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A Genuine New England Boiled Dinner

  A Genuine New England Boiled Dinner By the Cook    MAKESHIFT for this most delectable dish is found in various places and in different lands, far removed from its native heath. In Italy, as one of the courses at the table d' hôte, a platter containing the boiled beef, surrounded by small potatoes, tiny carrots, portions of cabbage or other varieties of greens, is passed; in Switzerland, a similar dish is presented, while in England yet again one finds it. In hotels and restaurants at home it is well known to fame, but I have never found it in its perfection outside some private family, where care, time, and great daintiness in serving unite in producing a result far different from the ordinary conglomeration usually served one as a boiled dinner. It is not the easiest dinner in the world to prepare and cook, so do not start with the idea that an hour or two of time is enough, or that you can well bake bread, or make pies or cake, or do any other cooking at the same time, for you cannot. Assuming that the dinner hour is at noon, make up your mind to give the entire forenoon to this one thing, and to reconcile you to doing so, remember that this one dish, suitably prepared, will give you material for several meals besides the first dinner. The one great secret on which the success of this New England dish depends is that it shall be thoroughly well done, as an underdone condition of either meat or vegetables makes it both unpalatable and unwholesome; yet few cooks realize that winter vegetables, like cabbage, turnips, carrots, etc., require long and slow boiling in order to be really good. It is not essential that an absolutely accurate amount of material should here be given, a little more or less making no difference as to method in preparing, but for a family of three, the approximate amount of meat and vegetables will be given. Order all things needed the day before, and so save yourselves fussing because the market-man is late. For the meat, three or four pounds of your favorite cut of corned beef, which has not been in the brine too long, and the same amount of fresh pork, the foot and lower part of the leg. This piece of pork you will find a great improvement, and the vegetables need the fat, as no butter is used in their preparation for the table. For vegetables, you need cabbage, turnips, carrots, parsnips, beets, and potatoes. Now, with all things at hand, we are ready to begin. In your large iron pot have about six quarts of boiling water, in which put the beef at such an hour as will allow from four to five hours' boiling before dinner time, and yet give you a little time to get all the things on the table as promptly as possible. If you have been well trained to heed our national watchword "Step lively," you can do this in about ten minutes. As to the pork, you have two ways open to you: put it on to boil at the same time as the beef, and take it out when done, which will be in about two hours, keeping it in a warm place till dinner time. The reason for doing this way is that if your family likes this pork when cold, it is much better flavored without the cabbage (which does not apply to the corned beef); the other way is to add the pork after the beef has been boiling about two hours, and so have the whole potful ready to dish up at the same time. Yet another word concerning the boiling of the meat, and do not think I am too voluminous as regards detail; what I am telling you is the result of many years' practical experience, and well worth heeding. After the meat has been boiling an hour, taste of the water, and if it is too salt, dip some out and add enough fresh to make the amount up to the five or six quarts you started with, and as the water boils away, add more. This matter of keeping the boiling water at the nght degree of saltness is very essential, since this dinner, being over salt, is fit only for outer darkness. While the meat is boiling steadily but not furiously, prepare the vegetables. The cabbage should be small, round, and very heavy in proportion to its size. Cut it in halves, and save one-half for other uses, as salad or cold slaw, or even as stewed cabbage, which is another story. The half, to be used now, is to be cut in two, and added to the boiling beef early enough to give it two good full hours of steady boiling, then it will be soft and tender, not tough and stringy, and that is quite a difference! If the cabbage is very solid and compact, there is but slight chance of an insect having hidden in its close green folds, but to make assurance doubly sure, put it into cold water, the cut edges down, for. a little while before putting into the pot, and any possible unwary worm will crawl out at once. One full hour is to be allowed for the turnip. One good-sized, fair, and smooth turnip of the rutabaga variety is enough. Take off a thick paring, cut it in five or six thick slices, and add to your beef and cabbage. Four carrots most carefully washed will take the same amount of time. They are better cut in halves. Thirty minutes is enough for the parsnips and the potatoes. The former should be well washed, but not scraped, and they, like the carrots, are better if cut in halves, as both are then well seasoned with the rich pot liquor. Pare as many potatoes as your family will presumably eat at this first dinner, as for the other meals to be served from all this material, freshly cooked potatoes are best. The potatoes, washed and pared, are to be added last, and here we have a notable potful indeed.
Apparently, I have neglected one most important member of the boiled dinner family; namely, the beets. But these must be put on in a kettle by themselves, at the same time as the meat, and it takes four or five hours to cook winter beets.
Now, as to the preparation for the table. In good old times, when dishes were scarce, when mother, wife, housekeeper, housemaid, and cook were all represented in one woman, and all service was of the most simple and primitive kind, a huge, round yellow pudding dish answered for platter and vegetable dish alike, and the entire contents of the pot, minus the liquor, were placed in this one dish.
Now, we have changed all that.On a good-sized platter put the beef and pork with the potatoes at one side. On a smaller platter put the parsnips (which must be peeled, since you did not scrape them) and the carrots. Set this dish at the right of the meat. In a small vegetable dish put the slices of turnip, and set it at the left of the meat. The cabbage, put in a covered dish and place in front of the hostess, with some small serving dishes, for cabbage should not be put on the plates with the other vegetables.
Here is your dinner fit for a king! So fall to, and "may good digestion wait on appetite."
After the dinner the careful housekeeper looks at the good "left-overs" with a thoughtful eye; what to do with them —how best to utilize all, that nothing shall be wasted.
First, the meat is to be cared for. Any of the leg of pork that is left is very nice indeed if cut in slices when thoroughly cold, served with French mustard and hot, baked potatoes, for supper some winter night. The corned beef, which by reason of its long and slow boiling is very tender, should be picked in pieces, cutting across the fiber with a sharp knife then packed in a square baking tin, mixing well the fat with the lean, and putting on a weight heavy enough to press it firmly together. It must be kept in a cold place over night, in order to slice well and not crumble.
With the pork and beef out of the way in their cold closet, our housekeeper eyes askance that iron pot with its rich liquor. The unwise one says recklessly, "Throw it away!"
"Throw it away!" Shades of all French chefs from Adam's day to ours, forbid!
Our New England chefess takes a skimmer and removes all bits of meat, bone, and broken vegetables from this liquor, or strains it, pours it into a granite pan, and it goes into that cold closet by the side of the meat. As the scent of the cabbage hangs around it still, spare the refrigerator!
The next morning take off all the fat, which will be in a solid cake on top of the liquor, put the latter into a granite saucepan, add the shell and white of one egg for every quart of liquor, and stir constantly until it begins to boil, then let it boil ten minutes, without moving it.
A thick scum will be formed. Have ready a large bowl, with a napkin wrung out of hot water laid over it, and a wire strainer at hand. Pour the liquor through the strainer into the bowl through the napkin, and the result will be a quantity of very delicious soup stock of a clear amber color, most admirably flavored, and presumably enough for two dinners. Take half for a macaroni soup and the rest for a rice soup. You will not be disappointed in the quality. Or without clearing, the stock may be used in tomato or pea soups.
There still remains for serious contemplation the left-over vegetables, bits of various kinds.
My dear woman, Hash!
An essay might be written on hash; I think one ought to be, for we all know that only culinary genius can achieve a successful dish with this despised and plebeian name, but use your brains and judgment, and try a vegetable hash. The potatoes should be boiled in their "jackets" and be perfectly cold before using. Then take your bits of turnip, carrot, parsnip, with rather more of beet than of the others, and do not make the mistake of chopping the mixture very fine; if you do, the hash will be a heavy and pasty mass, and therefore unpalatable.
Some fat is needed to warm this hash in. Have you forgotten that cake of fat taken from the cold liquor? Clarify that, and use a little for your hash, and the rest is good to warm over potatoes in.
All these materials will keep several days in cold weather, and one need not use them day after day until the whole family is sick and tired of the whole thing, but the result of that forenoon's work is this:

One dinner of hot meat and vegetables.

One dinner of soup, cold corned beef, with the addition of French fried potatoes and squash.

One supper of hash.

One supper of cold pork with hot, baked potatoes.

And so on. A little care, a little thought, a daintiness in preparing and serving, and I feel confident that you will find your New England boiled dinner a culinary and financial success.

title: A Genuine New England Boiled Dinner


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Page:Best Russian Short Stories.djvu/82

62 time of the thaws. I was sitting a his house—our judge's, you know—playing preference. Our judge is a good fellow, and fond of playing preference. Suddenly" (the doctor made frequent use of this word, suddenly) "they tell me, 'There's a servant asking for you.' I say, 'What does he want?' They say, 'He has brought a note—it must be from a patient.' 'Give me the note,' I say. So it is from a patient—well and good—you understand—it's our bread and butter. . . . But this is how it was: a lady, a widow, writes to me; she says, 'My daughter is dying. Come, for God's sake!' she says, 'and the horses have been sent for you.'. . . Well, that's all right. But she was twenty miles from the town, and it was midnight out of doors, and the roads in such a state, my word! And as she was poor herself, one could not expect more than two silver rubles, and even that problematic; and perhaps it might only be a matter of a roll of linen and a sack of oatmeal in payment. However, duty, you know, before everything: a fellow-creature may be dying. I hand over my cards at once to Kalliopin, the member of the provincial commission, and return home. I look; a wretched little trap was standing at the steps, with peasant's horses, fat—too fat—and their coat as shaggy as felt; and the coachman sitting with his cap off out of respect. Well, I think to myself, 'It's clear, my friend, these patients aren't rolling in riches.'. . . You smile; but I tell you, a poor man like me has to take everything into consideration. . . . If the coachman sits like a prince, and doesn't touch his cap, and even sneers at you behind his beard, and flicks his whip—then you may bet on six rubles. But this case, I saw, had a very different air. However, I think there's no help for it; duty before everything. I snatch up the most necessary drugs, and set off. Will you believe it? I only just managed to get there at all. The road was infernal: streams, snow, watercourses, and the dyke had suddenly burst there—that was the worst of it! However, I arrived at last. It was a little thatched house. There was a light in the windows; that meant they expected me. I was met by an old lady, very venerable, in a cap. 'Save her!' she says; 'she is dying.' I say,

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Page:Best Russian Short Stories.djvu/82


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Page:Best Russian Short Stories.djvu/83

Rh 'Pray don't distress yourself—Where is the invalid?' 'Come this way.' I see a clean little room, a lamp in the corner; on the bed a girl of twenty, unconscious. She was in a burning heat, and breathing heavily—it was fever. There were two other girls, her sisters, scared and in tears. 'Yesterday,' they tell me, 'she was perfectly well and had a good appetite; this morning she complained of her head, and this evening, suddenly, you see, like this.' I say again: 'Pray don't be uneasy.' It's a doctor's duty, you know—and I went up to her and bled her, told them to put on a mustard-plaster, and prescribed a mixture. Meantime I looked at her; I looked at her, you know—there, by God! I had never seen such a face!—she was a beauty, in a word! I felt quite shaken with pity. Such lovely features; such eyes! . . . But, thank God! she became easier; she fell into a perspiration, seemed to come to her senses, looked round, smiled, and passed her hand over her face. . . . Her sisters bent over her. They ask, 'How are you?' 'All right,' she says, and turns away. I looked at her; she had fallen asleep. 'Well,' I say, 'now the patient should be left alone.' So we all went out on tiptoe; only a maid remained, in case she was wanted. In the parlour there was a samovar standing on the table, and a bottle of rum; in our profession one can't get on without it. They gave me tea; asked me to stop the night. . . . I consented: where could I go, indeed, at that time of night? The old lady kept groaning. 'What is it?' I say; 'she will live; don't worry yourself; you had better take a little rest yourself; it is about two o'clock.' 'But will you send to wake me if anything happens?' 'Yes, yes.' The old lady went away, and the girls too went to their own room; they made up a bed for me in the parlour. Well, I went to bed—but I could not get to sleep, for a wonder! for in reality I was very tired. I could not get my patient out of my head. At last I could not put up with it any longer; I got up suddenly; I think to myself, 'I will go and see how the patient is getting on.' Her bedroom was next to the parlour. Well, I got up, and gently opened the door—how my heart beat! I looked in: the servant was asleep, her mouth wide open, and even

title: Page:Best Russian Short Stories.djvu/83


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USAMGIK Ordinance 46

 * HEADQUARTERS
 * UNITED STATES ARMY MILITARY
 * GOVERNMENT IN KOREA

Office of the Military Governor Seoul, Korea

ORDINANCE NUMBER 46 7 Febrnary 1946

  The Special Criminal Investigating Committee of Korea and the Office of Secretary of the Special Criminal Interrogating Committee of the Bureau of Justice of the Government of Korea are hereby abolished.

  Section 9 of Appointment Number 12, dated 11 October 1945, and Section 4 of Appointment Number 36, dated 19 November 1945, are hereby rescinded.

  This ordinance shall be effective on the tenth day after the date appearing hereon.

 * ARCHER L. LERCH

 * Major General, United States Army

 * Military Governor of Korea.

군정법령 제46호

title: USAMGIK Ordinance 46


text:
USAMGIK Ordinance 47

 * HEADQUARTERS
 * UNITED STATES ARMY MILITARY
 * GOVERNMENT IN KOREA

Office of the Military Governor Seoul, Korea

ORDINANCE NUMBER 47 13 Febrnary 1946

 SECTION Ⅰ. The Public Information Section of the Secretariat of the Government of Korea is hereby established as a Bureau of the Government of Korea and is hereby renamed the Bureau of Public Information of he Government of Korea.

 SECTION Ⅱ. This ordinance shall be effective on the tenth day after the date appearing hereon.

 * ARCHER L. LERCH

 * Major General, United States Army

 * Military Governor of Korea.

군정법령 제47호

title: USAMGIK Ordinance 47


text:
USAMGIK Ordinance 48

 * HEADQUARTERS
 * UNITED STATES ARMY MILITARY
 * GOVERNMENT IN KOREA

Office of the Military Governor Seoul, Korea

ORDINANCE NUMBER 48 13 Febrnary 1946

  The name of the Bureau of Mining and Industry of the Government of Korea is hereby changed to the Bureau of Commerce of the Government of Korea.

  The name of the Bureau of AGriculture and Commerce of the Government of Korea is hereby changed to the Bureau of Agriculture of the Government of Korea.

  All duties, functions, records and property of the Domestic Commerce Section and the Foreign Commerce Section of the Bureau of Agriculture are hereby transferred to the Bureau of Commerce.

  All duties, functions, records and property of the Finance Sub-section of the Agricultural Economy Section of the Bureau of Agriculture are hereby transferred to the Bureau of Finance.

  All duties, functions, records and property pertaining to lumbering and the processing of fish and marine products in the Lumbering and Processed Foods Sub-section of the Bureau of Commerce are hereby transferred to the Bureau of Agriculture.

  This ordinance is effective at 2400, 13 February 1946.

 * ARCHER L. LERCH

 * Major General, United States Army

 * Military Governor of Korea.

군정법령 제48호

title: USAMGIK Ordinance 48


text:
USAMGIK Ordinance 49

 * HEADQUARTERS
 * UNITED STATES ARMY MILITARY
 * GOVERNMENT IN KOREA

Office of the Military Governor Seoul, Korea

ORDINANCE NUMBER 49 19 Febrnary 1946

  All persons, except those enumerated in Section 5 hereof, who desire to leave Korea for any reason are required to obtain a Letter of Identity to authorize travel outside Korea.

  Letters of Identity will be issued by the Foreign Affairs Section of the Secretariat of the Military Government of Korea. The Foreign Affairs Section is hereby authorized to implement this ordinance by regulations to insure :

 a. That all requirements for entry of the nation or nations which such person is to visit are met.  b. That such persons receive the necessary health inoculations, exchange of funds and currency, transportation, and such information and advice as may be necessary.  c. That accurate records are kept of such persons abroad, in case of emergency.

  Applications for Letters of Identity may be made to any Military Government Team Commander, who will forward all such applications to the Foreign Affairs Section, Such applications will include :

 a. Name and address of applicant.  b. Two photographs taken within sic months prior to the date of application.
 c. Reason for making application to leave. (If traveling on orders of the Military Government, a copy of such orders will be attached).

 d. Birth certificate, or ho-chok certificate

 e. Proposed itinerary.

 f. Designation of address or agent in all foreign countries to be visited, for the receipt of all notices.

 g. Period of time for which Letter of Identity is to be valid.

  All persons entering Korea will give the following information to the official representing the Foreign Affairs Section at the point of entry :

 a. Passport or other credentials.

 b. Nature and purpose of visit.

 c. Proposed Itinerary and length of visit.

 d. Address in Korea, or designation of agent for receipt of all notices.

  The precvision of this Ordinance do movements.

 a. Persons included in mass repatriation movements.
 b.Persons who are members of or attached to hte armed forces of any of the United Nations and who are travelling on official order.

  Any person violating the provisions of this Ordinance will, upon conviction by a competent court, suffer such penalty as this court may direct.

  This Ordinance shall be effective on the tenth day after the date appearing hereon.

 * ARCHER L. LERCH

 * Major General, United States Army

 * Military Governor of Korea.

군정법령 제49호

title: USAMGIK Ordinance 49


text:
USAMGIK Ordinance 50

 * HEADQUARTERS
 * UNITED STATES ARMY MILITARY
 * GOVERNMENT IN KOREA

Office of the Military Governor Seoul, Korea

ORDINANCE NUMBER 50 16 Febrnary 1946

  Paragraph "2" of Section Ⅲ of Ordinance Number 11, Dated 9 October 1945, is hereby amended to read as follows :  "2. The punishment of any person without lawful trial and conviction is prohibited."

  This ordinance shall be effective on the tenth day after the date appearing hereon.

 * ARCHER L. LERCH

 * Major General, United States Army

 * Military Governor of Korea.

군정법령 제50호

title: USAMGIK Ordinance 50


text:
Page:SpirellaAccessories1913page33.png

 Sanitary Skirt Protectors

These protectors have many salient features which give to the wearer a large measure of comfort and satisfaction. They are waterproof, odorless, pliable as fine linen. Linen-mesh top affords good ventilation. Durable, will launder easily. The vogue of the narrow skirt makes the wearing of heavy undergarments impractical. Hence, this garment is doubly necessary. It is designed to protect the skirt from soil and give a smooth and even surface over which the skirt may lie, and be protected from wrinkles; is worn as an under apron at the back over the corset. Made in one length only.

Style No. 1 is made of rubberized cloth with linen-mesh top. Illustration on this page shows style No 1.

Style No. 2 is made of rubberized satin, trimmed with very fine imported Valenciennes lace all the way around: otherwise, the same as style No 1.

title: Page:SpirellaAccessories1913page33.png


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User:John Vandenberg/Books/Associations Incorporation Act 1981 (Victoria)

Associations Incorporation Act 1981 (Victoria)

 * Associations Incorporation Act 1981 (Victoria)
 * Associations Incorporation Act 1981 (Victoria)/Part I
 * Associations Incorporation Act 1981 (Victoria)/Part II
 * Associations Incorporation Act 1981 (Victoria)/Part III
 * Associations Incorporation Act 1981 (Victoria)/Part IV
 * Associations Incorporation Act 1981 (Victoria)/Part V
 * Associations Incorporation Act 1981 (Victoria)/Part VI
 * Associations Incorporation Act 1981 (Victoria)/Part VII
 * Associations Incorporation Act 1981 (Victoria)/Part VIIA
 * Associations Incorporation Act 1981 (Victoria)/Part VIII
 * Associations Incorporation Act 1981 (Victoria)/Part VIIIA
 * Associations Incorporation Act 1981 (Victoria)/Part IX


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USAMGIK Ordinance 51

 * HEADQUARTERS
 * UNITED STATES ARMY MILITARY
 * GOVERNMENT IN KOREA

Office of the Military Governor Seoul, Korea

ORDINANCE NUMBER 51 20 February 1946

  All existing provisions of law and regulatory measures which fix or impose a monetary fine for the violation thereof, are hereby amended so that each monetary fine is increased five (5) times; provided, that this enactment shall not be applicable to offenses consummated prior to the effective date hereof.

  Paragraph 2 of Ordinance Number 41, dated 10 January 1946, is amended to read as follows:  "Each Special Judicial Officer shall have original jurisdiction of cases in which the punishment imposed shall not exceed confinement in al penal institution for a period of thirty (30) days or a fine of seven hundred and fifty yen (¥750), or both."

  Paragraph 12 of Ordinance Number 41, dated 10 January 1946, is amended to read as follows:  "In a case where a fine or net fine is pronounced, the accused shall deposit the amount immediately. if he does not do so, he shall be held in custody for a term calculated by converting yen twenty five (¥25) into one day and for this purpose any amount less than ten twenty five (¥25) shall be taken as one day."

  Paragraph 14 of Ordinance Number 41, dated 10 January 1946, is amended to read as follows:  "The number of days of custody mentioned in paragraph 11 shall accordingly be considered as days served. The number of days of custody mentioned in paragraph 12 shall accordingly be considered as yen paid on the basis of yen twenty five (¥25) for one day, toward the discharge of a fine or net fine."

  This ordinance shall be effective on the tenth day after the date appearing hereon.

 * ARCHER L. LERCH

 * Major General, United States Army

 * Military Governor of Korea.

군정법령 제51호

title: USAMGIK Ordinance 51


text:
Page:The aborigines of Australia.djvu/27

12 wilds. No nutritious and abundant root, such as the potato or the yam, springing spontaneously in the soil or requiring but little labour in its production, presented a never-failing means of sustenance, and an inducement to form settled communities; no cocoanut or bread-fruit tree, or maize plant, bending beneath the weight of their respective products, charmed the vision or solaced the loneliness of the wanderer. No mighty river or broad lake, with smooth, clear surface, teeming with finny life, and surrounded by all the necessaries and charms of existence, invited the wanderers to establish themselves permanently on its fertile banks. All was bleak barrenness and disheartening scarcity. One only means of human sustenance did the vast territory present—the animal tribes which bounded over its plains, or scampered up and down the trunks and branches of the towering trees; and to procure this means of supporting life in himself and household, the New Hollander was condemned to a life of perpetual roaming—a life of perpetual savageness—ever impelled by the silent but imperative watchword, onward! Hence that dispersion; hence those outward symptoms of the most complete barbarism; hence, in fine, that degeneracy and that debasement of the human character which a certain class of reasoners are ever ready to seize upon with the utmost avidity, for the purpose of endeavouring to belie the most simple principles of philosophy, as well as the first teachings of revelation. But while admitting the worst that can be advanced


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USAMGIK Ordinance 52

 * HEADQUARTERS
 * UNITED STATES ARMY  MILITARY
 * GOVERNMENT IN KOREA

Office of the Military Governor Seoul, Korea

ORDINANCE NUMBER 52 21 Febrnary 1946

  The New Korea company, Limited is hereby created as an independent agency of the Government of Korea. The corporation will be directed by ten directors who will hold office until replaced by the corporation under by laws and reglations prescribed by it with the approval of the Military Governor or his nominee. The United States Army Officer acting as President of the corporation will have full power to decide questions of policy affecting United states interests, subject to the approval of the Military Governor. The principal office of the corporation will be in Seoul, Korea and will have such branch offices as the Board of Directors shall determine with the approval of the Military Government or his nominee.

  The directors will appoint Advisory Board consisting of the Chairman of the Board of Directors of the Corporation, who will serve as Chairman, and one or more members from each province nominated by the Military Governor or his nominee. The Advisory Board will meet at the call of the Chairman. the Advisory Board will make recommendation to the Board of Directors will consult the Advisory Board on major questions of policy.

  The corporation will have a capital stock of one hundred million yen (¥100,000,000) divided into shares of fifty yen (¥ 50) each The total amount of the capital stock will be subscribed, exclusively owned, and paid in full by the Military Government of Korea by the physical transfer of property  of the Oriental Development, Limited. Its liability will be limited to its capital stock. it may be dissolved only by the Military Government of Korea. To qualify the directors, a certificate of one whare of of stock will be transferred on the books of the Company to the name of each Director.

  All property owned on or since 9 August 1945 by the  Oriental Development Company, Limited, and all Japanese property in juridical persons in Korea in which juridical persons. Oriental Development Company, Limited, had a financial interest on or since 9 August 1945, in hereby vested in the New Korea Company, Limited.

  The corporations will have the following powers:  a. To acquire and own its own shares of stock at a price not less than the pan value thereof.  b. The capital stock may be reduced or increased by the Board of Directors by the issuance of a public notice signed by the Military Governor.  c. All of the powers of such a juridical person under the Commercial Code now or hereafter in force in Korea.
 d. To issue debentures under the provisions of the Commercial Code except that debentures not in excess of ten times the amount of the paid-up capital may be issued, when the issuance, and terms of the debentures have been approved by the Military Governor or his nominee.

 e. To appoint and compensate such officers and employees as the board of Directors may determine.

 f. To pay dividends and establish reservers under toe provisions of the Commercial Code.

 g. To transact all forms of industrial activity including the extraction of metallic and non-metallic natural resources, the processing and fabrication of materials and chemicals, the manufacture of any articles for industrial or commercial aircraft parts and equipment, electrical equipment and appliances, textiles, and food processing.

 h. To transact all forms of commercial business at all levels of distribution, warehousing and storage.

 i. To  transact in all forms of agriculture, including ownership or operation of leased lands, agricultural experimental stations or laboratories, and in all forms of forestry, including lands used for the propagation of operation stock and lands under reforestation.

 j. To engage in all forms of fishing and acquisition of aquatic products, including the ownership or operation under lease or charter of fishing boats, docks, and other fishing gear and facilities for hauling, storing and preserving fish and aquatic products.

 k. Under the directives of the Military Governor or his nominee, to regulate and

 l. To own property and dispose of the same.

 m. All other powers incidental or necessary to the accomplishment of the objects of the corporation.

  The corporations its directors, officers and employees will be subject to such duties and will exercise such powers as are provided by the Commercial Code insofar as they are pertinent or necessary to the business of the corporation.

  Any person who, for the purpose of inducing the corporation to transact any business with such person, makes, ant false statement orally or in writing knowing it to be false or who makes or circulates ant statement or rumor orally or in writing which is untrue or which directly or by inference is derogatory to the financial condition or standing of the corporation, or who induces others to do so, shall upon conviction by a Military Occupation Court suffer such punishment as the Court shall determine.

  The corporation will make its public notices by publication in a newspaper of general circulation.

  This ordinance shall be effective on the tenth day after the date appearing hereon.

 * ARCHER L. LERCH

 * Major General, United States Army

 * Military Governor of Korea.

군정법령 제52호

title: USAMGIK Ordinance 52


text:
Page:Lectures on Modern History.djvu/376

 Grotius, escape of, 174

Guarino studies Greek, 75

Guelph, House of, 265

Gueux, the, 145

Guicciardini, 81

Guiscard stabs Harley, 262

Guise, Duke of, 147— Massacre of Vassy, 157; Massacre of St. Bartholomew, 159-60; and the League, 165-6; death of, 167

Guizot, cited, 161; Richard Cromwell, 207; policy, 272

Gustavus of Sweden— Defeats imperialists at Breitenfeld, 188; policy, 189; struggle with Wallenstein, 190-91; conquests, 279; lost by Charles XII., 281

Habeas Corpus Act, 215; recalled, 220

Habsburgs, the— Temporal power favoured by, 50; Henry IV. and, 174, 179; religious toleration under, 181-3; policy, 182-3, 187, 188; Richelieu and, 193; William of Orange and, 225, 226

Hague, the— Death of De Witt, 239; treaty of, 255-6; negotiations between Louis XIV. and the Allies, 260-61

Halifax, Lord— Policy, 26-7; and the Limitation Bill, 214; toleration of the Catholics, 221

Hallam, H., 7

Hampden, J., 289

Hanover, defence of, 295

Hanoverian Settlement, the, 264-76

Hansard, Parliamentary reports, 276

Harley, Robert, 262-3

Harrach, the ambassador, 251

Harrington, liberalism of, 204, 205

Hatfield Letters, the, 151-2

Hebrew, study of, in Renaissance, 85-6

Heidelberg Library, the, sent to Rome, 185

Heights of Abraham, 293

Heinsius, 257; with Marlborough, 259; at the Hague, 261

Hellespont, the, 36

Helmstädt University, 246

Helvetius, cited, 115

Henry II. of France, 156

Henry III. of France, question of succession, 165; policy and death of, 166-7

Henry IV. of France, 49-50— Marriage to Margaret of Valois, 158-9; succession of, 165, 167; becomes a Catholic, 169-70; religious toleration under, 170-71; Edict of Nantes, 171; recall of the Jesuits, 172; conciliatory policy, 172-3; mediator between Rome and Venice, 174; protectorate over Netherlands, 174; his grand design, 174-5; assassinated, 175; designs on Bohemia, 184

Henry VIII. of England, Luther's advice to, 105; the divorce question, 137-42

Henry of Anjou, elected King of Poland, 161

Henry of Ghent, 75

Henry of Portugal (the Navigator), 52-3

Henry, Patrick, and the Stamp Duty, 309

Herbert, Admiral, invitation to William of Orange, 224

Hermitage, the, 15

Hesse Cassel, 312

Hippocrates, 74

History— Relation to religion, 12; to philosophy, 22; theories regarding, 24-8: contemporary, studied in France, 2; priority of ecclesiastical over civil, 3; international, 6; modern, unity of, 1-2; delimitation of, 3, 34; necessity for study of, 8; characteristics of, 11; compared with medieval, 31

Hobbes, 205, 209, 216, 245

Hochkirch, battle of, 297

Hochstraten, inquisitor, 85

Hoffmann, Parliamentary reports, 276

Hogue, La, battle of, 230, 248

Hohenzollerns, the, 181

Holden, 247

Holland— Acquisitions in India, 59; the Revolution, 124, 145, 154, 158; policy of Ferdinand, 128; Inquisition under Charles V. and Philip II., 144-5; the Water Beggars, 158; protectorate of Henry IV., 174; Dutch War of 1672, 211; France's claims for Maria Theresa, 236-7; Triple Alliance with England and Sweden, 238; Hague Treaty, 255; results from Spanish Succession War, 262

Holy Office, the, 112, 113, 119

Holy Roman Empire, dissolution, 288

Holy Synod, the, established in Russia, 284

Holyrood, 146, 147

Homer, 76

Hooker, 19


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Page:Early Christianity in Arabia.djvu/81

Rh the throne of Persia was his posthumous son Shahpoor the second. The minority of this prince presented an opportunity of revenge to the Arabs of Bahhrein and Lachsa, who collected a considerable force, crossed the Persian gulf, and plundered the country in all directions. The king of Hamyar, tobbaa Hassan, incited perhaps by the fugitive chiefs who had been driven from their possessions by Shahpoor, and who had sought refuge in Yaman, at the same time made a descent on Irak. No sooner, however, had Shahpoor reached the age of sixteen, than he prepared to retaliate on the Arabs the cruelties which they had perpetrated on his subjects. His vengeance was first directed against those tribes who had gained possession of Fars, which had been the principal scene of their devastations. Not one was suffered to escape, and the captives had their shoulders pierced, and afterwards dislocated by means of a string passed through them, a punishment which gained for this Persian king the title of Dzu Lektaf, or lord of the shoulders. Shahpoor next crossed the gulf, marched through the desert as far as Yatreb, filling up all the wells, and massacring every Arab he met with. From Hedjaz he continued his destructive march into Palestine and Syria, and to Mesopotamia and Irak, where he fixed his residence at the cities of Ctesiphon and Seleucia, which, separated by the Tigris, were denominated by the Arabians Al Medaïm, or the two cities. Whilst


text:
USAMGIK Ordinance 53

 * HEADQUARTERS
 * UNITED STATES ARMY MILITARY
 * GOVERNMENT IN KOREA

Office of the Military Governor Seoul, Korea

ORDINANCE NUMBER 53 20 Febrnary 1946

  Purpose. The purpose this ordinance is to provide a representative Korean agency to advise concerning the stabilization of the cast of living and the fair destruction of essential commodities, the curbing of rising prices, the prevention of scarcities of consumer goods, the development of a coordinated program of production and distribution, and the elimination of economic conditions adverse to the welfare of the people Korea.

  Creation of Korean Economic Advisory Board. The Korean Economic Advisory Board is hereby established as an agency of the Government of Korea. It shall consist of seven members, one of whom shall be the Recording Secretary. Members will be appointed by the Military Governor to Hold office during his pleasure. Members shall serve for such part of their time as the Chairman may require. They shall be compensated for service rendered, except that paid officials of the government shall receive no additional compensation.

  Duties of the Board The Korean Economic Advisory Board shall make studies and recommend to the Military Governor program for establishing, administering and enforcing price control and rationing, and for allocations for production and methods of distribution.

  Assistance to the Board. the Director of the Bureau of Commerce shall furnish such facilities and assistance as the Board may require in carrying out its work.

  Effective Date This ordinance shall be effective on the tenth day after the date appearing hereon.

 * ARCHER L. LERCH

 * Major General, United States Army

 * Military Governor of Korea.

군정법령 제53호

title: USAMGIK Ordinance 53


text:
USAMGIK Ordinance 54

 * HEADQUARTERS
 * UNITED STATES ARMY MILITARY
 * GOVERNMENT IN KOREA

Office of the Military Governor Seoul, Korea

ORDINANCE NUMBER 54 25 Febrnary 1946

  For Purposes of Tax Collection, Administration and Control, the following transfers of jurisdiction over Counties (Guns) within Kyong Sang Nam Do Province and hereby effected :   a. Yangsan County (Gun) to Pusan District Tax Collection office.  b. Tongnae County (Gun) to Pusan District Tax Collection office.

  This order is effective at 2400, 31 March 1946.

 * ARCHER L. LERCH

 * Major General, United States Army

 * Military Governor of Korea.

군정법령 제54호

title: USAMGIK Ordinance 54


text:
Page:Early Christianity in Arabia.djvu/94

82 his hands, are compared to a river that flows on with a constant, never-failing stream.

Simeon, who, from the mode of life in which he is said to have passed part of his days, was named Stylites, was by birth an Arab, and was initiated into the monastic life by Maras, bishop of Gabala. His name was famous even among the Sabæans of Yaman and his friendship was courted by the Arabian chiefs. Amongst the number of his converts were the idolatrous inhabitants of the mountains of Libanus; the Christians of Arabia were supported and increased by his miracles and his eloquence, and it was his boast that they were respected equally by the wandering robber and the ferocious wild beast.


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Page:Early Christianity in Arabia.djvu/55

Rh Amhara, to the west of the Tacazze; and the provinces of the south. The province now called Tigre was the seat of the ancient monarchy. At the north-west end of an extensive and fertile valley, between two hills, about one hundred and twenty miles from the coast, stood the capital, the city of Auxuma, or Axum, the ruins of which still bear witness to its former magnificence. The annals of the Ethiopians trace its origin to the time of Abraham.

The Ethiopians were a people little known in the earlier periods of history. Many circumstances make us believe that the ages in which they flourished preceded the earliest authentic annals of the gentile writers. Settled in an elevated region, which in tropical climes has generally been found to be the seat of civilization, they seem to have been once celebrated for learning, and in the early ages of the post-diluvian world, the district of Auxuma was probably the mother country of the wisdom and inhabitants of Egypt. The Ethiopians boasted,


text:
USAMGIK Ordinance 55

 * HEADQUARTERS
 * UNITED STATES ARMY MILITARY
 * GOVERNMENT IN KOREA

Office of the Military Governor Seoul, Korea

ORDINANCE NUMBER 55 23 Febrnary 1946

  Registration of Political Parties.   a. Who shall register.  In addition to any previous reports or registrations, each group of three or more persons who constitute any organization or association for the purpose of conducting and who engage in any form of political activities shall register such organization as a political party. Activities conducted in the name of and by any group or organization which involve public discussions or propaganda in any written or oral form, or public actions, are political when they tend to influence the laws, the form, the organization, the selection, nomination, election, appointment or removal of personnel or office holders, the administration, the procedures, or the policies of the government including the enactment, execution and enforcement of laws, fereign relations, and the rights, powers, duties, freedoms and privileges of the people in relation to government. For any group or organization secretly to conduct any activities which tend to exert any of such political influences is hereby prohibited.  b. The place of registration.  If such political party extends any of its activities beyond the limits of one province or is affiliated in any way with other political party or any part of any part of any political party which operates beyond the limits of that province, the place of registration shall be The Bureau of Public Information, Capitol Building, Seoul. It such political party does not extend by its own actions or by affiliation with any other political party or part of any political party beyond the limits of one province the place of registration shall be the office of the Governor of the Province.   c. Information to be registered.  Each political party shall file by registered mail the following information, which shall be certified as correct by the signature and seal of the leader or leaders of the party:  (1) The name or designation of the political party, and any symbol thereof.
 (2) A copy of its charter or a declaration of its purposes, including a copy of every paper preciously issued which discloses the purpose of the party and any or all persons openly or secretly affiliated with the party.

 (3) The name and designation of position in the party of each person holding any office or exercising any function or influence in the party other than as a member. If the party act from more than one place, the name of each person, and his position, having any responsibility for actions taken at each different place, listed according to the different places where the party acts through branches or sections, or through any subordinate group affiliated with it, in any way controlled by it or furnished money or materials or other assistance by it.

 (4) The exact address and description of each place used by the party or any party of it for offices, for meetings of any sort, for the preparation of material or for the transaction of any business, including every such place actually used in the past sixth days for any such purpose. The place or places ay which mail is received by the party and which place is to be registered as the party headquarters shall be stared. The headquarters of each branch or subordinate chapter or section shall also be stated.

 (5)The date of organization of the party. and each date on which political activity began.

 (6) The name, the address, and a clear description of the organization of each political party with which it is affiliated, or with which it has cooperated in any way in the past sixty days.

 (7) The number of members of the party. If subordinate branches exist. the number of number of each party branch. if the exact number is not ascertainable, an estimate of the number of actual members. The number of parsons who have contributed any money to the political party or otherwise financially assisted its activities shall be separately reported.

 d. The time to register.

 Registration under this section shall be completed by placing in the Post Office as registered mail a letter or letters accompanying the required information properly addressed to the proper place of registration on or before 28 February 1946.

  Regulations governing Political Parties.

 a. Party Office.

 Each political party shall have a publicly know name or designation papers until it has filed by registered mail addressed to the proper place of registration the exact address and description of a new party headquarters. If the party acts through any branch or affiliated organization, it shall maintain a branch office at each place reported in its registration as its branch offices. Failure to maintain such party headquarters offices or any change of any such office without a prior registration of the new address shall be cause for an order dissolving the party to be issued by the director of the Bureau of fPublic Information. After the issuance of such a dissolution order any action by any official or member of such party, except in dissolution or applying for renewal of registration of the party under regulations issued by the Bureau of Public Information shall be a violation of this ordinance. Each person who participates in any way with any group engaged in political activities without compliance with this section, publicly or secretly, is violating this ordinance.

 b. Accounting for Party Funds.

 Each political party shall maintain in account books an accurate accounting for all party funds and property. Such Account books shall be securely kept at the party Office and shall be available during business hours for governmental employees for examination by authorized representatives of the Bureau of Public Information who display signed and sealed authorization of such examination. An accurate report of the property and receipts and disbursements by the party shall be filed by registered mail addressed to the proper place for registration on or before the last day of each quarter of the calendar year. Such reports shall show the name and address of each person (or other source or contributions) who has contributed any funds or specify the actual source of all receipts and the actual and if know, the ultimate recipient of all disbursements.

 c. Additional regulations.

 The Bureau of Public Information may issue addition regulations governing political parties.

  Party Membership.

 a. Persons disqualified.

 No person shall be permitted to be a member of any political party who is disqualified by law from holding public office. No person of alien nationality shall be permitted membership. Secret membership affiliation is unlawful. No contribution or direct or indirect financial assistance may lawfully be accepted from any source other than from members of the party. Any person conniving to defeat this prohibition has violated this ordinance.

 b. Date of Filing.

 Each political party shall file by registered mail addressed to the Governor of each Province in which it has any members an accurate list of the members residing in the province with their correct addresses and each list shall be signed and sealed by party member. The filing shall be completed by completed by placing such registered mail in the Post Office on or before 31 March 1946.

  Civil and Criminal Liabilities.

 The persons holding any official position or exercising any function or influence in the party other than as a member shall be jointly and severally liable in civil or criminal actions for any act in violation of this ordinance. Knowingly to make any false statement in any registration or report by the party is a violation of this ordinance.

  Any person violating the provisions of this Ordinance shall, upon conviction by a competent count, suffer such penalty as the court may direct.

  This ordinance shall be effective at 2400 of the date hereof.

 * ARCHER L. LERCH

 * Major General, United States Army

 * Military Governor of Korea.

군정법령 제55호

title: USAMGIK Ordinance 55


text:
USAMGIK Ordinance 56

 * HEADQUARTERS
 * UNITED STATES ARMY MILITARY
 * GOVERNMENT IN KOREA

Office of the Military Governor Seoul, Korea

ORDINANCE NUMBER 56 2 March 1946

Ordinance Number 20 is amended to read as follows :

A. V. ARNOLD

Major General, United States Army

Military Governor of Korea.

군정법령 제56호

title: USAMGIK Ordinance 56


text:
Page:Early Christianity in Arabia.djvu/176

164 The Arabian writers have improved upon the asserted ignorance of Muhammed; and it has become a fundamental principle of belief that he could neither read nor write a single letter. This, combined with the pure and elegant language in which they agree that the Koran is not only unequalled, but that it is utterly impossible to equal it, is one of their great arguments for its divine extraction. But those who have most obstinately defended the ignorance of Muhammed, contrasted with the elegance of the Koran, with a view of depriving him of the credit of its composition, have not contemplated the state of literature in Arabia at the time of his appearance, or considered what might, under his peculiar circumstances, bear such a denomination. The time of his birth was the golden age of Arabian literature, for it was during the reign of Amru ben Hind at Hirah, who was contemporary with the greatest of the Arabian poets. Under the despotic government of the khalifs the Arabs might be more celebrated for their learning, for their skill in astrology, in grammar, in geography, or in the more abstruse science of geometry and numbers, but taste and purity of language belonged only to


text:
Talk:Herodotus The Persian Wars (Godley)

I will list the pages I've completed here. —unsigned comment by Tannertsf (talk).


text:
Histories (Godley translation)/Book 7

135
¹ Worthy of admiration was these men's deed of daring, and so also were their sayings. On their way to Susa, they came to Hydarnes, a Persian, who was general of the coast of Asia. He entertained and feasted them as his guests, and as they sat at his board, he asked: ² "Lacedaemonians, why do you shun the king's friendship? You can judge from what you see of me and my condition how well the king can honor men of worth. So might it be with you if you would but put yourselves in the king's hands, being as you are of proven worth in his eyes, and every one of you might by his commission be a ruler of Hellas." ³ To this the Spartans answered: "Your advice to u, Hydarnes, is not completely sound; one half of it rests on knowledge, but the other on ignorance. You know well how to be a slave, but you, who have never tasted freedom, do not know whether it is sweet or not. Were you to taste of it, not with spears you would counsel us to fight for it, no, but with axes."

title: Histories (Godley translation)/Book 7


text:
Translation:Floor-cleaners' song

Floor-cleaners' Song Ever-scrubbing, ever-rubbing, Ever-grubbing, ever-grumbling Red flaxen shirt Fringe-frilly girt

‘All alike – no Bart from Barry – I can’t tell you, folks, apart!’ ‘We will diddle the unwary We will have of you the start.’

Do you grudge us here? Only waxers, we’re. Treading flooren cloths We will zap the moths

Red-featheréd cock, Go dance on woodblock!

Ever-banging, ever-bagging, Not a room has room enough Miss a choker of your granny? It’s the cleaners lifting stuff

We rub red-hot As like as not … Tom-foo-le-ry! Light-fingered spree!

Parquet-scrubber easy does it: Roll it over and across! Reeling, glide at you, we dance it: ‘Tip us nicely for the gloss!’

It’s no putty that we daubs On your ashen-wooden floors It’s the bloody sweat we daubs Over all your pretty floors

We polish it hard! No furniture’s barred!

Low as cinder, soft as cotton … If you sign us on a job, Weep for goddess! Nose is broken! But I only brushed a jot!

What a marble femme all over … Dress her up from Lamanova! We don’t heed what’s marble on ’er Lump her up, ’n’ that we’re gonna!

Naked feet Feel the heat!

Cleaner-upper’s sickly fellow: Sweat all over, while you prance! Hence the visage – drab and sallow: It’s the limb as ruddy runs

We trace with feet We toil at speed; The lordly ones Get dance from us

Stumpy toes are five to tally Just like any lordly foot! Not to worry! In your dwelling We will shortly down it put!

On you toil, even Till your heart is sore! Sixéd-toed peon Is for all in store!

Have a ball – that’s how we like it! Are the doors all safely locked? … Why the shirts are red? Well, strike it – Red on red will mark no blot!

By the Lard! Whose that blood? Don’t you know it? Shut and stow it!

Just as lord will go besmear it, Booting over all the sheen Our business is to clear it, Mopping, waxing, polishing

Let the dust fly! Let the wax dry!

Keen and wary, grim and scary Dick and Harry – proletarry Flared pants Shuffle intense

It’s no bugs we treat As the vermin breed When the wax is floored We will get the lord!

Hell, shame and shock Set on woodblock! Here’s to
 * Red Guard’s fighting cock!

Detectives run quick and deft A merchant’s been stabbed and left

You face all the aftermath: A merchant’s been scrubbed to death

Полотёрская_(Цветаева)

title: Translation:Floor-cleaners' song


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Page:Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire vol 1 (1897).djvu/94

20 The sea-coast of the Mediterranean, Languedoc, Provence, and Dauphiné, received their provincial appellation from the colony of Narbonne. The government of Aquitaine was extended from the Pyrenees to the Loire. The country between the Loire and the Seine was styled the Celtic Gaul, and soon borrowed a new denomination from the celebrated colony of Lugdunum, or Lyons. The Belgic lay beyond the Seine, and in more ancient times had been bounded only by the Rhine; but a little before the age of Cæsar, the Germans, abusing their superiority of valour, had occupied a considerable portion of the Belgic territory. The Roman conquerors very eagerly embraced so flattering a circumstance, and the Gallic frontier of the Rhine, from Basil to Leyden, received the pompous names of the Upper and the Lower Germany. Such, under the reign of the Antonines, were the six provinces of Gaul; the Narbonnese, Aquitaine, the Celtic, or Lyonnese, the Belgic, and the two Germanies.

We have already had occasion to mention the conquest of Britain, and to fix the boundary of the Roman province in this island. It comprehended all England, Wales, and the Lowlands of Scotland, as far as the Friths of Dumbarton and Edinburgh. Before Britain lost her freedom, the country was irregularly divided between thirty tribes of barbarians, of whom the most considerable were the Belgæ in the West, the Brigantes in the North, the Silures in South Wales, and the Iceni in Norfolk and Suffolk. As far as we can either trace or credit the resemblance of manners and language, Spain, Gaul and Britain were peopled by the same hardy race of savages. Before they yielded to the Roman arms, they often disputed the field, and often renewed the contest. After their submission they constituted the western division of the European provinces, which extended from the columns of Hercules to the wall of Antoninus, and from the mouth of the Tagus to the sources of the Rhine and Danube.

Before the Roman conquest, the country which is now called Lombardy was not considered as a part of Italy. It had been occupied by a powerful colony of Gauls, who, settling themselves along the banks of the Po, from Piedmont to Romagna, carried their arms and diffused their name from the Alps to the


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Page:The aborigines of Australia.djvu/28

Rh against him, it is but right to mention that the aboriginal of Australia is to be viewed in some instances in a state in which the evidences of extreme degeneracy are in a great degree, if not altogether, wanting. Speaking of some natives with whom he came into contact in the neighbourhood of Port Essington, Captain Stokes, in the narrative of his "Discoveries in Australia," says:—

"I could not help comparing the bold, fearless manner in which they came towards us—their fine manly bearing, head erect, no crouching or averting of eye—with the miserable objects I had seen at Sydney. I now beheld man in his wild state, and, reader, rest assured there is nothing can equal such a sight."

Here is a most striking exception to that general falling-off so manifest in the Australian tribes—an exception the more worthy of note, and more fully illustrating our idea, as it is presented in the immediate neighbourhood of what we have reason to believe was the first landing-place of the founders of the entire race.

The next position in which it will be necessary to review the New Hollander, in order to see him thoroughly, is in his political and social relations—in such terms may be used without exciting a smile—as imposed by his new state. In issuing forth into the wilderness, in quest of sustenance and adventure, the impossibility of proceeding for any length of time in large bodies must very soon have forced itself upon the attention of the pilgrims. The few roots and herbs which they found fit for food were only to be


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Page:The aborigines of Australia.djvu/29

14 procured in very small quantities; the straggling streams interspersed throughout their journey were, in many instances, altogether destitute of fish, and where the finny tribes existed small quantities only were to be procured from the niggard waters; numerous wild animals, it is true, scampered along the plains, or concealed themselves in the thick underwood, while some wild birds of a tempting aspect were present in the wilds; but these were only to be procured by the exercise of considerable skill, industry, and patience. Hence the scarcity of the necessaries of life at once pointed out the inconvenience of proceeding in large numbers, and hence the division of the wayfaring multitude into numerous tribes must have followed almost immediately after their first entrance into the wilderness, each division placing itself under the guidance of a leading spirit, some redoubtable warrior or hoary sage, on whose prowess or judgment they had learnt to rely, and in whose protection and guidance they felt secure. Here was the origin of these infinitesimal divisions into which the sable population of Australia is found divided. The numbers of individuals of which these tribes generally consist have been variously estimated. Some authorities have mentioned tribes numbering as many as a thousand men. The general tendency of our information on these matters, however, is opposed to the belief that any of the aboriginal tribes are numerically so large and powerful as these numbers would imply. It is very doubtful, indeed, whether


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Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 60.djvu/313

Wesley , denied that he had administered the sacrament in his societies (‘and I believe I never shall’), claimed to be ‘a priest of the church universal,’ and to Butler's advice ‘to go hence,’ replied, ‘I think I can do most good here; therefore here I stay.’ He does not appear to have read the ‘Analogy’ till 21 Jan. 1746 (again, 20 May 1768). He thought it ‘far too deep’ for its purpose.

On 11 Nov. 1739 Wesley first preached at the Foundery (a long-disused government building for casting brass ordnance) in Windmill Hill (now Tabernacle Street, Finsbury Square), London. He afterwards bought the ruinous structure for 115l., repaired and enlarged it, and for a generation it was the headquarters of methodism in London, till superseded by the opening (2 Nov. 1778) of the City Road chapel (reopened after reconstruction, 1899). A little later, apparently 24 Dec. 1739 (cf. Journal, and Earnest Appeal, 1743), was the origination of the ‘united society,’ specially formed by Wesley himself, consisting first of eight or ten persons, who agreed to meet every Thursday evening. From this date (1739) Wesley usually counts the formation of the methodist societies, though sometimes from the Oxford society (1729), which had been followed by the Savannah society (April 1736) and by the Fetter Lane society (1738) with its offshoots in Bristol and elsewhere. Wesley's severance from this last organisation was due to the rise in it of a spirit of quietism, opposed to outward means of religious advance. He was excluded from the Fetter Lane chapel on 16 July 1740, withdrew from the society on 20 July, and transferred his own society to the Foundery on 23 July. It was not, however, till August 1745 that, by advertisement in the ‘Daily Advertiser,’ Hutton, acting upon Zinzendorf's order, formally declared that the Moravians had nothing to do with Wesley. They made fresh overtures to him in the following year.

Thus severed from his Moravian friends, he proceeded to dissociate himself from Calvinism by the publication this same year of his ‘free grace’ sermon (preached at Bristol); he had drawn lots to determine whether he should publish or not (, iii. 198). Whitefield replied in a ‘Letter,’ written on 24 Dec. 1740, and published in March 1741 in spite of Charles Wesley's remonstrance. Wesley would have been willing to work with Whitefield, but not on terms of silence respecting the points in dispute. ‘So there were now two sorts of methodists’ (, Works, viii. 335). The divergence produced the separate organisation (5 Jan. 1742–3) of the Welsh Calvinistic Methodists, founded (1738) by Howel Harris [q. v.] (Wesley attended their conference in January 1745–6), and the ‘Connexion,’ founded (about 1756) by Selina Hastings, countess of Huntingdon [q. v.] Wesley and Whitefield became personally reconciled in 1742; in January 1749–50 they conducted services together. Whitefield's funeral sermon, at his own desire, was preached by Wesley. The breach with Hervey did not occur till 1755. The controversy with Calvinism was resumed, in a very acute form, owing to Wesley's biting summary (March 1770) of the positions of Augustus Montague Toplady [q. v.], who had originally sided with him. Toplady's extreme virulence in reply caused Wesley (after 1771) to leave him in the hands of Walter Sellon; but the most powerful writing on Wesley's side was in the ‘Checks to Antinomianism’ (1771–5), by John William Fletcher or de la Flechere [q. v.] The dispute raged, with miserable personality, till Toplady's death, some months before which Wesley established (1 Jan. 1778) the ‘Arminian Magazine’ as an organ of his teaching. Moderate Calvinists, such as Charles Simeon [q. v.], never had any quarrel with Wesley (, iii. 510).

Standing clear of Moravian and Calvinistic allies, Wesley developed by degrees the organisation of his own movement. His first lay preacher was Joseph Humphreys, in 1738 (, Works, iv. 473), who seceded (April 1741) to the Calvinistic side. The next was John Cennick (1718–1755), who led (6 March 1740–1) ‘the first schism in methodist history’ (, i. 345). These failures naturally made Wesley cautious. Of Thomas Maxfield (d. 1783) he writes to his brother Charles (21 April 1741): ‘I am not clear that Brother Maxfield should not expound at Greyhound Lane; nor can I as yet do without him.’ Whitehead (i. 60) has a story of Wesley's acting on his mother's judgment in countenancing a lay-preacher; Moore (i. 506) says this was Maxfield, who left Wesley on 28 April 1763, led away by the millenary fanaticism of George Bell.

In forming by degrees a strong band of missionary preachers from the laity, Wesley was unconsciously working on the lines of Vavasor Powell [q. v.] and George Fox (1624–1691) [q. v.] But his preachers were to be communicants of the Anglican church, and their preachings were not to take the place of church services, but be ‘like the sermons at the university’ (Minutes, 1766). Wesley's own activity in the itinerant ministry would be unexampled were it not for the example of Fox. The class-meetings began in Bristol (15 Feb. 1741–2) on the


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Page:The aborigines of Australia.djvu/30

Rh any tribes could be found numbering altogether—men, women, and children—many more individuals than 1,000, or about 200 full-grown men. It is probable, however, that in their wars and on particular occasions alliances and conjunctions may be formed, when very large numbers, equal to or exceeding the figures mentioned, are brought together, and for a limited time associate and act in concert.

Another question which has formed the subject of dissent and debate is the system of governance which prevails in the respective tribes, it being generally understood that authority or unity of no description whatever extends further. Not only, indeed, is the plan of government which obtains among the New Hollanders a subject of doubt, but it has been questioned whether any definite or fixed system of chiefship or government at all exists amongst them. This latter idea cannot, however, on any known analogy or principle be sustained. That they have no chiefs, such as the caciques of the American Indians, or the magnates of the South Sea Islands, New Zealand, &c., whose sway is derived from ancestors, and handed down from father to son, and who are at once the objects of the veneration and respect of their lieges, we have reason to believe. The instances are, indeed, numerous of individuals among them, in the neighbourhood of European settlements, receiving the appellations of chiefs of their tribes. But those distinctions are as often, or more so, the result of some whim of the Europeans as any agreement or authority among


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 suggestion of Captain Fry, and primarily as a means of raising funds (‘a penny a week’) to discharge a chapel debt. Wesley at once perceived the germ of an organisation for moral and spiritual inspection; the class system was extended to London on 25 March. The ‘society tickets’ (renewable quarterly) were now first issued. Constant care was taken to remove unworthy members; the process acted as a check on the rapid growth of the societies; ‘number,’ said Wesley, ‘is an inconsiderable circumstance’ (Journal, 25 June 1744). Two remarkable sermons belong to this period. The first, his ‘almost Christian’ sermon, at St. Mary's, Oxford (25 July 1741), illustrates Wesley's discretion; he had prepared in Latin and English a discourse of much more severity, with a galling text (, i. 362); he made inquiry at this date about the exercises for B.D., but did not proceed with the matter; his last university sermon was on 24 Aug. 1744. The other, at Epworth, on the evening of 6 June 1742, was preached (as John Romley, the curate, excluded him from the church) standing on his father's tombstone, and was the first of four addresses delivered in the same circumstances (for the tradition which sees Wesley's footprints in ‘sections of two ferruginous concretions in the slab,’ see communications in Notes and Queries, 1866 and 1872).

In 1743 Wesley opened two additional chapels in London: one (29 May) in West Street, Charing Cross Road, formerly French protestant; this was the headquarters of methodist work at the west end till 1798; the other (8 Aug.) in Snow's Fields, Bermondsey, formerly Arian [see ]. In all his chapels men and women sat apart; they were noted for ‘swift singing,’ without organ accompaniment. The first methodist conference or ‘conversation’ (25–30 June 1744) was held at the Foundery by the Wesleys, four other clergymen (three of them beneficed), and four lay preachers, of whom but one, John Downes (d. 1774), remained constant to methodism. By the institution of this conference Wesley consolidated his movement and provided a safety-valve for divergences of opinion; the choice of those invited to consultation rested with him, and he retained an uncontrolled power of direction. The method of conducting business by answers to queries had been anticipated in the quaker organism, of which apparently Wesley knew nothing; quaker doctrine, as taught in Barclay's ‘Apology,’ repelled him (1748) by its lack of sacraments and its silent meetings; yet he had reprinted (1741) extracts from Barclay on predestination. This first conference began the division of the country into methodist ‘circuits.’ While the first conference affirmed the duty of canonical obedience to the bishops ‘so far as we can with a safe conscience,’ and declared against separation from the church, pressure of circumstances was rapidly altering Wesley's views of ecclesiastical order. At the second conference (Bristol, 1–3 Aug. 1745) it is clearly affirmed that Wesley ‘may be called the bishop or overseer’ of all congregations gathered by him as ‘a preacher of the Gospel’ (Minutes, 1862, i. 26–7). On the road to Bristol he read (20 Jan. 1745–6) the ‘Enquiry into the Constitution … of the Primitive Church,’ published anonymously in 1691 (enlarged 1713) by, first lord King [q. v.] It seems to have taught him nothing (though he refers to it as late as 1784), for his two deduction from it, ‘that bishops and presbyters are (essentially) of one order, and that originally every Christian congregation was a church independent on all others,’ are anticipated in the conference minutes of 1745. In his noteworthy correspondence (May 1745 to February 1748) with ‘John Smith,’ i.e. [q. v.] (whose attitude is in curious contrast to that of [q. v.] a little later) he treats all ecclesiastical order as subordinate to spiritual needs (Works, xii. 75; the whole correspondence is in, vol. ii. App.). His own reiterated account refers his change of view to the influence of the ‘Irenicum’ (1660–1) by [q. v.] (Works, xii. 137, xiii. 200, 223).

Wesley had published in 1743 his ‘Thoughts on Marriage and Celibacy,’ giving a preference to the latter. His opinion was modified by a discussion at the conference of June 1748. Taken ill in the following August at Newcastle-on-Tyne, he was nursed for four days by Grace Murray, then in charge of his orphan house there. Grace (b. 18 Jan. 1715–16, d 23 Feb. 1803), daughter of poor parents, Robert (d. 1740) and Grace Norman, had married (13 May 1736) Alexander Murray, a sailor, drowned in 1742. Wesley proposed marriage to her, and she did not refuse. He took her with him on his missionary errands through Yorkshire and Derbyshire, and left her in Cheshire with one of his preachers, John Bennet (d. 24 May 1759, aged 44), to whom in a day or two she engaged herself. Having convinced her that this engagement was not binding, Wesley in April 1749 took her to Ireland, employed her there in religious work, and before leaving Dublin in July became contracted to her there. She resumed correspondence with Bennet in a


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16 themselves; and when such titles do happen to be admitted by the aborigines themselves it is a title tacitly allowed to the individual more from his ruling qualities than from any other cause, by which tacit agreement a certain deference is paid to those qualities, while he is able to exhibit them personally, but no longer—a rule perfectly equitable and consistent among savages, where mere physical qualities are so likely to prevail over all others. Some years since nothing was more common than to observe among the groups of aborigines who usually assembled in the neighbourhood of Sydney some individual decked out in the gorgeous appendages of a half-moon of brass, suspended by a chain of the same metal around the neck, a cast-off cocked hat of some military officer, bending down under the weight of its feather, placed in any and every position on the crown of the head; the coat and trousers—if such were worn—in keeping or not, as circumstances happened, with the gorgeous headpiece. These individuals were uniformly looked upon by the Europeans as kings or chiefs among their sable brethren, and spoken of as such, but that they in reality enjoyed no such dignities might readily be inferred from the inveterate vice of mendicancy in which they indulged in common with their supposed subjects, the cocked hat of the "king" being frequently degraded to the "base uses" of receiving the halfpence and pence which a long series of the most profound and comical bows and salaams had drawn from the pockets of the passers-by. The supposition


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Rh that no regular system of chiefship prevails among the aborigines receives authority from many facts. In all accounts of their wars and battles derived from various sources, the absence of any allusions to a recognized chief or leader, exercising a supreme and decided command, is striking. Great warriors they certainly have, who on such occasions take prominent positions and play conspicuous parts; but that such exercise any authority or influence over the acts or conduct of the others, except by a tacit understanding, there is reason to doubt. In some minute descriptions of their battles, related by eye-witnesses, the old women of the tribes are often made to occupy the position of chiefs in command on such occasions, stepping in front of the opposing lines, armed with spear and shield, haranguing the warriors in the most animating terms, working themselves into a frightful state of excitement, and ending their parts by hurling their weapons at the ranks of the enemy—thus giving the signal for the general onslaught. Many other particulars could be adduced to show that among the aborigines authority of a fixed and definite character, whether centred in individuals of the body or contained in some well known and well-established laws, is altogether wanting. The mere suggestions of instinct and the most palpable laws of nature alone seem to have any weight amongst them. This absence of authority is also manifested strongly in all their social relations; but in none more strikingly than in their system of courtship and matrimony, the future wife being in almost every


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18 instance carried off by her admirer by main force; consideration being seldom or never had either to the consent of the damsel herself, the approbation of her relatives, or the disposition of the tribe; and very rarely does it seem that such abductions are either resisted or resented.

From the general tendency of these and many other facts which could be adduced, it becomes apparent that the patriarchal form of government is that to which the system of rule prevalent amongst the aborigines most nearly approximates. Whether this be the result of ideas derived from their remote ancestors, or of their roving and unsettled mode of life, or whether it be the result of mere chance, obtaining in the first instance by accident, and perpetuated through succeeding time, are matters on which the mind may speculate, but on which it would be very difficult to arrive at a settled conclusion.


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 CHAPTER IV.

FACULTY OF OBSERVATION—INTUITION—STOICISM—RITES OF SEPULTURE, AND REVERENCE FOR THE DEAD.

The faculties of observation and perception are, perhaps, the greatest endowments of the mind. Among civilized men whole nations are distinguished by the possession of these gifts, and on their exercise depends, more than on anything else whatever, the destiny of individuals. It is not alone, however, in investigating and comprehending cause and effect that the exercise of observation or perception consists; the simple fact of noting the existence of certain objects or phenomena is in itself an effort often deserving consideration and merit. No man, for instance, not born blind, has failed to see that beautiful flood of light in the firmament known as the Milky Way, but how many have lived and died so absorbed in their own immediate thoughts, and so prone to earth, that its existence could be scarcely said to come within the limits of their knowledge. Hence, among a primitive people, the close and exact observation of great facts and remarkable phenomena may be considered as great an accomplishment as would be the detailed investigation and description of them among enlightened men. Innumerable proofs exist to show that the Australian aboriginal is by no means deficient in this respect. That he is not indifferent to the


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30 multitudinous and beautiful objects of the starry spheres may be inferred from the well-authenticated fact of his having distinguished from surrounding groups the constellation Gemini, and having conferred thereon an appellation of his own choosing — the Castor and Pollux of classic lore being by the New Hollander transformed into the Blackfellow and his Gin. Those masses of light in the heavens, long known as Magellan's Clouds, have likewise been noted by the aborigines, and their existence explained by them in their own peculiar style. The tradition is current among the tribes of the northern part of Australia that a solitary black, having strayed from his companions on a hunting excursion, lighted a fire in the night where he stopped; that, having warmed himself with its heat, and the fuel being reduced to embers, he cast his eyes upwards, where he beheld distinctly above him the wonderful spectacle of the smoke of his fire changed into two cloudy oval masses, and standing immovable in the sky. Such is the aboriginal origin of Magellan's Clouds. Whether the tradition affords any explanation as to why and wherefore the smoke performed such an extraordinary feat, or why the smoke of the fire lighted by the aforesaid benighted individual should accomplish such an eccentricity, any more than the smoke of any other fire, has not been ascertained. That such a tradition, however, should obtain among the aborigines, and be received by them with some credulity, is by no means improbable or unnatural, when it is considered that


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Rh traditions and fables not a whit more reasonable, and not half so logical, are common in the most civilized nations. Eclipses are among the phenomena which the aboriginals regard with peculiar interest and attention, such occurrences being always looked upon as the forerunners of calamity. And, strange to say, an eclipse of the moon is looked upon as a much more important and serious matter than an eclipse of the sun. Whenever the former luminary becomes obscured by an interposition of our globe the aborigines manifest the utmost alarm and concern; they say that she is assailed by her enemies, and with loud clamours and violent gesticulations, discharge arrows, spears, and other missiles towards her supposed tormentors, which they continue to do till the eclipse has terminated. This and many other reasons tend to the conclusion that the orb of night is regarded with greater veneration by the blacks than the luminary of the day. For this, however, some very probable reasons can be adduced. By the light of the moon their fishing expeditions are carried out; by the same light they hunt the animals on which they chiefly depend for sustenance, and many of these latter are only to be procured during the hours of night. Thus the moon is their more immediate benefactress, although her benefactions fall far short of those conferred by the more ardent source of light; and acting in accordance with the maxim that the best gift is best remembered, the aborigines regard the former with the greater amount of veneration.


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32 Intuition, or the power of anticipating thought, and accomplishing feats to the mind of civilized man impossible without the aid of science, appears to be a gift of the blacks of Australia in common with other savage tribes. The Indians of North America are said to be capable, by the assistance of some unexplained agency, of navigating the vast lakes of that continent with a precision not to be surpassed where the compass and all the other scientific apparatus of modern navigation are rendered available — reaching in their canoes a destined point on the opposite shores, although for days out of sight of any land. Instances of the display of this extraordinary sagacity fully as striking are recorded by those who have had experience of the powers of the aborigines of New Holland. A native of the Swan River district, who accompanied Captain Stokes on one of his voyages of discovery, was at all times capable of indicating the direction of certain ports when no land was visible, and when neither the sun nor the stars were to be seen to afford him any assistance. The same aboriginal could, at the termination of a voyage, delineate the course the ship had pursued during a cruise of weeks, with a precision which astonished the ablest seaman It is, however, highly probable that the solution of the problem would be found within the sphere of natural causes; but that the process of observation by which the savage is enabled to display this power is so intricate and so minute as to render the term "intuition" not altogether inapplicable, would doubtless be the


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Rh result of a close investigation of the subject. The Australian aboriginal will detect at once the spot under which a human body lies buried, or will indicate the point in a river or a creek where it has sunk. This, on first view, would be considered a species of second sight, whereas it is merely the result of an observation of minute appearances and indications. In the former case, certain peculiarities in the insects on the surface show to the eye of the black that mortality moulders beneath; in the latter case, appearances equally trifling afford the necessary token. So, likewise in their navigation, aids and indications unknown to civilized man, because unnecessary, supply the place of science, and in some instances put to the blush the discoveries and improvements of ages.

A certain stoicism of demeanour is likewise a characteristic of the aborigines of New Holland, in common with some other primitive tribes. This is principally evinced in the indifference with which they regard, on first view, the wonders of civilization — its ships, warlike implements, vehicles, horses, and various other appurtenances. An extraordinary instance of this stoic indifference is on record. A ship having touched at a part of the coast where it was highly improbable that a European vessel had ever called before, a boat party landed for the purpose of procuring wood and making observations on the nature of the country. When the party landed a solitary aboriginal approached them in the most confident


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34 manner, and entered into communication with them through the medium of signs, without evincing the least appearance of embarrassment or dread. On the boat afterwards leaving the shore to return to the ship he turned his face homewards, and disappeared in the bush without once looking back at what must have been to him a new and extraordinary spectacle. An illustration of their indifference is also afforded by the carelessness they evince on first coming in contact with those huge animals which are ever adjuncts to European society — horses, cattle, &c. The American Indians for a long time entertained the belief that the horses of the Europeans were beasts of prey, used in warfare to destroy and devour the enemy, while some looked upon the horse and rider as identical; hence in the early contests between the first colonists and the aborigines, one horseman has been known to put to flight hundreds of the latter. No such feelings of surprise or fear are betrayed by the New Hollander in his first intercourse with Europeans and their accompanying agencies. Instances are numerous where the aborigines in the most remote parts of the interior, where white man never before trod, or was never mentioned, have become at once the auxiliaries of explorers, approaching and handling their beasts of burden as though they had been all their days accustomed to such brutes. Nor can this be ascribed to any other cause than a quickness of perception by which they at once perceive the use and application of everything they behold, combined with a certain


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 savage dignity which prevents them from expressing wonder or surprise at what are the mere subserving agencies of men.

The rite of sepulture is perhaps among the most important distinguishing indices of a people; the mode of its performance, and its accompanying ceremonies, are therefore deserving of attention in considering the peculiarities and customs of a race of men. Among the New Holland tribes the rite appears to vary considerably in different districts, and is held in various degrees of importance by various tribes. In some places the body is not buried in the earth, but placed on a raised hurdle, wrapped in coverings of bark and twigs. In other districts it is buried in the usual manner, the grave being marked by a raised mound, stakes being sometimes driven into the earth at the four corners. They do not appear to have any regular cemeteries, and four or five graves is the greatest number which has been observed in any locality. But although in general the rites of burial are not accompanied by ostentation, and the place of interment unmarked by any lasting memorial, instances there are where, in imitation of civilized people, the aborigines have raised laboured and substantial monuments to perpetuate the memory of some great or favourite individual. The most important of these sepulchral monuments which has heretofore been discovered is described as a large mound of earth, formed in the shape of a dome, and constructed with evident design and considerable


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 skill and neatness, considering the rude implements available for the work. The hollow whence the earth was taken is described as forming a well-defined circle round the tomb. On digging into this latter it was found to cover a vault, its weight being sustained by a scaffolding of timbers placed transversely over the mouth of the grave. Within the vault lay the remains of the deceased with his face towards the east, encased in swathings composed of grass, bark, and other similar material. The most striking feature, however, in connection with the object was the elaborate carvings discovered on some of the trees immediately surrounding the spot, the skill and labour exercised on which greatly astonished the beholders. To this custom of burying the dead with the face towards the east, which prevails in some degree among the blacks, as well as to that of circumcision, practised by some tribes on the northern coasts, may be attributed the hypothesis of the Hebrew origin of the New Hollander. Some writers have gone so far as to state that they have observed among the aborigines individuals with features strongly marked by those peculiarities characteristic of the chosen people! A strange and ludicrous custom is mentioned as being practised at interments by the blacks of the eastern coast, which consists in carrying the body of the deceased by circuitous routes for several miles round the grave — a wise precaution, said to be intended to thwart the dead should he ever design to fright the living by " revisiting the glimpses of the moon " in


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Rh ghostly guise! From this it is apparent that ghosts and goblins, and the other numerous airy denizens with which the imagination has peopled earth and air in European countries, have found a habitation and a name in the Australian wilderness. In some parts the relations of the deceased pretend to receive mysterious communications from him previous to interment.

Extreme reverence for the memory of the dead is a remarkable principle among the doctrines of the aborigines. De mortuis nil nisi bonum is the maxim inculcated by an enlightened benevolence among civilized men, and very generally acted upon. The Australian aborigine goes further, and not only proclaims that no evil shall be spoken of the dead, but that the silence of the tomb shall in no wise be broken by the living. This rule is carried out to the letter, and with the utmost stringency. Thus, if an individual bear the same name as the deceased, he is obliged to adopt some other for a certain period, so that even the name of the dead may not be spoken; and if a deceased person be inquired after by some one ignorant of his demise, he will not be answered otherwise than by the downcast looks and marked silence of those whom he questions.


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There is no aboriginal language with which we are at the present day acquainted equal in many respects to the tongue which made vocal the forests and plains of Australia ere the arrival of the white man. Admitting the correctness of the theory which supposes the original inhabitants of the Australian territory and the coloured tribes of the South Sea Islands and America to be of a common stock originally inhabiting the southern shores of Asia, it is certain that their primitive language did not improve in proportion as it diverged from its source. The native language of New Zealand is very defective in point of euphony, its notes falling on the ear like the sound of a rapid current passing over rough rocks, or the pattering of a hail-storm on a shingled roof. The tongue of the Sandwich Islands and the other groups of the South Seas is said to bear a strong affinity to that of New Zealand. On the continent of America the language is found to have recovered in some degree from the shock which it would seem to have experienced in the course of its travels, and again partakes of an Oriental tint, the highly figurative and


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USAMGIK Ordinance 57

 * HEADQUARTERS
 * UNITED STATES ARMY MILITARY
 * GOVERNMENT IN KOREA

Office of the Military Governor Seoul, Korea

ORDINANCE NUMBER 57 21 Febrnary 1946

DEPOSIT OF NOTES OF BANK OF JAPANAND BANK OF TAIWAN

  Deposit Required  All natural and juridical persons within Korea South of 38° North Latitude are hereby:  a. Ordered to deposit within the period 2 March to 7 March 1946 inclusive in one of the financial institutions designated in Section 2 all notes of the Bank of Japan of a denomination of one yen or more and all noter of the Bank of Taiwan owned or possessed by them.  b. Prohibited after 7 March 1946 from importing, exporting, receiving, paying out, knowingly owning or possessing, giving or otherwise transferring or dealing in or engaging in any transaction with respect to any such currency.

  Designated Financial Institutions.  The following financial institutions are authorized and directed to receive Bank of Japan and Bank of Taiwan notes for deposit in Japanese yen accounts pursuant to this Ordinance in the name of the person making the deposit:
 * Bank of chosen
 * Chosen Industrial Bank
 * Choheung Bank
 * Chosen Commercial Bank
 * Chosen Trust Company
 * Chosen Savings Bank
 * Federation of Financial Association

Each financial institution shall :  a. Hold in safekeeping separate from any other currency the notes deposited under this ordinance.  b. Report to the Bureau of Finance, Military Government of Korea, Seoul, immediately after the deposit period the amount of each current deposited.

  Limitations on Deposit Accounts

 Accounts resulting from the deposit of notes of the Bank of Japan and Bank of Taiwan pursuant to this Ordinance shall not have withdrawals therefrom, shall bear no interest, shall not be transferable or negotiable or used as collateral for any present or future loan or indebtedness.

  Penalty Clause

 Any person violating the provisions of this Ordinance will, upon conviction by a Military Occupation Court, suffer such penalty as the court shall determine.

  Effective Date

 This Ordinance shall effective at midnight, (2400) 21 February 1946.

 * ARCHER L. LERCH

 * Major General, United States Army

 * Military Governor of Korea.

군정법령 제57호

title: USAMGIK Ordinance 57


text:
USAMGIK Ordinance 58

 * HEADQUARTERS
 * UNITED STATES ARMY MILITARY
 * GOVERNMENT IN KOREA

Office of the Military Governor Seoul, Korea

ORDINANCE NUMBER 58 5 March 1946

  All duties, functions, records, property and civilian personnel of the Inspection Sub-section of the Planning Section of the Secretariat are hereby transferred to the Office of the Civil Administrator of the Government of Korea.

  This ordinance shall be effective on the tenth day after the date appearing hereon.

 * ARCHER L. LERCH

 * Major General, United States Army

 * Military Governor of Korea.

군정법령 제58호

title: USAMGIK Ordinance 58


text:
USAMGIK Ordinance 59

 * HEADQUARTERS
 * UNITED STATES ARMY MILITARY
 * GOVERNMENT IN KOREA

Office of the Military Governor Seoul, Korea

ORDINANCE NUMBER 59 7 March 1946

  - Paragraphs "a" and "b" of Section 1 of Ordinance Number 57 dated 21 February 1946, are hereby annealed by substituting the date "16 March 1946" for the "7 March 1946" therein.

  - This ordinance shall be effective at 2400, 7 March 1946.

 * ARCHER L. LERCH

 * Major General, United States Army

 * Military Governor of Korea.

군정법령 제59호

title: USAMGIK Ordinance 59


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18 vicious propensity, or some strain of fancy. In the very first mention we have of the Greek settlers, allusion is made to the Floral Games. The Battle of Flowers, that draws so many visitors to Nice, Mentone, and Cannes, is a direct descendant from them; but it has acquired a decent character comparatively recently. At Aries, the Feast of Pentecost was celebrated throughout the Middle Ages by games ending with races of girls, stark naked, and the city magistrates presided over them, and distributed the prizes, which were defrayed out of the town chest. It was not till the sixteenth century, owing to the remonstrances of a Capuchin friar, that the exhibition was discontinued. Precisely the same took place at Beaucaire. At Grasse, every Thursday in Lent saw the performance in the public place of dances and obscene games, and these were not abolished till 1706 by the energy of the bishop, who threatened to excommunicate every person convicted of taking part in the disgusting exhibition of "Les Jouvines." A native of Tours visited Provence in the seventeenth century, and was so scandalised at what he saw there, that he wrote, in 1645, a letter of remonstrance to his friend Gassendi. Here is what he says of the manner in which the festival of S. Lazarus was celebrated at Marseilles:—

"The town celebrates this feast by dances that have the appearance of theatrical representations, through the multitude and variety of the figures performed. All the inhabitants assemble, men and women alike, wear grotesque masks, and go through extravagant capers. One would think they were satyrs fooling with nymphs. They hold hands, and race through the town, preceded by flutes and violins. They form an unbroken chain, which winds and wriggles in and out

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text:
USAMGIK Ordinance 60

 * HEADQUARTERS
 * UNITED STATES ARMY MILITARY
 * GOVERNMENT IN KOREA

Office of the Military Governor Seoul, Korea

ORDINANCE NUMBER 60 14 March 1946

  All provincial Councils and councils of lower levels of government, including city, town, and village councils and school councils of counties and islands, which were in existence in Korea South of 38° North Latitude on before 15 August 1946, are hereby dissolved.

  Provincial Military Governors are directed to cause all funds, records and property of such councils within their respective jurisdictions to be taken into custody and control by designated Military Government or civilian personnel, and preserved, maintained and safeguarded as property of the Military Government, subject to further directions of the Military Governor in Korea.

  This ordinance shall be effective on the tenth day after the date appearing hereon.

 * ARCHER L. LERCH

 * Major General, United States Army

 * Military Governor of Korea.

군정법령 제60호

title: USAMGIK Ordinance 60


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Rh among the streets, and this they call le Grand Branle. But why this should be done in honour of S. Lazarus is a mystery to me, as indeed are a host of other extravagances of which Provence is full, and to which the people are so attached, that if any one refuses to take part in them, they will devastate his crops and his belongings."

The carnival and micarême have taken the place of this exhibition; and no one who has seen the revelries at these by night can say that this sort of fooling is nearing its end. Now these exhibitions have become a source of profit to the towns, as drawing foreigners to them, and enormous sums are lavished by the municipalities upon them annually. The people of the place enter into them with as much zest as in the centuries that have gone by.

Dancing in churches and churchyards lasted throughout the Middle Ages. The clergy in vain attempted to put it down, and, unable to effect this, preceded these choric performances by a sermon, to deter the people from falling into excesses of extravagance and vice. At Limoges, not indeed in Provence, the congregation was wont to intervene in the celebration of the feast of their apostle, S. Martial, by breaking out into song in the psalms, "Saint Martial pray for us, and we will dance for you!" Whereupon they joined hands and spun round in the church. This leads to the mention of what is of no small interest in the history of the origin of part-singing. Anyone familiar with vespers, as performed in French churches, is aware that psalms and canticles are sung in one or other fashion: either alternate verses alone are

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