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  Watson's Memoirs of the Earls of Warren and Sussex, i. 174–224, elaborate but uncritical; G. E. C[okayne]'s Complete Peerage, vii. 327; Doyle's Official Baronage, iii. 470–71.]

 WARFORD alias WARNEFORD and WALFORD, WILLIAM (1560–1608), jesuit, born at Bristol in 1560, was admitted a scholar of Trinity College, Oxford, on 13 June 1576, graduated B.A. on 22 March 1577–8, was elected a fellow of his college in 1578, and graduated M.A. on 30 March 1582. He joined the Roman catholic church at Rheims on 7 Nov. 1582, and entered the English College at Rome to repeat his studies and make his theology on 1 Oct. 1583. He took with him from Dr. Barret, the president of Douay College (then at Rheims), a brilliant character for virtue and learning. He was ordained priest at Rome in December 1584, and he remained there in the household of Cardinal Allen till 1588. After a visit to Spain he was sent to England on the mission in 1591, and he entered the Society of Jesus in 1594. He was penitentiary at St. Peter's, Rome, for some time, and left that city on 18 Aug. 1599 for Spain. He died in the English College at Valladolid on 3 Nov. (N.S.) 1608. He was the author of: 1. ‘An Account of several English Martyrs’ with whom he had been acquainted since 1578. This manuscript, written about 1597, is in Father Christopher Grene's collection (M. fol. 137) at Stonyhurst. 2. ‘A Briefe Instruction by Way of Dialogue concerninge the Principall Poyntes of Christian Religion, gathered out of the Holy Scriptures, Fathers, and Councels. By George Doulye, Priest,’ Seville, 1600, 12mo; [St. Omer], 1616 and 1637, 8vo. A Latin translation by the jesuit father Thomas More appeared at St. Omer in 1617. 3. ‘A Briefe Manner of Examination of Conscience for a Generall Confession,’ also published under the pseudonym of George Doulye, Louvain, 1604, 8vo; [St. Omer], 1616, 8vo, and 1637 12mo.

[De Backer's Bibl. des Ecrivains de la Compagnie de Jésus; Dodd's Church Hist. ii. 420; Foley's Records, iii. 428, iv. 574, vi. 162, vii. 815; Foster's Alumni Oxon. early ser. iv. 1572; Notes and Queries, 3rd ser. ix. 38; Oxford Univ. Register, vol. ii. pt. ii. p. 57, pt. iii. p. 74; Southwell's Bibl. Scriptorum Soc. Jesu, p. 321; Wood's Athenæ Oxon. (Bliss) ii. 45, and Fasti, i. 206, 221.]  WARHAM, WILLIAM (1450?–1532), archbishop of Canterbury, born about 1450, belonged to a good family in Hampshire settled at Malshanger in the parish of Church Oakley. His father's name, according to Wood, was Robert. He was educated at Wykeham's school, and passed from Winchester to New College, Oxford, where he became a fellow in 1475. He left New College in 1488 after taking at Oxford the degree of LL.D. (which in 1500 was conferred on him by Cambridge also), came to London, and became an advocate in the court of arches. Soon afterwards he was chosen principal or moderator of the civil law school at Oxford. In 1490 he probably visited Rome as one of the proctors of Alcock, bishop of Ely, under a commission dated 26 Feb. 1489–90. In April 1491 he was sent with others to a diet at Antwerp to settle disputes with the Hanse merchants. In July 1493 he was sent on embassy along with Sir Edward Poynings [q. v.] to Flanders to remonstrate with the young archduke's council on the support given to Perkin Warbeck [q. v.] by Margaret, duchess of Burgundy [q. v.] He is said to have done so in a remarkably telling speech, but the remonstrance was fruitless. Two months after this, on 21 Sept., he appears to have been ordained subdeacon by Bishop William Smith or Smyth [q. v.] at Lichfield, under letters dimissory from the bishop of Hereford (, Life of Bishop Smyth, p. 217), and on 2 Nov. he was made precentor of Wells. On 13 Feb. 1494 he was appointed master of the rolls, and he was one of the officials who attended at Westminster on 1 Nov. following at the creation of Prince Henry as Duke of York. On 1 April 1495 he was instituted rector of Barley in Hertfordshire, a living generally in the gift of the abbess of Chatteris in the Isle of Ely, who also presented him in 1500 to the rectory of Cottenham, near Cambridge, which he held along with Barley, probably till he was made bishop of London. An inscription, now lost, which was placed, while he was rector, in a window of Barley church, seems to speak of him as canon of St. Paul's, master of the rolls, and chancellor at the same time (, Funeral Monuments, ed. 1631, p. 547). But it has evidently been transcribed inaccurately, ‘Cancellarii’ is a misreading of ‘Cancellariæ’ following ‘Rotulorum,’ and Warham's name does not occur in any list of canons and prebendaries of St. Paul's.

On 5 March 1496 Warham was commissioned to treat with De Puebla, the Spanish ambassador, for the marriage of Prince Arthur with Catherine of Arragon. On 28 April he was appointed archdeacon of Huntingdon. On 4 July 1497 he was associated with Richard Foxe [q. v.], bishop of Durham, in an embassy to Scotland to demand of James IV the surrender of Perkin Warbeck


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 and other terms (, 1st edit. xii. 677). But Warbeck must have quitted Scotland by about the time the commissioners arrived there, and peace between the two countries was ultimately made in September by other commissioners, of whom Warham still was one. From 1496 to 1499 he was on frequent commissions for making treaties or settling commercial disputes with Burgundy and with the town of Riga. In March 1499 he was engaged at Calais, along with Fitzjames, bishop of Rochester, and Richard Hatton, in negotiating with commissioners of the Archduke Philip a treaty for the export of wool to Flanders. In May he was again sent oversea with Dr. Middleton on a mission to Maximilian, king of the Romans. In September 1501 he was sent with Charles Somerset (afterwards Earl of Worcester) [q. v.] on another mission to Maximilian, who had intimated his willingness to renew a league with England, and his strong desire for fifty thousand crowns for a war against the Turks. This Henry was for his part inclined to grant if he could only bind Maximilian to give up English refugees, especially Edmund De la Pole [q. v.] The negotiations were prolonged into the following spring, and continued with Maximilian's commissioners in the Low Countries, but only led at last to a treaty on 20 June 1502. Warham meanwhile had been elected bishop of London in his absence (October 1501), but he was not consecrated till 25 Sept. 1502, and it was only on 1 Oct. following that the temporalities were formally restored to him, though virtually he enjoyed them by a special grant of 25 Dec. 1501. While bishop-elect he resigned the mastership of the rolls on 1 Feb., and was made on 11 Aug. keeper of the great seal, a title which he exchanged for that of lord chancellor on 21 Jan. 1504. By that date, again, he had become archbishop-elect of Canterbury, having been translated by a bull of Julius II on 29 Nov. 1503. He took his oath to the pope at St. Stephen's, Westminster, on 23 Jan. 1504, and received the pall at Lambeth on 2 Feb. following (, Anglia Sacra, i. 124). He was enthroned with great magnificence on 9 March.

In February 1506, when Philip, king of Castile, driven on the English coast by tempest, was entertained by Henry VII at Windsor, invested with the Garter, and compelled to make a treaty, the archbishop took part in the different functions. On 20 March he was principal negotiator in the treaty for Henry VII's marriage to Margaret of Savoy. On 28 May of the same year he was elected chancellor of Oxford University, an office which he held till his death. On 3 Feb. 1508 he promulgated a code of statutes for his court of audience, calculated to check abuses. In December following he had again ceremonial duties thrust upon him in receiving the great Flemish embassy for the marriage of the king's daughter Mary to Prince Charles of Castile (‘The Spouselles of the Lady Marye’ in Camden Miscellany, vol. ix., Camden Soc.). He was always a good orator on such occasions; and his speeches, or sermons, as chancellor, at the opening of the first three parliaments of Henry VIII (in 1510, 1512, and 1515) appear to have given very great satisfaction.

On 24 June 1509 he crowned Henry and Catherine of Arragon at Westminster. In 1510 he was appointed by Julius II to present the golden rose to the king, and in 1514, when Leo X sent Henry a cap and sword, the archbishop received the ambassador, and, after singing mass, put the cap on the king's head and girt the sword about him. Meanwhile, in 1512, he was involved in a controversy with his suffragans, who complained of new encroachments on their jurisdiction by the prerogative of Canterbury. In this the lead was taken by Richard Foxe [q. v.], bishop of Winchester. Warham was no doubt jealous of the rights of his see, and the controversy is said to have been a hot one. The case was referred to Rome, and afterwards, by agreement, to the king, who seems to have arranged a compromise. But whatever may have been Warham's conduct in this matter, there is no doubt of his private munificence, especially in the case of Erasmus, to whom in 1509 he sent 5l. (a large sum then) and the promise of a living to induce him to come and settle in England. He afterwards sent Erasmus repeated presents of 10l., 20l., and even 40l. at a time—the lowest of these sums being quite equal to 100l. now. On Sunday, 13 Aug. 1514, he preached a sermon at the proxy marriage of the king's sister Mary to Louis XII of France. It was from his hands that Wolsey in November 1515 received his cardinal's hat at Westminster Abbey; and when the new-made cardinal left the church with his cross borne before him the archbishop followed, no longer preceded, as usual, by the cross of Canterbury. Another change very shortly followed. On 22 Dec. he delivered up the great seal, and Wolsey was made lord chancellor in his place. For years he had been seeking to resign the burden, and both he and Foxe, who about the same time resigned the office of privy seal, disliked the king's policy in secretly aiding the emperor against France and Venice.

In 1518 Warham received Cardinal

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Rh 'What is thy fault, sweet Isabel?'

'Thou hast revealed Isabel to thy mother, Pierre.'

'I have not, Isabel. Mrs. Glendinning knows not thy secret at all.'

'Mrs. Glendinning?—that's,—that's thine own mother, Pierre! In heaven's name, my brother, explain thyself. Knows not my secret, and yet thou here so suddenly, and with such a fatal aspect? Come, come with me into the house. Quick, Pierre, why dost thou not stir? Oh, my God! if mad myself sometimes, I am to make mad him who loves me best, and who, I fear, has in some way ruined himself for me;—then, let me no more stand upright on this sod, but fall prone beneath it, that I may be hidden! Tell me!' catching Pierre's arms in both her frantic hands—'tell me, do I blast where I look? is my face Gorgon's?'

'Nay, sweet Isabel; but it hath a more sovereign power; that turned to stone; thine might turn white marble into mother's milk.'

'Come with me—come quickly.'

They passed into the dairy, and sat down on a bench by the honeysuckled casement.

'Pierre, forever fatal and accursed be the day my longing heart called thee to me, if now, in the very springtime of our related love, thou art minded to play deceivingly with me, even though thou shouldst fancy it for my good. Speak to me; oh speak to me, my brother!'

'Thou hintest of deceiving one for one's good. Now supposing, sweet Isabel, that in no case would I affirmatively deceive thee;—in no case whatever;—wouldst thou then be willing for thee and me to piously deceive others, for both their and our united good?—Thou sayest nothing. Now, then, is it my turn, sweet Isabel, to bid thee speak to me, oh speak to me!'

'That unknown, approaching thing, seemeth ever ill,

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The New International Encyclopædia/Sybel, Heinrich von

SYBEL, zḗ'bĕl, (1817-95). A German historian, born at Düsseldorf, December 2, 1817. He studied four years at Berlin and at Bonn, and in 1841 published his first work, the Geschichte des ersten Kreuzzugs. In 1844 he was made professor extraordinary at Bonn and two years later went to Marburg as professor in ordinary. It was there that he wrote his Geschichte der Revolutionszeit von 1789 bis 1795 (1853-58), the most important of his works with one exception. In 1856 he became professor at Munich, where he instituted the historical commission of the Royal Bavarian Academy and founded the Historische Zeitschrift, and in 1861 was appointed professor at Bonn. He was made director of Prussian archives in 1875 and thus had access to the most valuable material for his chief work, Die Begründung des deutschen Reichs (Munich, 1889-94; trans. by Perrin, New York, 1890-97). Sybel was from 1862 to 1864 and from 1874 to 1880 a member of the Prussian Diet, and in 1867 was elected to the Constituent Reichstag of the North German Confederation. He died at Marburg, August 1, 1895. — His son (1846—) is an archæologist, professor at Marburg since 1877, and author of: Die Mythologie der Ilias (1877); Kritik des ägyptischen Ornaments (1883); Weltgeschichte der Kunst im Altertum (2d ed. 1902), and others.


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264 my brother, which must have unfrank heralds to go before. Oh, Pierre, dear, dear Pierre; be very careful with me! This strange, mysterious, unexampled love between us, makes me all plastic in thy hand. Be very careful with me. I know little out of me. The world seems all one unknown India to me. Look up, look on me, Pierre; say now, thou wilt be very careful; say so, say so, Pierre!'

'If the most exquisite, and fragile filagree of Genoa be carefully handled by its artisan; if sacred nature carefully folds, and warms, and by inconceivable attentivenesses eggs round and round her minute and marvellous embryoes; then, Isabel, do I most carefully and most tenderly egg thee, gentlest one, and the fate of thee! Short of the great God, Isabel, there lives none who will be more careful with thee, more infinitely considerate and delicate with thee.'

'From my deepest heart, do I believe thee, Pierre. Yet thou mayest be very delicate in some point, where delicateness is not all essential, and in some quick impulsive hour, omit thy fullest needfulness somewhere where heedlessness were most fatal. Nay, nay, my brother; bleach these locks snow-white, thou sun! if I have any thought to reproach thee, Pierre, or betray distrust of thee. But earnestness must sometimes seem suspicious, else it is none. Pierre, Pierre, all thy aspect speaks eloquently of some already executed resolution, born in suddenness. Since I last saw thee, Pierre, some deed irrevocable has been done by thee. My soul is stiff and starched to it; now tell me what it is?'

'Thou, and I, and Delly Ulver, to-morrow morning depart this whole neighbourhood, and go to the distant city.—That is it.'

'No more?'

'Is it not enough?'

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 at Canterbury on his first coming to England as legate. This mission was to obtain aid for a crusade against the Turks—a project for which the convocation of Canterbury had some years before refused to make any grant. And Campeggio was only allowed to enter the country after legatine authority had been conferred also upon Wolsey, who had long set his heart on it. The result was that for some time afterwards Warham's jurisdiction as archbishop was encroached upon by Wolsey as legate. In May 1520, when Charles V first landed in England, Warham received him and the king at Canterbury, where the hall of his palace was partitioned for the banquet. The archbishop immediately afterwards went over to Henry VIII, meeting Francis I at the Field of the Cloth of Gold, and was also present at the second meeting with the emperor at Gravelines, attended by ten horsemen and ten men on foot. Next year (1521) there was much outcry about Lutheranism in England, with which it was said that Oxford was infected; but Warham, as chancellor of the university, replying to Wolsey's letter on the subject, believed that the evil was limited to a few indiscreet persons. He witnessed, however, along with other bishops at St. Paul's the burning of some Lutheran volumes on 12 May before Wolsey and the pope's nuncio. In January 1522 he writes to thank Wolsey for getting Tunstall promoted to the see of London, rejoicing that the king gave great preferments to learned men.

In May 1522 Warham received notice at Oxford of the emperor's determination to land in England, but was unable from illness to be at Canterbury to meet him. Later in the year he had the duty imposed on him of setting watches on the Kentish coast, and preparing for defence against invasion. On 23 Jan. 1523 he made an agreement with Wolsey about testamentary jurisdiction. It does not appear to have turned out satisfactorily; for in this, as in other things, there was always a good deal of friction between the legatine authority and the ordinary jurisdiction of the southern archbishop. In 1518, indeed, at the very commencement of Wolsey's legateship, the cardinal wrote the archbishop a seemingly censorious rebuke for having dared to call a council of his suffragans about reforms in the church without reference to the legatine authority (, iii. 660, cp. pp. 661, 681). But this was probably a mere official proceeding. The archbishop exercised his authority in the first place, and then the legate overruled the archbishop. Another instance of the same thing occurred in this year (1523), when Wolsey, as legate, cited to Westminster a convocation summoned by the archbishop to meet at St. Paul's. A satirical distich was written by Skelton on the occurrence, and doubtless the new jurisdiction was not very popular. But Warham's disputes with Wolsey, though sometimes referred to the king and sometimes to Rome, were never personal, as Polydore Vergil insinuates that they were. On the contrary, his letters repeatedly declare his sense of Wolsey's kindness; and just before this agreement about testamentary jurisdiction, he being too ill to wait upon the cardinal, Wolsey offered him quarters at Hampton Court, and urged him to be careful to live in a high and dry situation.

On 2 Nov. commissions were sent into the different counties to press the country gentlemen to anticipate their payment of the subsidy granted by parliament for the war, and Warham was chief commissioner in Kent. Next year a loan was demanded in addition to the subsidy, and the king asked the archbishop for a thousand marks by royal letter dated 6 Sept. 16 Hen. VIII (1524). Warham with some difficulty furnished this amount on 27 Oct., but meanwhile, although troubled with an ‘old disease in his head,’ was compelled to press similar demands from the king on the clergy and laity in Kent—the money to be gathered in at Michaelmas (in the Calendar of Henry VIII, vol. iv., No. 1662 seems to belong to the year 1524, and also No. 4631 which is placed in 1528). In the spring of 1525, after the news of Francis I's capture at Pavia, people were again pressed for further contributions in the shape of an amicable grant. Warham had to feel the pulse of both clergy and laity in this matter in Kent, and he reported their general inability to contribute. Some, indeed, were impatient with Wolsey, whom they supposed to be the author of this exaction, and called Warham behind his back an old fool for submitting to it. Shortly afterwards Warham congratulated Wolsey on the wisdom of his mediation with the king for a mitigation of the demand, which ultimately led to its withdrawal. He also in July protested against Wolsey's suspicion that he was in any way responsible for the opposition of the inhabitants of Tunbridge to the dissolution of the priory there for the benefit of Wolsey's college at Oxford.

In May 1527 Warham was Wolsey's assessor in the secret inquiry first instituted as to the validity of the king's marriage with Catherine of Arragon. He was simple enough to believe Wolsey's story that the doubt which had been raised proceeded, not from the king but from the bishop of Tarbes, and was pre-


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Rh 'There is something more, Pierre.'

'Thou hast not yet answered a question I put to thee but just now. Bethink thee, Isabel. The deceiving of others by thee and me, in a thing wholly pertaining to ourselves, for their and our united good. Wouldst thou?'

'I would do anything that does not tend to the marring of thy best lasting fortunes, Pierre. What is it thou wouldst have thee and me to do together? I wait; I wait!'

'Let us go into the room of the double-casement, my sister,' said Pierre, rising.

'Nay, then; if it cannot be said here, then can I not do it anywhere, my brother; for it would harm thee.'

'Girl!' cried Pierre, sternly, 'if for thee I have lost'—but he checked himself.

'Lost? for me? Now does the very worst blacken on me. Pierre! Pierre!'

'I was foolish, and sought but to frighten thee, my sister. It was very foolish. Do thou now go on with thine innocent work here, and I will come again a few hours hence. Let me go now.'

He was turning from her, when Isabel sprang forward to him, caught him with both her arms round him, and held him so convulsively, that her hair sideways swept over him, and half concealed him.

'Pierre, if indeed my soul hath cast on thee the same black shadow that my hair now flings on thee; if thou hast lost aught for me; then eternally is Isabel lost to Isabel, and Isabel will not outlive this night. If I am indeed an accursing thing, I will not act the given part, but cheat the air, and die from it. See; I let thee go, lest some poison I know not of distil upon thee from me.'

She slowly drooped, and trembled from him. But Pierre caught her, and supported her.

'Foolish, foolish one. Behold, in the very bodily act

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 pared to have investigated the matter impartially according to the canon laws. In the beginning of July Wolsey, on his way to France, told him that the matter had come to the queen's ears, and that she took it very ill; on which he showed himself astonished that she should have heard anything about it, but said that, however she took it, truth and law must prevail.

In September the king was his guest for a few days at Otford. Next year, on Easter Tuesday, about a hundred Kentish yeomen came to wait on him at Knole, praying him to urge the king to repay the loan which he had undertaken should be refunded. Wolsey, however, intimated that the petition must be absolutely suppressed, as it would embolden others, and Warham felt himself compelled to send to his fellow commissioners, Lord Rochford and Sir Henry Guildford, a man who transcribed the petition and the man in whose hands the original was found.

In the following summer (1528) the archbishop's household was visited so severely by the sweating sickness that one day eighteen persons died of it in four hours. A little later, when the archbishop himself had gone to Canterbury, meaning to stay there over the winter, ill-health obliged him to remove again to Otford, whence he wrote on 21 Sept. to Wolsey, declaring his inability to receive Cardinal Campeggio, as he could not ride three miles on horseback. He feared, moreover, that a return of his old complaint in the head would be dangerous to him. Nevertheless he did go to Canterbury, where he attended the legate and censed him in the church.

Warham happily was not compelled to take any very prominent part in the unpleasant business for which Campeggio came. In the previous spring a bull had been despatched at Rome empowering Wolsey, with Campeggio for assessor, to take cognisance of the question of the king's divorce; but this was only one device out of several, and no use was made of it. When the legate came the king agreed to allow his queen the aid of counsel, of whom Warham was the chief. Of how little value he was in this capacity the queen herself declared some time later to a deputation of noblemen sent to remonstrate with her on having caused the king's citation to Rome. When she said she was friendless in England, the Duke of Norfolk reminded her that she had the very best counsel in the country; to which she replied that they were fine counsellors indeed, when the archbishop to whom she had appealed for advice had answered that he would not meddle in such matters, giving as his reason Ira principis mors est. It is clear that when Wolsey and Campeggio, the latter being baffled in a preliminary effort to avert proceedings by the queen's absolute refusal to enter a nunnery, called Warham and others to a consultation, Warham could have advised nothing counter to the king's wishes. Little else is recorded of him till, after Campeggio's departure, parliament assembled in November 1529. The imperial ambassador Chapuys makes the extraordinary statement that when ‘the estates’ met, they at first elected the archbishop of Canterbury as their speaker but, as he was a churchman, the king rejected him ‘on the plea that he was too old,’ and they chose another more to the king's satisfaction. That the commons should have thought of electing as speaker a member of the other house seems almost inconceivable; but it may be that they sought a powerful patron to set forth their grievances. In this session Warham's ill-working agreement with Wolsey about testamentary jurisdiction was the subject of new complaints, and the commons were encouraged to attack the spiritual courts generally, especially on the ground of excessive fees. Among other things it was alleged that the executors of Sir William Compton had paid a thousand marks to the cardinal of York and the archbishop of Canterbury for probate. Ultimately several enactments were passed to restrict the privileges of the clergy.

On 15 and 28 March 1530 Warham, as chancellor of the university, wrote two letters to the divines at Oxford rebuking them for their delay in answering the question propounded to them on the king's part as to the lawfulness of his marriage when the universities of Paris and Cambridge had already declared their minds. On 24 May he sat in council with the king in the parliament chamber on heretical books, a list of which and of the errors contained in them was published by authority. In June or July he affixed his signature after Wolsey's to the letters addressed by the lords of England to the pope to consent to the king's desire for a divorce without delay. That his signature, like most of the others which followed, was obtained by strong pressure brought to bear upon him personally, is certain. Even in the preceding January the queen was informed that the king had written to warn the archbishop that if the pope did not comply with his wishes, his authority and that of all churchmen in England would be destroyed. In August the archbishop was summoned to a council at Hampton Court which sat daily from the 11th to the 16th; undoubtedly to consider the king's relations with Rome after


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 a brief had been sent by the pope to forbid universities, as such, giving any further opinions on the divorce question. In September the English ambassadors at Rome were soliciting a decretal commission to three bishops in England to judge the cause, or failing that, to the archbishop and clergy of Canterbury. But although their efforts were seconded (very insincerely) by the bishop of Tarbes in order to make it appear that France would join England in enmity to the Holy See if the pope did not yield, they led to no result.

On 25 Nov. 1530 Warham made his will. He felt, doubtless, that a time of still more acute trial was at hand. Wolsey had already been sent for from the north, and, but for his death, would no doubt have been committed to the Tower. Warham knew that he himself would be required still further to be an instrument of the king's designs. Sampson, dean of the chapel, presented him about this time with eight documents in favour of the divorce obtained from French and Italian universities, which More, as chancellor, had to lay before parliament on 30 March following. Warham's subservience was so far relied on that the pope was continually urged to commit the cause to him; but Clement very naturally replied that he was no fit judge, having actually made himself a party by signing the letter from the lords to urge him to give judgment according to the king's wishes. In December Warham went a step further to satisfy the king by calling before him Bishop Fisher and urging him to retract what he had written in the queen's favour; but though his exhortations were seconded by those of Stokesley, Lee, and Edward Foxe, they were unavailing. Indeed Warham's subservience caused him now to be censured in placards affixed to the door of St. Paul's, which, as they reflected on the king and his privy council as well, were immediately taken down and destroyed.

At the end of 1530 the whole clergy of England was subject to a præmunire in the king's bench for having acknowledged Wolsey's legatine authority. The convocation of Canterbury met at Westminster Abbey on 21 Jan. 1531, and endeavoured to buy off the royal displeasure by a heavy subsidy payable in five years. But on 7 Feb. a body of judges and privy councillors informed them that their grant would not be accepted without certain emendations in the preamble recognising the king's supremacy over the church. The claim was ambiguous and was resisted for three days, when the king intimated through Lord Rochford that he would be content if the words ‘post Deum’ were inserted after ‘supremum Caput.’ But even this did not give satisfaction, and Warham proposed an amendment recognising the king as protector and supreme lord of the church ‘et quantum per Christi legem licet, etiam supremum Caput.’ This no one either seconded or opposed, and the archbishop remarked ‘Qui tacet consentire videtur.’ ‘Then we are all silent,’ some one exclaimed, and the new title was voted in this form. On 22 March accordingly Warham notified to the king the grant of 100,000l. passed by convocation to purchase the pardon of the clergy. On 10 July the king instructed Benet at Rome once more to propose to the pope (on the plea that he was afraid of the emperor) that Warham should determine his divorce cause, speaking highly of his impartiality as one who was once of the queen's counsel, above eighty years of age, and who owed nothing to the king; for the king, in fact, had taken from him the chancellorship and in the last session of parliament the probate of testaments. Of course the policy was to magnify the archbishop's independence at Rome while securing the very contrary at home. But Warham's conscience at length rebelled at proceedings which had been systematically planned to destroy the independence of the clergy. On 24 Feb. 1532 he made a formal protest against all the acts of the parliament (now in its third session) which had begun in November 1529 that were derogatory to the pope's authority or to the ecclesiastical prerogatives of the province of Canterbury. But both he and the clergy were made to feel themselves quite at the king's mercy. The House of Commons was not only encouraged but prompted by the court to pass a bill complaining of innumerable abuses in ecclesiastical jurisdiction and the ‘uncharitable’ way in which prosecutions were conducted; also that the clergy in convocation made laws without the king's knowledge, inconsistent with the laws of the realm, and so forth. This petition was presented by the speaker to the king on 18 March 1532, with a request at the same time that his majesty would now release his faithful subjects from their long and costly attendance in parliament by a dissolution, and let them return home to the country. But the king very naturally replied that if they expected any result from their petition, they must wait for it. The petition was delivered to the archbishop on 12 April, when convocation resumed after the Easter holidays, and, after being referred to the lower house, an elaborate categorical answer was drawn up partly in the name of Warham himself, who


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 replied that he had quite lately reformed some of the very things objected to in the working of his spiritual courts, and was anxious still to amend anything that was found amiss. In all the other articles it was shown that there was equally little cause of complaint. It was a most able answer; but when the king on 30 April presented it to the House of Commons, he told them he thought it would not give them satisfaction, but he left it to them, and promised for his own part to be an indifferent judge of the controversy. As a result, the clergy were compelled to make further answer, promising not to publish any new laws without the king's consent, and the famous ‘submission of the clergy’ was obtained on 15 May.

Warham's ineffectual protest against what was done in parliament seems only to have drawn down upon him attacks in the House of Lords. The draft of a speech has been preserved which he either delivered or intended to deliver in that assembly justifying his action in consecrating certain bishops without knowing whether they had presented their bulls to the king, and showing that without the least disloyalty he stood up once more for the constitutions of Clarendon, for which St. Thomas of Canterbury had died. But he was now worn out. He died on 22 Aug. 1532, when on a visit to his nephew, also named William Warham, whom he had made archdeacon of Canterbury at St. Stephen's (or Hackington) beside his own cathedral city. He was buried in the cathedral on 10 Sept. in the place called ‘the martyrdom.’ He left his theological books to All Souls' College, Oxford, his civil and canon law books with the prick-song books belonging to his chapel to New College, and his ‘ledgers,’ grayles, and antiphonals to Wykeham College, Winchester.

His portrait, a good specimen of Holbein's art, is preserved at Lambeth, and a replica of it is at the Louvre. The Lambeth picture has been finely engraved by Vertue (1737) and by Picart; that at the Louvre has been engraved by Conquy. The original drawing for it is also preserved among the Holbein drawings at Windsor. It represents an old man of grave and gentle aspect, with a fleshy but wrinkled face, grey eyes, and high cheek-bone (cf. Cat. Tudor Exhib. Nos. 107, 1092, 1093;, Life of Holbein, 1867, pp. 217–18).

Even more interesting is the literary portrait of him drawn by Erasmus in his ‘Ecclesiastes,’ from which we learn that, while giving sumptuous entertainments, often to as many as two hundred guests, he himself ate frugal meals and hardly tasted wine; that he never prolonged the dinner above an hour, but yet was a most genial host; and that he never hunted or played at dice, but his chief recreation was reading. He says in his will that he thinks his executors should be free from any charges for dilapidations, as he had spent 30,000l. in repairs and new building of houses belonging to his church. His munificence towards public objects as well as literary men was great; yet he died, as More wrote, incredibly poor, leaving not much more than sufficient to pay his debts and funeral expenses. Just before his death he is said to have called his steward and asked him how much ready money he had in hand, and, being answered 30l., he said ‘Sat est viatici’ (Erasmus's Preface to Works, Paris, 1534).

[Polydori Virgilii Anglica Historia; Epistolæ Erasmi; Memorials of Henry VII, and Letters and Papers of Richard III and Henry VII, both in Rolls Ser.; Wilkins's Concilia; State Papers of Henry VIII; Cal. Henry VIII, vols. i–v.; Cal. State Papers, Spanish, vols. i–iv. and Venetian, vols. i–iv.; Rymer's Fœdera; Wood's Athenæ Oxon. ed. Bliss, ii. 738–41; Cooper's Athenæ Cantabr.; Parker, De Antiquitate Britannicæ Ecclesiæ; Pits, De Angliæ Scriptoribus; Tanner's Bibl. Brit.; Excerpta Historica; Archæologia Cantiana, vols. i. ii.; Dixon's Hist. of the Church of England, vols. i. ii.; Hook's Lives of the Archbishops of Canterbury, new ser. vol. i.; Campbell's Lord Chancellors; Foss's Judges; Wills from Doctors' Commons, Camden Soc.]

WARING, EDWARD (1734–1798), mathematician, born in 1734, was the eldest son of John Waring, a wealthy farmer of the Old Heath, near Shrewsbury, whose family had long dwelt at Mytton in the parish of Fittes or Fitz, Shropshire, by Elizabeth his wife. From Shrewsbury school he was admitted a sizar at Magdalene College, Cambridge, on 24 March 1753, being also Millington exhibitioner. In 1757 he graduated B.A. as senior wrangler; he was already accounted a ‘prodigy’ in mathematical learning, and on 24 April 1758 was elected to a fellowship at his college. About this time the famous Hyson Club was founded at Cambridge, and Waring, Paley, and the ‘highest characters at the university’ became its members.

Waring's reputation in his particular branch of knowledge was so great that on 28 Jan. 1760, before he was qualified for the office, he was appointed Lucasian professor of mathematics at Cambridge, and he held the post until his death. In the same year he re-


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 ceived the necessary degree of M.A. by royal mandate. Some of the older members of the university thought him too young for such a position, and to prove his exceptional fitness he circulated before the election the first chapter of his ‘Miscellanea Analytica.’ William Samuel Powell [q. v.] attacked it in some anonymous ‘Observations,’ and Waring defended himself in ‘A Reply to the Observations’ (25 Jan. 1760). Powell retorted in an anonymous ‘Defence of the Observations,’ and Waring answered in ‘A Letter.’ In the composition of these pamphlets he was aided by his friend John Wilson (1741–1793) [q. v.] of Peterhouse, senior wrangler in 1761 and afterwards judge of the common pleas. His examinations for the Smith's prizes were considered the most severe test of mathematical skill in Europe, and in conjunction with Jebb and Law he brought the ‘schools’ at Cambridge into a flourishing condition. But he did not lecture; ‘the profound researches of Dr. Waring were not,’ says Dr. Parr, ‘adapted to any form of communication by lectures.’

Waring was elected F.R.S. on 2 June 1763, but withdrew from the society in 1795; and he was a fellow of the royal societies at Göttingen and Bologna. He was appointed a commissioner of the board of longitude. In 1767 he took the degree of M.D. at Cambridge, and he attended the medical lectures and walked the hospitals in London. Bishop Richard Watson [q. v.], when professor of chemistry at Cambridge, procured a corpse from London and dissected it in his laboratory, with Waring and Preston, afterwards bishop of Ferns (Anecdotes, i. 237–8). About 1770 Waring was physician to the Addenbroke hospital at Cambridge, and he practised for a time at St. Ives, Huntingdonshire; but he was very short-sighted and very shy in manner, so that he quickly abandoned his profession. Fortunately for him the income of his professorship was considerable, and he enjoyed a handsome patrimony.

When Waring vacated his fellowship at Magdalene College he thought that his brother Humphrey, who entered the college on 13 Dec. 1769 and obtained a fellowship in March 1775, would be elected into a better fellowship, but he was disappointed. He therefore quitted his old foundation and entered himself at Trinity College. In 1776 he married Mary, sister of William Oswell, a draper in Shrewsbury, and not long afterwards went to live in that town. Its air or situation did not suit his wife, and he retired to his own estate at Plealey in Pontesbury. He died there on 15 Aug. 1798. A tombstone to his memory was placed in the churchyard at Fitz (for the epitaph see Gent. Mag. 1801, ii. 1165).

In reply to a passage in Lalande's ‘Life of Condorcet,’ affirming that in 1764 there was no first-rate analyst in England, Waring claimed, in a letter to Dr. Maskelyne, the astronomer-royal, that his book of 1762 had received the approbation of D'Alembert, Euler, and Le Grange (Monthly Mag. May 1799, pp. 306–10). He also boasted that he had given ‘somewhere between three and four hundred new propositions of one kind or other, considerably more than have been given by any English writer;’ but he was driven to confess that he ‘never could hear of any reader in England, out of Cambridge, who took the pains to read and understand’ his writings (Essay on Human Knowledge, pp. 114–15). This was partly due to the fact that his inventions were expressed in too intricate and obscure language, and were ‘defective in classification and arrangement’ (, Mathematics at Cambr. pp. 99–113). His handwriting was so confused that his manuscripts ‘were often utterly inexplicable.’ He was called ‘one of the strongest compounds of vanity and modesty which the human character exhibits. The former, however, is his predominant feature’ (Living Authors, 1798, ii. 364–5). Dugald Stewart calls him ‘one of the greatest analysts that England has produced,’ and speaks, from information derived from Bishop Watson, of his ‘strong head’ being at the last ‘sunk into a deep religious melancholy approaching to insanity’ (‘Elements of Philosophy of Human Mind,’ pt. iii. chap. i. in Works, ed. 1854, iv. 218). A portrait a half-length in a scarlet gown, is in the combination-room at Magdalene College.

Waring printed: 1. ‘Miscellanea Analytica de Æquationibus Algebraicis et Curvarum Proprietatibus,’ 1762. It was in Latin, and it made his name famous throughout Europe. Gleig calls it ‘one of the most abstruse books written on the abstrusest parts of Algebra.’ 2. ‘Meditationes Algebraicæ,’ 1770; 3rd edit., revised and augmented, 1782 (both editions were in Latin). 3. ‘Proprietates Algebraicarum Curvarum,’ 1772 (also in Latin); first edition appeared in 1762. 4. ‘Meditationes Analyticæ,’ 1776; 2nd edit., with additions, 1785 (both were in Latin). The sum of fifty guineas was voted by the syndics of the university press at Cambridge towards the cost of the second edition. 5. ‘On the Principle of translating Algebraic Quantities into Probable Relations and Annuities,’ 1792; very scarce; the copy at the British Museum came by gift


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 from the library of Queens' College, Cambridge. 6. ‘An Essay on the Principles of Human Knowledge,’ 1794. As it was never published, a few copies only being presented to friends, this essay is very rare. It contains the author's opinions on a great variety of subjects. Waring supplied the ‘Philosophical Transactions’ with many valuable papers (Gent. Mag. 1798, ii. 807), and received from the Royal Society in 1784 the Copley medal. Essays by Vincenzo Riccati on his method of solving equations are the fourteenth and fifteenth articles in vol. xxi. of Calogiera's collection of ‘Scientific Treatises.’

[Gent. Mag. 1798, ii. 730; Notes and Queries, 2nd ser. xi. 89, 167; Nichols's Lit. Anecd. ii. 717–19; Cunningham's Biogr. Dict. vi. 263–6; Account of Shrewsbury, 1810, pp. 397–401; Brydges's Restituta, iii. 53, 163; Gleig's Supplement to Encyclop. Brit. ii. 764–7; Hutton's Philosoph. Dict. ed. 1815, ii. 584–5; Wordsworth's Scholæ Acad. pp. 31, 70–1, 77, 183, 390; Mayor's St. John's Coll. ii. 730, 934, 1069–70; information from Mr. A. G. Peskett of Magdalene College.]

WARING, JOHN BURLEY (1823–1875), architect, was born at Lyme Regis, Dorset, on 29 June 1823, and owed his early love for literature to the perusal of the ‘Penny Magazine.’ From 1836 he was educated at a branch of University College, London, then existing at Bristol, where he was also taught watercolour-drawing by Samuel Jackson [q. v.] In 1840 he was apprenticed to Henry E. Kendall, architect, London. In 1842 he became a student in the Royal Academy, and in 1843 obtained a medal at the Society of Arts for designs in architectural adornments. His health being delicate and his income ample, he spent the winter of 1843–4 in Italy ‘to improve himself in art and to become a painter.’ On returning to England he was a draughtsman successively in the offices of A. Poynter, Laing of Birkenhead, Sir Robert Smirke (1846), and D. Mocatta (1847).

With Thomas R. Macquoid he went to Italy and Spain in 1847 and studied architecture, measuring and drawing the public buildings. The result was a work entitled ‘Architectural Art in Italy and Spain,’ published in 1850. For this the only remuneration received by the authors was a moderate payment for lithographing the sixty fine folio plates. Singly he produced ‘Designs for Civic Architecture,’ formed on a style of his own, possessing merit and a considerable share of beauty. In 1850–1 and 1851–2 he studied in the atelier of Thomas Couture in Paris, and drew assiduously from the life. He afterwards resided at Burgos, and studied the Miraflores monuments. In conjunction with Sir Matthew Digby Wyatt [q. v.], he in 1854 wrote four architectural guide-books to the courts of the Crystal Palace at Sydenham. While again in Italy in 1855 he made a further series of drawings, which were purchased for the South Kensington Museum, and published in 1858 as ‘The Arts connected with Architecture in Central Italy.’

He was appointed superintendent of the works of ornamental art and sculpture in the Manchester Exhibition in 1857, and edited the ‘Art Treasures of the United Kingdom,’ 1858. In the International Exhibition at Kensington in 1862 he was the superintendent of the architectural gallery and of the classes for furniture, earthenware, and glass, goldsmiths' work and jewellery, and objects used in architecture. In connection with this exhibition he published in three volumes ‘Masterpieces of Industrial Art and Sculpture,’ 1862, consisting of three hundred coloured plates, the description of which in English and French he himself wrote. He was chief commissioner of the exhibition of works of art held at Leeds in 1868. During a succeeding tour in Italy he sent a series of notes to the ‘Architect.’ In February 1871 the American Institute of Architects elected him an honorary member, but he obtained little practice.

At the age of twenty Waring was an enthusiastic admirer of Swedenborg's doctrines; later he somewhat changed his opinions, and in his ‘Record of Thoughts on Religious, Political, Social, and Personal Subjects’ (2 vols. 1873), he advanced an eccentric claim to write under ‘special divine inspiration’ and the power of making prophecies concerning political events. He died at Hastings on 23 March 1875. In addition to the works already mentioned he published: 1. ‘Poems. By an Architect,’ 1858. 2. ‘Architectural, Sculptural, and Picturesque Studies in Burgos,’ 1852. 3. ‘Masterpieces of Industrial Art and Sculpture at the International Exhibition,’ 1863. 4. ‘Illustrations of Architecture and Ornament,’ 1865. 5. ‘The Universal Church,’ 1866. 6. ‘Broadcast,’ short essays, 1870. 7. ‘The English Alphabet considered Philosophically,’ 1870. 8. ‘Stone Monuments, Tumuli, and Ornaments of Remote Ages, with Remarks on the Early Architecture of Ireland and Scotland,’ 1870. 9. ‘A Record of my Artistic Life,’ 1873. 10. ‘The State,’ a sequel to ‘The Universal Church,’ 1874. 11. ‘Ceramic Art in Remote Ages, with Essays on the Symbols of the Circle, the Cross and Circle, showing their Relation


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 to the Primitive Forms of Solar and Nature Worship,’ 1874. 12. ‘Thoughts and Notes for 1874 and 1874–5,’ two series, 1874–5. He edited Sir M. D. Wyatt's ‘Observations on Metallic Art,’ 1857, and ‘Art Treasures of the United Kingdom, with Essays,’ 1858.

[Waring's Record of my Artistic Life, 1873; Graphic, 10 April 1875, pp. 342, 356, with portrait; Illustr. London News, 27 June 1868, p. 633, with portrait; Athenæum, 1875, i. 463; Art Journal, September 1875, p. 279.]

WARING, ROBERT (1614–1658), author, was descended from an old Staffordshire family settled at ‘the Lea’ in the time of Henry VIII. His father was Edmund Waring and his mother the daughter of Richard Broughton of Owlbury in the parish of Bishops Castle in Shropshire, and niece of the rabbinical scholar Hugh Broughton [q. v.]

Robert was born in 1614, and educated at Westminster school, whence he was elected to Oxford in 1630; he matriculated from Christ Church on 24 Feb. 1632; graduated B.A. on 20 June 1634 and M.A. on 26 April 1637. During the civil wars he bore arms for the king at Oxford. He was elected proctor on 29 April 1647 and Camden professor of ancient history on 2 Aug. of the same year. A protest against the election was raised by Charles Wheare, son of the previous professor, Degory Wheare [q. v.], who had been thrust into the place by the parliamentary visitors. According to the statutes Waring was not eligible, being in holy orders. He took an active part in resisting the proceedings of the visitors. Disregarding their order for his removal from his post of proctor, he was pronounced by them guilty of contempt of the authority of parliament on 14 Dec. 1647, and it was only owing to Selden's intercession that he escaped banishment from the university. He was summoned to London on 6 April 1648, was ordered into custody, but escaped to Oxford. On 14 Sept. following he was deprived of proctorship, professorship, and student's place. He retired to Apley in Shropshire, the seat of Sir William Whitmore, with whom he subsequently visited France. He died unmarried in Lincoln's Inn Fields on 10 May 1658, and was buried at St. Michael's, College Hill. His will was proved on 20 May 1658 by his sister and sole executrix, Anne Staunton.

According to Wood, Waring was a ‘most excellent Latin and English poet, but a better orator, and was reckoned among the great wits of the time in the university.’ Norris, in the introduction to his translation of the ‘Effigies Amoris,’ speaks of Waring as ‘an author who for sweetness of fancy, neatness of style, and lusciousness of hidden sense may compare, to say no more, to any extant.’

He published: 1. ‘A publike Conference betwixt the six Presbyterian Ministers and some Independent Commanders at Oxford, 12 Nov. 1646’ (anon.) n.p. 1646 (Bodleian Library). 2. ‘An Account of Mr. Pryn's Refutation of the University of Oxford's Plea,’ Oxford, 1648. 3. ‘Amoris Effigies’ (anon.) n.p. n.d. (Bodleian Library), London, 1649, 1664, 1668, 1671. In 1680 appeared an English translation of the work, apparently by a Robert Nightingale, which deviated in many points from the Latin original. To correct these variations John Norris, under the pseudonym of Phil-iconerus, published a fresh translation, London, 1682; 2nd edit., 1701; 4th edit., 1744. Waring also wrote various copies of Latin verse, including one in ‘Jonsonus Virbius’ (1639), which is more accurately printed in the 1668 and subsequent editions of the ‘Amoris Effigies,’ under the title of ‘Carmen Lapidorium’ (cf., Nympha Libethris', or the Cotswold Muse, London, 1651).

[Foster's Alumni; Wood's Athenæ (Bliss), iii. cols. 453–4; Welch's Alumni Westmon. p. 102; Burrows's Reg. of the Visitors of Oxford (Camden Soc.), pp. lxxxii, 19, 185–6, 236; Wood's Hist. and Antiq. of Univ. of Oxford (Gutch), II. ii. 513, 544, 558; P. C. C. 323 Wotton; Blakeway's Sheriffs of Shropshire, pp. 131–2; Thoroton's Nottinghamshire, i. 39, 306; Hunter's Chorus Vatum (Addit. MS. 24490, f. 301); Hist. MSS. Comm. 5th Rep. p. 155.]

WARING, WILLIAM (1610–1679), jesuit, who was best known in England by the assumed name of Harcourt, although he was at times known as Barrow, was born in Lancashire in 1610, and educated in the English College at St. Omer. He entered the Society of Jesus at Watten in 1632, and after completing his studies at Liège he was sent to the English mission in 1644. On 11 Nov. 1646 he was professed of the four vows. He served as a missioner in London for thirty-five years. In 1671 he was procurator for the province in London, and in 1678 he was declared rector of the ‘College of St. Ignatius,’ comprising the metropolis and the home counties. This rendered him conspicuous, and from the commencement of Oates's plot he was singled out as one of its victims. By constant change of dress and


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 lodgings he eluded the pursuivants till 7 May 1679, when he was betrayed by a servant and committed by the privy council to Newgate. He was tried at the Old Bailey sessions (13 June) with Father Whitbread (the provincial), and Fathers Caldwell, Gavan, and Turner. Being condemned to death, he suffered with them at Tyburn on 20 June 1679.

His portrait has been engraved by Martin Bouche, and there is another portrait in the Dutch print of Titus Oates in the pillory.

[Challoner's Missionary Priests (1803), ii. 200; Florus Anglo-Bavaricus, p. 166; Foley's Records, v. 240, vii. 36; Granger's Biogr. Hist. of England, 5th ed. v. 94; Howell's State Trials, vii. 586; Oliver's Jesuit Collections, p. 217; Brit. Mus. Cat. s.v. ‘Harcourt.’]

WARINGTON, ROBERT (1807–1867), chemist, third son of Thomas Warington, a victualler of ships, was born on 7 Sept. 1807 at Sheerness. After an early childhood spent in Portsmouth, Boulogne, and other places, he entered Merchant Taylors' school in 1818. In November 1822, after a year's trial, he was articled for five years to John Thomas Cooper, a lecturer in the medical schools of Aldersgate Street and Webb Street, and a manufacturer of potassium, sodium, iodine, and other then rare chemical substances. On the opening of the London University (later University College) in 1828, he was chosen by Edward Turner [q. v.], professor of chemistry, as his assistant, in conjunction with William Gregory (1803–1858) [q. v.], afterwards professor of chemistry at Edinburgh. In 1831 he published his first research—on a native sulphide of bismuth. In the same year, on Turner's recommendation, he was appointed chemist to Messrs. Truman, Hanbury, & Buxton, the brewers, with whom he remained till midsummer 1839.

In 1839 Warington, occupying then no official position, and having the necessary leisure, started a movement to found the Chemical Society of London (from 1848 the Chemical Society), the first meeting being convened by him at the Society of Arts on 23 Feb. 1841, and the formal foundation taking place on 30 March following. Warington was elected honorary secretary, and retained the post till 30 March 1851. In acknowledgment of his services he was presented with a service of plate by the fellows of the society on 15 Dec. 1851. On the death of Henry Hennell in 1842 (see Chem. Soc. Proc. 1841–3, p. 52), Warington was appointed chemical operator to the Society of Apothecaries, a position which he held to within a year of his death. In 1846 he took part in the formation of the Cavendish Society, of which he was secretary for three years, and from this time onwards he had many engagements as chemical expert in legal cases. In the year 1844 he began a series of investigations into the adulteration of tea, and gave evidence at the parliamentary inquiry on adulteration in 1855. He was also one of the founders of the Royal College of Chemistry. In 1849 he began investigation on aquaria, and the means necessary to prevent the water therein from becoming stagnant (Quart. Journ. Chem. Soc. iii. 52). He wrote several papers, and in 1857 delivered a lecture at the Royal Institution on this subject; his work was the origin of our modern aquaria. In 1851 he revised the ‘Translation of the Pharmacopœia of the Royal College of Physicians’ into English, left unfinished by Richard Phillips (1778–1851) [q. v.]; he was also engaged in the construction of the ‘British Pharmacopœia’ in 1864, and was joint editor with Boverton Redwood of the second edition in 1867. In 1854 Warington was appointed chemical referee by four of the metropolitan gas companies, and held this post for seven years. In 1864 he was elected fellow of the Royal Society. The Royal Society's catalogue contains a list of forty-seven papers written by Warington alone, and one written in conjunction with William Francis.

Warington died at Budleigh Salterton, Devonshire, on 17 Nov. 1867. He married, in 1835, Elizabeth, daughter of George Jackson, a surgeon, and inventor of improvements in the microscope, and left three children, of whom Robert Warington was professor of rural economy at Oxford from 1894 to 1897.

On 24 Feb. 1891 Mr. Robert Warington the younger presented the Chemical Society with an album containing the documents preserved by Warington in connection with the foundation of the society. It also contains two portraits of Warington.

[Private information from his son, Professor Robert Warington; Obituaries in Proc. Royal Soc. vol. xvi. p. xlix (1868); Journal of the Chemical Soc. new ser. vol. iv. p. xxxi. (1868); Jubilee of the Chemical Soc. 1896, pp. 115, 155, and passim; British Pharmacopœia, 1867; Robinson's Reg. of Merchant Taylors' School, ii. 207.]

WARKWORTH, JOHN (d. 1500), reputed author of a chronicle of Edward IV's time, was a man of unknown origin. He has been supposed to be a native of the diocese of Durham, and one John Warkworth, who was ordained acolyte by Bishop Grey of Ely in 1468, is certainly so described.


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 But this was not the chronicler, although he was afterwards a fellow of the college of which the chronicler became master. The chronicler studied at Oxford, was elected a fellow of Merton in 1446, and gave books to that college. He was auditor in 1449 of the accounts of the university library, and in 1453 of the expenditure of a legacy of Cardinal Beaufort's. In 1451 he was principal of ‘Bull Hall,’ and in 1453 of ‘Nevill's Inn,’ where apparently he continued to 1457. Both Bull Hall and Nevill's Inn belonged to Merton College. At Oxford he must have been intimate with William Grey (d. 1478) [q. v.], who, having become bishop of Ely in 1454, made him his domestic chaplain. He no doubt followed the bishop into Cambridgeshire, where he received from him various livings: first, Cottenham (24 Sept. 1458), then Wisbech St. Peter (25 Sept. 1472), and finally Leverington (31 July 1473). The bishop, moreover, on 31 March 1465 granted him a license to let his rectory of Cottenham to farm. At Cambridge he received in 1462–3 a grace to incept in divinity cum formâ habitâ Oxoniæ, under some conditions. He was a bachelor of divinity when presented to Wisbech, and was still so when on 5 Nov. 1473 he and John Roocliff, doctor of decrees, were nominated by the fellows of Peterhouse for succession to the mastership in the room of Dr. Lane, deceased. The bishop appointed Warkworth master of Peterhouse on the following day. The episcopal register strangely makes the date 6 Nov. 1474, but the year is corrected in the college register. In 1474 Warkworth was proctor of the clergy in convocation. On 15 Sept. 1475 he, as master of Peterhouse, received the submission of his namesake, the fellow, who confessed to acts of insubordination during the mastership of Dr. Lane. About 1485 a grace was granted to him by the university that he should not be compelled to attend the funeral rites of graduates, or meetings of congregation or convocation, unless he was specially named. He made a will on the vigil of the Circumcision, 1485, but it was not his last will. He remained head of the college till his death, which must have occurred in October or November 1500. On 13 Oct. 1487 Bishop Alcock consecrated a chapel for him in the south side of the nave of St. Mary's-without-Trumpington Gates, and there, in his last will, dated 28 May 1498, he desired to be buried, with bequests to provide masses for the souls of Bishop Grey, himself, and his parents. He also left bequests to his churches of Leverington and Cottenham and the monasteries of Ely, Croyland, and Barnwell, making his own college, to which he had been a large benefactor otherwise, his residuary legatee.

Among the many manuscripts which he gave to it was the ‘Chronicle’ commonly called by his name, with an inscription in his own hand upon the cover of the volume. The bulk of it is only a copy of Caxton's edition of the ‘Brute’ chronicle, but the contemporary additions made to this, not in Warkworth's hand, but apparently transcribed for his use from a manuscript no longer extant, are an important source of information for the reign of Edward IV. These additions, covering the first thirteen years of Edward IV, were edited for the Camden Society by J. O. Halliwell in 1839, and published as ‘Warkworth's Chronicle.’ The original manuscript may perhaps have been composed by himself. He was certainly a great lover of learning and literature. An original portrait of him is preserved at St. Peter's College, on which the date ‘1498’ has been painted in figures by no means contemporary.

[College Register, Peterhouse; Episcopal Register, Ely; Boase's Register of the University of Oxford; Grace-Book A of Cambridge, ed. S. Leather. For much valuable aid at Cambridge the writer has to thank Dr. Porter, the present master of Peterhouse, and he is also indebted to the bishop of Ely for facilities in inspecting the episcopal register. Transcripts from the College and Episcopal Registers are accessible in Cole's MS. xxv. 65, 100, 199, 201, and Harl. MS. 7031, ff. 163–4. Anstey's Munimenta Academica (Rolls Ser.); Brodrick's Memorials of Merton College; Wood's Antiquities of the City of Oxford (Clark's ed. 1889), p. 597; Parker's Skeletos in Leland's Collectanea, v. 195, is by no means trustworthy.]

WARMESTRY, GERVASE (1604–1641), poet, was the eldest son of William Warmestry, principal registrar of the diocese of Worcester, by his wife Cicely (d. 27 Jan. 1649), daughter of Thomas Smith of Cuerdley in Lancashire. Thomas Warmestry [q. v.] was his younger brother. The Warmestrys were an ancient family of Worcester who gave their name to the ‘Warmestry Slip,’ a narrow street leading down from the city to the Severn, where their residence formerly stood. The post of registrar of the diocese of Worcester had been held by a Warmestry since 1544. Gervase, who was born in Worcester in 1604, was educated first in the grammar school of his native city, whence he passed on to Westminster. He was elected a scholar of Christ Church, Oxford, in 1621. He matriculated on 24 July 1624, proceeded B.A. on 5 May 1625, and M.A. on 27 June 1628. In the same year he


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 became a student of the Middle Temple. He succeeded his father as registrar of the diocese of Worcester, being appointed in reversion on 20 Nov. 1630. He died on 28 May 1641, and was buried in Worcester Cathedral. He left a widow, Isabella, to whom letters of administration were granted in London on 31 Aug. 1641.

He published a poetical tract entitled ‘Virescit vulnere virtus: England's Wound and Cure,’ in 1628. A copy of the work, which is scarce, is in the Bodleian Library. It bears no name of place of publication or of printer, and was probably privately printed. It was reprinted in 1875 in the second series of ‘Fugitive Tracts, written in Verse, which illustrate the Condition of Religious and Political Feeling in England, and the State of Society there during Two Centuries.’ Warmestry's work was chosen as being one of the few that throw light on the condition of England at the time of the death of Buckingham. He also contributed a Latin poem to ‘Camdeni Insignia: a Collection of Panegyrics on William Camden,’ Oxford, 1624.

[Foster's Alumni, 1500–1714; Welch's Alumni Westmon. p. 90; Wood's Athenæ, ed. Bliss, iii. cols. 1, 2, 3; Abingdon's Antiq. of Worcester Cathedral, pp. 47–9; Admon. Act Book, August 1641; Hunter's Chorus Vatum (Addit. MS. 24491, fol. 426); information from J. H. Hooper, esq.]

WARMESTRY, THOMAS (1610–1665), dean of Worcester, son of William Warmestry, and younger brother of Gervase Warmestry [q. v.], was born in Worcester in 1610. He graduated B.A. on 3 July 1628 from Brasenose College, Oxford, M.A. from Christ Church on 30 April 1631, and was created D.D. on 20 Dec. 1642. In the early part of 1629 both he and his brother were causing anxiety to their father by their ‘wandering humour’ in their desire of going into France with Lord Danby, but the project seems to have come to nothing (Cal. State Papers, Dom., 1628–9, p. 533). On 13 April 1635 he was instituted rector of Whitchurch in Warwickshire, and he was clerk for the diocese of Worcester in both convocations of the clergy held in 1640. In 1646 he was appointed by the city of Worcester to treat with the parliamentary army respecting the surrender of the place. Afterwards he fled to the king at Oxford, when he was deprived of his church preferment. Later he removed to London, where he acted as almoner and confessor to royalist sufferers. In May 1653 he compounded for his lands at Paxford in the parish of Blockley in Worcestershire, and the sequestration was removed. In September of the same year he, with Dr. Thomas Good [q. v.], met and conferred with Baxter at Cleobury-Mortimer in Shropshire as to the advisability of the clergy of Shropshire joining the Worcestershire association; Warmestry professed his ‘very good liking’ of the design, and signed a paper to that effect on 20 Sept. 1653. He does not, however, seem to have had any real sympathy with Baxter, who complained that after he was silenced Warmestry, when dean of Worcester, went purposely to Baxter's ‘flock’ and preached ‘vehement, tedious invectives.’ He held for a time the post of lecturer at St. Margaret's, Westminster, for his removal from which the parliament petitioned the Protector, on 23 June, on account of his delinquency. In 1658, and previously, he was residing in Chelsea, in a house belonging to Lady Laurence.

At the Restoration he petitioned (26 June 1660) for the benefit of the general order of the House of Lords in the case of sequestered ministers, which was granted to him. In the same month he was granted the mastership of the Savoy. He was presented to a prebend in Gloucester Cathedral on 27 July 1660 (installed 19 Aug.), and was installed dean of Worcester on 27 Nov. 1661. On 20 Sept. 1662 he was instituted vicar of Bromsgrove in Worcestershire. In 1665, as dean of Worcester, he was experiencing difficulties with respect to the erection of the great organ in the cathedral. Among the Tanner manuscripts in the Bodleian Library there is an amusing letter on the subject from Robert Skinner, bishop of Worcester, to Sheldon, in which Warmestry's utter ignorance of music is commented on. He died on 30 Oct. 1665, and was buried in Worcester Cathedral. Wood says that after his death he was abused in scurrilous pamphlets, entitled ‘More News from Rome’ and ‘A New Font erected in the Cathedral Church of Gloucester in October 1663.’

He published: 1. ‘Suspiria Ecclesiæ et Reipublicæ Anglicanæ,’ London, 1640. 2. ‘A Convocation Speech against Images, Altars, Crosses, the New Canons, the Oaths,’ London, 1641. 3. ‘Pax Vobis; or a Charme for Tumultuous Spirits,’ London, 1641. 4. ‘Ramus Olivæ; or an Humble Motion for Peace,’ Oxford, 1642, 1644. 5. ‘An Answer to certain Observations of W. Brydges concerning the Present Warre against his Majestie,’ n.p. 1643. 6. ‘The Preparation for London,’ London, 1648. 7. ‘The Vindication of the Solemnity of the Nativity of Christ,’ n.p. 1648. 8. ‘The Baptised Turk,’ London, 1658. 9. ‘The Countermine of Union: a short Platform


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 of Expedients for Peace,’ London, 1660. 10. ‘An Humble Monitory to the Most Glorious Majesty of Charles II’ (including verses extant in Addit. MS. 23116), London, 1661. 11. of Expedients for Peace,’ London, 1660. 10. ‘An Humble Monitory to the Most Glorious Majesty of Charles II’ (including verses extant in Addit. MS. 23116), London, 1661. 11. ‘A Box of Spicnard; or a Little Manuel of Sacramental Instruction and Devotion,’ London, 1664.

[Foster's Alumni, 1500–1714; Wood's Athenæ (Bliss), iii. 713; Lansdowne MS. 986, fol. 67; Cal. of Comm. for Compounding, p. 2662; Sylvester's Baxter, ii. 149; Lords' Journals, xi. 75; Commons' Journals, vii. 206, 569; Le Neve's Fasti (Hardy), i. 449, ii. 72; Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1660–1 pp. 16, 106–7, 1661–2 pp. 142, 149; Noake's Monastery and Cathedral of Worcester, pp. 481–2, 571; Abingdon's Antiq. of Worcester Cathedral, pp. 47–8; Book of Institutions (Record Office) Ser. A vol. iv. fol. 157, Ser. B vol. ii. fol. 184.]

WARMINGTON, WILLIAM (fl. 1577–1612), Roman catholic divine, born in Dorset about 1556, was matriculated from Hart Hall (now Hertford College), Oxford, on 20 Dec. 1577. The principal, Philip Randall, ‘was always in animo catholicus,’ and under his influence Warmington openly espoused the Roman catholic faith. In consequence he left Oxford, and studied philosophy and theology at Douai. After a brief visit to England in 1579, he was ordained sub-deacon at Douai on 24 Feb. 1579–80, deacon on 19 March, and priest on 25 May (Douai Diaries, pp. 154, 158, 161, 162, 165). He was again sent to England on 31 Jan. 1580–1 (ib. p. 175), was apprehended, and in February 1584–5 transported to Normandy with threats of more severe treatment should he return (, Records of English Province, ii. 132). He became noted abroad for learning and piety, and was appointed chaplain to Cardinal William Allen (1532–1594) [q. v.] In 1594 he was described as ‘maestro di casa et servitore dal principio dal cardinalato’ (Letters and Mem. of Cardinal Allen, p. 375). After Allen's death in that year he returned to England as an ‘oblate of the holy congregation of St. Ambrose,’ and laboured zealously for several years. At length, on 24 March 1607–8, he was apprehended by two pursuivants, and ‘committed prisoner to the Clinke in Southwark.’ During the inactivity of his confinement he took occasion to consider more thoroughly the question of allegiance, and, becoming convinced of its propriety, concluded to take the oath. To justify himself he published his reasons in 1612 under the title, ‘A Moderate Defence of the Oath of Allegiance, wherein the Author proveth the said Oath to be most Lawful, notwithstanding the Pope's Breves’ (London, 4to). With this discourse he published ‘The Oration of Pope Sixtus V in the Consistory of Rome, upon the Murther of King Henry 3, the French King, by a Fryer,’ and ‘Strange Reports, or News from Rome.’ These things gave such offence that Warmington, who was set at liberty on swearing allegiance, found himself deserted by his former friends, and was driven to petition James I for an allowance. By the king's direction he was placed in the household of Thomas Bilson [q. v.], bishop of Winchester, where he passed the rest of his days in the unmolested profession of his religion.

[Wood's Athenæ Oxon. ii. 128; Foster's Alumni Oxon. 1500–1714.]

WARNE, CHARLES (1802–1887), archæologist, was born in Dorset in 1802. He became an intimate friend of Charles Roach Smith [q. v.], and in 1853 and 1854 he made archaæological tours in France, in company with Smith and Frederick William Fairholt [q. v.] At the time of his election as a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries in 1856, and for some time afterwards, he was resident in London. He made extensive researches into the prehistoric remains of Dorset, and his splendid collection of sepulchral urns and other relics from the barrows is now in the museum at Dorchester. For a long time he resided at Ewell, near Epsom, but the later years of his life were spent at Brighton, where he died on 11 April 1887. Part of his collection of coins was sold by auction by Messrs. Sotheby, Wilkinson, & Hodge, on 24 and 25 May 1889 (Somerset and Dorset Notes and Queries, i. 225–6).

His works are: 1. ‘On the Discovery of Roman Remains on Kingston Down, near Bere Regis, Dorset; and the Identification of the Site as the Station of Ibernium on the Icknield Street,’ London, 1836, 4to. 2. ‘An Illustrated Map of Dorsetshire, giving the sites of its numerous Celtic, Roman, Saxon, and Danish Vestiges’ [1865]. In the preparation of this he spent fully two years in perambulating the county in the company of George Hillier [q. v.] 3. ‘Dorsetshire: its Vestiges, Celtic, Roman, Saxon, and Danish,’ London, 1865, 8vo. This work is also adapted as an index to No. 2. 4. ‘The Celtic Tumuli of Dorset,’ London, 1866, fol. 5. ‘On certain Ditches in Dorset called Belgic,’ London, 1869, 8vo, reprinted from the ‘Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries.’ 6. ‘Ancient Dorset: the Celtic, Roman, Saxon, and Danish Antiquities of the County, including the Early Coinage,’ Bournemouth, 1872, fol. He also contributed ‘Observations on Vespasian's first


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 Campaign in Britain’ to ‘Archæologia’ (xl. 387), and ‘Archæological Notes made during a Tour in France’ to Charles Roach Smith's ‘Retrospections’ (vol. ii. 1886).

[Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries (1857), 2nd ser. xi. 372; Smith's Retrospections, i. 85, and indexes; Times, 3 May 1887 p. 11 col. 6, and 5 May p. 11 col. 4; Athenæum, 30 April 1887, p. 576; Mayo's Bibl. Dorsetiensis, pp. 19, 108.]  WARNEFORD, SAMUEL WILSON (1763–1855), philanthropist, was born at Warneford Place, in the hamlet of Sevenhampton, attached to Highworth vicarage, North Wiltshire, in 1763. His family, one of the most ancient in that district, owned the manor and all the land in Sevenhampton. Samuel Wilson was the younger son of the Rev. Francis Warneford of Warneford Place, who married Catherine, daughter of Samuel Calverley, a wealthy drug merchant of Southwark, residing at Ewell, Surrey. He matriculated from University College, Oxford, on 14 Dec. 1779, and graduated B.A. 18 June 1783, M.A. 23 May 1786, B.C.L. 10 July 1790, D.C.L. 17 May 1810; and he was ordained in 1790.

Warneford married, at Colney Hatch, Middlesex, on 27 Sept. 1796, when he is described as ‘of Broughton, Oxfordshire,’ Margaret, eldest daughter of Edward Loveden Loveden (afterwards Edward Pryse Pryse, M.P.) of Buscot, Berkshire, and his own property was augmented by his wife's fortune. She died a few years later, without issue. He held, on the nomination of Pembroke College, Oxford, the rectory of Lydiard Millicent, Wiltshire, from 1809 to his death, and from June 1810 he combined with it the vicarage of Bourton-on-the-Hill, Gloucestershire. On the creation of honorary canonries in the cathedral of Gloucester in June 1844, his name was placed first on the list, and he remained an honorary canon until his death. He died at the rectory, Bourton, on 11 Jan. 1855, in his ninety-second year, preserving his faculties to the last. On 17 Jan. he was buried under a tomb in the church.

Warneford resolved upon distributing his superfluous means in his lifetime, and by gradual donations, so that he might be able in his later gifts to correct any errors of arrangement and disposition made in the earlier benefactions. The churches of Bourton and Moreton-in-the-Marsh were refitted and improved by him at a cost of 1,000l. each. He built and endowed at Bourton a ‘retreat for the aged,’ and at Moreton he erected school buildings for children and an infants' school with house for its mistress. He provided also means for securing medical aid for the poor of these districts. The whole diocese of Gloucester received large sums from him for similar purposes, and he gave numerous benefactions to the colonial sees of Sydney and Nova Scotia.

His first large charity was the ‘Warneford Lunatic Asylum’ in the ecclesiastical parish of Headington Quarry, near Oxford. He founded in 1832 the Warneford, Leamington, and South Warwickshire Hospital at Leamington, and left it at his death the sum of 10,000l. His benefactions towards the cost of new buildings at the Queen's Hospital at Birmingham and for the endowment of chaplaincies, a professorship of pastoral theology, scholarships, &c., at the Queen's College, represented a total of 25,000l. On King's College, London, he bestowed large sums for the foundation of medical scholarships and for establishing prizes for the encouragement of theology among the matriculated medical students. He gave the site of the new boys' school to the Clergy Orphan School near Canterbury, and at his death he left that institution the sum of 13,000l. He also contributed large sums, during his life and at his death, to the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel, the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, and the Corporation for the Sons of the Clergy. The total of such gifts is said to have equalled 200,000l.; and in fulfilment of his intentions his niece, Lady Wetherell-Warneford, bequeathed 30,000l., the income of which was to be applied in building churches and parsonage-houses in poor districts within the ancient diocese of Gloucester, and 45,000l., the accruing interest of which was to be expended for the benefit of the widows and orphans of the poor clergy in the same district. Warneford's correspondence with Joshua Watson [q. v.] on charities began in 1837 (, Joshua Watson, ii. 59, 313).

Peter Hollins of Birmingham executed a bust of Warneford for the Queen's Hospital in that city, and a statue of him by the same artist was erected in 1849 by public subscription for his asylum on Headington Hill. An engraving, by J. Fisher, of this statue is prefixed to the memoir by the Rev. Vaughan Thomas.

[Gent. Mag. 1796 ii. 877, 1851 i. 295, ii. 629, 1855 i. 528–30; Foster's Alumni Oxon.; Le Neve's Fasti, i. 452; Burke's Landed Gentry; Stratford's Wiltshire Worthies, pp. 149–52; Memoir by Rev. Vaughan Thomas, 1855; Cox's Charter of Queen's Coll. Birmingham; King's Coll. Calendar, 1898, pp. 464, 498; Guardian, 24 Jan. 1855, p. 71.]


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 the English trade there, and on 3 Nov. was nominated as a commissioner for Norfolk to carry out measures for repressing piracy and other disorders on the sea coasts (Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1547–80, pp. 258, 261, Addenda, 1547–65, p. 571; Acts of Privy Council, vii. 285). He died without surviving issue on 7 Nov. 1565, and was buried in Plumstead church at the upper end of the chancel, where there is monument and inscription to his memory. By his first wife, Elizabeth, daughter of Thomas Brooke, baron Cobham, and widow of Sir [q. v.], he had a son Edward, who died before him (Harl. MS. 897, f. 19). She died in August 1560 and was buried in the Tower (, Diary, p. 241). He married, secondly, Etheldreda or Audrey, daughter of William Hare of Beeston, and widow of Thomas Hobarte of Plumstead. She afterwards married William Blennerhasset, and died on 16 July 1581. Warner was succeeded in his estates by his younger brother, Sir Robert Warner.

WARNER, FERDINANDO (1703–1768), miscellaneous writer, born in 1703, is said by Cole to have been educated at Jesus College, Cambridge. He became vicar of Ronde in Wiltshire in 1730, and rector of St. Michael's, Queenhithe, London, on 13 Feb. 1746–7, in which capacity he preached before the lord mayor on 30 Jan. 1748, and again on 2 Sept. 1749. He was created LL.D. in 1754, by what university has not been ascertained, and appointed rector of Barnes in Surrey in 1758. He was much esteemed as a popular preacher, and his writings show him to have been a man of wide learning and more than ordinary ability. He died on 3 Oct. 1768, and was the father of (1736–1800) [q. v.]

He published:
 * 1) ‘A System of Divinity and Morality,’ London, 1750, 5 vols. 12mo; 1756, 4 vols. 8vo.
 * 2) ‘A Scheme for a Fund for the better Maintenance of the Widows and Children of the Clergy,’ 1753, 8vo. For this scheme, when carried into execution, he received the thanks of the London clergy assembled in Sion College on 21 May 1765.
 * 3) ‘An Illustration of the Book of Common Prayer and Administration of the Sacraments,’ 1754, fol.
 * 4) ‘Bolingbroke, or a Dialogue on the Origin and Authority of Revelation,’ 1755, 8vo.
 * 5) ‘A free and necessary Enquiry whether the Church of England, in her Liturgy … have not … given so great an advantage to Papists and Deists as may prove fatal to true Religion,’ 1755, 8vo.
 * 6) ‘Ecclesiastical History to the Eighteenth Century,’ fol. vol. i. 1756, vol. ii. 1757; probably his most valuable work, as it is the one by which he is best known.
 * 7) ‘Memoirs of the Life of Sir Thomas More,’ London, 1758, 8vo.
 * 8) ‘Remarks on the History of Fingal and other Poems of Ossian,’ 1762, 8vo.
 * 9) ‘The History of Ireland,’ 1763, 4to, vol. i. In connection with this work, which suggested itself to him while gathering materials for his ‘Ecclesiastical History,’ he undertook a journey to Dublin in 1761, where facilities were afforded him for studying the manuscripts in the College Library, Marsh's Library, and the state documents preserved in the Birmingham Tower and elsewhere. But, failing to obtain the pecuniary assistance he had expected from the Irish House of Commons, he unfortunately desisted from the undertaking, after publishing one volume.
 * 10) ‘A Letter to the Fellows of Sion College … proposing their forming themselves into a Society for the Maintenance of the Widows and Orphans of such Clergymen,’ London, 1765, 8vo.
 * 11) ‘The History of the Rebellion and Civil War in Ireland,’ 1767, 4to, an impartial and singularly accurate work.
 * 12) ‘A full and plain Account of the Gout … with some new and important Instructions for its Relief, which the Author's Experience in the Gout above thirty years hath induced him to impart,’ 1768, 8vo. ‘This,’ remarks Chalmers, ‘was the most unfortunate of all his publications, for soon after imparting his cure for the gout he died of the disorder, and destroyed the credit of his system.’

WARNER, JOHN (d. 1565), first professor of physic at Oxford, was born at Great Stanmore in Middlesex. He graduated B.A. at Oxford University on 9 Nov. 1520, and was elected a fellow of All Souls' College in the same year. He proceeded M.A. on 21 Feb. 1524–5, and was admitted M.B. on 30 June 1529, being about the same time licensed to practise by the university. He acted as proctor in 1529 and 1530, proceeded M.D. on 12 July 1535, and was elected warden of All Souls' on 26 May 1536. In 1546 he was appointed by Henry VIII first regius professor of medicine at the university. On 30 April 1547 he was appointed to the


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266 of loosing hold of me, thou dost reel and fall;—unanswerable emblem of the indispensable heart-stay, I am to thee, my sweet, sweet Isabel! Prate not then of parting.'

'What hast thou lost for me? Tell me!'

'A gainful loss, my sister!'

''Tis mere rhetoric! What hast thou lost?'

'Nothing that my inmost heart would now recall. I have bought inner love and glory by a price, which, large or small, I would not now have paid me back, so I must return the thing I bought.'

'Is love then cold, and glory white? Thy cheek is snowy, Pierre.'

'It should be, for I believe to God that I am pure, let the world think how it may.'

'What hast thou lost?'

'Not thee, nor the pride and glory of ever loving thee, and being a continual brother to thee, my best sister. Nay, why dost thou now turn thy face from me?'

'With fine words he wheedles me, and coaxes me, not to know some secret thing. Go, go, Pierre, come to me when thou wilt. I am steeled now to the worst, and to the last. Again I tell thee, I will do anything—yes, anything that Pierre commands—for, though outer ill do lower upon us, still, deep within, thou wilt be careful, very careful with me, Pierre?'

'Thou art made of that fine, unshared stuff of which God makes his seraphim. But thy divine devotedness to me, is met by mine to thee. Well mayest thou trust me, Isabel; and whatever strangest thing I may yet propose to thee, thy confidence,—will it not bear me out? Surely thou wilt not hesitate to plunge, when I plunge first;—already have I plunged! now thou canst not stay upon the bank. Hearken, hearken to me.—I seek not now to gain thy prior assent to a thing as yet undone;

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Rh but I call to thee now, Isabel, from the depth of a foregone act, to ratify it, backward, by thy consent. Look not so hard upon me. Listen. I will tell all. Isabel, though thou art all fearfulness to injure any living thing, least of all, thy brother; still thy true heart foreknoweth not the myriad alliances and criss-crossings among mankind, the infinite entanglements of all social things, which forbids that one thread should fly the general fabric, on some new line of duty, without tearing itself and tearing others. Listen. All that has happened up to this moment, and all that may be yet to happen, some sudden inspiration now assures me, inevitably proceeded from the first hour I saw thee. Not possibly could it, or can it, be otherwise. Therefore feel I, that I have some patience. Listen. Whatever outer things might possibly be mine; whatever seeming brightest blessings; yet now to live uncomforting and unloving to thee, Isabel; now to dwell domestically away from thee; so that only by stealth, and base connivances of the night, I could come to thee as thy related brother; this would be, and is, unutterably impossible. In my bosom a secret adder of self-reproach and self-infamy would never leave off its sting. Listen. But without gratuitous dishonour to a memory which—for right cause or wrong—is ever sacred and inviolate to me, I cannot be an open brother to thee, Isabel. But thou wantest not the openness; for thou dost not pine for empty nominalness, but for vital realness; what thou wantest, is not the occasional openness of my brotherly love; but its continual domestic confidence. Do I not speak thine own hidden heart to thee? say, Isabel? Well, then, still listen to me. One only way presents to this; a most strange way, Isabel; to the world, that never throbbed for thee in love, a most deceitful way; but to all a harmless way; so harmless in its essence, Isabel, that, seems to me, Pierre hath consulted

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268 heaven itself upon it, and heaven itself did not say Nay. Still, listen to me; mark me. As thou knowest that thou wouldst now droop and die without me; so would I without thee. We are equal there; mark that, too, Isabel. I do not stoop to thee, nor thou to me; but we both reach up alike to a glorious ideal! Now the continualness, the secretness, yet the always present domesticness of our love; how may we best compass that, without jeopardising the ever-sacred memory I hinted of? One way—one way—only one! A strange way, but most pure. Listen. Brace thyself: here, let me hold thee now; and then whisper it to thee, Isabel. Come, I holding thee, thou canst not fall.'

He held her tremblingly; she bent over toward him; his mouth wet her ear; he whispered it.

The girl moved not; was done with all her tremblings; leaned closer to him, with an inexpressible strangeness of an intense love, new and inexplicable. Over the face of Pierre there shot a terrible self-revelation; he imprinted repeated burning kisses upon her; pressed hard her hand; would not let go her sweet and awful passiveness.

Then they changed; they coiled together, and entangledly stood mute.

II

Mrs. Glendinning walked her chamber; her dress loosened.

'That such accursed vileness should proceed from me! Now will the tongued world say—See the vile boy of Mary Glendinning!—Deceitful! thick with guilt, where I thought it was all guilelessness and gentlest docility to me. It has not happened! It is not day! Were this thing so, I should go mad, and be shut up, and not walk here where every door is open to me.—My own only son married to an unknown—thing! My own only son,

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 Milne the next twelve years to June 1859 he was a junior lord of the admiralty, and in acknowledgment of his long administrative service during a time of war and reorganisation he was made a civil K.C.B. on 20 Dec. 1858 ; he had previously been made a rear-admiral, 2 Jan. 1858.

In 1860 Milne was appointed to the command of the West Indies and North American station, which, during the American civil war, he exercised with great judgment and tact, at a time when the tension of public feeling on both sides of the Atlantic especially called for the exercise of these qualities. The duration of his command was extended by a year, and on 25 Feb. 1864 he was nominated a military K.C.B., with authority to wear both orders. From June 1866 to December 1868 he was senior naval lord of the admiralty, and from April 1869 to September 1870 was commander-in-chief in the Mediterranean. During the last two months of the time the Channel fleet joined the Mediterranean on the coast of Portugal, and the two were exercised together under the command of Milne, who was also desired to report on the behaviour of the Captain [see ; ]. On 6 Sept. he inspected the ship, and commented on the very unusual state of things—the water washing freely over the lee side of the deck. In the very exceptional circumstances he did not think it necessary to do more than express his dislike of this to Coles; and indeed, in view of the strong feeling that had been excited in favour of the invention, it is almost certain that the outcry would have been very great if Milne had ordered the ship's sails to be furled, and the ship had in consequence weathered the gale in safety. It would have been said that he was prejudiced against the ship, and had refused to give her a fair trial. On the early morning of 7 Sept. the Captain turned over bodily and went to the bottom.

On 24 May 1871 Milne was made a G.C.B., and from 1872 to 1876 was again first naval lord of the admiralty. On 1 Nov. 1876 he was created a baronet. During his long career he was a member of many commissions and committees. He was a commissioner for the exhibition of 1851 in London, and again for that of 1867 in Paris; in 1879 he was chairman of Lord Carnarvon's committee to inquire into the state of defences of our colonies, and in 1881 of a commission on the defence of British possessions and commerce. In 1887 he was chairman of a committee of officers of the navy and marines for the presentation of a ‘jubilee offering’ to the queen. The presentation, of silver models of the Britannia, a first-rate ship of war in 1837, and of the Victoria, a first-class battleship of 1887, was actually made at Windsor on 22 Nov. 1888. During his later years he resided principally at Inveresk House, Musselburgh, and there he died, in consequence of a chill followed by pneumonia, on 29 Dec. 1896. He married in 1850, Euphemia, daughter of Archibald Cochran of Ashkirk, Roxburghshire, and by her (who died on 1 Oct. 1889) left issue, besides two daughters, one son, Archibald Berkeley Milne, a captain in the navy, who succeeded to the baronetcy.

[O'Byrne's Nav. Biogr. Dict.; Men and Women of the Time, (1895); Times, 30 Dec. 1896 ; Burke's Peerage and Baronetage ; Navy Lists.]  MITCHELL, ALEXANDER FERRIER (1822–1899), Scottish ecclesiastical historian, born at Brechin on 10 Sept. 1822, was son of David Mitchell, convener of local guilds, and his wife Elizabeth, daughter of James Ferrier of Broadmyre. After being educated at Brechin grammar school, he proceeded in 1837 to St. Mary's College, St. Andrews, winning an entrance bursary in classics. He graduated M.A. in 1841, and in 1844 was licensed to preach. After acting as assistant to the ministers at Meigle and Dundee, he was in 1847 ordained by Meigle presbytery to the charge of Dunnichen. Adhering to the established church during the secession movement, he became in 1848 a member of the general assembly. In the same year, when only twenty-six, he was appointed professor of Hebrew in St. Mary's College, and was one of the first to introduce into Scotland a scientific method of teaching Hebrew. As convener from 1856 to 1875 of the committee of the mission to the Jews, Mitchell did much to develop missions in the Levant, which he visited himself in 1857. His main interests lay, however, in Scottish ecclesiastical history, and in 1868 he succeeded John Cook as professor of divinity and ecclesiastical history in St. Mary's College.

Mitchell held his chair for twenty-six years, and during that period published a number of valuable works on Scottish ecclesiastical history. He was an active member of the Scottish Historical and Text Societies, and took a prominent part in the general councils of the Presbyterian Alliance, attending the meeting at Philadelphia in 1880. In 1885 he was elected moderator of the church of Scotland, and the address he delivered at the close of the session was separately published (Edinburgh and  Rh


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text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Ware, James (1756-1815)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Warelwast, William de


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Warenne, Hamelin de


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Warenne, John de (1231?-1304)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Warenne, John de (1286-1347)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Warenne, William (d.1088)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Warenne, William de (d.1138)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Warenne, William de (d.1148)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Warenne, William de (d.1240)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Warford, William


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Warham, William


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Waring, Edward


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Waring, John Burley


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Waring, Robert


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Waring, William


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Warington, Robert


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Warkworth, John


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Warmestry, Gervase


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Warmestry, Thomas


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Warmington, William


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Warne, Charles


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Warneford, Samuel Wilson


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Warner, Edward


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Warner, Ferdinando


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Warner, John (d.1565)


text: Author:Robert Priebsch

title: Author:Robert Priebsch


text: Index:PhilipK.Hitti-SyriaAShortHistory.djvu


text:
Page:PhilipK.Hitti-SyriaAShortHistory.djvu/1

 SYRIA A SHORT HISTORY


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Page:PhilipK.Hitti-SyriaAShortHistory.djvu/2

 SYRIA: A SHORT HISTORY


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 Being a condensation of the author's

'History of Syria including

Lebanon and Palestine'

BY

PHILIP K. HITTI

New York

THE MACMILLAN COMPANY

1959


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 © 1959

All rights reserved — no part of this book may be reproduced in any form without permission in writing from the publisher, except by a reviewer who wishes to quote brief passages in connection with a review written for inclusion in magazine or newspaper.

First Printing

Printed in the United States of America

Library of Congress catalog card number: 59-8225

The Macmillan Company, New York

Brett-Macmillan Ltd., Galt, Ontario


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 PREFACE

since the publication of History of Syria including Lebanon and Palestine (1951) the author has entertained the hope of compressing it into a small volume, minus footnotes and other critical apparatus, which would appeal to a wider and more varied audience. It would bear the same relation to the larger volume that the author's The Arabs: A Short History bears to History of the Arabs. But the present heightened interest in Syria and the Syrians and the curiosity aroused about what is happening there, together with its setting and background, called for immediate action which I found myself unable to undertake because of prior commitments. Hence I sought and received the co-operation of my former pupil and colleague, Harry W. Hazard. Dr. Hazard has produced a work worthy of his scholarship and, we trust, adequately satisfying to the needs of the student and the intelligent layman. Three of the maps were newly sketched by him.

The last chapter in the larger volume, dealing with the contemporary scene, has been expanded by the author into four chapters.

P. K. H.

March 1958


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