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 Thomas Green Morton of Boston, Massachusetts, and in 1847 he administered it at the Middlesex Hospital for the extraction of teeth as well as for operations in general surgery.

He contributed an important series of papers on ‘Bone’ and on dental tissues to the ‘Philosophical Transactions’ between 1849 and 1856. The most valuable of these is perhaps that upon the structure of dentine, in which he demonstrated the presence of those protoplasmic processes from the odontoblasts to which the name of ‘Tomes's fibrils’ was long given. He was admitted a fellow of the Royal Society on 6 June 1850.

He early took a deep interest in the welfare of the dental profession, and was one of those who in 1843, and again in 1855, unsuccessfully approached the Royal College of Surgeons of England with the view of more closely allying English dentists with English surgeons. His interest in the subject never waned, and in 1858 he was successful in inducing the Royal College of Surgeons to grant a license in dental surgery. He was also one of the chief founders in 1856 of the Odontological Society and in 1858 of the Dental Hospital, where he was the first to give systematic clinical demonstrations. After the dental licentiateship had been established about twenty years, Tomes, ably assisted by James Smith Turner, was instrumental in obtaining the Dentists Act of 1878 to insure the registration and render compulsory the education of those who proposed to enter the dental profession.

After carrying on a large and lucrative practice for many years, Tomes retired in 1876 to Upwood Gorse, Caterham, in Surrey, where he remained until his death. He was elected on 12 April 1883 an honorary fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons of England, and on 28 May 1886 he was knighted. He was twice president of the Odontological Society, and in 1877 he was elected chairman of the dental reform committee. On the occasion of his golden wedding he was presented by his professional brethren with an inkstand, and the rest of the money subscribed was devoted to the endowment of a triennial prize bearing his name. It is awarded by the Royal College of Surgeons of England for researches in the field of dental science in its widest acceptation.

Tomes died on 29 July 1895, and was buried at St. Mary's, Upper Caterham. On 15 Feb. 1844 he married Jane, daughter of Robert Sibley of Great Ormond Street, London, architect. By her he had one surviving son—Charles Sissmore Tomes.

Tomes began to practise dentistry when it was a trade, and he left it a well-equipped profession. The change was in great part due to his personal exertions; but he did even more than this, for he showed that a dentist was capable of the highest kind of scientific work—that of original observation. His mind was at the same time eminently practical, and he was possessed of no small share of mechanical ingenuity.

Tomes published: 1. ‘A Course of Lectures on Dental Physiology and Surgery,’ 8vo, London, 1848. These lectures have become classic; they were delivered at the Middlesex Hospital, but in regard to them Tomes made the significant entry in his diary, ‘I am resolved never to deliver any more lectures unless I have a class of at least six.’ 2. ‘A System of Dental Surgery,’ 12mo, London, 1859; 3rd edit., revised and enlarged by his son C. S. Tomes, 12mo, London, 1887; translated into French, Paris, 1873. This is still a standard work.

There is a good portrait of Tomes at the Odontological Society. It was painted by Carlisle Macartney in 1884.

[Obituary notices in Journal of the British Dental Association, 1895, xvi. 462; British Medical Journal, 1895, ii. 396; Nature, 1895, lii. 396; additional information kindly given to the writer by his son, Mr. C. S. Tomes, M.A., and by his brother, Mr. Robert F. Tomes, F.S.A., of Littleton, near Evesham; The Pedigree of the Tomes Family, prefaced by Dr. Howard, in Misc. Geneal. et Herald. new ser. iii. 273–9.]  TOMKINS, JOHN (1663?–1706), quaker annalist, born about 1663, commenced in 1701 the first attempt at quaker biography in ‘Piety Promoted, in a Collection of Dying Sayings of many of the People called Quakers. With a Brief Account of some of their Labours in the Gospel and Sufferings for the same;’ it was reprinted in 1703, 1723, 1759, and followed in 1702 by the second part, which also was reprinted in 1711 and 1765. In 1706 he issued a third volume, with a preface by Christopher Meidel [q. v.] The five parts were reissued, Dublin, 1721, 8vo, and were revised by John Kendall (1726–1815) [q. v.] in 1789. The work was continued by other hands until 1829. Tomkins died at Maryland Point, Stratford, Essex, on 12 Sept. 1706.

Tomkins also published: 1. ‘The Harmony of the Old and New Testament,’ London, 1694, 12mo; reprinted in 1697, with a ‘Brief Concordance of the Names,’ 3rd edit. 1701, 12mo. 2. ‘A Brief Testimony to the Great Duty of Prayer,’ London, 1695, 12mo; reprinted, with additions, 1700. 3. ‘A Trumpet


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 Sounded: a Warning to the Unfaithful,’ 1703, 12mo.

[Whiting's Cat. 1708, p. 195; Smith's Cat. ii. 747; Registers, Devonshire House.]  TOMKINS, MARTIN (d. 1755?), Arian divine, is said to have been a brother or near relative of Harding Tomkins (d. 1758), attorney and clerk of the Company of Fishmongers. He may have been connected with Abingdon, where there was a nonconformist family of his name. In 1699 Martin went to Utrecht with Nathaniel Lardner [q. v.], where they found Daniel Neal [q. v.], the author of ‘The History of the Puritans.’ After studying at the university of Utrecht for three years, the three removed to Leyden, where Tomkins matriculated on 8 Sept. 1702 (, Index of English-speaking Students at Leyden University, Index Soc. 1883). In 1707 he was appointed minister of the dissenting congregation in Church Street, Stoke Newington, but in 1718 he was obliged to resign his charge in consequence of his Arian sympathies. In the following year, to justify himself, he published ‘The Case of Mr. Martin Tomkins. Being an Account of the Proceedings of the Dissenting Congregation at Stoke Newington’ (London, 4to). He did not again settle as pastor of a congregation, but, in addition to preaching occasionally, he wrote several theological treatises. The first of these, published anonymously, was entitled ‘A Sober Appeal to a Turk or an Indian concerning the plain Sense of Scripture relating to the Trinity’ (London, 1723, 4to; 2nd ed. with additions, 1748). It was an answer to Dr. Isaac Watts's ‘Christian Doctrine of the Trinity, or Father, Son, and Spirit, Three Persons and One God, asserted and proved’ (London, 1722, 12mo). In 1732 he published, also without his name, a work which gained some reputation, entitled ‘Jesus Christ the Mediator between God and Men’ (London, 4to; new ed. 1761). In 1738 appeared ‘A Calm Enquiry whether we have any Warrant from Scripture for addressing ourselves directly to the Holy Spirit’ (London, 4to). In 1738 Tomkins was settled at Hackney. It is believed he died in 1755. After his death there appeared in 1771 in the ‘Theological Repository’ (iii. 257) ‘A Letter from Mr. Tomkins to Dr. Lardner in reply to his Letter on the Logos.’ Although Lardner's letter was not published until 1759, it was written in 1730, and it appears from Tomkins's reply that Lardner had lent him the manuscript to peruse. Tomkins's criticism was answered by Caleb Fleming [q. v.] in an appendix to a ‘Discourse on Three Essential Properties of the Gospel Revelation’ (London, 1772, 8vo).

[Gent. Mag. 1807, ii. 823, 999, 1014; Memoirs of Daniel Neal, prefixed to the History of the Puritans, 1822, p. xvii; editorial notice prefixed to vol. ii. of the same work, pp. iv, v; Johnson's Life of Watts, 1785, p. 53; Life of Lardner by Kippis, prefixed to his Works, ed. 1838, p. ii; Robinson's History of Stoke Newington, 1820, p. 216; Wilson's History of the Dissenting Churches, 1808, i. 89, ii. 44, 45, 539; Memoirs of the Life of William Whiston, 1749, p. 294.]  TOMKINS, PELTRO WILLIAM (1759–1840), engraver and draughtsman, was born in London in 1759 (baptised 15 Oct.). He was younger son of (1730?–1792), landscape-painter, by his wife Susanna Callard.

In 1763 the father gained the second premium of the Society of Arts for a landscape, and subsequently, through the patronage of Edward Walter of Stalbridge, obtained considerable employment in painting views, chiefly of scenery in the north and west of England. He imitated the manner of Claude, many of whose works, as well as those of some of the Dutch painters, he also copied. He exhibited with the Free Society of Artists from 1761 to 1764, with the Incorporated Society from 1764 to 1768, and at the Royal Academy annually from 1769 to 1790. He was elected an associate of the academy in 1771. Some of Tomkins's works were engraved in Angus's and Watts's sets of views of seats of the nobility. He died at his house in Queen Anne Street, London, on 1 Jan. 1792.

The younger son, Peltro, became one of the ablest pupils of Francesco Bartolozzi [q. v.], working entirely in the dot and stipple style, and produced many fine plates, of which the most attractive are ‘A Dressing Room à l'Anglaise,’ and ‘A Dressing Room à la Française,’ a pair after Charles Ansell; ‘English Fireside’ and ‘French Fireside,’ a pair after C. Ansell; ‘Cottage Girl shelling Peas’ and ‘Village Girl gathering Nuts,’ a pair after William Redmore Bigg; ‘Amyntor and Theodora,’ after Thomas Stothard; ‘The Vestal,’ after Reynolds; ‘Sylvia and Daphne,’ after Angelica Kauffmann; ‘Louisa,’ after James Nixon; ‘Birth of the Thames,’ after Maria Cosway; ‘Madonna della Tenda,’ after Raphael; portrait of Mrs. Siddons, after John Downman; and portrait of the Duchess of Norfolk, after L. da Heere. He was also largely employed upon the illustrations to Sharpe's ‘British Poets,’ ‘British Classics,’ and ‘British Theatre.’ Tomkins was a clever original artist, and engraved from his own

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182 This ear Jenkins carried about with him wrapped up in cotton wool. For seven years Jenkins kept his ear, and produced it in taverns and to all he met, as an instance of the indignities to which freeborn Britons were exposed at the hands of Spain. Of course much correspondence took place between the two governments relative to this bit of dried ear, but not till 1737 was he called before a committee of the House of Commons, when he appeared at the bar, exhibited his ear, that looked like a dried mushroom or a truffle. War was proclaimed amidst great rejoicing among the English. Church bells were rung. Walpole said bitterly, "You are ringing your bells now; before long you will be wringing your hands."

The English fleet in the Mediterranean blockaded the ports of Spain. But the death of Charles of Austria in the following year led to a general scramble to get hold of portions of his vast possessions, and the war assumed a more complicated character. The Spaniards, assisted by the French, landed on the Italian coasts, and Admiral Matthews was sent to drive them thence.

The story of Jenkins and his ear had roused all England. Pulteney declared that England needed no allies that Jenkins's story alone would raise volunteers anywhere. It was, however, more than hinted at the time, that Jenkins had lost his ear in the pillory, and not through the violence of a Spanish custom-house officer. The war fizzled out. Matthews was badly served with men and ships from England, and the Ile of Ste. Marguerite was speedily abandoned. Compared with Nice, Cannes enjoys certain advantages. It is less towny and commercial. It does not

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Rh best known to those who have seen him acted, whether in Greek, as by the students at Harvard and Toronto, and more recently at Cambridge , or in English long ago by Miss Helen Faucit (since Lady Martin ), or still earlier and repeatedly in Germany, or in the French version of the Antigone by MM. Maurice and Vacquerie (1845) or of King Oedipus by M. Lacroix, in which the part of Œdipe Roi was finely sustained by M. Geoffroy in 1861, and by M. Mounet Sully in 1881 With reference to the latter performance, which was continued throughout the autumn season, M. Francisque Sarcey wrote an article for the Temps newspaper of August 15, 1881, which is full of just and vivid appreciation. At the risk of seeming absurdly 'modern', I will quote from this article some of the more striking passages.

'Ce troisième et ce quatrième actes, les plus émouvants qui se soient jamais produits sur aucune scène, se composent d'une suite de narrations, qui viennent l'une après l'autre frapper au cœur d'Œdipe, et qui ont leur contrecoup dans l'âme des spectateurs. Je ne sais qu'une pièce au monde qui soit construite de la sorte, c'est l ' École des Femmes. Ce rapprochement vous


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 designs some pleasing fancy subjects as well as a few portraits, including those of George III and his daughter, the Princess of Würtemberg. He was engaged as drawing-master to the princesses, and spent much time at court, receiving the appointment of historical engraver to the queen. He executed a set of illustrations to Sir J. Bland Burgess's poem, ‘The Birth and Triumph of Love,’ from designs by Princess Elizabeth, and two sets of plates from papers cut by Lady Templetown. For some years Tomkins carried on business as a print publisher in Bond Street, and in 1797 he produced a sumptuous edition of Thomson's ‘Seasons,’ with plates by himself and Bartolozzi from designs by William Hamilton. He also projected two magnificent works, ‘The British Gallery of Art,’ with text by Tresham and Ottley, and ‘The Gallery of the Marquess of Stafford,’ with text by Ottley, which both appeared in 1818. These involved him in heavy financial loss, and he was compelled to obtain an act of parliament authorising him to dispose by lottery of the collection of watercolour drawings from which his engravings were executed, together with the unsold impressions of the plates, the whole valued at 150,000l. Many of the sets of prints were exquisitely printed in colours. Tomkins's latest work was a series of three plates from copies by Harriet Whitshed of paintings discovered at Hampton Court, 1834–40. He died at his house in Osnaburgh Street, London, on 22 April 1840. By his wife, Lucy Jones, he had a large family, including a daughter Emma, who practised as an artist and married Samuel Smith the engraver. The frontispiece to his edition of Thomson's ‘Seasons’ contains a medallion portrait of himself with others of Bartolozzi and Hamilton.

(fl. 1779), elder brother of Peltro William, was born in London on 7 July 1757. In 1776 he gained a premium from the Society of Arts for a view of Milbank, and subsequently practised as a topographical and antiquarian draughtsman and aquatint engraver. In 1791 he published ‘Eight Views of Reading Abbey,’ with text by himself (reissued in 1805 with twenty-three additional views of churches originally connected with the abbey); in 1796 ‘Tour in the Isle of Wight,’ with eighty plates; and in 1805 a set of illustrations to Petrarch's sonnets, which he dedicated to the Duchess of Devonshire. In conjunction with Francis Jukes he engraved Cleveley's two pictures of the advance and defeat of a floating battery at Gibraltar, 1782; he also drew and engraved the plates to the ‘British Volunteer,’ 1799, and a plan view of the sham fight of the St. George's Volunteers in Hyde Park in that year. Tomkins was an exhibitor at the Royal Academy from 1773 to 1779. Many of his watercolour drawings are in the Crowle copy of Pennant's ‘London’ in the print-room of the British Museum.

[Edwards's Anecdotes of Painting; Sandby's Hist. of the Royal Academy; Redgrave's Dict. of Artists; Nagler's Künstler-Lexikon; Dodd's manuscript Hist. of Engravers in Brit. Museum (Addit. MS. 33406); private information.]  TOMKINS, THOMAS (fl. 1614), dramatist. [See .]

TOMKINS, THOMAS (d. 1656), musician, was of a family which produced more musicians than any other family in England. His father, also named Thomas Tomkins, was in holy orders and precentor of Gloucester Cathedral; he was descended from the Tomkinses of Lostwithiel. One of the madrigals in Morley's ‘Triumphs of Oriana’ (1601) was composed by the Rev. Thomas Tomkins; and he wrote an account of the bishops of Gloucester Cathedral. Of his six sons—Peregrine, Nathanael, Nicholas, Thomas, John (see below), and Giles (see below)—the most distinguished was Thomas, who states in the dedication of his madrigals that he was born in Pembrokeshire. He studied under William Byrd [q. v.] at the chapel royal in London, and graduated Mus. Bac. Oxon. on 11 July 1607.

Thomas's first known appointment as organist was to Worcester Cathedral, where an organ was built in 1613 at unusual expense (, History of Worcester, App.) In Myriell's ‘Tristitiæ Remedium,’ dated 1616, and now in the British Museum as Additional MSS. 29372–7, six of his compositions are copied. On 2 Aug. 1621 he was sworn in as one of the organists of the chapel royal, in succession to Edmund Hooper. This post did not necessitate his resigning the appointment at Worcester, as arrangements had been made in 1615 for the organists and singers of the chapel royal to attend in rotation. In 1625 forty shillings was paid him ‘for composing of many songes against the coronation of Kinge Charles.’ On the death of Alfonso Ferrabosco [q. v.], the bishop of Bath and Wells directed that Tomkins should be appointed ‘composer for the voices and wind instruments;’ but the order was revoked by the king, who had promised the place to Ferrabosco's son (Cal. State Papers, Dom. 15 March 1628; Hist. MSS. Comm. 12th Rep. i. 341). What became of Tomkins after the suppression of the chapel


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the action of the heart modified by every mental emotion, and so often is there an attendant sensation referred to the chest, or epigastrium, that, in the language of almost every nation, the passions are spoken of as being seated either in the breast or bowels; while the intellectual phenomena, which are unattended by emotion, are referred to the head. But it is not improbable that there is a peculiar modification of the action of the heart, attendant upon every state of the mind; and, if so, what a material influence must the education and employment of the mind have, from this cause alone, on the general state of the bodily health. For instance, in the study of the pure mathematics, there is a fixedness of attention, and a quietude in the mental movements, little calculated to excite the heart's action; and the tranquillity attendant upon these studies is usually communicated to the general carriage and demeanour of the person; but, in the study or composition of works of imagination, how differently is the whole system affected! and this independently of any excitement of the passions, although it must be confessed that the imagination is seldom long active without awakening emotions, the sensations of which are referred to the pracordia. It is clear, from what I have premised, that the investigation of this subject, through its whole extent, would lay open a field of inquiry too wide for the compass of a single essay, or even for the labour of a long life of reading and observation; but this is no reason why the subject should not be begun upon, dimidium facti gui cmpit habet, others may follow me more adequate to the task, who may


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supply my deficiencies, rectify my errors, and pursue the subject to its end.

I shall proceed then, first, to inquire what is the habitual state of mind most conducive to the preservation of health? The answer to this is obvious, namely, that which will ensure, under all circumstances, the largest portion of tranquillity.

The more highly civilized a country becomes, the more liable its inhabitants are to the operation of disturbing forces on the balance of their minds.

The activity which is excited by the desire of wealth, or the thirst for power, is only salutary within certain limits; and the various and conflicting passions which are too often its attendants, increase its danger.

The body may be considered as the carriage of the mind; and, in pursuing this metaphor, we may aptly say that the carriage will last a long time in repair, if the mind sits quietly in it; but if, on the contrary, the mind is anxious and restless, the lining of the carriage will soon be worn out.

Health is a blessing which can hardly be prized too highly, and yet mental anxiety on this subject is a frequent source of bodily disorder.

Although there is reason to believe that some functional derangement of the body, in most instances, precedes the sombre cast of mind, and watchful solicitude, of the miserable hypochondriac, there can be little doubt but that such a state of mind, fostered and encouraged, reacts, banefuUy, upon almost every bodily function; inducing, first, vascular inactivity; then, sanguineous congest ions; and, consequently, diminished and depraved secre-


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tions. Besides, the habitual watching for sensations, and directing the attention of the mind to particular parts of the bodily frame, induces augmented sensibility of those parts. I cannot better illustrate this, than by calling the attention of the reader to a curious fact, little noticed, viz.: that as every part of the external covering of the body, with the exception of the thin epidermis, hair and nails, is endued with the sense of touch, no foreign body, not even our clothes, can be in contact with this surface without our feeling it; yet, for the most part, we go through the day occupied with other sensations, and unconscious of the one alluded to; but if any person will make the experiment of sitting quietly, and directing his attention, in succession, to different parts of his surface, he will become aware of sensations otherwise overlooked. The mind's attention, therefore, augments, apparently, the sensibility of parts; and thus the hypochondriac increases local uneasiness by the working of his own mind, perpetually anxious, and intently on the watch, for every new feeling which may arise.

Another and most serious cause of bodily disturbance, is irritability of temper. This, it is true, frequently depends, in the first instance, upon pure bodily causes little suspected; but it is very often an inherited infirmity; and not infrequently the consequence of a bad system of early education. A temper which may make a person wretched for life, and which may eventually shorten his days, may be contracted, almost without hope of remedy, before he is five years of age. Bad temper in children cannot be cured too soon, either for their own


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health, usefulness and comfort, or for the comfort of all others with whom they may have to deal. In consequence of gross neglect in this particular, on the part of parents, the physician has often to contend with unlooked-for difficulties in his practice, and may be baffled in the cure of maladies, both in the nursery and amongst children of a larger growth, by  a mind diseased, " for which the patient ought long before to have been taught to  minister unto himself."

Omitting then, in this place, the consideration of the effects produced by the indulgence and gratification of the particular passions, many of which, more directly than others, interfere with the bodily health, we will now return to our present subject of inquiry, and ask, by what mode is the greatest degree of permanent mental tranquillity to be ensured, without which the bodily health will be liable to perpetual disturbance?

It is only by correct views of life, and by diversified mental occupation, that the serenity of mind to which I allude can be attained.

Revealed Religion alone enables us to set a proper value upon the transitory things of this world. It emphatically teaches us not to be enamoured of its fleeting pleasures, or to be hopelessly depressed by its pains and disappointments.

" Sperat infestis, metuit secundis Alteram sortem bene prseparatum Pectus."

It places before us a prize to be gained, and instructs us how to gain it. The rules are plain and simple, and intelligible to the meanest capacity.


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From the fatigue of unvarying dullness, the only refuge to the mind is sleep.

The want of motion, or expected succession of phenomena, in visible objects, is also unfavourable to the healthy activity of the mind.

If v^e continue to gaze, for a sufficient length of time, on even the finest painting of Claude de Lorraine, beautifully as the sloping beams of the rising or setting sun may gleam along the water, and gild the sides of his ruins, rocks, palaces and trees, and entranced as we may be for a time in rapturous delight at the surprising truth of his pencil, still, the unmoving sun, the unvarying light and shade, the motionless water, and the unwaving trees, will, at length, arouse us from our dream, and forcibly remind us that the greatest charm of nature is not there.

This sameness of impressions is the cause of what the French call ennui; the mind, in listless lassitude, recoils upon itself; it is idle, but not at ease; it is sore from repose, is inclined to melancholy and responding views, is attended by peevishness, querulousness, or irascibility of temper, and is liable to be thrown off its balance by the most trifling accidents. To keep the mind, therefore, in the most favourable state for the preservation of bodily health, it is of consequence that its objects and pursuits should be diversified, and, as this cannot be long continued in solitude, the importance of mixing in society with our fellow creatures is obvious; for instance, there is nothing more favourable to the healthy digestion of our food, than to be cheerful at our meals; hence the advantage of our meals being


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Rh savour of Monte Carlo. It possesses on the east the wooded height of La Californie, studded with hotels and villas, commanding one of the most beautiful evening views in Europe. When the sun goes down beyond the Estérel range, standing up in royal purple against an amber sky, it may well be thought that this is a scene of unsurpassable beauty. Nice has to the East Mont Boron and Mont Alban, but they do not serve for a residential suburb, as does La Californie. They are cut off from Nice by the port, and they do not command so incomparable a view. For the depth of winter, in gloom and cold, then no place for shelter can be compared with Beaulieu, or Mentone, or Alassio. But when the months of December and January are passed, then Cannes. Lastly, to cool off before encountering the chills of spring in England, S. Raphael. Cannes further has at its door, for a run of a day, Estérel, easily reached, and never to be exhausted or forgotten. Then, again, from Cannes, also accessible, the isles of Lerins, where the fresh breezes blow.

"Verily," says Leuthéric, "no country in the world possesses a climate comparable to that of Cannes. There no extremes of temperature are known, as in other parts of Provence. The belt of hills which enclose the gulf form a screen intervening between the bay and the towering mountains; and when the cold winds blow down from the Alps, they sweep over the littoral, which lies always sheltered. Thanks to this natural protection, they fall at some distance out to sea, and one can mark the ruffle of the surface on the horizon, whilst that near the beach gently undulates like the face of a tranquil lake. The nightly loss of heat, favoured by the limpidity of a sky always cloudless, is compensated for by the proximity of the sea, always

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social meetings, wl1ere kind feelings and lively conversation shed a charm upon the repast. It is but sombre cast of mind so likely to prevail in such a case, the solitary being is very apt to fall into "brown studies/' and, in these fits of abstraction, to masticate his food very imperfectly. Hence, from defective comminution, and slovenly in salivation of the morsels, an additional labour is thrown upon the stomach already he beta ted by the mind's gloom. Occasional solitariness is, I admit, as necessary to the mind's perfect health, as the rational enjoyment of society. No man can be more wretched than he who is, from habit, dependent upon others for his mind's occupation; besides, every man has, in himself, mental peculiarities, which are proper objects of his private study, with which it is his business to become acquainted, in order to acquire a due mastery over his own mind and affections, or to know how to marshal his intellectual forces in his intercourse with his fellow men. To be too much alone, makes a man timid, suspicious, or irascible, in society; to be too much in society, makes him peevish and melancholy when alone.
 * ' lenten delight" to eat alone. Independently of the

An occasional change of society and of scene, is, to many persons, absolutely essential to their bodily health. I have, in the course of my practice, met with many instances of elegant and accomplished young ladies, doted upon by their parents, and much indulged at their homes, in some very retired parts of the country, who were not deficient in inward resources, and who were, in family, sufficiently numerous not to be without the solace of cheerful


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society; yet, from an oversight of their parents, they have become unhealthy. They have become so enervated by the monotony of their seclusion, as to be painfully agitated at the arrival of a stranger, and to be affected with tremor, loss of voice, and sometimes violent hysteria, upon coming, once in two or three months, into a town.

There are some professions and occupations, the prosecution of which is attended with a sufficient variety of scene, society and circumstances, agreeably to recreate the mind; but there are, at the same time, occupations and pursuits not so diversified; and I have little doubt but that, from this cause alone, they are hurtful both to the mind and body.

The moral depravity so much complained of in large manufacturing places, may, in great measure, be traced to the necessity the persons engaged in them, feel themselves under of flying to something to relieve their minds from the ever-recurring sameness of their employment. The mind loses both its spring and balance, and they ignorantly attempt the renovation of both by recourse to baneful excesses. These afford a temporary diminution of their tcedium vitae, but followed by an increase of it, again to be removed by the same bad means; and thus habits destructive of health and happiness, and subversive of the best interests of society, become irrevocably established. The mind of the labouring manufacturer, requires instruction as to the modes of diversifying his occupation. It is not, I trust, an Utopian dream, to indulge the sanguine expectation that, as useful knowledge becomes more generally diffused amongst this class of persons, they will have their


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resources multiplied, and that many innocent gratifications will supersede their present debasing indulgences.

Much more might be said upon this subject, but I am reminded by the limits assigned to this essay, here to pause for the present, not without the hope of having satisfactorily proved the important value of sound religious principles, and diversified mental occupation, in inducing and preserving that serenity and cheerfulness of mind, without which it would be extremely difficult long to preserve the most perfect bodily frame in uninterrupted health. In a future essay, I propose taking a view of the influence of particular emotions and states of mind on the bodily functions, and inversely of the influence of the bodily functions upon the mind; and to conclude with the application of these laws to medical practice, as elucidated by particular diseases.


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CASES

iijIjUstrative of

DISEASES OF THE HEART.

BY THOMAS JEFFREYS, M. D.

JLIVERPOOL.

In the course of a practice of twenty-five years, I have been in the habit of taking notes of all cases of importance. These notes were taken at the time of the attendance, and observations were afterwards added to them, which arose from a careful collation of any series, bearing on the same views, in pathology or practice.

To communicate, from time to time, such of these series as are calculated to throw light, however small, upon the obscurities of our difficult art, I trust will be considered of some service to our profession.

The first series of cases I shall notice, with a view to show what extensive organic disease may exist in the Heart itself, without a fatal termination: the second, what obscure diagnostics we often have, when the most formidable consequences may be expected: and the third, what powerful symptoms of heart disease may exist which may be purely symptomatic, and consequently from which no danger may either exist.


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 royal and choral services is unknown. He was buried at Martin Hussingtree, near Worcester, 9 June 1656. His wife Alicia died on 29 Jan. 1641–2, and was buried in the cathedral (, Antiquities of Worcester, 1717, p. 77). Her funeral sermon by John Toy [q. v.] was published in quarto.

Two important collections of Thomas Tomkins's music were published. His ‘Songs of three, four, and five, and six parts’ are without date; but the mention of ‘Dr.’ Heather and the dedication to William Herbert, earl of Pembroke, show that the work was printed between 1622 and 1629. Each number has also a separate dedication, one of which is to Phineas Fletcher [q. v.], the others mostly to well-known musicians. The collection includes twenty-eight fine anthems and madrigals. Long after Tomkins's death appeared a much larger collection, ‘Musica Deo Sacra et Ecclesiæ Anglicanæ; or, Musick dedicated to the Honor and Service of God, and to the Use of Cathedral and other Churches of England, especially to the Chapel Royal of King Charles the First,’ 1668. Burney inaccurately stated the date as 1664, which has caused a supposition that there were two editions. The collection contains five services and ninety-eight anthems. The organ copy has directions for counting time by the pulse and for the pitch to which organs should be tuned. Both publications are very rare. Complete copies are preserved at the Royal College of Music, and in Dean Aldrich's library at Christ Church. The British Museum has one part-book of the ‘Songs,’ and the vocal portion of ‘Musica Deo Sacra.’

Many manuscripts at the British Museum, Ely and Durham cathedrals, the Royal College of Music, Lambeth Palace, Tenbury, and Peterhouse, Cambridge, contain anthems and services by Tomkins. There are In Nomines, fantasies, and pavans in British Museum Additional MSS. 17792–6; pavans and galliards in Additional MSS. 30826–8; and five pieces for the virginals in the manuscript at the Fitzwilliam Museum, now edited. Additional MS. 29996, which was apparently begun by John Redford, and perhaps continued by Tallis and Byrd, was completed and annotated by Tomkins, who has inserted pieces of his own, and some by his brother John, also some satirical verses against the puritans. Another volume of his instrumental music was in the possession of Farrenc (, Biographie Universelle). At St. John's College, Oxford, is a choir-book partly written by him, partly by Michael Este. His works are included in ‘Divine Services and Anthems,’ a word-book published in 1663 by James Clifford of St. Paul's; and Wood says there was a manuscript volume of his sacred music at Magdalen College. The most remarkable of Tomkins's works are the anthems ‘O praise the Lord, all ye heathen,’ which is for twelve voices, and ‘Glory be to God,’ for ten voices. These and others were scored by Thomas Tudway [q. v.] from the choir-books at Ely, and he justly described them as ‘very elaborate and artful pieces, and the most deserving to be recorded and had in everlasting remembrance.’ One was scored by Purcell in a volume now at the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge.

Modern editors have reprinted very few of Tomkins's works. A psalm-tune is in Turle and Taylor's ‘People's Singing Book,’ 1844. Joseph Warren, in his ‘Chorister's Handbook’ and enlarged edition of Boyce's ‘Cathedral Music,’ inserted a service in C and some anthems; and Ouseley's ‘Cathedral Music,’ 1853, contains a service in D, with a Venite. Three anthems are in Cope's collection. The preces from ‘Musica Deo Sacra,’ and preces, responses, and litanies from the choir-books at Peterhouse, Cambridge, with some chants, were published in Jebb's ‘Choral Responses and Litanies,’ 1847–57. One madrigal has been reprinted.

His son, (d. 1681), graduated B.D. from Balliol College, Oxford, on 31 March 1628–9. He was made prebendary of Worcester Cathedral in 1629. He had allowed some of the worn-out copes and vestments to be used as ‘players' caps and coats,’ but upon the appointment of Roger Manwaring [q. v.] as dean in 1633 all such were burned. Subsequently Nathanael Tomkins appears as one of the high-church party, siding with the dean against the bishop and townsmen (Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1635–1641). He was ejected from his appointment and his various benefices by the puritans, but survived to the Restoration, and died, still prebendary of the cathedral, on 21 Oct. 1681 (, Sufferings of the Clergy, ii. 81;, Alumni Oxon.)

Of the brothers of Thomas Tomkins, the most distinguished was (1586–1638), who in 1606 succeeded Orlando Gibbons as organist of King's College, Cambridge. Having studied music ten years, he received the degree of Mus. Bac. on 6 June 1608, on condition of composing a piece for performance at the commencement. He was to be presented in the dress of a bachelor of arts. John Tomkins was intimate with Phineas Fletcher, who has made him, under the name of Thomalin, an interlocutor in three of his eclogues. About 1619 he left


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or be expected. To illustrate the first of these positions, I extract a case of

Palpitation, from adhesion of the Pericardium, which occurred in my practice full twenty years ago.

Sept. 23, 1812.— I was called to visit Miss C. N. aged eight years, and found her labouring under febrile symptoms, amongst which, nausea and abdominal pain were most conspicuous, accompanied also by tenesmus. I ordered a powder of calomel and rhubarb to be taken immediately, and afterwards a saline mixture with antimony: the former produced three evacuations, and the latter was continued on that and the following day, without any very material abatement of the symptoms. On the 26th, a powder of calomel and jalap was given, which relieved all the febrile symptoms, except the coated tongue, which was accompanied with a slight cough, for which some syrup of tolu was added to the saline mixture; and on the 27th she was better, but evinced great restlessness, and general irritation of both body and mind, with picking of her nose. More purging was therefore directed, and with such good effect, that on the 28th she was considered convalescent. On the 30th, debility alone seemed to remain, though I fancied there was some peculiarity in respiration, and having still a slight cough, she took a mixture of decoction of bark, oxymel of squills, and camphorated tincture of opium; and on the 2nd of October she appeared well, except the cough, when, for the first time, I observed a more than healthy palpitation of the heart, which her mother informed me she had always observed when her daughter was in any way out of


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health. 9th. She now has, added to the palpitation, pain of chest and side, and looks pale and debilitated^ though the pulse, skin and belly, are natural; a blister was applied to the chest; pills of antimony and digitalis were ordered, together with tinctures of hyoscyamus and camphorated opium, which remedies cleaned the tongue, and lessened the irritation so much, that on the 22nd I discontinued my visits.

On the 8th of November I was again summoned to her assistance, in consequence of her labouring under acute rheumatism, which affected the hands and fingers with great pain, swelling and redness, and there was, also, some slight pain of the knees and ankles, but neither swelling nor inflammation of the latter. A saline mixture, with pills of antimony and digitalis, again relieved her, and by the 13th she was again convalescent, and continued so until February the 8th, 1813, when the cough, coated tongue, and palpitation returned, the latter with more violence than I had before observed. The same medicines were ordered, and the same relief speedily and satisfactorily obtained; but, on the 11th, improvement not being progressive, six leeches were applied to the side. 13th. Pulse 120; palpitation no better; was bled to eight ounces, which blood was buffy, and showing that inflammatory action existed. 14th and 15th. Symptoms better; pulse 1 10; neither so full nor vibrating as on the 13th, and she was evidently under the influence of the digitalis, sleeping much. 16tli. Pulse 60, and palpitation scarcely perceptible; tongue clean; skin cool. 17th. Pulse 80; palpitation less; cough urgent, for which a blister was ordered, but not applied. 18th. Pulse 72; palpita-


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found her pulse very weak and intermitting; thirst; parched tongue, and great debility; bowels natural, but the palpitation, she thinks, is now more violent than ever she felt it before; and, indeed, it is quite as distinct to the eye as to the touch. Some infusion of calumbo, with laudanum, was given in the state of effervescence, for the purpose of allaying the vomiting, which it soon effected; but, at our evening visit, we found a great change for the worse, the patient labouring under orthopnoea, with feeble fluttering pulse; restlessness; cold extremities, and a most bounding palpitation of the heart. Madeira wine, with brandy, relieved the difficult breathing, and she felt comparatively easy; twelve leeches were applied to the chest, and a blister, which enabled her to resume the horizontal position, but, about three o'clock on the following morning, she died very suddenly.

Post mortem examination. — The good sense of her mother willingly granted us permission to examine the thoracic viscera, and at three o'clock of the same day, Mr. Hensman and myself gladly availed ourselves of the opportunity. There was some effusion of bloody serum in the cavity of the chest, the exact quantity of which I have only noted as not considerable. The heart was greatly enlarged, and the pericardium so closely and strongly adhering to it, that it formed one solid mass throughout the whole surface, and was, with difficulty, separated, by dissection, with the scalpel, although no other organic derangement was observed, except a slight blush upon the right ventricle, indicative of some inflammation having existed. The left lung adhered strongly to the pleura costalis, but the right was quite free.


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184 slow to give up its heat, and which bathes this coast with an atmosphere ever temperate. The mean temperature is superior to those of Nice, Genoa, Florence, Pisa, Rome, and even of Naples; it never falls below freezing point, and never rises as high as in most of the towns of Europe. "This equilibrium of temperature is manifest in the simultaneous development of vegetations apparently contradictory. At Cannes, above every spot on the coast of Provence, the vegetations of opposite climes melt into one another in an admirable promiscuity. The landscape is veritably unique, and one feels there as if one were transported into a vast conservatory, in which artificially are united growths, the most different in character. The plain is covered with oranges and lemons, from among which shoot up at intervals the fans of palms trees and the spikes of aloes. The hills are crowned with umbrella pines, whose majestic heads recall classic sites in the Roman campagna. In the background of the picture are dark and dense forests of pines, like a gloomy drapery above which rise the pure and gleaming heights of the Alps in their eternal snows. Thus, as in a single framework, one can see grouped together the great conifers of the north, the olives of Provence, the golden fruits of the Balearic Isles, the oleanders of Asia Minor, and the thorny vegetation of the Algerian Tell."

I must, however, in all fairness, add, as a qualification to this picture, that in the early months of 1905, frost and hail did so smite and blast the oranges, the lemons, the eucalyptus of the plain of the Siagne, that the glory of the glossy leaves was gone, the country had assumed the aspect of a withered orchard. The golden fruit were shed, and the leaves were bleached and pendant. If Cannes has gone up in the world, her neighbours have gone down. About four miles from Cannes, in the Plain of the Siagne, is an outcrop of the Estérel red

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The stomach was much distended with flatus, and its villous coat partially and slightly inflamed. A large quantity of bloody serum issued from the mouth.

Remarks. — This post mortem examination was very satisfactory, and to me very interesting, as explaining the cause of such inordinate action of the heart, as I had scarcely ever before witnessed; and which, upon minute inquiry, I found was believed to have existed from the time she had measles, when very young. The irritability of the stomach remaining, and the vomiting continuing for twenty-four hours after she came on shore, may, by some, be thought singular, when the cause of such sea-sickness was not acting; but such an effect is not uncommon, and, in one instance, I recollect its continuance for more than two months, in defiance of every remedy which could be thought of; no doubt, in this instance, some inflammation affected the heart itself, and also the left lung, although there were no striking diagnostics, which led either Mr. Hensman or myself to suspect it even fourteen hours before she died. The surprise with me is not that she should sink under the common effects of sea-sickness, but that she survived with so little inconvenience, from the first time I saw her^ in Sept. 1812, to July, 1821, a period of more than nine years.

It may be worthy of notice that a younger sister of the above patient consulted me, a few years afterwards, at the age of about 18, for a formidable palpitation of the heart, which gave way to the usual remedies. And, still later, the mother came from Dublin to be under my care, and died from hydro thorax, which, I have no doubt, derived its origin from organic disease of the heart.


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Palpitation, from supposed organic derangement, but which did not prove fatal.

Thomas Hood, aged 40, a patient of Mr. Callan's, a surgeon, in Liverpool, consulted me in the month of February, 1828, for a violent palpitation of the heart, which, although it allows him to pursue his usual employment of a shoe-maker, is easily roused into morbid action, accompanied by much pain, and a very visible external fullness extending up to the left clavicle; which pain he always finds relieved, by holding himself quite erect, and inclining to the opposite side. This affection commenced about five years previously, and the patient was under Mr. Callan's treatment for several months, without deriving any material benefit. Dr. Renwick was then consulted, who directed bleeding, blistering, and diuretics, but with no better success. He then went to Ireland, his native country, for change of air, but finding himself worse, he soon returned, and sought the advice of the late Dr. Vandeburgh, of this town, by whom he was salivated, under the impression that his palpitation was symptomatic of hepatitis; which treatment had little or no effect upon the heart affection; all were now convinced that disease of that organ existed, which opinion was confirmed by the gentlemen of the Liverpool Infirmary, when he became a patient of the late Dr. Mc Cartney, who advised an issue to be inserted between the shoulders, and which was kept discharging freely for three months. The situation between the shoulders was preferred on account of his having great pain, and a violent fluttering beat, distinctly felt there; and when the


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stethoscope was applied there, the sound of his voice was said to alter the character of the pulsation. His situation was deeply lamented, and the prognosis so unfavourable, that intimation of his hopeless state was communicated to him without reserve. He again visited Dublin, a.nd availed himself of the opinions of three, if not more, able practical physicians and surgeons in that celebrated metropolis, who all agreed in the opinion that he had an organic disease of the heart, though they differed as to its being hypertrophy. One only, however, prescribed for him, whose medicines he had not resolution to take, being greatly depressed by the discrepancy of their opinions, and which anxiety was much heightened by reflecting on the loss which a wife and six children would sustain by his death. On his return to Liverpool, he applied to one of our dispensaries, and was, apparently, judiciously treated by one of the physicians of that institution, although the irritation and discharge occasioned by two setons, one on the swelling and another on the side, rendered him not only weak, but unable even to walk. He, therefore, discontinued all medical means, more especially as he was led to believe that he could not survive many months. It was after all these conflicting opinions that Mr. Callan requested I would see him, who was well acquainted with the whole history of his complaint; and I found, in addition to the palpitation, swelling of the left side of the thorax, and beating of the left side of his head; he had, also, a train of dyspeptic symptoms, with great nervous irritability, no doubt increased, if not occasioned, by the unceasing anxiety and alarm he was under,


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from the idea of the awful disease he was afflicted with. I availed myself of the opportunity to tell him that some relief might be expected from medical treatment, and urged him, strongly, not to despair of considerable alleviation of his symptoms, although I would not venture to encourage the idea of their complete removal. He had fourteen leeches applied between the shoulders, and a bitter infusion ordered to be taken in the state of effervescence, with five grains of the extract of hyoscyamus in each dose. I also ordered a very powerful stimulating anodyne liniment to be rubbed freely on the affected side night and morning.* From this plan of treatment he experienced considerable relief; the leeches relieved the oppressive load he felt at his back, and the mixture removed the dyspeptic symptoms, consequently, the mental irritability caused by them, so as to allow him to resume his usual employment. He is, however, often subject to the palpitation of the heart, with a singing beat in the head, but, as these have not increased for two years, he is become reconciled to his disease, and, although he is convinced that he never shall be free from it, he finds, by constant employment, simple diet, and attention to his bowels, that he is not only enabled to prevent mental agitation, but to pursue his business for the support of his numerous family.

March 22nd, 1830. — He called upon me this day, not having seen me for full two years, and I now find his pulse 80, but regular, and the palpitation

Bardsley, pf Manchester. It will be found in the able practical Medical Reports of that gentleman, published in 1807, page 14.
 * For the formula of this liniment I am indebted to my friend. Dr.

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 tragedy of Gustavus Vasa, "full," as Kingsley says, "of patriotisms, heroisms, deaths to tyrants, indefeasible rights of freemen, and other common-places, at which we can afford to sneer now so superciliously—it being not only the propensity but the right of humanity to kick down the stool by which it has climbed. The play itself is good enough; its style that of the time; its characters not so much human beings as vehicles for virtuous or vicious sentiments." It was eventually prohibited by the Lord Chamberlain on account of its political tendency. Brooke then published it, and sold 4,000 copies at 5s. each. He now took a villa at Twickenham, close to his friend Pope, and sent over for his wife and family; but was scarcely settled when he became alarmingly ill; native air was prescribed, and he returned home. On his recovery, his friends expected him back in London, but much to their astonishment he sold his London house, and settled finally at Rantavan. This change of plan appears to have been adopted out of deference to his wife's fears that in his party zeal he might involve himself in political difficulties. Doubtless she also saw that the exciting life of London was not the best for him. "Henry Brooke was true lover and wise man enough to obey; to give up London, fame, and fashion, and in the society of a woman whom he had loved from childhood, and at whose death, at last, he pined away, henceforth to 'drink water of his own spirit; and a nobler act of self-renunciation one seldom meets with. It stamps the man at once as what he was—pure, wise, and good." Not long after his return, he procured, through Lord Chesterfield, the quasi-sinecure government appointment of Barrack-master of Mullingar, with a salary of £400; but his able enquiry into the abuses of the Irish barrack system effectually debarred him from further chances of advancement. He wrote The Earl of Westmoreland, and other pieces, for the Dublin theatres, and in 1745, The Farmer's Letters, addressed to Irish Catholics, to dissuade them from participation in the Jacobite rebellion in Great Britain, besides several noble appeals in favour of the abolition of the Penal Laws, and advocating equal rights for the Irish people. Later on he is said to have been one of the first conductors of the Freeman's Journal, then published on Audeon's-arch. At one time he was solicited by a large body of Dublin electors to stand for the city, but declined, believing the other candidate had "an acknowledged superiority." The greater part of his life was spent in the country. We have a delightful cotemporary account of a visit paid him in his (then) wild retreat at Rantavan—his love of gardening, of reclaiming land, and his affection for the peasantry, by whom he was surrounded—"you would think that Mr. Brooke was talking of his own children, they were all so dear to him; he prayed for them, and blessed them over and over again, with tears in his eyes." For a time he was obliged to mortgage his family estate and remove to Daisy-park, near Sallins, with his beloved brother Robert—the families of both brothers, as theretofore, living together in one house in perfect harmony. A remittance of £13,000 from a nephew. Colonel Robert Brooke, a successful soldier in India, put them in easy circumstances, and enabled Henry to return to Cavan, 1764, and build a lodge on the banks of Lough Mullagh, close by his former residence. Two years afterwards the first volume of his great work. The Fool of Quality, appeared—the fifth and last volume was not published until 1770. Wesley declared it was "one of the most beautiful pictures that ever was drawn in the world; the strokes are so delicately fine, the touches so easy, natural, and affecting, that I know not who can survey it with tearless eyes, unless he has a heart of stone." His later editor, Kingsley, while admitting that "the plot is extravagant as well as ill-woven, and broken, besides, by episodes as extravagant as itself," believes that one can learn from "this book more which is pure, sacred, and eternal, than from any which has been published since Spenser's Faerie Queene." In this later period of his life we have him described: "He was drest in a long blue cloak, with a wig that fell down his shoulders; a little man as neat as wax-work, with an oval face, ruddy complexion, large eyes, full of fire. In short, he is like a picture mellowed by time." Mrs. Brooke died in 1772, just after the loss of a very dear daughter. From this time he shut himself up from the world with his beloved daughter Charlotte, and although his closing years were spent in Dublin, his retirement was so complete that he was believed by many to be dead. Charlotte afterwards told Miss Edgeworth that in these latter years he used, instead of his wont of walking up and down the room composing, to sit for hours gazing into vacancy. He died peacefully in 1783, aged about 77—"as he lived, a philosopher, a gentleman, and a Christian." (39)

Brooke, Charlotte, daughter of the, was born at Rantavan, between 1740 and 1750. She was the first to  38


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 Cambridge, and became organist of St. Paul's. Fletcher, then in Norfolk, addressed a poem to him on the occasion. In 1625 Tomkins was sworn for the next place that should fall vacant in the chapel royal. He was appointed epistler, 3 Nov. 1626, and gospeller on 30 Jan. 1626–7. It is probable that he excelled rather as an executant than as a composer. Anthems by him exist in most manuscripts with his brother Thomas's, but they are few in number, and none have been printed. He composed a clever set of sixteen variations on ‘John, come kiss me now,’ which his brother copied in Additional MS. 29996. Joseph Butler, in his ‘Principles of Musick,’ 1636, calls Thomas and John Tomkins aureus par musicorum. Both helped in harmonising Ravenscroft's ‘Psalter,’ 1621. John died on 27 Sept. 1638, and was buried in St. Paul's, his epitaph calling him the most celebrated organist of his time. William Lawes [q. v.] composed an elegy on his death, printed by Henry Lawes [q. v.] at the end of ‘Choice Psalms,’ 1648. His youthful pupil, Albertus Bryne [q. v.], succeeded him at St. Paul's, Richard Portman at the chapel royal. His son Thomas (1637?–1675) [q. v.], chancellor and canon of Exeter Cathedral, is separately noticed.

(d. 1668?) succeeded John at King's College. He followed his brothers to court, and won the favour of Charles I, who in 1629 ordered that he should be elected to a prebend in Salisbury Cathedral, vacant by the death of John Holmes the organist, whose widow claimed it for her son. The latter was supported by the bishop and three canons, the other three and the dean voting for Tomkins. The matter was referred to a committee consisting of Archbishop Abbot, the bishops of Ely, Winchester, Norwich, and Llandaff, with the dean of St. Paul's, the poet Donne. On 22 June they reported that they had not succeeded in arranging the dispute, and in their opinion Tomkins was lawfully elected. King Charles then ordered that he should be admitted provisionally while the case was tried by law. The decision of the court of arches was apparently in favour of Holmes. In 1634 Tomkins was instructor of the boys of the cathedral, a post held by one of the seven choirmen, another being organist. In the meantime Tomkins had been appointed, on the death of Richard Dering in 1630, household musician to the king, with a pension of 40l. per annum and livery. At Laud's visitation of Salisbury Cathedral it was reported that Giles Tomkins left the choir-boys untaught when he went to attend at court. Anthony à Wood, who calls him organist of Salisbury Cathedral, says that he died there about 1668. John Blow [q. v.] succeeded him as court musician on 15 Jan. 1668–9 (The Musician, 18 Aug. 1897). Anthems by Giles Tomkins are mentioned by Clifford, and in the choir-book written by his brother and Este (Cal. State Papers, Dom. Charles I, vols. cxlvii. cliv. clxix. clxxxvii. dxxx.; Hist. MSS. Comm. 4th Rep. p. 129).

[Thomas Tomkins's published works; Cheque-book of the Chapel Royal in Camden Society's publications, 1872, pp. 10–12, 47, 58; Wood's Fasti, col. 799, ed. Bliss, ii. 319; Rimbault's Bibliotheca Madrigaliana; Grove's Dict. of Music and Musicians, iv. 134, 309, 763; Hawkins's Hist. of Music, c. 103; Burney's General Hist. of Music, iii. 127, 365; Tudway's Letters and Scores, in Harl. MSS. 3782, 7339; Bloxam's Registers of Magdalen College, i. 27, corrected in ii. 47, iii. 141, and the index; Catalogue of the Manuscripts at Peterhouse, in Ecclesiologist for August 1859; Weale's Catalogue of the Loan Exhibition of 1885, p. 158; Coxe's Catalogue of the manuscripts in the Colleges at Oxford; Dickson's Catalogue of the Manuscripts at Ely; Dugdale's St. Paul's, p. 101; Ouseley's contributions to Naumann's Illustrirte Geschichte der Musik, English edit. p. 743; Davey's Hist. of English Music, pp. 132, 199, 216, 234–7, 354; manuscripts and works quoted. Nathanael Tomkins, son of a gentleman of Northamptonshire, who was successively chorister, clerk, and usher of the school at Magdalen College from 1596 to 1610, has been confused with Thomas Tomkins. The mistake first appears in Wood's Fasti, col. 799. It was copied in Foster's Alumni Oxonienses, in Rimbault's Cheque-book of the Chapel Royal, and in C. F. Abdy Williams's Degrees in Music. It may even be found in the first volume of Bloxam's Registers of Magdalen College, but was subsequently corrected.]  TOMKINS, THOMAS (1637?–1675), divine, born about 1637 in Aldersgate Street, London, was the son of John Tomkins, organist of St. Paul's, London [see under, d. 1656)]. Thomas was educated by his cousin, Nathanael Tomkins (d. 1681), prebendary of Worcester, and matriculated from Balliol College on 12 May 1651, graduating B.A. on 13 Feb. 1654–5, and M.A. on 6 July 1658. He was elected fellow of All Souls' in 1657, was proctor in 1663, was incorporated at Cambridge in 1664, and proceeded B.D. in 1665, and D.D. on 15 May 1673. Although Tomkins had not suffered under the Commonwealth and protectorate, on the Restoration he distinguished himself as a zealous royalist and churchman. In 1660 he published ‘The Rebel's Plea, or Mr. Baxter's Judgement concerning the late Wars’ (London, 4to), in which he criticised with considerable force Baxter's theory of the constitution, as well as his defence of


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 particular actions of parliament. This was followed next year by ‘Short Strictures, or Animadversions on so much of Mr. Crofton's “Fastning St. Peters Bonds” as concern the reasons of the University of Oxford concerning the Covenant’ (London, 8vo), a pamphlet which Hugh Griffith in ‘Mr. Crofton's Case soberly considered’ termed ‘frivolous, scurrillous, and invective.’ On 11 April 1665 he was admitted rector of St. Mary Aldermary, London, and about the same time was appointed chaplain to Gilbert Sheldon [q. v.], archbishop of Canterbury, and employed as an assistant licenser of books. In this capacity he nearly refused to license ‘Paradise Lost’ because he thought treasonable the lines: As when the Sun, new risen, Looks through the horizontal, misty air Shorn of his beams, or from behind the moon, In dim eclipse, disastrous twilight sheds On half the nations, and with fear of change Perplexes monarchs (, Life of Milton, 1761, p. 121). On 18 July 1667 he was appointed rector of Great Chart in Kent, and in the same year published a pamphlet entitled ‘The Inconveniences of Toleration.’ On 8 Nov. 1669 he was installed chancellor and prebendary of the see of Exeter, and on 30 Nov. 1669 was instituted rector of Lambeth, all of which preferments he held till his death, resigning his two former livings. On 2 July following he licensed ‘Paradise Regained’ and ‘Samson Agonistes,’ and in 1672 was instituted rector of Monks Risborough, Buckinghamshire. In 1675 he published ‘The Modern Pleas for Comprehension, Toleration, and the taking away the Obligation to the Renouncing of the Covenant considered and discussed’ (London, 8vo); another edition appeared in 1680 entitled ‘The New Distemper, or the Dissenter's usual Pleas for Comprehension, &c., considered and discussed;’ the first edition was answered by Baxter in his ‘Apology for the Nonconformist's Ministry.’ Tomkins died at Exeter on 20 Aug. 1675, aged 36, and was buried in the chancel of Martin Hussingtree church, near Droitwich in Worcestershire. Besides writing the works mentioned, he composed some commendatory verses prefixed to Elys's ‘Dia Poemata’ (1665), and is said to have edited ‘Musica Deo Sacra et Ecclesiæ Anglicanæ’ (1668), composed by his uncle, Thomas Tomkins (d. 1656) [q. v.]

[Wood's Athenæ Oxon. ed. Bliss, iii. 1046; Masson's Life of Milton, vi. 506, 514, 515, 616, 651; Manning and Bray's History of Surrey, iii. 519; Newcourt's Repertorium, i. 436; Hasted's History of Kent, iii. 251; Notes and Queries, III. ix. 259; Foster's Alumni Oxon. 1500–1714.]  TOMKINS, THOMAS (1743–1816), calligrapher, born in 1743, kept for many years a writing school in Foster Lane, London. For boldness of design, inexhaustible variety, and elegant freedom, he was justly considered to have attained the highest eminence in his art. Among the productions of his pen are: A transcript of the charter granted by Charles II to the Irish Society, containing 150 folio pages; ornamental titles to many splendid editions of valuable books, particularly Macklin's Bible (8 vols. 1800–16, fol.), Thomson's ‘Seasons,’ and the Houghton Collection of Prints; a transcript of Lord Nelson's letter announcing his victory at the battle of the Nile—this was engraved and published; titles to three volumes of manuscript music presented to the king by Thomas Linley the elder [q. v.]; honorary freedoms presented to celebrated generals and admirals for their victories (1776–1816)—framed duplicates of these are preserved among the city archives; and addresses to their majesties on many public occasions, particularly from the Royal Academy, duplicates of which documents were placed in the library of the academy as choice specimens of ornamental penmanship. Tomkins was intimate with Johnson, Reynolds, and other celebrities, whom he used to astonish by the facility with which he could strike a perfect circle with the pen. He died in Sermon Lane, Doctors' Commons, in September 1816. His partner in the writing academy, John Reddall, survived till 17 Aug. 1834. Besides being the finest penman of his time, Tomkins was a most amiable man, and certainly did not deserve the ridicule which was cast upon him by Isaac D'Israeli.

He bequeathed to the city of London his portrait by Sir Joshua Reynolds, from which there is a fine mezzotinto by Charles Turner. Another good portrait, painted by George Engleheart and engraved by Lewis Schiavonetti, is prefixed to Tomkins's ‘Rays of Genius.’

He published: 1. ‘The Beauties of Writing, exemplified in a variety of plain and ornamental penmanship. Designed to excite Emulation in this valuable Art,’ London, 1777, oblong 4to; again London, 1808–9, oblong 4to, and 1844, fol. 2. ‘Alphabets written for the improvement of youth in Round, Text, and Small Hands,’ 1779. 3. ‘Rays of Genius, collected to enlighten the rising generation,’ 2 vols., London, 1806, 12mo. 4. ‘Poems on various Subjects; selected to enforce the Practice of Virtue;


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Rh sandstone, crowned by magnificent pines, cypresses, cork trees and ilexes, that embower a chapel of S. Cassien and a farm. Here, till recently, lived a hermit. These gentry are becoming scarce. Possibly the prognostication of M. Anselme Benoit, in Jules Fabre's novel Man Oncle Celestin, is accomplishing itself:

"Va au diable avec tes médailles et tes chapelets. Je te le prédis depuis longtemps: à force d'embrasser les filles, tu finiras par embrasser les gendarmes au detour de quelque chemin."

In 1661 Bishop Godeau found a vagabond hermit at S. Jeanette, and tried in vain to dislodge him ; but the man hung on, and Godeau found him still there in 1667. These men pick up a subsistence by the sale of sacred metals, pictures, scapulars, rosaries ; sometimes manufacturing the latter themselves. Very often they are simply lazy loons who can subsist on such sales and occasional alms; but some have been as great scamps as Jacopo Rusca in Fabre's delightful story—which is a graphic picture of country life and country people in the South, full of delicious word painting. Formerly S. Cassien was the fortress to the town of Arluc. Castle and town have disappeared wholly. Arluc, Ara lucis as the place is called in old deeds, was a shrine in a sacred wood. The Provençal Troubadour Raymond Ferand tells a story of it.

Here lived once on a time a sorcerer named Cloaster; he had an altar in the wood, at which he practised all kinds of diableries. There was a bridge over the Siagne crossed by the people who came there to worship. Now S. Nazarius was abbot of Lerins. One day, a

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186 youth named Ambrose was sacrificing to idols at Arluc, when the devils laid hold of him, raised him in the air, and flew away with him, in spite of all his protests and kicks, to convey him to hell. But as they were thus transporting him over the island of Lerins, Ambrose heard the chanting of the monks, and he cried out to S. Honorat to help him. Then the devils let go, and he came fluttering down like a feather into the midst of the cloister of Lerins, where S. Nazarius received him; and thenceforth Ambrose lived with the monks as a good Christian. The Lerins Chronicle tells us that the Abbot Nazarius destroyed a temple of Venus that was at Arluc, and built a church on its site, which he dedicated to S. Stephen in A.D. 616, and attached to it a convent of women. But in 730 the Saracens destroyed church and convent and town, and sacked Lerins, where they massacred the abbot and five hundred of his monks. The town of Arluc was rebuilt by Pepin le Bref, but in 890 the Saracens again destroyed it. It again struggled into existence, but was finally utterly ruined and effaced by the Tard-Venus in 1361, under their chief, who called himself "The Enemy of Man." These Tard-Venus were one of the Free Companies that ravaged the country, gleaning after others had reaped. The chapel was rebuilt, and when given to the abbey of S. Victor at Marseilles, was dedicated to S. Cassien. The fête is on July 23rd; religious services take place in the morning and a pleasure fair and merrymaking in the afternoon.

A pretty watering place is La Napoule, that once enjoyed a prosperity of which Cannes had no thought. It was the Roman station Ad Horea, where vast stores

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 and with a view to comprise … the Beauties of English Poetry,’ London, 1807, 12mo.

[Athenæum, 1888, pt. i. p. 259; D'Israeli's Curiosities of Literature (1841), p. 436; Evans's Cat. of Engraved Portraits, No. 10440; Gent. Mag. 1816, ii. 77, 280, 292; Monthly Mag. (1816), xlii. 274.]  TOMKINSON, THOMAS (1631–1710?), Muggletonian, son of Richard and Ann Tomkinson of Sladehouse, parish of Ilam, Staffordshire, was born there in 1631. He came of a substantial family of tenant-farmers long settled in the parishes of Ilam and Blore Ray. His mother was a zealous puritan. He had not much education, but was a great reader from his youth, and especially fond of church history. His namesake, Thomas Thomkinson (buried at Blore Ray on 25 Dec. 1640), was locally reckoned a great scholar; it was probably from his representatives that Tomkinson ‘procured a library of presbyterian books.’ Other theological works he borrowed from his landlord, Thomas Cromwell, earl of Ardglass, at Throwley Hall. On his mother's death his father made over his affairs to him, boarding with him as a lodger.

In 1661 he fell in with a tract written as a Muggletonian by Laurence Claxton or Clarkson [q. v.], probably his ‘Look about you,’ 1659. Just before his marriage he went up to London to see Lodowicke Muggleton [q. v.], arriving on May day 1662. His family did not favour his new views. Till 1674 he went occasionally to church ‘to please an old father and a young wife,’ but he made over twenty converts, who met at each other's houses. After 1674 he was harassed for recusancy, and at length excommunicated. By the good offices of Archdeacon Cook, who had heard him confute a quaker at the Dog Inn, Lichfield, he was absolved on payment of a fine, and thought it ‘cheap enough to escape their hell and to gain their heaven for twenty shillings.’ He made frequent visits to London, and finally settled there some time after 1680. He was the ablest of Muggleton's adherents and their best writer. Imperfect education shows itself in some extravagant literary blunders, and his orthography is a system by itself, yet he often writes with power. His ‘no whither else will we go, if we perish, we perish’ (Truth's Triumph, 1823, p. 76) anticipates a well-known phrase of John Stuart Mill. He seems to have brought under Muggleton's notice (in 1674) the ‘Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs,’ which is one of the sacred books in the Muggletonian canon. He was living in 1704, and probably died about 1710. He had a son Thomas and a daughter Anne.

He published: 1. ‘The Muggletonians Principles Prevailing,’ 1695, 4to; reprinted, Deal, 1822, 4to (by T. T., wrongly assigned to Thomas Taylor in Bodleian and British Museum Catalogues; in reply to ‘True Representation of the … Muggletonians,’ 1694, 4to, by John Williams (1634–1709) [q. v.], bishop of Chichester). Posthumous were: 2. ‘Truth's Triumph … pt. viii.’ 1721, 4to; pt. vii. 1724, 4to; the whole (8 parts), 1823, 4to (written 1676, revised 1690). 3. ‘A System of Religion,’ 1729, 8vo; reprinted 1857, 4to. 4. ‘The Harmony of the Three Commissions,’ 1757, 8vo (written 1692). 5. ‘A Practical Discourse upon … Jude,’ 1823, 8vo (written 1704). Still in manuscript among the Muggletonian archives in New Street, Bishopsgate Street Without, are: 6. ‘A Brief Concordance of … all the Writings of John Reeve and some of … Muggleton,’ 1664–5 (copy by William Cheir). 7. ‘Zion's Sonnes,’ 1679 (autograph). 8. ‘The Soul's Struggle,’ 1681 (copy by Arden Bonell). 9. ‘The Christian Convarte, or Christianytie Revived,’ 1692 (copy by Arden Bonell; this is an unfinished autobiography). 10. ‘The White Diuel uncased,’ 1704 (autograph; two recensions). 11. ‘Joyful Newes … the Jews are called,’ n.d. (in verse; copy by Arden Bonell).

[Tomkinson's works, printed and in the Muggletonian archives; Reeve and Muggleton's Volume of Spiritual Epistles, 1755 (letters from Muggleton to Tomkinson); Smith's Bibliotheca Antiquakeriana, 1873, pp. 322 seq. (bibliography revised by the present writer); Ancient and Modern Muggletonians, in Transactions of Liverpool Literary and Philosophical Soc. 1870.]  TOMKIS, or TOMKYS, THOMAS (fl. 1614), dramatist, entered Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1597, was admitted scholar in 1599, graduated B.A. in 1600, was elected minor fellow in 1602, proceeded M.A. in 1604, and became a major fellow during the same year. When James I visited the university of Cambridge in March 1615, Tomkis wrote a comedy called ‘Albumazar’ for performance by members of his college. In the senior bursar's account-book under the head of ‘extraordinaries’ for the year 1615 is the item: ‘Given Mr. Tomkis for his paines in penning and ordering the Englishe Commedie at or Mrs Appoyntmt xxli’ (Notes and Queries, 3rd ser. xii. 155). The piece was published in London without delay. The title-page ran: ‘Albumazar: a Comedy presented before the Kings Maiestie at Cambridge the ninth of March 1614 by the Gentlemen of Trinitie Colledge. London, printed by Nicholas Okes for Walter Burre,’ 1615, 4to


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Tomkis (newly revised and corrected by a special hand, London, 1634, 4to; and another edition, London, 1668, 4to). John Chamberlain, the letter-writer, described this ‘English comedy … of Trinitie Colledges action and invention as having no great matter in it more than one good clown's part’ (i.e. the part of Trincalo). It was assigned to ‘Mr. Tomkis, Trinit.,’ in a contemporary account of the king's visit to Cambridge among the manuscripts of Sir Edward Dering.

The piece, which ridiculed the pretensions of astrologers, was adapted from an Italian comedy, ‘L'Astrologo,’ by a Neapolitan, Gian Battista della Porta, which was printed at Venice in 1606. ‘Albumazar’ was revived after the Restoration at the Lincoln's Inn Fields Theatre on 2 Feb. 1668, when Dryden wrote a prologue in which he erroneously identified the author with Ben Jonson (, i. 85). James Ralph [q. v.] based on it a comedy called ‘The Astrologer,’ which was acted for a single night at Drury Lane Theatre in 1744. Garrick revived Tomkis's piece at Drury Lane on 3 Oct. 1747, where it ran for five nights, and again on 13 March 1748. Dryden's prologue was spoken by Garrick, and Macklin and Mrs. Woffington were in the cast (ib. iv. 232, 242). Subsequently Garrick altered the piece and produced his new version (which was published) at Drury Lane on 19 Oct. 1773, when the rôle of Albumazar was undertaken by Palmer, and that of Sulpitia by Mrs. Abington (ib. v. 394). The piece was reprinted in Dodsley's ‘Collection of Old Plays’ (ed. W. C. Hazlitt, xi. 292–421).

According to a manuscript list of books and papers made by Sir John Harington early in the seventeenth century (now in Addit. MS. 27632), a second piece, ‘The Combat of Lingua,’ was from the pen of ‘Thomas Tomkis of Trinity Colledge in Cambridge’ (leaf 30; see note by Dr. Furnivall in Notes and Queries, 7th ser. ix. 382–3). This play, which is a farcical presentation of a struggle among personifications of the tongue and the five senses, was published anonymously in 1607 with the title, ‘Lingua, or The Combat of the Tongue and the five Senses for Superiority: a pleasant Comœdie,’ London, printed by G. Eld for Simon Waterson, 1607 (other editions are dated 1610 [?], 1617, 1622, 1632, 1657). The piece has been assigned, on Winstanley's authority, to Antony Brewer, but there is little reason to doubt Harington's ascription of it to Tomkis. It seems to be founded on an Italian model, and is in style and phraseology closely akin to ‘Albumazar.’ It was doubtless prepared for a performance at the university in 1607, but there is no evidence to prove that it was the unspecified comedy the production of which at King's College in February 1606–7 excited a disturbance among the auditors (, Annals, iii. 24). Simon Miller, when advertising in 1663 the edition of ‘Lingua’ of 1657, reported the tradition that Oliver Cromwell, the protector, played a part on the first production of the piece. Winstanley embellished Miller's statement, and declared that Cromwell assumed the rôle of Tactus, ‘and this mock ambition for the Crown is said to have swollen his ambition so high that afterwards he contended for it in earnest. …’ ‘Lingua’ was reprinted in Dodsley's ‘Old Plays’ (ix. 331–463).

Tomkis has been confused with Thomas Tomkins (d. 1656) [q. v.], the musician, and with his son, John Tomkins (1586–1638). There is no ground for connecting him in any way with either.

[Fleay's Biographical Chronicle; Baker's Biographia Dramatica; Introductions to Lingua and Albumazar in Dodsley's Old Plays; Winstanley's English Poets, s.v. ‘Brewer’ and ‘Tomkis;’ information kindly supplied by Dr. Aldis Wright.]  TOMLINE, GEORGE PRETYMAN (1750–1827), tutor of the younger Pitt, and bishop of Winchester, was the son of George Pretyman of Bury St. Edmunds, by his wife Susan, daughter of John Hubbard. His father represented an ancient and respectable Suffolk family which had held land at Bacton in Suffolk from the fifteenth century. Tomline (who until 1803 bore the name of Pretyman) was born at Bury St. Edmunds on 9 Oct. 1750, and educated at the grammar school at that town and at Pembroke Hall, Cambridge, where he distinguished himself in mathematics, being senior wrangler and Smith's prizeman in 1772. He graduated B.A. in 1772, and was appointed fellow and shortly afterwards tutor of his college in 1773.

On William Pitt being sent to the university at the early age of fourteen, Tomline was appointed his tutor, probably on the recommendation of the master of Pembroke Hall. Pitt early developed a close friendship with his tutor (letter of Pitt to Pretyman, 7 Oct. 1774, Orwell Collection), which he maintained till his death, and which established Tomline's fortune. In 1775 Tomline proceeded M.A., and was appointed moderator of the university in 1781. He took an active part in the Cambridge election in September 1780, when Pitt failed to win the university seat (Cambridge Poll Books, Orwell Collection), and went to


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Rh of provisions were collected in magazines, for transmission to the troops. The name Napoule has been supposed to be the same as Naples, Neapolis, signifying the New Town, but no text gives colour to this derivation, and it is more probable that La Napoule comes from Epulia, Provisions, as it was a store place; excavations made there when the railway was in construction laid bare immense underground magazines and granaries, divided systematically into compartments by pillars, and vaulted. These were originally well ventilated. Remains of Roman constructions may still be seen by the shore, and although no mention is made in the Itinerary of Antoninus of a port there, it cannot be doubted that there was one for the disembarkation or embarkation of stores. The little feudal castle built on Roman substructures was wrecked by the Saracen corsairs in the thirteenth century. The present village of Napoule is tenanted by poor fishermen, but it is likely to look up as a bathing place, and as a centre for excursions into the Estérel. The tower is all that remains of a castle of the Counts of Villeneuve. The rocks in the bay, beaten by the sea, have assumed fantastic shapes; being of sandstone, they are not like porphyry, too hard to resist the erosion of the sea. And La Napoule, facing east, sees how that,— Another old place that fell into decay, but which has in it now hopes of renovation, is Antibes. This was the

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xxvi singulier, sans doute. . . . Mais. . . . c'est dans le vieux drame grec comme dans la coémdie du maître français une trouvaille de génie. . . ..

'Sophocle a voulu, après des émotions si terribles, après des angoisses si sèches, ouvrir la source des larmes: il a écrit un cinquième acte. . . ..

'Les yeux crevés d'Œdipe ne sont qu'un accident, ou, si vous aimez mieux, un accessoire. Le poète, sans s'arrêter à ce détail, a mis sur les lèvres de son héros toute la gamme des sentiments douloureux qu'excite une si prodigieuse infortune. . . ..

'À la lecture, elle est un peu longue cette scène de lamentations. Au théâtre, on n'a pas le temps de la trouver telle: on pleure de toute son âme et de tous ses yeux. C'est qu'après avoir eu le cœur si longtemps serré comme dans un étau, on épreuve comme un soulagement à sentir en soi jaillir la source des larmes. Sophocle, qui semble avoir été le plus malin des dramaturges, comme il est le plus parfait des écrivains dramatiques, a cherché là un effet de contraste dont l'effet est immanquant sur le public.'

These and other like remarks of one of the best-known critics of the Parisian stage show that the dramatic art of Sophocles is still a living power.

I am well aware how feeble and inadequate the present attempted reproduction must appear to any reader who knows the Greek original. There is much to be said for the view of an eminent scholar who once declared that he would never think of translating a Greek poet. But the end of translating is not to satisfy fastidious scholars, but to make the classics partially accessible to those whose acquaintance with them would otherwise be still more defective. Part of this version of Sophocles was printed several years ago in an imperfect form. The present volume contains the seven extant plays entire. As the object has been to give the effect of each drama as a whole, rather than to dwell on particular 'beauties' (which only a poet can render), the fragments have not been included. But the reader should


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 with Pitt and Pitt's elder brother, Lord Chatham, after the loss of the election. On Pitt's appointment in December 1783 as first lord of the treasury, Tomline became his private secretary, but did not at first bear the name of secretary, as the minister thought it might be detrimental to him in his profession. He continued in this position until 1787. In 1782 he was collated to the sinecure rectory of Corwen, Merionethshire; in 1784 was appointed to a prebendal stall at Westminster, and the same year was created D.D. In 1785 he was presented by George III to the rectory of Sudbourn-cum-Offord, and was elected a fellow of the Royal Society. Tomline's mathematical abilities enabled him to be of great service to Pitt during the conduct of the latter's financial proposals. He formulated the objections to Richard Price's scheme for the reduction of the national debt, and performed most of the calculation involved in Pitt's plan for the same purpose. In January 1787 Tomline succeeded Thurlow as bishop of Lincoln and dean of St. Paul's. It is said that on Pitt's application on behalf of his friend the king remarked, ‘Too young, too young; can't have it!’ but that on the minister replying that had it not been for Tomline he would not have been in office, the king answered, ‘He shall have it, Pitt; he shall have it, Pitt!’ Though Tomline ceased to act as secretary on taking up his episcopal residence at Buckden Palace, his very close intimacy with the prime minister was not relaxed, and he frequently visited him in London for the purpose of conferring with him and doing secretarial work for him. From 1787 to 1806 the bulk of the ecclesiastical patronage was exercised according to his advice, and his opinion on the general conduct of political affairs was generally sought and not infrequently followed by Pitt (, Diary and Correspondence, i. 323).

In 1799 Tomline justified his episcopal appointment by his publication of the ‘Elements of Christian Theology’ (London, 2 vols. 8vo; 12th edit. 1818). This work, which was dedicated to Pitt, was composed for the use of candidates for ordination, the idea being suggested to the bishop owing to the ignorance displayed by most of the candidates who presented themselves to him. Though ‘without pretensions to depth or originality’ (, preface to ed. Elements of Christian Theology), the work became very popular and went through many editions. It was revised by Henry Stebbing (1799–1883) [q. v.] in 1843. Several abridgments appeared, and the first volume was published alone in 1801 and 1875 under the title ‘An Introduction to the Study of the Bible.’ On the question of catholic emancipation Tomline took up so strong an attitude that he was prepared to oppose the measure even if brought in by his patron (letter, Mrs. Tomline to Tomline, 8 Feb. 1801, Orwell Collection), but on his urging his arguments on Pitt ‘did not seem to make much impression on this point’ (, Diary and Correspondence, i. 443).

Tomline was much opposed to Pitt's negotiations and intimate relationship with Addington in 1801 (letter to Rose, 19 Nov. 1801, Orwell Collection). Addington he appears to have despised and distrusted, and he did all in his power, eventually with success, to induce Pitt to withdraw his support from the ministry. He was especially anxious that all matters in doubt between the king and Pitt at this period should be cleared up, and suggested the wording of Pitt's guarantee to the king never during his majesty's life to bring forward the catholic question (, Correspondence, i. 407). When in 1801 the question arose among his most intimate friends as to how provision should be made to meet Pitt's most pressing debts, Tomline undertook the task, and somewhat nervously broached the subject at a tête-à-tête dinner with the ex-minister. He successfully arranged this delicate matter, and himself contributed 1,000l.

In June 1803 the bishop of Lincoln took the name of Tomline on a considerable estate at Riby in Lincolnshire being left him by the will of Marmaduke Tomline. Between the testator and legatee there was no relationship, and but very slight acquaintance, the bishop not having seen Tomline more than five or six times in his life (letter to Mrs. Tomline, 23 June 1803, Orwell Collection).

On the approaching death of John Moore (1730–1805) [q. v.], archbishop of Canterbury, Pitt was anxious that Tomline should be appointed, but clearly anticipated a struggle with the king (letter to Mrs. Tomline, 21 Jan. 1805). There are numerous stories as to what was said at the final interview between sovereign and minister on this subject. According to Lord Malmesbury, the king remarked that if a private secretary of a first minister was to be put at the head of the church, he should have all his bishops party men (, Diaries, iv. 383). Lord Sidmouth told Dean Milman that such strong language had rarely ever passed between a sovereign and his minister. Tomline's account of what happened, written to his wife immediately after seeing Pitt on his return from Windsor (23 Jan. 1804),


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188 Greek Antipolis, the town over against Nicæa, at the farther side of the bay. Almost all of the monuments bearing Greek inscriptions that have been found in such numbers in Provence belong to a date after the Roman annexation. But this is not the case with regard to a curious inscription discovered at Antibes on a black boulder, egg-shaped, of diorite, a kind of basalt. This stone had no shaping given to it by the hand of man, but on it was cut in archaic characters, this inscription:—

"I am Terpon, servant of the august goddess Aphrodite; may Cypris reward with her favours those who erected me here."

What does this mean? How could the stone be Terpon, a servant of the Goddess of Love? It would seem to have been one of those mysterious sacred stones which received worship from the most remote ages, a form of worship belonging to the earliest people of whom anything is known. This cult of rude unshapen stones, very generally black, prevailed among the Phœnicians; it forced its way into the worship of the Israelites. Such stones were set up even in the temple of Jehovah by some of the kings, who inclined to the superstitions of the Canaanites. The worship had so strong a hold on the Arabs that Mohammed could not extirpate it, and the Black Stone of Mecca still receives the veneration of the faithful. It forced its way into the religion of the ancient Greeks, and though quite incongruous with their mythology, held its own to the last. Prudentius, the Christian poet (died about 410) shows us how strong was the devotion, even in his day.

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Rh bear in mind that the seven plays are less than a tithe of the work produced by the poet in his lifetime.

It may very possibly be asked why verse has been employed at all. Why not have listened to Carlyle's rough demand, 'To tell us what they thought; none of your silly poetry'? The present translator can only reply that he began with prose, but soon found that, for tragic dialogue in English, blank verse appeared a more natural and effective vehicle than any prose style which he could hope to frame. And with the dialogue in verse, it was impossible to have the lyric parts in any sort of prose, simply because the reader would then have felt an intolerable incongruity. These parts have therefore been turned into such familiar lyric measures as seemed at once possible and not unsuitable. And where this method was found impracticable, as sometimes in the Commoi, blank metres have again been used,—with such liberties as seemed appropriate to the special purpose. The writer's hope throughout has been, not indeed fully to transfuse the poetry of Sophocles into another tongue, but to make the poet's dramatic intention to be understood and felt by English readers. One more such endeavour may possibly find acceptance at a time when many causes have combined to awaken a fresh interest at once in dramatic literature and in Hellenic studies.

The reader who is hitherto unacquainted with the Greek drama, should be warned that the parts assigned to the 'Chorus' were often distributed among its several members, who spoke or chanted, singly or in groups, alternately or in succession. In some cases, but not in all, Ch. 1, Ch. 2, &c., have been prefixed, to indicate such an arrangement.