sullivan --> Arthur Sullivan
 * Author:Ethan Smith --> Ethan Smith (Non-existent page)
 * Author:Sappho --> Sappho
 * Author:Soong May-ling --> Soong May-ling
 * Author:Christopher Smart --> Christopher Smart
 * Author:Walter Raleigh --> Walter Raleigh
 * Author:Oswald Spengler --> Oswald Spengler
 * Author:Matthew Prior --> Matthew Prior
 * Author:M. P. Shiel --> M. P. Shiel (Non-existent page)
 * Author:George Augustus Henry Sala --> George Augustus Henry Sala
 * Author:Suharto --> Suharto (Non-existent page)
 * Author:William Pitt the Younger --> William Pitt the Younger
 * Author:Wallace Stevens --> Wallace Stevens
 * Author:Srirangam Srinivasarao --> Srirangam Srinivasarao (Non-existent page)
 * Author:Henri Poincaré --> Henri Poincaré
 * Author:Pliny the Younger --> Pliny the Younger
 * Author:Dr. Seuss --> Dr. Seuss
 * Author:Elsa Rautee --> Elsa Rautee (Non-existent page)
 * Author:Hiski Salomaa --> Hiski Salomaa (Non-existent page)
 * Author:Sara Teasdale --> Sara Teasdale
 * Author:William Rehnquist --> William Rehnquist
 * Author:Pope Sixtus V --> Pope Sixtus V
 * Author:Wilhelm Röntgen --> Wilhelm Röntgen
 * Author:Arthur Schopenhauer --> Arthur Schopenhauer
 * Author:Lorenzo Snow --> Lorenzo Snow
 * Author:Laurence Sterne --> Laurence Sterne
 * Author:Keshub Chandra Sen --> Keshub Chandra Sen
 * Author:Max Planck --> Max Planck
 * Author:Erik Satie --> Erik Satie
 * Author:Maximilien Robespierre --> Maximilien Robespierre
 * Author:Dan Quayle --> Dan Quayle
 * Author:Joseph Stalin --> Joseph Stalin
 * Author:Kevin Rudd --> Kevin Rudd
 * Author:Emanuel Swedenborg --> Emanuel Swedenborg
 * Author:Manuel Roxas --> Manuel Roxas (Non-existent page)
 * Author:Bobby Seale --> Bobby Seale
 * Author:Lord Dunsany --> Lord Dunsany
 * Author:Dante Gabriel Rossetti --> Dante Gabriel Rossetti
 * Author:Samuel Smiles --> Samuel Smiles
 * Author:Sonia Sotomayor --> Sonia Sotomayor
 * Author:Charles Spurgeon --> Charles Spurgeon
 * Author:Lysander Spooner --> Lysander Spooner
 * Author:Chuck Schumer --> Chuck Schumer (Non-existent page)
 * Author:Arnold Schwarzenegger --> Arnold Schwarzenegger
 * Author:Willard van Orman Quine --> Willard van Orman Quine
 * Author:Alfred Percy Sinnett --> Alfred Percy Sinnett
 * Author:Langdon Smith --> Langdon Smith
 * Author:James McCune Smith --> James McCune Smith (Non-existent page)
 * Author:Hippolyte Taine --> Hippolyte Taine
 * Author:Jackie Speier --> Jackie Speier
 * Author:Ayn Rand --> Ayn Rand
 * Author:Prem Rawat --> Prem Rawat
 * Author:Major Taylor --> Major Taylor (Non-existent page)
 * Author:Boris Sidis --> Boris Sidis
 * Author:Jose Rizal --> Jose Rizal
 * Author:Max Stirner --> Max Stirner
 * Author:Lytton Strachey --> Lytton Strachey
 * Author:Edmund Clarence Stedman --> Edmund Clarence Stedman
 * Author:Debbie Stabenow --> Debbie Stabenow (Non-existent page)
 * Author:Richard Rolle.jpg --> Richard Rolle.jpg (Non-existent page)
 * Author:Olympia Snowe --> Olympia Snowe (Non-existent page)
 * Author:Tom Tancredo --> Tom Tancredo
 * Author:Manuel L. Quezon --> Manuel L. Quezon (Non-existent page)
 * Author:Leo Ryan --> Leo Ryan
 * Author:J. C. Squire --> J. C. Squire
 * Author:John E. Sununu --> John E. Sununu
 * Author:John Charles Ryle --> John Charles Ryle
 * Author:Richard Stallman --> Richard Stallman
 * Author:Thomas Noon Talfourd --> Thomas Noon Talfourd
 * Author:Edmund Sears --> Edmund Sears
 * Author:Anton Hansen Tammsaare --> Anton Hansen Tammsaare (Non-existent page)
 * Author:Kenneth Lee Salazar --> Kenneth Lee Salazar (Non-existent page)
 * Author:Shoghi Effendi --> Shoghi Effendi (Non-existent page)
 * Author:Rudolf Steiner --> Rudolf Steiner
 * Author:Seneca --> Seneca
 * Author:Jeff Sessions --> Jeff Sessions
 * Author:Sun Yat-sen --> Sun Yat-sen
 * Author:Pat Roberts --> Pat Roberts
 * Author:Bukola Saraki --> Bukola Saraki
 * Author:Bram Stoker --> Bram Stoker
 * Author:Haile Selassie --> Haile Selassie
 * Author:Gene Sharp --> Gene Sharp (Non-existent page)
 * Author:Pope Sixtus I --> Pope Sixtus I
 * Author:William Ramsay --> William Ramsay
 * Author:William Winwood Reade --> William Winwood Reade
 * Author:Torquato Tasso --> Torquato Tasso
 * Author:Adlai Stevenson --> Adlai Stevenson
 * Author:Carl Sagan --> Carl Sagan
 * Author:Srinivasa Ramanujan --> Srinivasa Ramanujan
 * Author:Jon Tester --> Jon Tester (Non-existent page)
 * Author:Anthony Trollope --> Anthony Trollope
 * Author:Wilhelm II., Deutscher Kaiser --> Wilhelm II., Deutscher Kaiser (Non-existent page)
 * Author:Desmond Tutu --> Desmond Tutu
 * Author:Ernest Thayer --> Ernest Thayer
 * Author:Robert Charles Winthrop --> Robert Charles Winthrop
 * Author:Charles Dudley Warner --> Charles Dudley Warner
 * Author:Mary Wollstonecraft --> Mary Wollstonecraft
 * Author:Paramahansa Yogananda --> Paramahansa Yogananda
 * Author:P. G. Wodehouse --> P. G. Wodehouse
 * Author:Edmund Waller --> Edmund Waller
 * Author:Clarence Thomas --> Clarence Thomas
 * Author:Benjamin Tucker --> Benjamin Tucker
 * Author:Paul Verlaine --> Paul Verlaine
 * Author:Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky --> Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky
 * Author:James Thomson (poet) --> James Thomson (poet)
 * Author:Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston --> Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston
 * Author:Tiruvalluvar --> Tiruvalluvar
 * Author:Horace Walpole --> Horace Walpole
 * Author:Dominique de Villepin --> Dominique de Villepin (Non-existent page)
 * Author:Emery Walker --> Emery Walker (Non-existent page)
 * Author:Henry Vaughan --> Henry Vaughan
 * Author:Frederick Goddard Tuckerman --> Frederick Goddard Tuckerman
 * Author:William Makepeace Thackeray --> William Makepeace Thackeray
 * Author:Edward Douglass White, Jr. --> Edward Douglass White, Jr. (Non-existent page)
 * Author:John Thompson --> John Thompson (Non-existent page)
 * Author:Dylan Thomas --> Dylan Thomas
 * Author:Thomas Tickell --> Thomas Tickell
 * Author:Fred Thompson --> Fred Thompson
 * Author:Charles Wesley --> Charles Wesley
 * Author:Israel Zangwill --> Israel Zangwill
 * Author:Alexander Fraser Tytler --> Alexander Fraser Tytler
 * Author:Wilford Woodruff --> Wilford Woodruff
 * Author:Nathaniel Parker Willis --> Nathaniel Parker Willis
 * Author:Richard von Krafft-Ebing --> Richard von Krafft-Ebing (Non-existent page)
 * Author:Christopher Wordsworth --> Christopher Wordsworth (Non-existent page)
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 * Author:William Tyndale --> William Tyndale
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 * Author:Ludwig Tieck --> Ludwig Tieck
 * Author:George Voinovich --> George Voinovich (Non-existent page)
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 * Author:Manto Tshabalala-Msimang --> Manto Tshabalala-Msimang
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title: User:DeirdreAnne/backlinks wq


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 assembly. It is debatable and opens the entire question to debate. 40. Dilatory, Absurd, or Frivolous Motions. For the convenience of deliberative assemblies, it is necessary to allow some highly privileged motions to be renewed again and again after progress in debate or the transaction of any business, and to allow a single member, by calling for a division, to have another vote taken. If there was no provision for protecting the assembly, a minority of two members could be constantly raising questions of order and appealing from every decision of the chair, and calling for a division on every vote, even when it was nearly unanimous, and moving to lay motions on the table, and to adjourn, and offering amendments that are simply frivolous or absurd. By taking advantage of parliamentary forms and methods a small minority could practically stop the business of a deliberative assembly having short sessions, if there was no provision for such contingency. Congress met it by adopting this rule: "No dilatory motion shall be entertained by the speaker." But, without adopting any rule on the subject, every deliberative assembly has the inherent right to protect itself from being imposed upon by members using parliamentary forms to prevent it from doing the very thing for which it is in session, and which these forms were designed to assist, namely, to transact


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 . Therefore, whenever the chair is satisfied that members are using parliamentary forms merely to obstruct business, he should either not recognize them, or else rule them out of order. After the chair has been sustained upon an appeal, he should not entertain another appeal from the same obstructionists while they are engaged evidently in trying by that means to obstruct business. While the chair should always be courteous and fair, he should be firm in protecting the assembly from imposition, even though it be done in strict conformity with all parliamentary rules except this one, that no dilatory, absurd, or frivolous motions are allowed. As an illustration of a frivolous or absurd motion, suppose Mr. A is to be in the city next week and a motion has been made to invite him to address the assembly at its next meeting, the meetings being weekly. Now, if a motion is made to refer the question to a committee with instructions to report at the next regular meeting, the chair should rule it out of order as frivolous or absurd. 41. Call of the House.* (This cannot be used in ordinary assemblies, as they have not the power to compel the attendance of members.)


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 The object of a call of the house is to compel the attendance of absent members, and is allowable only in assemblies that have the power to compel the attendance of absentees. It is usual to provide in such assemblies that when no quorum is present, a specified small number can order a call of the house. In Congress a call of the house may be ordered by a majority vote, provided one-fifth of the members elect are present. A rule like the following would answer for city councils and other similar bodies that have the power to enforce attendance. Rule. When no quorum is present, if one-fifth of the members elect are present, they may by a majority vote order a call of the house and compel the attendance of absent members. After the call is ordered, a motion to adjourn, or to dispense with further proceedings in the call, cannot be entertained until a quorum is present, or until the sergeant-at-arms* reports that in his opiniort no quorum can be obtained on that day. If no quorum is present, a call of the house takes precedence of everything, even reading the minutes, except the motion to adjourn, and only requires in its favor the number specified in the rule. If a quorum is present a call should rank with questions of privilege [19], requiring a majority vote for its adoption, and if rejected it should not be renewed while a quorum is present at that meeting. After a call is ordered, until further proceedings in the call are dispensed with, no motion is in order except to adjourn and a motion relating to the call, so that a recess could not be taken by unanimous consent. An adjournment puts an end to all proceedings in the call, except that the assembly before adjournment, if a quorum is present, can order such members as are already


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Dowdall, George


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 arrested to make their excuse at an adjourned meeting. Proceedings in a Call of the House. When the call is ordered the clerk calls the roll of members alphabetically, noting the absentees; he then calls over again the names of absentees, when excuses* can be made; after this the doors are locked, no one being permitted to leave, and an order similar in form to the following is adopted: "Ordered, Thait the sergeant-at-arms take into custody, and bring to the bar of the House, such of its members as are absent without the leave of the House." A warrant signed by the presiding officer and attested by the clerk, with a list of absentees attached, is then given to the sergeant-at-arms, who immediately proceeds to arrest the absentees. When he appears with members under arrest, he proceeds to the chairman's desk (being announced by the door- keeper in large bodies), followed by the arrested members, and makes his return. The chairman arraigns each member separately, and asks what excuse he has to offer for being absent from the sittings of the assembly without its leave. The member states his excuse, and a motion is made that he be discharged from custody and admitted to his seat either without payment of fees or after paying his fees. Until a member has paid the fees assessed against him he cannot vote or be recognized by the chair for any purpose.

................. PAGE 42. Debate......................... 178

43. Decorum in Debate.............. 180

44. Closing and Preventing Debate.. 182

45. Principles of Debate and Undebatable Motions..... 184


title: User:Spangineer/Sandbox2


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 '''42. Debate.''' In 1-6 are explained the necessary steps preliminary to debate — namely, that when no business is pending a member shall rise and address the chair by his title, and be recognized by the chair as having obtained the floor; and that the member shall then make a motion which, after being seconded, shall be stated by the chair, who shall then ask, "Are you ready for the question?" The question is then open to debate, as is partially explained in 7, which should be read in connection with this section. No member shall speak more than twice during the same day to the same question (only once on an appeal), nor longer than ten minutes at one time, without leave of the assembly; and the question upon granting the leave shall be decided by a two-thirds vote without debate.* No member can speak a second time to a question as long as any member desires to speak who has not spoken to the question. If greater freedom is desired, the proper course is to go into committee of the whole, or to consider it informally, either of which requires only a majority vote; or to extend the limits of debate [30],


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 which requires a two-thirds vote. So the debate, by a two-thirds vote, may be limited to any extent desired, as shown in 30. The member upon whose motion the subject was brought before the assembly, is entitled to close the debate with a speech, if he has not previously exhausted his twenty minutes, but not until every one else wishing to speak has spoken. He cannot, however, avail himself of this privilege after debate has been closed.* An amendment, or any other motion, being offered, makes the real question before the assembly a different one, and, in regard to the right to debate, is treated as a new question. When an amendment is pending the debate must be confined to the merits of the amendment, unless it is of such a nature that its decision practically decides the main question. Merely asking a question, or making a suggestion, is not considered as speaking. The maker of a motion, though he can vote against it, cannot speak against his own motion. [To close the debate see 44.] The right of members to debate and make motions cannot be cut off by the chair's putting a question to vote with such rapidity as to prevent the member's getting the floor after the chair has inquired if the assembly is ready for the question. Even after the chair has


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 announced the vote, if it is found that a member arose and addressed the chair with reasonable promptness after the chair asked, "Are you ready for the question?" he is then entitled to the floor, and the question is in exactly the same condition it was before it was put to vote. But if the chair gives ample opportunity for members to claim the floor before putting the question and they do not avail themselves of it, they cannot claim the right of debate after the voting has commenced. 43. Decorum in Debate. In debate a member must confine himself to the question before the assembly, and avoid personalities. He cannot reflect upon any act of the assembly, unless he intends to conclude his remarks with a motion to rescind such action, or else while debating such a motion. In referring to another member, he should, as much as possible, avoid using his name, rather referring to him as "the member who spoke last," or in some other way describing him. The officers of the assembly should always be referred to by their official titles. It is not allowable to arraign the motives of a member, but the nature or consequences of a measure may be condemned in strong terms. It is not the man, but the measure, that is the subject of debate. If one desires to ask a question of the member speaking, he should rise, and without


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 to be recognized, say, "Mr. Chairman, I should like to ask the gentleman a question." The chair then asks the speaker if he is willing to be interrupted, or the speaker may at once consent or decline, addressing, however, the chair, through whom the conversation must be carried on, as members cannot directly address one another in a deliberative assembly. If the speaker consents to the question, the time consumed by the interruption comes out of the time of the speaker. If at any time the chairman rises to state a point of order, or give information, or otherwise speak, within his privilege, the member speaking must take his seat till the chairman has been heard first. When called to order by the chair the member must sit down until the question of order is decided. If his remarks are decided to be improper, he cannot proceed, if any one objects, without the leave of the assembly expressed by a vote, upon which question no debate is allowed. Disorderly words should be taken down by the member who objects to them, or by the secretary, and then read to the member. If he denies them, the assembly shall decide by a vote whether they are his words or not. If a member cannot justify the words he used, and will not suitably apologize for using them, it is the duty of the assembly to act in the case. If the disorderly words are of a personal nature, after each party has been heard.


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 and before the assembly proceeds to deliberate upon the case, both parties to the personality should retire, it being a general rule that no member should be present in the assembly when any matter relating to himself is under debate. It is not, however, necessary for the member objecting to the words to retire unless he is personally involved in the case. Disorderly words to the presiding officer, or in respect to the official acts of an officer, do not involve the officer so as to require him to retire. If any business has taken place since the member spoke, it is too late to take notice of any disorderly words he used. During debate, and while the chairman is speaking, or the assembly is engaged in voting, no member is permitted to disturb the assembly by whispering, or walking across the floor, or in any other way. 44. Closing Debate and Preventing Debate. When the debate appears to the chairman to be finished, he should inquire, "Are you ready for the question?" If, after a reasonable pause, no one rises to claim the floor, the chair assumes that no member wishes to speak and, standing, proceeds to put the question. Debate is not closed by the chairman's rising and putting the question, as until both the affirmative and the negative are put, a member can rise and claim the floor, and reopen the debate or make a motion, provided he rises with reasonable promptness after the


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 (, ix. 239, 247–9, 257, 263, 284). He accompanied Sir Thomas Percy and Sir Robert Knolles on their mission to the Duke of Brittany at Rennes in October. Subsequently he served at the siege of Nantes, took part in the second mission to the duke, and fought in the skirmish before the town on Christmas eve. After the siege was raised on 2 Jan. 1381, Trivet was stationed with Percy and William, lord Latimer, at Hennebon, and probably returned with them to England in April (ib. vii. 382–429, ed. Buchon; Chron. du duc Loys de Bourbon, p. 127, Soc. Hist. de France). He was a commissioner of array for Kent on 14 May 1381 (Cal. Pat. Rolls, Richard II, i. 574).

Trivet was one of the knights who served in command of the so-called crusade of Henry Despenser [q. v.], bishop of Norwich, in Flanders in 1383. He was backward in leaving England, and it was not till the Londoners and the bishop's friends threatened violence that he sailed and joined Despenser at Dunkirk late in May (, Hist. Angl. ii. 86, 94). With the other soldiers he compelled the bishop to lay siege to Ypres; their operations were unsuccessful, and Trivet, like others of the knights in command, was accused of treachery. After the siege was raised on 9 Aug. Trivet, with Sir William Elmham and other military officers, opposed Despenser in his wish to invade Picardy, and withdrew to Bourbourg. After Despenser was compelled to retire, Trivet and his companions were besieged at Bourbourg. Knighton relates a story of how Trivet proudly thanked the French king for the compliment he paid them in coming to besiege a small company of English with so great an army (Chron. ii. 99). But the general report accuses Trivet, in common with the other commanders, of having accepted a bribe from the French to agree to terms (Chron. Angl. p. 356;, p. 21). On his return he was accused of treachery, and, being convicted of having taken bribes, he was imprisoned in the Tower, but obtained the royal favour and was released (ib. p. 25; Rot. Parl. iii. 152–3, 156–8). When, in 1385, Richard II quarrelled with William Courtenay [q. v.], archbishop of Canterbury, Trivet is said to have restrained him from open violence; Richard retorted by taunting him as a notorious traitor (ib. p. 59;, Hist. Angl. ii. 128). However, Trivet continued his connection with the court, and is said to have advised the king to take the field against the appellants in November 1387, and to have joined with Sir Nicholas Brembre [q. v.] in a plot to seize the lords at Westminster (ib. ii. 165;, p. 107). He was accordingly accused, and was one of the king's supporters who were arrested on 4 Jan. 1388, when he was committed to prison at Dover (ib. p. 115; Fœdera, vii. 566). Trivet was not brought to trial, and obtained his release on 31 May under sureties (, p. 181). In the following October, while the parliament was sitting at Cambridge, Trivet was thrown from his horse at Barnwell, and died in nine hours. That same day—6 Oct.—it had been proclaimed in parliament that if any wished to bring charges against him for his treachery or other notorious crime, they were to appear on the morrow (ib. p. 198). Many rejoiced at his death by reason of his overweening bearing, as well as on account of his treachery in the crusade of 1383 and the evil advice which he had given to the king (, Hist. Angl. ii. 177). Froissart relates that Trivet's heirs had to pay a heavy fine before they could obtain their inheritance. Trivet left lands at Chilton Tryvet, North Petherton, and other places in Somerset. His widow Elizabeth survived him till 1434 (Cal. Inq. post mortem, iii. 142, iv. 154).

[Walsingham's Historia Anglicana, Malverne's Chronicle ap. Higden, vol. ix., Knighton's Chronicle (all these in Rolls Ser.); Froissart, vols. vii–ix., ed. Luce and Raynaud, and vols. vii–ix., ed. Buchon; Lopez y Ayala's Crónicas de los Reyes de Castilla, ii. 92, 102; other authorities quoted.]

TROKELOWE, THROKLOW, or THORLOW, JOHN (fl. 1330), chronicler and monk of St. Albans, may be identified with a monk of that name of the priory of Tynemouth, Northumberland, a cell or dependency of St. Albans, who in 1294 joined with his prior and others in an attempt to make their house independent of the abbey by transferring the advowson to the king; their design was betrayed to the abbot, John of Berkhampstead, who visited Tynemouth and sent Trokelowe and his accomplices in chains to St. Albans. Trokelowe wrote ‘Annales,’ containing a history of the reign of Edward II from 1307 to 1323, his work ending with a notice of the execution of Andrew Harclay, earl of Carlisle [q. v.], after which come the words, ‘Hucusque scripsit Frater Johannes de Trokelowe.’ Although somewhat inflated in style and deficient in chronological arrangement, it is of great value as an authority for the reign. It cannot have been written earlier than 1330, as it contains a reference


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 to the execution of (IV), earl of March (1287–1330) [q. v.], on 29 Nov. of that year. It was largely used by the compiler of Brit. Mus. MS. Reg. 13 E. ix, and thence became a source of Thomas of Walsingham's ‘Historia Anglicana.’ So early as the date of MS. Reg. 13 E. ix. it was attributed to Rishanger (Historia Anglicana, I. xvi. 165), for it forms part of the St. Albans book, MS. Claudius D. vi., the only manuscript of it known to exist, and the compiler seeing there the heading to No. 4, f. 97, ‘Incipiunt cronica W. de Rishanger,’ which introduces Rishanger's chronicle known as the ‘Barons' Wars,’ and printed by the Camden Society in 1840, and not marking Trokelowe's name at the end of his ‘Annales,’ considered that the subsequent pieces, which have no heading, down to Blaneford's chronicle (No. 9), were all by Rishanger. Bale confuses the work of Trokelowe with the ‘Annales Edwardi Primi,’ printed in vol. iii. of the Chronicles of St. Albans in the Rolls Series. Trokelowe's work was edited, along with the Chronicle of Henry de Blaneforde, which continues it, by Thomas Hearne, Oxford, 1729; and in 1866 also with Blaneforde and other pieces by H. G. Riley in vol. iv. of ‘Chronica Monasterii S. Albani’ in the Rolls Series.

TROLLOPE, ANDREW (d. 1461), soldier, is said by Waurin to have been of lowly origin. He fought long in the French wars of Henry VI's day, and acquired a great reputation for courage and skill, but was generally on the losing side. He was in command of Gavray under Lord Scales when it was captured on 11 Oct. 1449. In March 1450 he had to give up Fronay, partly as a ransom for [q. v.], and after the surrender of Falaise in 1450 he went to England. He returned to France, and held the appointment of sergeant-porter of Calais, and was concerned in 1453–4 in the conspiracy of Alençon. When in 1459 Warwick came to England, Trollope was with him, and accompanied him as a Yorkist to Ludlow. He is said to have been won over to the Lancastrian side by Edmund Beaufort, duke of Somerset; on the other hand, he may well, as has been said, have never intended to serve against the king. In any case, on the night of 12 Oct. 1459 he and Sir James Blount went over to the Lancastrian camp, and the Yorkist leaders dispersed. He seems to have been with Somerset when he went over as lieutenant of Calais in November, but they could only get possession of Guisnes, and in April 1460 Somerset was badly defeated at Newham Bridge. Soon afterwards he returned to England. He arranged the plan of the battle of Wakefield (31 Dec. 1460), and one of his servants captured Richard, duke of York. He was the commander of the Lancastrian horde that marched south and won the second battle of St. Albans (7 Feb. 1460–61). After that fight he was knighted; he was suffering at the time from a ‘calletrappe’ in his foot, and jokingly said that he did not deserve the honour done him as he had killed but fifteen Yorkists. He retired north with the army, and was killed at Towton on 29 March following. He was attainted in the same year. Polydore Vergil describes him as ‘vir summæ belli scientiæ et fidei.’ He is mentioned in a poem of Lewis Glyn Cothi.

TROLLOPE, ANTHONY (1815–1882), novelist and post-office official, son of Thomas Anthony and of [q. v.], was born at 16 Keppel Street, Russell Square, on 24 April 1815. [q. v.] was his elder brother. He was elected a scholar of Winchester in 1826, but his father, having settled at Harrow, removed his son to Harrow school next year. Anthony as a town boy and day pupil was despised and persecuted by masters and scholars alike, and so neglected that after nearly twelve years' schooling he left unable to work an ordinary sum or write a decent hand. The examination of Charley Tudor for the internal navigation office, which has so amused the readers of ‘The Three Clerks,’ is, Trollope informs us, no other than that which he himself passed, or rather was supposed to have passed, on


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 obtaining in 1834 a clerkship in the general post-office. His first seven years in the office were, as he admits, equally unprofitable to the service and to himself, and wretched from pecuniary embarrassment. His official superiors on their side treated him harshly, and took no pains to elicit the devotion to duty and the business faculties which he was to show that he possessed in abundant measure. He seemed on the point of dismissal when, in 1841, he extricated himself by applying for an appointment as a post-office surveyor in Ireland, which no one else would accept. From this time all went well with him officially; the open-air life and extensive journeys incidental to his new duties suited him perfectly; while interest in his work and a sense of responsibility developed his business aptitudes. ‘It was altogether a very jolly life which I led in Ireland,’ he says, and he there contracted the taste for hunting which has so greatly enriched his novels with spirited scenes and descriptions. On 11 June 1844 he was married at Rotherham to Rose, daughter of Edward Heseltine, a bank manager at Rotherham. A year before he took to writing as a means of increasing his income, an end which he was long before attaining. His first novel, ‘The Macdermots of Ballycloran,’ begun in 1843, was published in 1847 by T. C. Newby, the general refuge for the destitute in those days, who was about the same time bringing out ‘Wuthering Heights.’ Notwithstanding its considerable merits, ‘The Macdermots’ fell as absolutely dead from the press as did its more remarkable companion. ‘The Kellys and the O'Kellys’ (1848) had the advantage over its predecessor in two respects: it was published by Colburn, and compared by the ‘Times’ reviewer to a leg of mutton—‘substantial, but a little coarse.’ Apparently the taste for lettered mutton was extinct, for Colburn declared that he lost sixty guineas by it, which did not, however, prevent his giving Trollope 20l. for an historical novel, ‘La Vendée’ (1850), unread then and little read since, though it has been reprinted. The two Irish novels afterwards enjoyed a fair measure of popularity.

Disappointed as a novelist, Trollope tried his hand at a comedy, ‘The Noble Jilt,’ which was never even offered to a manager, but which he afterwards utilised in ‘Can you forgive her?’ Further literary experiment was checked by an official commission which for a time prevented all attempt at composition, but proved the chief source of Trollope's subsequent distinction—an inspection of postal deliveries in rural districts throughout the south-west of Great Britain. ‘During two years,’ he says, ‘it was the ambition of my life to cover the country with rural letter-carriers.’ In this way he obtained a large portion of the immense stock of information respecting persons and things which imparts such extraordinary variety to his multitudinous novels. The idea of ‘The Warden’ came to him ‘whilst wandering one midsummer evening round the purlieus of Salisbury Cathedral,’ although the book was not begun for a year afterwards. It was published in 1855, and its success, if not brilliant, was unequivocal. It revealed a new humorist and a new type of humour. No such picture of the special features of cathedral society had been given before, nor has anything so good been done since, excepting the corresponding portions of ‘Barchester Towers’ and the rest of the ‘Barsetshire’ novels. These, however, are much more complex, Trollope having discovered that the same gifts which enabled him to portray clergymen were equally available for other classes of society. For humour, ‘Barchester Towers’ (1857) perhaps stands first; for the suspense of painful interest, ‘Framley Parsonage’ (1861); for general excellence, ‘The Last Chronicle of Barset’ (1867). They stand at the head of his writings, if we except ‘The Three Clerks’ (1858), a novel at once painfully tragic and irresistibly humorous, in which he drew upon his extensive knowledge of the civil service; and ‘Orley Farm’ (1862), where again pathos and humour contend for the mastery, and the plot is more striking than usual with him. ‘Doctor Thorne’ had appeared in 1858, ‘The Bertrams’ in 1859, and ‘Castle Richmond,’ an Irish novel, in 1860.

During this time Trollope had been rising in official dignity and emolument. Remitted from his English work to Ireland at a considerably higher salary, he had lived successively at Belfast and at Donnybrook. In 1858 he was sent on a postal mission to Egypt, and in the autumn of the same year was despatched on another to the West Indies, which originated his contributions to the literature of travel. It is no wonder that he should have enjoyed such agreeable and lucrative expeditions at the public expense; and Edmund Yates, also a post-office employé, may be well believed when he says that their frequency excited considerable comment. Sir Rowland Hill, however, Trollope's decided adversary in most things, has left it upon record that his mission to the West Indies was fruitful in valuable results, and that his suggestions for the improvement of the packet service had the assent of nautical men. The expedition


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 in ‘The West Indies and the Spanish Main’ (1859), a highly entertaining book of travel, considered by the writer as the best of his work of this kind. In 1861 he visited the United States, not, however, at the public expense, but on a nine months' furlough, granted after ‘a good deal of demurring.’ His account of his travels, entitled ‘North America’ (1862), is disparaged by the author himself, but was eminently useful at the time in aiding to direct public opinion at home into a right channel. If the mother had done America any wrong, the debt was amply discharged by the son. After his retirement from the post office he visited Australia and New Zealand (1871–2), and South Africa (1877), producing books upon these countries more fertile in instruction than in entertainment, as, with regard to the former countries, he admits. Trollope's series of colonial volumes extended to seven volumes in all, and despite their statistical character achieved some vogue. The earliest, ‘Australia and New Zealand,’ appeared in 1873 in two volumes. A one-volume edition followed in 1875. ‘South Australia and Western Australia,’ ‘Victoria and Tasmania,’ and ‘New South Wales and Queensland,’ each formed a separate volume in 1874. Trollope's account of ‘South Africa’ came out in two volumes in 1877, and reached a fourth edition in 1878.

In 1859 Trollope was transferred from Ireland to the charge of the eastern postal district in England. In the internal affairs of the post-office he had always been antagonistic to Sir Rowland Hill. It would certainly have been difficult to find two men less alike in manner, temperament, and disposition. Sir Rowland's retirement in 1864, so much desired by Trollope, indirectly terminated his own connection with the post-office, for when he became a candidate for the assistant-secretaryship, vacated by Sir John Tilley's promotion to Sir Rowland Hill's office, mortification at being passed over was, by his own admission, chief among the causes which led him to retire eight years before becoming entitled to a pension. He took two years to arrive at this decision, and evidently felt the separation very keenly. The authorities, nevertheless, were right: a man so accustomed to field sports and country life that, although prepared to give the necessary daily attendance at his office, he would, as he admits, have considered it ‘slavery,’ was clearly not the man for an assistant-secretaryship. Conspicuous as his extra-official work had been, no one could accuse him of having neglected the duties of his post, and, in addition to his services in regulating foreign mails and country deliveries, he claims the credit of one very important improvement—the postal pillar-box.

The years between Trollope's return to England and his retirement from the post-office had been fertile in literary work. He had formed connections with the ‘Cornhill Magazine,’ the ‘Fortnightly Review,’ and the ‘Pall Mall Gazette.’ For the ‘Cornhill’ he commenced in January 1860 ‘Framley Parsonage,’ not only one of his best books, but one which brought him 1,000l., nearly twice as much as he had received for any former work. The rapid development of his celebrity and the enhancement of authors' gains by the magazine system were evinced by the much higher prices subsequently paid by the proprietors of the same magazine, 3,000l. for ‘The Small House at Allington’ (1864, one of his best novels), and 2,800l. for ‘The Claverings’ (1867). Still ampler were the proceeds of the novels published in monthly parts: ‘Orley Farm’ (1862), ‘Can you forgive her?’ (1864, for which he received 3,525l.) ‘The Last Chronicle of Barset’ (1867) yielded 3,000l. All these works constitute his more remarkable fictions. ‘Rachel Ray’ (1863) and ‘Miss Mackenzie’ (1865) are of less account. ‘The Belton Estate’ (1866; French translation, 1875) was contributed to the ‘Fortnightly Review,’ for which at a later period he wrote papers on Cicero, published separately in 1880, and others in defence of fox-hunting, in reply to attacks upon the sport by Professor Freeman in the same periodical. Much amusement was occasioned by the collision of these two very rough diamonds. He contributed frequently to the ‘Pall Mall Gazette’ for some years after its commencement in 1865, and some of his papers were reprinted. Upon his retirement from the post-office he entered into an undertaking from which much was expected, the editorship of the ‘St. Paul's Magazine.’ This was really a very good magazine, but failed to attract public favour to the extent of becoming a paying speculation. It published one of Trollope's better novels, ‘Phineas Finn, the Irish Member’ (1869), the precursor of a series of similar books—‘Phineas Redux’ (1873), ‘The Prime Minister’ (1876), ‘The American Senator’ (1877), and ‘Is he Popenjoy?’ (1878)—in which the political vein was worked as the vein of country life had been formerly. The vein was not so rich nor the workmanship so skilful; nevertheless these political studies have decided interest, and are the most remarkable of Trollope's later works, except ‘The Way we live now’ (1875), a novel with a decided moral purpose; ‘The Eustace Diamonds’ (1873); and the two highly


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 novelettes, ‘Nina Balatka’ and ‘Linda Tressel,’ contributed to ‘Blackwood's Magazine’ in 1867 and 1868. They appeared anonymously, and, as no one thought of crediting Trollope with the knowledge they evince of Prague and Nuremberg respectively, their authorship remained unsuspected until discovered by the sagacity of R. H. Hutton, editor of the ‘Spectator.’ In fact Trollope had been recently visiting both these cities, yet the versatility of this most English of writers in adapting himself to a foreign atmosphere was remarkable. They were followed by ‘He knew he was Right’ (1869) and ‘The Vicar of Bullhampton’ (1870).

In 1868 Trollope, although retired from the post-office, was sent to Washington to negotiate a postal convention, in which he succeeded. In the winter of the same year he became a candidate for the representation of Beverley in parliament; he was defeated by unscrupulous bribery, but had the satisfaction of seeing the borough disfranchised in consequence. In 1870 he wrote a biography of Cæsar for Blackwood's ‘Ancient Classics,’ and in 1879 one of Thackeray for ‘English Men of Letters’—labours of love, the undertaking of which was more creditable than the performance. In 1875–6 he wrote the autobiography, published after his death, which is the main authority for his life. It is nearly as remarkable an instance of frank candour as of innocent vanity; but there is too much sermonising, and the book would gain greatly by compression. Trollope went on writing till disabled in November 1882 by a stroke of paralysis, which proved fatal on 6 Dec. He had latterly resided at Harting, a village on the confines of Sussex and Hampshire, but continued to be a frequent traveller. He was survived by his widow and by two sons.

His later novels included: ‘Mary Gresley’ (1871), ‘Ralph the Heir’ (1871), ‘The Golden Lion of Granpère’ (1872), ‘Harry Heathcote: a Story of Australian Bush Life’ (1874), ‘Lady Anna’ (1874), ‘John Caldigate’ (1879), ‘An Eye for an Eye’ (1879), ‘Cousin Henry’ (1879), ‘The Duke's Children’ (1880), ‘Ayala's Angel’ (1881), ‘Dr. Wortle's School’ (1881), ‘The Fixed Period’ (1882), ‘Kept in the Dark’ (1882), ‘Marion Fay’ (1882). At the time of his death a novel, ‘Mr. Scarborough's Family,’ was running through ‘All the Year Round,’ and he left one, ‘The Land-Leaguers,’ nearly, and another, ‘An Old Man's Love,’ entirely complete in manuscript. All were published. Up to 1879 Trollope had made nearly 70,000l. by his writings, a result which he considered fairly satisfactory, but not brilliant. This looks like cupidity; in fact, however, reckoning from the date of his first publication, his annual receipts had not greatly exceeded 2,000l., a sum such as is often paid to a barrister in a single case. The higher rewards of successful authorship were valued by him below their worth.

Trollope is a master of humour and pathos. His best novels keep the reader for pages together in a round of delighted amusement, and when he chooses to be pathetic he affects the reader with sympathy and compassion. His favourite situation of this kind, the agony of some erring man who has from weakness deeply compromised himself, but who still trembles on the verge between ruin and redemption, appeals to the sympathies with much tragic power. Talent such as this almost amounts to genius, and yet Trollope was no genius; he never creates—he only depicts. His views of his art were of the most material description; he insists that the author is a mere workman; ridicules the idea of an extraneous inspiring influence; and scoffs at the man who cannot rise regularly at half-past five and write 2,500 words before breakfast, as he did. His work, accordingly, is mechanical, and devoid of all poetical and spiritual qualities. But within its own limits it is not only strong but wonderful. If to represent reality is to be a realist, Trollope is one of the greatest realists that ever wrote. His absolute fidelity to fact is miraculous; never does one of his innumerable personages utter anything inconsistent with his character, or behave in any given situation otherwise than the character and the situation require. His success in delineating the members of social classes, such as the episcopal, of which he can have had but little personal knowledge, is most extraordinary, and seems to suggest not merely preternatural quickness of observation and retentiveness of memory, but some special instinct. His plots are indifferent, his diction is careless, he is full of technical defects, his penetration goes but a little way below the surface; but no one has exhibited the outward aspects of the England of his day—saints and sages excluded on the one hand, and abject vagabonds on the other—as Anthony Trollope has done. His works may fall into temporary oblivion, but when the twentieth century desires to estimate the nineteenth, they will be disinterred and studied with an attention accorded to no contemporary work of the kind, except, perhaps, George Eliot's ‘Middlemarch.’

In form Trollope was burly, in manner boisterous. His vociferous roughness repelled many, but was the disguise of real


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 tenderness of heart. As his novels display an equally realistic power in depicting the tender mysteries of damsels' hearts and the ways and works of the rougher sex, so his conduct could be characterised by delicate generosity as well as by the frank, somewhat aggressive cordiality which was no doubt more congenial to his nature. ‘The larger portion of the collection of books of which he speaks with such affection in the “Autobiography,”’ says Edmund Yates, ‘was purchased to relieve the necessities of an old friend's widow, who never had an idea but that she was doing Trollope a kindness in letting him buy them.’

A portrait of Trollope was painted by Samuel Laurence; an engraving by Leopold Lowenstam is prefixed to the ‘Autobiography’ of 1883.

[The principal source of information respecting Trollope's life is his Autobiography (London, 2 vols. 1883), with a preface by the novelist's son, Henry M. Trollope; he is also frequently mentioned in T. A. Trollope's What I Remember (1887), and Further Reminiscences (1889), and in Mrs. Trollope's Life of Frances Trollope (1895). See also Edmund Yates's Recollections and Experiences, chap. xiii.; Times, 7 Dec. 1882; Athenæum, 9 Dec.; and the Academy of the same date. There are excellent critical appreciations in Mr. Henry James's Partial Portraits, in Professor Saintsbury's English Literature of the Nineteenth Century, and in Mr. Frederic Harrison's Studies of the Great Victorian Writers.]

TROLLOPE, ARTHUR WILLIAM (1768–1827), headmaster of Christ's Hospital, baptised on 30 Sept. 1768, was the son of Thomas Trollope, who was descended from the younger branch of the ancient Lincolnshire family [see under ]. He was entered at Christ's Hospital in 1775 and received his education there till 1787, when he matriculated from Pembroke College, Cambridge. He graduated B.A. in 1791, M.A. in 1794, and D.D. in 1815. He was a classical scholar of no mean reputation. In 1791 he obtained the second chancellor's classical medal, in 1792 he received the second members' prize for middle bachelors, and in 1793 he gained the first members' prize for senior bachelors. In 1795 he was awarded the Seatonian prize for an English poem, the subject being the ‘Destruction of Babylon.’ In 1796 he was appointed vicar of Ugley and perpetual curate of Berden in Essex. In 1799, on the resignation of James Boyer, he was elected headmaster of Christ's Hospital. In 1814 he was presented to the rectory of Colne-Engaine in Essex by the governors of Christ's Hospital, and resigned his former preferments, Ugley and Berden. As headmaster Trollope showed unwearied assiduity, and was rewarded with unusual success. Bred up under the antiquated discipline of Boyer, he was apt sometimes to display unnecessary severity. But his learning and his faculty for imparting instruction enabled him to train many distinguished scholars. Among his pupils were Thomas Mitchell (1783–1845) [q. v.], Thomas Barnes (1785–1841) [q. v.], the editor of the ‘Times,’ George Townsend [q. v.], and James Scholefield [q. v.] At the time of Trollope's resignation all the assistant classical masters and the master of the mathematical school had formerly been his pupils. He resigned his post on 28 Nov. 1826, and was succeeded by the second master, John Greenwood. On the occasion of his retiring he was presented with a silver cup by his former pupils. He died at Colne-Engaine rectory on 24 May 1827. He married the daughter of William Wales [q. v.], master of the mathematical school. By her he had a numerous family.

His eldest son, (1798–1863), author, was born on 29 Aug. 1798. He was admitted to Christ's Hospital in September 1809, and proceeded to Pembroke College, Cambridge, whence he graduated B.A. in 1821 and M.A. in 1824. He was appointed fourth classical master of Christ's Hospital in December 1822, and third classical master in 1827. He resigned his post in 1832, and was instituted vicar of Wigston Magna in Leicestershire on 25 Sept. 1834. He retained the vicarage until 1858, when he resigned it and removed to Green Ponds in Tasmania, where he became incumbent of St. Mary's Church. He died at Green Ponds on 23 March 1863. Trollope was the author of several exegetical works upon the New Testament. In 1828 he published the first volume of his ‘Analecta Theologica, sive Synopsis Criticorum: a Critical, Philological, and Exegetical Commentary on the New Testament,’ London, 8vo; the second volume appearing in 1834. A new edition of both volumes appeared in 1842. This was followed in 1837 by an annotated edition of the Greek text of the New Testament, London, 8vo, of which new editions were issued in 1850 and 1860. A separate edition of the Acts appeared in 1869, of St. Luke in 1870, and of St. Matthew in 1871. He supplemented these works in 1842 by issuing a ‘Greek Grammar to the New Testament and to Later Greek Writers,’ London, 1841, 8vo; new edit. 1843.

Other works by Trollope are: 1. ‘Pentalogia Græca,’ London, 1825, 8vo. 2. ‘Iliad of Homer with English Notes,’ London,