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Rh apparently manifests itself among the ascetics, "Life turned against Life," is—so much is absolutely obvious—from the physiological and not now from the psychological standpoint, simply nonsense. It can only be an apparent contradiction; it must be a kind of provisional expression, an explanation, a formula, an adjustment, a psychological misunderstanding of something, whose real nature could not be understood for a long time, and whose real essence could not be described; a mere word jammed into an old gap of human knowledge. To put briefly the facts against its being real: the ascetic ideal springs from the prophylactic and self-preservative instincts which mark a decadent life, which seeks by every means in its power to maintain its position and fight for its existence; it points to a partial physiological depression and exhaustion, against which the most profound and intact life-instincts fight ceaselessly with new weapons and discoveries. The ascetic ideal is such a weapon: its position is consequently exactly the reverse of that which the worshippers of the ideal imagine—life struggles in it and through it with death and against death; the ascetic ideal is a dodge for the preservation of life. An important fact is brought out in the extent to which, as history teaches, this ideal could rule and exercise power over man, especially in all those places where the civilisation and taming of man was completed: that fact is, the diseased state of man up to the present, at any rate, of the man who has been tamed, the physiological struggle of man with death (more precisely, with the disgust with life, with exhaustion, with the wish for the "end"). The ascetic priest is the incarnate wish for an existence of

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126 another kind, an existence on another plane,—he is, in fact, the highest point of this wish, its official ecstasy and passion: but it is the very power of this wish which is the fetter that binds him here; it is just that which makes him into a tool that must labour to create more favourable conditions for earthly existence, for existence on the human plane—it is with this very power that he keeps the whole herd of failures, distortions, abortions, unfortunates, sufferers from themselves of every kind, fast to existence, while he as the herdsman goes instinctively on in front. You understand me already: this ascetic priest, this apparent enemy of life, this denier—he actually belongs to the really great conservative and affirmative forces of life. . . . What does it come from, this diseased state? For man is more diseased, more uncertain, more changeable, more unstable than any other animal, there is no doubt of it—he is the diseased animal: what does it spring from? Certainly he has also dared, innovated, braved more, challenged fate more than all the other animals put together; he, the great experimenter with himself, the unsatisfied, the insatiate, who struggles for the supreme mastery with beast, Nature, and gods, he, the as yet ever uncompelled, the ever future, who finds no more any rest from his own aggressive strength, goaded inexorably on by the spur of the future dug into the flesh of the present:—how should not so brave and rich an animal also be the most endangered, the animal with the longest and deepest sickness among all sick animals? . . . Man is sick of it, oft enough there are whole epidemics of this satiety (as about 1348, the time of the Dance of Death): but even this very nausea, this

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 civil officers of the Executive Department may be removed at any time by the President, or other appointing power, when their services are unnecessary, or for dishonesty, incapacity, inefficiency, misconduct, or neglect of duty; and when so removed, the removal shall be reported to the Senate, together with the reasons therefor.

4. The President shall have power to fill all vacancies that may happen during the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions which shall expire at the end of their next session; but no person rejected by the Senate shall be re-appointed to the same office during their ensuing recess.

1. The President shall, from time to time, give to the Congress information of the state of the Confederacy, and recommend to their consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient; he may, on extraordinary occasions, convene both Houses, or either of them; and in case of disagreement between them, with respect to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper; he shall receive ambassadors and other public ministers; he shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed, and shall commission all the officers of the Confederate States.

1. The President, Vice President, and all civil officers of the Confederate States, shall be removed from office on impeachment for, and conviction of, treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors.

1. The judicial power of the Confederate States shall be vested in one Supreme Court, and in such Inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The judges, both of the Supreme and Inferior Courts, shall hold their offices during good behavior, and shall, at stated times, receive for their services a compensation, which shall not be diminished during their continuance in office.

1. The judicial power shall extend to all cases arising under this Constitution, the laws of the Confederate States, and treaties


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 made or which shall be made under their authority; to all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls; to all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction; to controversies to which the Confederate States shall be a party; to controversies between two or more states; between a state and citizen of another state where the state is plaintiff; between citizens claiming lands under grants of different states; and between a state or the citizens thereof, and foreign states, citizens or subjects; but no state shall be sued by a citizen or subject of any foreign state.

2. In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers, and consuls, and those in which a state shall be a party, the supreme court shall have original jurisdiction. In all the other cases before mentioned, the supreme court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, with such exceptions, and under such regulations, as the Congress shall make.

3. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be by jury, and such trial shall be held in the state where the said crimes shall have been committed; but when not committed within any state, the trial shall be at such place or places as the Congress may by law have directed.

1. Treason against the Confederate States shall consist only in, levying war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act or on confession in open court.

2. The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason, but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture, except during the life of the person attainted.

1. Full faith and credit shall be given in each state to the public acts, records and judicial proceedings of every other state. And the Congress may, by general laws, prescribe the manner in which such acts, records, and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof.


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Rh, this disgust with himself, all this is discharged from him with such force that it is immediately made into a new fetter. His "nay," which he utters to life, brings to light as though by magic an abundance of graceful "yeas"; even when he wounds himself, this master of destruction, of self-destruction, it is subsequently the wound itself that forces him to live.

14.

The more normal is this sickliness in man—and we cannot dispute this normality—the higher honour should be paid to the rare cases of psychical and physical powerfulness, the windfalls of humanity, and the more strictly should the sound be guarded from that worst of air, the air of the sick-room. Is that done? The sick are the greatest danger for the healthy; it is not from the strongest that harm comes to the strong, but from the weakest. Is that known? Broadly considered, it is not for a minute the fear of man, whose diminution should be wished for; for this fear forces the strong to be strong, to be at times terrible—it preserves in its integrity the sound type of man. What is to be feared, what does work with a fatality found in no other fate, is not the great fear of, but the great nausea with, man; and equally so the great pity for man. Supposing that both these things were one day to espouse each other, then inevitably the maximum of monstrousness would immediately come into the world—the "last will" of man, his will for nothingness, Nihilism. And, in sooth, the way is well paved thereto. He who not only has his nose to smell with, but also has

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1. The citizens of each state shall be entitled to all the privileges and immunities of citizens in the several states, and shall have the right of transit and sojourn in any state of this Confederacy, with their slaves and other property: and the right of property in said slaves shall not be thereby impaired.

2. A person charged in any state with treason, felony, or other crime against the laws of such state, who shall flee from justice, and be found in another state, shall, on demand of the Executive authority of the state from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the state having jurisdiction of the crime.

3. No slave or other person held to service or labor in any state or territory of the Confederate States, under the laws thereof, escaping or lawfully carried into another, shall, in consequence of any law or regulation therein, be discharged from such service or labor: but shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such slave belongs, or to whom such service or labor may be due.

1. Other states may be admitted into this Confederacy by a vote of two-thirds of the whole House of Representatives, and two-thirds of the Senate, the Senate voting by states; but no new state shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction of any other state; nor any state be formed by the junction of two or more states, or parts of states, without the consent of the legislatures of the states concerned as well as of the Congress.

2. The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all needful rules and regulations concerning the property of the Confederate States, including the lands thereof.

3. The Confederate States may acquire new territory; and Congress shall have power to legislate and provide governments for the inhabitants of all territory belonging to the Confederate States, lying without the limits of the several states; and may permit them, at such times, and in such manner as it may by law provide, to form states to be admitted into the Confederacy. In all such territory, the institution of negro slavery as it now exists in the Confederate States, shall be recognized and protected by Congress, and by the territorial government: and the


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128 eyes and ears, he sniffs almost wherever he goes to-day an air something like that of a mad-house, the air of a hospital—I am speaking, as stands to reason, of the cultured areas of mankind, of every kind of "Europe" that there is in fact in the world. The sick are the great danger of man, not the evil, not the "beasts of prey." They who are from the outset botched, oppressed, broken, those are they, the weakest are they, who most undermine the life beneath the feet of man, who instil the most dangerous venom and scepticism into our trust in life, in man, in ourselves. Where shall we escape from it, from that covert look (from which we carry away a deep sadness), from that averted look of him who is misborn from the beginning, that look which betrays what such a man says to himself—that look which is a groan? "Would that I were something else," so groans this look, "but there is no hope. I am what I am: how could I get away from myself? And, verily—I am sick of myself!" On such a soil of self-contempt, a veritable swamp soil, grows that weed, that poisonous growth, and all so tiny, so hidden, so ignoble, so sugary. Here teem the worms of revenge and vindictiveness; here the air reeks of things secret and unmentionable; here is ever spun the net of the most malignant conspiracy—the conspiracy of the sufferers against the sound and the victorious; here is the sight of the victorious hated. And what lying so as not to acknowledge this hate as hate! What a show of big words and attitudes, what an art of "righteous" calumniation! These abortions! what a noble eloquence gushes from their lips! What an amount of sugary, slimy, humble submission oozes in their eyes! What do they

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 inhabitants of the several Confederate States and Territories, shall have the right to take to such territory any slaves lawfully held by them in any of the states or territories of the Confederate states.

4. The Confederate States shall guaranty to every state that now is or hereafter may become a member of this Confederacy, a republican form of government, and shall protect each of them against invasion; and on application of the legislature (or of the Executive when the legislature is not in session) against domestic violence.

1. Upon the demand of any three states, legally assembled in their several conventions, the Congress shall summon a convention of all the states, to take into consideration such amendments to the Constitution as the said states shall concur in suggesting at the time when the said demand is made; and should any of the proposed amendments to the Constitution be agreed on by the said convention—voting by states—and the same be ratified by the legislatures of two-thirds of the several states, or by conventions in two-thirds thereof—as the one or the other mode of ratification may be proposed by the general convention—they shall thenceforward form a part of this Constitution. But no state shall, without its consent, be deprived, of its equal representation in the Senate.

1. The Government established by this Constitution is the successor of the Provisional Government of the Confederate States of America, and all the laws passed by the latter shall continue in force until the same shall be repealed or modified; and all the officers appointed by the same shall remain in office until their successors are appointed and qualified, or the offices abolished.

2. All debts contracted and engagements entered into before the adoption of this Constitution shall be as valid against the Confederate States under this Constitution as under the Provisional Government.


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 3. This Constitution, and the laws of the Confederate States, made in pursuance thereof, and all treaties made, or which shall be made under the authority of the Confederate States, shall be the supreme law of the land; and the judges in every state shall be bound thereby, anything in the constitution or laws of any state to the contrary notwithstanding.

4. The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the members of the several state legislatures, and all executive and judicial officers, both of the Confederate States, and of the several states, shall be bound by oath or affirmation, to support this Constitution; but no religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or public trust under the Confederate States.

5. The enumeration, in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people of the several states.

6. The powers not delegated to the Confederate States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states, respectively, or to the people thereof.

1. The ratification of the conventions of five states shall be sufficient for the establishment of this Constitution between the states so ratifying the same.

2. When five states shall have ratified this Constitution, in the manner before specified, the Congress under the Provisional Constitution, shall prescribe the time for holding the election of President and Vice President; and, for the meeting of the Electoral College; and, for counting the votes, and inaugurating the President. They shall, also, prescribe the time for holding the first election of members of Congress under this Constitution, and the time for assembling the same. Until the assembling of such Congress, the Congress under the Provisional Constitution shall continue to exercise the legislative powers granted them; not extending beyond the time limited by the Constitution of the Provisional Government.


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Rh really want? At any rate to represent righteousness, love, wisdom, superiority, that is the ambition of these "lowest ones," these sick ones! And how clever does such an ambition make them! You cannot, in fact, but admire the counterfeiter dexterity with which the stamp of virtue, even the ring, the golden ring of virtue, is here imitated. They have taken a lease of virtue absolutely for themselves, have these weaklings and wretched invalids, there is no doubt of it; "We alone are the good, the righteous," so do they speak, "we alone are the homines bonce voluntatis." They stalk about in our midst as living reproaches, as warnings to us—as though health, fitness, strength, pride, the sensation of power, were really vicious things in themselves, for which one would have some day to do penance, bitter penance. Oh, how they themselves are ready in their hearts to exact penance, how they thirst after being hangmen!

Among them is an abundance of revengeful ones disguised as judges, who ever mouth the word righteousness like a venomous spittle—with mouth, I say, always pursed, always ready to spit at everything, which does not wear a discontented look, but is of good cheer as it goes on its way. Among them, again, is that most loathsome species of the vain, the lying abortions, who make a point of representing "beautiful souls," and perchance of bringing to the market as "purity of heart" their distorted sensualism swathed in verses and other bandages; the species of "self-comforters" and masturbators of their own souls. The sick man's will to represent some form or other of superiority, his instinct for crooked paths, which lead to a tyranny over the healthy—where can it

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130 not be found, this will to power of the very weakest? The sick woman especially: no one surpasses her in refinements for ruling, oppressing, tyrannising. The sick woman, moreover, spares nothing living, nothing dead; she grubs up again the most buried things (the Bogos say, "Woman is a hyena"). Look into the background of every family, of every body, of every community: everywhere the fight of the sick against the healthy—a silent fight for the most part with minute poisoned powders, with pin-pricks, with spiteful grimaces of patience, but also at times with that diseased pharisaism of pure pantomime, which plays for the choice role of "righteous indignation." Right into the hallowed chambers of knowledge can it make itself heard, can this hoarse yelping of sick hounds, this, rabid lying and frenzy of such "noble" Pharisees (I remind readers, who have ears, once more of that Berlin apostle of revenge, Eugen Dühring, who makes most disreputable and revolting use in all present-day Germany of moral refuse; Dühring, the paramount moral blusterer that there is to-day, even among his own kind, the Anti-Semites). They are all men of resentment, are these physiological distortions and worm-riddled objects, a whole quivering kingdom of burrowing revenge, indefatigable and insatiable in its outbursts against the happy, and equally so in disguises for revenge, in pretexts for revenge: when will they really reach their final, fondest, most sublime triumph of revenge? At that time, doubtless, when they succeed in pushing their own misery, in fact, all misery, into the consciousness of the happy: so that the latter begin one day to be ashamed of their happiness, and perchance say

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Rh to themselves when they meet, "It is a shame to be happy; there is too much misery!". . . But there could not possibly be a greater and more fatal misunderstanding than that of the happy, the fit, the strong in body and soul, beginning in this way to doubt their right to happiness. Away with this "perverse world"! Away with this shameful soddenness of sentiment! Preventing the sick making the healthy sick—for that is what such a soddenness comes to—this ought to be our supreme object in the world—but for this it is above all essential that the healthy should remain separated from the sick, that they should even guard themselves from the look of the sick, that they should not even associate with the sick. Or may it, perchance, be their mission to be nurses or doctors? But they could not mistake and disown their mission more grossly—the higher must not degrade itself to be the tool of the lower, the pathos of distance must to all eternity keep their missions also separate. The right of the happy to existence, the right of bells with a full tone over the discordant cracked bells, is verily a thousand times greater: they alone are the sureties of the future, they alone are bound to man's future. What they can, what they must do, that can the sick never do, should never do! but if they are to be enabled to do what only they must do, how can they possibly be free to play the doctor, the comforter, the "Saviour" of the sick? . . . And therefore good air! good air! and away, at any rate, from the neighbourhood of all the madhouses and hospitals of civilisation! And therefore good company, our own company, or solitude, if it must be so! but away, at any rate, from the evil fumes of internal corruption

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, March 11, 1861.

On the question of the adoption of the Constitution of the Confederate States of America, the vote was taken by yeas and nays; and the Constitution was unanimously adopted, as follows:

Those who voted in the affirmative being Messrs. Walker, Smith, Curry, Hale, McRae, Shorter and Fearn, of Alabama, (Messrs. Chilton and Lewis being absent); Messrs. Morton, Anderson and Owens, of Florida; Messrs. Toombs, Howell Cobb, Bartow, Nisbet, Hill, Wright, Thomas R. R. Cobb and Stephens, of Georgia, (Messrs. Crawford and Kenan being absent); Messrs. Perkins, de Clouet, Conrad, Kenner, Sparrow and Marshall, of Louisiana; Messrs. Harris, Brooke, Wilson, Clayton, Barry and Harrison, of Mississippi, (Mr. Campbell being absent); Messrs. Rhett, Barnwell, Keitt, Chesnut, Memminger, Miles, Withers and Boyce, of South Carolina; Messrs. Reagan, Hemphill, Waul, Gregg, Oldham and Ochiltree, of Texas, (Mr. Wigfall being absent.)

, March 11, 1861.

I do hereby certify that the foregoing are, respectively, true and correct copies of "The Constitution of the Confederate States of America," unanimously adopted this day, and of the yeas and nays, on the question of the adoption thereof.

President of the Congress.


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The New International Encyclopædia/Dracæna draco

DRACÆ'NA DRA'CO (Lat., from Gk., drakaina, she-dragon, from , drakōn, dragon), or. A tree of the order Liliaceæ, that produces the resin called dragon's blood. Its thickness is greatly out of proportion

to its height. The head is crowned with short branches bearing tufts of sword-shaped leaves. Humboldt saw a famous specimen in Teneriffe, which at the time of his visit was 70 feet tall and 45 feet in circumference, and was estimated to be 6000 years old. It was destroyed by a storm in 1868. The Guanches worshiped it, and had hollowed its trunk into a small sanctuary. Others of large size are reported from the Canary Islands and India.


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132 and the secret worm-eaten state of the sick! that, forsooth, my friends, we may defend ourselves, at any rate for still a time, against the two worst plagues that could have been reserved for us—against the great nausea with man! against the great pity for man!

15.

If you have understood in all their depths—and I demand that you should grasp them profoundly and understand them profoundly—the reasons for the impossibility of its being the business of the healthy to nurse the sick, to make the sick healthy, it follows that you have grasped this further necessity—the necessity of doctors and nurses who themselves are sick. And now we have and hold with both our hands the essence of the ascetic priest. The ascetic priest must be accepted by us as the predestined saviour, herdsman, and champion of the sick herd: thereby do we first understand his awful historic mission. The lordship over sufferers is his kingdom, to that points his instinct, in that he finds his own special art, his master-skill, his kind of happiness. He must himself be sick, he must be kith and kin to the sick and the abortions so as to understand them, so as to arrive at an understanding with them; but he must also be strong, even more master of himself than of others, impregnable, forsooth, in his will for power, so as to acquire the trust and the awe of the weak, so that he can be their hold, bulwark, prop, compulsion, overseer, tyrant, god. He has to protect them, protect his herds—against whom? Against the healthy, doubtless also against the

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Rh envy towards the healthy. He must be the natural adversary and scorner of every rough, stormy, reinless, hard, violently-predatory health and power. The priest is the first form of the more delicate animal that scorns more easily than it hates. He will not be spared the waging of war with the beasts of prey, a war of guile (of "spirit") rather than of force, as is self-evident—he will in certain cases find it necessary to conjure up out of himself, or at any rate to represent practically a new type of the beast of prey—a new animal monstrosity in which the polar bear, the supple, cold, crouching panther, and, not least important, the fox, are joined together in a trinity as fascinating as it is fearsome. If necessity exacts it, then will he come on the scene with bearish seriousness, venerable, wise, cold, full of treacherous superiority, as the herald and mouthpiece of mysterious powers, sometimes going among even the other kind of beasts of prey, determined as he is to sow on their soil, wherever he can, suffering, discord, self-contradiction, and only too sure of his art, always to be lord of sufferers at all times. He brings with him, doubtless, salve and balsam; but before he can play the physician he must first wound; so, while he soothes the pain which the wound makes, he at the same time poisons the wound. Well versed is he in this above all things, is this wizard and wild beast tamer, in whose vicinity everything healthy must needs become ill, and everything ill must needs become tame. He protects, in sooth, his sick herd well enough, does this strange herdsman; he protects them also against themselves, against the sparks (even in the centre of the herd) of wickedness, knavery, malice, and all the other ills that

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134 the plaguey and the sick are heir to; he fights with cunning, hardness, and stealth against anarchy and against the ever imminent break-up inside the herd, where resentment, that most dangerous blasting-stuff and explosive, ever accumulates and accumulates. Getting rid of this blasting-stuff in such a way that it does not blow up the herd and the herdsman, that is his real feat, his supreme utility; if you wish to comprise in the shortest formula the value of the priestly life, it would be correct to say the priest is the diverter of the course of resentment. Every sufferer, in fact, searches instinctively for a cause of his suffering; to put it more exactly, a doer,—to put it still more precisely, a sentient responsible doer,—in brief, something living, on which, either actually or in effigy, he can on any pretext vent his emotions. For the venting of emotions is the sufferer's greatest attempt at alleviation, that is to say, stupefaction, his mechanically desired narcotic against pain of any kind. It is in this phenomenon alone that is found, according to my judgment, the real physiological cause of resentment, revenge, and their family is to be found—that is, in a demand for the deadening of pain through emotion: this cause is generally, but in my view very erroneously, looked for in the defensive parry of a bare protective principle of reaction, of a "reflex movement" in the case of any sudden hurt and danger, after the manner that a decapitated frog still moves in order to get away from a corrosive acid. But the difference is fundamental. In one case the object is to prevent being hurt any more; in the other case the object is to deaden a racking, insidious, nearly unbearable pain by a more violent emotion

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Rh of any kind whatsoever, and at any rate for the time being to drive it out of the consciousness—for this purpose an emotion is needed, as wild an emotion as possible, and to excite that emotion some excuse or other is needed. "It must be somebody's fault that I feel bad"—this kind of reasoning is peculiar to all invalids, and is but the more pronounced, the more ignorant they remain of the real cause of their feeling bad, the physiological cause (the cause may lie in a disease of the nervous sympathicus, or in an excessive secretion of bile, or in a want of sulphate and phosphate of potash in the blood, or in pressure in the bowels which stops the circulation of the blood, or in degeneration of the ovaries, and so forth). All sufferers have an awful resourcefulness and ingenuity in finding excuses for painful emotions; they even enjoy their jealousy, their broodings over base actions and apparent injuries, they burrow through the intestines of their past and present in their search for obscure mysteries, wherein they will be at liberty to wallow in a torturing suspicion and get drunk on the venom of their own malice—they tear open the oldest wounds, they make themselves bleed from the scars which have long been healed, they make evil-doers out of friends, wife, child, and everything which is nearest to them. "I suffer: it must be somebody's fault"—so thinks every sick sheep. But his herdsman, the ascetic priest, says to him, "Quite so, my sheep, it must be the fault of some one; but thou thyself art that same one, it is all the fault of thyself alone—it is all the fault of thyself alone against thyself: that is bold enough, false enough, but one thing is at least

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136 attained; thereby, as I have said, the course of resentment is—diverted.

16.

You can see now what the remedial instinct of life has at least tried to effect, according to my conception, through the ascetic priest, and the purpose for which he had to employ a temporary tyranny of such paradoxical and anomalous ideas as "guilt," "sin," "sinfulness," "corruption," "damnation." What was done was to make the sick harmless up to a certain point, to destroy the incurable by means of themselves, to turn the milder cases severely on to themselves, to give their resentment a backward direction ("man needs but one thing"), and to exploit similarly the bad instincts of all sufferers with a view to self-discipline, self-surveillance, self-mastery. It is obvious that there can be no question at all in the case of a "medication" of this kind, a mere emotional medication, of any real healing of the sick in the physiological sense; it cannot even for a moment be asserted that in this connection the instinct of life has taken healing as its goal and purpose. On the one hand, a kind of congestion and organisation of the sick (the word "Church" is the most popular name for it); on the other, a kind of provisional safeguarding of the comparatively healthy, the more perfect specimens, the cleavage of a rift between healthy and sick—for a long time that was all! and it was much! it was very much!

I am proceeding, as you see, in this essay, from an hypothesis which, as far as such readers as I want are

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Rh concerned, does not require to be proved; the hypothesis that "sinfulness" in man is not an actual fact, but rather merely the interpretation of a fact, of a physiological discomfort,—a discomfort seen through a moral religious perspective which is no longer binding upon us. The fact, therefore, that any one feels "guilty," "sinful," is certainly not yet any proof that he is right in feeling so, any more than any one is healthy simply because he feels healthy. Remember the celebrated witch-ordeals: in those days the most acute and humane judges had no doubt but that in these cases they were confronted with guilt,—the "witches" themselves had no doubt on the point,—and yet the guilt was lacking. Let me elaborate this hypothesis: I do not for a minute accept the very "pain in the soul" as a real fact, but only as an explanation (a casual explanation) of facts that could not hitherto be precisely formulated; I regard it therefore as something as yet absolutely in the air and devoid of scientific cogency—just a nice fat word in the place of a lean note of interrogation. When any one fails to get rid of his "pain in the soul," the cause is, speaking crudely, to be found not in his "soul" but more probably in his stomach (speaking crudely, I repeat, but by no means wishing thereby that you should listen to me or understand me in a crude spirit). A strong and well-constituted man digests his experiences (deeds and misdeeds all included) just as he digests his meats, even when he has some tough morsels to swallow. If he fails to "relieve himself" of an experience, this kind of indigestion is quite as much physiological as the other indigestion—and indeed, in more ways than one, simply one of the results

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138 of the other. You can adopt such a theory, and yet entre nous be nevertheless the strongest opponent of all materialism.

17.

But is he really a physician, this ascetic priest? We already understand why we are scarcely allowed to call him a physician, however much he likes to feel a "saviour" and let himself be worshipped as a saviour. It is only the actual suffering, the discomfort of the sufferer, which he combats, not its cause, not the actual state of sickness—this needs must constitute our most radical objection to priestly medication. But just once put yourself into that point of view, of which the priests have a monopoly, you will find it hard to exhaust your amazement, at what from that standpoint he has completely seen, sought, and found. The mitigation of suffering, every kind of "consoling"—all this manifests itself as his very genius: with what ingenuity has he interpreted his mission of consoler, with what aplomb and audacity has he chosen weapons necessary for the part. Christianity in particular should be dubbed a great treasure-chamber of ingenious consolations,—such a store of refreshing, soothing, deadening drugs has it accumulated within itself; so many of the most dangerous and daring expedients has it hazarded; with such subtlety, refinement. Oriental refinement, has it divined what emotional stimulants can conquer, at any rate for a time, the deep

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The New International Encyclopædia/Electoral Commission

ELECTORAL COMMISSION. In United States history, the body of men provided for by an act of Congress, approved January 29, 1877, to settle certain disputed questions in regard to the electoral votes of several States in the Presidential election of 1876. As the counting of the electoral votes in the presence of the two Houses of Congress proceeded according to custom, it had been found that there were conflicting certificates from four different States — Florida, Louisiana, Oregon, and South Carolina; and the two Houses were unable to agree in any case which certificate should be received as genuine. The Senate at the time was controlled by the

Republican Party, the House of Representatives by the Democratic Party, and there was thought to be danger of civil disturbances on account of certain questions likely to arise in the counting of the electoral votes. Under these circumstances, a majority of each of the two political parties in Congress agreed to create a commission to be composed of five Senators chosen by the Senate; five members of the House of Representatives, chosen by that body; and five associate justices of the Supreme Court, four of whom were designated by the act of Congress, and the fifth of whom was to be selected by the four — to which commission should be referred, for judgment and decision, the question which of two or more conflicting certificates received from any State of the votes cast by the electoral college of such State for President and Vice-President in the election of 1876 was the certificate provided for in the Constitution of the United States. The judgment of the commission in any matters referred to it, unless set aside by the concurrent action of the Houses of Congress, was to be final. The proposed law was thereupon enacted, and the Senate appointed three Republicans and two Democrats, and the House of Representatives three Democrats and two Republicans as members of the commission. Of the four associate justices of the Supreme Court who were named in the law, two were understood to be Democrats and two Republicans; and these selected as the fifth associate justice to serve with them upon the commission, Mr. Justice Bradley, a Republican. The commission was constituted as follows: Justices Clifford, Strong, Miller, Field, and Bradley; Senators Edmunds, Morton, Frelinghuysen, Thurman, and Bayard; and Representatives Payne, Hunton, Abbott, Garfield, and Hoar. Upon the illness of Senator Thurman, his place was filled by the choice of Senator Kernan. The certificates and accompanying papers were successively referred to the commission, which proceeded to hear argument upon the questions involved. A notable group of distinguished lawyers participated in the conduct of the case, William M. Evarts, Stanley Matthews, E. W. Stoughton, and Samuel Shellabarger representing the Republicans, and Judge J. S. Black, Matthew H. Carpenter, Charles O'Conor, J. A. Campbell, Lyman Trumbull, Ashbel Green, Montgomery Blair, George Hoadley, William C. Whitney, R. T. Merrick, and A. P. Morse representing the Democrats. The result in the ease of each State was a decision of the commission, by a vote of 8 to 7 — the vote following the line of party division in the body — that the certificate of the electoral votes cast for Hayes and Wheeler, the Republican candidates for President and Vice-President, was the certificate which contained the lawful electoral vote of said State, and that the other certificates were illegal and void. The Republican Senate concurred in this judgment in each case, while the Democratic House of Representatives dissented. The decision of the commission, therefore, according to the terms of the statute, became irrevocable; the electoral votes were counted accordingly; and Rutherford B. Hayes and William A. Wheeler were found duly elected, by a majority of one electoral vote, respectively President and Vice-President for a term of four years, from March 4, 1877. The controlling question before the commission was whether — an electoral

certificate being in form according to law, as those in favor of the Republican candidates were — it was competent for Congress or the commission to go behind the same and take evidence modifying or explanatory (aliunde) in support of alleged irregularities and frauds committed before such certiticate was issued. Upon this question the Democrats in Congress and in the commission took the affirmative, while the Republicans took the negative. The full proceedings of the commission were published as part iv., vol. v. of the Congressional Record of 1877.


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Rh, the leaden fatigue, the black melancholy of physiological cripples—for, speaking generally, all religions are mainly concerned with fighting a certain fatigue and heaviness that has infected everything. You can regard it as prima facie probable that in certain places in the world there was almost bound to prevail from time to time among large masses of the population a sense of physiological depression, which, however, owing to their lack of physiological knowledge, did not appear to their consciousness as such, so that consequently its "cause" and its cure can only be sought and essayed in the science of moral psychology (this, in fact, is my most general formula for what is generally called a "religion"). Such a feeling of depression can have the most diverse origins; it may be the result of the crossing of too heterogeneous races (or of classes—genealogical and racial differences are also brought out in the classes: the European "Weltschmerz," the "Pessimism" of the nineteenth century, is really the result of an absurd and sudden class-mixture); it may be brought about by a mistaken emigration—a race falling into a climate for which its power of adaptation is insufficient (the case of the Indians in India); it may be the effect of old age and fatigue (the Parisian pessimism from 1850 onwards); it may be a wrong diet (the alcoholism of the Middle Ages, the nonsense of vegetarianism—which, however, have in their favour the authority of Sir Christopher in Shakespeare); it may be blood-deterioration, malaria, syphilis, and the like (German depression after the Thirty Years' War, which infected half Germany with evil diseases, and thereby paved the way for German servility, for German pusillanimity).

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The Theory of the Foreign Exchanges/Chapter III

thus passed in review the different kinds of liabilities which nations incur towards each other, we are now led to consider the mode of adjustment of such debts and claims, and the instruments by which it is accomplished. Most international transactions are settled by a transfer of debts, through the medium of foreign bills of exchange, and for the general reader, (who has no opportunity of handling and examining the bills themselves, and of gaining, through their study, a knowledge of the various classes into which they may be divided, and the properties which attach to them,) some remarks on this portion of the subject may not be superfluous.

From the point of view of the Foreign Exchanges, it must be considered that the debts contracted between different nations are on the point of being closed. Practically, credit is given, in the vast majority of cases, previously to the drawing of the bills or the transmission of the remittances which are to settle pending accounts. With this, however, we are at present not directly concerned, though a discussion on the Foreign Exchanges would not be complete without an allusion to the fact. The knowledge that there is a certain balance owing, for which credit is given, but which will ultimately be called in, acts, to a certain extent, upon the exchanges, just as in questions of supply and demand the knowledge that the supply may be indefinitely increased acts almost with the same force as actual present supply. But what we have now to deal with is the liquidation of debts which are becoming due, -in fact, liabilities for which the time of settlement has arrived.

The debts between different countries are, when they approach the time of settlement, embodied, as far as possible, in bills of exchange; they are invariably settled by bills of exchange, so far as the indebtedness of one country to others is covered by the liabilities of those countries to itself. It is certain that as far as accounts can be settled without the risk and expense of bullion remittances, through simple transfers, through the creditors of any foreign country making a direct settlement with the debtors to that foreign country, and leaving their respective debtors and creditors to make a corresponding adjustment abroad, so far the use of bills of exchange is sure to extend. But how is the settlement to be effected when the claims on one side or the other are exhausted, -when there is a balance of debts to be paid without any equivalent of claims which might be set against them? It will subsequently be found that, by somewhat artificial arrangements, it is possible that even a portion of such a balance may be covered, at least for the time, by bills of exchange. But the consideration of this more complicated question must be deferred for the present. We have, in the first instance, to deal with such foreign bills as embody actual debts and claims, and represent an exchange - an exchange made between the drawer or seller of the bill and the purchaser of the bill; the former ceding his claim on a foreign debtor against payment on the spot, and the purchaser remitting the bill to another foreigner to whom he is himself indebted.

The majority of foreign bills of exchange carry (to an eye practiced in deciphering their history) the evidence of their origin and nature written upon them; and much may be learnt, both as regards international transactions generally, as also the peculiar features of the times, from a careful study of large miscellaneous parcels of bills. There will be found among them bills representing each of the different causes of indebtedness which have been described. The greater portion will represent exports of produce; and this will especially be found to be the case between countries which lie at great distances from each other, and whose transactions are comparatively simple; but the closer the countries, and the more they are connected in what may be called neighbourly relations, the more diversified and complicated are the transactions represented by bills of exchange. Between the Continent and England there is a very large proportion of bills which represent the expenditure of the foreign residents, drafts on their bankers at home, and encashments of dividends or other sources of revenue. There will be found innumerable bills based on the sales or purchases of stock, and large amounts which represent the transfer of capital from one country to another by way of giving effect to a public loan or a joint-stock undertaking. Such, for instance, were the drafts issued from Constantinople on Monsieur Mires against the proposed Turkish loan. Whenever the country which has secured a loan is importing more than it exports, and consequently has to make remittances to cover the balance, it will be convenient for it to draw upon the lending country for the amount of the loan thus contracted, as those who have remittances to make it will be eager purchasers of such bills: in the contrary case, where there is no balance requiring settlement, a loan would probably be taken in specie.

Amongst any parcel of bills there will probably be some where are drawn against freight which have become payable, -a large item in those countries which have a great shipping interest, but otherwise little to export. Sweden or Norway, for instance, when they have remittances to make, have considerable difficulty in finding any other bills than such as are drawn either against wood (their chief article of export), or against the freights earned by their ships. They are hampered in their importations by the difficult of making remittances in what are called "acknowledged first class bills." There is, indeed, generally some peculiarity about the remittances from each different country: from the East Indies and China where the chief articles of export are of great value, and where, from the necessity of large capitals for bringing such valuable produce to market, the transactions are more than elsewhere concentrated in great houses, the bills are generally drawn in large amounts and on first-class European firms: it is very usual to see bills of ten thousand pounds, and the character of the bills is generally exceedingly good; the distance between the two countries, and the length of credit which is accordingly given by the purchaser of the bill, make great caution necessary, and render it highly important that those on whom the bills are drawn should be persons of known repute.

From the Continent, on the other hand, the remittances received are generally of a very different character: from the frequency of transactions and the facility of communication, the bills are drawn in the greatest variety of from an in much small amounts. They represent daily and retail operations, as well as the great transactions of merchants and bankers. Any one receiving remittances from the interior of the Continent to the mount of ten or twenty thousand pounds at a time, will find the sum made up of a very considerable number of little bills. There will be bills against cattle, against eggs, against butter, drafts of traveling Englishmen on their London bankers, bills against German toys. French nicknacks, wine, fruit, and vegetables. As as the transactions are now much carried on in a retail form, amongst bills on regular merchants and dealers, large and small, will be found also a very considerable number of person whom it is difficult to find and difficult to rely on for payment when found; on agents who have persuaded German manufacturers to trust them with the disposal of their goods, and on branches of small foreign establishments who wish to try the London markets; also on shopkeepers and milliners, and other beyond the commercial circle - in fact, on every class whose business bring them in any way into connexion with the Continent.

The American bills are like the East Indian bills in some respects. Being generally based upon cotton, of which a small quantity costs a large sum, they are drawn in large amounts, and represent considerable mercantile transactions. But the trade between the United States and Liverpool being much more rapid and easily managed than between England and Indian, and peculiar facilities for the conducting of the operations without capital on the part either of the exporter or the importer being obtainable in the cotton trade, amongst much first-class American paper there is also to be found a considerable quantity drawn on firms not known beyond their immediate circle, and who have no means to pay their acceptances except by the identical produce which is consigned them against such drafts.

Thus far the bills which have been taken into consideration have been assumed to represent and close direct and bona fide transactions; but a large class of foreign bills perform very different functions, which it is important properly to appreciate. There is little mystery in the operations of the Foreign Exchanges when confined to the direct and immediate transactions of which we have been treating hitherto. The subject is complicated by the fact, that a very large proportion of bills represent indirect operations which it is less easy to follow, and that others do not represent any actual previous transaction whatever, at least in the sense of closing indebtedness, but act in a perfectly different manner.

In the first instance, we should enumerate those foreign bills which do not represent the usual indebtedness which is assumed to exist between the acceptor and drawer, but a debt due to the drawer by a third party residing in a third country, of which the accept merely mediates the payment. For instance, teas shipped from China to New York are generally paid for by a draft of the exporter on a London merchant for account of the American importer. The exporter in China is paid by the price which is given him for the bill on London; and the acceptor looks for payment to the importer in New York.

It is important to remember that this class of bills does not offer the same kind of evidence as others, as to the indebtedness of the country on which they are drawn; for the accepting country is a creditor of a third country for exactly the same amount as that which it must pay to the drawing country; and any estimate which might be attempted as to the liabilities of a country, based on the bills afloat upon it, which should on it the consideration of these acceptances for third accounts, would not fail to be erroneous. It is necessary at least to attempt to discover what proportion of the liabilities may have been incurred as by principals and what as by agents or mediators. For instance, if it should be desired, at any particular moment, to consider the relative indebtedness between England and the United States, it might be discovered that the sum total of the exports of the Americans to us, in the largest sense of the word, taking into consideration all the supplementary causes of indebtedness to which allusion has been made, exceed all that they had taken from us, or spent on us, and that accordingly the balance must be remitted by us in gold; but an element of importance would be omitted if the question were not asked, How do the United States stand as regard their imports from the East? are there not large sums running upon England for American account, which they have still to remit? The answer to this question might considerably modify the result of the balance.

It is especially necessary not to overlook these indirect liabilities in the case of the bills upon England, as they form a very large item in the total of our acceptances.

Those to whom these questions are new may not be able at first sight to discover that which still compels all other countries to make London their banking centre; -why it is that in the East Indies those who ship produce to America draw on London and not on New York; and why the New Orleans cotton exporter draws on London instead of on St. Petersburg for the cotton shipped to Russia. A partial cause might be found in the credit granted by London bankers, and also in the greater reputation of the London houses, which, extending to all quarters of the globe, gives a bill on them quite a different value to that which could be assigned to bills on American and Russian bankers equally wealthy, but less widely known. But this can only be called a secondary reason, which appears on closer examination to be itself the result of the primary cause which makes England the great banking centre of the world. This primary cause is to be found in the stupendous and never-ceasing exports of England, which have for effect that every country in the world, being in constant receipt of English manufactures, is under the necessity of making remittances to pay for them either in produce, in bullion, or in bills, and therefore, if it diverts its produce to other countries, its bill drawn against such produce will be sure to find their way to England. In other words, there will be a demand for bills on London bankers, and English bills will be more saleable than any others. There can be no exchange on any place to which remittances have no constantly and regularly to be made. And vice versa, when remittances have to be regularly made, an exchange is soon established, and the mediation of a mutual centre is not required. For instance, England exports fabulous quantities of Manchester goods to the East, and silver into the bargain, receiving in exchange tea and silk. But suppose the tea and silk which England requires to be less in value than the merchandize exported. How can the balance be regulated? As follows: -The Americans export very little to China, but require more tea and silk from them than what they give them in goods; consequently, the Chinese have a surplus claim on New York. This they transfer to their English creditors, to whom they are indebted for the surplus value of the manufactured goods imported over their own produce shipped to England; in other words, they remit to their English creditors the bills drawn for American account, or instruct the Americans to send gold to England for the amount. The instance given is but an illustration; if the particular case is not entirely correct, many others might be supplied in its place. That the imports of England exceed her exports, does not invalidate the present proposition; it is the universal diffusion of the products of English industry, which tends to produce the result described. England busy from, and sells to, almost every country in the world. Of other countries, A may import from B, but export to C; and if B and C are not in constant intercourse, A will not be able to pay B by giving him an assignment on C. However, A,B, and C are all commercially connected with England, and thus A can pay B by assigning to him a claim against England and remits it to A in payment, and A passes it on to B, who being in constant connexion with England, is in his turn easily able to use it.

As illustrations of the converse proposition, that, where between two countries a regular and constant interchange of imports and exports exists, an exchange is at once established, enabling transactions to be settled without the mediation of England, may be cited the case of Java and Holland, of New York and Bremen, of Rio Janeiro and Hamburg. Formerly, when Germany was farther behind England in her exports than she is at present, the New York houses paid themselves for their shipments of tobacco or other produce to Bremen, by drawing for Bremen account on England, and Bremen would settle the transaction by buying up and remitting to England the bills of the Holstein cattle-dealers or of the butter exporters of the Low Countries. But now so many German manufactures are sent to the States that there are always buyers for bills drawn on Bremen direct; or more simply, the tobacco and cotton shipped to Germany is paid for by German manufactures, and no further intervention is required. What becomes then of the cattle and butter bills, which are thus set free? These are still collected in Bremen and remitted to England, but against different transactions. The regular mutual intercourse established between New York and Germany does not yet exist between Germany and Bombay. Bombay as yet takes very little from Germany, the great bulk of her dealings being still with England; consequently the Bombay merchants, finding few purchasers for bills on Bremen, still draw on London for German account, when they ship cotton direct to the Continent, and a transaction takes place which in face amounts to this, that they direct their London creditors to obtain payment from their German debtors. Accordingly these latter have still to buy up all the bills upon England which they can find, as they require them in order to effect the payment they are instructed to make by their Bombay creditors to whom they are indebted for cotton. A very large proportion of the foreign bills afloat will, on a careful analysis, be discovered to represent adjustments of this kind; that is to say, not direct but indirect and intermediate settlements, in which London appears as the clearinghouse of the world, where most international transactions are closed.

It remains to consider those foreign bills which represent no settlements of indebtedness at all, -bills which are technically said to be drawn in blank, by which the acceptor does not pay his debt to the drawer, but whereby, on the contrary, the drawer incurs a debt to the acceptor. The part which these bills play in all questions of the Foreign Exchanges is very considerable, and requires careful attention. A portion of them approach very nearly indeed to the character of what in the home trade are called accommodation bills; they may be drawn by merchants in one country on merchants or bankers in another, in order to secure the use of the money which is paid as their price, for the time during which the bills have to run. The purchaser of the bills in this case takes the place of the discounter of accommodation paper, and the transactions may be perpetually renewed in the same way and with more facility than accommodation bills. But there is another function of bills drawn in blank and representing no actual transactions, which is little understood by the general public, but which, nevertheless, is in many cases very important and expedient.

It is very possible, and indeed probably, that the imports and exports of any country will not fall into the same period of the year; and that, consequently, the seasons when the imports have to be paid for will not coincide with the seasons when payment is exacted from foreign countries for the exports. In the case of a purely corn-growing country, for instance, the revenue derived from foreign countries will come in at the conclusion of the harvest, when the cargoes of corn begin to be despatched. There will then be bills drawn against these shipments on the countries to which they are directed. Meanwhile, however, the country in question has been importing manufactures from its neighbours all the year round, and the importers have been requiring bills on foreign countries in order to make remittances, long before the corn-bills could be drawn and become available. If not other device could be found, the importers would, before the harvest-time, have to remit gold abroad in payment of their purchases; and afterwards the exporters, not being able to sell their bills, which the importers would now no longer want, would have to receive back the equivalent of their exports in remittances of gold from abroad. Thus the risk, the expense, and the reduction of circulation, which are consequent on repeated journeys of bullion, would be twice incurred, owing to the different seasons of the exports and imports of the same country. This difficulty is often avoided if the bankers in one country draw upon those in another, at the time when no actual commercial bills representing bona fide transactions can be bought, and subsequently square the liability which they have incurred towards the acceptors of their bills drawn in blank, by buying up and remitting the export-bills as soon as the goods have been shipped and are made available for drafts. Thus the importers, are able to procure bills from such banking houses at a time when otherwise they could buy no bills at all, and the exporters sell to the same bankers later on, at a time when otherwise they would find no purchasers, the importations having been previously paid for. The same object is often sought for an attained by the exporting houses receiving permission from those to whom they sell or consign their shipments, to draw bills in anticipation of the goods being actually despatched; in other words, to sell the bills at a time when there is a demand for them and when a premium may be given for them by the importing branch of the community, instead of waiting for the time when the bulk of the exports are despatched, and when consequently, from the number of those who have to draw bill, they only can be sold at a discount. Great complaints have been made in the Court of Bankruptcy, and in many quarters where the force of such transactions is not clearly understood, of what is called the system of blank credits; in other words, the system of drawing bills from abroad not representing at the time any actual settlement of indebtedness; and evidently for the reason that it is easy to confound such bills with accommodation paper. And it is true, that wherever the existence of these blank credits has been brought before the public, it has generally been owing to some catastrophe where the bill-transactions actually were only undertaken with the intention of raising fictitious capital. But it will have been seen that blank credits may serve a legitimate and useful purpose, only requiring to be most jealously, and even suspiciously, watched. Those who are not versed in the various details of international banking transactions will have some difficulty in understanding, how foreign bills, representing mutual accommodation, and merely intended to raise a fictitious capital during the time which the bills have to run, may be distinguished from bills drawn to anticipate actual transactions, and to bridge over the interval which exists between a season of importation and a season of exportation; yet to a certain extent it is feasible, and quite as practicable, as t is to the discounting establishments at home to distinguish between legitimate and fictitious inland drafts. The system cannot be condemned because it is often abused, -certainly not, until it becomes evident that the abuses which follow in its wake are greater than the advantages which it secures.

For the present, however, it is not necessary to inquire into the beneficial or pernicious results of these bills drawn in blank. They have simply to be enumerated as constantly forming a portion of the aggregate amount of foreign bills afloat, and as playing a peculiarly important part in affecting the Foreign Exchanges.


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The New International Encyclopædia/Half-Breeds

HALF-BREEDS. A political nickname applied, in 1881 and the years immediately following, to members of a faction in the Republican Party in the State of New York, which favored the Administration in the controversy between President Garfield and Senators Platt and Conkling, and opposed the regular Republican candidate for the Governorship of the State, Folger, thus bringing about the election of the Democratic candidate, Grover Cleveland. The name was given in derision, as denoting those who were but half Republican, by the nembers of the opposite faction denominated ‘../Stalwarts/’ (q.v.). The term was also used to some extent in other States.


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140 In such a case there is invariably recourse to a war on a grand scale with the feeling of depression; let us inform ourselves briefly on its most important practices and phases (I leave on one side, as stands to reason, the actual philosophic war against the feeling of depression which is usually simultaneous—it is interesting enough, but too absurd, too practically negligible, too full of cobwebs, too much of a hole-and-corner affair, especially when pain is proved to be a mistake, on the naïf hypothesis that pain must needs vanish when the mistake underlying it is recognised—but behold! it does anything but vanish . . .). That dominant depression is primarily fought by weapons which reduce the consciousness of life itself to the lowest degree. Wherever possible, no more wishes, no more wants; shun everything which produces emotion, which produces "blood" (eating no salt, the fakir hygiene); no love; no hate; equanimity; no revenge; no getting rich; no work; begging! as far as possible, no woman, or as little woman as possible; as far as the intellect is concerned, Pascal's principle, "il faut s'abêtir." To put the result in ethical and psychological language, "self-annihilation," "sanctification"; to put it in physiological language, "hypnotism"—the attempt to find some approximate human equivalent for what hibernation is for certain animals, for what (aestivation is for many tropical plants, a minimum of assimilation and metabolism in which life just manages to subsist without really coming into the consciousness. An amazing amount of human energy has been devoted to this object—perhaps uselessly? There cannot be the slightest doubt but that such sportsmen of "saintliness," in whom at times nearly

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Rh every nation has abounded, have really found a genuine relief from that which they have combated with such a rigorous training—in countless cases they really escaped by the help of their system of hypnotism away from deep physiological depression; their method is consequently counted among the most universal ethnological facts. Similarly it is improper to consider such a plan for starving the physical element and the desires, as in itself a symptom of insanity (as a clumsy species of roast-beef-eating "freethinkers" and Sir Christophers are fain to do); all the more certain is it that their method can and does pave the way to all kinds of mental disturbances, for instance, "inner lights" (as far as the case of Hesychasts of Mount Athos), auditory and visual hallucinations, voluptuous ecstasies and effervescences of sensualism (the history of St. Theresa). The explanation of such events given by the victims is always the acme of fanatical falsehood; this is self-evident. Note well, however, the tone of implicit gratitude that rings in the very will for an explanation of such a character. The supreme state, salvation itself, that final goal of universal hypnosis and peace, is always regarded by them as the mystery of mysteries, which even the most supreme symbols are inadequate to express; it is regarded as an entry and homecoming to the essence of things, as a liberation from all illusions, as "knowledge," as "truth," as "being," as an escape from every end, every wish, every action, as something even beyond Good and Evil.

"Good and Evil," quoth the Buddhists, "both are fetters. The perfect man is master of them both."

"The done and the undone," quoth the disciple of the

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142 Vedanta, "do him no hurt; the good and the evil he shakes from off him, sage that he is; his kingdom suffers no more from any act; good and evil, he goes beyond them both."—An absolutely Indian conception, as much Brahmanist as Buddhist. Neither in the Indian nor in the Christian doctrine is this "Redemption" regarded as attainable by means of virtue and moral improvement, however high they may place the value of the hypnotic efficiency of virtue: keep clear on this point—indeed it simply corresponds with the facts. The fact that they remained true on this point is perhaps to be regarded as the best specimen of realism in the three great religions, absolutely soaked as they are with morality, with this one exception. "For those who know, there is no duty." "Redemption is not attained by the acquisition of virtues; for redemption consists in being one with Brahman, who is incapable of acquiring any perfection; and equally little does it consist in the giving up of faults, for the Brahman, unity with whom is what constitutes redemption, is eternally pure" (these passages are from the Commentaries of the Cankara, quoted from the first real European expert of the Indian philosophy, my friend Paul Deussen). We wish, therefore, to pay honour to the idea of "redemption" in the great religions, but it is somewhat hard to remain serious in view of the appreciation meted out to the deep sleep by these exhausted pessimists who are too tired even to dream—to the deep sleep considered, that is, as already a fusing into Brahman, as the attainment of the unio mystica with God. "When he has completely gone to sleep," says on this point the oldest and most venerable "script," "and come to perfect rest, so that

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text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Burton, Charles (1793-1866)


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Rh he sees no more any vision, then, oh dear one, is he united with Being, he has entered into his own self—encircled by the Self with its absolute knowledge, he has no more any consciousness of that which is without or of that which is within. Day and night cross not these bridges, nor age, nor death, nor suffering, nor good deeds, nor evil deeds." "In deep sleep," say similarly the believers in this deepest of the three great religions, "does the soul lift itself from out this body of ours, enters the supreme light and stands out therein in its true shape: therein is it the supreme spirit itself, which travels about, while it rests and plays and enjoys itself, whether with women, or chariots, or friends; there do its thoughts turn no more back to this appanage of a body, to which the 'prana' (the vital breath) is harnessed like a beast of burden to the cart." None the less we will take care to realise (as we did when discussing "redemption") that in spite of all its pomps of Oriental extravagance this simply expresses the same criticism on life as did the clear, cold, Greekly cold, but yet suffering Epicurus. The hypnotic sensation of nothingness, the peace of deepest sleep, anaesthesia in short—that is what passes with the sufferers and the absolutely depressed for, forsooth, their supreme good, their value of values; that is what must be treasured by them as something positive, be felt by them as the essence of the Positive (according to the same logic of the feelings, nothingness is in all pessimistic religions called God).

18.

Such a hypnotic deadening of sensibility and

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 would give a year off the end of his life if he could escape meeting Lincoln at the six discussions through which he must pass.

At the conclusion of the debate, when Mr. Lincoln walked down from the platform, he was seized by the multitude and borne off on their shoulders, in the center of a crowd of five thousand shouting Republicans, with a band of music in front. The Chicago delegation scattered for the cars, and so ended the.

[Missouri Republican, St. Louis, August 29, 1858]

CHICAGO CORRESPONDENCE

, August 23, 1858

The contest between Douglas and Lincoln seems to be the one matter of interest among the good people of Chicago at present; and the chances of either candidate form the reigning topic of conversation in every crowd. Saturday was a day of considerable excitment here, and little was talked of except the pitched battle between the two political champions at Ottawa. Early in the morning, large masses of the people gathered around the Rock Island depot, and the trains, both regular and extra, were crammed to their utmost capacity with excursionists to the great gathering.

Upon the arrival of the trains, it was estimated that there were present some four thousand people, all of whom came from their fields, workshops, counting rooms, and offices, to evince their interest in the great struggle of the two great parties for predominance. I presume no mass meeting of the present canvass has been composed of a more respectable class.

Douglas made the opening speech, which was a calm, deliberate and logical argument, of one hour, during which the people listened to him with much the same calmness which characterized the speech—all seeming much interested, but not excited.

Lincoln followed, in one of his characteristic efforts, interlarding his address with funny anecdotes, droll expressions and frequent witticisms, which soon put to flight the gravity which had reigned during the previous hour; and many were the outbursts of applause which his clever hits drew forth. He punched the "Little Giant" right and left, and dealt him many a well aimed thrust of keen satire, whereat, as your local man would say, "ye congregation did betray an unseemlie lack of gravitie." But the aforesaid "Giant" didn't seem to be

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text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Burton, Decimus


text:
The New International Encyclopædia/Stalwarts

STALWARTS. The name applied to those members of the Republican Party in New York State in 1881 and afterwards who adhered to Senators Conkling and Platt and were opposed to the ../Half-Breeds/ (q.v.), who favored the administration of Garfield. See.


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User:Zginder/German Popular Stories &c.

Translated from the

Kinder und Haus Märchen

collected by

M. M. Grimm,

From Oral Tradition.

Published by C. Baldwyn. New

1912

LONDON,

1823.

PREFACE.

THE Translators were first induced to compile this little work by the eager relish with which a few of the tales were received by the young friends to whom they were narrated. In this feeling the Translators, however, do not hesitate to avow their own participation. Popular fictions and traditions are somewhat gone out of fashion; yet most will own them to be associated with the brightest recollections of their youth. They are, like the Christmas Pantomime, ostensibly brought forth to tickle the palate of the young, but are often received with as keen an appetite by those of graver years. There is, at least, a debt of gratitude due to these ancient friends and comforters. To follow the words of the author from whom the the motto in the title-page is selected, "They have been the revivers of drowzy age at midnight; old and young have with such tales chimed mattins till the cock crew in the morning; batchelors and maides have compassed the Christmas fire-block till the curfew bell rang candle out; the old shepheard and the young plow-boy after their daye's labor, have carold out the same to make them merrye with; and who but they have made long nightes seem short, and heavy toyles easie?"

But the amusement of the hour was not the translators' only object. The rich collection from which the following tales are selected, is very interesting in a literary point of view, as affording a new proof of the wide and early diffusion of these gay creations of the imagination, apparently flowing from some great and mysterious fountain head, whence Calmuck, Russian, Celt, Scandinavian, and German, in their various ramifications, have imbibed their earliest lessons of moral instruction.

The popular tales of England have been too much neglected. They are nearly discarded from the libraries of childhood. Philosophy is made the companion of the nursery: we have lisping chemists and leading-string mathematicians: this is the age of reason, not of imagination; and the loveliest dreams of fairy innocence are considered as vain and frivolous. Much might be urged against this rigid and philosophic (or rather unphilosophic) exclusion of works of fancy and fiction. Our imagination is surely as susceptible of improvement by exercise, as our judgement or our memory; and so long as such fictions only are presented to the young mind, as do not interfere with the important department of moral education, a beneficial effect must be produced by the pleasurable employment of a faculty in which so much of our happiness in every period of life consists.

It is, however, probably owing merely to accidental causes that some countries have carefully preserved their ancient stores of fiction, while here they have been suffered to pass to oblivion or (corruption, notwithstanding the patriotic example of a few such names as Hearne, Spelman, and Le Neve, who did not disdain to turn towards them the light of their carefully trimmed lamp, scanty and ill-furnished as it often was. A very interesting and ingenious article in the Quarterly Review, (No. XLI.) to which the Translators readily acknowledge their particular obligations, recently attracted attention to the subject, and has. shown how wide a field is open, interesting to the antiquarian as well as to the reader who only seeks amusement.

The collection from which the following Tales are taken is one of great extent, obtained for the most part from the mouths of German peasants by the indefatigable exertions of John and William Grimm, brothers in kindred and taste.—The result of their labours ought to be peculiarly interesting to English readers, inasmuch as many of their national tales are proved to be of the highest Northern antiquity, and common to the parallel classes of society in countries whose populations have been long and widely disjoined. Strange to say, "Jack, commonly called the Giant-killer, and Thomas Thumb," as the reviewer observes, "landed in England from the very same hulls and war ships which conveyed Hengist and Horsa, 'and Ebba the Saxon." 'Who would have expected that Whittington and his Cat, whose identity and London citizenship appeared so certain;—Tom Thumb, whose parentage Hearne had traced, and whose monumental honours were the boast of Lincoln;—or the Giant-destroyer of Tylney, whose bones were supposed to moulder in his native village in Norfolk, should be equally renowned among the humblest inhabitants of Munster and Paderborn?

A careful comparison would probably establish many other coincidences. The sports and songs of children, to which MM. Grimm have directed considerable attention, often excite surprise at their striking resemblance to the usages of our own country. We wish, with Leucadio Doblado, speaking of Spanish popular sports, "that antiquarians were a more jovial and volatile race, and that some one would trace up these amusements to their common source;" if such a thing were possible, or at any rate would 'point out their affinities. A remarkable coincidence occurs in the German song, to the Lady-bird or “Marien-würmchen." The second verse alone has been preserved in England; but it is singular that the burthen of the song should have been so long preserved in countries whose inhabitants have been so completely separated. The whole song, which is to be found in Wunderhorn, i. 235, may be thus translated:

Lady-bird! Lady-bird! pretty one! stay:

Come sit on my finger, so happy and gay;

With me shall no mischief betide thee;

No harm would I do thee, no foeman is near:

I only would gaze on thy beauties so dear,

Those beautiful winglets beside thee.

Lady-bird! Lady-bird! fly away home,

Thy house is a-fire, thy children will roam;

List! list! to their cry and bewailing:

The pitiless spider is weaving their doom,

Then, Lady-bird! Lady-bird! fly away home;

Hark! hark! to thy children's bewailing.

Fly back again, back again, Lady-bird dear!

Thy neighbours will merrily welcome thee here,

With them shall no perils attend thee;

They'll guard thee so safely from danger or care,

They'll gaze on thy beautiful winglets so fair,

And comfort, and love, and befriend thee.

The valuable notes and dissertations added by MM. Grimm to their work, have principally for their object to establish the connexion between many of these traditions and the ancient mythological fables of the Scandinavian and Teutonic nations. "In these popular stories," they are sanguine enough to believe, "is concealed the pure and primitive mythology of the Teutons, which has been considered as lost for ever; and they are convinced, that if such researches are continued in the different districts of Germany, the traditions of this nature which are now neglected, will change into treasures of incredible worth, and assist in affording a new basis for the study of the origin of their ancient poetical fictions." On these points their illustrations, though sometimes over-strained, are often highly interesting and satisfactory. Perhaps more attention might have been directed to illustrate the singular admixture of oriental incidents of fairy and romance, with the ruder features of Northern fable; and particularly to inform us how far the well-known vehicles of the lighter southern fictions were current at an early period in Germany. It often seems difficult to account for the currency, among the peasantry I, on the shores of the Baltic and the forests of the Hartz, of fictions which would seem to belong to the Entertainments of the Arabians, yet involved in legends referable to the highest Teutonic origin.

But it is curious to observe that this connexion between the popular tales of remote and unconnected regions, is equally remarkable in the richest collection of traditionary narrative which any country can boast; we mean the "Pentamerone, overo Trattenemiento de li Piccerille," ('Fun for the Little Ones,') published by Giov. Battista Basile, very early in the 17th century, from the old stories current among the Neapolitans. It is singular that the German and the Neapolitan tales, (though the latter were till lately quite unknown to foreigners, and never translated out of the Italian tongues,) bear the strongest and most minute resemblances. The French fairy tales that have become so popular, were chiefly taken from "The Nights (Notti. piacevoli) of Strapparola," published first in 1550; but in his collection such fictions occupy no prominent and apparently only an accidental station, the bulk of the tales being of what may be called the Classical Italian School. The Pentamerone was drawn from original sources, and probably compiled without any knowledge of Strapparola, although the latter is precedent in date. The two works have only four pieces in common. Mr. Dunlop would add greatly to the value of his excellent work on fiction, if he would include in his inquiries this most interesting branch of popular entertainment, to which Sir Walter Scott has already pointed in his notes to "The Lady of the Lake."

Among the most pleasing of the German tales are those in which animals support the leading characters. They are perhaps more venerable in their origin than the heroic and fairy tales. They are not only amusing by their playful and dramatic character, but instructive by the purity of their morality. None bear more strongly the impress of a remote Eastern original, both in their principles and their form of conveying instruction. Justice always prevails, active talent is every where successful, the amiable and generous qualities are brought forward to excite the sympathies of the reader, and in the end are constantly rewarded by triumph over lawless power. It will be observed as a peculiarity of the German fables, that they introduce even inanimate objects among their actors, a circumstance sometimes attended with considerable effect. Even the sun, the moon, and the winds, form part of the dramatis personæ.

The Translators can do little more than direct the attention of the curious reader to the source whence they have selected their materials. The nature and immediate design of the present publication exclude the introduction of some of those stories which would, in a literary point of view, be most curious. With a view to variety, they have wished rather to avoid than to select those, the leading incidents of which are already familiar to the English reader, and have therefore often deprived themselves of the interest which comparison would afford. There were also many stories of great merit, and tending highly to the elucidation of ancient mythology, customs, and opinions, which the scrupulous fastidiousness of modern taste, especially in works likely to attract tho attention of youth, warned them to pass by. If they should ever be encouraged to resume their task, they might undertake it with different and more serious objects. In those tales which they have selected they had proposed to make no alteration whatever; but in a few instances they have been compelled to depart in some degree from their purpose. They have, however, endeavoured to notice these variations in the notes, and in most cases the alteration consists is merely in the curtailment of adventures or circumstances not affecting the main plot or character of the story.

A few brief notes are added; but the Translators trust it will always be borne in mind, that their little work makes no literary pretensions; that its immediate design precludes the subjects most attractive as matters of research; and that professedly critical dissertations would therefore be out of place. Their object in what they have done in this department, has been merely to direct attention to a subject little noticed, and to point, however imperfectly, at a source of interesting and amusing inquiry.

Contents Category:Works originally in German
 * Hans In Luck
 * The Traveling Musicians
 * The Golden Bird
 * The Fisherman and his Wife
 * The Tom-tit and the Bear
 * The Twelve Dancing Princesses
 * Rose-Bud
 * Tom Thumb
 * The Grateful Beasts
 * Jorinda and Jorindel
 * The Wonderful Musician
 * The Queen Bee
 * The Dog and the Sparrow
 * Frederick and Catherine
 * The Three Children of Fortune
 * King Grisly-Beard
 * The Adventures of Chanticleer and Partlet
 * Snow-Drop
 * The Elves and the Shoemaker
 * The Turnip
 * Old Sultan
 * The Lady and the Lion
 * The Jew in The Bush
 * The King of The Golden Mountain
 * The Golden Goose
 * Mrs. Fox
 * Hansel and Grettel
 * The Giant with the Three Golden Hairs
 * The Frog Prince
 * The Fox and the Horse
 * Rumpel-Stilts-Kin

title: User:Zginder/German Popular Stories &c.


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Burton, Edward


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144 to pain, which presupposes somewhat rare powers, especially courage, contempt of opinion, intellectual stoicism, is less frequent than another and certainly easier training which is tried against states of depression. I mean mechancal activity. It is indisputable that a suffering existence can be thereby considerably alleviated. This fact is called to-day by the somewhat ignoble title of the "Blessing of work." The alleviation consists in the attention of the sufferer being absolutely diverted from suffering, in the incessant monopoly of the consciousness by action, so that consequently there is little room left for suffering—for narrow is it, this chamber of human consciousness! Mechanical activity and its corollaries, such as absolute regularity, punctilious unreasoning obedience, the chronic routine of life, the complete occupation of time, a certain liberty to be impersonal, nay, a training in "impersonality," self-forgetfulness, "incuria sui" —with what thoroughness and expert subtlety have all these methods been exploited by the ascetic priest in his war with pain!

When he has to tackle sufferers of the lower orders, slaves, or prisoners (or women, who for the most part are a compound of labour-slave and prisoner), all he has to do is to juggle a little with the names, and to rechristen, so as to make them see henceforth a benefit, a comparative happiness, in objects which they hated—the slave's discontent with his lot was at any rate not invented by the priests. An even more popular means of fighting depression is the ordaining of a little joy, which is easily accessible and can be made into a rule; this medication is frequently used in conjunction with the former ones. The

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Rh most frequent form in which joy is prescribed as a cure is the joy in producing joy (such as doing good, giving presents, alleviating, helping, exhorting, comforting, praising, treating with distinction); together with the prescription of "love your neighbour." The ascetic priest prescribes, though in the most cautious doses, what is practically a stimulation of the strongest and most life-assertive impulse—the Will for Power. The happiness involved in the "smallest superiority" which is the concomitant of all benefiting, helping, extolling, making one's self useful, is the most ample consolation, of which, if they are well-advised, physiological distortions avail themselves: in other cases they hurt each other, and naturally in obedience to the same radical instinct. An investigation of the origin of Christianity in the Roman world shows that co-operative unions for poverty, sickness, and burial sprang up in the lowest stratum of contemporary society, amid which the chief antidote against depression, the little joy experienced in mutual benefits, was deliberately fostered. Perchance this was then a novelty, a real discovery? This conjuring up of the will for cooperation, for family organisation, for communal life, for "Caenacula," necessarily brought the Will for Power, which had been already infinitesimally stimulated, to a new and much fuller manifestation. The herd organisation is a genuine advance and triumph in the fight with depression. With the growth of the community there matures even to individuals a new interest, which often enough takes him out of the more personal element in his discontent, his aversion to himself, the "despectus sui" of Geulincx. All sick and diseased people strive

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146 instinctively after a herd-organisation, out of a desire to shake off their sense of oppressive discomfort and weakness; the ascetic priest divines this instinct and promotes it; wherever a herd exists it is the instinct of weakness which has wished for the herd, and the cleverness of the priests which has organised it, for, mark this: by an equally natural necessity the strong strive as much for isolation as the weak for union: when the former bind themselves it is only with a view to an aggressive joint action and joint satisfaction of their Will for Power, much against the wishes of their individual consciences; the latter, on the contrary, range themselves together with positive delight in such a muster—their instincts are as much gratified thereby as the instincts of the "born master" (that is, the solitary beast-of-prey species of man) are disturbed and wounded to the quick by organisation. There is always lurking beneath every oligarchy—such is the universal lesson of history—the desire for tyranny. Every oligarchy is continually quivering with the tension of the effort required by each individual to keep mastering this desire. (Such, e.g., was the Greek; Plato shows it in a hundred places, Plato, who knew his contemporaries—and himself.)

19.

The methods employed by the ascetic priest, which we have already learnt to know—stifling of all vitality, mechanical energy, the little joy, and especially the method of "love your neighbour" herd-organisation, the awaking of the communal consciousness of power, to such a pitch

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Stagolee (Hurt)

"O police officer, how can it be? You can arrest everybody, but cruel Stagolee." That bad man, O cruel Stagolee

Billy Lyons told Stagolee "Please don't take my life. I got two little babes and a darling, loving wife." That bad man, O cruel Stagolee

"What do I care 'bout your two little babes, and your darling, loving wife? You done stole my Stetson hat, and I'm bound to take your life." That bad man, O cruel Stagolee

Boom boom, boom boom, went a .44 The winter spy, Billy Lyons fell down on the floor. That bad man, O cruel Stagolee

"Gentlemens of the jury, whatch-you think of that? Stagolee killed Billy Lyons, 'bout a five-dollar Stetson hat." That bad man, O cruel Stagolee

Standing on the gallows, Stagolee did curse. The Judge said, "Lets kill him, before he kills some of us." He's a bad man, O cruel Stagolee

Standing on the gallows, head held up high, At twelve o'clock they killed him, they's all glad to see him die. That bad man, O cruel Stagolee

title: Stagolee (Hurt)


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Rh that the individual's disgust with himself becomes eclipsed by his delight in the thriving of the community—these are, according to modern standards, the "innocent" methods employed in the fight with depression; let us turn now to the more interesting topic of the "guilty" methods. The guilty methods spell one thing: to produce emotional excess—which is used as the most efficacious anesthetic against their depressing state of protracted pain; this is why priestly ingenuity has proved quite inexhaustible in thinking out this one question: "By what means can you produce an emotional excess?" This sounds harsh: it is manifest that it would sound nicer and would grate on one's ears less, if I were to say, forsooth: "The ascetic priest made use at all times of the enthusiasm contained in all strong emotions." But what is the good of still soothing the delicate ears of our modern effeminates? What is the good on our side of budging one single inch before their verbal Pecksniffianism? For us psychologists to do that would be at once practical Pecksniffianism, apart from the fact of its nauseating us. The good taste (others might say, the righteousness) of a psychologist nowadays consists, if at all, in combating the shamefully moralised language with which all modern judgments on men and things are smeared. For, do not deceive yourself: what constitutes the chief characteristic of modern souls and of modern books is not the lying, but the innocence which is part and parcel of their intellectual dishonesty. The inevitable running up against this "innocence" everywhere constitutes the most distasteful feature of the somewhat dangerous business which a modern psychologist has to undertake: it is a

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