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 Pelham a meeting of the noblemen and chief gentry of the province ‘to see what they may be drawn to do against the rebels … and what relief of victuals we may have of them, and what contributions they will yield to ease some part of her majesty's charge hereafter.’ But the attendance at the meeting was meagre in the extreme, and even among the best disposed Pelham found ‘such a settled hatred of English government’ that it was clearly useless to expect any general submission so long as Desmond was at liberty. Accordingly, after many delays, he and Ormonde entered Kerry together. From Castle Island, where they narrowly missed capturing the Earl of Desmond and Dr. Nicholas Sanders [q. v.], they advanced along the valley of the Maine, scouring the country as they went, to Dingle. At Dingle they found Admiral Winter, and, with his assistance, Pelham ransacked every cove and creek between Dingle and Cork, while Ormonde harried the interior of the country. The devotion of the western chiefs to the house of Desmond was unable to bear the strain placed upon it, and one by one they submitted to Ormonde. At Cork there was a great meeting of all the lords and chiefs, ‘cisalpine and transalpine the mountains of Slieve Logher.’ All were received to mercy except Lord Barrymore; but Pelham, acting on the advice of Sir Warham St. Leger [q. v.], took them along with him to Limerick. Desmond was still at large, but his power had been greatly crippled, and Pelham, though by no means blind to the serious consequences of a Spanish invasion, was fairly satisfied with the results of his expedition.

Pelham, who insisted on an unconditional surrender, was preparing for a fresh inroad into Kerry, when he received information that the new viceroy, Arthur, lord Grey de Wilton, had arrived at Dublin. He had more than once expressed his willingness to serve in a subordinate capacity under Grey, and it was originally intended to send Wallop with the sword of state to Dublin. But Pelham was offended at the lack of courtesy shown to him by the deputy's secretary, Edmund Spenser, and determined to go himself to Dublin. He was detained for some time about Athlone by bad weather, and it was not till 7 Sept. that he formally resigned the sword of state to the deputy in St. Patrick's Cathedral. There was some talk of making him president of Munster, and he accompanied Grey to Drogheda to inspect the fortifications; but being taken dangerously ill, he was obliged to return to Dublin in a wagon. He obtained permission to return to England, and left Ireland early in October. On 16 Jan. 1581 he was joined in commission with the Earl of Shrewsbury and Sir Henry Neville to convey the Queen of Scots from Sheffield to Ashby in Leicestershire. He still retained the office of lieutenant-general of the ordnance, but his disbursements so far exceeded the profits of his office that in 1585 he found himself 8,000l. in arrears by virtue of his office alone, while his personal debts amounted to at least 5,000l. The queen refused either to remit or stall his debts; and, certain defalcations in connection with his office, for which he was held responsible, coming to light about the same time, she made the payment of his arrears, much to Leicester's annoyance and the detriment of the service, absolutely essential to permitting him to serve under the Earl of Leicester in the Netherlands. In vain Pelham implored her, ‘If you will not ease me of my debts, pray take my poor living into your possession, and give order for their payment, and imprest me some convenient sum to set me forward.’ Elizabeth was inexorable; but the remonstrances of Leicester and Burghley induced her so far to relent as to accept a mortgage on his property, and in July 1586 he joined Leicester in the Netherlands.

Leicester, who thought highly of his military abilities, created him marshal of the army, though by doing so he gave great offence to Sir John Norris [q. v.] and his brother Sir Edward. As for Pelham, he shared Leicester's prejudices against the Norrises, and at a drinking bout on 6 Aug. at Count Hohenlohe's quarters at Gertruydenberg, he was the cause of a fierce and brutal brawl which nearly cost Sir Edward Norris [q. v.] his life (cf., United Netherlands, ii. 92–9). Leicester laid the blame of the whole affair on Norris; but Pelham was naturally of an irascible disposition. A few days later, while inspecting the trenches before Doesburg in company with Leicester, he was wounded by a shot in the stomach. Thinking the wound to be fatal, he expressed his satisfaction at having warded off the blow from the commander-in-chief, who was standing directly behind him, and made other ‘comfortable and resolute speeches.’ But, though fated ‘to carry a bullet in his belly’ as long as he lived, the wound did not prove immediately fatal. He was able to take part in the fight at Zutphen, and, according to Fulke Greville, it was the desire to emulate him, and ‘to venture without any inequality,’ that made Sir Philip Sidney [q. v.] lay aside his cuisses and so to receive the wound that caused his death.


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 DREAMS DREAMS

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = This morn, as sleeping in my bed I lay, I dreamt (and morning dreams come true they say). W. B. Rhodes—Bombastes Furioso. Post medium noctean bisus, quum comnia vera. Horace—Satires. Bk. I. Sat. 10. L. 33. TrBULLUS—Elegy. Bk. III. 4. | seealso = (See also {{sc|Bruce) Brethren, weep to-day, The silent God hath quenched my Torch's ray, And the vain dream hath flown. Schiller—Resignation. Bowring's trans. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 203 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Some must delve when the dawn is nigh; Some must toil when the noonday beams; But when night comes, and the soft winds sigh, Every man is a King of Dreams. Clinton Scollard—King of Dreams. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 203 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = I'll dream no more—by manly mind Not even in sleep is well resigned. My midnight orisons said o'er, I'll turn to rest and dream no more. Scott—Lady of the Lake. Canto I. St. 35. is Thou hast beat me out Twelve several times, and I have nightly since Dreamt of encounters 'twixt thyself and me. Coriolanus. Act IV. Sc. 5. L. 127. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 203 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = There is some ill a-brewing towards my rest, For I did dream of money-bags to-night. Merchant of Venice. Act II. Sc. 5. L. 17. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 203 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = I have had a most rare vision. I have had a dream, past the wit of man to say what dream it was. Midsummer Night's Dream. Act IV. Sc. 1. L. 211. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = 15 | text = This is the rarest dream that e'er dull sleep Did mock sad fools withal. Pericles. Act V. Sc. 1. L. 164. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 203 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Oh! I have pass'd a miserable night, So full of ugly sights, of ghastly dreams, That, as I am a Christian faithful man, would not spend another such a night, Though 'twere to buy a world of happy days. Richard III. Act I. Sc. 4. L. 2. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 203 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = For never yet one hour in his bed Have I enjoyed the golden dew of sleep, But have been waked by his timorous dreams. Richard III. Act IV. Sc. 1. L. 83. I talk of dreams, Which are the children of an idle brain, Begot of nothing but vain fantasy, Which is as thin of substance as the air And more inconstant than the wind. Romeo and Jvliet. Act I. Sc. 4. L. 96. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 203 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Sometime she driveth o'er a soldier's neck, And then dreams he of cutting foreign throats, Of breaches, ambuscadoes, Spanish blades, Of healths five-fathom deep. Romeo and Jvliet. Act I. Sc. 4. L. 82. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 203 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = If I may trust the flattering truth of sleep, My dreams presage some joyful news at hand: My bosom's lord sits lightly in his throne; And all this day an unaccustom'd spirit Lifts me above the ground with cheerful thoughts. Romeo and Jvliet. Act V. Sc. 1. L. 1

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) | topic = | page = }}


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Rh


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 SUCCESS

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Who shootes at the midday Sunne, though he be sure, he shall never hit the marke; yet as sure he is, he shall shoot higher than who ayms but at a bush. Sir Philip Sidney—Countess of Pembroke's Arcadia. P. 118. (Ed. 1638) | seealso = (See also {{sc|Herbert)


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 Street. Bath, and was buried in the old burial-ground of Bathwick. He married in 1800 Emily Holmes, who died in Dublin 14 Jul. 1801, leaving one daughter, Emily. On 1 July 1816 he married, at Queen Square Chapel, Bath, Mary, daughter of Lieutenant-colonel Nangreave of the East Indian army. She died in Bath 15 May 1846, leaving two sons, the Rev. E. N. Mangin, at one time vicar of Woodhorn-with-Newbiggin-by-Sea, Northumberland, and the Rev. S. W. Mangin, now rector of West Knoyle, Wiltshire, and one daughter, Mary Henrietta, who is unmarried.

Mangin published many works, original and translated, but they fail to render adequate justice to his talents. His productions were: 1. 'The Life of C. G. Lamoignon Malesherbes,' translated from the French, 1804. 2. 'The Deserted City' (anon., but with a dedication signed E. M.), 1806. It was a poem on Bath in summer, parodying Goldsmith's 'Deserted Village.' 3. 'Light Reading at Leisure Hours' (anon.), 1805. 4. 'Oddities and Outlines, by E. M.,' 1806, 2 vols. 5. 'George the Third,' a novel in three volumes, 1807. Some of the impressions had his name on the title-page, and others were anonymous. It contained (i. 71-92) 'a few general directions for the conduct of young gentlemen in the university of Oxford,' which was 'printed at Oxford in 1795.' 6. 'An Essay on Light Reading,' In this were included some fresh facts on Goldsmith's youth, afterwards incorporated in the lives of Goldsmith by Prior and Forster. A short memoir of Mangin and a letter from him to Forster on 24 April 1848 are in the latter's 'Goldsmith,' ed. 1871, vol. i. App. 7. 'Essay on the Sources of the Pleasures received from Literary Compositions' (anon.), 1809; 2nd edit, (anon.) 1813. 8. 'Hector, a Tragedy in five acts, by J. Ch. J. Luce de Lancival, translated by E. Mangin,' n.d. [1810]. 9. 'Works of Samuel Richardson, with a Sketch of his Life and Writings,' 1811, 19 roll. 10. 'Utopia Found: an Apology for Irish Absentees. Addressed to a Friend in Connaught by an Absentee residing in Bath,' 1813. 11. 'View of the Pleasures arising from a Love of Books,' 1814. 12. 'An Intercepted Epistle from a Person in Bath to his Friend in London,' Bath, 1815; 2nd edit., with preface and notes, 1815; 3rd edit. 1815. It was answered by an actor called Ashe in an annonymous poem, 'The Flagellator,' Bath, 1816. 13. 'Letter to Bishop of Bath and Wells on Reading of Church Services.' 1819. 14. 'The Bath Stage,' a dialogue (anon.), Bath, 1822. 15. 'Letter to Thomas Moore on the subject of Sheridan's "School for Scandal,"' 1826. 16. 'Life of Jean Bart, naval commander under Louis XIV. From the French, by E. Mangin,' 1828. 17. 'Parish Settlements and Pauperism' (anon.), 1828. 18. 'Reminiscences for Roman Catholics,' 1828, 18, 'Short Stories for Short Students.' 20. 'More Short Stories,' 1830. 21. 'Essay on Duelling; by J. B. Salaville. From the French, by E. Mangin,' 1832, 22. 'Piozziana: Recollections of Mrs. Piozzi, by a Friend,' 1833. 23. 'Vagaries in Verse, by author of "Essay on Light Reading,"' 1835. It contains (pp. 5-14) 'The Deserted City.' 24. 'Letter to the Admirers of Chatterton,' 1838, signed E. M. He believed that the poems were not by Chatterton. 25. 'The Parlour Window, or Anecdotes. Original Remarks on Books,' 1841. 26. 'Voice from the Holy Land, purporting to be the Letters of a Centurion under the Emperor Tiberius,' n.d. [1843]. 27. 'Miscellaneous Essays,' 1851. The Rev. Joseph Hunter calls Mangin 'author of one or more lively dramatic pieces.' He contributed to the 'Bath Herald,' and supplied the 'Bath and Bristol Magazine,' 1832-1, with two articles, 'The Rowleyian Controversy,' ii. 53-9, and 'Scraps,' ii. 290-4. In John Forster's library at the South Kensington Museum are five numbers of 'The Inspector,' a periodical issued by Mangin at Bath from 22 Oct. to 19 Nov. 1826.

 MANGLES, JAMES (1786–1867), captain in the navy and traveller, entered the navy in March 1800, on board the Maidstone frigate, with Captain Ross Donnelly, whom in 1801 he followed to the Narcissus. After active service on the coast of France, at the reduction of the Cape of Good Hope, and in the Rio de la Plata, he was, on 24 Sept. 1806, promoted to be lieutenant of the Penelope, in which, in February 1809, he was present at the reduction of Martinique. In 1811 he was appointed to the Boyne, and in 1812 to the Ville de Paris, flagship in the Channel of [q. v.] In 1814 he was first lieutenant of the Duncan, flagship of [q. v.] in his voyage to Rio de Janeiro. He was sent home in acting command of the Racoon sloop, and


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792

 * 1) TIGER ##

 * 1) TIME ##


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 TULIP-TREE TWILIGHT

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = In the twilight of morning to climb to the top of the mountain,— Thee to salute, kindly star, earliest herald of day,— And to await, with impatience, the gaze of the ruler of heaven.—


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WIT 885

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = It is with wits as with razors, which are never so apt to cut those they are employed on as when they have lost their edge. Swift—Tale of a Tub: Author's Preface. | seealso = (See also {{sc|Young}}, also {{sc|Montagu}} under {{sc|Satire) | topic = | page = 885 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Too much wit makes the world rotten. | author = Tennyson | work = Idylls of the King..: The Last Tournament. }} {{Hoyt quote | num = | text = And wit its honey lent, without the sting. | author = Tennyson | work = To the Memory of Lord Talbot. | seealso = (See also {{sc|Lucretius}}) | topic = | page = 885 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = He had too thoughtful a wit: like a penknife in too narrow a sheath, too sharp for his body Izaak Walton—Life of George Herbert. Eeported as Herbert's saying about himself. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 885 }}


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762

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Levia perpessi sumus Si flenda patimur. We have suffered lightly, if we have suffered what we should weep for. Seneca—Agamemnon. 665. Oh, I have suffered With those that I saw suffer. Tempest. Act I. Sc. 2. L. 5. | seealso = (See also {{sc|Wordsworth) For there are deeds Which have no form, sufferings which have no tongue. Shelley—The Cenci. Act in. Sc. 1. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Suffering | page = 762 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Those who inflict must suffer, for they see The work of their own hearts, and that must be Our chastisement or recompense. Shelley—Julian and Maddalo. L. 494. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Suffering | page = 762 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Can it be, O Christ in heaven, that the holiest suffer most, That the strongest wander furthest, and more hopelessly are lost? Sarah Williams—Is it so, O Christ in Heaven? St. 3. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Suffering | page = 762 }}


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886

WOE

WOMAN (See also )


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 MISFORTUNE MOCCASIN FLOWER

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = None think the great unhappy, but the great. Young—Love of Fame. Satire. | seealso = (See also {{sc|Rowe) MOCCASIN FLOWER Cypripedium With careless joy we thread the woodland ways And reach her broad domain. Thro' sense of strength and beauty, free as air. We feel our savage kin,— And thus alone with conscious meaning wear The Indian's moccasin! Elaine Goodale—Moccasin Flower. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 519 }}


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Therefore Agathon rightly says: "Of this alone even God is deprived, the power of making things that are past never to have been." Aristotle—Ethics. Bk. VI. Ch. II. R. W. Browne's trans. Same idea in | author = Milton | work = Paradise Lost. 9. 926. Pindar—Olympia. . 17. Pliny the Elder—Historia Naluralis. 2. 5. 10. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Passion | page = 581 }}


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 KISSES

) | topic = Kisses | page = 417 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Drink to me only with thine eyes And I'll not ask for wine Or leave a kiss but in the cup, And I will pledge with mine. Ben Jonson—The Forest. To Celia. | seealso = (See also {{sc|Philostratus) is A soft lip, Would tempt you to eternity of kissing! Ben Jonson—Volpone; or, the Fox. Act I. Sc. 1. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Kisses | page = 417 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Favouritism governed kissage, Even as it does in this age. Kipling—Departmental Ditties. General Summary. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Kisses | page = 417 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = My lips the sextons are Of thy slain kisses. George Eric Lancaster—In Pygmalion in Cyprus. P. 18. (Ed. 1880)


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 STATESMANSHIP STORM

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = If you wish to preserve your secret wrap it up in frankness. Alexander Smith—Dreamihorp. On the Writing of Essays. • | seealso = (See also {{sc|Wotton) And lives to clutch the golden keys, To mould a mighty state's decrees, And shape the whisper of the throne. | author = Tennyson | work = In Memoriam. Pt. LXIII. And statesmen at her council met Who knew the seasons when to take Occasion by the hand, and make The bounds of freedom wider yet. | author = Tennyson | work = To the Queen. St. 8. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 753 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Why don't you show us a statesman who can rise up to the emergency, and cave in the emergency's head. Artemus Ward—Things in New York. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 753 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Why forego the advantages of so peculiar a situation?—Why quit our own to stand upon foreign ground?—Why by interweaving our destiny with that of any part of Europe, entangle our peace and prosperity in the toils of European ambition, rivalship, interest, humour or caprice? Washington—Farewell Address. Sept. 17, 1796. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 753 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = 'Tis our true policy to steer clear of permanent alliances, with any portion of the foreign world— so far, I mean, as we are now at liberty to do it. Washington—Farewell Address. Sept. 17, . | seealso = (See also {{sc|Jefferson}}) | topic = | page = 753 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Tell the truth, and so puzzle and confound your adversaries. Wotton—Advice to a young diplomat. | seealso = (See also {{sc|Smith}}) | topic = | page = 753 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Legatus est; vir bonus peregre missus ad mentiendem rei publioe causae. An ambassador is an honest man sent to he abroad for the commonwealth. Wotton. In the autograph album of Christopher Fleckamore. (1604) Eight years later Jasper Scioppius published it with malicious intent. Wotton apologized, but insisted on the double meaning of lie as a jest. A leiger is an ambassador. So used by Butler—Hudibras. Pt. II. III. 139. Also by Fuller—Holy State. P. 306. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 753 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = STORM Rides in the whirlwind, and directs the storm. | author = Addison | work = The Campaign. | seealso = (See also {{sc|Milton}}) | topic = | page = 753 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = I have heard a greater storm in a boiling pot. Athemsus—Deipnosophistw. VIII. 19. Dorian, a flutist, ridiculing Timotheos, a zither player, who imitated a storm at sea. | seealso = (See also {{sc|Cicero}}) | topic = | page = 753 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = The earth is rocking, the skies are riven— Jove in a passion, in god-like fashion, Is breaking the crystal urns of heaven. Robert Buchanan—Horatius Cogitandibus. St. 16. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 753 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = A storm in a cream bowl. James Butler, First Duke of Ormond, to the Earl of Arlington, Dec. 28, 1678. Ormond MSS. Commission New Series. Vol. IV. P. 292. | seealso = (See also {{sc|Cicero)


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Pelham In consequence of the recalcitrant behaviour of the citizens of Deventer, he was entrusted with the task of bringing them to their senses, which he did in a resolute and summary fashion (Leycester Corresp. App. vi.). He returned to England with the Earl of Leicester in April 1587, and is said to have derived much benefit from the waters of Bath. He was sent back with reinforcements to Holland in the autumn, but died shortly after landing at Flushing, on 24 Nov. 1587.

Pelham married, first, Eleanor (d. 1574), daughter of Henry Neville, fifth earl of Westmorland. By her he had one son, Sir William Pelham, who succeeded him, and married Ann, eldest daughter of Charles, lord Willoughby of Parham. His second wife was Dorothy, daughter of Anthony Catesby of Whiston, Northamptonshire, and widow of Sir William Dormer, by whom he had a son, Peregrine, and a daughter, Ann.

Pelham's ‘Letter Book,’ comprising his diary and official correspondence when lord justice of Ireland, is preserved among the Carew MSS. at Lambeth (, Cal. Carew MSS. ii. 296). It was compiled by Morgan Colman, and consists of 455 leaves. The title-page is elaborately ornamented. Pelham also wrote commendatory verses prefixed to Sir George Peckham's ‘A true Reporte of the late Discoveries … of the Newfound Landes: By … Sir Humphrey Gilbert,’ London, 1583. And there is an interesting tract by him, with the title, ‘A form or maner howe to have the Exersyse of the Harquebuse thorowe England for the better Defence of the same,’ in ‘State Papers,’ Dom. Eliz. xliv. 60.

A portrait by Zucchero belongs to the Earl of Yarborough.

[Burke's Peerage, ‘Yarborough;’ Berry's County Genealogies, ‘Sussex;’ Horsfield's Hist. of Lewes, i. 340; Lower's Historical and Genealogical Notices of the Pelham Family; Stow's Annals; Cal. State Papers, Foreign; Toussaint's Pièces Historiques relatives au Siège du Havre; Churchyard's Chips; Barwick's Briefe Discourse concerning … Manual Weapons of Fire; Cal. State Papers, Eliz. Domestic and Ireland; Cal. Carew MSS.; Cal. Hatfield MSS.; Cal. Fiants, Eliz. Irel.; Bagwell's Ireland under the Tudors; Sadler's State Papers; Leycester Corresp. (Camden Soc.); Clements Markham's Fighting Veres; Grimestone's Historie of the Netherlands; Motley's United Netherlands; Sir John Smythe's Certain Discourses … concerning … divers sorts of Weapons, p. 36; Fulke Greville's Life of Sir Philip Sidney (ed. 1651), p. 143; Ritson's Bibliographia Poetica, p. 297; MSS. Brit. Museum Harl. 285 f. 239, 6993 f. 129, 6994 f. 88, Cotton. Galba, C. x. ff. 65, 67; Titus, B. xiii. ff. 285, 291, Lansdowne, 109, f. 158, Addit. 5752 ff. 28, 33, 375, 5754 ff. 188, 205, 5935 f. 5, 33594 ff. 5, 12–15.]  PELHAM-HOLLES, THOMAS, and of  (1693–1768), statesman, only son of Thomas Pelham, first lord Pelham [q. v.], by his second wife, Lady Grace, youngest daughter of Gilbert Holles, third Earl of Clare, and sister of John Holles, duke of Newcastle [q. v.], was born on 21 July 1693. He was educated at Westminster School (of which he was subsequently, in 1733, elected a trustee), and at the university of Cambridge, where, on 9 May 1709, he matriculated from Clare Hall, as the Hon. Thomas Pelham. He added the name and arms of Holles to those of Pelham in July 1711, on succeeding (as adopted heir) to the bulk of the estates of his uncle, John Holles, duke of Newcastle. On 23 Feb. 1711–1712 he succeeded his father as Baron Pelham of Laughton. Though he did not graduate, he acquired a certain tincture of the classics at the university, which conferred on him the degree of LL.D. on 25 April 1728, elected him its high steward in July 1737, and its chancellor on 14 Dec. 1748.

On the death of Queen Anne he declared for the house of Brunswick, and on the accession of George I was created Viscount Haughton of Haughton in Nottinghamshire, and Earl of Clare in Suffolk (19 Oct. 1714). About the same time he was commissioned as lord-lieutenant of Middlesex, Westminster, and Nottinghamshire, steward of Sherwood Forest and Folewood Park, and, a little later (5 Jan. 1715), vice-admiral of the coast of Sussex. With his brother Henry, he raised a troop for service against the Pretender, and was rewarded with the title of Marquis of Clare and Duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne (11 Aug. 1715). By the second marriage (1713) of his brother-in-law Charles, second viscount Townshend [q. v.], with Dorothy Walpole, the great minister's sister, Newcastle was brought into intimate relations with Sir Robert Walpole. His own marriage, on 2 April 1717, with Lady Henrietta, eldest daughter of Francis, second earl of Godolphin [q. v.], and granddaughter of John Churchill, duke of Marlborough [q. v.], connected him with Charles Spencer, third earl of Sunderland [q. v.] His rent-roll of 25,000l. gave him enormous political influence. As a speaker, he was fluent, if discursive, and was occasionally effective in reply. He adhered at first to Townshend, but on the party schism of 1717 went over to Sunderland, was made lord chamberlain of the household, and sworn of the privy council (14 and


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GODS


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 GOLD

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Oh, meet is the reverence unto Bacchus paid! We will praise him still in the songs of our fatherland, We will pour the sacred wine, the chargers lade, And the victim kid shall unresisting stand, Led by his horns to the altar, where we turn The hazel spits while the dripping entrails burn. Vergil—Georgics. Bk. II. St. 17. L. 31. H. W. Preston's trans. GOLD | seealso = (See also {{sc|Bribery, Monet) | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = 5 | text = You shall not press down upon the brow of labor this crown of thorns—you shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold! W. J. Bryan. Democratic Convention. July 9, 1896. A thirst for gold, The beggar's vice, which can but overwhelm The meanest hearts. | author = Byron | work = The Vision of Judgment. St. 43. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 325 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = And yet he hadde "a thombe of gold" pardee. Chaucer—Canterbury Tales. Prologue. L. 563. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 325 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Every honest miller has a golden thumb. Chaucer—Canterbury Tales. Old saying, referred to No. 7. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 325 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = For gold in phisik is a cordial; Therefore he lovede gold in special. Chaucer—Canterbury Tales. Prologue. ] 443. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 325 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Gold begets in brethren hate; Gold in families debate; Gold does friendship separate; Gold does civil wars create. Cowley—Anacreontics. Gold. L. 17. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = What female heart can gold despise? What cat's averse to fish? Gray—On the Death of a Favorite Cat. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 325 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = That is gold which is worth gold. | author = Herbert | work = Jacula Prudentum. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 325 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Gold! Gold! Gold! Gold! Bright and yellow, hard and cold. Hood—Miss Kilmansegg. Her Moral. u Aurum per medios ire satellites Et perrumpere amat saxa potentius Ictu fulmineo. GOLD Stronger than thunder's winged force All-powerful gold can speed its course; Through watchful guards its passage make, And loves through solid walls to break. Horace—Ode XVI. Bk. III. L. 12. Francis' trans. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 325 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = The lust of gold succeeds the rage of conquest; The lust of gold, unfeeling and remorseless! The" last corruption of degenerate man. | author = Samuel Johnson | work =  Irene. Act I. Sc. 1.  | author =  | work =  | place =  | note =  | topic =  | page = 325 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = L'or donne aux plus laids certain charme pour plaire, Et que sans lui le reste est une triste affaire. Gold gives to the ugliest thing a certain charming air, For that without it were else a miserable affair. Molibre—Sganarelle. I. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 325 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Aurea nunc vere sunt saecula; plurimus auro Venit honos; auro conciliatur amor. Truly now is the golden age; the highest honour comes by means of gold; by gold love is procured. Ovid—Ars AmatoHa. Bk. II. 277. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 325 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Not Philip, but Philip's gold, took the cities of Greece. Plutarch—Life of Pavlus JEmilius. Quoted as a common saying. It refers to Philip II. of Macedon. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 325 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = What nature wants, commodious gold bestows; 'Tis thus we cut the bread another sows. | author = Pope | work = Moral Essay. Ep. III. L. 21. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 325 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = L'or est une chimere. Gold is a vain and foolish fancy. Scribe and Delavigke—Robert le Diable. Ch. I. Sc. 7. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 325 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = How quickly nature falls into revolt When gold becomes her object! For this the foolish over-careful fathers Have broke their sleep with thoughts, their brains with care, Their bones with industry: For this they have engrossed and pil'd up The canker'd heaps of strange-achieved gold; For this they have been thoughtful to invest Their sons with arts and martial exercises. Henry IV. Pt. II. Act IV. Sc. 5. L. 66. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 325 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Thou that so stoutly hast resisted me, Give me thy gold, if thou hast any gold; For I have bought it with an hundred blows. Henry VI. Pt. III. Act II. Sc. 5. L. 79. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 325 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Commerce has set the mark of selfishness, The signet of its all-enslaving power Upon a shining ore, and called it gold; Before whose image bow the vulgar great, The vainly rich, the miserable proud, The mob of peasants, nobles, priests, and kings, And with blind feelings reverence the power That grinds them to the dust of misery. But in the temple of their hireling hearts Gold is a living god, and rules in scorn All earthly things but virtue. Shelley—Queen Mob. Pt. V. St. 4. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 325 }}


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GOOSE

GORSE Ulex

GOSSIP (See also )


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{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = For just experience tells, in every soil, That those who think must govern those that toil. | author = Goldsmith | work = The Traveller. L. 372. | seealso = (See also {{sc|Byron}} under {{sc|Labor}})


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 GOVERNMENT GOVERNMENT


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GRAVE

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Qui gratus futurus est statim dum accipit de reddendo cogitet. Let the man, who would be grateful, think of repaying a kindness, even while receiving it. Seneca—DeBeneficiis. II. 25. > {{Hoyt quote | num = | text = L'ingratitude attire Ies reproches comme la reconnaissance attire de nouveaux bienfaits. Ingratitude calls forth reproaches as gratitude brings renewed kindnesses. Mme. de Sevigne—Lettres. Now the good gods forbid That our renowned Rome, whose gratitude Towards her deserved children is enroll'd In Jove's own book, like an unnatural dam Should now eat up her own! Coriolanus. Act III. Sc. 1. L. 290. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Grave | page = 337 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Let but the commons hear this testament— Which, pardon me, I do not mean to read— And they would go and kiss dead Cæsar's wounds And dip their napkins in his sacred blood, Yea, beg a hair of him for memory, And, dying, mention it within their wills, Bequeathing it as a rich legacy Unto their issue. Julius Cæsar. Act III. Sc. 2. L. 135. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Grave | page = 337 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = I've heard of hearts unkind, kind deeds With coldness still returning; Alas! the gratitude of men Hath often left me mourning. Wordsworth—Simon Lee. GRAVE (The) And he buried him in a valley in the land of Moab, over against Beth-peor; but no man knoweth of his sepulcher unto this day. Dent. XXXIV. 6. By Nebo's lonely mountain, On this side Jordan's wave, In a vale in the land of Moab, There lies a lonely grave; But no man built that sepulcher, And no man saw it e'er, For the angels of God upturned the sod And laid the dead man there. Cecil Frances Alexander—Burial of Moses.

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Inn of a traveller on his way to Jerusalem. Translation of the Latin on the monument of Dean Alford. St. Martin's Churchyard, Canterbury. | seealso = (See also {{sc|Scott}}) | topic = | page = }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Mine be the breezy hill that skirts the down; Where a green grassy turf is all I crave, With here and there a violet bestrewn, Fast by a brook or fountain's murmuring wave; And many an evening sun shine sweetly on my grave! Beatoh—The Minstrel. Bk. II. St. 17. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Grave | page = 337 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Here's an acre sown indeed, With the richest royalest seed. Francis Beaumont. On the Tombs in Westminster Abbey. | seealso = (See also {{sc|Longfellow, Taylor}}) | topic = | page = }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = One foot in the grave. | author = Beaumont and Fletcher | work = The Little French Lawyer. Act I. Sc. 1. | seealso = (See also {{sc|Erasmus) | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = 15 | text = See yonder maker of the dead man's bed, The sexton, hoary-headed chronicle, Of hard, unmeaning face, down which ne'er stole A gentle tear. Blaik—The Grave. L. 451. The grave, dread thing! Men shiver when thou'rt named: Nature appalled, Shakes off her wonted firmness. Blair—The Grave. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Grave | page = 337 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Nigh to a grave that was newly made, Leaned a sexton old on his earth-worn spade. Park Benjamin—The Old Sexton. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Grave | page = 337 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = The grave is Heaven's golden gate, And rich and poor around it wait; O Shepherdess of England's fold, Behold this gate of pearl and gold! Wm. Blake—Dedication of the Designs to Blair's "Grave." To Queen Charlotte. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Grave | page = 337 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Build me a shrine, and I could kneel To rural Gods, or prostrate fall; Did I not see, did I not feel. That one Great Spirit governs all. O Heaven, permit that I may lie Where o'er my corse green branches wave; And those who from life's tumults fly With kindred feelings press my grave. Bloomfteld—Love of the Country. St. 4. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Grave | page = 337 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Gravestones tell truth scarce forty years. Sir Thomas Browne—Hydriotaphia. Ch. V. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Grave | page = 337 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = He that unburied lies wants not his hearse, For unto him a tomb's the Universe. | author = Sir Thomas Browne | work = Religio Medici. | place = Pt.I. Sec. XLI. | note = | seealso = (See also {{sc|Lucanus}} under {{sc|Monuments}}) | topic = Grave | page = 337 }}


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 DANGER DANGER

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = 12 Ægrotat Dæmon; monachus tunc esse volebat, Dæmon convaluit; Ltemon ante fuit. Mediaeval Latin. The devil was sick, the devil a monk would be; The devil was well, the devil a monk was he. As trans, by Urquhart And Motteux. | seealso = (See also {{sc|Bower)

Sur un mince chrystal l'hyver conduit Ieurs pas, Telle est de nos plaisirs la legere surface, Glissez mortels; n'appuyez pas. O'er the ice the rapid skater flies. With sport above and death below, Where mischief lurks in gay disguise Thus lightly touch and quickly go. Pierre Charles Roy. Lines under a picture of skaters, a print of a painting by LanCret. Trans, by Samuel Johnson. See Piozzi, Anecdotes. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Danger | page = 159 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = 14 Scit eum sine gloria vinci, qui sine periculo vincitur. He knows that the man is overcome ingloriously, who is overcome without danger. Seneca—De Procidentia. III. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Danger | page = 159 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = 15 Contemptum periculorum assiduitas perielitandi dabit. Constant exposure to dangers will breed contempt for them. Seneca—De Provulenlia. IV. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Danger | page = 159 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = 16 Il n'y a personne qui ne soit dangereux pour quelqu'un. There is no person who is not dangerous for some one. Mme. De Sevigne—Lctlres. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Danger | page = 159 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = 17 For though I am not splenitive and rash, Yet have I something in me dangerous. Hamlet. Act V. Sc. 1. L. 285. is Out of this nettle, danger, we pluck this flower, safety. Henry IV. Pt. I. Act II. Sc. 3. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Danger | page = 159 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = 19 Wc have scotched the snake, not killed it: She'll close and be herself, whilst our poor malice Remains in danger of our former tooth. Macbeth. Act III. Sc. 2. L. 13. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Danger | page = 159 }}


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 * 1) DECEIT ##


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Pell (Nos. 745–55) are composed of Pell's further remains. Thence, as well as from one volume of the Sloane series (No. 4365), Dr. Robert Vaughan took the materials for ‘The Protectorate of Cromwell’ (London, 1638). The bulk of his two volumes consists of Pell's official reports to Thurloe and Sir Samuel Morland [q. v.] on the progress of his Swiss mission (1654–8). They are of great historical importance. His philosophical correspondence during the same interval with Sir William Petty, Hartlib, Brereton, Brancker, and others, is printed in an appendix, together with his letters to his wife. These last are harsh and contemptuous in tone, and suggest that Ithumaria was a foolish woman, though a devoted wife. She died on 11 Sept. 1661, and Pell remarried before 1669. His eldest daughter was married to Captain Raven on 3 Feb. 1656.

His only brother, Thomas Pell, a gentleman of the bedchamber to Charles I, went to America about 1635, and acted as a surgeon in the Pequot war. He settled later at Fairfield, Connecticut, and secured from the Indians in 1654 a large part of Westchester County, in the State of New York. A patent from the Duke of York converted this tract in 1666 into the lordship and manor of Pelham, and it passed by will in 1669, on the death without heirs of the first owner, to his nephew John (born on 3 Feb. 1643), the only surviving son of the mathematician. He was drowned in a boating accident in 1702, and his sons, John and Thomas, became the ancestors of all the American branches of the family.

[Wood's Fasti Oxon. i. 461 (Bliss); Biogr. Brit. 1760 vol. v.; Gen. Dict. 1739, viii. 250; Birch's Hist. Royal Soc. iv. 444; Phil. Trans. Abridged, Hutton, ii. 527; Hutton's Mathematical Dict., 1815; Foster's Alumni Oxon.; Rigaud's Correspondence of Scientific Men, passim; Robert Boyle's Works, 1744, i. 35; Martin's Biogr. Phil. p. 334; Aikin's Gen. Biography, vol. viii.; Newcourt's Repertorium, ii. 269; Halliwell's Brief Account of Sir Samuel Morland, p. 27; Sherburn's Sphere of Manilius, p. 102; Kennett's Register, i. 574; Alfred Stern in Sybel's Hist. Zeitschrift, xi. 52; Poggendorff's Biogr. Lit. Handwörterbuch; Watt's Bibl. Brit.; Lansdowne MS. 987, f. 77 (notice of Pell in Bishop Kennett's Collections); Sloane MS. 4223, f. 120 (copy of a biographical account of Pell by Hooke, derived from Aubrey); information from Mr. W. C. Pell, U.S.A.; Bolton's Hist. of Westchester County, ii. 39, 44; O'Callaghan's Hist. of New Netherland, ii. 283; Notes and Queries, 8th ser. viii. 444.]

PELL, WATKIN OWEN (1788–1869), admiral, son of Samuel Pell of Sywell Hall, Northamptonshire, and, on the mother's side, grandson of Owen Owen of Llaneyher, Denbighshire, entered the navy in April 1799 on board the Loire, and on 6 Feb. 1800 lost his left leg in the capture of the French frigate Pallas, supported by a battery on one of the Seven Islands (, iii. 6). He was consequently discharged, and remained on shore for the next two years, at the end of which time he rejoined the Loire. After serving in various ships on the home and West Indian stations, he was promoted on 11 Nov. 1806 to be lieutenant of the Mercury frigate, then on the Newfoundland station, and afterwards in the Mediterranean, where, as first lieutenant in command of the Mercury's boats, he repeatedly distinguished himself in cutting out gunboats or small armed vessels on the coast of Spain or Italy, and on one occasion, on 1 April 1809, was severely wounded in the right arm (ib. v. 37). In August 1809 he was presented by the Patriotic Society with 80l. for the purchase of a sword, and on 29 March 1810 was promoted to the rank of commander. In the following October he was appointed to the Thunder bomb, and was during the next two years mainly employed in the defence of Cadiz. On 9 Oct. 1813, as he was returning to England to be paid off, he fell in with and, after a sharp engagement, captured the Neptune privateer, of much superior force, for which, and other good service, he was advanced to post rank on 1 Nov. 1813. From 1814 to 1817 he commanded the Menai frigate on the coast of North America. In May 1833 he commissioned the Forte, and in her acted as senior officer on the Jamaica station till March 1837. On his return to England he was knighted by the queen, and, in accordance with the intention of William IV, was nominated a K.C.H. by the king of Hanover. In 1840 he was appointed to the Howe, and in August 1841 to be superintendent of Deptford victualling yard, from which he was shortly after moved to be superintendent of Sheerness dockyard, and in December to be superintendent of Pembroke dockyard, where he remained till February 1845, when he was appointed a commissioner of Greenwich Hospital. He became a rear-admiral on 5 Sept. 1848, vice-admiral on 28 Dec. 1855, admiral on 11 Feb. 1861, and died on 29 Dec. 1869.

[Marshall's Royal Naval Biogr. vii. (suppl. pt. iii.) p. 162; O'Byrne's Naval Biogr. Dict.; James's Naval History; Times, 1 Jan. 1870.]

PELL, WILLIAM (1634–1698), nonconformist divine, son of William Pell, was born at Sheffield in 1634. After passing through the grammar school at Rotherham,


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 Yorkshire, he was admitted as sizar at the age of seventeen on 29 March 1651 at Magdalene College, Cambridge, where his tutor was [q. v.] He graduated M.A., was elected scholar 2 June 1654 and fellow 3 Nov. 1656, and received orders from [q. v.], bishop of Exeter, probably at Sunning, Berkshire. He held the sequestered rectory of Easington, Durham, and a tutorship in the college at Durham founded by Cromwell by patent dated 15 May 1657. At the Restoration this college collapsed, and Clark, the sequestered rector of Easington, was restored. Pell was appointed to the rectory of Great Stainton, Durham, which he held until ejected in 1662.

After ejection he preached in conventicles, and was imprisoned at Durham for nonconformity. Removed to London by ‘habeas corpus,’ he was discharged by Sir [q. v.] He then betook himself to the North Riding of Yorkshire, and practised medicine. His friends, who valued him for his breadth of acquirement, and especially for his eminence as an orientalist, repeatedly urged him to resume the work of teaching ‘university learning.’ He considered himself debarred from so doing by the terms of his graduation oath. The project of instituting a ‘northern academy’ fell accordingly into the hands of [q. v.] After the indulgence of 1672 he ‘preach'd publickly’ at Tattershall, Lincolnshire, and was protected by holding the office of domestic steward to Edward Clinton, fifth earl of Lincoln. A London merchant of the same surname, but no kinsman, became his benefactor. On James's declaration for liberty of conscience (1687), he became pastor to the nonconformists at Boston, Lincolnshire. Thence he removed in 1694 to become the assistant of, M.D. [q. v.], at Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Here he died on 2 Dec. 1698, having entered his sixty-third year. He was buried on 6 Dec. at St. Nicholas's Church, Newcastle. He married Elizabeth (buried 30 Jan. 1708), daughter of George Lilburn of Sunderland. He published nothing, but left unfinished collections which showed the extent of his oriental and rabbinical studies.

PELLATT, APSLEY (1791–1863), glass manufacturer, eldest son of Apsley Pellatt, and of Mary, daughter of Stephen Maberly of Reading, was born on 27 Nov. 1791, probably at 80 High Holborn, London, where his father kept a glass warehouse. The elder Pellatt removed his business subsequently to St. Paul's Churchyard, and then to the Falcon Glass works, Holland Street, Southwark. He was the inventor of the glass lenses, known as ‘deck lights,’ used for giving light to the lower parts of ships, for which he obtained a patent in 1807 (No. 3058). He died on 21 Jan. 1826 (Gent. Mag. 1826 i. 187).

The younger Pellatt was educated by Dr. Wanostrocht at Camberwell, and joined his father in business. In 1819 he took out a patent (No. 4424) for ‘crystallo-ceramie or glass incrustation,’ which consisted in enclosing medallions or ornaments of pottery ware, metal, or refractory material in glass, by which very beautiful ornamental effects were produced. The new process was described by the inventor with illustrations in his ‘Memoir on the Origin, Progress, and Improvement of Glass Manufactures,’ London, 1821. It does not appear to have been his own invention, as it is stated in the patent that it was communicated to him by a foreigner residing abroad, whose name, however, is not given (ib. 1821, i. 70). He took out a patent in 1831 (No. 6091) for improvements in the manufacture of pressed glass articles, and another in 1845 (No. 10669), with his brother Frederick, for improvements in the composition of glass, and in the methods of blowing, pressing, and casting glass articles. Under his care the products of the Falcon glass works attained a high reputation both for quality and artistic design. He devoted much time to the investigation of the principles of glass-making both in ancient and modern times, and he became a high authority upon the subject. He published in 1849 ‘Curiosities of Glass Making,’ in which the results of his researches are embodied. He was assisted in this work by [q. v.] He was one of the jurors at the exhibition of 1862, and wrote the report on the glass manufactures shown on that occasion.

Pellatt was elected an associate of the Institution of Civil Engineers in 1838, and in 1840 he became a member of the council. He contributed in 1838 and 1840 papers on the manufacture of glass, which are printed in the ‘Proceedings,’ and he was a frequent speaker at the meetings of the institution.

Besides his work as a glass-maker, Pellatt took a considerable share in public affairs, and was for many years a member of the common council of the city of London. He was largely instrumental in securing the admission of Jews to the freedom of the city,


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{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = La massima felicita divisa nel maggior numero. The greatest happiness of the greatest number. Beccaria—Trattato dei Delitti e delle Pene (Treatise of Crimes and of Punishment). Introd. (1764) | seealso = (See also {{sc|Hutcheson) | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = 15 | text = Priestly was the first (unless it was Beccaria) who taught my lips to pronounce this sacred truth—that the greatest happiness of the greatest number is the foundation of morals and legislation. Bentham—Vol. X. P. 142. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 350 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Quid enim est melius quam memoria recte factorum, et Ubertate contentum negligere humana? What can be happier than for a man, conscious of virtuous acts, and content with liberty, to despise all human affairs? Brutus—to Cicero. Cicero's Letters. I. 16. 9. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 350 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Oh, Mirth and Innocence! Oh, Milk and Water! Ye happy mixtures of more happy days! Byron—Beppo. St. 80. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 350 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = * * * all who joy would win Must share it,—Happiness was born a twin. | author = Byron | work = Don Juan. Canto H. St. 172. There comes For ever something between us and what We deem our happiness. | author = Byron | work = Sardanapalus. Act I. Sc. 2. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 350 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Quid datur a divis felici optatius hora? What is there given by the gods more desirable than a happy hour? Catullus—Carmina. LXII. 30. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Happiness | page = 350 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = 21 | text = The message from the hedge-leaves, Heed it, whoso thou art; Under lowly eaves Lives the happy heart. | author = John Vance Cheney | work = The Hedge-bird's Message. | topic = Happiness | page = 350 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = 22 | text = In animi securitate vitam beatam ponimus. | trans = We think a happy life consists in tranquillity of mind. | author = Cicero | work = De Natura Deorum. | place = I. 20. | topic = Happiness | page = 350 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = 23 | text = Le bonheur semble fait pour être partagé. | trans = Happiness seems made to be shared. | author = Corneille | work = Notes par Rochefoucauld. | topic = Happiness | page = 350 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = 24 | text = If solid happiness we prize, Within our breast this jewel lies, And they are fools who roam; The world has nothing to bestow, From our own selves our bliss must flow, And that dear hut,—our home. | author = Nathaniel Cotton | work = The Fireside. | topic = Happiness | page = 350 }}


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{{Hoyt quote | num = 8 | text = That Action is best which procures the greatest Happiness for the greatest Numbers; and that worst, which, in like manner, occasions misery. Frances. Hutcheson—Inquiry into the Original of our Ideas of Beauty and Virtue. (1725) Treatise II. Sec. 3. An Inquiry concerning Moral Good and Evil. | | seealso = (See also {{sc|Beccaria) I  | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Happiness | page = 351 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = 8 | text = Upon the road to Romany It's stay, friend, stay! There's lots o' love and lots o' time To linger on the way; Poppies for the twilight, Roses for the noon, It's happy goes as lucky goes, To Romany in June. Wallace Irwin—From Romany to Home. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Happiness | page = 351 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Happiness consists in the multiplicity of agreeable consciousness. | author = Samuel Johnson | work = Boswell's Life. (1766) Ducimus autem Hos quoque felices, qui ferre incommoda vitse, Nee jactare jugum vita didicere magistra. We deem those happy who, from the experience of life, have learned to bear its ills, without being overcome by them. Juvenal—(Satires. XII. 20. | author =  | work =  | place =  | note =  | topic =  | page = }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = 15 | text = On n'est jamais si heureux, ni si malheureux, qu'on se l'imagine. We are never so happy, nor so unhappy, as we suppose ourselves to be. La Rochefoucauld—Maximes. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Happiness | page = 351 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = A sound Mind in a sound Body, is a short but full description of a happy State hrthis World. Locee—Thoughts Concerning Education. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Happiness | page = 351 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = To be strong Is to be happy! | author = Longfellow | work = Christus. The Golden Leoend. Pt.H. L. 731. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Happiness | page = 351 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = The rays of happiness, like those of light, are colorless when unbroken. | author = Longfellow | work = Kavanagh. Ch. XIII. Happiness, to some elation; Is to others, mere stagnation. Amy Lowell—Happiness. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Happiness | page = 351 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Now the heart is so full that a drop overfills it, We are happy now because God wills it. | author = Lowell | work = The Vision of Sir Launfal. Prelude to Pt. I. L. 61. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Happiness | page = 351 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Sive ad felices vadam post funera campos, Seu ferar ardentem rapidi Phlegethontis ad undam, Nee sine te felix ero, nee tecum miser unquam. Heaven would not be Heaven were thy soul not with mine, nor would Hell be Hell were our souls together. Baptista Mantuanus—Eclogue, ni. 108. | seealso = (See also {{sc|Scott, Henry V}}) | topic = | page = }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Neminem, dum adhuc viveret, beatum dici debere arbitrabatur. He (Solon) considered that no one ought to be called happy as long as he was alive. Valerius Maximus. Bk. VII. 2. Ext. 2. Same in Sophocles—CEdipus Rex. End' Herodotus—Clio. 32. Solon to Crodsus.' Repeated by Crossus to Cyrus when on ' his funeral pyre, thus obtaining his pardon. (see also {{sc|Ovid}}, also {{sc|Æschylus}} under {{sc|Death}}) | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Happiness | page = 351 }}


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 352 HAPPINESS And feel that I am happier than I know. | author = Milton | work = Paradise Lost. | place = Bk. VIII. L. 282. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Happiness | page = 352 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Fix'd to no spot is Happiness sincere; ’Tis nowhere to be found, or ev'rywhere; Tis never to be bought, but always free. | author = Pope | work = Essay on Man. | place = Ep. IV. L. 15. | seealso = (See also {{sc|Wynne) Heaven to mankind impartial we confess, If all are equal in their happiness; But mutual wants this happiness increase, All nature's difference keeps all nature's peace. | author = Pope | work = Essay on Man. | place = Ep. IV. L. 53. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Happiness | page = 352 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Le bonheur des mechants comme un torrent s'ecoule. The happiness of the wicked flows away as a torrent. Racine—Athalie. II. 7. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Happiness lies in the consciousness we have of it, and by no means in the way the future keeps its promises. George Sand—Handsome Lawrence. Ch. HI. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Happiness | page = 352 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Des Menschen Wille, das ist sein Gliick. The will of a man is his happiness. Schiller—Wallenstein's Lager. VII. 25. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Happiness | page = 352 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = O mother, mother, what is bliss? O mother, what is bale? Without my William what were heaven, Or with him what were hell? Scott. Trans, of a ballad of Burger's. | seealso = (See also {{sc|Mantuanus) HAPPINESS Non potest quisquam beate degere, qui se tantum intuetur, qui omnia ad utilitates suas convertit; alteri vivas oportet, si vis tibi vivere. No man can live happily who regards himself alone, who turns everything to his own advantage. Thou must live for another, if thou wishest to live for thyself. Seneca—Epistoloe Ad LucUium. XLVni. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = 15 | text = But, O, how bitter a thing it is to look into happiness through another man's eyes! As You Like It. Act V. Sc. 2. L. 47. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Happiness | page = 352 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Would I were with him, wheresome'er he is, either in heaven or in hell. | author = | work = Henry V. | place = Act II. Sc. 3. L. 6. | seealso = (See also {{sc|Mantuanub}}) | topic = | page = }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Ye seek for happiness—alas, the day! Ye find it not in luxury nor in gold, Nor in the fame, nor in the envied sway For which, O willing slaves to Custom old, Severe taskmistress! ye your hearts have sold. Shelley—Revolt of Islam. Canto XI. St. 17. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = 15 | text = Magnificent spectacle of human happiness. Sydney Smith—America. Edinburgh Review, July, 1824. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Happiness | page = 352 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Mankind are always happier for having been happy; so that if you make them happy now, you make them happy twenty years hence by the memory of it. Sydney Smith—Lecture on Benevolent Affections. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Happiness | page = 352 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Be happy, but be happy through piety. Madame de Staël— Corinne. Bk. XX. Ch. HI. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Happiness | page = 352 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Wealth I ask not, hope nor love, Nor a friend to know me; All I ask, the heavens above, And the road below me. Stevenson—The Vagabond. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Happiness | page = 352 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = O terque quaterque beati. O thrice, four times happy they! Vergil—Æneid. I. 94. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Happiness | page = 352 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = For it stirs the blood in an old man's heart; And makes his pulses fly, To catch the thrill of a happy voice, And the light of a pleasant eye. N. P. Whjjs—Saturday Afternoon. St. 1. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Happiness | page = 352 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = True happiness is to no spot confined. If you preserve a firm and constant mind, 'Tis here, 'tis everywhere. John Huddlestone Wynne—History of Ireland. | seealso = (See also {{sc|Pope}}) | topic = | page = }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = We're charm'd with distant views of happiness, But near approaches make the prospect less. Thos. "i aiden—Against Enjoyment. L. 23. | author =  | work =  | place =  | note =  | topic = Happiness | page = 352 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = True happiness ne'er entered at an eye; True happiness resides in things unseen. Young—Night Thoughts. Night VIH. L. 1,021. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Happiness | page = 352 }}


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Pemberton circumstances of the trial raise the suspicion that Pemberton was not altogether impartial, and this view is confirmed by his refusal to Dr. Oliver Plunket [q. v.] of sufficient time to collect his witnesses, and his attempt to snatch a true bill against Lord Shaftesbury by precluding the grand jury from inquiring into the credibility of the witnesses. He would also seem to have deviated in slight but material particulars from the strict course of procedure for the purpose of screening Count Königsmark on his trial as accessory before the fact to the murder of Thomas Thynne in March 1681–2 (, Annals of the House of Percy, ii. 499). In May 1682 Pemberton vindicated the independence of the court of king's bench against the encroachments of the House of Commons by disallowing a plea to the jurisdiction of the court, set up by his old enemy, John Topham, the sergeant-at-arms, in an action of trespass brought against him by one whom he had arrested pursuant to an order of the house. On 22 Dec. the same year he was sworn of the privy council. On the institution of the proceedings on quo warranto against the City of London, Pemberton was transferred, on 22 Jan. 1682–3, to the chief-justiceship of the common pleas, to make way for Edmund Saunders [q. v.], who was supposed to be more favourable to the crown. He was removed from the bench on 7 Sept., and from the privy council on 24 Oct. in the same year. Burnet is probably right in ascribing his degradation to his want of zeal against Lord Russell [q. v.], at whose trial he presided. In 1687 Pemberton was consulted by the university of Cambridge as to the legality of the royal mandate for the admission of the Benedictine monk Alban Francis [q. v.] to the degree of M.A. without conformity to the established religion. His opinion, which was emphatically adverse to the legality of the mandate, is preserved in Addit. MS. 32095, f. 238 (cf., Magdalen College and James II, pp. 21, 244, Oxf. Hist. Soc.) After the Revolution, which he helped to precipitate by his successful defence of the seven bishops, 15–30 June 1688, he was summoned by the Convention parliament for his conduct in Topham's case. He complied, justifying his ruling on grounds of reason and public utility, but was thrown into gaol on 19 July 1689 for breach of privilege, and lay in confinement until the prorogation. His colleague, Sir Thomas Jones (d. 1692) [q. v.], who had concurred in the ruling, suffered the same fate. Pemberton was counsel for Sir John Fenwick [q. v.] in the proceedings for his attainder in November 1696. He died on 10 June 1697 at his house in Highgate. His remains were interred in the east end of the nave of Highgate Chapel, whence, on the demolition of the chapel in 1833, his monument was removed to the church at Trumpington, near Cambridge, the manor of which he had purchased in 1675. Pemberton married, by license dated 12 Oct. 1667, Anne, eldest daughter of Sir Jeremy Whichcote, bart., solicitor-general to the elector palatine, and younger brother of Dr. Benjamin Whichcote [q. v.] of Cambridge. His wife and seven children survived him. Lady Pemberton died in 1731, and was also buried in Highgate Chapel.

Pemberton was a profound lawyer, much versed in records, yet of independent mind, and, for his age, indifferent honest. His portrait is in the original engraving by R. White, 1689 (mezzotint by R. Williams), of the heads of the counsel for the seven bishops in the British Museum (cf. ).

[Baines's County of Lancaster, iii. 562 n.; Nichols's Progr. James I, i. 519, iii. 408; Le Neve's Pedigrees of Knights (Harl. Soc.), p. 301; Metcalfe's Book of Knights, pp. 145, 171; Berry's County Geneal. ‘Hertfordshire,’ p. vii; Chauncy's Hertfordshire, p. 456; Clutterbuck's Hertfordshire, vol. i. pp. xxxiii, 82; Inner Temple Books; Wynne's Serjeant-at-Law; Pepys's Diary, vol. iv.; Evelyn's Diary; Sidney's Diary, ed. Blencowe, ii. 18; Cobbett's State Trials, vol. vi–xiii. (cf. Index); Shower's Rep. ii. 33, 94, 155, 218, 252, 311; Raymond's Rep. pp. 251, 478; Luttrell's Brief Relation of State Affairs; North's Lives, ed. 1826, ii. 38 et seq.; Burnet's Own Time (fol.) i. 501–2, 535, 556, 568; Hist. MSS. Comm. 5th Rep. App. p. 320, 7th Rep. App. pt. i. pp. 361, 408, 466, 500, 744, 9th Rep. App. passim, 11th Rep. App. pt. ii. pp. 115, 198; Lysons's Environs of London, iii. 68, 74; Kimber and Johnson's Baronetage, ii. 4; Chester's London Marriage Licences; Campbell's Lives of the Chief Justices; Foss's Lives of the Judges; Granger's Biogr. Hist. Engl. iii. 367; Addit. MSS. 21507 f. 43, 22263 f. 23.]  PEMBERTON, HENRY (1694–1771), physician and writer, born in London in 1694, went, after receiving a good general education in England, to Leyden in August 1714. There he studied medicine under Boerhaave, and ‘contemplated with great effect’ the best mathematical authors. From Leyden he passed to Paris to study anatomy, and bought a valuable collection of mathematical works at the sale of the library of the Abbé Gallois. He returned to London to attend St. Thomas's Hospital, but went back to Leyden in 1719 as the guest of Boerhaave, and graduated M.D. on 27 Dec. of that year.


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 354

HATRED

HATRED

) | topic = | page = }}


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 WOMAN WOMAN And wander'd in the solitary shade. The Maker saw, took pity, and bestow'd Woman, the last, the best reserv'd of God. | author = Pope | work = Jarmary and May. L. 63. | note = | topic = | page = 893 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Of Adam's first wife, Lilith, it is told (The witch he loved before the gift of Eve) That ere the snakes, her sweet tongue could deceive And her enchanted hair was the first gold— And still she sits, young while the earth is old And, subtly of herself contemplative, Draws men to watch the bright net she can weave, Till heart and body and life are in its hold. Dante Gabrdj!l Rossetti—Lilith. | seealso = (See also {{sc|Goethe)


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Pemberton On his final settlement in London Pemberton did not practise much, owing to his delicate health. He was, however, an industrious writer on medical and general subjects. He became a fellow of the Royal Society, and contributed many papers to its ‘Transactions’ (Phil. Trans. vols. xxxii.–lxii.). One of these, a demonstration of the inefficiency of an attempted proof by Poleni, an Italian mathematician, of Leibnitz's assertion that the force of descending bodies is proportional to the square of their velocity, was transmitted to Sir Isaac Newton by Dr. Mead, and gained for Pemberton Newton's friendship. Newton brought him a refutation by himself based on other principles. This was afterwards printed as a postscript to Pemberton's paper (vol. vi. 570 in and  Abridgment). Pemberton was employed by Newton to superintend the third edition of the ‘Principia.’ The new edition, which appeared in 1726, had a preface by Newton, in which Pemberton is characterised as ‘vir harum rerum peritissimus.’ Pemberton saw much of Newton in his old age. In 1728 he published ‘A View of Sir I. Newton's Philosophy.’ It is dedicated to Sir R. Walpole, and is preceded by a preface containing the writer's recollections of the philosopher. A German translation of pt. i. of the ‘View,’ by S. Maimon, appeared at Berlin in 1793. Pemberton's book was not remunerative to himself, and was regarded as disappointing. George Lewis Scott, however, recommended it to Gibbon as a propædeutic (, Miscellaneous Works, 1837, p. 233). In 1724 Pemberton assisted Mead in editing W. Cowper's ‘Myotomia Reformata.’ Four years later (24 May 1728) he was appointed Gresham professor of physic in succession to Dr. Woodward. His ‘Scheme for a course of Chymistry to be performed at Gresham College’ appeared in 1731. Two courses of his lectures were published by his friend James Wilson—the first, in 1771, on chemistry; the second, in 1779, after Pemberton's death, on physiology. For seven years (1739–1746) he was chiefly employed in the preparation of the fifth ‘London Pharmacopœia’ for the Royal College of Physicians. He himself performed all the chemical and pharmaceutical experiments. The work was published in 1746 as ‘Translation and Improvement of the London Dispensatory,’ and he received from the college a gift of the copyright and a hundred guineas above the expenses incurred. Pemberton died on 9 March 1771.

In addition to the works mentioned above and some treatises left in manuscript, Pemberton wrote: 1. ‘Dissertatio Physico-Medicinalis Inaug. de Facultate Oculi ad diversas Rerum Computatarum Distantias se accommodante,’ Leyden, 1719. 2. ‘Epist. ad Amicum [viz. J. Wilson] de Rogeri Cotesii Inventis,’ 1722 (showing how Cotes's theorems by ratios and logarithms may be done by circle and hyperbola). 3. ‘Observations on Poetry, occasioned by Glover's “Leonidas,”’ 1738. His ‘Account of the Ancient Ode’ prefaces West's ‘Pindar,’ and a paper ‘On the Dispute about Fluxions’ is in the second volume of Robins's ‘Works.’

[Munk's Coll. of Phys. iii. 382–3; Peacock's Index of English Students at Leyden; Gent. Mag. 1771, p. 143; Brewster's Life of Sir I. Newton, ed. W. T. Lynn, pp. 285–6; Ward's Lives of the Gresham Professors, ii. 301; Weld's Hist. Roy. Soc. i. 318; Georgian Era, ii. 556; Chalmers's Biogr. Dict. (founded on Hutton and Shaw's Abridgment of Phil. Trans.); Watt's Bibl. Brit. ii. 743; Allibone's Dict. Engl. Lit. ii. 1548; Brit. Mus. Cat.; Pemberton's Works; authorities cited.  PEMBERTON (afterwards PEMBERTON LEIGH), THOMAS, (1793–1867), eldest son of Robert Pemberton, a chancery barrister, by his wife Margaret, eldest daughter and coheiress of Edward Leigh of Bispham Hall, Lancashire, was born on 11 Feb. 1793. His father, a member of a family settled near Warrington in Lancashire, and a descendant of Sir Francis Pemberton [q. v.], chief justice of the common pleas, died in 1804. Though he had earned a good income, he had been unable to save money, and his widow was left poorly off, considering the size of his family—three sons and two daughters. Accordingly Thomas Pemberton, who had been for four years at Dr. Horne's school at Chiswick to be prepared for Westminster and Oxford, was obliged to give up all hope of a university career, and, quitting Dr. Horne's school at the age of sixteen, went into the office of a solicitor, Mr. Farrer, for twelve months, and then became a pupil in the chambers of his uncle, Edward Cooke, a barrister in good chancery practice. He had been a studious and diligent boy, left school a fair scholar, and was throughout his life fond of classical studies. He earned 100l. to 150l. a year before his call by drawing equity pleadings, according to the practice of the day, for solicitors. He was called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn in 1816. His youth had been, as he called it, ‘gloomy and joyless,’ but he had read diligently, and success came rapidly. He made the hitherto unprecedented sum of 600l. in his first year. Though he joined the northern circuit and occasionally appeared before parliamentary committees on election


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Blanchard, Samuel Laman


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Pendlebury memoir, infra) he removed to Holcome chapel in Bury parish, with the assent of the classis (, Life of Oliver Heywood;, Vicars of Rochdale, Chetham Soc. i. 101). He was ejected from Holcome in 1662, but found occasional opportunities of preaching.

On the Declaration of Indulgence in 1672, Pendlebury returned to Holcome, where a temporary place of worship was built for him in Bass Lane (, Hist. of Rochdale, p. 252;, Lanc. Nonc. ii. 157). He also officiated at Rochdale (cf., iii. 241 n.); but his ministrations were mainly devoted to Holcome. He died on 18 June 1695 in his seventieth year, and was buried in Bury church. In 1865 his bones were removed to a common receptacle on the occasion of the building of the new parish church. Newcome notes his death in his ‘Autobiography’ (p. 308) with the words ‘a great loss.’ His will was proved at Chester in 1695. His widow, his second wife, Jane Wolstenholme, died near Turton in Lancashire on 18 Nov. 1713 (Northowram Register). His son William Pendlebury, M.A., was for many years minister of Mill Hill Chapel, Leeds (see, Diaries, iv. 319; , Hist. of Birch Chapel, p. 86, Chetham Soc.)

Pendlebury was one of the most learned nonconformists of his day. Most of his works were published posthumously. The titles are: 1. ‘A plain Representation of the Transubstantiation as it is received in the Church of Rome, by a Country Divine, London, 1687, sm. 4to, pp. 68. There is a questionable tradition that the work ‘was carried by a friend of his privately to Archbishop Tillotson, who caused it to be printed, he so much approved of it’ (, Account, p. 400), but Tillotson was not archbishop till 1691. 2. ‘Invisible Realities: the Real Christian's greatest Concernment, in several [i.e. six] sermons on 2 Cor. iv. 18,’ London, 1696, dedicated to Hugh, lord Willoughby of Parham, by John Chorlton, with brief memoir of the author by Chorlton; reprinted at Bury, in 1816, with ‘The Book Opened.’ 3. ‘The Book Opened, being [the substance of] several Discourses on Rev. xx. 14,’ London, 1696; reprinted Bury, 1816, with No. 2. 4. ‘The Barren Fig Tree, or a practical Exposition of the Parable, Luke xiii. 6–9,’ London, 1700; Rochdale, 1700; Leeds, 1793. 5. ‘Sermons by Henry Pendlebury of Rochdale,’ with preface and dedication by Chorlton and Cunningham of Manchester; 2nd edit. Manchester, 1711. 6. ‘Sacrificium missalicum mysterium iniquitatis, or a treatise concerning the Sacrifice of the Mass’ (never before printed), London, 1768. Several sermons preached at the Bolton lecture were reprinted in Slate's ‘Select Nonconformist Remains’ (pp. 349–89).

[Authorities quoted; Fishwick's Lanc. Library, pp. 411–12; Scholes's Bolton Bibliogr. p. 201; Halley's Lanc. Nonconformity, p. 372; J. E. Bailey in Manchester Guardian, ‘Local Notes and Queries,’ 4 Jan. and 29 April 1874; notice by W. Hewitson in the Bury Times, June and July 1895; Lanc. and Chesh. Record Soc. Publ. i. 26, 37, xii. 66, xviii. 194; Manchester Minutes (Chetham Soc.); Heywood's whole Works, i. 130, 441; Oliver Heywood's Diaries; Northowram Register; Calamy's Continuation and Account of Nonc. Mem.; Thoresby's Ducatus Leodiensis, App. p. 122; Raines MSS. i.291 (Chetham Libr.); Newcome's Autobiogr. (Chetham Soc.); Thorburn's Valedictory Address, Bury, 1874; Minutes of the Bury Classis (MS. in the writer's possession); information kindly sent by J. Peile, master of Christ's College; The Surey Demoniac, pp. 36, 73; Jolly's Vindication of the Surey Demoniac, pp. 40, 62; Long's Life of Matthew Henry, p. 57; Thoresby's Corresp. i. 339, 404; Zachary Grey's Examin. of Neal, iv. 429; Jones's Popish Tracts, pp. 367, 463; Notitia Cestriensis, ii. 26, 41–2, 103 (Chetham Soc.)]

 PENDLEBURY, JAMES (d. 1758?), colonel and last master-gunner of England, first appears as comptroller of the first permanent train of artillery on 1 May 1698. He embarked for Holland in 1702 as comptroller of the train then sent out, which consisted of thirty-four pieces, with two companies of gunners, one of pioneers, and one of pioneers. The staff included a colonel, a lieutenant-colonel, a major, a comptroller, a paymaster, adjutant, &c. In 1706 he was appointed chief fire-master; in 1708 second colonel and comptroller in Holland; in November 1709 master-gunner of England; in the following month colonel of royal artillery in the Low Countries. He was second colonel and comptroller in Flanders in 1711, and in 1715 he was placed on half-pay of 1l. 12s. 6d. a day. The date of his death is not quite certain. He was the last officer who bore the title of master-gunner of England, which goes back to the time of Henry VIII.

[Proceedings of the Royal Artillery Institution, xix. 285; Duncan's History of the Royal Artillery, i. 63; Kane's List of Officers of the Royal Artillery, p. 104, where the name is given as John Pindlebury.]

 PENDLETON, FREDERICK HENRY SNOW (1818–1888), divine, born on 13 Sept. 1818, was educated at the university of Ghent and at St. Aidan's College, Birkenhead. After being ordained in the diocese of Winchester, he served as curate of St.


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II.] own purpose; each is separately exposed to the changes and vicissitudes of linguistic life, is modified, recombined, or dropped, according to its own uses and capacities. Hence etymology, the historical study of individual words, is the foundation and substructure of all investigation of language; the broad principles, the wide-reaching views, the truths of universal application and importance, which constitute the upper fabric of linguistic science, all rest upon word-genealogies. Words are the single witnesses from whom etymology draws out the testimony which they have to give respecting themselves, the tongue to which they belong, and all human speech.

How the study of words is made the means of bringing to light the processes of linguistic growth, and what those processes are, it will, accordingly, be our next duty to examine and set forth by suitable examples. Having only illustration in view, we will avoid all cases of a difficult or doubtful character, noticing only words whose history is well known; choosing, moreover, those which, while they truly exhibit the principles we seek to establish, are at the same time of the simplest kind, and most open to general comprehension.

There is no word or class of words whose history does not exemplify, more or less fully, all the different kinds of linguistic change. It will be more convenient for us, however, to take up these kinds in succession, and to select our instances accordingly. And, as the possibility of etymological analysis depends in no small part on the nature of words as not simple entities, but made of of separate elements, this composite character of the constituents of speech may properly engage our first attention.

That we are in the constant habit of putting together two independent vocables to form a compound word, is an obvious and familiar fact. Instances of such words are fear-inspiring, god-like, break-neck, house-top. They are substitutes for the equivalent phrases inspiring fear, like a god, apt to break one's neck, top of a house. For the sake of more compact and convenient expression, we have given a closer unity to the compound word than belongs to the aggregate


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Shakespeare - First Folio facsimile (1910)/To the Memory of the Deceased Author, Master W. Shakespeare

Shakespeare, at length thy pious fellows give The world thy works. Thy works, by which, out-live Thy tomb, thy name must. When that stone is rent And time dissolves thy Stratford monument, Here we alive shall view thee still. This book, When brass and marble fade, shall make thee look Fresh to all ages. When posterit Shall loathe what's new, think all is protege That is not Shakespeare’s, every line, each verse Here shall revive, redeem thee from thy hearse. Nor fire, nor cankering age, as Naso said, Of his, thy wit-fraught book shall once invade. Nor shall I e're believe, or think thee dead. (Though missed) until our bankrout stage be sped (Impossible!) with some new strain t'out-do Passions of Juliet, and her Romeo; Or till I hear a scene more nobly take, Than when thy half-sword parlaying Romans spake. Till these, till any of thy volumes rest Shall with more fire, more feeling be expressed, Be sure, our Shakespeare, thou canst never die, But crowned with laurel, live eternally.


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56 which it represents, by omission of connectives, by inversion of the more usual order of arrangement, but most of all by unity of accent: this last is the chief outward means of composition; it converts two entities into one, for the nonce, by subordinating the one of them to the other. Our common talk is strewn with such words, and so gradual is the transition to them from the mere collocations of the phrase, that there are couples, like mother-tongue, well-known, which we hardly know whether to write separately, as collocations only, or with a hyphen, as loose compounds; others, like dial-plate, well-being, usage so far recognizes for compounds that they are always written together, sometimes with the hyphen and sometimes without; others yet, like godlike, herself are so grown together by long contact, by habitual connection, that we hardly think of them as having a dual nature. And even more than this: we have formed some so close combinations that it costs us a little reflection to separate them into their original parts. Of such a character is forehead, still written to accord with its derivation, as a name for the fore part of the head, but so altered in pronunciation that, but for its spelling, its origin would certainly escape the notice of nineteen-twentieths of those who use it. Such, again, is fortnight, altered both in pronunciation and in spelling from the fourteen nights out of which it grew. Such, once more, is our familiar verb breakfast. We gave this name to our morning meal, because it broke, or interrupted, the longest fast of the day, that which includes the night's sleep. 'We said at first breāk fâst—"I broke fast at such an hour this morning;" he, or they, who first ventured to say I breakfasted were guilty of as heinous a violation of grammatical rule as he would be who should now declare I takedinnered, instead of I took dinner; but good usage came over to their side and ratified their blunder, because the community were minded to give a specific name to their earliest meal and to the act of partaking of it, and therefore converted the collocation breākfâst into the real compound brĕakfast.

Yet once more, not only are those words in our language of composite structure, of which at first sight, or on second


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Eginton, Francis (1775-1823)


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II.] thought, we thus recognize the constituent elements; not a few, also, which we should not readily conjecture to be other than simple and indivisible entities, and which could not be proved otherwise by any evidence which our present speech contains, do nevertheless, when we trace their history by the aid of other and older languages than ours, admit of analysis into component parts. We will note, as instances, only a familiar word or two, namely such and which. The forms of these words in Anglo-Saxon are swylc and hwylc: with the latter of them the Scottish whilk for which quite closely agrees, and they also find their near correspondents in the German solch and welch. On following up their genealogy, from language to language of our family, we find at last that they are made up of the ancient words for so and who, with the adjective like added to each: such is so-like, 'of that likeness or sort;' which is who-like, 'of what likeness or sort.'

But we turn from compounds like these, in which two originally independent words are fully fused into one, in meaning and form, to another class, of much higher importance in the history of language.

Let us look, first, at our word fearful. This, upon reflection, is a not less evident compound than fear-inspiring: our common adjective full is perfectly recognizable as its final member. Yet, though such be its palpable origin, it is, after all, a compound of a somewhat different character from the other. The subordinate element full, owing to its use in a similar way in a great number of other compounds, such as careful, truthful, plentiful, dutiful, and the frequent and familiar occurrence of the words it forms, has, to our apprehension, in some measure lost the consciousness of its independent character, and sunk to the condition of a mere suffix, forming adjectives from nouns, like the suffix ous in such words as perilous, riotous, plenteous, duteous. It approaches, too, the character of a suffix, in that its compounds are not, like fear-inspiring and house-top, directly translatable back into the elements which form them: plentiful and dutiful do not mean 'full of plenty' and 'full of duty,' but are the precise equivalents of plenteous and duteous. We could with entire propriety form an adjective from a new noun by


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58 adding ful to it, without concerning ourselves, as to whether the corresponding phrase, "full of so and so," would or would not make good sense. And when we hear a Scotchman say fearfu ' , carefu ' , we both understand him without difficulty, and do not think of inquiring whether he also clips the adjective full to fu ' .

The word of opposite meaning, fearless, is not less readily recognizable as a compound, and our first impulse is to see in its final element our common word less, to interpret fearless as meaning 'minus fear,' 'deprived of fear,' and so 'exempt from fear.' A little study of the history of such words, however, as it is to be read in other dialects, shows us that this is a mistake, and that our less has nothing whatever to do with the compound. The Anglo-Saxon form of the ending, leas, is palpably the adjective leas, which is the same with our word loose; and fearless is primarily 'loose from fear,' 'free from fear.' The original subordinate member of the compound has here gone completely through the process of conversion into a suffix, being so divorced from the words which are really akin with it that its derivation is greatly obscured, and a false etymology is suggested to the mind which reflects upon it.

Take, again, such words as godly, homely, brotherly, lovely. Here, as in the other cases, each is composed of two parts; but, while we recognize the one as a noun, having an independent existence in the language, we do not even feel tempted to regard the other as anything but an adjective suffix, destitute of separate significance; it appears in our usage only as an appendage to other words, impressing upon them a certain modification of meaning. What, however, is its history? Upon tracing it up into the older form of our speech, the Anglo-Saxon, we find that our modern usage has mutilated it after the same fashion as the Scottish dialect now mutilates the ful of fearful—by dropping off, namely, an original final consonant: its earlier form was lic. The final guttural letter we find preserved even to the present day in the corresponding suffixes of the other Germanic languages, as in the German lich, Swedish lic, Dutch lijk. These facts lead us naturally to the conjecture that the


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 PENCESTER, PENCHESTER, or PENSHURST, STEPHEN (d. 1299), warden of the Cinque ports, was a member of an old Kentish family that took its name from its chief seat, the manor of Penshurst, or, as it was more often called in the thirteenth century, Pencester or Penchester. In the latter part of Henry III's reign this manor was held by John de Bellemains, a canon of St. Paul's, who was Stephen's uncle and trustee. Soon after the barons' wars Stephen appears as holding important offices under the crown, to whose service he devoted the rest of his life. Between October 1268 and January 1271 he served as sheriff of Kent, but his duties were discharged by his deputy, Henry of Leeds (Deputy-Keeper's Thirty-first Report, App. p. 298), who is described by Hasted as his assistant or shire clerk (, Kent, vol. i. p. lxxxi). In 1269 he was allowed to buy up the debt owed to two Jews by John de Peckham (Fœdera, i. 484). After 1271 he appears as constable of Dover Castle and warden of the Cinque ports, and was also granted the custody of the seven hundreds of the Weald, formerly held by Roger de Leyburne (d. 1271) [q. v.] (Excerpta e Rot. Finium, ii. 552). At first Pencester must have held these offices as Edward the king's son's deputy, but after Edward I's accession he held them independently, receiving the sum of 28l. 13s. 4d. a year for the support of himself, his chaplain, servants, and engineers (Pell Records, p. 92). He was already a knight. Hasted (iv. 69) mentions various other constables of Dover under Edward I, but it seems more probable that they were Pencester's deputies, and that he held these offices up to his death; so that for nearly the whole of Edward I's reign he held a very prominent position in Kent and Sussex.

The critical state of the Cinque ports during the barons' wars, and their great importance to Edward during his reign, made Pencester's office a difficult and responsible one, and he is a conspicuous and successful figure among the minor agents of Edward I's policy. He was frequently assigned to try cases in which the rights of seamen of the Cinque ports were concerned (Rot. Parl. i. 98 a, 126 b). His authority was further strengthened by his receiving constant commissions of oyer and terminer, and occasional ones of gaol delivery in the south-eastern counties (examples in Calendar of Patent Rolls, 1281–92, pp. 37, 44, 65, 83, 90, 96, 141, 196; cf. Rot. Parl. i. 3b, 47b). This activity in judicial business has caused Dugdale to put him on his list of judges of common pleas; but Foss doubts whether he ever sat at Westminster, and is inclined to think that his constant judicial employment was discharged in his capacity of warden of the Cinque ports. This can hardly, however, have been strictly the case. Even the commissions held by Pencester in Kent and Sussex went far beyond the liberties of the Cinque ports, and it was no part of the warden's business to hold, for example, the commission of gaol delivery at Maidstone as Pencester did in 1285. Moreover, among the commissions recorded in the patent rolls as received by Pencester, there are included commissions in Surrey and Suffolk as well as Kent and Sussex. And in 1279 Pencester presided at a court held in the Guildhall of London as the result of which three christians and 293 Jews were hanged and drawn asunder for clipping the king's coin (‘Ann. Londin.’ in Chronicles of Edward I and Edward II, Rolls Ser. i. 88). In 1275 he had previously had to deal with the Jewish coin clippers, but had enjoined to let them off on payment of a fine (Fœdera, i. 570). In 1284 Archbishop Peckham, in granting him a license to try some pleas during Lent, describes him as a justice (, Letters, iii. 1077).

Among the important functions entrusted to Pencester as warden of the Cinque ports was the superintendence of the laying out of the site and constructing the buildings of New Winchelsea, the port which Edward I ordered to be constructed something after the manner of the Aquitanian bastides to replace Old Winchelsea, which was swallowed up by the sea (Cal. Patent Rolls, 1281–92, pp. 81, 225). He was appointed on 13 Oct. 1283, with two others, to this important post, and in 1286 was ordered to enlarge the town by laying out new lots for building and fixing rents for them. He acted also as convener of the musters of the freeholders of Kent in June 1287 (ib. p. 275). On 13 Oct. 1283 his appointment as constable and warden was renewed, and the large salary of 300l. assigned for the maintenance of him and his followers (ib. p. 83). After his death it was found that this grant was in arrears, and his widow Margaret had some trouble in prosecuting her claim for it at the exchequer. He died at Easter 1299 (Cal. Close Rolls, 1313–18, p. 8). He was buried in the south chancel of Penshurst church, under an altar-tomb which represents him in armour reclining on a cushion (, i. 408). From this Foss infers that he was primarily a soldier rather than a judge.

Stephen became a considerable landowner in Kent. Besides Penshurst, he owned the adjacent manor of West Leigh, where he liberally endowed a free chapel. He also possessed the manors of Overhill, Shepherd's


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II.] suffix may be nothing more than a metamorphosis of our common adjective like; and a reference to the oldest Germanic dialect, the Mœso-Gothic, puts the case beyond all question; for there we find the suffix and the independent adjective to be in all respects the same, and the derivatives formed with the suffix to be as evident compounds with the adjective as are our own godlike, childlike, and so on. Words thus composed are common in all the Germanic tongues; but we who speak English have given the same suffix a further modification of meaning, and an extension of application, which belong to it nowhere else. In our usage it is an adverbial suffix, by which any adjective whatever may be converted into an adverb, as in truly, badly, fearfully, fearlessly. In the old Anglo-Saxon, such adverbs were oblique cases of adjectives in lic, and so, of course, were derived only from adjectives formed by this ending; the full adverbial suffix was lice, the e being a case-termination: instances are ânlîce, 'only, singularly,' from ânlîc, 'sole, singular,' literally 'one-like;' leôflîce, 'lovelily,' from leôflîc, 'lovely.' We moderns, now, have suffered the ending to go out of use as one forming adjectives, only retaining the adjectives so formed which we have inherited from the ancient time; but we have taken it up in its adverbial application, and, ignoring both its original character and its former limitation to a single class of adjectives, apply it with unrestricted freedom in making an adverb from any adjective we choose; while, at the same time, we have mutilated its form, casting off as unnecessary the vowel ending, along with the consonant to which it was appended. The history of this adverbial suffix is worthy of special notice, inasmuch as the suffix itself is the latest addition which our grammatical system has gained in the synthetic way, and as its elaboration has taken place during the period when the growth of our language is illustrated by contemporary documents. The successive steps were clearly as follows: the adjective like was first added to a number of nouns, forming a considerable class of adjective compounds, like those now formed by us with full; then, like the latter word, it lost in a measure the consciousness of its origin, and was