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220 mayor returned to the village, carrying with him the purchases; and the architect departed to engage masons and carpenters. No sooner was Collet left than he took post-horses and departed for Strasburg. There he vanished. His next appearance was in Italy, shifting, his quarters and changing his costume repeatedly. At Savona, on the Riviera, he persuaded a banker to let him have 10,000 francs. Next he appeared at Nice, in a shovel hat, a purple cassock, and wearing a gold pectoral cross, as Dominic Pasqualini, Bishop of Manfredonia. He called on the Bishop of Nice, showed him the bull of his institution, forged by himself, and so completely deceived him, that the bishop offered him the most cordial welcome, showed him hospitality, took him into the seminary and asked him to examine the seminarists. Collet saw the risk he ran, and evaded it shrewdly. "Monseignore," said he, "I can see by the look of their faces that they are a set of asses. I do not wish to hurt their feelings by exposing their ignorance—I being a stranger."

"Well, then," said the Bishop of Nice, "if you will not examine them, you shall ordain them; there are thirty-three to receive deacon's and sub-deacon's orders next Sunday."

Collet could not refuse. Accordingly, vested in full pontificals, in the Cathedral of Nice, he committed this sacrilegious act.

After this, not seeing his way to making much money at Nice, he departed, changed his costume, and appeared at Fréjus as plenipotentiary of the Emperor, an inspector-general, charged with seeing to the equipment of the army of Catalonia. He presented his credentials,

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 trade. Greenhill's first essay in painting was a portrait of his paternal uncle, James Abbott of Salisbury, whom he is said to have sketched surreptitiously, as the old man would not sit. About 1662 he migrated to London, and became a pupil of Sir Peter Lely. His progress was rapid, and he acquired some of Lely's skill and method. He carefully studied Vandyck's portraits, and Vertue narrates that he copied so closely Vandyck's portrait of Killigrew with a dog that it was difficult to know which was the original. Vertue also says that his progress excited Lely's jealousy. Greenhill was at first industrious, and married early. But a taste for poetry and the drama, and a residence in Covent Garden in the vicinity of the theatres, led him to associate with many members of the free-living theatrical world, and he fell into irregular habits. On 19 May 1676, while returning from the Vine Tavern in a state of intoxication, he fell into the gutter in Long Acre, and was carried to his lodgings in Lincoln's Inn Fields, where he died the same night. He was buried in St. Giles's-in-the-Fields. He left a widow and family, to whom Lely gave an annuity. Greenhill's portraits are of great merit, often approaching those of Lely in excellence. Among his chief sitters were Bishop Seth Ward, in the town hall at Salisbury, painted in 1673; Anthony Ashley, earl of Shaftesbury, painted more than once during his chancellorship in 1672, engraved by Blooteling; John Locke, who wrote some verses in Greenhill's praise, engraved by Pieter van Gunst; Sir William D'Avenant, engraved by Faithorne; Philip Woolrich, engraved in mezzotint by Francis Place; Abraham Cowley, Admiral Spragge, and others. At Dulwich there is a portrait of Greenhill by himself (engraved in Wornum's edition of Walpole's 'Anecdotes of Painting'), James, duke of York, and those of William Cartwright (who bequeathed the collection) and of Charles II are attributed to him. In the National Portrait Gallery there are portraits of Charles II and Shaftesbury. In the print room at the British Museum there is a drawing of Greenhill by Lely, and a similar drawing by himself; also a rare etched portrait of his brother, Henry Greenhill [see below], executed in 1667. In the Dyce collection at the South Kensington Museum there is a drawing of George Digby, earl of Bristol, and at Peckforton drawings of Sir Robert Worsley and the Countess of Gainsborough. Among Greenhill's personal admirers was [q. v. ], who kept up an amorous correspondence with him, and lamented his early death in a fulsome panegyric.

(1646-1708), younger brother of the above, born at Salisbury 21 June 1646, distinguished himself in the merchant service in the West Indies, and was rewarded by the admiralty. He was appointed by the Royal African Company governor of the Gold Coast. In 1685 he was elected an elder brother of the Trinity House, in 1689 commissioner of the transport office, and in 1691 one of the principal commissioners of the navy. The building of Plymouth dockyard was completed under his direction. He received a mourning ring under Samuel Pepys's will. He died 24 May 1708, and was buried at Stockton, Wiltshire, where there is a monument to his memory.

GREENHILL, JOSEPH (1704–1788), theological writer, was a nephew of [q. v.] His father, William (one of a family of thirty-nine children by the same father and mother), was a counsellor-at-law, who lived first in London and then retired to a family estate at Abbot's Langley, Hertfordshire, where Joseph was born and baptised in February 1703-4. He was educated at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, graduated B.A. in 1726, and was admitted M.A. in 1731. He was appointed rector of East Horsley in 1727, and of East Clandon in 1732, both livings in the county of Surrey, and small both as to population and emolument. He lived at East Horsley, and died there in March 1788. He wrote 'An Essay on the Prophecies of the New Testament,' 2nd edition, 1759, and 'A Sermon on the Millennium, or Reign of Saints for a thousand years,' 4th edition. 1772. These two little works he afterwards put together, and republished with the title 'An Essay on the Prophecies of the New Testament, more especially on the Prophecy of the Millennium, the most prosperous State of the Church of Christ here on Earth for a thousand Years,' 7th edition, with additions, Canterbury, 1776. He was probably the last person who thought it his duty to denounce inoculation from the pulpit, which had been rather a common habit with the clergy since its introduction in 1718. He published 'A Sermon on the Presumptuous and Sinful Practice of Inoculation,' Canterbury, 1778.

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GREENHILL, THOMAS (1681–1740?), writer on embalming, son of William Greenhill of Greenhill at Harrow, Middlesex, a counsellor-at-law and secretary to General Monck, was born in 1681, after his father's death, probably at Abbot's Langley, Hertfordshire, as his father died there. His mother was Elizabeth, daughter of William White of London, who had by one husband thirty-nine children, all (it is said) born alive and baptised, and all single births except one. An addition was made to the arms of the family in 1698, in commemoration of this extraordinary case of fecundity. There are portraits of Elizabeth Greenhill at Walling Wells, near Worksop, and at Lowesby Hall, Leicestershire. Thomas was a surgeon of some repute, who lived in London, in King Street, Bloomsbury, and died about 1740, leaving a family behind him. He was the author of two papers in the 'Philosophical Transactions' of no great interest or value, July 1700 and June 1705. He is known as the author of ‘Νεκροκηδεία, or the Art of Embalming; wherein is shewn the right of Burial, the funeral ceremonies, especially that of preserving Bodies after the Egyptian method,’pt. i. London, 4to, 1705. From another title-page it appears that the work was to have consisted of three parts, but only the first was published by subscription. It is not a book of original learning or research, but is a very creditable work for so young a man, and its information is still useful. The author's portrait by Nutting, after T. Murray, is prefixed.

 GREENHILL, WILLIAM (1591–1671), nonconformist divine, was born of humble parents in 1591, probably in Oxfordshire. At the age of thirteen he matriculated at Oxford on 8 June 1604 (Oxford Univ. Reg., Oxford Hist. Soc., II. ii. 273); was elected a demy of Magdalen College, Oxford, on 8 Jan. 1604-5; graduated B.A. on 25 Jan. 1608-9, and M.A. on 9 July 1612, in which year he resigned his demyship. A Thomas Greenhill, supposed to be William's brother, matriculated from Magdalen College on 10 Nov. 1621, aged eighteen, and was a chorister from 1613 to 1624, graduating B.A. on 6 Feb. 1623-4. He died on 17 Sept. 1634. A punning epitaph on him, said to be by William, is in Beddington Church, near Croydon. There is much uncertainty as to William's relationship with Nicholas Greenhill (1582-1650), who was demy of Magdalen 1598-1606, master of Rugby School 1602-5, prebendary of Lincoln from 1613, and rector of Whitnash, Warwickshire, from 1609 till his death (, Reg. iv. 243;, Rugby, 1889, pp. 24, 30, 31; Oxford Univ. Reg., Oxford Hist. Soc., II. ii. 230, iii. 238; Blackwood's Mag. May 1862, p. 540).

From 1615 to 1633 William Greenhill held the Magdalen College living of New Shoreham, Sussex. Wood writes of him with his usual prejudice, and represents him as becoming 'a notorious independent,' 'for interest and not for conscience;' but John Howe and others give him a high spiritual character, and that estimate of him is borne out by his writings. He appears to have officiated in some ministerial capacity in the diocese of Norwich (then ruled by Matthew Wren, one of the severest of the bishops), for he got into trouble for refusing to read 'The Book of Sports.' He afterwards removed to London, and was chosen afternoon preacher to the congregation at Stepney, while Jeremiah Burroughes [q. v.] ministered in the morning, so that they were called respectively the 'Morning Star' and the 'Evening Star of Stepney.' He was a member of the Westminster Assembly of Divines, convened in 1643, and was one of that small band of independents who gave so much trouble to their presbyterian brethren. In the same year (26 April) he preached before the House of Commons on occasion of a public fast, and his sermon was published by command of the house, with the title 'The Axe at the Root.' In 1644 he was present at the formation of the congregational church in Stepney, and was appointed first pastor. In 1645 he published the first volume of his 'Exposition of the Prophet Ezekiel,' which had been delivered as lectures to an audience among whom were many eminent persons. The first volume is remarkable for its dedication to the Princess Elizabeth, second daughter to Charles I, then nine years old. He calls her 'the excellent princess and most hopeful lady,' and gives a pleasing idea of her character in terms which seem to imply some special source of information. It has been conjectured (and with great probability) that this may have been through his friend Henry Burton [q. v.], who had for several years been intimately acquainted with the royal family. Four years later (1649), after the death of Charles, he was appointed by the parliament chaplain to three of the king's children: James, duke of York (afterwards James II); Henry, duke of Gloucester; and the Lady Henrietta Maria. In 1654 he was appointed by the Protector one of the 'commissioners for approbation of public preachers,' known as 'triers.' It was also probably by Cromwell that he was appointed vicar of St. Dunstan's-in-the-East,


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Rh which seemed to be in order; he took a high hand, and required the head of the Gensdarmerie to furnish him with a mounted escort to Draguignan, and he sent on an orderly before him to announce his purpose in visiting the town, requiring proper lodgings and provisions to be furnished for him. Then he appeared at Draguignan, with breast covered with Orders, and there he formed his staff. A retired captain became his aide-de-camp; the son of the Sub-Prefect of Toulon he graciously received as his secretary; he named two officers of artillery, one as paymaster, the other as his steward; and finally, with a staff of twenty persons, he went to Marseilles, where he so imposed upon the authorities that he was allowed to draw 130,000 francs from the government treasury. Thence he went to Montpellier, and there his star began to pale. One day, after having reviewed the troops, he dined with the Préfet, to whom he had promised the cordon of Grand Officer of the Legion of Honour, when, during the meal, the hotel of the prefeture was surrounded by gensdarmes, a party of police entered the dining-room, and the Organiser of the Army of Catalonia was arrested and led to gaol. All his staff shared his fate, but were released after an imprisonment of twenty days. One day the Préfet was giving a dinner party, and, to amuse his guests, offered to produce the prisoner who had so befooled him and the rest of the good people of Montpellier. Accordingly he sent to the gaol for Collet, who expected every moment to be brought forth and shot. Three gensdarmes conducted Collet from prison to the prefeture, and till the guests were ready to see him he was thrust into an ante-room, and two gensdarmes were posted at the door.

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 the old parish church of Stepney, while he continued pastor of the independent church. This post he held for about seven years, till he was ejected immediately after the Restoration in 1660, but the pastorate of the independent church he retained till his death on 27 Sept. 1671. He was succeeded by Matthew Mead. His chief work is his 'Exposition of the Prophet Ezekiel,' which is a commentary full of varied learning (especially scriptural), expounding the literal sense of the chapters, with a practical and spiritual application. It was published in five thick small 4to volumes between 1645 and 1662. The last volume is said to be scarce, and it is supposed that many copies were destroyed in the fire of London, 1666. The whole was reprinted (with some omissions and alterations), with an advertisement dated 26 Jan. 1837, and a title-page bearing (in some copies) the words 'second edition,' in 1839. Greenhill also published (besides editing books by several of his friends) two volumes of sermons, one called 'Sermons of Christ, His Discovery of Himself,' &c., small 8vo, 1656; the other called 'The Sound-hearted Christian,' &c., by W.G., small 8vo, 1670 (in some copies 1671).

GREENHOW, EDWARD HEADLAM (1814–1888), physician, born in North Shields in 1814, was grandson of E. M. Greenhow, M.D., of North Shields, and was nephew of T. M. Greenhow, M.D., F.R.C.S. (1791-1881), surgeon for many years to the Newcastle Infirmary, a notable operator and sanitary reformer (see British Medical Journal, 1881, ii. 799). He studied medicine at Edinburgh and Montpelier, and practised for eighteen years in partnership with his father in North Shields and Tynemouth. In 1852 he graduated M.D. at Aberdeen, and in 1853 settled in London. From 1854 he frequently reported on epidemics and questions of public health to the board of health and the privy council, and he served on several royal commissions. In 1855 he was appointed lecturer on public health at St. Thomas's Hospital; joining the medical school of the Middlesex Hospital as assistant physician and joint lecturer on medical jurisprudence in 1861, he became full physician to the hospital in 1870, lecturer on medicine in 1871, and consulting physician in 1870. In 1875 he delivered the Croonian lectures at the Royal College of Physicians on Addison's disease. The Clinical Society was founded in 1867 mainly by his exertions; he was its treasurer from the commencement to 1879, when he became president. He was a zealous and successful teacher and investigator, and an excellent and thorough-going man of business. He was twice married, first in 1842 to the widow of W. Barnard, esq. (she died in 1857, leaving one son, the Rev. Edward Greenhow); and secondly to Eliza, daughter of Joseph Hume, M.P. (she died in 1878, leaving two daughters). Greenhow retired in 1881 to Reigate, Surrey, and died suddenly at Charing Cross Station on 22 Nov. 1888 on his return from a meeting of the pension commutation board, to which he was medical officer.

Greenhow wrote: He also prepared the following parliamentary reports: ‘The different Proportions of Deaths from certain Diseases in different Districts in England and Wales,’ 1858, an especially valuable memoir ‘On the Prevalence and Causes of Diarrhœa in certain Towns;’ ‘Districts with Excessive Mortality from Lung Diseases;’ ‘Excessive Mortality of Young Children among Manufacturing Populations,’ appendix to ‘Report of Medical Officer of Privy Council,’ 1859-61. Many papers by Greenhow appeared in the medical journals.
 * 1) ‘On Diphtheria,’ 1860.
 * 2) ‘On Addison's Disease,’ 1866.
 * 3) ‘On Chronic Bronchitis,’ 1869.
 * 4) ‘Croonian Lectures on Addison's Disease,’ 1875.
 * 5) ‘On Bronchitis and the Morbid Conditions connected with it,’ 1878.

GREENOUGH, GEORGE BELLAS (1778–1855), geographer and geologist, was born in 1778. His father, whose name was Bellas, was a proctor in Doctors' Commons, and died in 1780. His mother, a daughter of a surgeon named Greenough, died soon after, leaving her son to the care of her father. Being a good classical scholar the grandfather did much to foster a taste for scholarship in the boy, who at nine years old was sent to Eton. While Bellas was still at school his grandfather died, leaving him a fortune, and desiring him to add the name of Greenough to his own. In 1795 Greenough entered St.Peter's College, Cambridge, and kept nine terms, but took no degree, and in 1798 proceeded to the university of Göttingen to study law. He there became intimate with Coleridge, and coming under the influence of Blumenbach Rh


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222 Collet's quick eye detected, lying in a corner, the white cap and apron of a cook, and a dish of caramel on the table. In the twinkling of an eye he had dressed himself as a cook, taken up the dish, kicked at the door, till the gensdarmes opened and allowed him to pass forth between them; they supposing him to be the cook.

Collet slipped out of the house and concealed himself next door. A hue and cry ensued, and the alarm bell rang; the gensdarmes galloped along the roads about Montpellier, and Collet looked on complacently from the window, till, after fifteen days, the search for him was relaxed, and then he left the town.

After having rambled about for a while without leaving traces of his presence, he reappeared in the department of Tarn, where he presented himself before the superior of the Schools of Christian Brothers, and informed him that he was a gentleman of private means and of a devout turn of soul, and that it was his desire to found a novitiate for the Brothers, and that he had a sum of 40,000 francs at his disposal for that purpose. Then he visited a M. Lajus, a Toulouse merchant, and entered into negotiation with him for the sale of a house he had, and he informed him that he was ex-sub-prefect of the department of Aine. M. Lajus accompanied him to the house, and allowed Collet to order and see to the carrying out of alterations, the pulling down of walls, etc., under his eye before a sou had been paid of the stipulated price. Then Collet returned to the mother house of the Christian Brothers and urged the director to visit the new novitiate. The worthy man was so delighted that he gave a holiday to all the inmates of the establishment, that they might go together to inspect the fresh acquisition.

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 devoted himself mainly to natural history He studied mineralogy for a time at Freiburg under Werner, and after visiting the Hartz Mountains, Italy, and Sicily, returned to England in 1801. After going to Cornwall and the Scilly Isles, he settled in Parliament Street, Westminster, and became an active member of the Royal Institution. He attended the lectures of Wollaston and Davy, and for several years acted as secretary to the institution. In 1806 he accompanied Davy to Ireland to study the geology and the social condition of the country, and in the following year he entered parliament as member for Gatton, Surrey, which he represented until 1812. In politics he was a liberal of the school of Bentham, Romilly, and Horner. In 1807 he organised in an informal manner what afterwards became the Geological Society of London, though it was not regularly constituted, with Greenough as its first president, until 1811. The young society met with considerable opposition from Sir Joseph Banks, who wished to subordinate it to the Royal Society. Davy and others withdrew their names, but Greenough adhered to his original scheme of an independent society, acting as its president for six years, and being subsequently re-elected in 1818 and 1833. His presidential addresses to the society are among his chief contributions to geology; but he was proficient also in architecture and in archæology, and took a deep interest in ethnology. At an early date he began to form a collection of maps, upon which or in his note-books he entered all the geological data he could obtain from travellers and from books. In 1808 he first sketched the boundary-lines of the various strata in England and Wales, and in 1810 he travelled over a great part of the country for the purpose of mapping it. At the request of the Geological Society he then, with the help of Conybeare, Buckland, and Henry Warburton, coloured a large scale-map drawn by Webster, and in 1820 published it in six sheets, with an index of hills. A second edition of this map was engraved in 1839, and he presented the copyright to the society. Meanwhile in 1819 he published his only independent book, 'A Critical Examination of the first principles of Geology,' a series of eight essays, mainly directed against the views of the plutonists. This work was translated into French, German, and Italian. Most of his addresses are of the same critical character, carefully analysing the year's work and discussing various theoretical conclusions. For a long time he refused to admit the cogency of evidence derived from fossils, but ultimately abandoned his opposition and formed a collection. In 1822 he built himself a house in the Regent's Park, his home for the remainder of his life. He was one of the first trustees of the Geological Society under its charter in 1826, an original member of the British Association in 1831, one of the original council of University College, an active member of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, and a fellow of the Royal, Linnean, and Ethnological Societies. He acted as president of the Royal Geographical Society in 1839 and 1840, and in 1840 delivered an obituary notice of his former teacher, Blumenbach, ‘the John Hunter of Germany.’ In 1852 he laid before the Asiatic Society a series of maps of Hindostan, mainly hydrographical, and in 1854 a large-scale geological map of the whole of British India, afterwards published as a 'General Sketch of the Physical Features of British India.' This had been the work of eleven years, and in it he had the assistance of his niece, Miss Colthurst, afterwards Mrs. Greer. He then started for Italy and the East, but was taken ill on the way dropsy supervened, and he died at Naples on 2 April 1855. His books and maps were bequeathed to the Geological and Royal Geographical Societies. His bust, by Westmacott,is in the Geological Society's apartments.

GREENWAY, OSWALD (1565–1635), jesuit. [See ]

GREENWELL, DORA (1821–1882), poet and essayist, was born on 6 Dec. 1821 at Greenwell Ford in the county of Durham. Her father, an active country gentleman, became embarrassed, and when Dora was six-and-twenty their home was sold. Poverty, want of a settled home for many years, and very poor health served to deepen her religious views. For eighteen years she lived with her mother in Durham, and, after her mother's death, chiefly in London. An accident in 1881 seemed seriously to impair her delicate constitution, and she died on 29 March 1882.

Miss Greenwell began her career as an authoress by the publication of a volume of poems in 1848, the year that she left Greenwell Ford. It was well received, and was followed by another volume in 1850, ‘Stories that might be True, with other poems.’ A third volume appeared in 1861, and of this an enlarged edition was published in 1867. Her next volume of poems was called ‘Carmina Crucis’ 1869). These were her deepest and most characteristic effusions, ‘road-side songs, with both joy and sorrow in them.’ She afterwards


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published ‘Songs of Salvation’ (1873), ‘The Soul's Legend’ (1873), and ‘Camera Obscura’ (1876), all in verse. Her principal prose works, ‘The Patience of Hope’ (1860), ‘A Present Heaven’ (1855, reissued in 1867 as ‘The Covenant of Life and Peace’), and ‘Two Friends’ (2nd edit. 1867,with a sequel, ‘Colloquia Crucis,’ 1871), are full of deep and beautiful religious thought. A volume of ‘Essays’ appeared in 1866, consisting chiefly of pieces that had appeared in periodicals, and included ‘Our Single Women,’ originally an article in the ‘North British Review,’ February 1862, in which she earnestly pleaded for the extension of educated women's work, with a due regard to their appropriate sphere. Another of her books was a ‘Life of Lacordaire’ (1867), with whose character and views she was in many respects in close sympathy. She also wrote a memoir of the quaker John Woolman (1871), and ‘Liber Humanitatis: Essays on Spiritual and Social Life’ (1875).

To the American edition (1862) of the ‘Patience of Hope’ a preface was prefixed by Whittier, who classed the writer with Thomas à Kempis, Augustine, Fénelon, John Woolman, and Tauler. Whittier says of Miss Greenwell's work: ‘It assumes the life and power of the gospel as a matter of actual experience; it bears unmistakable evidence of a realisation on the part of the author of the truth that Christianity is not simply historical and traditional, but present and permanent, with its roots in the infinite past and its branches in the infinite future, the eternal spring and growth of divine love.’

[Memoirs of Dora Greenwell, by William Dorling, London, 1885; selections from her Poetical Works, by the same editor, in the Canterbury Poets, 1889; personal knowledge.]  GREENWELL, LEONARD (1781–1844), major-general, born in 1781, was third son of Joshua Greenwell of Kibblesworth, of the family of Greenwell of Greenwell Ford, county Durham. He entered the army by purchase as ensign in the 45th foot in 1802, became lieutenant in 1803, and captain 1804. In 1806 he embarked with his regiment in the secret expedition under General Cranford, which ultimately was sent to La Plata as a reinforcement, and took part in the operations against Buenos Ayres. He landed with the regiment in Portugal on 1 Aug. 1808, and, save on two occasions when absent on account of wounds, was present with it throughout the Peninsular campaigns from Roliça to Toulouse. He was in temporary command of the regiment during Massena's retreat from Torres Vedras, at the battle of Fuentes d'Onoro, and at the final siege and fall of Badajoz; he became regimental major after Busaco, and received a brevet lieutenant-colonelcy after the battle of Salamanca; he conducted the light troops of Picton's division at Orthez, and succeeded to the command of his regiment on the fall of Colonel Forbes at Toulouse. In the course of these campaigns he was repeatedly wounded, was shot through the body, through the neck, and through the right arm, a bullet lodged in his left arm, and another in his right leg. In 1819 Greenwell took his regiment out to Ceylon, and commanded it there for six years, but was compelled to return home through ill-health before it embarked for Burma. In 1831 he was appointed commandant at Chatham, a post he vacated on promotion to major-general 10 Jan. 1837.

Greenwell was a K.C.B. and K.C.H. He had purchased all his regimental steps but one. He died in Harley Street, Cavendish Square, London, on 11 Nov. 1844, aged 63.

[Army Lists; Philippart's Roy. Mil. Calendar, 1820, iv. 429; Gent. Mag. 1845, pt. i. 98.]  GREENWICH, [See Campbell, John (1678-1743) (DNB00), second, 1678–1743.]  GREENWOOD, JAMES (d. 1737), grammarian, was for some time usher to Benjamin Morland at Hackney, but soon after 1711 opened a boarding-school at Woodford in Essex. At midsummer 1721, when Morland became high-master, he was appointed surmaster of St. Paul's School, London, a post which he held until his death on 12 Sept. 1737 (Gent. Mag. 1737, p. 574). He left a widow, Susannah. He was the author of: 1. ‘An Essay towards a practical English Grammar. Describing the Genius and Nature of the English Tongue,’ &c., 12mo, London, 1711 ; 2nd edit. 1722; 3rd edit. 1729; 5th edit. 1753. It received the praises of Professor Andrew Ross of Glasgow, Dr. George Hickes, John Chamberlayne, and Isaac Watts, who in his ‘Art of Reading and Writing English’ considered that Greenwood had shown in his book ‘the deep Knowledge, without the haughty Airs of a Critick.’ At Watts's suggestion Greenwood afterwards published an abridgment under the title of ‘The Royal English Grammar,’ which he dedicated to the Princess of Wales; the fourth edition of this appeared in 1750, an eighth in 1770. The appearance of two other English grammars by John Brightland and Michael Mattaire at about the same time called forth an anonymous attack on all three books, entitled ‘Bellum Grammatical; or the Grammatical Battel Royal. In Reflections on the


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three English Grammars publish'd in about a year last past,’ 8vo, London, 1712. Greenwood also wrote ‘The London Vocabulary, English and Latin: put into a new Method proper to acquaint theLearner with Things, as well as Pure Latin Words. Adorn'd with Twenty Six Pictures,’ &c., 3rd edition, 12mo, London 1713 (many editions, both English and American). It is, however, nothing more than an abridgment of Jan Amos Komensky's ‘Orbis Pictura.’ Greenwood's last work was ‘The Virgin Muse. Being a Collection of Poems from our most celebrated English Poets … To which are added some Copies of Verses never before printed; with notes,’ &c., 12mo, London, 1717; 2nd edition, 1722. It does not appear that Greenwood himself was a contributor.

[Notes and Queries, 1st ser.xi. 311; Gardiner's St. Paul's School Reg. pp. 78, 80.]  GREENWOOD, JOHN (d. 1593), independent divine, matriculated as a sizar at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, on 18 March 1577-8, and graduated B.A. in 1580-1. He does not appear to have taken any further degree, though he is sometimes styled M.A. He entered the church, and was ordained deacon by Aylmer, bishop of London, and priest by the Bishop of Lincoln. He was previously to 1582 employed by Robert Wright to say service at Rochford, Essex, in the house of Lord Robert Rich, who was a leader of the puritans. He was already described as 'a man known to have given over the ministry' (, Annals, iii. 124) Afterwards he became connected with Henry Barrow [q. v.] In the autumn of 1586 Greenwood was arrested in the house of one Henry Martin at St. Andrew's in the Wardrobe in London, while holding a private conventicle, and was imprisoned in the Clink, Southwark, where he was visited on 19 Nov. by Barrow, who was consequently arrested. Greenwood appeared before Archbishop Whitgift, Aylmer, and others, and underwent a long examination, in the course of which he denied the scriptural authority of the English church and of episcopal government (Examination, pp. 22-5). Paule (Life of Whitgift, §§ 66, 67, ed. 1612) says that 'upon show of conformity Greenwood and Barrow were enlarged upon bonds, but all in vain; for after their liberties they burst forth into further extremities, and were again committed to the Fleet, 20 July 1588 [1587].' After an imprisonment of thirty weeks in the Clink they were, according to the account given by Baker (MS. Harl. 7041, f. 311), removed under a habeas corpus to the Fleet, where they 'lay upon an execution of two hundred and sixty pounds apiece.' In March 1589 Greenwood held conferences with Archdeacon Hutchinson at the Fleet; the sum of them was printed in 'A Collection of certaine Sclanderous Articles,' 1589. Greenwood was kept in prison over four years (, Memorials, i. 59). Together with his fellow-prisoners, Barrow and John Penry, he employed himself in writing various books, which were smuggled out of the prison in fragments, and printed in the Netherlands [see more fully under ]. In 1592 Greenwood obtained his release, and met with Francis Johnson, formerly a preacher at Middleburg, who had been employed by the English bishops to destroy all copies of a tract by Greenwood and Barrow entitled 'Plain refutation of Mr. Gifford's … Short Treatise, &c.,' but had undergone a change of opinions through the perusal of a copy which he had preserved. Greenwood joined with Johnson in forming a congregation in the house of one Fox in Nicholas Lane; Johnson became minister, and Greenwood doctor or teacher; from this the beginning of Congregationalism is sometimes dated. On 5 Dec. 1592 Greenwood and Johnson were arrested shortly after midnight at the house of Edward Boys in Fleet Street, and taken to the Counter in Wood Street, Cheapside, and in the morning the archbishop recommitted Greenwood to the Fleet. On 11 and 20 March Greenwood was examined, and confessed to the authorship of his books (Egerton Papers, pp. 171, 176). On 21 March Greenwood and Barrow were indicted, and two days later Sir Thomas Egerton [q. v.], the attorney-general, writes that they had been tried for publishing and dispensing seditious books, and ordered to be executed on the morrow. According to Barrow's account, preparation was made for their execution on 24 March, but they were reprieved, and certain doctors were sent to exhort them; however, on the 31st they were taken to Tyburn, but again at the last moment reprieved (Apologie, p. 92); this seems to have been due to an appeal from Thomas Philippes to Burghley (, Congregationalism, p. 245). But shortly after they were suddenly taken from prison and hanged at Tyburn, 6 April 1593. According to a statement in the 1611 edition of Barrow's 'Platform,' Dr. Raynolds is said to have told Elizabeth that Barrow and Greenwood, 'had they lived, would have been two as worthy instruments of the church of God as have been raised up in this age.' Elizabeth is doubtfully said to have regretted their execution. Bancroft writes: 'Greenwood is but a simple fellow, Barrow is the man' (Survey of Pretended Holy


text: Author:George Frederick Kunz

title: Author:George Frederick Kunz


text: Portal talk:Horsemanship

title: Portal talk:Horsemanship


text: Portal talk:Drugs and alcohol

title: Portal talk:Drugs and alcohol


text: Portal talk:Humour

title: Portal talk:Humour


text:
User:Prosody/pagelinker.js

//fixme: magic period at end of roman numerals //todo: storage a la TOCindex //     multi-volume support

importScript('User:Prosody/textinputs_standalone.js');

var romandigits = { "i":1, "v":5, "x":10, "l":50, "c":100, "d":500, "m":1000 };

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function pageLinkDriver { try { var editbox=document.getElementById('wpTextbox1'); var editsummary=document.getElementById('wpSummary'); var selection = rangyTextInputs.getSelection(editbox); if (selection.length!=0) { rangyTextInputs.replaceSelectedText(editbox, linkPages(selection.text)); } else { editbox.value = linkPages(editbox.value); }		editsummary.value = editsummary.value + "Automatically linking pages with User:Prosody/pagelinker.js."; if (/you have to manually link\.\}\}/.test(editbox.value)) { throw ("There were some errors matching page numbers to chapters. Please manually edit."); }	} catch (e) { alert(e); } }

//haphazardly adapted from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:NerdyScienceDude/Scripts/extratoolbarbuttons.js and UsabilityInitiative/EditToolbar/EditToolbar.js if ( typeof $j != 'undefined' && typeof $.fn.wikiEditor != 'undefined' ) { $(document).ready( function {		$( '#wpTextbox1' ).wikiEditor( 'addToToolbar', { 'section': 'main', 'group': 'insert', 'tools': { 'linkpage': { label: 'Link page numbers', type: 'button', icon: '//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/Button_link_pages.png', action: { type: 'callback', execute: pageLinkDriver }				}			}		});	}); } else if (typeof $j != 'undefined') { $(document).ready(function {		var image = document.createElement( 'img' );		image.width = 23;		image.height = 22;		image.className = 'mw-toolbar-editbutton';		image.id = 'mw-toolbar-linkpages';		image.src = '//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/Button_link_pages.png';		image.border = 0;		image.alt = 'Link together pages.';		image.title = 'Link together pages.';		image.style.cursor = 'pointer';		image.onclick = pageLinkDriver;		document.getElementById( 'toolbar' ).appendChild(image);	}); }

title: User:Prosody/pagelinker.js


text:
Author:Karl Krumbacher

Works

 * (II. Byzantine)

title: Author:Karl Krumbacher


text:
Author:Franz Xaver Kraus

Works

 * (History, 1870-1900)

title: Author:Franz Xaver Kraus


text: Portal talk:Press releases

title: Portal talk:Press releases


text:
Author:Edmund Knecht

Works

 * (Manufacturing)
 * (Manufacturing)
 * (Manufacturing)
 * (Manufacturing)
 * (Manufacturing)
 * (Manufacturing)

title: Author:Edmund Knecht


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Greenhill, John


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Greenhill, Joseph


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Greenhill, Thomas


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Greenhow, Edward Headlam


text: Portal talk:Quantrill's Raid into Kansas


text:
Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 23.djvu/392

Johnson. He gradually made a reputation as a political writer, and in 1745 received a pension of 200l. a year from the Pelham government. So considerable was his influence, and so unscrupulous were his political opinions, that he asked for and was granted a renewal of his pension by the Bute government in 1762. In 1763 he published his first book, a 'Complete List of the English Peerage.' In spite of revision by noblemen this work is inaccurate. His next work was a 'History of England from the Invasion of Julius Cæsar to 1688,' 4 vols., Lond. 1744-51, which was the first attempt to base history on parliamentary records. About 1764-7 he published, along with certain collaborators 'eminent in this branch of literature,' 'A General History of the World, from the Creation to the Present Time,' in twelve volumes; this was favourably noticed in the 'Critical Review,' as it was said, by the author himself. In 1767 appeared 'A General History of Scotland,' 10 vols. 8vo. It is painstaking and vigorous, but inaccurate, particularly in the early periods. Probably his most noted book was his 'Geographical, Historical, and Commercial Grammar' (1770), which reached numerous editions, and was translated into French in 1801. Besides translations from Quintilian (1756) and Cicero (1744-54-55-58), he also wrote 'The Friends,' a sentimental history, in two volumes (1754), and 'Remarks on English Tragedy' (1757). Guthrie is more than once referred to by Johnson in terms of some respect. He died on 9 March 1770, and was buried in Marylebone.

[Chambers's Eminent Scotsmen; Boswell's Life of Johnson.]  GUTHRUM or GUTHORM (d. 890) was one of the leaders of a Danish host which, encamping near Reading in 871, waged a stubborn warfare with King Æthelred and his successor Ælfred throughout that year and the next; attacked Northumbria in 873; conquered Mercia in 874 ; and in the spring of 875 split into two divisions, one of which returned with Halfdene to Northumbria, while the other, led by 'the three kings Guthorm, Oskytel, and Amund,' marched from Repton to Cambridge, and thence in 876 sailed round the coast to Wareham. Ælfred bought their assent to a treaty whereby they swore to quit his realm; but as many of them as could find horses stole away by night to Exeter, and it was not until he had starved them into surrender that the whole Danish host again 'gave him hostages and sware mickle oaths and held good peace' (877). After spending the summer in Mercia, Guthrum withdrew to winter at Gloucester; here he was joined by reinforcements, and early in 878 he appeared at the head of all his forces at Chippenham. His march took Wessex completely by surprise, and the Danes overran the whole country east of Selwood, while Ælfred retired into Somerset. But in May 878 he defeated them in a pitched battle at Ethandun (Edington, Wiltshire), and a fortnight's siege of their camp starved them into surrender. By a treaty made at Wedmore, Guthrum pledged himself to become a Christian and to withdraw from Ælfred's kingdom; and that kingdom, as we know from after events, was now defined so as to exclude the Danes from all England south of Thames and west of Watling Street, as far north as the Ribble and as far east as the sources of the Don, the Derwent, and the Soar'. Of the territory thus left to the Danes, the portion which fell to Guthrum was East Anglia, i.e. the old kingdom so called, with the addition of Essex, London, and the district on the northern bank of the Thames as far as (but not including) Oxford, and apparently 'the old East-Anglian supremacy over the southern districts of the Fen.' About three weeks after the treaty was made, Guthrum came to Ælfred at Aller, near Athelney, 'and the king was his godfather in baptism, and his chrism-loosing was at Wedmore; and he was twelve days with the king, and he greatly honoured him and his companions with gifts.' When, therefore, Guthrum's host, after a year spent in peace at Cirencester, went into East Anglia 'and settled the land and parted it among them' (880), they went to set up a professedly Christian realm. Guthrum himself, if later chroniclers may be trusted, speedily sought a new field for action across the Channel, and took a leading part in the great fight at Saucourt, 881 (Alberic of Trois-Fontaines, in Rer. Gall. Scriptt. ix. 58 B; cf. Chron. Centul., ib. viii. 273 E). In 885 he broke the treaty of Wedmore by allowing his followers to join their brethren from over sea in a fresh attack upon Wessex; they were, however, worsted in the struggle, and next year Guthrum submitted to a new 'frith' whereby the western half of Essex, with London, was given up to Ælfred (, Anc. Laws, i. 66, 67, fol. ed.) Guthrum's baptismal name was Æthelstan; he was probably the 'king called Æthelstan,' who, according to the saga of Harald Haarfager, had 'at this time taken the kingdom of England,' i.e. about 883-93, and who is said to have sent an embassy to the Norwegian king and received envoys from him 'in London' (, Heimskringla, transl. Laing, i. 308-10). In a Norman tradition he appears under the disguise of 'the most Christian


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king of the English, Alstemus by name,' as sending envoys and presents to Hrolf, who leaves the siege of Paris (885) to go to his aid against his rebellious subjects, the English people (, Hist. Norm. Scriptt. pp. 72, 73, 78). Guthrum died in 890 (Engl. Chron. ad ann.) Some laws are extant which purport to have been drawn up between 'Guthrum' and Eadward the Elder, who became king in 901, whence it appears that there was a second bearer of the name who may have been a son of the first, and may have ruled in East-Anglia between 906, when Eadward made a treaty with the East Anglian Danes after the death of their king Eohric (905), and 921, when their territory was annexed to the dominions of the West-Saxon king.

[English Chronicle, ed. Thorpe (Rolls Ser.); Asser, ed. Wise; Æthelweard, ed. Savile (Angl. Rer. Scriptt. post Bedam); Green's Conquest of England.]  GUTHRY, HENRY (1600?–1676), bishop of Dunkeld. [See ]  GUTO Y GLYN (fl. 1430–1468), Welsh poet, was a native of Llangollen in Denbighshire. He was domestic bard to the abbot of Valle Crucis, or Glyn Egwestl (whence his name), near Llangollen. Gutyn Owain and Dafydd ab Edmwnt were among his contemporaries. According to Dr. W. O. Pughe, 119 of his poems are extant in manuscript, chiefly in the British Museum. Wilkins gives the titles of more than ninety of these, as well as translations of two. From one of these two Iolo Morganwg adduced what he considered substantial proof of the genuineness of the alleged ancient British alphabet called 'Coelbren y Beirdd.' Two poems are addressed to his patron, and contain particulars respecting the abbey not obtainable elsewhere; two are published in the Iolo MSS., and three more in the records of Denbigh. One of these to the Lord Herbert was composed about 1468, when Denbigh was burnt, and another describes 'how it was' (sut y bu) in the battle of Malmesbury (Mambri). Another interesting poem is that in which he seeks to borrow 'The Book of the Holy Grail' from Trahaearn of Waunllwg for the abbot of Valle Crucis. 'His celebrity as a man of genius made him a welcome guest when he made the usual triennial circuit through the Principality. The publication of his poems would be a valuable introduction to the social history of Wales' (, 'Eminent Welshmen).

[Stephens's Lit. of Kymry, 1876, p. 418; Lewis Glyn Cothi's Works, p. 259; Wilkins's Lit. of Wales, pp. 80-91; Williams's Eminent Welshmen; Gweirydd ab Rhys's Llenyddiaeth y Cymry, 1888; Archæologia Cambrensis, 1876.]  GUTTERIDGE, WILLIAM (1798–1872), violinist, organist, and professor, was born at Chelmsford, Essex, in 1798, and lived when a child at Tenterden in Kent, where he had lessons on the violin from a dancing-master. Further musical instruction was obtained at Brussels, where he stayed during the events of 1815, and led the band of the theatre in the park. On his return to England about 1818, Gutteridge held a similar post at the Birmingham theatre, and somewhat later that of chorus-master at the Surrey. Gutteridge became a member of George IV's band (of seventy performers, mostly Germans, under Cramer) and afterwards of William IV's private band, and was occasional organist at the Royal Chapel of the Brighton Pavilion. Gutteridge's activity in Brighton, where he resided from about 1823 to 1872, was very great. He was organist of St. Peter's Church from its opening in 1828, and in the same year helped in the re-establishment of the Old Sacred Harmonic Society; he was afterwards conductor, then leader, of the newer society of that name. He opened for a short time a music warehouse in Castle Square, and was enterprising in introducing to Brighton audiences great performers, such as Paganini, Pasta, and Braham. Gutteridge's compositions are unimportant; they include services, anthems, ballads, &c.; but it is as a violinist and organist that he is remembered. His talent secured him the direct patronage of royalty. He took part in a quartet with George IV and the two princes, who afterwards became respectively king of the Belgians and king of Hanover; he accompanied Queen Victoria (September 1837) in a song from Costa's 'Malek Adel' (sung 'in a pure, unaffected, correct, and charming manner') on the old Pavilion organ; and counted the present Duke of Cambridge among his pupils. Gutteridge was also greatly respected for his excellent personal qualities, and his reminiscences of an active life added interest to his conversation. Not the least satisfactory of his adventures was his runaway marriage (from Margate to Gretna Green) with a lady who afterwards bore him nineteen children, seven of whom survived their parents. Gutteridge died at 55 London Road, Brighton, 23 Sept. 1872, and was buried in a vault in the old churchyard of St. Nicholas, Brighton.

Another (fl. 1813), military music-master and bandmaster of the 62nd regiment, published in 1824 'The Art of playing Gutteridge's Clarinet.'  Rh


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 [Brighton Herald and other papers of September and October 1872; Musical Directories; Harmonicon, 1832; Brit. Mus. Music Library; Dict. of Music, 1827, p. 310.]  GUY, hero of romance, is almost wholly a creature of fiction. Dugdale and other historians of Warwickshire literally accepted as historical the series of legends respecting him, to which literary shape seems to have been first given by an Anglo-Norman poet of the twelfth century. Omitting the obviously romantic details in which the story abounds, the legends are to the following effect. Guy, the son of Siward or Seguard of Wallingford, was educated by Harald or Heraud of Arden. He became page to Roalt or Rohand, earl of Warwick, Rockingham, and Oxford, and fell in love with Rohand's daughter Felice, who declined to marry him until he had proved his valour. His first expedition to the continent failed to satisfy Felice, and he was sent forth again on another foreign tour, in the course of which he fought against the Saracens at Constantinople. Once more in England, he was welcomed by Athelstan at York, and slew a savage dragon which was devastating Northumberland. Thereupon Felice consented to marry him, but he soon left her at Warwick to journey as a palmer to the Holy Land. Coming back for a third time to England, he found Athelstan besieged in Winchester by the Danes under Anlaf. The Danes boasted among their forces a giant named Colbrand. A duel to decide the war was arranged between Guy and Colbrand, and Guy killed the Danish champion. He then returned to Warwick, and lived as a holy man in a hermit's cell, practising the severest asceticism. Felice long lived in ignorance of his presence in the town, but finally identified him by a ring which he sent her by a herdsman, and she attended his deathbed. She survived her husband only a fortnight. Their son Rembrun or Raynbrun is credited in continuations of the romance with much the same career as his father.

These legends seem to embody incoherently several Anglo-Saxon traditions of the tenth and eleventh centuries. The central feature is the fight of Guy and the Danish giant, Anlaf's champion, before Winchester in the reign of Athelstan. It has been suggested that this episode is a tradition of the great battle of Brunanburh, fought by Athelstan against Anlaf of Denmark in 937. There are difficulties in the identification. The site of Brunanburh is not positively known, but it certainly was not at or near Winchester, where Guy is said in the romance to have slain Colbrand, and where the scene of the alleged combat has been identified in local tradition. We know, indeed, from authentic history that the Danes under Anlaf never besieged Athelstan in that city. But Olaf (Tryggvason) of Denmark—Olaf and Anlaf are practically identical names—undoubtedly threatened Winchester in the reign of Ethelred in 993, and it is possible that the tradition embodied in the romance may spring from a popular confusion between the two Danish invasions. According to the Danish 'Egilssage' (of the eleventh or twelfth century) Athelstan was aided at the battle of Brunanburh by two brothers, northern vikings of repute, named respectively Egil and Thorolf; but the attempt made by George Ellis [q. v.] to identify Guy with Egil is philologically absurd.

The name Guy is probably of Teutonic origin. It may possibly be a Norman reproduction of the Anglo-Saxon name 'Wigod,' or some other combination of the Anglo-Saxon 'wig,' i.e. war. Guy's father, Siward, is described in the romance as lord of Wallingford. An historical Wigod of Wallingford was cupbearer to Edward the Confessor, and was in favour with William the Conqueror, while his daughter and granddaughter (Matilda, wife (1) of Miles Crespin, and (2) Brian Fitzcount) held the lordship of Wallingford till the reign of Henry II.

Another shadowy historical confirmation of the romance may lie in the fact that an historical Siward, a grandson of Alwin, who was sheriff of Warwickshire shortly before the Norman conquest, had, according to documents quoted by Dugdale, a daughter of the unusual name of Felicia (Guy's mistress in the romance is Felice). The historical Siward's family seems, moreover, to have at some time alienated land to Wigod of Wallingford.

It is clear, nevertheless, that the mass of details in the romance is pure fiction. It was during the thirteenth century that the story in the original Norman-French verse became generally familiar in both France and England, and was translated into English. The oldest manuscript of the French poem is in the library at Wolfenbüttel (cf. description of this manuscript, Wismar, 1848), and may be as early as the end of the thirteenth century. The oldest English version—the Auchinleck MS. in the Advocates' Library, Edinburgh—is of little later date. (This manuscript was first printed by the Abbotsford Club in 1840, and has been reprinted by Professor Zupitza for the Early English Text Society.) 'Sir Gye of Warwike' is referred to as a knight 'of grete renowne' in Hampole's prologue to 'Speculum


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Rh and I told her the truth,—that it was a present from one of the boys for my kindness to him. Well, what does she do but writes back to Dr. Swishtail, when I went to school, thanking him for his attention to her dear son, and sending a shilling to the good and grateful little boy who had given me the waistcoat!

"What waistcoat is it," says the Doctor to me, "and who gave it to you?"

"Bunting gave it me, sir," says I.

"Call Bunting:" and up the little ungrateful chap came. Would you believe it? he burst into tears,—told that the waistcoat had been given him by his mother, and that he had been forced to give it up for a debt to Copper Merchant, as the nasty little black-guard called me. He then said, how, for three-half-pence, he had been compelled to pay me three shillings (the sneak! as if he had been obliged to borrow the three-halfpence!)—how all the other boys had been swindled (swindled!) by me in like manner,—and how, with only twelve shillings, I had managed to scrape together four guineas. * *


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20 piece. Then I gave her a very pretty needle-book, which I made myself with an ace of spades from a new pack of cards we had, and I got Sally, our maid, to cover it with a bit of pink satin her mistress had given her; and I made the leaves of the book, which I vandyked very nicely, out of a piece of flannel I had had round my neck for a sore throat. It smelt a little of hartshsorn, but it was a beautiful needle-book; and mamma was so delighted with it, that she went into town, and brought me a gold-laced hat. Then I bought papa a pretty china tobacco-stopper: but I am sorry to say of my dear father that he was not so generous as my mamma or myself, for he only bust out laughing, and did not give me so much as a half-crown piece, which was the least I expected from him. "I sha'n't give you any thing, Bob, this time," says he; "and I wish, my boy, you would not make any more such presents,—for, really, they are too expensive." Expensive, indeed! I hate manners,—even in a father.

I must tell you about the silver-edged waistcoat which Bunting gave me. Mamma asked me about it


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my mamma heard of the treatment of her darling she was bringing an action against the schoolmaster, or else for tearing his eyes out (when dear soul she would not have torn the eyes out of a flea, had it been her own injury), and, at the very least, for having me removed from the school where I had been so shamefully treated. But papa was stern for once, and vowed that I had been served quite right, declared that I should not be removed from the school; and sent old Swishtail a brace of pheasants for what he called his kindness to me. Of these the old gentleman invited me to partake, and made a very queer speech at dinner, as he was cutting them up, about the excellence of my parents, and his own determination to


text:
Edwards v. Kearzey/Concurrence Clifford

MR. JUSTICE CLIFFORD.

I concur in the judgment in this case, upon the ground that the State law, passed subsequent to the time when the debt in question was contracted, so changed the nature and extent of the remedy for enforcing the payment of the same as it existed at the time as materially to impair the rights and interests which the complaining party acquired by virtue of the contract merged in the judgment.

Where an appropriate remedy exists for the enforcement of the contract at the time it was made, the State legislature cannot deprive the party of such a remedy, nor can the legislature append to the right such restrictions or conditions as to render its exercise ineffectual or unavailing. State legislatures may change existing remedies, and substitute others in their place; and, if the new remedy is not unreasonable, and will enable the party to enforce his rights without new and burden some restrictions, the party is bound to pursue the new remedy, the rule being, that a State legislature may regulate at pleasure the modes of proceeding in relation to past contracts as well as those made subsequent to the new regulation.

Examples where the principle is universally accepted may be given to confirm the proposition. Statutes for the abolition of imprisonment for debt are of that character, and so are statutes requiring instruments to be recorded, and statutes of limitation.

All admit that imprisonment for debt may be abolished in respect to past contracts as well as future; and it is equally well settled that the time within which a claim or entry shall be barred may be shortened, without just complaint from any quarter. Statutes of the kind have often been passed; and it has never been held that such an alteration in such a statute impaired the obligation of a prior contract, unless the period allowed in the new law was so short and unreasonable as to amount to a substantial denial of the remedy to enforce the right. Angell, Lim. (6th ed.), sect. 22; Jackson v. Lamphire, 3 Pet. 280.

Beyond all doubt, a State legislature may regulate all such proceedings in its courts at pleasure, subject only to the condition that the new regulation shall not in any material respect impair the just rights of any party to a pre-existing contract. Authorities to that effect are numerous and decisive; and it is equally clear that a State legislature may, if it thinks proper, direct that the necessary implements of agriculture, or the tools of the mechanic, or certain articles of universal necessity in household furniture, shall, like wearing-apparel, not be liable to attachment and execution for simple-contract debts. Regulations of the description mentioned have always been considered in every civilized community as properly belonging to the remedy to be exercised or not by every sovereignty, according to its own views of policy and humanity.

Creditors as well as debtors know that the power to adopt such regulations reside in every State, to enable it to secure its citizens from unjust, merciless, and oppressive litigation, and protect those without other means in their pursuits of labor, which are necessary to the well-being and the very existence of every community.

Examples of the kind were well known and universally approved both before and since the Constitution was adopted, and they are now to be found in the statutes of every State and Territory within the boundaries of the United States; and it would be monstrous to hold that every time some small addition was made to such exemptions that the statute making it impairs the obligation of every existing contract within the jurisdiction of the State passing the law.

Mere remedy, it is agreed, may be altered, at the will of the State legislature, if the alteration is not of a character to impair the obligation of the contract; and it is properly conceded that the alteration, though it be of the remedy, if it materially impairs the right of the party to enforce the contract, is equally within the constitutional inhibition. Difficulty would doubtless attend the effort to draw a line that would be applicable in all cases between legitimate alteration of the remedy, and provisions which, in the form of remedy, impair the right; nor is it necessary to make the attempt in this case, as the courts of all nations agree, and every civilized community will concede, that laws exempting necessary wearing-apparel, the implements of agriculture owned by the tiller of the soil, the tools of the mechanic, and certain articles or utensils of a household character, universally recognized as articles or utensils of necessity, are as much within the competency of a State legislature as laws regulating the limitation of actions, or laws abolishing imprisonment for debt. Bronson v. Kinzie, 1 How. 311.

Expressions are contained in the opinion of the court which may be construed as forbidding all such humane legislation, and it is to exclude the conclusion that any such views have my concurrence that I have found it necessary to state the reasons which induced me to reverse the judgment of the State court.

title: Edwards v. Kearzey/Concurrence Clifford


text:
Edwards v. Kearzey/Concurrence Hunt

MR. JUSTICE HUNT.

I concur in the judgment in this case, for the reasons following:--

By the Constitution of North Carolina of 1868, the personal property of any resident of the State, to the value of $500, is exempt from sale under execution; also, a homestead, the dwelling and buildings thereon, not exceeding in value $1,000.

The debts in question were incurred before the exemptions took effect. The court now holds that the exemptions are invalid. In this I concur, not for the reason that any and every exemption made after entering into a contract is invalid, but that the amount here exempted is so large, as seriously to impair the creditor's remedy for the collection of his debt.

I think that the law was correctly announced by Mr. Chief Justice Taney in Bronson v. Kinzie (1 How. 311), when he said: A State 'may, if it thinks proper, direct that the necessary implements of agriculture, or the tools of a mechanic, or articles of necessity in household furniture, shall, like wearing-apparel, be not liable to execution on judgments.'

The principle was laid down with the like accuracy by Judge Denio, in Morse v. Goold (11 N. Y. 281), where he says: 'There is no universal principle of law that every part of the property of a debtor is liable to be seized for the payment of a judgment against him. . . . The question is, whether the law which prevailed when the contract was made has been so far changed that there does not remain a substantial and reasonable mode of enforcing it in the ordinary and regular course of justice. Taking the mass of contracts and the situation and circumstances of debtors as they are ordinarily found to exist, no one could probably say that exempting the team and household furniture of a householder to the amount of $150 from levy or execution would directly affect the efficiency of remedies for the collection of debts.' Mr. Justice Woodbury lays down the same rule in Planters' Bank v. Sharp et al., 6 How. 301.

In my judgment, the exemption provided for by the North Carolina Constitution is so large, that, in regard to the mass of contracts and the situation and circumstances of debtors as they are ordinarily found to exist, it would seriously affect the efficiency of remedies for the collection of debts, and that it must, therefore, be held to be void.

title: Edwards v. Kearzey/Concurrence Hunt