text:
Page:Rise and Fall of Society.djvu/140

. It is sui generis, or becomes so after a period of inurement. The mind of the bureaucrat can be compared, and without invidious intent, with the criminal mind in that it takes its shape from the peculiarities of the trade. Like the criminal, the bureaucrat is removed from the disciplines of the market place, gaining his living not by production but by predation. There the similarity ends, because the trade of the bureaucrat is legalized and does not suffer from social disapproval; in fact, because the bureaucrat is presumed to be a "civil servant," his trade acquires an aura that neither the thief nor the producer can hope for.

The bureaucrat likes his job. The emoluments may or may not be as great as what the market place would pay for such real services as he may be able to render to Society, but the kudos which is heaped on those who exercise or represent or have access to power is of importance; his ego pay is not to be despised. But his job depends on law, not on production, and therefore his primary concern is in law, its enactment, its perpetuation, its enlargement. The more law the better; which is another way of saying that his mind is keenly attuned to the possibilities of reform. The proliferation of reforms means the proliferation of bureaucratic jobs, with a corresponding abundance in honorifics and opportunities for the ambitious. Thus, a vested interest in reform appears, developing both a class-conscious distinctness and the skills necessary to its perpetuation and advancement. The bureaucracy is an aristocracy of office; it is vital to this aristocracy that offices once established be perpetuated, even though the occasion that brought them into being is long past, and that those which cannot be kept alive be replaced by others. The 116

title: Page:Rise and Fall of Society.djvu/140


text:
Page:Rise and Fall of Society.djvu/141

 vested interest sees to it that the power of the State does not diminish.

Strictly speaking, laws are made by monarchs and legislators. It was Pharaoh who proclaimed the law, not Joseph. But it was on the advice of Joseph that Pharaoh acted. In our "democratic" era, when parliaments make laws, it is the bureaucrat who phrases them, who prepares the supporting arguments (which legislators mouth), who estimates (or underestimates) the costs of operation, who sets up the machinery (jobs) to implement the laws. And when a law in operation does not effect the solution of the problem it was supposed to solve, but produces problems of its own, it is the bureaucracy that comes up with correctives. Ideologically, the bureaucracy is always "leftist" (if by that term is meant the enlargement of State power), not so much by persuasion but because of personal interest and the psychology of the trade. A bureaucrat is a socialist, or communist, because his business requires him to think like a socialist or a communist.

Once a law enters the statute books it is beyond the purview of those who made it, the legislators or the king, and becomes the special, private province of those who operate it. The more numerous and prolix the laws, the more important and the more self-sufficient are the operating specialists. No part-time legislator (whose principal concern is in getting elected) or king (preoccupied wtih enjoyment) can possibly make his way through the labyrinth of law without a guide. Thus the real governing body of the country is its practicing bureaucracy, whose prospects brighten with each reform that becomes law.

The interventionary powers of the State are in direct proportion to its revenues; it must have the wherewithal with 117

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Page:Rise and Fall of Society.djvu/141


text:
Page:Rise and Fall of Society.djvu/142

 which to do things. But the visual evidence and actuality of its powers is the bureaucracy, so that its size is a sure measure of the magnitude of these powers. To put it another way, every interventionary measure calls for an enforcing agency, since it cannot enforce itself, and the operatives of this agency must be paid—not to mention the cost of necessary appurtenances, such as offices and equipment and buildings. To what purpose would the State put its revenues if it did not have a bureaucracy to maintain? Which, in a way, is a redundancy, for the bureaucracy is the State. The expenses of the State are the expenses of the bureaucracy, just as the powers of the State are realized in the functions of the bureaucracy. It is the size and importance of this aristocracy of office that actualizes the State. Therefore, when this aristocracy puts in claims on the tax fund, it is simply taking care of its business, and when it takes up with some reform measure that will entail more expenditures, it is acting in character.

A history of reform in America would have to devote most of its pages to the last hundred years, and, if it were realistic rather than ideological in its appraisal of results, it would concentrate on the growth of bureaucracy in the last fifty. In the beginning, say from the period of colonization to the Civil War, the overpowering concern of the American people was production and accumulation; there was little interest in the possibility of improving Society by political means. The Revolution can hardly be classed as a reform, since it was spurred by an urgency to curtail political power, not to enlarge it; the expectation of the revolutionists was freedom, not favors, from the State, so that they could the better get on with their digging, manufacturing, shipping, marketing, 118

title: Page:Rise and Fall of Society.djvu/142


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Wallop, Henry


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Wallop, John (d.1551)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Wallop, John (1690-1762)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Wallop, Richard


text:
Page:Folklore1919.djvu/667

Rh Henry Balfour supposes that they represent hair and Sir Everard im Thurn that they are wigs. The crowns are made of a material different from that of the rest of the statues, being composed of a vesicular red tufa, and Mr. Balfour bases his conjecture that they represent hair on the supposition that this tufa resembles the frizzly Melanesian hair. He supposes that the red colour was intended to imitate the orange-yellow colour which is now frequently produced in the Pacific, and especially in the Solomons and New Guinea, by bleaching with lime. The cylindrical shape is ascribed to the necessity of rolling the crowns from the place where they were manufactured to the images upon which they were to be superposed.

This hypothesis altogether fails to explain why the crowns are found only on the statues of the burial-places and not on those which lined the roads. Moreover, it involves the supposition, which I believe to be contradicted by all we know of such societies as those of Polynesia and Melanesia, that the people went to the vast trouble of constructing these crowns through the aesthetic motive that the hair of the statues should resemble, and even then only very distantly, the hair of living man.

I believe that there is only one motive strong enough to have led the makers of the statues to add these crowns and transmit the necessity for their manufacture to their descendants. Religion alone is able to provide such a motive, and an observation of Tautain in the Marquesas confirms the conclusion, already suggested by the locality of the crown-bearing statues, that the religious motive in this case arose out of the cult of the dead. In the Marquesas a great stone is placed as a sign of mourning on the head of the image representing a dead man. As

title: Page:Folklore1919.djvu/667


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Wallop, Robert


text:
Portal:American Revolution

Pre-war escalation

 * Portal:Intolerable Acts passed by the British Parliament in 1774
 * Boston Port Act
 * Massachusetts Government Act
 * Administration of Justice Act
 * Quartering Act of 1774
 * Quebec Act
 * Responses by the First Continental Congress in 1774
 * Declaration and Resolves of the First Continental Congress
 * Continental Association
 * Address to the People of Great Britain
 * To the Inhabitants of the Several Anglo-American Colonies
 * Letter to the Inhabitants of the Province of Quebec
 * Petition to the King
 * Conciliatory Resolution passed by the British Parliament in 1775
 * Responses by the Second Continental Congress in 1775
 * Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms (July 6, 1775)
 * Olive Branch Petition (July 8, 1775)
 * Halifax Resolves (1776)

Revolutionary War

 * Lee Resolution and its original copy
 * Declaration of Independence & "Original Rough Draught" of the Declaration of Independence
 * Treaty of Paris (1783), in which the United Kingdom recognizes the United States
 * The Hessians and the other German auxiliaries of Great Britain in the revolutionary war
 * The German Element in the War of American Independence
 * The Adventures Of A Revolutionary Soldier

Analysis

 * "The American Revolution", in Lectures on Modern History by John Acton (1906)
 * "Sovereignty in the American Revolution", in The American Historical Review by Claude H. Van Tyne (1907)
 * History of the Rise, Progress, and Termination of the American Revolution by Mercy Otis Warren (1805)
 * "The Sentiments of an American Woman", by Esther De Berdt Reed (1780)
 * Timeline of the American Revolution by the Valley Forge National Historical Park division, United States National Park Service (2006)

Literature and poetry

 * The Partisan by William Gilmore Simms (1835)
 * "Paul Revere's Ride" by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (1861)
 * "The American Rebellion" by Rudyard Kipling (1911)

title: Portal:American Revolution


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Walmesley, Charles


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Walmesley, Thomas


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Walmisley, Gilbert


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Walmisley, Thomas Attwood


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Walmisley, Thomas Forbes


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Walmsley, Joshua


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Walmsley, Thomas


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Walpole, Edward


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Walpole, George


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Heyse, Paul Johann Ludwig


text:
Page:The Celtic Review volume 5.djvu/93

 n

In most dialects, if not in all, n or nn is assimilated in annlan, condiment; coinnle and coinnlean, gen. and plur. of coinneal, candle; coinnlear, candlestick; connlach, straw; crannlach, a teal; cuinnlean, nostril; eunlaith, birds; innleachd, device; Fionnlagh, Finlay; in annrath, distress; canran, wrangling; cunnradh, bargain; ganradh, gander; ganraich, noise; ionraic, upright; onrachd, solitude; sonraich, appoint; Eanruig, Henry; in bainnse, gen. of banais, wedding; coinnseas, conscience; innse, gen. of innis, island; innseadh, telling; oinnseach, foolish woman; sinnsear, ancestor; uinnsean, ash-wood. Puisean (from English ‘poison,’ so Arran, Kintyre, and Perth—puision, Armstrong)—has ui nasalised in many dialects, as North Argyll and West Ross, and consequently, on the analogy of words like uinnseann, is usually written puinsean. Innis, tell, though a vowel stands between nn and s, is usually pronounced ìs (ì nasal), as is also innis, island, often when forming the first part of a place-name. Ministear, a minister, may be heard in some districts, e.g., Arran and Perth, without n, ‘mi’istear.’ ‘Coinean,’ rabbit, is often coi’an, and ionann, like, ‘i’ann.’ Domhnall, Donald, is perhaps everywhere ‘Dò’all’ or ‘Dòll’ (o nasal), and Raonall, Ronald, ‘Raoll,’ or in Skye ‘Ràll.’ Coainneal, candle, is caoi’al (ao short) in North Argyll, cai’ill (ai nasal) in West Ross, and cai’il (ai as ei and nasal) in Sutherland. Anart, linen, is a’ard in Perth and Strathspey; and arad (first a nasal in both) in Sutherland; in Arran, North Argyll, Skye and West Ross n is kept.

Mh is sometimes written for nn, e.g. by MacAlpine in comhlach for connlach or conlach (which he calls ‘Irish pronunciation of comhlach’), coimhseas for coinnseas, comhsaich for connsaich, contend, and comhspaid for connspaid, a quarrel. In Northern Gaelic where a and o become au and ou before long nn, mh, which often has the sound of u after a or o, is liable to be written for nn where the letter has been assimilated in pronunciation. The West Ross word ‘crannlach,' a tulchan calf, for example, so far as the

title: Page:The Celtic Review volume 5.djvu/93


text:
Page:Folklore1919.djvu/668

302 Tautain notes, the Marquesan custom points to the “hats” of Easter Island being signs of mourning and of death.

If the crowns of the statues of Easter Island are head-coverings definitely associated with the function of the images as representations of the dead, we should expect to find head-coverings or hats connected with the cult of the dead elsewhere. It is part of the general scheme of Oceanic history which I have put forward elsewhere that the ghost-societies of Melanesia embody the cult of the migrants who were responsible for the stone-work of this region. We can look to these organisations for guidance concerning the beliefs of the people who introduced the art of stone-working into Oceania. If now we examine the cults of these ghost-societies we find few elements more prominent than the hats which are worn in the rites. In the Sukwe of the Banks Islands these hats are so prominent that they are denoted by the same word, tamate, as the ghosts of the dead from which the societies take their name. Every society has a special object associated with it which in most cases takes the form of a hat. Moreover, the plastic representations of the human form connected with these organisations have the head covered with a hat of which characteristic examples are shown in Plate III., Fig. 1 of Vol. I. of The History of Melanesian Society.

In the Matambala societies of Florida the place of the tamate of the Banks Islands seems to have been taken by figures of the tindalo or ghosts, though we do not know that these were worn on the head. In the Dukduk, again, of New Britain, which is also a ghost society and is shown by many correspondences of belief and ritual to represent the Tamate societies of the Banks Islands, masks are worn which correspond with the tamate of the southern islands. The members of the Rukruk of northern Bougainville, a

title: Page:Folklore1919.djvu/668


text:
United States Code/Title 11/Chapter 13/Section 1323

§ 1323. Modification of plan before confirmation

 * (a) The debtor may modify the plan at any time before confirmation, but may not modify the plan so that the plan as modified fails to meet the requirements of section 1322 of this title.

 * (b) After the debtor files a modification under this section, the plan as modified becomes the plan.

 * (c) Any holder of a secured claim that has accepted or rejected the plan is deemed to have accepted or rejected, as the case may be, the plan as modified, unless the modification provides for a change in the rights of such holder from what such rights were under the plan before modification, and such holder changes such holder’s previous acceptance or rejection.


text:
United States Code/Title 11/Chapter 13/Section 1324

§ 1324. Confirmation hearing

 * (a) Except as provided in subsection (b) and after notice, the court shall hold a hearing on confirmation of the plan. A party in interest may object to confirmation of the plan.

 * (b) The hearing on confirmation of the plan may be held not earlier than 20 days and not later than 45 days after the date of the meeting of creditors under section 341 (a), unless the court determines that it would be in the best interests of the creditors and the estate to hold such hearing at an earlier date and there is no objection to such earlier date.


text: The New Student's Reference Work/Herbert, George


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Walpole, Henry


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Walpole, Horatio (1678-1757)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Walpole, Horatio (1717-1797)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Walpole, Michael


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Walpole, Ralph de


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Walpole, Richard


text:
Author:Arthur Francis Leach

Works

 * English Schools at the Reformation

title: Author:Arthur Francis Leach


text: The New Student's Reference Work/Herbert, Victor


text: The New Student's Reference Work/Herculaneum


text: The New Student's Reference Work/Hercules


text: The New Student's Reference Work/Hercules, Pillars of


text: The New Student's Reference Work/Herder, Johann Gottfried von


text: The New Student's Reference Work/Here

title: The New Student's Reference Work/Here


text:
United States Code/Title 11/Chapter 13/Section 1326

§ 1326. Payments

 * (a)
 * (1) Unless the court orders otherwise, the debtor shall commence making payments not later than 30 days after the date of the filing of the plan or the order for relief, whichever is earlier, in the amount—
 * (A) proposed by the plan to the trustee;
 * (B) scheduled in a lease of personal property directly to the lessor for that portion of the obligation that becomes due after the order for relief, reducing the payments under subparagraph (A) by the amount so paid and providing the trustee with evidence of such payment, including the amount and date of payment; and
 * (C) that provides adequate protection directly to a creditor holding an allowed claim secured by personal property to the extent the claim is attributable to the purchase of such property by the debtor for that portion of the obligation that becomes due after the order for relief, reducing the payments under subparagraph (A) by the amount so paid and providing the trustee with evidence of such payment, including the amount and date of payment.
 * (2) A payment made under paragraph (1)(A) shall be retained by the trustee until confirmation or denial of confirmation. If a plan is confirmed, the trustee shall distribute any such payment in accordance with the plan as soon as is practicable. If a plan is not confirmed, the trustee shall return any such payments not previously paid and not yet due and owing to creditors pursuant to paragraph (3) to the debtor, after deducting any unpaid claim allowed under section 503 (b).
 * (3) Subject to section 363, the court may, upon notice and a hearing, modify, increase, or reduce the payments required under this subsection pending confirmation of a plan.
 * (4) Not later than 60 days after the date of filing of a case under this chapter, a debtor retaining possession of personal property subject to a lease or securing a claim attributable in whole or in part to the purchase price of such property shall provide the lessor or secured creditor reasonable evidence of the maintenance of any required insurance coverage with respect to the use or ownership of such property and continue to do so for so long as the debtor retains possession of such property.

 * (b) Before or at the time of each payment to creditors under the plan, there shall be paid—
 * (1) any unpaid claim of the kind specified in section 507 (a)(2) of this title;
 * (2) if a standing trustee appointed under section 586 (b) of title 28 is serving in the case, the percentage fee fixed for such standing trustee under section 586 (e)(1)(B) of title 28; and
 * (3) if a chapter 7 trustee has been allowed compensation due to the conversion or dismissal of the debtor’s prior case pursuant to section 707 (b), and some portion of that compensation remains unpaid in a case converted to this chapter or in the case dismissed under section 707 (b) and refiled under this chapter, the amount of any such unpaid compensation, which shall be paid monthly—
 * (A) by prorating such amount over the remaining duration of the plan; and
 * (B) by monthly payments not to exceed the greater of—
 * (i) $25; or
 * (ii) the amount payable to unsecured nonpriority creditors, as provided by the plan, multiplied by 5 percent, and the result divided by the number of months in the plan.

 * (c) Except as otherwise provided in the plan or in the order confirming the plan, the trustee shall make payments to creditors under the plan.

 * (d) Notwithstanding any other provision of this title—
 * (1) compensation referred to in subsection (b)(3) is payable and may be collected by the trustee under that paragraph, even if such amount has been discharged in a prior case under this title; and
 * (2) such compensation is payable in a case under this chapter only to the extent permitted by subsection (b)(3).


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Perles, Joseph


text:
United States Code/Title 11/Chapter 13/Section 1327

§ 1327. Effect of confirmation

 * (a) The provisions of a confirmed plan bind the debtor and each creditor, whether or not the claim of such creditor is provided for by the plan, and whether or not such creditor has objected to, has accepted, or has rejected the plan.

 * (b) Except as otherwise provided in the plan or the order confirming the plan, the confirmation of a plan vests all of the property of the estate in the debtor.

 * (c) Except as otherwise provided in the plan or in the order confirming the plan, the property vesting in the debtor under subsection (b) of this section is free and clear of any claim or interest of any creditor provided for by the plan.


text:
Page:A short history of social life in England.djvu/334

314 into the country in coffins, and it is said that £6,000 worth of foreign lace was discovered hidden in the coffin of a certain man who died in Paris, which speaks well for the vigilance exercised by the Customs officers on the English coast. Lace was as popular with men as with women, forming as it did an important part of their dress. Thus we find Horace Walpole discussing the merits of lace with a friend in terms of the deepest interest. "I have chosen you a coat of claret colour," he writes, "but I have fixed nothing about the lace. Barrett had none of gauze but what was as broad as the Irish Channel. Your tailor found a very reputable one at another place, but I would not determine rashly; it will be two or three and twenty shillings the yard; you might have a very substantial real lace for twenty." It is impossible to conceive such a correspondence between two men in these days. The wigs, worn religiously by men and boys till the middle of the century, now began to disappear; men of fashion allowed their hair to grow long, tied it in a pig-tail or queue, and dressed it in front with a curl on either side of the head. The hair was worn powdered till 1795, when Pitt levied a tax of a


text:
Page:Triangles of life, and other stories.djvu/46

34 forth on opportunities, or leaning against the mantel, hooked on to it with one elbow, the other arm hanging loosely, and hanging himself, rather forward seemingly—either somewhat exhausted with the last effort, or in half unconscious acknowledgment of applause or approbation, imaginary on his part or otherwise. They passed the big pewter on Saturday nights, and the old homely, good-humoured greeting jokes about, or at the old changeless, good-humoured butts, and the sly three-cornered, homely digs at each other. And discussed interesting and important little trivial events of their work day. And joked about the ever convenient scandal about Bob So-and-so and Mrs. ——, or Lizzie, etc., etc. Men talk good-humoredly and leniently about these things and bigger scandals, be they social or political, because they recognize that they are sinners themselves—which women never do—and are mute, inglorious and inactive swindlers, by necessity or the dead hopeless weight of circumstances.

And they'd talk of old yarns, and men who told them —"Bill Stubbins, wot used to tell that there yarn about, etc., etc.," or "Tom Scroggin'—he could tell that yarn. I've never heard no one as could tell it like him, poor Bill"; or "That chap as come to work in the brickfields one year; I never could remember that man's name—as used t' sing that song about, etc., etc." But this is more like the Bush.

And they'd talk of men who left their village and went to London or "abroad"—which is everywhere else—and more of men who went abroad and wrote


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Perleberg

title: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Perleberg


text:
United States Code/Title 11/Chapter 13/Section 1328

§ 1328. Discharge

 * (a) Subject to subsection (d), as soon as practicable after completion by the debtor of all payments under the plan, and in the case of a debtor who is required by a judicial or administrative order, or by statute, to pay a domestic support obligation, after such debtor certifies that all amounts payable under such order or such statute that are due on or before the date of the certification (including amounts due before the petition was filed, but only to the extent provided for by the plan) have been paid, unless the court approves a written waiver of discharge executed by the debtor after the order for relief under this chapter, the court shall grant the debtor a discharge of all debts provided for by the plan or disallowed under section 502 of this title, except any debt—
 * (1) provided for under section 1322 (b)(5);
 * (2) of the kind specified in section 507 (a)(8)(C) or in paragraph (1)(B), (1)(C), (2), (3), (4), (5), (8), or (9) of section 523 (a);
 * (3) for restitution, or a criminal fine, included in a sentence on the debtor’s conviction of a crime; or
 * (4) for restitution, or damages, awarded in a civil action against the debtor as a result of willful or malicious injury by the debtor that caused personal injury to an individual or the death of an individual.

 * (b) Subject to subsection (d), at any time after the confirmation of the plan and after notice and a hearing, the court may grant a discharge to a debtor that has not completed payments under the plan only if—
 * (1) the debtor’s failure to complete such payments is due to circumstances for which the debtor should not justly be held accountable;
 * (2) the value, as of the effective date of the plan, of property actually distributed under the plan on account of each allowed unsecured claim is not less than the amount that would have been paid on such claim if the estate of the debtor had been liquidated under chapter 7 of this title on such date; and
 * (3) modification of the plan under section 1329 of this title is not practicable.

 * (c) A discharge granted under subsection (b) of this section discharges the debtor from all unsecured debts provided for by the plan or disallowed under section 502 of this title, except any debt—
 * (1) provided for under section 1322 (b)(5) of this title; or
 * (2) of a kind specified in section 523 (a) of this title.

 * (d) Notwithstanding any other provision of this section, a discharge granted under this section does not discharge the debtor from any debt based on an allowed claim filed under section 1305 (a)(2) of this title if prior approval by the trustee of the debtor’s incurring such debt was practicable and was not obtained.

 * (e) On request of a party in interest before one year after a discharge under this section is granted, and after notice and a hearing, the court may revoke such discharge only if—
 * (1) such discharge was obtained by the debtor through fraud; and
 * (2) the requesting party did not know of such fraud until after such discharge was granted.

 * (f) Notwithstanding subsections (a) and (b), the court shall not grant a discharge of all debts provided for in the plan or disallowed under section 502, if the debtor has received a discharge—
 * (1) in a case filed under chapter 7, 11, or 12 of this title during the 4-year period preceding the date of the order for relief under this chapter, or
 * (2) in a case filed under chapter 13 of this title during the 2-year period preceding the date of such order.

 * (g)
 * (1) The court shall not grant a discharge under this section to a debtor unless after filing a petition the debtor has completed an instructional course concerning personal financial management described in section 111.
 * (2) Paragraph (1) shall not apply with respect to a debtor who is a person described in section 109 (h)(4) or who resides in a district for which the United States trustee (or the bankruptcy administrator, if any) determines that the approved instructional courses are not adequate to service the additional individuals who would otherwise be required to complete such instructional course by reason of the requirements of paragraph (1).
 * (3) The United States trustee (or the bankruptcy administrator, if any) who makes a determination described in paragraph (2) shall review such determination not later than 1 year after the date of such determination, and not less frequently than annually thereafter.

 * (h) The court may not grant a discharge under this chapter unless the court after notice and a hearing held not more than 10 days before the date of the entry of the order granting the discharge finds that there is no reasonable cause to believe that—
 * (1) section 522 (q)(1) may be applicable to the debtor; and
 * (2) there is pending any proceeding in which the debtor may be found guilty of a felony of the kind described in section 522 (q)(1)(A) or liable for a debt of the kind described in section 522 (q)(1)(B).


text:
United States Code/Title 11/Chapter 13/Section 1329

§ 1329. Modification of plan after confirmation

 * (a) At any time after confirmation of the plan but before the completion of payments under such plan, the plan may be modified, upon request of the debtor, the trustee, or the holder of an allowed unsecured claim, to—
 * (1) increase or reduce the amount of payments on claims of a particular class provided for by the plan;
 * (2) extend or reduce the time for such payments;
 * (3) alter the amount of the distribution to a creditor whose claim is provided for by the plan to the extent necessary to take account of any payment of such claim other than under the plan; or
 * (4) reduce amounts to be paid under the plan by the actual amount expended by the debtor to purchase health insurance for the debtor (and for any dependent of the debtor if such dependent does not otherwise have health insurance coverage) if the debtor documents the cost of such insurance and demonstrates that—
 * (A) such expenses are reasonable and necessary;
 * (B)
 * (i) if the debtor previously paid for health insurance, the amount is not materially larger than the cost the debtor previously paid or the cost necessary to maintain the lapsed policy; or
 * (ii) if the debtor did not have health insurance, the amount is not materially larger than the reasonable cost that would be incurred by a debtor who purchases health insurance, who has similar income, expenses, age, and health status, and who lives in the same geographical location with the same number of dependents who do not otherwise have health insurance coverage; and
 * (C) the amount is not otherwise allowed for purposes of determining disposable income under section 1325 (b) of this title;
 * and upon request of any party in interest, files proof that a health insurance policy was purchased.

 * (b)
 * (1) Sections 1322 (a), 1322 (b), and 1323 (c) of this title and the requirements of section 1325 (a) of this title apply to any modification under subsection (a) of this section.
 * (2) The plan as modified becomes the plan unless, after notice and a hearing, such modification is disapproved.

 * (c) A plan modified under this section may not provide for payments over a period that expires after the applicable commitment period under section 1325 (b)(1)(B) after the time that the first payment under the original confirmed plan was due, unless the court, for cause, approves a longer period, but the court may not approve a period that expires after five years after such time.


text:
United States Code/Title 11/Chapter 13/Section 1330

§ 1330. Revocation of an order of confirmation

 * (a) On request of a party in interest at any time within 180 days after the date of the entry of an order of confirmation under section 1325 of this title, and after notice and a hearing, the court may revoke such order if such order was procured by fraud.

 * (b) If the court revokes an order of confirmation under subsection (a) of this section, the court shall dispose of the case under section 1307 of this title, unless, within the time fixed by the court, the debtor proposes and the court confirms a modification of the plan under section 1329 of this title.


text:
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Ochre

OCHRE, a combination of peroxide of iron with water; but the name is generally applied to clays colored with the oxides of iron obtained from the ferruginous mud separated from tin and copper ores; and it is also found in natural beds some feet thick. Ochres vary in color from a pale sandy yellow to a brownish red.

title: Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Ochre


text:
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Ochs, Adolph S.

OCHS, ADOLPH S., an American newspaper publisher, born in Cincinnati, O., 1858; educated in the public schools of Knoxville, Tenn., where, after finishing his schooling, he began his business career by selling newspapers. Later he apprenticed himself to a printer and became a compositor on a local newspaper. In 1878 he ventured into the newspaper publishing field himself, acquiring ownership of the Chattanooga “Times,” of which he is still the proprietor. In 1896 he purchased the New York “Times.” He was also a director of the Associated Press.


text:
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Pea Ridge

PEA RIDGE, a post village in Benton co., Ark.; about 8 miles E. of Bentonville. Here, on March 6, 7, and 8, 1862, occurred one of the most desperate battles of the Civil War. Gen. Samuel R. Curtis, in command of about 11,000 Union troops, with 49 pieces of artillery, was attacked by a superior force of Confederates (said to number 20,000) under

Gen. Earl Van Dorn, and a series of obstinate and sanguinary conflicts ensued; which, lasting through three days, finally ended with the withdrawal of Van Dorn. The total Union loss was 1,351; that of the Confederates, though never officially reported, is supposed to have been more severe.


text:
User talk:204.169.132.2

Welcome

Hello, and welcome to Wikisource! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers:

 * Help pages
 * Style Guide
 * Inclusion policy

You are welcome to continue editing articles without logging in, but you may wish to  [ create an account] . Doing so is free, requires no personal information, and provides several benefits. For one thing, if you continue to edit without a username, your IP address is used to publicly identify you.

In any case, I hope you enjoy donating your time to grow the Wikisource library that is free for everyone to use! In discussions, please sign your comments using four tildes ( ~ ); this will automatically produce your IP address (or username if you're logged in) and the date. If you need help, ask me on my talk page, or ask your question here (click  [ edit] ) and place  before your question. Again, welcome! -- George Orwell III (talk) 20:34, 6 October 2010 (UTC) A contribution from this account or ip address, which appeared to be a test edit, was removed or reverted. Please use the sandbox for this purpose. The community portal has information on contributing to this library.

title: User talk:204.169.132.2


text:
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Pearl

PEARL, a peculiar product of certain marine and freshwater mollusks or shellfish. Most of the molluscous animals which are aquatic and reside in shells are provided with a fluid secretion with which they line their shells, and give to the otherwise harsh granular material of the shell a smooth surface, which prevents any unpleasant friction. The material in its hardened condition is called nacre by zoölogists, and by dealers mother-of-pearl. Detached and generally spherical or rounded portions of the nacre are often found on opening the shells, due to the intrusion of a grain of sand or other substance, which, by irritating the tender body of the animal, obliges it in self-defense to cover the cause of offense which it has no power to remove; and as the secretion goes on regularly to supply the growth and wear of the shell the included body constantly gets its share, and thereby continues to increase in size till it becomes a pearl. The true pearl of price is only found in the pearl oyster. The most famous pearls are those from the East; the coast of Ceylon or Taprobane, as it was called by the Greeks. They are, however, obtained now of nearly the same quality in Panama in South America, St. Margarita in the West Indies, the Coromandel coast, the shores of the Sooloo Islands, the Bahrien Islands, and the islands of Karak and Corgo in the Persian Gulf. The pearls of the Bahrien fishery are said to be even finer than those of Ceylon.

The single pearl which Cleopatra is said to have dissolved and swallowed was valued at $400,000, and one of the same value was cut into two pieces for earrings for the statue of Venus in the Pantheon at Rome. False pearls are manufactured extensively. The finest and costliest imitations could only be distinguished from the real by an expert. Roman pearls differ from other artificial pearls by having the coating of pearly matter on the outside, to which it is attached by an adhesive substance. The art of making these was derived from the Chinese.

The Chinese have long been in the habit of introducing grains of sand and little knots of wire into the shell of the pearl oyster, in order that the animal,

to relieve itself from the irritation so caused, may coat the foreign substance with pearl.

title: Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Pearl


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Permeameter


text:
Page:Folklore1919.djvu/669

Rh ghost-society which is certainly a close relative of the Dukduk, wear head-coverings which are sometimes cylindrical in form. There is reason to believe that the hats of the Banks Islands are derived from masks which are often more than head-coverings, but both the Tamate societies and the Rukruk show how important a place is taken in the beliefs of those who wear them by that part of the mask which covers the head, a belief which follows naturally from the vast importance attached to the head throughout Oceania.

If I am right in my general position that the statues of Easter Island are only hypertrophied examples of the images of the people who introduced the art of stone-working into the Pacific, we are provided with a fully sufficient motive for the presence of crowns or hats on the statues of Easter Island. Moreover, there is the clearest evidence that the hats of Melanesia are associated with a cult of the dead, and it therefore becomes natural that these crowns should only occur on the statues of the burial-places of Easter Island and should not be present on the statues which are shown by their locality to have had a different purpose. Moreover, the head-coverings of the Rukruk of Bougainville and the tamate of the Banks Islands provide parallels for the cylindrical form of the crowns of Easter Island. It is not necessary to assume, as does Mr. Balfour, that this shape was adopted in order that the crowns might be rolled from their place of manufacture to the images upon which they were to be placed. Their form is one proper to their function as head-coverings of images representing the dead.

If the sculptors of Easter Island put hats on their statues because these were the proper attribute of representations of the dead, we have an all-sufficient motive for their choice of a material different from that of which the other parts

title: Page:Folklore1919.djvu/669


text:
Page:Folklore1919.djvu/670

304 of the statues were made. Mr. Balfour supposes that the sculptors chose for this purpose a vesicular red tufa in order to imitate bleached Melanesian hair. Let us inquire whether Polynesian culture may not provide a more probable motive for the choice of this material.

I have not hitherto mentioned the well-known head-dresses of Polynesia. Those of the Hawaiian Islands are especially familiar objects in museums, though so far as I am aware no example is known with the cylindrical form of the crowns of Easter Island. I have not so far brought them into the argument because we have no evidence of their connection with the dead, which forms so definite a link between the statues of Easter Island and the hats and images of the ghost-societies of Melanesia.

The close resemblance in form between some of the head-coverings of the Hawaiian Islands and the hats of the Banks Islands, however, suggests that they have a common origin, and it therefore becomes significant that the head-coverings of the Hawaiian Islands are made of red or orange feathers, while red feathers are also used in the head-dresses of Samoa. If we are to seek a special motive for the choice of red vesicular tufa, I should prefer to look to the red feathers of the head-dresses of other parts of Polynesia rather than to the artificial orange-yellow colour produced by bleaching the hair in New Guinea, in certain parts of Melanesia, and more rarely in Polynesia.

Although I believe that the evidence points strongly to hats rather than hair as the prototype of the crowns of the statues of Easter Island, the possibility that there may be some relation between them and hair cannot be excluded. But this relation is almost certainly of a kind very different from that assumed by Mr. Balfour and Sir Everard im Thurn. It is generally assumed that cutting the hair into fanciful shapes and changing its colour by various dyes, which are practised in several parts of Oceania, have

title: Page:Folklore1919.djvu/670


text:
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Pearl Harbor

PEARL HARBOR, a United States coaling station at the island of Oahu, Hawaii; acquired prior to the annexation of the islands. The harbor has been strongly fortified, and is a United States naval station. It was an important point during the World War.


text:
Page:Folklore1919.djvu/671

Rh a purely aesthetic motive. In the Hawaiian Islands, however, a man who personated a deity fashioned his hair in a manner called niheu. Red clay was mixed with his hair to which was sometimes added that of another person. Decoration of the head, especially with a red pigment specially prepared, was also prominent in the men’s societies of the Banks Islands, and this suggests the connection of decoration of the hair with the belief in the sanctity of the head. It should be noted in this connection that in Fiji, where the cutting of the hair into strange shapes was very highly developed, the hairdresser’s hands were tabu from touching his food whenever he was following this occupation. It is possible that the hats of the Sukwe and Tamate societies of the Banks Islands and the various modes of altering the appearance of the hair are only different expressions of religious ideas connected with the head.

This may also be true of the wigs of Fiji and Samoa. The Samoans used three different kinds of wigs as head-dresses in war and at their dances, but we know too little about their function, both here and in Fiji, to allow more than a suspicion that they may have had a religious motive.

I cannot conclude without a brief reference to the statues without crowns which occur on the roads and in isolated situations in Easter Island. The argument of this paper points to the absence of a crown on these statues as being due to their less sacred nature, or at any rate to the absence of the function possessed by the statues of the ahu as abiding-places of the ghosts of the dead. It may be noted that the standing statues of Rano Raraku

title: Page:Folklore1919.djvu/671


text:
United States Code/Title 20/Chapter 33

Title 20 — Education — Education of Individuals with Disabilities

title: United States Code/Title 20/Chapter 33


text:
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Pearly nautilus

PEARLY NAUTILUS, the Nautilus pompilius; common in the Pacific and Indian Oceans, especially toward the Moluccas. It is believed to inhabit both deep and shallow water. Its fine mother-of-pearl is much in request with cabinet makers and jewelers. The smallest and most excavated partitions are used to make pendants for the ear. By removing the external layer of the shell which is not nacreous, drinking vessels of great brilliancy are made in the East, as they formerly were also in Europe.


text:
Page:Rise and Fall of Society.djvu/143

 and the pursuit of happiness. The idea of using political means to improve one's circumstances could hardly have occurred to the revolutionists because there was too little produced for political power to confiscate. Taxes were low and collection was difficult. Some British citizens and agents enjoyed what few privileges the Crown did hand out, but the privileges had little cash value and therefore aroused little envy. Reform, such as it was, was confined to moral and religious practices, but even there the authorities carried little weight because one could escape their interventions by moving into the wilderness.

After the Revolution, the new political establishment began sowing its wild oats, economically speaking. Since the Constitution, and the spirit of the people, held the power of taxation in leash, the establishment had little with which to expand its prerogatives; it was too poor to attract reform. The best it could do was to give away the vast uncharted area over which it had paper control to its favorites, including members of the State, for gambling purposes. Some people made a pretty penny out of this original giveaway, but since there was still plenty of land to be had for occupancy, use, and even gambling, the wealth thus acquired aroused little cupidity and therefore no reform movement; when loot is plentiful and liberally distributed, moralizing is out of place.

About the only reform that showed its head in the early years of the Republic was an urgency for cheap money. It started, in Massachusetts, even before the Constitution was ratified, and its proponents were, of course, the large debtor class who hoped to pay off their mortgages with printing press money. The history of money reform, from Shays' Rebellion, through Jackson's fight on the United States Bank, down to the era of wildcat banks and the Greenbackers, 119

title: Page:Rise and Fall of Society.djvu/143


text:
Page:Folklore1919.djvu/672

306 near the quarries have no crowns. Mrs. Routledge tells me that she thinks these may have been representations of the bird-men, that is of living persons, and if this be so, the absence of hats would be in harmony with the view put forward in this paper that the crowns are signs of the function of the images as representations of the dead.

The only clue I can give to the motive for the statues of the roads is a suggestion made by Moerenhout. This writer believes that the statues of Easter and Pitcairn Islands and of Lavaïvaï represent the minor gods called tii in Tahiti. In this island images of the tii mark the limits of earth and sea and are believed to prevent their reciprocal encroachment. The situation of the statues of the ahu of Easter Island with their backs to the sea may possibly fit with this idea. It suggests that the tii of Tahiti may be the representatives of such statues as those of Easter Island and that the statues of this island were believed to prevent the encroachment of the sea upon that part of the island which had been chosen for the burial of the dead. It is possible that some similar idea may have formed the motive for the presence of the hatless statues of other parts of the island. Moerenhout tells us that it was the nature of the images of Lavaïvaï which enabled him to detect the relation between the colossal statues and the tii, but he does not reveal the special feature of the statues of Lavaïvaï which led to this recognition. It would be interesting to know whether the images of this island were or were not surmounted by crowns.

title: Page:Folklore1919.djvu/672


text:
Page:Devonshire Characters and Strange Events.djvu/930

798 Foote, Maria, her benefit,

— her connexion with Col. Berkeley, -26

— her marriage,

— wooed by Hayne, -29

Foote, Mr.,, , , , , Foote, Mrs.,, , , , Foote, Samuel, Footprints of Former Men in Far Cornwall, Ford, Ford, Philip, Forez, Forked Way, The,

Fort Sainte Marie,

Fort St. George,

Fortye, Lieutenant, ,

Foundling Institution, The, Fowey, ,

Fox, Charles James,

Francemass, or Franken Days, Francis, Mrs., ,

Frankfort,

Frankin,

Franklyn, Fraser's Magazine,

Free-traders. See Smuggling

Freeman, French prisoners, , Friar's Green,

Friend's Adventure, The,, , , Frise, Henry, the village poet, ; buys a wife, Frithelstock, Frost, , Frost, Elizabeth, Froude, Hurrell,

Froude, J. A., note, ,

Froude, Rev. John, -562

— encounters his bishop, ,

— as horse-dealer, ,

— his knavish tricks, -550, ,

— "only drunk," Froudiana, Fuller,

Fun,

Furze, Mr. Philip, ,

Fuseli,

Gadshill,

Gainsborough, Thomas,, , ,

—an amateur musician, Gair, John,

Galaford,

Gambia,, ,

Gambling, mania for,

Gardeners' Magazine, The,

Gardiner, ,

Gardner, Edward,

Garrick, David,

Garrison, Cornelius,

Garrow, Mr.,

Gascoigne, Judge, -182

Gatchell, John G.,, , ,

Gatti, Messrs., Gaudry, J. E., Gavulford,

Gay, John,, -424

— writes The Beggars' Opera,

— writes his own epitaph, Gayer, Sir John, , Gazetteer, The Grand, , General System of Divinity,, , Gentleman's Magazine, The, ,

Geographical Dictionary, George III, satirized by Peter Pindar, Georgenympton, , German, Jacob, ,

Germo,

Germyn, Gilbert,

— charges against,

— his heresies, , Ghent, ,

Ghosts,, , –173. , –291, –592, Ghost, the Sampford, -291

— noisy manifestations of,

— probably caused by maid-servants, Giardini,

Gibbon, Gibbons, Grinling, Gibraltar,, , ,

Gibson, Captain,, ,

Giddy, Mr.,

Gidleigh,

Gidley, Mrs.,

Giffard, Baron, Giffard family, the, ,

Gifford, Edward, ,

Gifford, William, –456,

— edits The Quarterly,

— his education,, ,

— his hardships,, ,

— his love of mathematics,

— satires, writer of,, ,


text:
Page:Rise and Fall of Society.djvu/144

 finally in the repudiation of the gold standard by Franklin D. Roosevelt and the establishment of inflation as a national policy. It began as an attempt to get rid of private debts and ended up as a devious taxing scheme; that is, the reform redounded to the benefit of the State. And now that the State has taken inflation under its wing, the bureaucracy that "controls" it is a very busy institution, employing thousands of operatives, including learned professors of economics. Whether the debtors ever got a penny out of their cherished reform is questionable.

Another reform that loomed large in the early days was the agitation over protective tariffs, pro and con. Nothing came of it except the Civil War and higher tariffs—and a considerable army and navy of collectors and snoopers and tariff "experts"; that is, a bureaucracy. The fact that protected industries have had a record of bankruptcy equal to that of unprotected industries indicates that the advocates of higher tariffs did not profit much by their reform. The State did.

It was not until some years after the Civil War, when three centuries of productive effort bore fruit in a general increase of wealth and leisure, that reform became a major interest in this country. During the last quarter of the nineteenth century there was a hatful of reforms from which the citizen could take his pick, and every one of them began with the premise that political power could improve the lot of man economically, socially, morally, and even culturally. There was prohibition, woman suffrage, direct election of senators, free coinage of silver, subsidies to farmers, extension of the educational system, antitrust measures, control of railroads, and what not. In the main, the redistribution of wealth stirred up the most violent enthusiasm, and most of the reforms advocated had all the earmarks of envy. The have-nots 120

title: Page:Rise and Fall of Society.djvu/144


text:
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Pearson, Sir Arthur

PEARSON, SIR (CYRIL) ARTHUR, English newspaper proprietor. He was born at Wookey, England, in 1866, and began his newspaper career on Sir George Newnes' “Tit-Bits,” which enjoyed a circulation till that time unknown in England. He later started “Pearson's Weekly” on the same lines, following this with similar journals. In 1900 he started the “Daily Express” in imitation of the “Daily Mail,” which had then an enormous circulation. Like Harmsworth, later Lord Northcliffe, he came into ownership of many journals. Later he lost his eyesight, and has since devoted himself to philanthropic work among the blind. He was made baronet in 1916, and in 1919 wrote “Victory Over Blindness.”


text: Folk-Lore/Volume 31/The Statues of Easter Island


text:
Page:Rise and Fall of Society.djvu/145

 were at the haves. The reformers made no distinction between fortunes that were amassed by productive effort and fortunes that had their origin in the politically established special privileges; in fact, the reforms did not aim at the abolition of special privileges but at the establishment of more special privileges for more groups. Political power could make everyone rich.

A promising exercise in political science would be to follow each reform that became law to its ultimate conclusion; even a cursory examination supports the theory that all reforms end up in additions to State power, and that none of them achieves the high purpose expected by its advocates. This is certainly true of the income tax, which should be called the reform of reforms because its attainment made possible a flock of reforms.

An income tax was imposed during the Civil War and was continued for half a dozen years to clean up the costs of that affair. Its abolition was vigorously opposed by those who had gotten a taste of blood, and their overpowering passion for more of it finally culminated in the Sixteenth Amendment. It was admittedly a leveling tax, the presumption being that what was taken from the pockets of the rich would somehow trickle into the pockets of the poor. But the State, as history tells us, is not concerned with the fate of the poor or the rich, its protestations to the contrary notwithstanding, but only with its own advancement. This opportunity to pick pockets could not for long be limited to a few that obviously bulged large. It was soon learned that all these pockets collectively contained less loot than the national pay envelope, and when that fact was ascertained the itching fingers of the State could not be restrained. So that the "soak the rich" tax has become a "soak the poor" tax. Most of the income of the 121

title: Page:Rise and Fall of Society.djvu/145


text: Category:Easter Island

title: Category:Easter Island


text:
Page:A short history of social life in England.djvu/335

315 guinea on every powdered head, expecting to add considerably to the revenue from the pockets of the rich. But, contrary to his expectations, the gay world eluded this ingenious tax by giving up the use of powder.

"Take care," said an Oxford tutor to young Landor, who was the first undergraduate to discard powder for his hair—"take care, or they will stone you for a republican." "But," said the poet, looking back across past years, "I stuck to my plain hair and queue tied with black ribbon."

This was but part of the dress revolution. The reign of the cocked hat trimmed with gold and silver was drawing to its close, and in its stead arrived the ancestor of the modern top-hat, only at present rounder, higher, and broader in the brim. One cannot but regret the change from canary-coloured pantaloons, long, grass-green, wide-skirted coats, and pink and buff waistcoats, reaching nearly to the knees, to the sombre-hued garments which were already beginning to replace these cheerful tints. The diamond-hilted sword, the clouded cane, and the suspended muff completed the eighteenth-century costume. These muffs had been used by both sexes during the Stuart period, but they did not come into general


text:
United States Code/Title 42/Chapter 85/Section 7601

§ 7601. Administration CAA § 301

(a) Regulations; delegation of powers and duties; regional officers and employees

 * (1) The Administrator is authorized to prescribe such regulations as are necessary to carry out his functions under this chapter. The Administrator may delegate to any officer or employee of the Environmental Protection Agency such of his powers and duties under this chapter, except the making of regulations subject to section 7607 (d) of this title, as he may deem necessary or expedient.
 * (2) Not later than one year after August 7, 1977, the Administrator shall promulgate regulations establishing general applicable procedures and policies for regional officers and employees (including the Regional Administrator) to follow in carrying out a delegation under paragraph (1), if any. Such regulations shall be designed—
 * (A) to assure fairness and uniformity in the criteria, procedures, and policies applied by the various regions in implementing and enforcing the chapter;
 * (B) to assure at least an adequate quality audit of each State’s performance and adherence to the requirements of this chapter in implementing and enforcing the chapter, particularly in the review of new sources and in enforcement of the chapter; and
 * (C) to provide a mechanism for identifying and standardizing inconsistent or varying criteria, procedures, and policies being employed by such officers and employees in implementing and enforcing the chapter.

(b) Detail of Environmental Protection Agency personnel to air pollution control agencies
Upon the request of an air pollution control agency, personnel of the Environmental Protection Agency may be detailed to such agency for the purpose of carrying out the provisions of this chapter.

(c) Payments under grants; installments; advances or reimbursements
Payments under grants made under this chapter may be made in installments, and in advance or by way of reimbursement, as may be determined by the Administrator.

(d) Tribal authority

 * (1) Subject to the provisions of paragraph (2), the Administrator—
 * (A) is authorized to treat Indian tribes as States under this chapter, except for purposes of the requirement that makes available for application by each State no less than one-half of 1 percent of annual appropriations under section 7405 of this title; and
 * (B) may provide any such Indian tribe grant and contract assistance to carry out functions provided by this chapter.
 * (2) The Administrator shall promulgate regulations within 18 months after November 15, 1990, specifying those provisions of this chapter for which it is appropriate to treat Indian tribes as States. Such treatment shall be authorized only if—
 * (A) the Indian tribe has a governing body carrying out substantial governmental duties and powers;
 * (B) the functions to be exercised by the Indian tribe pertain to the management and protection of air resources within the exterior boundaries of the reservation or other areas within the tribe’s jurisdiction; and
 * (C) the Indian tribe is reasonably expected to be capable, in the judgment of the Administrator, of carrying out the functions to be exercised in a manner consistent with the terms and purposes of this chapter and all applicable regulations.
 * (3) The Administrator may promulgate regulations which establish the elements of tribal implementation plans and procedures for approval or disapproval of tribal implementation plans and portions thereof.
 * (4) In any case in which the Administrator determines that the treatment of Indian tribes as identical to States is inappropriate or administratively infeasible, the Administrator may provide, by regulation, other means by which the Administrator will directly administer such provisions so as to achieve the appropriate purpose.
 * (5) Until such time as the Administrator promulgates regulations pursuant to this subsection, the Administrator may continue to provide financial assistance to eligible Indian tribes under section 7405 of this title.


text:
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Pearson, Karl

PEARSON, KARL, an English physicist. He was born in 1857 and studied at Cambridge, Heidelberg, and Berlin, being admitted to the bar in 1882. He taught mathematics in University College, London, and became Galton professor of eugenics in London University. His works include: “History of the Theory of Elasticity and Strength of Materials”; “Ethic of Freethought”; “Grammar of Science”; “The Chances of Death”; “National Life from the Standpoint of Science”; “The Life, Letters and Labors of Francis Galton.”


text:
Page:A short history of social life in England.djvu/336

316 use till this time. They were small, and often made of feathers and lace. "I send you a smallish muff that you may put in your pocket, and it costs but 14s.," writes Horace Walpole to a friend. Muffs grew larger as time went on, and we find a London citizen going to church with a large white muff—the last new thing from Paris—suspended from his neck. A little pet dog belonging to a lady in the same pew crept in, curled up, and went to sleep, while the owner was occupied with his prayers. The sequel of the story may be easily imagined!

But though there was nothing effeminate in wearing a muff, it was beneath contempt for a man to carry an umbrella. The story of Jonas Hanway—the first man who dared to hold up an umbrella in London, and to brave the jeers and hoots of a London crowd—reads like a fairy-tale to-day, but the innovation made way very slowly, and thirty years after this, there was only one umbrella in Cambridge, and it was kept at a shop and let out by the hour!

With more rapidity the distinction between the dress of the quality and of the commercial classes was being obliterated. Sumptuary laws were already matters of past history. "If great men


text:
United States Code/Title 42/Chapter 85/Section 7603

§ 7603. Emergency powers CAA § 303

Notwithstanding any other provision of this chapter, the Administrator, upon receipt of evidence that a pollution source or combination of sources (including moving sources) is presenting an imminent and substantial endangerment to public health or welfare, or the environment, may bring suit on behalf of the United States in the appropriate United States district court to immediately restrain any person causing or contributing to the alleged pollution to stop the emission of air pollutants causing or contributing to such pollution or to take such other action as may be necessary. If it is not practicable to assure prompt protection of public health or welfare or the environment by commencement of such a civil action, the Administrator may issue such orders as may be necessary to protect public health or welfare or the environment. Prior to taking any action under this section, the Administrator shall consult with appropriate State and local authorities and attempt to confirm the accuracy of the information on which the action proposed to be taken is based. Any order issued by the Administrator under this section shall be effective upon issuance and shall remain in effect for a period of not more than 60 days, unless the Administrator brings an action pursuant to the first sentence of this section before the expiration of that period. Whenever the Administrator brings such an action within the 60-day period, such order shall remain in effect for an additional 14 days or for such longer period as may be authorized by the court in which such action is brought.


text:
Page:A short history of social life in England.djvu/337

Rh will dress like tradesmen, and tradesmen like great men, it will be necessary to make a new law for fashion," sighed one whose mind could not grasp the inevitable change. As in dress, so in manners and morals changes were taking place. The King had stopped gambling at the Palace, and in one short year the four hundred lottery offices in London had decreased to fifty-one. Two of the highest ladies in the land were summoned for playing high stakes, and fined £50, after which gambling was no longer reputable. The hard drinking of the early Hanoverian period was likewise diminishing. Dr. Johnson, who had systematically drunk three bottles of port at a sitting in his young days, and remembered the time when all decent people got drunk every night without social criticism, ascribed the change to the substitution of wine for beer. But there was also a growing delicacy of feeling in the matter, and a repulsion to the demeanour and language of a drunken gentleman. True, they still ate enormously. "I see here every day," writes Walpole, "men who are mountains of roast beef, and only seem just roughly hewn out into the outlines of human form." He himself was moderate in all things, and usually drank


text:
United States Code/Title 42/Chapter 85/Section 7605

§ 7605. Representation in litigation CAA § 305

(a) Attorney General; attorneys appointed by Administrator
The Administrator shall request the Attorney General to appear and represent him in any civil action instituted under this chapter to which the Administrator is a party. Unless the Attorney General notifies the Administrator that he will appear in such action, within a reasonable time, attorneys appointed by the Administrator shall appear and represent him.

(b) Memorandum of understanding regarding legal representation
In the event the Attorney General agrees to appear and represent the Administrator in any such action, such representation shall be conducted in accordance with, and shall include participation by, attorneys appointed by the Administrator to the extent authorized by, the memorandum of understanding between the Department of Justice and the Environmental Protection Agency, dated June 13, 1977, respecting representation of the agency by the department in civil litigation.


text:
Page:A short history of social life in England.djvu/338

318 iced water. But, like men in all ages, he greatly resented innovation. "Everything is changed," he sighs from time to time. "I do not like dining at nearly six nor beginning the evening at ten at night If one does not conform, one must live alone. … I am a remnant of the last age. … I don't care a rush for gold and diamonds, I don't understand horse-racing, I never go to reviews." Wistfully he yearned, as so many had yearned before him, to return to the simplicity of ancient times, "when we were the frugal, temperate, virtuous old English … before tea and sugar were known."

But if Walpole could not enter into the amusement of horse-racing it was greatly on the increase among his friends, and this period saw the inauguration of the famous Derby Stakes, which started with thirty-six subscribers at £50 each.

Among the refining influences of the times may be included the revival of Shakspere's dramas by Garrick, who purged the English theatre of the coarse and scandalous plays that had so delighted our forefathers throughout the early Hanoverian period. Persons of quality were still accommodated with chairs on the stage, which were retained by footmen in gorgeous livery till they


text:
United States Code/Title 42/Chapter 85/Section 7606

§ 7606. Federal procurement CAA § 306

(a) Contracts with violators prohibited
No Federal agency may enter into any contract with any person who is convicted of any offense under section 7413 (c) of this title for the procurement of goods, materials, and services to perform such contract at any facility at which the violation which gave rise to such conviction occurred if such facility is owned, leased, or supervised by such person. The prohibition in the preceding sentence shall continue until the Administrator certifies that the condition giving rise to such a conviction has been corrected. For convictions arising under section 7413 (c)(2) of this title, the condition giving rise to the conviction also shall be considered to include any substantive violation of this chapter associated with the violation of 7413(c)(2) of this title. The Administrator may extend this prohibition to other facilities owned or operated by the convicted person.

(b) Notification procedures
The Administrator shall establish procedures to provide all Federal agencies with the notification necessary for the purposes of subsection (a) of this section.

(c) Federal agency contracts
In order to implement the purposes and policy of this chapter to protect and enhance the quality of the Nation’s air, the President shall, not more than 180 days after December 31, 1970, cause to be issued an order
 * (1) requiring each Federal agency authorized to enter into contracts and each Federal agency which is empowered to extend Federal assistance by way of grant, loan, or contract to effectuate the purpose and policy of this chapter in such contracting or assistance activities, and
 * (2) setting forth procedures, sanctions, penalties, and such other provisions, as the President determines necessary to carry out such requirement.

(d) Exemptions; notification to Congress
The President may exempt any contract, loan, or grant from all or part of the provisions of this section where he determines such exemption is necessary in the paramount interest of the United States and he shall notify the Congress of such exemption.


text:
Page:A short history of social life in England.djvu/339

Rh arrived; there were no stalls, the whole floor being given up to the pit, where sat the critics, while boxes and galleries contained the general public. The play began at five o'clock, seats varying from five shillings to one shilling. The occupants of some of the boxes attended as much to be seen as to see. "I rose and sat down, covered and uncovered my head, twenty times between the acts," says Roderick Random, "pulled out my watch, wound it up, set it, displayed my snuff-box, affected to take snuff, wiped my nose with a perfumed handkerchief, dangled my cane and adjusted my sword-knot, in order to attract attention."

It was the rising middle-class folk who really appreciated the plays on their own merits, and delighted in "As You Like It," the "Merry Wives," and "A Winter's Tale." Perdita appeared in a dress of pink lustring, a long stomacher and a hoop festooned with flowers, Othello in a regimental suit of the King's bodyguard and a flowered wig, Lady Macbeth in a hoop eight yards in circumference, and Cleopatra had a powdered commode and a jewelled fan. The same improvement in taste that revolutionised the stage affected the lighter literature of the day, and a "wave of delicacy" created a new


text:
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Petiole

PETIOLE, the leaf stalk of a plant, the part connecting the blade with the stem. It is generally half cylindrical, often channeled above, but in some monocotyledons it is cylindrical, and in others it is a sheath.


text:
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Petition

PETITION, an entreaty, a request, a supplication, a prayer; a solemn, earnest, or formal prayer of entreaty addressed to the Supreme Being, or to a superior in rank and power. A single article, or several, in a prayer; as, the several petitions of the Lord's Prayer. A formal written request or application made to one vested with authority, or to a legislative or administrative body, soliciting a favor, grant, right, or act of mercy. The paper or document containing such request or application; especially applied

in legal language to an application to a court or judge, as a petition for a divorce.


text:
Page:A short history of social life in England.djvu/340

320 epoch in the reading world of our ancestors. The change is practically illustrated by Sir Walter Scott's lady who, having enjoyed the books of her youth, turned from them in horror in her old age to the moral works of Miss Edgeworth. The new departure was inaugurated by a woman—Miss Burney, with her novel "Evelina." The opposition that women writers of the day had to encounter is illustrated by the fact that Miss Burney was almost forced to burn her first MS. on the representation of her stepmother that authorship for woman was most reprehensible. But from the ashes sprang the inimitable "Evelina," written in stolen moments, in disjointed fragments, copied out in a feigned, upright handwriting, smuggled to the publisher by a young brother, who was disguised for the occasion, and bought outright for the magnificent sum of £20. Of its success, of the generosity of the publisher, and the sudden fame of the young author, it is superfluous to speak here. Miss Fanny Burney had opened up new possibilities to the novelist by the purity of her writing; she had inaugurated the circulating library, such a feature in modern life to-day; she had prepared the ground for Miss Edgeworth, Miss Martineau,


text:
Portal:Gracchi

 * In Plutarch's Lives:
 * Caius Gracchus
 * Tiberius Gracchus
 * Comparison of Tiberius and Caius Gracchus with Agis and Cleomenes
 * The Gracchi and Their Reforms, by Theodor Mommsen in The Great Events by Famous Historians

title: Portal:Gracchi


text:
Page:A short history of social life in England.djvu/341

Rh, and others, who all easily excelled her in literary achievement. It was this sense of refinement that prompted Miss Burney's words when she heard that henceforth the banns of marriage were to be published in church on the three Sundays preceding the event: "A public wedding. Oh, what a gauntlet for any woman of delicacy to run!"

Many a clandestine marriage still took place, and elopement with an heiress was very common. Indeed, fortune played as large a part as heretofore in the marriages of the eighteenth century, as may be gleaned from the current advertisements of the day. In the Gentleman's Magazine for 1781: "Married, the Revd. Mr. Roger Waina, of York, about twenty-six years of age, to a Lincolnshire lady upwards of eighty, with whom he is to have £8,000 in money, £300 per annum, and a coach and four during life only." A Liverpool doctor takes to wife "an agreeable young lady of eighteen years of age, with a very genteel fortune"; a Kendal Colonel is wedded to "an agreeable young lady with a fortune of £14,000," while "an eminent hosier marries Miss Betty Newby, a genteel lady with £900." But change was dawning even in these delicate matters, and a


text:
Page:Rise and Fall of Society.djvu/146

 American State is now derived from the earnings of those least able to bear the burden.

The income tax opened the floodgates of reform. It is interesting to note that while in the nineteenth century most reforms originated in the notions of dissident elements in the population, the reforms that have become law since the introduction of the income tax were instigated by bureaucrats. They had the money with which to indulge their passion for power. Certainly, the reform ideas seemed to spring from colleges, shops, and organizations, but there is evidence that they took form in the imagination of the vested interest, whose propaganda machinery gave enthusiasm for the reform a popular flavor. And so came the New Deal, which is the name given to a host of interventions called "social legislation." Each of these measures called for the establishment of another enforcement agency, more offices, buildings, and jobs. The bureaucracy did well by itself.

The net profit of reform is the accumulation of State power; the net loss is borne by Society. Out of the reforms advocated by the Gracchus brothers came the Caesars and "bread and circuses." Pericles set up a number of make-work projects and ruled for thirty years, subtly but with an iron hand. Bismarck was a reformer. Mazzini was the unwitting forerunner of Mussolini. Lenin was the archreformer of all times, in that his reforms culminated in the largest, the most arbitrary, and the most ruthless bureaucracy the world has ever known. 122

title: Page:Rise and Fall of Society.djvu/146


text:
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Petition of Right

PETITION OF RIGHT, a declaration of the rights of the people put forward by the Parliament of England in the third year of the reign of Charles I., and assented to by him. They are: (1) That no man be compelled to pay any moneys to the state without common consent by act of Parliament. (2) That no person be imprisoned for refusing the same, nor any freeman be imprisoned without any cause showed, to which he might make answer. (3) That soldiers and mariners be not billeted in the houses of the people. (4) That commissions be no more issued for punishing by the summary process of martial law.


text:
Page:A short history of social life in England.djvu/342

322 band of women, mockingly known as "Blue Stockings," pioneered a new movement This little circle, which numbered in their midst Elizabeth Montague, Elizabeth Carter, Fanny Burney, and Hannah More, were the first to encourage intelligence in women, and to see that it was no hindrance to personal charm or matrimony. They gave a more serious turn to the frivolous society of their day, and shook the time-worn prejudice which had treated study as "unbecoming in a woman."


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Perpent

title: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Perpent


text:
Page:Triangles of life, and other stories.djvu/47

Rh back, and still more of men who came back, and, which was equally frequent in such cases, went abroad again. And of men of whose deaths, fortunes, entrance into high society, or the gaol, or accessions to fame or the gallows they had heard rumours of. In undoubted cases (the fireplace ornament):—

"———An' he wos a stannin' here on this very spot where I'm a stannin' now, a-talking to you——" In a loud impressive, not to say aggressive tone, and with a forward sling of the arm and forefinger, that sounded and looked, from the other side of the road, and through the door or window, like one-half of a domestic row.

But old Higgins was a refreshing change—for the first time at least—when they could get him past a certain point in drinking, which happy circumstance had to be brought about very delicately, with much guile, great circumspection and carefully veiled diplomacy. If there happened to be a strange, unobtrusive face or two present, it was so much the easier. They feigned to be careless of his presence, and greatly and warmly interested in a conversation or argument amongst themselves, which was full of carefully "blinded" little traps for Higgins. Long association and practice, and many tacitly understood mental rehearsals had made them perfect. They'd pass the pewter to him, out of his turn, and leave it longer in his hand, in an absent-minded way. Then, presently, he'd begin to get uneasy, and edge and shuffle on his seat, and move his bend towards the fireplace—and one would nudge me respectfully.


text:
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Petlura, Simon

PETLURA, SIMON, nationalist leader of the Ukrainians, or Little Russians; born in Poltava, south Russia, 1880, son of a coachman, educated in the lower clerical schools, then expelled from the higher schools because of his revolutionary activities. Inspired a peasant uprising in the Ukraine in 1902, through a pamphlet entitled “Uncle Mitra.” The repression of the rebellion was followed by his flight into Austrian Galicia. At the outbreak of the war, in 1914, he enlisted with the workers behind the lines in the Zemstvo Union, for which he did good service until the revolution which dethroned the Czar. It was not till the overthrow of the Kerensky government that he became an open advocate of a separate national government for the Ukraine. When the Germans obtained control of the Ukraine, through the Skoropadsky government, Petlura was imprisoned, and remained in prison until the German defeat brought about the downfall of Skoropadsky. The National Ukrainian Union, composed of the peasantry who desired an independent national life, then set up a government represented by an executive committee of four, chief of which was Petlura. On Dec. 21, 1918, Petlura, having organized an army in the name of this government, entered Kiev, the capital. Though a Socialist by sympathy, Petlura resisted the advance of the forces of the Bolshevist Soviet Government. He was, on the other hand, also hostile to the reactionary forces under Denikine. He was driven out of Kiev by the Bolshevist forces in the summer of 1919. Early in 1920, he reached an agreement with the Polish Government, whereby he joined forces with the Poles for the purpose of expelling the Soviet armies from the Ukraine. Early in May, 1920, his forces, together with the Polish army, entered and took possession of Kiev.


text:
Page:Triangles of life, and other stories.djvu/48

36 Higgins had possessed and studied from boyhood an old elementary book of Euclid the only thing he ever read, except an occasional newspaper, which he studied for the same reason that "free thinkers" study the Bible.

"Life" he'd say, after some preliminary shuffles, coughs and grunts, "is wot I call made up of triangles—ekal hatteral triangles. Circles is made up of triangles, and made with triangles, if you consider the legs of the compass the sides, and the lines between the points the bases. Squares is double triangles when you run a line to opposite corners. Oblongs, the same way, is hobtuse or haycute angles—an' both. An' a right hangle is a right hangle, no matter which side you might lay it on. It's a right angle if you lay it flat, but all sorts of angles if you run lines from the corners to the bases—which yer can't in wot I call the equell try hangles of life.

"Now this is my case" (this was before the trouble with his daughter), "there's that there Lizzie o' mine at the happix, and me and the missus at the hextremities of the base. We can't come no nearer for a right hangle try-hangle is rigid. We might change corners, but that would make no difference between me and the missus, but one of us, if we could agree about it, or to take turn 'en turn about, might change corners with Lizzie—which might do her some good—but we'd be just as far from each other as ever. And if we laid the triangle flat we'd be just as far off as ever, and it would do none of us any good. An' if we was to put hinges on it it wouldn't make no difference.


text:
User:Sije

Sije is the username of a user of Wikisource; also known as a Wikisourcer.

Observe the sabbath day, to keep it holy
This user observes the holy Sabbath on Saturday, and encourages his Jewish brothers and sisters to do likewise. This includes (but is not limited to) not using a computer from sundown Friday until the appearance of three "small" stars in the sky on Saturday night.

Education
My education consists of high school (passed all of my Regents Examinations) and Yeshiva Gedolah. No higher secular college.

Methods of translating
When translating Hebrew (including Jewish Aramaic) texts, I strive for the most accurate definition as possible. I am aware that I don’t always achieve that goal, and Wikisourcers are encouraged to improve my translations.

Consultations
I often consult Wiktionary (English and Hebrew), https://translate.google.com/, and https://www.merriam-webster.com/.

I do not consult copyrighted translations of the text; so any similarity or resemblance to a copyrighted translation is purely coincidental.

Hebrew Bible
When translating verses of the Hebrew Bible, I first consult the translations that are available on Wikisource (and hence, are not copyrighted).

Literality
As long as the most literal definition makes sense, I generally stick to that definition.

Explanations
I do not add my own explanations to the text, since I think that the translation namespace should be strictly for translation. Should Wikisource in the future allow a separate namespace for explanations (something like the ביאור namespace of the Hebrew language Wikisource), then explanations and suchlike might be added there. That being said, should other Wikisourcers decide to add explanations, I will not object. Leave it up to the experts to decide exactly what is or isn’t allowed.

Hebrew Text
I generally do not add the Hebrew text, since I think that the English language Wikisource should be strictly for English, and especially since the Hebrew text is already conveniently available by clicking on the interwiki link. That being said, should other Wikisourcers decide to add the Hebrew text, I will not object.

Changing others’ translations
I generally do not change the translations of other Wikisourcers; except when I feel that the change is necessary for the sake of accuracy or for the sake of better English. I also might add brackets before and after words that are not found in the original text.

Changing my translations
Wikisourcers can feel free to change my translations however they feel is necessary. There is no need to ask me for permission; nor even to notify me.

title: User:Sije


text:
Page:A short history of social life in England.djvu/343

TARTLING as were the inventions of the last period, numerous as were the innovations, they pale before the breathless progress of the age upon which we are entering. Yet in its early days there was nothing to distinguish it from the eighteenth century, and but slight indication of the vastness and rapidity of the coming changes. The Hanoverian Kings were to wear out their inconsequent lives before the greatness of our country developed to its present capacity. Hence we have to deal with a condition of society, progressing truly, but not with the


text: Translation:Mikraot Gedolot/Genesis/1:2

title: Translation:Mikraot Gedolot/Genesis/1:2


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Baker, William (1742-1785)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Baker, Thomas (1656-1740)


text:
Talk:Historic Girls

The Google Books source listed above is "no preview", and I have my doubts whether it is the actual source for this. More likely Project Gutenberg? Anyhow, if anyone wants to back this with a scan, the 1887 edition is available at http://www.archive.org/details/historicgirlssto00broouoft. Hesperian 04:51, 13 July 2011 (UTC)
 * ✅ Source now at Index:Historic Girls.djvu. - AdamBMorgan (talk) 13:23, 17 March 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Historic Girls


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Perne, Andrew


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Baker, Thomas (fl.1700-1709)


text:
Page:Rise and Fall of Society.djvu/147

 CHAPTER 13

the State intervenes in the affairs of men, particularly their economic pursuits, a lessening of satisfactions ensues. The consequence of political intervention is on a par with that of a raid on the market place, say by a band of robbers: a depletion of the things men live by. We are talking of consequence, not of intent. The robber band makes no pretensions to character, while the State clothes its operations with a moral purpose, such as the promotion of the "general welfare"; but in both cases the sum total of consumable or capital goods is diminished. Society has less. Since the keystone of the social structure is man's everlasting struggle to avoid shortages and to achieve abundances, the shortage-producing consequence of the State's interventions stamp it as an antisocial institution. It must be classed with the robber band, and only its loud protestations of a moral purpose, which are generally believed because skepticism is likely to bring on discomfort, prevent its being so classed.

The first item on the agenda of the State is taxation, simply because the State could not exist without it. A tax is a compulsory exaction; it is not a voluntary payment for goods received or services rendered. In ancient times, before a regularized system obfuscated it, the nature of a tax was better 123

title: Page:Rise and Fall of Society.djvu/147


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Baker, Thomas (1625?-1689)


text:
Page:A short history of social life in England.djvu/344

324 breakneck speed of the latter half of the century. We have reached the age of our own great-grandfathers, and the portraits which hang upon our walls have familiarised us with the general bearing of the men and women of this generation, the cut and colour of their clothes before the dawn of photography, when the travelling artist made his way from country house to country house, painting his model in home surroundings.

As yet there were no trains, although the birth of "Puffing Billy" in 1813 had suggested vast and appalling possibilities to the faint-hearted of the earth. But while a revolution in road-making had taken place, thanks to the genius and perseverance of Macadam, coaching from place to place was still slow and laborious, though in this way whole English families travelled to the various sea-side resorts, which were springing into fashion. Brighton was becoming a favourite watering-place, in spite of Dr. Johnson's description of the country as "so desolate, that if one had a mind to hang oneself for desperation at being obliged to live there, it would be difficult to find a tree on which to fasten a rope."


text:
Page:Rise and Fall of Society.djvu/148

 understood, for it frequently consisted of the lifting from the producer's premises of goods he had labored for in the expectation of enjoyment: his corn, cattle, or other accumulations. That was palpable evidence of the scarcity-producing nature of taxation. No mutation occurs when the tax is collected in the form of money; it is still part of what the producer has labored for in the hope of satisfying his desires. It is shoes, bread, entertainment.

Taxation not only robs the market place of consumable goods, which is the true measure of a nation's economy, but it also reduces the productive capacity of Society by its absorption of savings, or capital. It is obvious that the individual cannot save what he does not have. And since savings become investments in productive machinery, the lack of savings means a shortage of those instruments that make abundance possible. Thus, taxation deprives the consumer of immediate satisfactions and lessens the possibility of plenty in the future. In both effects, taxation is a shortage-creating institution, and that is not what men have in mind when they merge themselves into Society.

Idolators of the State are wont to counter this fact with the observation that productive effort seems to increase with an increase in taxation, inferring that the activities of the State are economically beneficial. This is equivalent to saying that men work to pay taxes and that the bigger the tax load the greater their productivity. If this were so, then the wealthiest and healthiest economy would be achieved by the State's confiscation of everything produced—which is the claim of communism. Yet the production figures that leak through from communist countries add up to economies of scarcity, to an abundance of shortages. And historians tell us that the continuing and mounting exactions of the Roman 124

title: Page:Rise and Fall of Society.djvu/148


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Baker, Samuel


text:
Page:Rise and Fall of Society.djvu/149

 emperors caused a lack of interest in productive enterprise, so that the net income from taxes decreased and the emperors resorted to conquest and loot to replenish their coffers; when conquest proved unprofitable and production did not yield enough to pay expenses, the State collapsed.

The argument of the Statists rests on the production figures of this country, which show that the mounting tax load has been accompanied by an increase of production. But this is a coincidence, easily explainable, and not a cause-and-effect relationship. It indicates that the American tax load has not yet reached the point of diminishing returns. The two thirds of his earnings that the American is allowed to keep is still an inducement to try to maintain and better his standard of living. A man will work hard to repair the damage caused by a storm, or to replenish what the thief has taken from his safe, but this does not mean that the storm or the thief improves his economy. What he has lost by depredation or accident is a loss, not a gain. The fuel of productive energy is not taxes, but the inner compulsion of the individual to improve his lot.

Granting all that, does not the State perform services which indirectly aid in producing abundances? Does it not return to Society something of value for what it takes?

Foremost among the services which the State claims to render Society is its protection from other predatory States. This is a considerable service, to be sure. In former times, when political morals were differently phrased, the State prosecuted war with the avowed purpose of adding glory to its name by way of real-estate acquisitions, to say nothing of the ancillary purpose of bringing civilization to barbarians; Napoleon's avowed ambition was to impose on his victims 125

title: Page:Rise and Fall of Society.djvu/149


text:
Page:A short history of social life in England.djvu/345

Rh Here George, Prince of Wales, first as Regent and later as King, played his part, danced and gambled and made love, built the famous Pavilion, and started Brighton on its brilliant career. Margate, Ramsgate, Dover, Deal and Weymouth all sprang into fame as watering-places at this time, and to the latter sea-side resort George III took his Queen and family to regain his fast-failing health. Natural springs and sea bathing played a large part in the medical curriculum of the day.

Medicine had advanced but little. The old family doctor was pompous, but ignorant. He carried his gold-headed cane with its round ball top, a relic of the time when it contained an aromatic mixture to guard against infection. In all cases of fever and agues bleeding was freely resorted to, and the surgeon of the day had few other refuges. Chloroform and ether had yet to be discovered; in those days operations were performed roughly, with imperfect and often unclean instruments, while the unhappy patient lay helplessly bound, conscious of every movement and enduring excruciating agonies. It is horrible to contemplate.

"I must enlarge the opening. Give me my


text:
Page:A short history of social life in England.djvu/346

326 uncle's knife," cried the nephew of a famous operator of this period. The operation lasted an hour, after which leeches were applied to prevent fever. After a night of agony, the victim was bled in the arm, more leeches were applied, until, twenty-nine hours after the first shock, death mercifully released the patient. It is small wonder that many preferred to suffer long-drawn-out pain and disease rather than submit to the torture of the knife! Under surgeon, physician and apothecary were an army of dentists, midwives, &c., all more or less ignorant and uncertificated. The new century found vaccination growing in popularity among the cultured classes, together with a consequent decrease of small-pox, but it was not made compulsory till 1840.

But if disease was imperfectly understood, if surgery was handicapped without the help of anæsthetics, and infant mortality was high, yet the population was increasing by leaps and bounds. Indeed, nothing like it had ever been known before. The first census, taken in 1801, showed Great Britain with over nine million inhabitants. Twenty years later it had risen to above fourteen million. In the whole preceding two hundred years it had only risen about


text:
Page:A short history of social life in England.djvu/347

Rh two million. The growth was chiefly in the North. Liverpool, Manchester, and Bradford sprang into sudden fame, contributing nearly 75 per cent, of the increase. The cause is not far to seek. The newly discovered power of steam had increased the manufactures and created a tremendous demand for coal. Hence a vast population grew up around the northern coalfields, and the most desolate parts of the island became alive with struggling humanity. There appeared to be work and wages for all, though later developments showed how totally inadequate those wages were. Boys and girls married early, and families were large at this time in all classes of society. The Queen herself had given birth to nine sons and six daughters, and it was no unusual thing to find fifteen and twenty children in a family—a rate which soon peopled our islands with astonishing rapidity!

There was little enough organisation ready to cope with the masses of children added to the population. Both in town and country the children of England at this time were the wildest morsels of humanity, plunged in ignorance, steeped in vice, only half clothed and half fed, and, moreover, in many parts of the country,


text:
Page:A short history of social life in England.djvu/348

328 worked in mine and factory as little beasts of burden, atoms of a great industrial machine.

Few people thought much about the children then. A Bill was introduced in 1802 proposing that children should only work twelve hours a day, and that they should not be allowed to be employed between the hours of 9 p.m. and 6 a.m., but both parents and manufacturers were against it, the Bill was dropped, and the children struggled on, till the great heart of England was melted with pity. Private enterprise and philanthropy have ever forestalled legislation. This was now the case with regard to the children. The Sunday-schools opened by Raikes in Gloucester at the end of the last century were successfully making their way, despite the ordinary opposition from all sides. They were very different institutions to the