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Page:History of West Australia.djvu/486

 was his unfortunate lot to make a "kosmos" out of a chaos. It seemed to him a medley—a network of inextricable entanglements. However much he deplored the sorry fact, still he found the best remedy would be to attempt the onerous undertaking of putting matters right. One thing aided his labours, and that was the limited railroad mileage in the colony. When he came there were only 212 miles of Government railway, and since then great have been the expansion and the developments. With the enormous growth of traffic and commerce insuperable difficulties strewed the path. Arrangements for new systems, want of rolling stock, and want of experienced men increased his trials to a maximum. Everything required remodelling and renewing, and when Mr. Davies had successfully accomplished these alterations he was obliged to import men from the other colonies to cope with the new regime. Buildings and railway appliances of every description were required, and with the sudden rush and general block which was bound to take place these could not be furnished at a moments notice. It is marvellous how Mr. Davies obtained the present system considering all the trials and perplexities he had to contend against.

We will mention the railways opened to the general public since he came here, and then the reader can estimate for himself the great amount of labour involved in forming this general connection into a definite working order. The new lines are:—Perth to Pinjarrah, on 23rd May 1893, 54 miles; Pinjarrah to Picton Junction, on 22nd August, 1893, 57 miles; Boyanup to Minninup, on 16th November, 1893, 10 miles; Northam to Yilgarn (Southern Cross), on 1st July, 1894, 170 miles; Mullewa Junction to Mullewa, on 1st November, 1894, 57 miles; Boyanup to Busselton, on 2lst November, 1894, 27 miles; Southern Cross to Boorabbin, on 1st July, 1896, 66 miles. The following lines in course of construction (October, 1896) have yet to be handed over to the Government:— Boorabbin to Kalgoorlie, on 31st December, 1896, 80 miles; Mullewa to Yalgoo, on 1st December, 1896, 73 miles; Yalgoo to Mount Magnet, on 30th August, 1897, 77 miles; Mount Magnet to Cue, on 31st November, 1897, 47 miles. The following railways are in contemplation:—Menzies Railway, 100 miles; Kalgoorlie to Kanowna, 12 miles; Cue to Nannine, 40 miles; Donnybrook to Bridgetown, 15 miles; and Brunswick to Collie, 24 miles. Another railway which has recently been brought under his supervision is the Great Southern Railway, from Albany to Perth, purchased in September, 1896, by the Western Australian Government from the Western Australian Land Company for £1,100,000. Mr. Davies is the first president of the local Cambrian Society. When twenty-three years of age he married Miss Mary Ann Williams, daughter of Mr. John Williams, of Oswestry, Shropshire. After reviewing all his achievements amid such unusual complexities and difficulties, sufficient praise cannot be awarded to his administrative abilities. His mental resources have tided the traffic of the colony over a trying crisis. It is to his able efficiency that any progress at all was made when the colony was unable to cope with the sudden rise Of traffic. In a practically new country his experience was especially valuable. The Western Australian Railways system is stretching out octopus-like in almost every direction. Every day puts additional responsibility on Mr. Davies's shoulders, but his thorough grasp of departmental detail, with his masterly administrative power, has made him popular alike with the travelling public and the well-disciplined men under him.

JAMES BROUN ROE, J.P.

N the annals of Australian history the name of Roe will ever occupy a prominent place, for few men have done better work for Western Australia than the late Captain Roe, R.N., Surveyor-General of the Colony. Nearly seventy years have passed since this gallant officer threw in his lot with the fortunes of the few adventurous spirits who settled in the land of the Black Swan, and laid the foundations of the present great colony. That man of energy and scientific turn of mind, who previously accompanied the navigator King in his explorations along our coast, accompanied Governor Stirling when he landed in Western Australia in 1829. It is not, however, of the famous sailor that we have now to deal, but with the career of his son, Mr. James Broun Roe, the principal sheriff of the Colony.

In the whole of the Public Service there is, perhaps, not a more arduous and responsible position, requiring, as it does, a man of iron nerve, a good disciplinarian, and a capacity to manage men. Such accomplishments in Mr. Roe's case are probably hereditary, for from boyhood he was noted for these qualities—qualities which, when he was a lad, were absolutely necessary to a man who was to act as a leader of men. This, Mr. Roe, like his father, has had to do nearly all his life, only the son's task has been harder, if anything, than the father's, for whereas the captain had to deal with the well-disciplined sailors of a man-of-war, the son, in his capacity of Inspector of Prisoners and as Sheriff, has had to deal with some of the worst characters in the community. Mr. J. B. Roe was born on the 11th of May, 1833, in Perth, where he passed his boyhood.

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Page:Devonshire Characters and Strange Events.djvu/936

 Mile Hill,

Milford Haven,

Milford, Mr. S. F.,

Mill Bridge,

Milton Abbot, ,

Miners' Friend, The,

Mining, tin,, ,

Minorca,

Miraculous cures. See White Witches

Mitchell, John,

Mitchell, William,

Mithian,

M'Kinnon, Kiel,

Mobiad, The,

"Mock Election in Prison,"

Modbury,, , , ,

Mogridge, Mr., ,

Mogul, the Great,, ,

Mole-catcher, spectre of,

Moles,

Molesworths, family of,, ,

Molesworth, the Rev. Paul W., ,51,

Molesworth, Sir John,

Molesworth, Sir W., Bart.,

Molesworth, William,

Molland,, ,

Molt, Thomas Burgess,

Money, by fair means or foul,, ,

Monk, Anthony,

Monk, Frances,

Monk, General, ,

Monkleigh, ,

Monmouth, Duchess of,

Montbrison,

Montcalm, Henry,

Moon, Mr.,

Moonshine, Mr.,

Moore, Thomas,

Moorhead, Mr.,

More, Hannah, ,

Morgan, Colonel,

Moreton Hampstead,, , , , , , ,

Morice Town,

Morland, Sir Samuel,

Morland, William,

Morleigh,

Morley, Lord,

Morning Chronicle, The,, ,

Morris, Mr.,

Morshead, William,

Mortimer, Mr.,

Mott, Thomas Burgess,

Mountain, Mr.,

Mount Edgcumbe, Earl of,

Mount Edgcumbe, Lady,

Mount Pleasant, ,

Mumper, a professional. See B.-M. Carew

Murray,

Mutiny at the Nore,, , ,

— of American prisoners,

— on the high seas,

Mutiny at Spit head and the Nore,

Nankevill,

Nan Tap,

Nantes,

Naples,

"Napoleon Musing,"

Napp,

Nares, George, ,

Narracott,

Narrator,

Narrative of a Singular Imposition,

Narrative of the Demon of Spraiton, A,

Natt, Philip,

Navy, unsatisfactory condition of the,

Neale, Mrs.,

Nelson, Lord, ,

Newark,

New Brunswick,

Newcastle,

Newcastle, Penn.,

New Collection of Songs and Poems,

Newcomen, Thomas, –501

— his family history,

— his secrecy in experimenting,

— patents with Savery,

Newell,

New England,

Newfoundland,, , ,

Newgate, ,

New Jersey,

Newlands Weir,

New London, ,

Newlyn,

New Orleans,

Newquay,

Newton Abbot, ,

Newton St. Petrock,

New York,

New York Herald,

Nicholl, Anthony,

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Page:Devonshire Characters and Strange Events.djvu/937

 Night her Blackest Sables Wore, The,

Nimmo, J. C.,

Nit, Anthony, ,

Noake's Worcestershire Relics,

Nore, the,, , ,

Norris, Mrs.,

North, Lord,

North Bovey,, , , ,

Northcote, ,

Northcote, Sir Henry, Bt. ,

Northcote, Sir Stafford, ,

Northcote, Mr.,

Northcott, John,

North Devon Journal,

Northernhay,

Northesk, Lord,

North Lew,

North Tawton,, , , , , ,

Northumberland, Earl of,, , , ,

North Wyke,

— forcible possession taken of,

Norton, Sir Fletcher,

Notes and Gleanings, ,

Nottingham, Earl of, ,

Nutt, Captain Robert,

Observations on the Present State of Music in London, ,

Ockment,

Oddy, Mrs,

Odiorne, John,, , , ,

Okehampton,, , , , ,

Okery Bridge,

Old-a-Port,

Old Bailey, ,

Old Dartmoor Days,

"Old Dawty,"

Old England for Ever, ,

Old English Home, An,

Old Swinford,

Oliver, Dr., ,

Oliver, Mr. Francis,

Olver, Francis,

On and Off the Stage,

Opie, John,, , ,

Oporto,, ,

Orchards neglected, ,

Orinoco, ,

Orne, William B.,

Orpheus Caledonicus,

O. T. D.,

Otter,

Otterton, ,

Ottery St. Mary, ,

Ovid,

Owen, Mr. Robert,

Oxenford, John,

Oxenham family, the, –254, –261

— fictitious members of, ,

Oxenham, Miss Anne,

Oxenham, G. N., ,

Oxenham, Rev. Henry Nutcombe,

Oxford,, , , , , , , , ,

Oxford, Lady,

Packsaddle Bridge,

Paganel, Sir William de,

Page, Eulalia, –106

— executed,

— omitted from pedigree,

— privy to her husband's death,

Page, Mr., ,

— strangled, ,

Paignton,, ,

Painsford,

Palk, Captain John, -708

— exacts obedience,

— buys Vitifer mine,

Palk, Governor,

Palk, Mr.,

Palk, Sir Lawrence,, , ,

Palk, Sir Robert,

Palladio,

Palma,

Palmer, Roundell,

Papin, Denis,, , , ,

Paris,, , , ,

Paris, Matthew,

Parker, "Admiral" Richard, -368

— executed,

— is ringleader of mutiny, ,

— his wife's distress,

Parker, Edmund,

Parker, John C.,

Parkham,, ,

Parkins, Sir Thomas,, ,

Parnel,

Pasley, Sir Thomas,

Passaford,

Passports for heaven,

Pastorals,

Patch, Claude,

Payne,


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Giffen, Sir Robert


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 1868 to the memory of the soldiers who fell in the Mexican War; it has a column of Maryland marble 76 ft. high, which is surmounted by an Italian marble statue of Victory, executed in Rome. At the base of the monument are muskets used by United States soldiers in that war and guns captured at Cerro Gordo. In State Street is the Dauphin County Soldiers’ monument, a shaft 10 ft. sq. at the base and 110 ft. high, with a pyramidal top.

For several years prior to 1902 Harrisburg suffered much from impure water, a bad sewerage system, and poorly paved and dirty streets. In that year, however, a League for Municipal Improvements was formed; in February 1902 a loan of $1,000,000 for municipal improvements was voted, landscape gardeners and sewage engineers were consulted, and a non-partisan mayor was elected, under whom great advances were made in street cleaning and street paving, a new filtration plant was completed, the river front was beautified and protected from flood, sewage was diverted from Paxton Creek, and the development of an extensive park system was undertaken.

Harrisburg’s charitable institutions include a city hospital, a home for the friendless, a children’s industrial home, and a state lunatic hospital (1845). The city is the seat of a Roman Catholic bishopric. Both coal and iron ore abound in the vicinity, and the city has numerous manufacturing establishments. The value of its factory products in 1905 was $17,146,338 (14.3% more than in 1900), the more important being those of steel works and rolling mills ($4,528,907), blast furnaces, steam railway repair shops, cigar and cigarette factories ($1,258,498), foundries and machine shops ($953,617), boot and shoe factories ($922,568), flouring and grist mills, slaughtering and meat-packing establishments and silk mills.

Harrisburg was named in honour of John Harris, who, upon coming into this region to trade early in the 18th century, was attracted to the site as an easy place at which to ford the Susquehanna, and about 1726 settled here. He was buried in what is now Harris Park, where he erected the first building, a small hut, within the present limits of Harrisburg. In 1753 his son established a ferry over the river, and the place was called Harris’s Ferry until 1785, when the younger Harris laid out the town and named it Harrisburg. In the same year it was made the county-seat of the newly constituted county of Dauphin, and its name was changed to Louisburg; but when, in 1791, it was incorporated as a borough, the present name was again adopted. In 1812, after an effort begun twenty-five years before, it was made the capital of the state; and in 1860 it was chartered as a city. In the summer of 1827, through the persistent efforts of persons most interested in the woollen manufactures of Massachusetts and other New England states to secure legislative aid for that industry, a convention of about 100 delegates—manufacturers, newspaper men and politicians—was held in Harrisburg, and the programme adopted by the convention did much to bring about the passage of the famous high tariff act of 1828.

 HARRISMITH, a town in the Orange Free State, 60 m. N.W. by rail of Ladysmith, Natal, and 240 m. N.E. of Bloemfontein via Bethlehem. Pop. (1904) 8300 (including troops 1921). It is built on the banks of the Wilge, 5250 ft. above the sea and some 20 m. W. of the Drakensberg. Three miles N. is the Platberg, a table-shaped mountain rising 2000 ft. above the town, whence an excellent supply of water is derived. The town is well laid out and several of the streets are lined with trees. Most of the houses are built of white stone quarried in the neighbourhood. The Kaffirs, who numbered in 1904 3483, live in a separate location. Harrismith has a dry, bracing climate and enjoys a high reputation in South Africa as a health resort. It serves one of the best-watered and most fertile agricultural and pastoral districts of the province, of which it is the chief eastern trading centre. Wool and hides are the principal exports.

Harrismith was founded in 1849, the site first chosen being on the Elands river, where the small town of Aberfeldig now is; but the advantages of the present site soon became apparent and the settlement was removed. The founders were Sir Harry Smith (after whom the town is named), then governor of Cape Colony, and Major Henry D. Warden, at that time British resident at Bloemfontein, whose name is perpetuated in that of the principal street. In a cave about 2 m. from the town are well-preserved Bushman paintings.

 HARRISON, BENJAMIN (1833–1901), the twenty-third president of the United States, was born at North Bend, near Cincinnati, Ohio, on the 20th of August 1833. His great-grandfather, Benjamin Harrison of Virginia (c. 1740–1791), was a signer of the Declaration of Independence. His grandfather, William Henry Harrison (1773–1841), was ninth president of the United States. His father, John Scott Harrison (1804–1878), represented his district in the national House of Representatives in 1853–1857. Benjamin’s youth was passed upon the ancestral farm, and as opportunity afforded he attended school in the log school-house near his home. He was prepared for college by a private tutor, studied for two years at the Farmers’ College, near Cincinnati, and in 1852 graduated from Miami University, at that time the leading educational institution in the State of Ohio. From his youth he was diligent in his studies and a great reader, and during his college life showed a marked talent for extemporaneous speaking. He pursued the study of law, partly in the office of Bellamy Storer (1798–1875), a leading lawyer and judge of Cincinnati, and in 1853 he was admitted to the bar. At the age of twenty-one he removed to Indianapolis. He had but one acquaintance in the place, the clerk of the federal court, who permitted him to occupy a desk in his office and place at the door his sign as a lawyer. Waiting for professional business, he was content to act as court crier for two dollars and a half a day; but he soon gave indications of his talent, and his studious habits and attention to his cases rapidly brought him clients. Within a few years he took rank among the leading members of the profession at a bar which included some of the ablest lawyers of the country. His legal career was early interrupted by the Civil War. His whole heart was enlisted in the anti-slavery cause, and during the second year of the war he accepted a commission from the governor of the state as second-lieutenant and speedily raised a regiment. He became its colonel, and as such continued in the Union Army until the close of the war, and on the 23rd of January 1865 was breveted a brigadier-general of volunteers for “ability and manifest energy and gallantry in command of brigade.” He participated with his regiment in various engagements during General Don Carlos Buell’s campaigns in Kentucky and Tennessee in 1862 and 1863; took part in General W. T. Sherman’s march on Atlanta in 1864 and in the Nashville campaign of the same year; and was transferred early in 1865 to Sherman’s army in its march through the Carolinas. As the commander of a brigade he served with particular distinction in the battles of Kenesaw Mountain (June 29–July 3, 1864), Peach Tree Creek (20th of July 1864) and Nashville (15th–16th of December 1864).

Allowing for this interval of military service, he applied himself exclusively for twenty-four years to his legal work. The only office he held was that of reporter of the supreme court of Indiana for two terms (1860–1862 and 1864–1868), and this was strictly in the line of his profession. He was a devoted member of the Republican party, but not a politician in the strict sense. Once he became a candidate for governor, in 1876, but his candidature was a forlorn hope, undertaken from a sense of duty after the regular nominee had withdrawn. He took a deep interest in the campaign which resulted in the election of James A. Garfield as president, and was offered by him a place in his cabinet; but this he declined, having been elected a member of the United States Senate, in which he took his seat on the 4th of March 1881. He was chairman of the committee on territories, and took an active part in urging the admission as states of North Dakota, South Dakota, Washington, Idaho and Montana, which finally came into the Union during his presidency. He served also on the committee of military and Indian affairs, the committee on foreign relations and others, was prominent in the discussion of matters brought before the Senate from these committees, advocated the enlargement of the navy and the reform of the civil service, and opposed the

title: Page:EB1911 - Volume 13.djvu/35


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Harrismith

title: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Harrismith


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220 A man named Isizọbọ of Iki had one wife, and some one told him that she walked about when he was away; so he watched but saw nothing. Then one day he told his wife to get food ready, as he was going hunting. So she ground corn and mixed palm oil and pepper, etc., and tied it in a leaf. Then she gave it to her husband, who put it in a bag on his back, and took his gun, saying that he was going away for four days. So he went; but stopped on the way. The woman cooked food when he was gone, and made two portions; one she gave to a friend in the town and the other she put aside, and called another friend to come and eat in the house. She told the first one to come and see her when everyone was asleep; the second one visited her at dusk, and when he came, she put food down and he ate. Then the man said, “Let us play”; so they played and then the man fell asleep. While he slept the husband came to the door and knocked, and the wife asked who it was; so he said it was her husband. “But you said you were going to be away four days,” she said; but her friend was afraid and got up, and she put him in a big pot and hid him. Then the husband called again, “Why don't you open?” So she said, “Sleep troubles me. I can’t get up quickly.” Then she opened the door, and he asked with whom she had been talking. “No one.” The husband said he had heard a man’s voice, but the wife denied it.

Then the husband sat down; and the first friend was just starting, and he found the woman and her husband together. The woman said: “You have been a long time fetching this pot.” So he put it on his head and went away, not in the least comprehending what the situation was. And as he was ruminating over the matter and saying, “How is this, etc.,” the man on his head said, “Which way will he go?” He asked, “Who is that talking on my head?” and threw down the pot and broke it and ran away.

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Rh Then the man who had been in the pot called him and explained what had happened. The moral of this is that it is best for each man to get his own wife.

The vulture and the green pigeon were friends, and one day some one told the vulture that the pigeon was sick; so the vulture said, “Why did he not send to me?” So he went to see him; but a man said, “You will not find him alive.” Then a doctor divined for the pigeon and told him he must transfer the sickness to his friend when he came. So the pigeon called the vulture and said he was very bad. The vulture flew past and the pigeon gave him a sickness that lasted three years, and all the feathers fell from his head. Then the vulture said: “If you have a friend who is sick, don’t go too close.”

The leopard was making his farm, and one day begged the animals to come and make heaps for him (for yams); so they got ready and came and made heaps. Presently they had drunk all the water, and some one said: “Who will fetch water?” So the leopard went, and while he was away the tortoise said: “We are fools to work for the leopard who killed our fathers and mothers.” But the others said they did not know. Then the tortoise hid, and the other animals went on working; so the leopard came back and the tortoise spoke from inside the bush: “Waise, it is the leopard who killed our fathers and mothers,” and then he ran away. Then all the animals waved their hoes round their heads and threw them away, saying, “We cannot be friends with leopard, who killed our fathers and mothers.”

Aluloxi (chameleon) and Owuwu (? hornbill) were arguing, and each said he was the bigger man; so each contradicted Rh

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222 the other and they fought. The chameleon said that when he was born the ground was soft, just new, and he asked Owuwu when he was born; and Owuwu said, “When I was born, there was no ground, and no sky.” “How were you born without ground?” “When my father died he was buried in my head; if there had been any ground, I should have buried him there.” So all believed Owuwu and said that he was the head man.

There were two boys who were friends, and they were poor and had no fathers or mothers, and they arranged to steal and sell the stolen property. One night they went out and came to a rich man’s door, and found a hole in the door in which to put the hand to withdraw the bar at the back; so one, boy put his hand in, and the owner saw it and took a cutlass and cut off the boy’s arm at the elbow. Then the boy told the other that the bar was too heavy; so he put his arm in and the owner cut his hand off too. So he asked the other boy why he had not told him and he said, “It’s no use for you to have two hands and me only one.” So each had only one hand.

There was once a boy without a name, so he called himself Ilefo (I know all) and his father agreed. One day the boy made a trap for animals and found a rat in it the next day; it was not dead, so he took it and let it go, because it was too nice to be killed. Then his father made palaver because he had let go a rat that he might have eaten. So he said he would catch another the next day. At daybreak he found a squirrel in the trap and the same thing happened; and a bush rat, a snake, and so on. Then his father fell sick, and said if his son did so, he would have no one to feed him; and his father died and the son buried him.

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Rh But he first of all cut off one finger and said, “I will show it to the king; if he knows, he will kill me; if not, we will divide his property.” But he did not know that one of the king’s wives was standing behind him and heard him. Then he took the finger and went to the king, and the king came out; so he brought out his parcel and said, “If you know, you will kill me; if you don’t, we will divide your property.” So the king said, “I can’t answer you yet; come in five days.” In five days the king asked him, “Shall I kill you if I prove this thing?” so the boy agreed, and the king said it was his father’s finger.

Then the king shut the boy up and said, “To-morrow I sacrifice you to ehi”; so the boy sat down, and then he saw a rat and asked what it was. So the rat said, “Who are you?” and he said, “I am Ilefo who caught you and let you go.” Then followed explanations, and the rat sat down there. The squirrel, bush rat and snake came and did likewise, and they all consulted; and the snake told the bush rat to dig a hole to the place where the king kept his ehi; so the hole was dug, and the snake went there and put his head out. At daybreak the king called his eldest daughter and told her to rub Aluehi (the shrine of ehi), and as she was rubbing it with chalk the snake bit her hand; so the girl fell dead. And a man saw her lying there and told the king, and he sent another daughter; and she was bitten and died; so the king lamented and wanted to die too; but they held him back. Then Ilefo said he could get a leaf that would recall both the girls to life, and a boy heard him talking and went and told the king. The snake gave the medicine to the boy and told him to mix it with the blood of a woman whose nose had been cut off, and that to get the blood they must cut off her head. Then the king went to the prison and offered a share of his property to the boy if he would recall his daughters to life; so he released the boy, and he went out to wash and came back and got ready. So he told the king he wanted the blood

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224 of a woman whose nose had been cut off; so they brought the woman who had told the king about him and cut off her head; and the boy made medicine and smeared it on the girls’ faces and put it in their mouths and noses; and first one girl sneezed and awoke and then the other. So the king said he would not kill the boy; and he gave him two hundred cows and two hundred goats and two hundred slaves and women and fowls, and made him head chief.

There was a boy without a name, who called himself Ilefo, and the king sent for him and asked his name, and the boy said he knew everything in the world; so the king told him to come again in five days. Then the king called a meeting and put questions to the boy and the boy agreed to perform a task. So the king told him to go to the sky and call the things that live there. When the boy asked their names the king said he knew all, so there was no need to say.

So the boy started and found the birds holding a meeting, and some said, “Kill him,” and some said, “Catch him,” and some said, “Drive him away”; so he explained what he was doing and asked them for help. And the birds were sorry for him and promised their aid; so each pulled out a feather, put it on the boy and turned him into a bird; then they told him to fly to the king’s veranda and perch there, for some one would tell the king and you will hear what he says. So the boy did so.

Then he perched on a post in the king’s house and a boy told the king; so the king came out and said he had never seen the like. So he rang a bell and the town came and the king asked, “Who can tell me the name of this bird”? but no one knew. Then the king said he was sorry he had sent Ilefo to get the sun and moon, for he might know.

So Ilefo flew back and gave the birds their feathers again. Then he went to the sky and called the sun and moon,

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Rh saying that the king wanted them. When he returned he told the king, and said he must call a meeting. So he said he had been to the sky and called them; and one said, “To-morrow morning,” and the other said, “To-morrow evening.” So they all said he was Ilefo. Then the king divided his property and gave half to the boy and made him a chief. So at dawn we see the sun come and in the evening the moon.

The tortoise has more sense than all the animals; one day Ulo (? chimpanzee) sent to the animals to come and salute him; and when they got there, he took ọxọya and gave it to them for kola. When they were sharing it the tortoise said he was small and would take last, and others could break the fruit for him and give him half; so each broke ọxọya and took his own and gave the tortoise half. So the tortoise got more than any one, as much as all the others put together.

Owo of Ime was a doctor, and there was no medicine he did not know. He could cut open his belly and rub it with medicine, and the wound left no mark; and could take anything out of his body. One day he called the town together and began to dance. He said he could do anything by means of medicine, but he had never been to the sky; and the people said those who went there never came back. So he said he would try, and if he succeeded he would tell them what elimi was like. So he said, “If the rain there is white, elimi is better; if not, this world is better.” So he took a spindle and beat a drum, and said that as he was doing, so they must do after he was gone, and continue doing so as long as they could see him. So

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226 he sang, “I o ho go, i e ho go,” and threw the spindle up so that the thread remained on the ground; then he climbed up it, beating the drum with one hand and reached the sky; and in elimi rain began to fall and it was white chalk, and when he saw it he said elimi was better.

Once Ijẹba was at war with the Ora country, and they took and shut up a man of Ugboviatọ and water flowed from the house in which they put him, and the house became the river Owan. So they divined and decided to set him free, and gave him a white cloth and sent him home. His name is Ozobo; he puts chalk on his body and goes to the bottom of the river and speaks with elimi, and when he comes out he is quite dry.

Once there was a man who had a son, and when it was hungry, it cried for meat; so the father took a fowl and killed it, and the child ate the liver; the next day, it cried for meat again, and he killed a goat, and the child ate the kidneys and liver; the rest of the meat was thrown away. The next day it asked for pork and ate only the kidneys and liver; then it demanded beef and ate the kidneys and liver; the rest of the meat all the town took and divided. Then the child demanded horse meat and the same thing happened. Then it demanded the flesh of its father and mother; but they said, “No,” so the boy cried, “No! Get out.” Then all the town and the chiefs came together and asked why the boy said this; and they were told it came from the fact that the father and mother gave their child all he asked for.

Then the chief saluted the boy and his mother and father, and said to them: “You bore a son; you gave it all it asked for; I fine you £5, mother of the boy; if you do

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Rh not pay, I kill you; I fine you £5, father of the boy; if you don’t pay, I kill you.” So they paid their fines, and the chief took £5 and gave £5 to the big men of the town. From that time on the chief has told the people with children: “You must not give them all they ask for; but take a whip and flog them.”

The dog and the leopard were of the same family and lived in the same house; each bore five pups and the dog said, “Let us make a fine house and keep the cubs inside.” So they did so and put pups and cubs inside. One night the dog got up and begged a hole in a stone for leave to keep its pups there; so the dog took its pups, and then suggested to the leopard that they should kill their children. So the leopard agreed, and as she was the bigger, she killed her children first.

So they ate one; then it was the turn of the dog. So she said: “The day after to-morrow I go to market and then I kill my pups”; so she went to market and bought salt and palm oil and other necessaries. Then she dug up roots and took banana roots, and cut them up small. Next she told the leopard not to stay at home, for pups smelt strong when they were being cut up. But she cooked the banana roots when the time came and then ran to the water side and washed. Then she called the leopard, who asked why she had gone to wash; so she said that she was dirty after slaughtering the pups, and added that they had no bones and the meat was too sweet. So they ate, and the leopard agreed that the meat was too sweet, and the dog replied that dog meat had to be cooked, or it was not sweet; but leopard had to be eaten raw. Then she went to the hole and suckled her pups. This went on till all the pups were said to be killed.

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 Lorentzen, Heidelberg und Umgebung (Stuttgart, 1902); Durm, Das Heidelberger Schloss, eine Studie (Berlin, 1884); Koch and Seitz, Das Heidelberger Schloss (Darmstadt, 1887–1891); J. F. Hautz, Geschichte der Universität Heidelberg (1863–1864); A. Thorbecke, Geschichte der Universität Heidelberg (Stuttgart, 1886); the Urkundenbuch der Universität Heidelberg, edited by Winkelmann (Heidelberg, 1886); Bähr, Die Entführung der Heidelberger Bibliothek nach Rom (Leipzig, 1845); and G. Weber, Heidelberger Erinnerungen (Stuttgart, 1886).

 HEIDELBERG, a town and district of the Transvaal. The district is bounded S. by the Vaal river and includes the south-eastern part of the Witwatersrand gold-fields. The town of Heidelberg is 42 m. S.E. of Johannesburg and 441 m. N.W. of Durban by rail. Pop. (1904), 3220, of whom 1837 were white. It was founded in 1865, is built on the slopes of the Rand at an elevation of 5029 ft., and is reputed the best sanatorium in the colony. It is the centre of the eastern Rand goldmines.  HEIDELBERG CATECHISM, THE, the most attractive of all the catechisms of the Reformation, was drawn up at the bidding of Frederick III., elector of the Palatinate, and published on Tuesday the 19th of January 1563. The new religion in the Palatinate had been largely under the guidance of Philip Melanchthon, who had revived the old university of Heidelberg and staffed it with sympathetic teachers. One of these, Tillemann, Heshusius, who became general superintendent in 1558, held extreme Lutheran views on the Real Presence, and in his desire to force the community into his own position excommunicated his colleague Klebitz, who held Zwinglian views. When the breach was widening Frederick, “der fromme Kurfürst,” came to the succession, dismissed the two chief combatants and referred the trouble to Melanchthon, whose guarded verdict was distinctly Swiss rather than Lutheran. In a decree of August 1560 the elector declared for Calvin and Zwingli, and soon after he resolved to issue a new and unambiguous catechism of the evangelical faith. He entrusted the task to two young men who have won deserved remembrance by their learning and their character alike. Zacharias Ursinus was born at Breslau in July 1534 and attained high honour in the university of Wittenberg. In 1558 he was made rector of the gymnasium in his native town, but the incessant strife with the extreme Lutherans drove him to Zürich, whence Frederick, on the advice of Peter Martyr, summoned him to be professor of theology at Heidelberg and superintendent of the Sapientiae Collegium. He was a man of modest and gentle spirit, not endowed with great preaching gifts, but unwearied in study and consummately able to impart his learning to others. Deposed from his chair by the elector Louis in 1576, he lived with John Casimir at Neustadt and found a congenial sphere in the new seminary there, dying in his 49th year, in March 1583.

Caspar Olevianus was born at Treves in 1536. He gave up law for theology, studied under Calvin in Geneva, Peter Martyr in Zürich, and Beza in Lausanne. Urged by William Farel he preached the new faith in his native city, and when banished therefrom found a home with Frederick of Heidelberg, where he gained high renown as preacher and administrator. His ardour and enthusiasm made him the happy complement of Ursinus. When the reaction came under Louis he was befriended by Ludwig von Sain, prince of Wittgenstein, and John, count of Nassau, in whose city of Herborn he did notable work at the high school until his death on the 15th of March 1587. The elector could have chosen no better men, young as they were, for the task in hand. As a first step each drew up a catechism of his own composition, that of Ursinus being naturally of a more grave and academic turn than the freer production of Olevianus, while each made full use of the earlier catechisms already in use. But when the union was effected it was found that the spirits of the two authors were most happily and harmoniously wedded, the exactness and erudition of the one being blended with the fervency and grace of the other. Thus the Heidelberg Catechism, which was completed within a year of its inception, has an individuality that marks it out from all its predecessors and successors. The Heidelberg synod unanimously approved of it, it was published in January 1563, and in the same year officially turned into Latin by Jos. Lagus and Lambert Pithopoeus.

The ultra-Lutherans attacked the catechism with great bitterness, the assault being led by Heshusius and Flacius Illyricus. Maximilian II. remonstrated against it as an infringement of the peace of Augsburg. A conference was held at Maulbronn in April 1564, and a personal attack was made on the elector at the diet of Augsburg in 1566, but the defence was well sustained, and the Heidelberg book rapidly passed beyond the bounds of the Palatinate (where indeed it suffered eclipse from 1576 to 1583, during the electorate of Louis), and gained an abundant success not only in Germany (Hesse, Anhalt, Brandenburg and Bremen) but also in the Netherlands (1588), and in the Reformed churches of Hungary, Transylvania and Poland. It was officially recognized by the synod of Dort in 1619, passed into France, Britain and America, and probably shares with the De imitatione Christi and The Pilgrim’s Progress the honour of coming next to the Bible in the number of tongues into which it has been translated.

This wide acceptance and high esteem are due largely to an avoidance of polemical and controversial subjects, and even more to an absence of the controversial spirit. There is no mistake about its Protestantism, even when we omit the unhappy addition made to answer 80 by Frederick himself (in indignant reply to the ban pronounced by the Council of Trent), in which the Mass is described as “nothing else than a denial of the one sacrifice and passion of Jesus Christ, and an accursed idolatry”—an addition which is the one blot on the  of the catechism. The work is the product of the best qualities of head and heart, and its prose is frequently marked by all the beauty of a lyric. It follows the plan of the epistle to the Romans (excepting chapters ) and falls into three parts: Sin, Redemption and the New Life. This arrangement alone would mark it out from the normal reformation catechism, which runs along the stereotyped lines of Decalogue, Creed, Lord’s Prayer, Church and Sacraments. These themes are included, but are shown as organically related. The Commandments, e.g. “belong to the first part so far as they are a mirror of our sin and misery, but also to the third part, as being the rule of our new obedience and Christian life.” The Creed—a panorama of the sublime facts of redemption—and the sacraments find their place in the second part; the Lord’s Prayer (with the Decalogue) in the third.

 HEIDELOFF, KARL ALEXANDER VON (1788–1865), German architect, the son of Victor Peter Heideloff, a painter, was born at Stuttgart. He studied at the art academy of his native town, and after following the profession of an architect for some time at Coburg was in 1818 appointed city architect at Nuremberg. In 1822 he became professor at the polytechnic school, holding his post until 1854, and some years later he was chosen conservator of the monuments of art. Heideloff devoted his chief attention to the Gothic style of architecture, and the buildings restored and erected by him at Nuremberg and in its neighbourhood attest both his original skill and his purity of taste. He also achieved some success as a painter in watercolour. He died at Hassfurt on the 28th of September 1865. Among his architectural works should be mentioned the castle of Reinhardsbrunn, the Hall of the Knights in the fortress at Coburg, the castle of Landsberg, the mortuary chapel in Meiningen, the little castle of Rosenburg near Bonn, the chapel of the castle of Rheinstein near Bingen, and the Catholic church in Leipzig. His powers in restoration are shown in the castle of Lichtenstein, the cathedral of Bamberg, and the Knights’ Chapel (Ritter Kapelle) at Hassfurt.

 HEIDENHEIM, a town of Germany, in the kingdom of Württemberg, 31 m. by rail north by east of Ulm. Pop. (1905), 12,173. It has an Evangelical and a Roman Catholic church,

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228 So the leopard killed her cubs, turn and turn about. When all were killed the dog said, “I have eaten all my children; I am going to the bush,” so the leopard agreed. But rain began to fall and wetted the leopard, and it came to the hole where the pups were; so it sat on the top and looked in and the pups growled and it saw them. Then the dog came with meat and explained that she had found her children again, and asked if the cubs had not been found. So she told the leopard to run quickly to the bush and she would find them, so the leopard ran and the dog went to the top of the rock and shouted: “Run, they are just in front.” Then she took the pups out of the hole.

Now in those days people had no dogs in their houses; but the dog took her pups and stayed with a man; she met a hunter and agreed with him. When the leopard went back to the hole she saw nothing. Before that time leopards never killed goats, so the leopard followed the dog and looked in at the door. Then the pups went out, and the leopard caught them and put its hand on them and took it away and smelt it, and said, “They don’t smell; the dog made a fool of me.” So since that day the leopard eats dog and leaves nothing, because it says the dog has no bones.

There were people called Ugbame, and one of them got a wife and made her dress her hair well, and they set out along the road. But a tornado came, and he said that rain must not fall on her hair; so he cut off his wife’s head and kept it; and the woman fell down on the road. So the man said: “Get up and go on”; but she said nothing, so he said, “Oh, well, you can lie there.” When his wife’s family came and asked where she was, he said that rain fell on her hair, and when he took her head off she lay down on the road and did not answer. So her family said: “When

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 guilty of blasphemy, and sentenced to eighteen months' imprisonment in Derby gaol. On 15 Aug. [q. v.] presented a petition to the House of Commons from two hundred citizens of London, expressing ‘disgust and indignation’ at the sentence, and praying for the release of Ward and Twort. Hunt made a violent attack on the government for prosecuting opinions. [q. v.] spoke in favour of the petition. The attorney-general opposed. On Hunt's motion the house was counted out while [q. v.] was speaking. No mitigation of the sentence was obtained, but the confinement, as Ward describes it, was by no means harsh.

Liberated on 3 Feb. 1834, Ward added Bristol to his missionary resorts, and gathered a congregation there. At the end of 1835 he had a paralytic stroke. In October 1836 he settled in Leeds. He died at 91 Park Lane, Leeds, on 12 March 1837. His disposition was gentle, his demeanour modest, and his moral tone high; he was a suasive speaker, and in conversation, as in his writing, showed considerable graphic power and some humour. His attempts at verse are uncouth, but often effective.

Ward's naked illiteracy will repel readers, yet his vein of mysticism is both quaint and curious. He is one of the very few Irish mystics. In addition to the writings of Joanna Southcott and her school, he knew something of (1624–1691) [q. v.] and [q. v.], but most of his ideas are the result of his own ruminations on the Bible. Not only does he treat the sacred narrative as sheer allegory throughout, but handling the English Bible as a divine composition, even to the printed forms of its letters, he elaborates a cabala for eliciting hidden meanings. Similar tricks had been played with the Septuagint in early days, but Ward's manipulation of the English version is unique. His theology is a spiritual pantheism, which allows immortality only to the regenerate.

Of Ward's manuscripts a collection, including 366 pieces, was (1881) in the possession of Mr. C. B. Holinsworth of Birmingham. His printed works include over thirty pieces, among which may be named: In 1874 a ‘jubilee’ edition of his works was projected by Mr. Holinsworth, with title ‘Writings of Zion Ward, or Shiloh, the Spiritual Man;’ only three parts were published, Birmingham, 1874–5, 8vo; but other tracts have been printed separately, e.g. ‘Good and Evil made One,’ 1877, 8vo.
 * 1) ‘Vision of Judgment,’ 1829, 2 parts, 8vo.
 * 2) ‘Living Oracle,’ 1830, 8vo.
 * 3) ‘Book of Letters,’ 1831, 8vo.
 * 4) ‘Discourses at the Rotunda,’ 1831, 8vo.
 * 5) ‘Review of Trial and Sentence,’ 1832, 8vo.
 * 6) ‘Creed,’ 1832, 8vo.
 * 7) ‘Spiritual Alphabet,’ 1833, 8vo.
 * 8) ‘Origin of Evil,’ 1837, 8vo.
 * 9) ‘New Light on the Bible,’ 1873, 8vo.

WARD, JOHN (1805–1890), diplomatist, was born on 28 Aug. 1805 at East Cowes, where his father, John Ward, was collector of customs. His mother was a sister of [q. v.] of Rugby, with whom, as well as with Whately and other liberal political thinkers, Ward, as a young man, was much associated. In 1831 he jointly edited with his uncle the short-lived weekly journal called ‘The Englishman's Register,’ of which Arnold was the proprietor (cf., Life and Correspondence of Dr. Arnold, 1845, i. 285). He abandoned the profession of the law, for which he had been trained, on his appointment in 1837 to an inspectorship of prisons, and in the following year, after acting for some months as private secretary to the first Earl of Durham [see ], became through his influence secretary to the New Zealand Colonization Company, on whose behalf he published in 1839 a lucid account of the resources of the island. He had for many years previously taken a keen interest in the politics, and more especially in the commercial and industrial progress, of France, Belgium, and Germany, and had published articles on both home and foreign affairs in the ‘Edinburgh’ and ‘British and Foreign’ reviews. Early in 1841 he was appointed British commissioner for the revision of the State tolls. In 1844 he was sent to Berlin as British commissioner for the settlement, through the arbitration of the king of Prussia, of the so-called Portendic claims on France, arising out of a blockade by French ships of part of the African coast. In the summer of 1845 Lord Aberdeen appointed him consul-general at Leipzig, with the further commission to visit periodically those places in Germany where the conferences of the Zollverein should be held. At the close of 1850 Lord Palmerston instructed him to act as secretary of legation at Dresden during the diplomatic conferences held in that capital, where he was a close witness of the notable victory achieved by the policy of Austria, represented by Schwarzenberg. In 1854 he attended the Munich exhibition of arts and


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Rh you took her head, she was vexed; that was why she lay down.”

God said that people should not die, and an old woman died in Imiakebu; she was an ẹnabọ wife, so they took her to Igiga, and the people saw them cry and asked what was the matter. So they said crying was sweet. So they told them to buy the body; and when they bought it; they began to die.

(For the ẹnabọ wife see Ẹdo Report, i. 57; she cannot be buried by her husband’s people unless she is purchased, and thus becomes an amọya wife).

A man had a wife and they had seven sons; so they tried ifa (divination) and were told if they wanted a daughter to get a cow and kill it far away where there were no people and eat it there. So they went with the seven sons; but they forgot fire; so when the man killed the cow he looked for the matches and found none. Then Enyagbolimi (a fabulous animal) came and knocked his head on the ground; now his rump was red, so the seventh child said: “There is fire,” and took a piece of bark to get fire from Enyagbolimi; and E. asked why it came and it explained. So the child told him to come to his father. Then the father explained that he had brought a cow to kill, but the land was not his, So he had called E. to whom it belonged. Then he shared the meat with E., who put it in his bag and told the father he had not said why he had called him. So the father said: “If you want all the meat, take it and put it in the second bag.” Then E. asked again and was told to take one of the sons and make soup of him. So he took the boy and asked again. Finally he took all the seven sons and the father and mother.

At home E. had seven children; he hung up the bags

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 manufactures, and wrote a report on the state of technical instruction in Bavaria. In 1857 he was charged with an inquiry into the political condition of the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein, their relations with the Danish crown, and the best remedies for grievances which the promulgation of the joint constitution of 1855 had notoriously augmented. His report, though praised by the prince consort and Lord Stratford de Redcliffe, was left unpublished by Lord Clarendon, and the subsequent course of events prevented any possibility of acting on his recommendation to reorganise the Danish monarchy upon federal principles.

In 1860 Ward, after being made a C.B., had been nominated chargé d'affaires and consul-general for the Hanse Towns and the surrounding parts of Germany, and after in 1865 negotiating, together with Lord Napier and Ettrick, a commercial treaty with the Zollverein, was in the following year raised to the rank of minister-resident. In 1870, owing to the abolition of direct diplomatic relations with the Hanse Towns on their joining the North German federation, he left Hamburg. The remainder of his life he spent in retirement at Dover and in Essex, writing his ‘Reminiscences.’ He died at Dover on 1 Sept. 1890. He married Caroline, daughter of John Bullock, rector of Radwinter, Essex, who survived him until 1905.

[Reminiscences of a Diplomatist, being Recollections of Germany, founded on Diaries kept during the years 1840–70, by John Ward, C.B. 1872; personal knowledge.]

WARD, JOHN (1825–1896), naval captain and surveyor, born in 1825, was son of Lieutenant Edward Willis Ward, R.N. (d. 1855). He entered the navy in 1840 on board the Spey brig, packet-boat to the West Indies and the Gulf of Mexico. In November of the same year the Spey was wrecked on the Bahama bank, and young Ward was sent to the Thunder, then employed in surveying the Bahamas. He passed his examination in December 1848, and was promoted to the rank of lieutenant on 2 Oct. 1850. During 1851–3 he was borne on the books of the Fisgard for surveying duties, and in March 1854 was appointed to the Alban steamer, then commanded by Captain Henry Charles Otter, and attached to the fleet in the Baltic, where she did good service in destroying telegraphs and in reconnoitring in the neighbourhood of Sveaborg and at Bomarsund. In 1855–6 he was with Otter in the Firefly, surveying on the coast of Scotland, and in February 1857 was appointed to command the Emperor, a steam-yacht going out as a present to the emperor of Japan. In this yacht he went with Lord Elgin to Yeddo, in August 1858, and, when the vessel had been handed over to the Japanese, returned to Shanghai in the Retribution.

On 24 Sept. he was promoted to command the Actæon, surveying ship, and in the Actæon's tender, the Dove gunboat, he accompanied Lord Elgin in his remarkable voyage up the Yang-tse [see ], rendering important assistance in examining the navigable channels of the river. For the next three years he commanded the Actæon, and in her surveyed the coast of the Gulf of Pe-che-li, including the harbours of Wei-hai-wei and Ta-lien-wan, till then unknown, as also the Yang-tse for two hundred miles above Han-kow. For two years after paying off the Actæon in the end of 1861, he was employed at the hydrographic office in reducing the work of the survey, and in March 1864 he was appointed to the Rifleman to continue the survey of the China Seas. In 1866 his health gave way, and he was obliged to return to England. He had no further service, and in 1870 accepted the new retirement scheme. On 24 Sept. 1873 he was promoted to be captain on the retired list, and died in London on 20 Jan. 1896, at the age of seventy. He married, in 1852, Mary Hope, daughter of John Bowie of Edinburgh, and left issue.

[Dawson's Memoirs of Hydrography, with a list of the charts drawn from Ward's surveys, ii. 160; Annual Register, 1896, ii. 136; Times, 22 Jan. 1896; Oliphant's Narrative of Lord Elgin's Mission to China and Japan, vol. ii. chaps. xiv–xxi.; Navy Lists.]

WARD, JOHN WILLIAM, first of Castle Dudley, and fourth  and  (1781–1833), only child of William, third viscount Dudley and Ward, by his wife Julia, second daughter of Godfrey Bosvile of Thorpe and Gunthwaite in Yorkshire, was born on 9 Aug. 1781. His ancestor, Humble Ward, son of William Ward, jeweller to Henrietta Maria, married Frances, granddaughter of Edward Sutton, baron Dudley, and baroness Dudley in her own right, and was on 23 March 1644 created Baron Ward [see under. His son Edward succeeded to the baronies of Ward and Dudley, and Edward's grandnephew John (d. 1774) was created on 23 April 1763 Viscount Dudley and Ward, and was succeeded in turn as second and third viscounts by his two sons—John, who died without issue in


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 CHAPTER III.

1800–1840.

is no sharp line of division between the 18th and the 19th centuries; the phytotomists who appear on the scene during the first years of the new century are scarcely more successful than Hedwig and Wolff; careful and judicious interpretation of their own and others' observations is still rare, and they are often misled by preconceived opinions.

In one respect indeed a very great improvement appeared with the commencement of the 19th century; the number of phytotomists working contemporaneously, checking and criticising one another, became all at once much larger. Hitherto ten or twenty years had intervened between every two works on phytotomy; but in the course of the twelve years after 1800 nearly as many publications followed one another, and scientific discussion enlivened enquiry. Now we meet with a Frenchman for the first time in the field of phytotomy, Brisseau Mirbel, who brought out his 'Traité d' Anatomie et de Physiologic Végétale' in 1802, and raised a series of questions in the discussion of which several German botanists, Kurt Sprengel (1802), Bernhardi (1805), Treviranus (1806), Link and Rudolphi (1807), at once took part. It was a step in advance and one affecting all botanical studies, that with the exception of Rudolphi all these men, like Hedwig before them, were botanists by profession; it was at last felt


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 1778; and William, the father of the subject of this article.

John William was educated by various private tutors, who were changed by his father with injudicious frequency. He was allowed neither playmates nor sports, and his precocious talents were taxed by unremitting study. Eventually a separate establishment was maintained for him at Paddington, where he was placed in the care of a fellow of New College, Oxford, named Edward James, until he went to Oxford. He matriculated from Oriel College on 17 Oct. 1799, graduated B.A. from Corpus Christi College on 16 June 1802, and proceeded M.A. on 14 Jan. 1813. Subsequently he was sent to Edinburgh, and became a resident pupil of Dugald Stewart's, with Lord Lansdowne, Lord Palmerston, and Lord Ashburton.

On 7 July 1802 he was returned member of parliament for Downton in Wiltshire. He acted in general with the tory party. He was a follower of Pitt, and Canning was his intimate friend; but he adhered with Lord Grenville to the side of Fox in 1804, and subsequently became an adherent of Canning. On 1 Aug. 1803 he accepted the Chiltern Hundreds in order to stand for Worcestershire at a by-election, and was returned without opposition. On 31 Oct. 1806 he was returned for Petersfield in Hampshire, and on 7 May 1807 for Wareham in Dorset. On 6 Oct. 1812 he was returned for Ilchester in Somerset, and on 8 April 1819, after being out of parliament for about half a year, for Bossiney in Cornwall. This seat he retained until 25 April 1823, when he succeeded his father in the peerage.

Though the House of Commons could not overlook his great talents, he never gained much influence, speaking seldom there, and with little effect. He was chairman of the committee on sinecures in 1810. As early as 1814 he was offered office, but declined it. He was in Paris and Italy from May 1814 to the end of 1815, in Vienna for some three months in 1817, and nearly nine months on the continent between September 1821 and June 1822. In 1822 Canning pressed him to accept the under-secretaryship of foreign affairs. This, after considerable hesitation, he declined, partly because he thought an under-secretaryship beneath his dignity.

In 1827 he was appointed foreign minister in Canning's administration, being sworn of the privy council on 30 April, and created Earl of Dudley of Dudley Castle on 24 Sept. As foreign secretary he was in many respects little more than Canning's mouthpiece, and his independent conduct of affairs—for example, in his dealings with Portugal—was not brilliant (see Edinburgh Review, liv. 419). He continued in office under the Duke of Wellington at the beginning of 1828, but resigned with the other Canningites—Huskisson, Palmerston, and Grant—in May, and was succeeded by Lord Aberdeen. He held no further office, though the court desired him to accept the post of lord privy seal (Letters of Earl Grey to Princess Lieven, i. 201). While at the foreign office he was chiefly occupied with the affairs of Greece, and it was he who signed the treaty of 6 July 1827 between Great Britain, France, and Russia for the pacification of Greece. It is said that shortly before Navarino, in absence of mind, he put a despatch for the French ambassador into an envelope addressed to the Russian ambassador. Prince Lieven returned it, saying that of course he had not read it, but firmly believed the step to have been a diplomatic trap laid for him by Lord Dudley, whom he admired accordingly. His only further public activity was a very vehement resistance to the first Reform Bill in 1831.

Eccentricity Lord Dudley had inherited from his father, and perhaps from his mother, who in her later days was intemperate. He was always shy, but as he grew older his manner became noticeably strange. He was given to soliloquies—a habit said to have been caught from Dugald Stewart—and as he rehearsed to himself what he was going to say to others in two voices, a gruff and a shrill one (, Memoirs, iv. 87), it was said, ‘It is only Dudley talking to Ward.’ His absence of mind, even when entertaining friends, as he constantly did, gave rise to numberless stories. On 3 March 1832 his behaviour to his guests at dinner at his house in Park Lane was so strange that one of them, Sir Henry Halford [q. v.], intervened, and eventually ordered him to be placed under restraint at Norwood in Surrey, where, after a stroke of paralysis, he died unmarried on 6 March 1833. On his death the earldom and viscountcy became extinct; the barony passed to his second cousin, William Humble Ward, tenth baron (1781–1835), on whom he had settled 4,000l. per annum, and the greater part of his vast fortune of 80,000l. a year he left to his heir's eldest son, William (1817–1885), who was created a viscount and earl on 17 Feb. 1860, and was father of the present earl.

Lord Dudley's natural talents were great, and he was a highly educated, industrious, and well-read man. He was a good scholar, knew Virgil almost by heart, and capped quotations from the ‘Æneid’ with Louis XVIII till the king owned him-


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 self vanquished. His retort about Napoleon in 1817 to Metternich, whom he personally disliked, ‘Il a rendu la gloire passée douteuse et la renommée future impossible,’ is well known; and the mot that ‘even worse than the cant of patriotism is its recant,’ often attributed to Russell, is also ascribed to him.

He had considerable talents as a writer, and contributed several articles to the ‘Quarterly Review,’ notably an estimate of Horne Tooke, whom he had known when he was young, a review of Rogers's ‘Columbus,’ which he attacked (ix. 207), and an article on Fox (ix. 313). Rogers avenged Dudley's critical censures in the epigram: Ward has no heart, they say, but I deny it; He has a heart, and gets his speeches by it (, Rogers and his Contemporaries, i. 122). Dudley's letters to Copleston, bishop of Llandaff, were edited by the bishop and published in 1840 by John Murray, whom Dudley had long known (Memoirs of John Murray, ii. 443). The portrait prefixed to this book is said to be a bad one (Quarterly Review, lxvi. 78).

[Gent. Mag. 1833, i. 367; Raikes's Journal; Greville Memoirs, 1st ser.; Lord Colchester's Diaries; Croker Papers, ii. 170; Moore's Life of Byron, passim; Edinburgh Review, lxvii. 79.]

WARD, JOSHUA (1685–1761), quack-doctor, born in 1685, was descended from the family of Ward of Wolverston Hall in Suffolk. Beyond the doubtful statement that he began life as a drysalter in London in Thames Street, in partnership with his brother William, nothing is known of his earlier years. On 27 Jan. 1716–17 he was returned to parliament for Marlborough, but on 13 May 1717 his name was erased by order of the House of Commons, and that of Gabriel Roberts substituted, on the ground that he had been improperly returned, a conclusion hardly surprising, since he had not received a single vote. Previously to his deprivation, however, he had fled to France, perhaps on account of some share in the rising of 1715. He took refuge at St. Germain, and afterwards among the English colony at Dunkirk. In France he supported himself chiefly by the sale of his famous ‘drop and pill,’ with which he professed to cure every human malady. Towards the close of his residence in France he incurred the displeasure of the authorities, and was only saved from imprisonment in the Bastille by the good offices of John Page, afterwards member of parliament for Chichester, and secretary of the treasury.

Ward's drop was first made known in England by Sir Thomas Robinson [q. v.], ‘long Sir Thomas,’ whose zeal was ridiculed in verse by Sir Charles Hanbury-Williams (Poems, 1822, ii. 1). About the end of 1733 Ward obtained a pardon from George II and returned to England. By extensive advertisement and by the accomplishment of some startling cures he soon became famous, and secured for his pill and drop an enormous sale. He enjoyed the patronage of the king, whose immediate displeasure and more lasting esteem he won by curing his dislocated thumb with a violent wrench. George allowed him an apartment in the almonry office, Whitehall, where he ministered to the poor at his majesty's expense. Chesterfield was one of his patrons, and Gibbon enumerates him among those by whom his youth was tortured or relieved (Autobiography). The dying Henry Fielding also consulted him for his ailments, and paid a high tribute to his kindness and sagacity in his ‘Voyage to Lisbon,’ though he was compelled to acknowledge that in his own case Ward's medicines ‘had seldom any perceptible operation,’ and ‘that Mr. Ward declared it was as vain to attempt sweating him as a deal board.’ Ward's most enthusiastic patron, however, was Lieutenant-general Churchill, who rendered him great service by extolling his wares among the aristocracy (cf., Poems, i. 236).

Ward purchased three houses in Pimlico, near St. James's Park, and converted them into a hospital for his poor patients, to whom he showed great generosity. For their benefit he took another house in the city, in Threadneedle Street. Large crowds resorted to him daily, and it became the habit of many ladies of fashion to sit before his doors distributing his medicine to all comers. This extraordinary success was not relished by more regular practitioners. Churchill, when asked by Queen Caroline whether it was true that Ward's medicine had made a man mad, replied ‘Yes, madam: Dr. Mead’ (, Reprint of Miscellaneous Works and Memoirs of Chesterfield, ii. 1, 50, 79). From the close of 1734 Ward was constantly attacked in prose and verse. On 28 Nov. 1734 a writer in the ‘Daily Courant’ declared the pill and drop part of a plot to introduce popery into England, basing his suspicions on the long residence of Ward in France, and on the zeal of the Roman catholic Lady Gage in distributing his pill. On the same day the ‘Grub Street Journal’ commenced a violent attack on Ward's remedy, for which he unsuccessfully proceeded against the proprietor in the


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reference to Mr. H. A. Rose's note on "The Language of Gesture," it may be of interest to say that Bengali dictionaries commonly cite and describe the 22 commonest mudrās used by Hindus when praying, bathing, and performing other ceremonial rites.

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Rh

Perhaps some Hindu member of the Society will kindly explain what the ritual meaning of these gestures is.

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