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 Boyd escaped what appears to have been an unwelcome duty (Mitchell Papers, Add. MSS. 6860, p. 86). On 18 Sept. 1765 he exchanged from the Guards to the 39th foot, and on 6 Aug. 1766 was promoted colonel of that regiment, in succession to Lieutenant-general Aldercron, deceased. On 25 May 1768 he was appointed lieutenant-governor of Gibraltar, whither his regiment had proceeded (Home Off. Military Entry Books, vol. xxvii.) Sundry references to Colonel Boyd will be found in the Calendars of Home Office Papers for 1760-70, and a number of letters written by him whilst acting governor of Gibraltar are in British Museum, Add. MSS. 24159 to 24163. He became a major-general in 1772, and lieutenant-general in 1777. He was second in command under Lord Heathfield during the famous defence of Gibraltar from 1779 to 1783, and it was at his suggestion that red-hot shot were first employed for the destruction of the enemy's floating batteries (, p. 129). For his distinguished services at this eventful period he was created K.B. In May 1790 he succeeded Lord Heathfield as governor. On 12 Oct. 1793 he attained the rank of general, and died on 13 May 1794. He was buried in a tomb constructed by his directions in the king's bastion on the sea-line of defences, in the salient angle of which is a marble tablet, the very existence of which is now unknown to many dwellers on the Rock, with the following inscription: 'Within the walls of this bastion are deposited the mortal remains of the late General Sir Robert Boyd, K.B., governor of this fortress, who died on 13 May 1794, aged 84 years. By him the first stone of the bastion was laid in 1773, and under his supervision it was completed, when, on that occasion, in his address to the troops, he expressed a wish to see it resist the combined efforts of France and Spain, which wish was accomplished on 13 Sept. 1782, when, by the fire of this bastion, the flotilla expressly designed for the capture of this fortress were utterly destroyed.

A mural tablet in the King's Chapel, Gibraltar, also records the date of his death and the place of his burial.

 BOYD, ROBERT (d. 1883), writer on diseases of the insane, became a member of the Royal College of Surgeons in 1830, and in the following year graduated M.D. in the university of Edinburgh. In 1836 he became a licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians, and in 1852 was elected to the fellowship of the college. For some time he was resident physician at the Marylebone workhouse infirmary, and afterwards physician and superintendent of the Somerset county lunatic asylum. He then became proprietor and manager of the Southall Park private asylum, which was destroyed on Aug. 1883 by a fire in which he lost his life. In the various positions in which he was placed he utilised to the utmost his opportunities for original research. He published the annual 'Reports on the Pauper Lunatics' at the St. Marylebone infirmary and the Somerset county asylum, and contributed numerous independent papers to the literature of pathology and psychological medicine. He was the author of pathological contributions to the 'Royal Medical and Chirurgical Transactions,' vols. xxiv. and xxxii., and to the 'Edinburgh Medical Journal,' vols. lv. to lxxii.; of 'Tables of the Weights of the Human Body and Internal Organs,' in the 'Philosophical Transactions;' and of a paper, 'The Weight of the Brain at different Ages and in various Diseases.' To the 'Journal of Mental Science' he contributed no fewer than sixteen papers on 'Treatment of the Insane Poor,' 'Diseases of the Nervous System,' 'Statistics of Pauper Insanity,' and cognate subjects, the most important being that on 'General Paralysis of the Insane' in the 'Journal of Mental Science' for May and October 1871, the result of 155 post-mortem examinations of persons who had died from that disease in the Somerset county asylum. He was also the author of three papers on 'Vital Statistics,' 'Insanity,' and 'The Pauper Lunacy Laws,' published in the 'Lancet.'

 BOYD, WALTER (1754?–1837), financier, was born about 1754. Before the outbreak of the French revolution he was engaged as a banker in Paris, but the progress of events soon caused him to flee for his life, whilst the property of the firm of Boyd, Ker, & Co., of which he was the chief member, was confiscated in October 1793. On March 1793 the firm of Boyd, Benfield, & Co. was established in London. Boyd, as the principal partner, contributed 60,000l. to the common stock, and his 'name, connections,


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Rh been a Yankee he would likely have visited every weed in the land. And again, do you not remember that Christ told his disciples to 'consider the lilies how they grow,' and compared their beauty with Solomon in all his glory? Now, whose advice am I to take, yours or Christ's? Christ says, 'Consider the lilies.' You say, 'Don't consider them. It is n't worthwhile for any strong-minded man.

This evidently satisfied him, and he acknowledged that he had never thought of blossoms in that way before. He repeated again and again that I must be a very strong-minded man, and admitted that no doubt I was fully justified in picking up blossoms. He then told me that although the war was over, walking across the Cumberland Mountains still was far from safe on account of small bands of guerrillas who were in hiding along the roads, and earnestly entreated me to turn back and not to think of walking so far as the Gulf of Mexico until the country became quiet and orderly once more.

I replied that I had no fear, that I had but

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Rh very little to lose, and that nobody was likely to think it worth while to rob me; that, anyhow, I always had good luck. In the morning he repeated the warning and entreated me to turn back, which never for a moment interfered with my resolution to pursue my glorious walk.

September 11. Long stretch of level sandstone plateau, lightly furrowed and dimpled with shallow groove-like valleys and hills. The trees are mostly oaks, planted wide apart like those in the Wisconsin woods. A good many pine trees here and there, forty to eighty feet high, and most of the ground is covered with showy flowers. Polygalas [milkworts], solidagoes [goldenrods], and asters were especially abundant. I came to a cool clear brook every half mile or so, the banks planted with Osmunda regalis, Osmunda cinnamomea, and handsome sedges. The few larger streams were fringed with laurels and azaleas. Large areas beneath the trees are covered with formidable green briers and brambles, armed with hooked claws, and almost impenetrable. Houses are


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Rh far apart and uninhabited, orchards and fences in ruins—sad marks of war.

About noon my road became dim and at last vanished among desolate fields. Lost and hungry, I knew my direction but could not keep it on account of the briers. My path was indeed strewn with flowers, but as thorny, also, as mortal ever trod. In trying to force a way through these cat-plants one is not simply clawed and pricked through all one’s clothing, but caught and held fast. The toothed arching branches come down over and above you like cruel living arms, and the more you struggle the more desperately you are entangled, and your wounds deepened and multiplied. The South has plant fly-catchers. It also has plant man-catchers.

After a great deal of defensive fighting and struggling I escaped to a road and a house, but failed to find food or shelter. Towards sundown, as I was walking rapidly along a straight stretch in the road, I suddenly came in sight of ten mounted men riding abreast. They


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Rh had seen me before I discovered them, for they had stopped their horses and were evidently watching me. I saw at once that it was useless to attempt to avoid them, for the ground thereabout was quite open. I knew that there was nothing for it but to face them fearlessly, without showing the slightest suspicion of foul play. Therefore, without halting even for a moment, I advanced rapidly with long strides as though I intended to walk through the midst of them. When I got within a rod or so I looked up in their faces and smilingly bade them “Howdy.” Stopping never an instant, I turned to one side and walked around them to get on the road again, and kept on without venturing to look back or to betray the slightest fear of being robbed.

After I had gone about one hundred or one hundred and fifty yards, I ventured a quick glance back, without stopping, and saw in this flash of an eye that all the ten had turned their horses toward me and were evidently talking about me; supposedly, with reference to what


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Rh my object was, where I was going, and whether it would be worth while to rob me. They all were mounted on rather scrawny horses, and all wore long hair hanging down on their shoulders. Evidently they belonged to the most irreclaimable of the guerrilla bands who, long accustomed to plunder, deplored the coming of peace. I was not followed, however, probably because the plants projecting from my plant press made them believe that I was a poor herb doctor, a common occupation in these mountain regions.

About dark I discovered, a little off the road, another house, inhabited by negroes, where I succeeded in obtaining a much needed meal of string beans, buttermilk, and corn bread. At the table I was seated in a bottomless chair, and as I became sore and heavy, I sank deeper and deeper, pressing my knees against my breast, and my mouth settled to the level of my plate. But wild hunger cares for none of these things, and my curiously compressed position prevented the too free indulgence of boisterous appetite. Of course, I was compelled to sleep


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Rh with the trees in the one great bedroom of the open night.

September 12. Awoke drenched with mountain mist, which made a grand show, as it moved away before the hot sun. Passed Montgomery, a shabby village at the head of the east slope of the Cumberland Mountains. Obtained breakfast in a clean house and began the descent of the mountains. Obtained fine views of a wide, open country, and distant flanking ridges and spurs. Crossed a wide cool stream [Emory River], a branch of the Clinch River. There is nothing more eloquent in Nature than a mountain stream, and this is the first I ever saw. Its banks are luxuriantly peopled with rare and lovely flowers and overarching trees, making one of Nature’s coolest and most hospitable places. Every tree, every flower, every ripple and eddy of this lovely stream seemed solemnly to feel the presence of the great Creator. Lingered in this sanctuary a long time thanking the Lord with all my heart for his goodness in allowing me to enter and enjoy it.


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Template talk:Portal header

Classification changes
If necessary, to remove the classification elements: 1) Change this code: | class="gen_header_backlink" | {{Portal Parent | class    = {{{class|}} | subclass1 =  | subclass2 =  | number    =  | midclass  = {{{midclass|}}} }} back to this code: | class="gen_header_backlink" |  2) Change this code: {| class="portal_notes" | class    = | subclass1 = {{{subclass1|}}} | subclass2 = {{{subclass2|}}} | number   = {{{number|}}} }}{{Plain sister back to this code: {| class="portal_notes" This should make it easier to undo these changes if they cause any problems and a simple undo is not possible (ie. if further edits have been made to the template). - AdamBMorgan (talk) 21:22, 4 November 2010 (UTC)
 * {{Portal Class
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Tracking category/ies
Is it worth adding some tracking categories to cover where pages are moved to keep track of what has been classified? Or even a review capacity as presuming that our classification is against a standard so we know that it has been checked against the desired standard. — billinghurst  sDrewth  02:04, 7 November 2010 (UTC)
 * The classification templates already add Category:Unclassified Portals if no class if specified (at time of writing, this just contains two disambiguation pages). I can add more.  What review process do you think would be best? Should there just be Category:Unreviewed Portals/Category:Portals needing review or would Category:Reviewed Portals be useful as well? (There are some portals I've classified but I'm not sure about; Portal:Disney especially.) - AdamBMorgan (talk) 03:40, 7 November 2010 (UTC)
 * For the suggested review capacity, I've created Category:Portals needing review and the template portal review. The header will automatically categorise all portals until the parameter "reviewed" is set.  The portal review template can record information about the classification, the original classifier and the reviewer. - AdamBMorgan (talk) 02:34, 12 November 2010 (UTC)

created preload
As we update the fields in the header, we will need to update the framework that is loaded in Template:Portal header/preload — billinghurst  sDrewth  04:37, 16 January 2011 (UTC)

Need to rejig #if statements for Wikidata
The #if statements need to be rejigged here so that if there is a reference at Wikidata that the plain sister rendering of links shows without having to force one of the parameters in the template. Presunmably it is the same switcheroo that we did as discussed on Template talk:header — billinghurst  sDrewth  03:43, 26 August 2015 (UTC)
 * Applied the same change to this template as was applied to the main Header template. Is it working? -- George Orwell III (talk) 01:27, 28 August 2015 (UTC)""
 * yes, beautifully. — billinghurst  sDrewth  07:52, 28 August 2015 (UTC)

Not cascading Category:Portals into subsidiary templates
Can you please look at the best way to stop the cascading of Category:Portals to subsidiary templates like Template:Person and Template:National if they set a category that links into the parent portal. Thanks. — billinghurst  sDrewth  04:17, 1 September 2021 (UTC)

 * I think will do this: . Inductiveload— talk/contribs 06:36, 1 September 2021 (UTC)

Protected edit request : Change to use bold for formatting title.
edit protected

This solves an issue with a blank being passed from a higher level template. ShakespeareFan00 (talk) 07:44, 9 May 2023 (UTC)

 * @ShakespeareFan00: Do you have a page that demonstrates the problem? At first blush that code looks like it has the appropriate fallback to not spit out broken markup if fed empty parameters. Xover (talk) 07:54, 9 May 2023 (UTC)
 * I don't have an exact example, but I noted this issue here https://en.wikisource.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Person&diff=prev&oldid=13198378 which I fixed using a different approach. ShakespeareFan00 (talk) 07:58, 9 May 2023 (UTC)
 * If title is empty, this template should pass  to header/main block. In other words, so far as I can tell this fix isn't actually needed. Xover (talk) 08:30, 9 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Noted. but I think what it gets from some templates is title="" (ie blank, not empty). ShakespeareFan00 (talk) 08:34, 9 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Template talk:Portal header


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Rh Discovered two ferns, Dicksonia and a small matted polypod on trees, common farther South. Also a species of magnolia with very large leaves and scarlet conical fruit. Near this stream I spent some joyous time in a grand rock-dwelling full of mosses, birds, and flowers. Most heavenly place I ever entered. The long narrow valleys of the mountainside, all well watered and nobly adorned with oaks, magnolias, laurels, azaleas, asters, ferns, Hypnum mosses, Madotheca [Scale-mosses], etc. Also towering clumps of beautiful hemlocks. The hemlock, judging from the common species of Canada, I regarded as the least noble of the conifers. But those of the eastern valleys of the Cumberland Mountains are as perfect in form and regal in port as the pines themselves. The latter abundant. Obtained fine glimpses from open places as I descended to the great valley between these mountains and the Unaka Mountains on the state line. Forded the Clinch, a beautiful clear stream, that knows many of the dearest mountain retreats that ever heard the


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1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Bergson, Henri Louis

BERGSON, HENRI LOUIS (1859-      ), French philosopher, was born in Paris Oct. 18 1859. Educated at the Lycée Corot, and the École Normale he was successively professor of philosophy at the Lycée d'Angers 1881-3, at the Lycée de Clermont 1883-8, at the Collège Rollin 1888-9, at the Lycée Henry IV. 1880-97, at the École Normale Supérieure 1897-1900 and at the Collège de France 1900-21. In 1912 he was Gifford lecturer at Edinburgh. Of the three works which constitute together the full exposition of his interpretation of experience, Les Données Immediates de la Conscience was published in 1889, Matière et Mémoire in 1896, and L'Évolution Créatrice in 1907. The English translations (Time and Free Will, Matter and Memory and Creative Evolution) all belong to 1910-1. He had published also Le Rire (1900). With the exception of a pamphlet, La Significance de la Guerre (1915), nothing more appeared until L'Energie Spirituelle (1919), with Eng. trans. Mind-Energy (1920).


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Rh music of running water. Reached Kingston before dark. Sent back my plant collections by express to my brother in Wisconsin.

September 13. Walked all day across small parallel valleys that flute the surface of the one wide valley. These flutings appear to have been formed by lateral pressure, are fertile, and contain some fine forms, though the seal of war is on all things. The roads never seem to proceed with any fixed purpose, but wander as if lost. In seeking the way to Philadelphia [in Loudon County, Tennessee], I was told by a buxom Tennessee “gal” that over the hills was much the nearer way, that she always went that way, and that surely I could travel it.

I started over the flint-ridges, but soon reached a set of enchanted little valleys among which, no matter how or in what direction I traveled, I could not get a foot nearer to Philadelphia. At last, consulting my map and compass, I neglected all directions and finally reached the house of a negro driver, with whom I put up for the night. Received a good deal of


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1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Berlin

BERLIN (see 3.785). Since 1910 the city of Berlin (pop., Greater Berlin 1919 census, 1,902,509; 1910 census 2,071,257) has undergone a very considerable development in respect of the form of its municipal organization. The rapid growth of the suburbs, which were independent communities, necessitated the adoption of certain main lines of procedure, applicable both to them and to Berlin, in order to prevent conflicting action on the part of the authorities on one side and the other. This led, in 1911, to the creation of Greater Berlin as, in the first instance, an association of the city with the more important outlying districts for special objects. It embraced the city of Berlin and the towns of Charlottenburg, Schoneberg, Neukölln, Wilmersdorf, Lichtenberg and the administrative circles of Teltow and Niederbarnim. Its objects were to institute a common control of streets, roadways and the elevated railway, also of building and street alignment plans, the uniform coordination of police regulations and the acquisition of large tracts of forest and of land for building. This special union came into force on April 1 1912. It soon became manifest, however, that beyond coöperation for special purposes, a further coördination of the administrations of these places was requisite. It was only in the year 1920 that it was possible, after long negotiations, to form a new municipality of Berlin, embracing all the suburbs under a single united administration. A law to this effect was carried through the Prussian Constituent Assembly on April 27 1920 and was put into force on Oct. 1 of the same year. This law effected the centralization of Berlin and all its suburbs into one uniform municipal region (Stadtbezirk), but nevertheless left large powers of local self-administration to the individual communes (Gemeinden).

(C. K.*)

title: 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Berlin


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Rh knowledge which may be of use should I ever be a negro teamster.

September 14. Philadelphia is a very filthy village in a beautiful situation. More or less of pine. Black oak most abundant. Polypodium hexagonopterum and Aspidium acrostichoides [Christmas Fern] most abundant of ferns and most generally distributed. Osmunda claytoniana rare, not in fruit, small. Dicksonia abundant, after leaving the Cumberland Mountains. Asplenium ebeneum [Ebony Spleenwort] quite common in Tennessee and many parts of Kentucky. Cystopteris [Bladder Fern], and Asplenium filix-fœmina not common through the same range. Pteris aquilina [Common Brake] abundant, but small. Walked through many a leafy valley, shady grove, and cool brooklet. Reached Madisonville, a brisk village. Came in full view of the Unaka Mountains, a magnificent sight. Stayed over night with a pleasant young farmer.

September 15. Most glorious billowy mountain scenery. Made many a halt at open places


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1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Bernhardi, Friedrich von

BERNHARDI, FRIEDRICH VON (1849-      ), German military leader and writer, was born Nov. 22 1849 at St. Petersburg. He took part in the war of 1870-1 as a young officer in the 14th Hussars. When the German troops entered Paris in March 1871 he was the first German to ride into the city. From 1891 to 1894 he was German military attaché at Berne and was subsequently head of the military history department of the Grand General Staff in Berlin. He was appointed general in command of the VII. Army Corps at Münster in Westphalia in 1907, but retired two years later and busied himself as a military writer. Wide-spread attention was excited by the memoirs of his father, the diplomatist and historian, Theodor von Bernhardi, which he published, and still more by his celebrated book Germany and the Next War which appeared in 1912. On the outbreak of war in 1914 he was again placed at the head of an army corps and fought with success first on the Stochod, where he stormed the bridgehead of Tsarecze and afterwards on the western front, in particular at Armentières.


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Fredericksburg, Virginia Mayors 1782-1908

MAYORS OF FREDERICKSBURG, VIRGINIA IN CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER. Charles Mortimer 	from March, 1782, to March, 1783 William McWilliams 	from March, 1783, to March, 1784 James Somerville 	from March, 1784, to March, 1785 George Weedon 	from March, 1785, to March, 1786 Charles Mortimer	from March, 1786, to March, 1787 James Somerville 	from March, 1787, to March, 1788 Charles Mortimer 	from March, 1788, to March, 1789 George French 	from March, 1789, to March, 1790 Benjamin Day 	from March, 1790, to March, 1791 William Harvey 	from March, 1791, to March, 1792 James Somerville 	from March, 1792, to March, 1793 Fontaine Maury 	from March, 1793, to March, 1794 George French 	from March, 1794, to March, 1795 William Harvey 	from March, 1795, to March, 1796 Fontaine Maury 	from March, 1796, to March, 1797 William Harvey	from March, 1797--died in office March 13, 1798 William Taylor	from March 17, 1798 to March 19, 1798 Fontaine Maury 	from March, 1798, to March, 1799 George French 	from March, 1799, to March, 1800 David C. Ker	from March, 1800, to March, 1801 William S. Stone 	from March, 1801, to March, 1802 David C. Ker	from March, 1802, to March, 1803 George French 	from March, 1803, to March, 1804 Benjamin Day	from March, 1804, to March, 1805 George French 	from March, 1805, to March, 1806 Charles L. Carter	from March, 1806--resigned August 11, 1808 William Smock	from August 11, 1808, to March, 1809 Richard Johnston 	from March, 1809, to March, 1810 George French 	from March, 1810, to March, 1811 Joseph Walker 	from March, 1811, to March, 1812 George French 	from March, 1812, to March, 1813 Charles L. Carter 	from March, 1813, to March, 1814 George French 	from March, 1814, to March, 1815 John Scott	from March, 1815, to March, 1816 Garret Minor 	from March, 1816, to March, 1817 Robert Mackay 	from March, 1817, to March, 1818 Garret Minor 	from March, 1818, to March, 1819 Robert Mackay	from March, 1819, to March, 1820 David Briggs 	from March, 1820, to March, 1821 Robert Lewis	from March, 1820--died in office Feb. 10, 1829 Thomas Goodwin. from Feb. 12, 1829--died in office Jan. 15, 1836 John H. Wallace	from January 20, 1836 to March 22, 1838 Benjamin Clarke	from March 22, 1838, to March, 22, 1844 Robert Baylor Semple from Mar. 20, 1844--died in office Feb. 8, 1853 John L. Marye, Jr	from Feb. 12, 1853, to March 21, 1854 Peter Goolrick	from March. 21, 1854, to March 21, 1856 John S. Caldwell	from March 20, 1855, to March 17, 1857 Peter Goolrick          from March 17, 1857, to March 22, 1859 William S. Scott       from March 22, 1859, to March 22, 1860 Peter Goolrick          from March 21, 1860--resigned April 4, 1860 Montgomery Slaughter from April 4, 1860, removed by military April 28, 1868. Charles B. Mallam    appointed by military April 28, 1868, removed by military July 15, 1869. William B. Nye           appointed by military July 15, 1869, resigned Feb. 23, 1870. Lawrence B. Rose    elected by Council Feb. 23, 1870, to June 30, 1870 William Roy Mason   elected by the people July 1, 1870, resigned July 28, 1870. Lawrence B. Rose    from July 28, 1870, to June 30, 1872 Robert Banks Berrey from July 1, 1872, to June 30, 1874 Lawrence B. Rose    from July 1, 1874--died in office April 10, 1877 Hugh S. Doggett       from April 12, 1877, to June 30, 1880 Joseph Ward Sener from July 1, 1880, to June 30, 1884 Josiah Hazard           from July 1, 1884, to June 30, 1888 Absalom P. Rowe     from July 1, 1888, to June 30, 1896 Wm. Seymour White from July 1, 1896--died in office Nov. 26, 1897 Henry R. Gouldman   appointed Nov. 30, 1897, to June 30, 1898 Absalom P. Rowe      from July 1, 1898--died in office June 1, 1900 Marion G. Willis         appointed June 15, 1900, to June 30, 1902 Marion G. Willis         elected July 1, 1902, to June 30, 1904 Thomas P. Wallace   elected July 1, 1904, to August 31, 1908 H. Lewis Wallace      elected Sept. 1,1908, ...........................


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Rh to take breath and to admire. The road, in many places cut into the rock, goes winding about among the knobs and gorges. Dense growth of asters, liatris, and grapevines. Reached a house before night, and asked leave to stop. “Well, you’re welcome to stop,” said the mountaineer, “if you think you can live till morning on what I have to live on all the time.” Found the old gentleman very communicative. Was favored with long “bar” stories, deer hunts, etc., and in the morning was pressed to stay a day or two. September 16. “I will take you,” said he, “to the highest ridge in the country, where you can see both ways. You will have a view of all the world on one side of the mountains and all creation on the other. Besides, you, who are traveling for curiosity and wonder,


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Translation:Tales of the New Era

Section I: Virtue and Conduct

 * 1) Zhong-Jyu was a learned man. His words and actions were regarded as a criterion for the knowledgeable and a model for the public. Riding in his new official limousine, Zhong-Jyu dreamt of bringing transparent politics to the world. He was made governor of YUZHANG. Once he arrived, he asked where Sir Xu-Roo lived, intending to pay a visit to him at once. The chief secretary said, "Our people will be expecting the governor to settle down in the mansion prior to this." But Zhong-Jyu replied, "When Lord Woo had just defeated Emperor Zhou of Shang, he commended Shang-Rong, minister of the Shang, immediately; at that time he had not had a chance to rest for warmth. Compared to that, with my courtesy towards this virtuous person, is there anything wrong?
 * 2) Zi-Jyu often said, "Once in a while I cannot meet with Sir Shu-Doo, my humbleness and avarice in mind would be breeding again."
 * 3) Lin-Zong once went to RUNAN and visited Feng-Gao, but he went on a trip again before his vehicle had even stopped completely. Later he visited Shu-Doo, while days and nights passed by. When asked about the reason, he said, "Shu-Doo is broad like millions of acres of lake, which can be neither filtered transparent, nor adulterated dirty. His magnitude is deep and wide, hard to measure."

Section II: Language and Conversation

 * 1) Wen-Lee visited the newly appointed governor Feng-Gao, feeling embarrassing. Feng-Gao said, "Once Hsu-You was employed by the reputed Emirate Yao, he did not appear to be embarrassed. Why do you behave as if your garments are upside-down, Sir?" Wen-Lee answered, "As governor, you have just arrived; your Emirate Yao-like virtue has not been displayed yet, which was the reason I looked as if my garments were upside-down."
 * 2) When Hsu-Roo was nine years old, he once played in the moonlight. Somebody asked him, "If there was nothing inside the white moon, it would be extremely bright, wouldn't it?" Hsu said, "Not exactly; as an analogy, there are pupils in one's eyes. Without them, eyes would not look so bright."

Section III: Policy and Affairs

 * 1) When Zhong-Gong was chair of TAI-TSIU, there was an officer who asked for a leave by lying about his mother being ill. The affair was found out. Zhong-Gong captured him, and sentenced him to death. The chief secretary requested that this case be sent to the inspection department for review of the details. But Zhong-Gong argued, "Deceiving the monarch was not loyal, and sickening his parent was not pious; because it was neither loyal nor pious, his felony could not have been worse. Could any detail that's inspected be of more importance?"

Section XXXVI: Resentment
世說新語

title: Translation:Tales of the New Era


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Rh ought to see our gold mines. I agreed to stay and went to the mines. Gold is found in small quantities throughout the Alleghanies, and many farmers work at mining a few weeks or months every year when their time is not more valuable for other pursuits. In this neighborhood miners are earning from half a dollar to two dollars a day. There are several large quartz mills not far from here. Common labor is worth ten dollars a month.

September 17. Spent the day in botanizing, blacksmithing, and examining a grist mill. Grist mills, in the less settled parts of Tennessee and North Carolina, are remarkably simple affairs. A small stone, that a man might carry under his arm, is fastened to the vertical shaft of a little home-made, boyish-looking, back-action water-wheel, which, with a hopper and a box to receive the meal, is the whole affair. The walls of the mill are of undressed poles cut from seedling trees and there is no floor, as lumber is dear. No dam is built. The water is conveyed along some hillside until sufficient


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Rh fall is obtained, a thing easily done in the mountains.

On Sundays you may see wild, unshorn, uncombed men coming out of the woods, each with a bag of corn on his back. From a peck to a bushel is a common grist. They go to the mill along verdant footpaths, winding up and down over hill and valley, and crossing many a rhododendron glen. The flowers and shining leaves brush against their shoulders and knees, occasionally knocking off their coon-skin caps. The first arrived throws his corn into the hopper, turns on the water, and goes to the house. After chatting and smoking he returns to see if his grist is done. Should the stones run empty for an hour or two, it does no harm.

This is a fair average in equipment and capacity of a score of mills that I saw in Tennessee. This one was built by John Vohn, who claimed that he could make it grind twenty bushels a day. But since it fell into other hands it can be made to grind only ten per day. All the machines of Kentucky and Tennessee are


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 far behind the age. There is scarce a trace of that restless spirit of speculation and invention so characteristic of the North. But one way of doing things obtains here, as if laws had been passed making attempts at improvement a crime. Spinning and weaving are done in every one of these mountain cabins wherever the least pretensions are made to thrift and economy. The practice of these ancient arts they deem marks of advancement rather than of backwardness. "There's a place back heah," said my worthy entertainer, "whar there's a mill-house, an' a store-house, an' a still-house, an' a spring-house, an' a blacksmith shop—all in the same yard! Cows too, an' heaps of big gals a-milkin' them." This is the most primitive country I have seen, primitive in everything. The remotest hidden parts of Wisconsin are far in advance of the mountain regions of Tennessee and North Carolina. But my host speaks of the "old fashioned unenlightened times," like a philosopher in the best light of civilization. "I


text:
1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Bernhardt, Sarah

BERNHARDT, SARAH [] (1845-      ), French actress (see 3.801), made a specially successful tour in America in 1906. In 1909 she played Jeanne d'Arc in Paris. In 1910 she again toured in America. In 1913 she was given the Cross of the Legion of Honour. Though lame as the result of an operation, she appeared in Nov. 1920 in Paris in a new play Daniel, by Louis Verneuil, and repeated this in London in April 1921.


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 Rh believe in Providence," said he. "Our fathers came into these valleys, got the richest of them, and skimmed off the cream of the soil. The worn-out ground won’t yield no roastin’ ears now. But the Lord foresaw this state of affairs, and prepared something else for us. And what is it? Why, He meant us to bust open these copper mines and gold mines, so that we may have money to buy the corn that we cannot raise." A most profound observation.

September 18. Up the mountain on the state line. The scenery is far grander than any I ever before beheld. The view extends from the Cumberland Mountains on the north far into Georgia and North Carolina to the south, an area of about five thousand square miles. Such an ocean of wooded, waving, swelling mountain beauty and grandeur is not to be described. Countless forest-clad hills, side by side in rows and groups, seemed to be enjoying the rich sunshine and remaining motionless only because they were so eagerly absorbing it. All were united by curves and slopes of inimitable


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1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Bernstein, Eduard

BERNSTEIN, EDUARD (1850-      ), German Social-Democratic politician and writer, was born in Berlin Jan. 6 1850. From 1866 to 1878 he was employed in banks. Since 1872 he has been an active advocate and expounder of socialism. In 1878 he acted as private secretary to K. Höchberg, editor of the socialistic review Zukunft. From 1881 to 1890 he was on the editorial staff of the Social-Democrat, a leading organ of the German Social-Democratic party, which was published at Zurich because, owing to the anti-socialistic legislation, free expression for its views could not be found in Germany. He was expelled in 1888 and migrated to London, where he lived in intimate intercourse with Friedrich Engels and other followers of Karl Marx. He returned to Germany in 1901 and was elected deputy to the Reichstag for Breslau, a seat which he continued to hold till 1907. His numerous published works include: Die Voraussetzungen des Sozialismus und die Aufgaben der Sozialdemokratie (1899); Die Kommunistischen und Demokratisch-Sozialistischen Strömungen in England während des 17ten Jahrhunderts (1895); Zur Geschichte und Theorie des Sozialismus (1900); Ferdinand Lassalle und seine Bedeutung für die Arbeiterklasse (1904); Sozialismus und Demokratie in der grossen Englischen Revolution (1908) and an edition of Lassalle's speeches and writings with a biographical introduction (3 vols., 1892-3), etc. In these he dealt principally with the theoretical and historical aspects of socialism. In 1904-5 he

edited the monthly publication Dokumente des Sozialismus and in 1904 the weekly Das Neue Montagsblatt. In the conflict between the orthodox Marxists and the revisionists Bernstein was one of the foremost champions of the latter. His differences with Kautsky, the literary protagonist of the straitest sect of the Marxians, were gradually healed after Bernstein, like Kautsky, associated himself with the Independent Socialists in 1915, and still more when both of them broke with the extreme Independents, the self-styled Communists, who advocated government by councils on the Moscow pattern and the “dictatorship of the proletariat.” Immediately after the revolution Bernstein was appointed Secretary of State for the Treasury, an office which he held till Jan. 1919. He had again been a member of the Reichstag from 1912-8. Subsequently he left the Independents and returned to the fold of the governmental German Social-Democratic party.


text: Portal:General works

title: Portal:General works


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Rh softness and beauty. Oh, these forest gardens of our Father! What perfection, what divinity, in their architecture! What simplicity and mysterious complexity of detail! Who shall read the teaching of these sylvan pages, the glad brotherhood of rills that sing in the valleys, and all the happy creatures that dwell in them under the tender keeping of a Father’s care?

September 19. Received another solemn warning of dangers on my way through the mountains. Was told by my worthy entertainer of a wondrous gap in the mountains which he advised me to see. "It is called Track Gap," said he, "from the great number of tracks in the rocks—bird tracks, bar tracks, hoss tracks, men tracks, all in the solid rock as if it had been mud." Bidding farewell to my worthy mountaineer and all his comfortable wonders, I pursued my way to the South.

As I was leaving, he repeated the warnings of danger ahead, saying that there were a good many people living like wild beasts on whatever


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Rh they could steal, and that murders were some times committed for four or five dollars, and even less. While stopping with him I noticed that a man came regularly after dark to the house for his supper. He was armed with a gun, a pistol, and a long knife. My host told me that this man was at feud with one of his neighbors, and that they were prepared to shoot one another at sight. That neither of them could do any regular work or sleep in the same place two nights in succession. That they visited houses only for food, and as soon as the one that I saw had got his supper he went out and slept in the woods, without of course making a fire. His enemy did the same.

My entertainer told me that he was trying to make peace between these two men, because they both were good men, and if they would agree to stop their quarrel, they could then both go to work. Most of the food in this house was coffee without sugar, corn bread, and some times bacon. But the coffee was the greatest luxury which these people knew. The only way


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Rh of obtaining it was by selling skins, or, in particular, "sang," that is ginseng, which found a market in far-off China.

My path all to-day led me along the leafy banks of the Hiwassee, a most impressive mountain river. Its channel is very rough, as it crosses the edges of upturned rock strata, some of them standing at right angles, or glancing off obliquely to right and left. Thus a multitude of short, resounding cataracts are produced, and the river is restrained from the headlong speed due to its volume and the inclination of its bed.

All the larger streams of uncultivated countries are mysteriously charming and beautiful, whether flowing in mountains or through swamps and plains. Their channels are


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1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Bernstorff, Count Johann Heinrich von

BERNSTORFF, COUNT JOHANN HEINRICH VON (1862-      ), German diplomatist and politician, was born in London Nov. 14 1862, the son of the Prussian diplomatist Count Albrecht von Bernstorff. He entered the diplomatic service in 1899, was secretary of legation successively at Belgrade, Dresden, St. Petersburg and Munich, and (1902-6) councillor of embassy in London. He then went as consul-general to Cairo, whence he proceeded as German ambassador in 1909 to Washington and remained there until America's declaration of war against Germany in April 1917. He made great efforts to facilitate mediation by President Wilson, but he did not receive the support he expected from authoritative quarters in Berlin. He himself has repudiated any active connection with the criminal plots and intrigues which were conducted by German agents, including the German military attaché, Boy-Ed, in America before the rupture of relations; he also maintains that he entirely disapproved of the German foreign secretary, Zimmermann's, monstrous proposals to Mexico. If so his position must have been an exceedingly difficult and anomalous one. On the American declaration of war he returned to Germany and was sent as ambassador to Constantinople, where he was employed until 1918. In various publications he has endeavoured to prove that Germany, if she had followed the proper policy, could have avoided war with America. This statement of his views excited much controversy in his own country. When the revolution broke out Bernstorff left the diplomatic service, but has since taken an active part in parliamentary politics as a member of the Democratic party in the Reichstag, and has also maintained a close connexion with the international press and with pacific post-war propaganda.

 * (C. K.)


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United States Code/Title 42/Chapter 85/Section 7478

§ 7478. Period before plan approval CAA § 168

(a) Existing regulations to remain in effect
Until such time as an applicable implementation plan is in effect for any area, which plan meets the requirements of this part to prevent significant deterioration of air quality with respect to any air pollutant, applicable regulations under this chapter prior to August 7, 1977, shall remain in effect to prevent significant deterioration of air quality in any such area for any such pollutant except as otherwise provided in subsection (b) of this section.

(b) Regulations deemed amended; construction commenced after June 1, 1975
If any regulation in effect prior to August 7, 1977, to prevent significant deterioration of air quality would be inconsistent with the requirements of section 7472 (a), section 7473(b) or section 7474 (a) of this title, then such regulations shall be deemed amended so as to conform with such requirements. In the case of a facility on which construction was commenced (in accordance with the definition of “commenced” in section 7479 (2) of this title) after June 1, 1975, and prior to August 7, 1977, the review and permitting of such facility shall be in accordance with the regulations for the prevention of significant deterioration in effect prior to August 7, 1977.


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Rh sculptured, far more so than the grandest architectural works of man. The finest of the forests are usually found along their banks, and in the multitude of falls and rapids the wilderness finds a voice. Such a river is the Hiwassee, with its surface broken to a thousand sparkling gems, and its forest walls vine-draped and flowery as Eden. And how fine the songs it sings!

In Murphy [North Carolina] I was hailed by the sheriff who could not determine by my colors and rigging to what country or craft I belonged. Since the war, every other stranger in these lonely parts is supposed to be a criminal, and all are objects of curiosity or apprehensive concern. After a few minutes conversation with this chief man of Murphy I was pronounced harmless, and invited to his house, where for the first time since leaving home I found a house decked with flowers and vines, clean within and without, and stamped with the comforts of culture and refinement in all its arrangements. Striking contrast to the


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United States Code/Title 42/Chapter 85/Section 7479

§ 7479. Definitions CAA § 169

For purposes of this part—
 * (1) The term “major emitting facility” means any of the following stationary sources of air pollutants which emit, or have the potential to emit, one hundred tons per year or more of any air pollutant from the following types of stationary sources: fossil-fuel fired steam electric plants of more than two hundred and fifty million British thermal units per hour heat input, coal cleaning plants (thermal dryers), kraft pulp mills, Portland Cement plants, primary zinc smelters, iron and steel mill plants, primary aluminum ore reduction plants, primary copper smelters, municipal incinerators capable of charging more than fifty tons of refuse per day, hydrofluoric, sulfuric, and nitric acid plants, petroleum refineries, lime plants, phosphate rock processing plants, coke oven batteries, sulfur recovery plants, carbon black plants (furnace process), primary lead smelters, fuel conversion plants, sintering plants, secondary metal production facilities, chemical process plants, fossil-fuel boilers of more than two hundred and fifty million British thermal units per hour heat input, petroleum storage and transfer facilities with a capacity exceeding three hundred thousand barrels, taconite ore processing facilities, glass fiber processing plants, charcoal production facilities. Such term also includes any other source with the potential to emit two hundred and fifty tons per year or more of any air pollutant. This term shall not include new or modified facilities which are nonprofit health or education institutions which have been exempted by the State.
 * (2)
 * (A) The term “commenced” as applied to construction of a major emitting facility means that the owner or operator has obtained all necessary preconstruction approvals or permits required by Federal, State, or local air pollution emissions and air quality laws or regulations and either has
 * (i) begun, or caused to begin, a continuous program of physical on-site construction of the facility or
 * (ii) entered into binding agreements or contractual obligations, which cannot be canceled or modified without substantial loss to the owner or operator, to undertake a program of construction of the facility to be completed within a reasonable time.
 * (B) The term “necessary preconstruction approvals or permits” means those permits or approvals, required by the permitting authority as a precondition to undertaking any activity under clauses (i) or (ii) of subparagraph (A) of this paragraph.
 * (C) The term “construction” when used in connection with any source or facility, includes the modification (as defined in section 7411 (a) of this title) of any source or facility.
 * (3) The term “best available control technology” means an emission limitation based on the maximum degree of reduction of each pollutant subject to regulation under this chapter emitted from or which results from any major emitting facility, which the permitting authority, on a case-by-case basis, taking into account energy, environmental, and economic impacts and other costs, determines is achievable for such facility through application of production processes and available methods, systems, and techniques, including fuel cleaning, clean fuels, or treatment or innovative fuel combustion techniques for control of each such pollutant. In no event shall application of “best available control technology” result in emissions of any pollutants which will exceed the emissions allowed by any applicable standard established pursuant to section 7411 or 7412 of this title. Emissions from any source utilizing clean fuels, or any other means, to comply with this paragraph shall not be allowed to increase above levels that would have been required under this paragraph as it existed prior to November 15, 1990.
 * (4) The term “baseline concentration” means, with respect to a pollutant, the ambient concentration levels which exist at the time of the first application for a permit in an area subject to this part, based on air quality data available in the Environmental Protection Agency or a State air pollution control agency and on such monitoring data as the permit applicant is required to submit. Such ambient concentration levels shall take into account all projected emissions in, or which may affect, such area from any major emitting facility on which construction commenced prior to January 6, 1975, but which has not begun operation by the date of the baseline air quality concentration determination. Emissions of sulfur oxides and particulate matter from any major emitting facility on which construction commenced after January 6, 1975, shall not be included in the baseline and shall be counted against the maximum allowable increases in pollutant concentrations established under this part.


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Rh transitionist establishments from the wigwams of savages to the clumsy but clean log castle of the thrifty pioneer.

September 20. All day among the groves and gorges of Murphy with Mr. Beale. Was shown the site of Camp Butler where General Scott had his headquarters when he removed the Cherokee Indians to a new home in the West. Found a number of rare and strange plants on the rocky banks of the river Hiwassee. In the afternoon, from the summit of a commanding ridge, I obtained a magnificent view of blue, softly curved mountain scenery. Among the trees I saw Ilex [Holly] for the first time. Mr. Beale informed me that the paleness of most of the women in his neighborhood, and the mountains in general hereabouts, was caused chiefly by smoking and by what is called "dipping." I had never even heard of dipping. The term simply describes the application of snuff to the gum by means of a small swab.

September 21. Most luxuriant forest. Many brooks running across the road. Blairsville


text:
1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Berthelot, Henri Mathias

BERTHELOT, HENRI MATHIAS (1861-      ), French general, a son of the chemist, Marcellin P. E. Berthelot (see 3.811), was born at Feurs (Loire), Dec. 7 1861. At 20 years of age he entered St. Cyr, and in 1883 was appointed a sub-lieutenant in the 1st Regt. of Zouaves. Three years later he was promoted lieutenant. In Nov. 1891 he was made a captain and was transferred to the 99th Inf. Regiment. In 1907 he became a lieutenant-colonel and was posted to the 55th Inf. Regiment. He was then given a staff appointment, being promoted colonel in June 1911. In Dec. 1913 he was made a general of brigade. On the outbreak of the World War he was appointed head of the French operations staff at headquarters, and in this capacity he exercised a very marked influence on the course of events in Aug. 1914, so much so as to expose him later to the reproach of having been “the irresponsible commander-in-chief” during the disastrous battle of the Frontiers. In Nov. of the same year he was given command of a division. In Aug. 1915 he became commander of the XXXII. Army Corps, an appointment which he retained until Sept. 1916, when he was made chief of the French military mission to Rumania. Here his thoroughness was the principal factor in revising the Rumanian army, and the fruits of his work appeared in the campaign of 1917. In June 1917 he was made a grand officer of the Legion of Honour. After a brief mission to the United States he was, in July 1918, given command of the V. Army. This army he commanded in the battles on the Marne

and the Aisne, which initiated the final Allied offensives. Later, he was sent on a mission to the Balkans. In Oct. 1919 he was made governor of Metz.


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Rh [Georgia], which I passed in the forenoon, seems a shapeless and insignificant village, but grandly encircled with banded hills. At night I was cordially received by a farmer whose wife, though smart and neat in her appearance, was an inveterate smoker.

September 22. Hills becoming small, sparsely covered with soil. They are called "knob land" and are cultivated, or scratched, with a kind of one-tooth cultivator. Every rain robs them of their fertility, while the bottoms are of course correspondingly enriched. About noon I reached the last mountain summit on my way to the sea. It is called the Blue Ridge and before it lies a prospect very different from any I had passed, namely, a vast uniform expanse of dark pine woods, extending to the sea; an impressive view at any time and under any circumstances, but particularly so to one emerging from the mountains.

Traveled in the wake of three poor but merry mountaineers—an old woman, a young woman, and a young man—who sat, leaned, and lay


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Rh in the box of a shackly wagon that seemed to be held together by spiritualism, and was kept in agitation by a very large and a very small mule. In going down hill the looseness of the harness and the joints of the wagon allowed the mules to back nearly out of sight beneath the box, and the three who occupied it were slid against the front boards in a heap over the mules ears. Before they could unravel their limbs from this unmannerly and impolite disorder, a new ridge in the road frequently tilted them with a swish and a bump against the back boards in a mixing that was still more grotesque.

I expected to see man, women, and mules mingled in piebald ruin at the bottom of some rocky hollow, but they seemed to have full confidence in the backboard and front board of the wagon-box. So they continued to slide comfortably up and down, from end to end, in slippery obedience to the law of gravitation, as the grades demanded. Where the jolting was moderate, they engaged in conversation on


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United States Code/Title 42/Chapter 85/Section 7429

§ 7429. Solid waste combustion CAA § 129

(1) In general

 * (A) The Administrator shall establish performance standards and other requirements pursuant to section 7411 of this title and this section for each category of solid waste incineration units. Such standards shall include emissions limitations and other requirements applicable to new units and guidelines (under section 7411 (d) of this title and this section) and other requirements applicable to existing units.
 * (B) Standards under section 7411 of this title and this section applicable to solid waste incineration units with capacity greater than 250 tons per day combusting municipal waste shall be promulgated not later than 12 months after November 15, 1990. Nothing in this subparagraph shall alter any schedule for the promulgation of standards applicable to such units under section 7411 of this title pursuant to any settlement and consent decree entered by the Administrator before November 15, 1990: Provided, That, such standards are subsequently modified pursuant to the schedule established in this subparagraph to include each of the requirements of this section.
 * (C) Standards under section 7411 of this title and this section applicable to solid waste incineration units with capacity equal to or less than 250 tons per day combusting municipal waste and units combusting hospital waste, medical waste and infectious waste shall be promulgated not later than 24 months after November 15, 1990.
 * (D) Standards under section 7411 of this title and this section applicable to solid waste incineration units combusting commercial or industrial waste shall be proposed not later than 36 months after November 15, 1990, and promulgated not later than 48 months after November 15, 1990.
 * (E) Not later than 18 months after November 15, 1990, the Administrator shall publish a schedule for the promulgation of standards under section 7411 of this title and this section applicable to other categories of solid waste incineration units.

(2) Emissions standard

 * Standards applicable to solid waste incineration units promulgated under section 7411 of this title and this section shall reflect the maximum degree of reduction in emissions of air pollutants listed under section (a)(4) that the Administrator, taking into consideration the cost of achieving such emission reduction, and any non-air quality health and environmental impacts and energy requirements, determines is achievable for new or existing units in each category. The Administrator may distinguish among classes, types (including mass-burn, refuse-derived fuel, modular and other types of units), and sizes of units within a category in establishing such standards. The degree of reduction in emissions that is deemed achievable for new units in a category shall not be less stringent than the emissions control that is achieved in practice by the best controlled similar unit, as determined by the Administrator. Emissions standards for existing units in a category may be less stringent than standards for new units in the same category but shall not be less stringent than the average emissions limitation achieved by the best performing 12 percent of units in the category (excluding units which first met lowest achievable emissions rates 18 months before the date such standards are proposed or 30 months before the date such standards are promulgated, whichever is later).

(3) Control methods and technologies

 * Standards under section 7411 of this title and this section applicable to solid waste incineration units shall be based on methods and technologies for removal or destruction of pollutants before, during, or after combustion, and shall incorporate for new units siting requirements that minimize, on a site specific basis, to the maximum extent practicable, potential risks to public health or the environment.

(4) Numerical emissions limitations

 * The performance standards promulgated under section 7411 of this title and this section and applicable to solid waste incineration units shall specify numerical emission limitations for the following substances or mixtures: particulate matter (total and fine), opacity (as appropriate), sulfur dioxide, hydrogen chloride, oxides of nitrogen, carbon monoxide, lead, cadmium, mercury, and dioxins and dibenzofurans. The Administrator may promulgate numerical emissions limitations or provide for the monitoring of postcombustion concentrations of surrogate substances, parameters or periods of residence time in excess of stated temperatures with respect to pollutants other than those listed in this paragraph.

(5) Review and revision

 * Not later than 5 years following the initial promulgation of any performance standards and other requirements under this section and section 7411 of this title applicable to a category of solid waste incineration units, and at 5 year intervals thereafter, the Administrator shall review, and in accordance with this section and section 7411 of this title, revise such standards and requirements.

(1) Guidelines

 * Performance standards under this section and section 7411 of this title for solid waste incineration units shall include guidelines promulgated pursuant to section 7411 (d) of this title and this section applicable to existing units. Such guidelines shall include, as provided in this section, each of the elements required by subsection (a) of this section (emissions limitations, notwithstanding any restriction in section 7411 (d) of this title regarding issuance of such limitations), subsection (c) of this section (monitoring), subsection (d) of this section (operator training), subsection (e) of this section (permits), and subsection (h)(4) of this section (residual risk).

(2) State plans

 * Not later than 1 year after the Administrator promulgates guidelines for a category of solid waste incineration units, each State in which units in the category are operating shall submit to the Administrator a plan to implement and enforce the guidelines with respect to such units. The State plan shall be at least as protective as the guidelines promulgated by the Administrator and shall provide that each unit subject to the guidelines shall be in compliance with all requirements of this section not later than 3 years after the State plan is approved by the Administrator but not later than 5 years after the guidelines were promulgated. The Administrator shall approve or disapprove any State plan within 180 days of the submission, and if a plan is disapproved, the Administrator shall state the reasons for disapproval in writing. Any State may modify and resubmit a plan which has been disapproved by the Administrator.

(3) Federal plan

 * The Administrator shall develop, implement and enforce a plan for existing solid waste incineration units within any category located in any State which has not submitted an approvable plan under this subsection with respect to units in such category within 2 years after the date on which the Administrator promulgated the relevant guidelines. Such plan shall assure that each unit subject to the plan is in compliance with all provisions of the guidelines not later than 5 years after the date the relevant guidelines are promulgated.

(c) Monitoring
The Administrator shall, as part of each performance standard promulgated pursuant to subsection (a) of this section and section 7411 of this title, promulgate regulations requiring the owner or operator of each solid waste incineration unit—
 * (1) to monitor emissions from the unit at the point at which such emissions are emitted into the ambient air (or within the stack, combustion chamber or pollution control equipment, as appropriate) and at such other points as necessary to protect public health and the environment;
 * (2) to monitor such other parameters relating to the operation of the unit and its pollution control technology as the Administrator determines are appropriate; and
 * (3) to report the results of such monitoring.

Such regulations shall contain provisions regarding the frequency of monitoring, test methods and procedures validated on solid waste incineration units, and the form and frequency of reports containing the results of monitoring and shall require that any monitoring reports or test results indicating an exceedance of any standard under this section shall be reported separately and in a manner that facilitates review for purposes of enforcement actions. Such regulations shall require that copies of the results of such monitoring be maintained on file at the facility concerned and that copies shall be made available for inspection and copying by interested members of the public during business hours.

(d) Operator training
Not later than 24 months after November 15, 1990, the Administrator shall develop and promote a model State program for the training and certification of solid waste incineration unit operators and high-capacity fossil fuel fired plant operators. The Administrator may authorize any State to implement a model program for the training of solid waste incineration unit operators and high-capacity fossil fuel fired plant operators, if the State has adopted a program which is at least as effective as the model program developed by the Administrator. Beginning on the date 36 months after the date on which performance standards and guidelines are promulgated under subsection (a) of this section and section 7411 of this title for any category of solid waste incineration units it shall be unlawful to operate any unit in the category unless each person with control over processes affecting emissions from such unit has satisfactorily completed a training program meeting the requirements established by the Administrator under this subsection.

(e) Permits
Beginning
 * (1) 36 months after the promulgation of a performance standard under subsection (a) of this section and section 7411 of this title applicable to a category of solid waste incineration units, or
 * (2) the effective date of a permit program under subchapter V of this chapter in the State in which the unit is located, whichever is later, each unit in the category shall operate pursuant to a permit issued under this subsection and subchapter V of this chapter. Permits required by this subsection may be renewed according to the provisions of subchapter V of this chapter. Notwithstanding any other provision of this chapter, each permit for a solid waste incineration unit combusting municipal waste issued under this chapter shall be issued for a period of up to 12 years and shall be reviewed every 5 years after date of issuance or reissuance. Each permit shall continue in effect after the date of issuance until the date of termination, unless the Administrator or State determines that the unit is not in compliance with all standards and conditions contained in the permit. Such determination shall be made at regular intervals during the term of the permit, such intervals not to exceed 5 years, and only after public comment and public hearing. No permit for a solid waste incineration unit may be issued under this chapter by an agency, instrumentality or person that is also responsible, in whole or part, for the design and construction or operation of the unit. Notwithstanding any other provision of this subsection, the Administrator or the State shall require the owner or operator of any unit to comply with emissions limitations or implement any other measures, if the Administrator or the State determines that emissions in the absence of such limitations or measures may reasonably be anticipated to endanger public health or the environment. The Administrator’s determination under the preceding sentence is a discretionary decision.

(1) New units

 * Performance standards and other requirements promulgated pursuant to this section and section 7411 of this title and applicable to new solid waste incineration units shall be effective as of the date 6 months after the date of promulgation.

(2) Existing units

 * Performance standards and other requirements promulgated pursuant to this section and section 7411 of this title and applicable to existing solid waste incineration units shall be effective as expeditiously as practicable after approval of a State plan under subsection (b)(2) of this section (or promulgation of a plan by the Administrator under subsection (b)(3) of this section) but in no event later than 3 years after the State plan is approved or 5 years after the date such standards or requirements are promulgated, whichever is earlier.

(3) Prohibition

 * After the effective date of any performance standard, emission limitation or other requirement promulgated pursuant to this section and section 7411 of this title, it shall be unlawful for any owner or operator of any solid waste incineration unit to which such standard, limitation or requirement applies to operate such unit in violation of such limitation, standard or requirement or for any other person to violate an applicable requirement of this section.

(4) Coordination with other authorities

 * For purposes of sections 7411 (e), 7413, 7414, 7416, 7420, 7603, 7604, 7607 of this title and other provisions for the enforcement of this chapter, each performance standard, emission limitation or other requirement established pursuant to this section by the Administrator or a State or local government, shall be treated in the same manner as a standard of performance under section 7411 of this title which is an emission limitation.

(g) Definitions
For purposes of section 306 of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 and this section only—

(1) Solid waste incineration unit

 * The term “solid waste incineration unit” means a distinct operating unit of any facility which combusts any solid waste material from commercial or industrial establishments or the general public (including single and multiple residences, hotels, and motels). Such term does not include incinerators or other units required to have a permit under section 3005 of the Solid Waste Disposal Act (42 U.S.C. 6925). The term “solid waste incineration unit” does not include
 * (A) materials recovery facilities (including primary or secondary smelters) which combust waste for the primary purpose of recovering metals,
 * (B) qualifying small power production facilities, as defined in section 796 (17)(C) of title 16, or qualifying cogeneration facilities, as defined in section 796 (18)(B) of title 16, which burn homogeneous waste (such as units which burn tires or used oil, but not including refuse-derived fuel) for the production of electric energy or in the case of qualifying cogeneration facilities which burn homogeneous waste for the production of electric energy and steam or forms of useful energy (such as heat) which are used for industrial, commercial, heating or cooling purposes, or
 * (C) air curtain incinerators provided that such incinerators only burn wood wastes, yard wastes and clean lumber and that such air curtain incinerators comply with opacity limitations to be established by the Administrator by rule.

(2) New solid waste incineration unit

 * The term “new solid waste incineration unit” means a solid waste incineration unit the construction of which is commenced after the Administrator proposes requirements under this section establishing emissions standards or other requirements which would be applicable to such unit or a modified solid waste incineration unit.

(3) Modified solid waste incineration unit

 * The term “modified solid waste incineration unit” means a solid waste incineration unit at which modifications have occurred after the effective date of a standard under subsection (a) of this section if
 * (A) the cumulative cost of the modifications, over the life of the unit, exceed 50 per centum of the original cost of construction and installation of the unit (not including the cost of any land purchased in connection with such construction or installation) updated to current costs, or
 * (B) the modification is a physical change in or change in the method of operation of the unit which increases the amount of any air pollutant emitted by the unit for which standards have been established under this section or section 7411 of this title.

(4) Existing solid waste incineration unit

 * The term “existing solid waste incineration unit” means a solid waste unit which is not a new or modified solid waste incineration unit.

(5) Municipal waste

 * The term “municipal waste” means refuse (and refuse-derived fuel) collected from the general public and from residential, commercial, institutional, and industrial sources consisting of paper, wood, yard wastes, food wastes, plastics, leather, rubber, and other combustible materials and non-combustible materials such as metal, glass and rock, provided that:
 * (A) the term does not include industrial process wastes or medical wastes that are segregated from such other wastes; and
 * (B) an incineration unit shall not be considered to be combusting municipal waste for purposes of section 7411 of this title or this section if it combusts a fuel feed stream, 30 percent or less of the weight of which is comprised, in aggregate, of municipal waste.

(6) Other terms

 * The terms “solid waste” and “medical waste” shall have the meanings established by the Administrator pursuant to the Solid Waste Disposal Act [42 U.S.C. 6901 et seq.].

(1) State authority

 * Nothing in this section shall preclude or deny the right of any State or political subdivision thereof to adopt or enforce any regulation, requirement, limitation or standard relating to solid waste incineration units that is more stringent than a regulation, requirement, limitation or standard in effect under this section or under any other provision of this chapter.

(2) Other authority under this chapter

 * Nothing in this section shall diminish the authority of the Administrator or a State to establish any other requirements applicable to solid waste incineration units under any other authority of law, including the authority to establish for any air pollutant a national ambient air quality standard, except that no solid waste incineration unit subject to performance standards under this section and section 7411 of this title shall be subject to standards under section 7412 (d) of this title.

(3) Residual risk

 * The Administrator shall promulgate standards under section 7412 (f) of this title for a category of solid waste incineration units, if promulgation of such standards is required under section 7412 (f) of this title. For purposes of this [3] preceding sentence only—
 * (A) the performance standards under subsection (a) of this section and section 7411 of this title applicable to a category of solid waste incineration units shall be deemed standards under section 7412 (d)(2) of this title, and
 * (B) the Administrator shall consider and regulate, if required, the pollutants listed under subsection (a)(4) of this section and no others.

(4) Acid rain

 * A solid waste incineration unit shall not be a utility unit as defined in subchapter IV–A of this chapter: Provided, That, more than 80 per centum of its annual average fuel consumption measured on a Btu basis, during a period or periods to be determined by the Administrator, is from a fuel (including any waste burned as a fuel) other than a fossil fuel.

(5) Requirements of parts C and D

 * No requirement of an applicable implementation plan under section 7475 of this title (relating to construction of facilities in regions identified pursuant to section 7407 (d)(1)(A)(ii) or (iii) of this title) or under section 7502 (c)(5) of this title (relating to permits for construction and operation in nonattainment areas) may be used to weaken the standards in effect under this section.


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Rh love, marriage, and camp-meeting, according to the custom of the country. The old lady, through all the vicissitudes of the transportation, held a bouquet of French marigolds.

The hillsides hereabouts were bearing a fine harvest of asters. Reached Mount Yonah in the evening. Had a long conversation with an old Methodist slaveholder and mine owner. Was hospitably refreshed with a drink of fine cider.


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United States Code/Title 42/Chapter 85/Section 7430

§ 7430. Emission factors CAA § 130

Within 6 months after November 15, 1990, and at least every 3 years thereafter, the Administrator shall review and, if necessary, revise, the methods (“emission factors”) used for purposes of this chapter to estimate the quantity of emissions of carbon monoxide, volatile organic compounds, and oxides of nitrogen from sources of such air pollutants (including area sources and mobile sources). In addition, the Administrator shall establish emission factors for sources for which no such methods have previously been established by the Administrator. The Administrator shall permit any person to demonstrate improved emissions estimating techniques, and following approval of such techniques, the Administrator shall authorize the use of such techniques. Any such technique may be approved only after appropriate public participation. Until the Administrator has completed the revision required by this section, nothing in this section shall be construed to affect the validity of emission factors established by the Administrator before November 15, 1990.


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United States Code/Title 42/Chapter 85/Section 7431

§ 7431. Land use authority CAA § 131

Nothing in this chapter constitutes an infringement on the existing authority of counties and cities to plan or control land use, and nothing in this chapter provides or transfers authority over such land use.


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1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Frenssen, Gustav

FRENSSEN, GUSTAV (1863-      ), German author, was born at Barlt Oct. 19 1863, and was educated at the universities of Tübingen, Berlin and Kiel. He took orders and from 1892 to 1902 was pastor at Hemme, taking his degree as doctor of theology at Heidelberg in 1903. But he had already for some years been known as a writer of novels, and in 1902, a year after his great success with Jörn Uhl (1901), he gave up his pastorate and devoted all his time to literature. His work in fiction includes Die Sandgräfin (1895, 3rd ed. 1902); Die drei Getreuen (1898); Hilligenlei (1905); Peter Moor's Fahrt nach Süd-West (1906); Klaus Henrich Baas (1909) and Die Brüder (1918). He also published sermons (Dorfpredigten, 1899-1902), and two plays, Das Heimatsfest (1903) and Sönke Erichsen (1912).


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Summary of Administrative Review Board Proceedings for ISN 157

=Summary of Administrative Review Board Proceedings for ISN 157=

The Administrative Review Board was called to order.

The Designated Military Officer (DMO) was sworn.

The Board Reporter was sworn.

The Translator was sworn.

The Detainee entered the proceedings.

The Presiding Officer announced the convening authority and purpose of the Administrative Review Boardproceedings.

The Administrative Review Board members were sworn.

The Assisting Military Officer (AMO) was sworn.

The Presiding Officer asked the Detainee if he wishes to make a statement under oath. Muslim oath offered

The Detainee accepted taking the Muslim oath.

The Presiding Officer read the hearing instructions to the Detainee and confirmed that he understood

The Assisting Military Officer presented the Enemy Combatant Notification form, Exhibit ECA, to the Administrative Review Board

The Assisting Military Officer presented the Enemy Combatant Election Form, Exhibit ECB, to the Administrative Review Board

Presiding Officer: Assisting Military Officer please read your comments from the Enemy Combatant Election Form.

Assisting Military Officer: The detainee's initial ARB interview occurred on 9 September 2005, and lasted 60 minutes. After a review of the ARB's purpose and procedures, the Arabic translated Unclassified Summary of Evidence was read to the detainee. The detainee asked if there was an agreement between his country and the US to release the detainees. The AMO told the detainee that he was not aware of any decision to release the detainees. The detainee stated, "I have a lawyer; I have not met with my lawyer. I was supposed to meet with my lawyer three days ago and he didn't show up." When the detainee was asked if he wanted to attend the ARB, present a written or oral statement, or have the AMO speak on his behalf, the detainee said, "The decision has already been made." The AMO explained to the detainee that a decision has not been made. The detainee stated, "If I know that they will listen to the facts, I will attend." Followed by, "I was planning to come, but after this, no." The AMC explained further to the detainee the potential opportunity the ARB represented. When asked why he did not want to attend the ARB, the detained stated, "I have been there once and nothing happened." A follow-up interview occurred on 12 September 2005, and lasted one hour and 30 minutes. The detainee was given a copy of the English and translated Unclassified Summary of Evidence for his records. The detainee was polite and sometimes cooperative during the interview. A lot of additional time was expended during the follow-up interview explaining which decisions in the interview and ARB process he was allowed to make and which decisions he was not allowed and were not in his control to make. The detainee elected not to submit written comments regarding the Unclassified Summary of Evidence, indicated that he did not wish to provide any verbal statements at this time, and that he will speak to the Board to respond to the Unclassified Summary of Evidence.

The Designated Military Officer presented the Unclassified Summary of Evidence, Exhibit DMO-1, and Exhibit DMO-2, to the Administrative Review Board.

The Designated Military Officer stated that a copy of these exhibits had been previously distributed to the Assisting Military Officer and Detainee.

The Presiding Officer noted from the Enemy Combatant Election Form that the Detainee wanted to respond to each item of information from the Unclassified Summary as it was presented

The Designated Military Officer gave a brief description of the contents of the Unclassified Summary of Evidence, Exhibit DMO-1 to the Administrative Review Board to assist the Detainee with answering the statements.

Designated Military Officer: The following primary factors favor continued detention:

The detainee worked as a security officer for a firm called the Hajj Mawsem where he earned 4,600 Saudi Riyals per month.

Detainee: Yes. First, it's not a company. It belongs to the police, and the real name is the Army of Pilgrimage and Ceremonies. It is military police officers.

Designated Military Officer: The detainee agreed to help distribute aid, (food, clothing, etc.) in Afghanistan at the request of Sheik Al-Shaykh. Sheik Al-Shaykh was the senior sheik of the Masjid Al Harem Mosque, which is a large mosque near Kaba, Saudi Arabia.

Detainee: I didn't ask the Sheik Al-Shaykh, but I asked if the distributing of the food was something good to do and he said yes. That's why l joined.

Presiding Officer: I just need to know if the statement is true or false and if it is false, please correct it.

Designated Military Officer: Sheik al Shaykh suggested that the detainee work for the Al Birr Foundation. A man named Hassan Al Nashiri, a fellow student with the detainee, asked him to help distribute goods to poor Muslims.

Detainee: True.

Designated Military Officer: The purpose of the Al Birr organization was the help poor Muslims in Saudi Arabia and other countries.

Detainee: True.

Designated Military Officer: The detainee left Saudi Arabia sometime around January 2001.

Detainee: I don't know the exact date.

Designated Military Officer: The detainee and Nashiri flew Saudi airlines from Jiddah, Saudi Arabia, to Damascus, Syria, then a Syrian airline to Mashhad, Iran, where they stayed for two months.

Detainee; This is not true. I was by myself and I met Hassan Al Nashiri in Iran.

Board Member: Is the route correct?

Detainee: Yes.

Designated Military Officer: The detainee and Nashiri spent two months in Herat, Afghanistan, and in addition to food and clothing, they also bought books and tapes regarding Islam. Traveling through Afghanistan, the men stayed in various mosques, but provided no details on the mosques, sheiks, guides, or names of villages.

Detainee: Right.

Designated Military Officer: The detainee and Nashiri also traveled to Spin Buldak, Afghanistan, then to Quetta, Pakistan. They said they traveled to Pakistan to obtain better quality of goods to distribute. Several trips were made between Spin Buldak and Quetta.

Detainee: True.

Designated Military Officer: The detainee claims he traveled for approximately eight months distributing supplies with Al Nashiri, whom he referred to as the "money man."

Detainee: True.

Designated Military Officer: The detainee was arrested in Pakistan around December 12- 17, 2001, while on his way to reenter Afghanistan with aid supplies.

Detainee: This is not true.

Presiding Officer: Which part is not true?

Detainee: It's not true that they arrested me on this date inside Pakistan.

Presiding Officer: What is the truth?

Detainee: They arrested me in Pakistan, but I was not going to Afghanistan. I was going to Peshawar, a city in Pakistan.

Board Member: You were arrested in Pakistan?

Detainee: Yes.

Designated Military Officer: Training: The detainee attended a mountain tactics class.

Detainee: Not true.

Presiding Officer: Did you attend any advanced military training at any time?

Detainee: In Afghanistan, no.

Presiding Officer: Anywhere else?

Detainee: I was with the military police.

Presiding Officer: That would be with your employment with paragraph 1?

Detainee: Yes.

Designated Military Officer: The mountain tactics course was a seven-week course held at the Faruq training camp, which covered guerilla warfare in mountainous terrain.

Detainee: I don't know anything about that.

Designated Military Officer: The Al Faruq camp provided a general program that consisted of a fundamental or basic course lasting 40 days. The course provided trainees with fundamental military skills in light and heavy weaponry, field guns, warheads, topography and explosives.

Detainee: I don't know anything about that.

Designated Military Officer: Other relevant data: The detainee was unable to provide any names of individuals who were connected to the Al Birr Foundation. He stated there was no need for him to register with the foundation because he was not going to receive a salary.

Detainee: That's true. When I was asked to distribute food, and after I asked the sheik about the good things to do, then I decided to join. I wasn't looking for any benefit to know those people in that organization or to get any salary.

Designated Military Officer: The detainee has always maintained that he was in possession of a letter for the Al Birr Foundation that explained the purpose of his work in Afghanistan. However, he was unable to explain how he obtained the letter from the foundation if he never registered there.

Detainee: This is not true. That piece of paper was with Hassan. The information in that letter was about distributing food. I didn't need to look at that letter because I am not a member of that organization.

Designated Military Officer: The detainee had his passport and other documents stolen. After hearing about the detainee' s loss, an unknown guide gave him 1,000 Rupees and took him to a bus headed to Peshawar, Pakistan.

Detainee: Right.

Designated Military Officer: The detainee has provided four different versions of his personal history and how he came to be detained. During initial screening, he first stated the non-governmental organization was Yemeni based, and then later said it was Saudi based.

Detainee: That is not true. I didn't say that.

Designated Military Officer: The detainee told agents he was divorced four or five years ago. However, he could not, or would not, explain how his divorce, five years previous, seemed to contradict the ages of his children.

Detainee: I do not know why you need this information.

Presiding Officer: Is it true or false?

Detainee: I don't know exactly when I divorced my wife, but it is true that I divorced my wife.

Designated Military Officer: The detainee told agents, after his divorce, he got a job selling cars. He said he sold only one car for his uncle, but he did not know how much it sold for because his uncle set up the deal.

Detainee: If you mean my mother's brother, this is right. I bought the car for myself to resell it.

Presiding Officer: What kind of car was it?

Detainee : Toyota Hylux.

Designated Military Officer: A passport from Iraq, with one of the detainee's aliases, Ahmad Muhammad Salih, was recovered from the master bedroom of a suspected al Qaida operative's residence.

Detainee: I do not have an alias under this name. The name I use and the one I mentioned to the Pakistani Police is Muhammed Ahmad Abdullah Salih.

Designated Military Officer: The detainee may have been involved in a November 1995 bomb attack on the Egyptian Embassy in Islamabad. He then escaped to the Shamshad and Deruntah camps in Afghanistan the day of the attack.

Detainee : Not true.

Designated Military Officer: The Deruntah training camp has a poisons course that lasts approximately two weeks and teaches students how to poison food and drinks.

Detainee: I don't know anything about this.

Designated Military Officer: The following primary factors favor release or transfer: The detainee claims he had no association with Taliban or al Qaida forces and he denies having any knowledge of the attacks in the United States prior to their execution on September I lth. Additionally, he denies any knowledge of any rumors or plans of future attacks on the United States or its interests.

Detainee : This is true.

Designated Military Officer: The detainee had no concern about the doings or whereabouts of al Qaida or the Taliban, and stated that he doesn't feel members of those organizations are Muslim at all due to their actions against others.

Detainee : This is true.

Designated Military Officer: The detainee stated that although he feels that a great injustice has been done and is being done to him by his detainment here at GTMO, he would still never take up arms against anyone, and would never want to leave Saudi Arabia to try and help others out of his country.

Detainee: This is true.

Administrative Review Board Member 's questions:

Board Member: What is your education level?

Detainee: I cannot defend myself. I want those questions to go direct to my lawyer.

Board Member: You cannot say how much schooling you've had?

Detainee: Yes, I can.

The Presiding Officer explained purpose of the Administrative Review Board proceedings to the Detainee, and confirmed that he understood

Presiding Officer: How much school do you have?

Detainee : I did finish the I0th.

Board Member: You quit your job as a police officer with a salary to do charitable work in Afghanistan?

Detainee: I did not leave because of that,

Board Member: Were you being paid to do charitable work in Afghanistan?

Detainee: No.

Board Member: Did you ever do any charitable work in any other country besides Afghanistan?

Detainee: Pakistan.

Board Member: Why didn't you travel directly to Afghanistan? Why did you travel to Syria, Iran, and several other countries? Why didn't you go directly to Afghanistan from Saudi Arabia?

Detainee: I think there is not a direct flight to Afghanistan.

Board Member: What did you do in Iran for two months?

Detainee: I was buying goods and sending them to Afghanistan.

Board Member: Where did you stay in Iran?

Detainee: I don't remember exactly where I was in Iran.

Board Member: Did you stay in a house or a hotel?

Detainee: I don't remember.

Board Member: Did you ever carry a weapon while traveling in Afghanistan or Pakistan?

Detainee: No.


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EPTEMBER 23. Am now fairly out of the mountains. Thus far the climate has not changed in any marked degree, the decrease in latitude being balanced by the increase in altitude. These mountains are high ways on which northern plants may extend their colonies southward. The plants of the North and of the South have many minor places of meeting along the way I have traveled; but it is here on the southern slope of the Alleghanies that the greatest number of hardy, enterprising representatives of the two climates are assembled.

Passed the comfortable, finely shaded little town of Gainesville. The Chattahoochee River is richly embanked with massive, bossy, dark green water oaks, and wreathed with a dense growth of muscadine grapevines, whose ornate foliage, so well adapted to bank embroidery,


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1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Freud, Sigmund

FREUD, SIGMUND (1856-      ), Austrian physician and psycho-analyst, was born on May 6 1856 at Freiberg in Moravia, and studied medicine and psychology at Vienna, being strongly influenced by Brücke in the latter subject. He took his doctor's degree in 1881, became a member of the teaching faculty in 1885, extraordinary professor in 1902 and ordinary professor in 1919. After working in Paris under Charcot in 1885-6, he devoted himself, under his influence and in coöperation with the Viennese physician, Josef Breuer, to the study of nerve cases. The results of their joint investigations were published in 1895 as Studien über Hysterie, of which several editions have appeared, expounding a new treatment, the so-called catharsis. This consisted in putting the patient in a hypnotic state, and the examination by the physician, while under this condition, of the forgotten original circumstances under which the symptoms first appeared. Subsequently Freud pursued a path of his own, and developed a special technique, abandoning hypnosis in favour of the so-called “psycho-analytic” method, under which the pathogenic material of which the patient was unconscious was revealed by means of free association and by the interpretation of dreams, etc. The technique and the results of this research work are explained in Freud's most important works: Die Traumdeutung (6th ed. 1921), Psychopathologie des Alltags (7th ed. 1920), Drei Abhandlungen zur Sexualtheorie (4th ed. 1920). Freud's smaller works were collected in four volumes under the title, Kleinere Beiträge zur Neurosenlehre. Freud also published two general sketches of his theory: a shorter one, Fünf Vorlesungen über Psychoanalyse (delivered at Worcester, Mass., in 1909), and a comprehensive one in Vorlesungen zur Einführung in die Pyschoanalyse. These medical-psychological studies yielded surprising results in relation to other subjects, and in the possibilities of their adaptation in other branches of knowledge, e.g. mythology and the history of religion, civilization and literature. The principal works in this connexion are Totem und Tabu (2nd ed. 1920), Der Witz (3rd ed. 1921), Eine Kindheitserinnerung: Leonardo da Vinci (1916), Jenseits des Lustprinzips (1920), Massenpsychologie und Ich-analyse (1921). Freud's works have been translated into English in collected form. He was given an honorary degree by Clark University, Worcester, Mass.


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Author:Arthur Stuart-Menteth Hutchinson

Works

 * Once Aboard the Lugger (1908)
 * The Happy Warrior (1912)
 * The Clean Heart (1914)
 * If Winter Comes (1921) (republished in 1946)
 * This Freedom (1922)
 * The Eighth Wonder and Other Stories (1923)
 * One Increasing Purpose (1925)
 * The Uncertain Trumpet (1929)
 * The Book of Simon (1930)
 * Big Business (1932)
 * The Soft Spot (1933)
 * A Year That the Locust (1935)
 * As Once You Were (1938)
 * He Looked For A City (1940)
 * It Happened Like This (1942)
 * Of Swinburne (1960)

Works about Hutchinson

 * The Clean Heart reviewed in Punch Magazine, October 14th 1914.

title: Author:Arthur Stuart-Menteth Hutchinson


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1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Frick, Henry Clay

FRICK, HENRY CLAY (1849-1919), American manufacturer and philanthropist, was born at West Overton, O., June 17

1849. As a boy he was a clerk for his grandfather who was a distiller and flour merchant; but he early became interested in the coke business. In 1871 he organized the firm of Frick & Co., which ultimately acquired large coal deposits and ran 12,000 coke ovens. He was chairman of the board of Carnegie Bros., from 1889 to 1892, and in the latter year, during the Homestead strike, was shot and stabbed by Alexander Berkman, an anarchist. He was a director of the Pennsylvania, the Santa Fé, and other railways, and of the U.S. Steel Corporation. He died in New York Dec. 2 1919.


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1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Friedrich, Johann

FRIEDRICH, JOHANN (1836-1917), German theologian (see 11. 216), died in 1917.


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1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Frohman, Charles

FROHMAN, CHARLES (1860-1915), American theatrical manager, was born at Sandusky, O., June 17 1860. At the age of twelve he started to work at night in the office of the New York Tribune, attending school by day. In 1874 he began work for the Daily Graphic and at night sold tickets at Hooley's theatre, Brooklyn. In 1877 he took charge of the Chicago Comedy Co., with John Dillon as star in Our Boys. He next joined William Haverly and his Mastodon Minstrels as manager, touring the United States and Europe. Then for a time he was associated with his brother Daniel in managing the Madison Square theatre, New York. In 1888 he presented Bronson Howard's Shenandoah in a revised form, which was a great success. In 1890 he organized the Charles Frohman Stock Co. On Jan. 25 1893 he opened his Empire theatre, New York, with The Girl I Left Behind Me, and here he presented many of his stars. Other New York theatres with which he was at various times connected were the Criterion, Garrick, Knickerbocker, Lyceum, and Savoy. He was an adept in developing talent. Among his successful players were Maude Adams, Ethel Barrymore, Blanche Bates, Billie Burke, William Gillette, and Otis Skinner. During 1905-6 he presented E. H. Sothern and Julia Marlowe in Shakespearean plays. Sir James Barrie's plays were favourites with him, and he produced many of Henry Arthur Jones's and Pinero's. He was one of the organizers of the syndicate which for several years controlled the American theatres. Beginning with 1897 he presented many plays in London, leasing at different times such houses as the Duke of York's, Globe, Comedy, Vaudeville and Adelphi. He perished when the “Lusitania” was sunk by a German submarine May 7 1915.