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 Webb, Richard Frederick 1s. Richard, of Donnington, co. Hereford, arm. , matric. 23 May, 1850, aged 18; B.A. 1854, M.A. 1857, of Donnington Hall, co. Hereford, J.P., D.L., etc. See Eton School Lists.  Webb, Richard Holden, s. Richard, of Anscomb, Berks, arm. , matric. 27 Oct., 1794, aged 18; died in 1851. See Eton School Lists.  Webb, Richard James, 1s. Richard, of Langley Marish, Bucks, gent. , matric. 14 June, 1849, aged 18; B.A. 1853, M.A. 1860.  Webb, Robert Bennett, 2s. Robert Saunders, of Melbourne, Australia, gent. , matric. Oct., 1862, aged 22; B.A. 1865, M.A. 1869, incumbent of St. Michael, Bungaree, etc., Adelaide, 1877. See Crockford.  Webb, Sampson, s. Humphrey, of Church Eaton, co. Stafford, pleb. , matric. 14 April, 1764, aged 19; B.A. from 1767.  [5]

Webb, Samuel, s. Samuel, of Bath, Somerset, gent. , matric. 28 May, 1750, aged 17; B.A. 1754, M.A. 1757.  Webb, Spencer Perceval Speakman, 3s. Charles, of St. Mary Magdalen, Oxford (city), gent. , matric. 13 Feb., 1851, aged 17; bible clerk 1851-5, B.A. 1854, M.A. 1858, held various curacies 1856-77, vicar of Portfield, Sussex, 1881.  Webb, Thomas (subs. 'pictor'), s. Dan., of St. Mary's, Oxford, 'pictoris.', matric. 20 March, 1718-9, aged 22.

Webb, Thomas, 'butler of Oriel College;' privilegiatus Dec., 1741.

Webb, Thomas, s. Nicholas, of Gloucester (city), gent. , matric. 30 March, 1748, aged 18.
 [10]

Webb, Thomas William, o.s. John, of Ross, co. Hereford, cler. , matric. 8 March, 1826, aged 19; B.A. 1830, M.A. 1832, F.R.A.S., writer on astronomy, minor canon and precentor of Gloucester Cathedral, preb. of Hereford 1882, vicar of Hardwick 1856, until his death 19 May, 1885.

Webb, William, s. William, of Wardington, Oxon, pleb. matric. 26 Nov., 1724, aged 18; B.A. 1728.

Webb, William, s. Randolph, of Bath, Somerset, gent. , matric. 18 July, 1730, aged 17.

Webb, William, s. William, of Lichfield, co. Stafford, gent. , matric. 12 May, 1759, aged 17; B.A. 1763.

Webb, William, s. James, of Eccleshall, co. Stafford, gent. , matric. 7 June, 1764, aged 19; B.A. 1768 (? vicar of Ashbourne, and rector of Mapleton, co. Derby, and rector of Swettenham, Cheshire, at his death 4 Oct., 1806).
 [15]

Webb, William, s. William, of Ashbourne, co. Derby, cler. , matric. 17 Dec., 1789, aged 17.

Webb, William Holloway, 3s. Thomas Stallard, of Hampton, Middlesex, gent. , matric. 12 April, 1832, aged 20; B.A. 1836, M.A. 1839, curate of Wood Dalling, Norfolk, at his death 17 Nov., 1857.

Webbe, Alexander Josiah, 2s. Alexander Allan, of London, arm. , matric. 19 Oct., 1874, aged 19; B.A. 1877, M.A. 1882, captain Middlesex Cricket Club.

Webbe, George, s. George, of Red Lion Square, Middlesex, arm. , matric. 26 June, 1782, aged 18.

Webbe, George Allan, 1s. Alexander Allan, of London, gent. , matric. 11 Oct., 1872, aged 18.
 [20]

Webbe, George Cavell, 2s. George, of Budock, Cornwall, arm. , matric. 12 April, 1820, aged 20. See Eton School Lists.

Webbe, Henry Cowperthwaite, o.s. William Henry, of Dorchester, Oxon, gent. , matric. 15 Oct., 1856, aged 20; of, Cambridge, LL.B. 1863, re-admitted 'comitatis causa' 5 Nov., 1863.

Webbe, John, created D.C.L. 5 July, 1793, of Cote House, co. Gloucester.

Webbe, Herbert Ross, 3s. Alexander Allan, of London, arm. , matric. 15 Oct., 1875, aged 19; scholar 1875-80, B.A. 1880, bar.-at-law, Lincoln's Inn, 1873, captain Oxford XI. in 1879, died 9 May, 1886. See Foster's Men at the Bar.

Webbe, Joseph, s. George, of Isle of Nevis, arm. , matric. 17 Feb., 1770, aged 18; created M.A. 8 July, 1773.
 [25]

Webber, Alexander, s. John, of Bathealton, Somerset, gent. , matric. 9 May, 1741, aged 18; B.A. 1745, father of Edward 1783.

Webber, Charles, s. Francis, of Shobbrook, Devon, cler. , matric. 3 April, 1728, aged 18; fellow 1730-62, B.A. 1733, M.A. 1734, B.D. 1744, rector of Wotton, Northants, 1761, until his death 29 April, 1764. See Boase, 94.

Webber, Charles, s. William, of Chichester, Sussex, cler. , matric. 17 Oct., 1778, aged 16; student, B.A. 1782, M.A. 1785, vicar of Boxgrove, Sussex, 1788, of Amport, Hants, 1808-28, canon residentiary of Chichester 1803, and archdeacon 1808-40, died 15 June, 1848, father of the next named.

Webber, Charles, born at Boxgrove, Sussex, s. Charles, archdeacon of Chichester. , matric. 1 June, 1813, aged 18; student 1813-38, B.A. 1816, M.A. 1820, master of the Prebendal School, Chichester, and prebendary 1824, canon residentiary 1829, vicar of Amport, Hants, 1828, rector of Felpham, Sussex, 1830, and of Staunton-on-Wye 1837, until his death 6 March, 1850. See Alumni West., 476.

Webber, Charles James (Walter), born in London, 2s. James, dean of Ripon. , matric. 19 Oct., 1842, aged 18; student 1843-5, lieutenant 4th Austrian lancers, died 9 June, 1850. See Alumni West., 509.
 [30]

Webber, Daniel (Webb), s. Thomas, of Dublin, Ireland, gent. , matric. 19 Feb., 1787, aged 25; B.A. 19 Oct., 1787, bar.-at-law, King's Inns, Q.C., M.P. Armagh (May) 1816-18, died 18 July, 1847, father of Thomas Charles.

Webber, David, s. David, of Clisthyddon, Devon, gent. , matric. 7 May, 1761, aged 18; B.A. 1765. (Memo. : Rev. D. W., of Taunton, died in 1810.)

Webber, Edward, s. Alexander, of Bathealton, Somerset, cler. , matric. 12 April, 1783, aged 18; rector (and patron) of Bathealton 1789, and perp. curate of Thorne St. Margaret's, Somerset, 1800, rector of Runnington 1808, until his death 11 Feb., 1842.

Webber, Francis, s. Francis, of Honiton Clist, Devon, cler. , matric. 20 Oct., 1725, aged 17; fellow 1728-71, B.A. 1731, M.A. 1732, B.D. 1743, D.D. 1750, proctor 1741, rector 1750-71, curate of Merton 1731, rector of St. Clement's in Oxford 1734, vicar of Burford and of Newchurch, Isle of Wight, 1751, vicar of Menheniot 1753, dean of Hereford 1756, until his death 29 Sep., 1771. See ''Coll. Reg.'', 93.

Webber, Frederick, 3s. William, of Otterton, Devon, gent. , matric. 17 June, 1819, aged 18; B.A. 1824, M.A. 1865, chaplain, Bombay, 1827-32, perp. curate Merther, Cornwall, 1834-53, and rector of St. Michael, Penkevill, 1842, until his death in Nov., 1879.
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 Waagren, Gustave Frederich, Ph.D., created D.C.L. 24 June, 1857, director of the Royal Museum of Pictures at Berlin, died in 1868.

Wace, Henry, 1s. Richard, of Islington, Middlesex, cler. , matric. 19 May, 1856, aged 19; scholar 1856-63, B.A. 1860, M.A. 1873, B.D. 1882, D.D. 1883, created D.D. Edinburgh 1882, chaplain of Lincoln's Inn 1872-80, preacher 1880, Boyle lecturer 1874-5, professor of ecclesiastical history in King's College, London, 1875-83, and principal 1883, select preacher Cambridge 1878, Bampton lecturer 1879, and select preacher Oxford 1880-2, preb. of St. Paul's 1881, chaplain to Archbishop of Canterbury 1883, hon. chaplain in ordinary to the Queen 1884; for list of his works see Crockford. See also Rugby School Reg.

Wace, Henry Charles, 1s. Henry, of London, D.D., matric. 15 Oct., 1886, aged 19.

Wackrill, Frederick Henry, 2s. Samuel Thomas, of Chelmsford, Essex, gent. , matric. 11 Oct., 1878, aged 20.

Waddell, Charles, s. Robert, of Islanderry, co. 'Dromore,' arm. , matric. 16 Oct., 1802, aged 17.[5]

Waddell, William Wardlaw, 2s. Peter Hately, of Girvan, co. Ayr, cler. , matric. 17 Oct., 1870, aged 22; exhibitioner 1870-5, B.A. 1874.

Waddelow, John Robinson, 3s. Thomas, of Lakenheath, Suffolk, gent. , matric. 22 Nov., 1860, aged 18; B.A. 1864.

Waddilove, Alfred, 1s. John, of St. Marylebone, London, arm. , matric. 11 Nov., 1824, aged 18; B.A. 1838, M.A. 1839, D.C.L. 1839, an advocate Doctors' Commons 1839, bar.-at-law, Inner Temple, 1841. See Foster's Men at the Bar.

Waddilove, Edward Grainville, 1s. Edward, of London, arm. , matric. 18 Oct., 1881, aged 19; bar.-at-law, Lincoln's Inn, 1887.

Waddilove, George Hope, o.s. George Marmaduke, of Wall, Northumberland, arm. , matric. 27 Oct., 1883, aged 18.
[10]

Waddingham, John, 1s. John, of Leeds, co. Yorks, arm. , matric. 19 March, 1858, aged 19; B.A. 1862, M.A. 1865, J.P. co. Gloucester, brother of the next named.

Waddingham, Thomas James, 2s. John, of Leeds, co. Yorks, arm. , matric. 22 April, 1858, aged 18; scholar 1858-62, B.A. 1862, M.A. 1865, bar.-at-law, Inner Temple, 1866. See Foster's Men at the Bar.

Waddington, Charles Willoughby, 1s. Thomas, of Poona, East Indies, arm. , matric. 23 Oct., 1884, aged 18; scholar 1884.

Waddington, Evelyn, 6s. Alexander Joseph, of Llanllowell, co. Monmouth, arm. , matric. 17 Oct., 1876, aged 19.

Waddington, George Grove, 2s. John Horsey, of Wickham, Hants, arm. , matric. 27 March, 1829, aged 19; fellow 1829-70, B.A. 1832, M.A. 1836, bar.-at-law, Lincoln's Inn, 1836, died 15 Jan., 1870.
[15]

Waddington, Horace, 6s. Charles, of Poonah, East Indies, arm. (major-general). , matric. 4 May, 1853, aged 18; scholar 1854-62, B.A. 1857, M.A. 1859, bar.-at-law, Lincoln's Inn, 1862, an inspector of schools. See Rugby School Reg. & Eton School Lists.

Waddington, Horace Penderell, 1s. Horace, of Clifton, co. Gloucester, arm. , matric. 8 Dec., 1884, aged 19.

Waddington, Pomfrett, 1s. William Wilks, of Southampton, arm. , matric. 20 Oct., 1884, aged 19.

Waddington, Richard, o.s. John, of Market Harborough, co. Leicester, gent. , matric. 21 Oct., 1862, aged 34; B.A. 1867.

Waddington, Samuel, 2s. Thomas, of Boston Spa, Yorks, arm. , matric. 12 June, 1862, aged 17; B.A. 1865.
[20]

Waddington, William, 1s. Charles, of Bombay, East Indies, arm. , matric. 20 Oct., 1842, aged 19.

Waddington, William Wilks, 3s. John, of Pontefract, co. Yorks, arm. , matric. Jan., 1854, aged 18; scholar 1854-61, B.A. 1858, died in 1887.

Waddon, Edward, s. Richard, of Tilcombe, Dorset, gent. , matric. 15 May, 1716, aged 18.

Waddon, Thomas, s. William, of Cardinham, Cornwall, cler. , matric. 29 March, 1737, aged 17; B.A. 1740.

Wade, Armigel, 4s. George Frederick, of Eastoft, Yorks, cler. , matric. 22 Oct., 1885, aged 20; bible clerk 1885.
[25]

Wade, Arthur, s. William, of Tintagell, Cornwall, gent. , matric. 21 June, 1762, aged 19; B.A. 1766, died vicar of Tintagell, March, 1810.

Wade, Arthur Fenwick Stevenson, 1s. Nugent, of Elsmore, Denmark, cler. , matric. 21 June, 1855, aged 18; choral scholar 1859- 60, B.A. from 1860.

Wade, Charles Edward, 1s. John, of Haworth, Yorks, cler. , matric. 11 Oct., 1884, aged 20; B.A. 1888.

Wade, Charles Gregory, s. Charles George, of Warwick (town), arm. , matric. 29 March, 1803, aged 18; B.A. 1806, M.A. 1810.

Wade, Charles Gregory, 1s. William Burton, of Singleton, New South Wales, gent. , matric. 18 Oct., 1880, aged 17; B.A. 1885, bar.-at- law, Inner Temple, 1886.
[30] [ 1478 ]

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text: Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715-1886/Waddington, Samuel


text: A Book of the Riviera/Chapter 1

title: A Book of the Riviera/Chapter 1


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 Brand early friend and patron, the Duke of Northumberland, to the rectory of the united parishes of St. Mary-at-Hill and St. Mary Hubbard, in the city of London; and two years later he was appointed one of the duke's domestic chaplains.

In 1784 he was elected resident secretary to the Society of Antiquaries, and was annually re-elected to that office until his death, which took place very suddenly in his rectory house on 11 Sept. 1806. He was buried in the chancel of his church.

We are told that 'his manners, somewhat repulsive to a stranger, became easy on closer acquaintance; and he loved to communicate to men of literary and antiquarian taste the result of his researches on any subject in which they might require information. Many of his books were supplied with portraits drawn by himself in a style not inferior to the originals, of which they were at the same time perfect imitations' (, Literary Anecdotes, ix. 653). Brand, it may be added, was never married. There is a small silhouette likeness of him in the frontispiece to his 'History of Newcastle.' An account of some of the rarer tracts in his library, which was sold by auction in 1807-8, is given in Dibdin's 'Bibliomania,' 605-611.

His works are:
 * 1) A poem 'On Illicit Love. Written among the ruins of Godstow Nunnery, near Oxford,' Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 1775, 4to, pp. 20. Godstow was the burial-place of Fair Rosamond, the paramour of Henry II.
 * 2) 'Observations on Popular Antiquities: including the whole of Mr. Bourne's "Antiquitates Vulgares," with Addenda to every chapter of that work; as also an Appendix, containing such articles on the subject as have been omitted by that author,' London, 1777, 8vo. Brand left an immense mass of manuscript collections for the augmentation of this work. These were purchased by some booksellers and placed in the hands of Mr. (afterwards Sir Henry) Ellis, who incorporated them in a new edition published at London in 2 vols. 1813, 4to, under the title of 'Observations on Popular Antiquities: chiefly illustrating the origin of our Vulgar Customs, Ceremonies, and Superstitions.' Among the printed books in the British Museum is a copy of this edition with numerous interleaved additions; and in the manuscript department there is another copy annotated by the Rev. Joseph Hunter, F.S.A. (Addit. MSS. 24544, 24545). Other editions appeared in Knight's 'Miscellanies,' 3 vols. London, 1841-2, 4to, and in Bohn's 'Antiquarian Library,' 3 vols. London, 1849. This work contains much interesting information, but the author takes no general view of his subject; his desultory collections are made with little care, and the notes and text are frequently at variance with each other. Mr. William Carew Hazlitt made an attempt to remedy some of these defects in his new edition, entitled 'Popular Antiquities of Great Britain, comprising notices of the movable and immovable feasts, customs, superstitions, and amusements, past and present,' 3 vols. London, 1870, 8vo.
 * 3) 'The History and Antiquities of the Town and County of Newcastle-upon-Tyne,' 2 vols. London, 1789, 4to; a very elaborate work, embellished with views of the public buildings, engraved by Fittler at a cost of 500l. An index, compiled by William Dodd, treasurer to the Newcastle Society of Antiquaries, was printed by that society in 1881.
 * 4) Papers in the 'Archæologia,' vols. viii. x. xiii. xiv. xv. 5. 'Letters to Mr. Ralph Beilby of Newcastle-upon-Tyne,' Newcastle, 1825, 8vo.

 BRAND, JOHN (d. 1808), clergyman and writer on politics and political economy, was a native of Norwich, where his father was a tanner. Entering at Caius College, Oxford, he distinguished himself in mathematics, taking his B. A. degree in 1766, and proceeding M.A. in 1772. In 1772 he published 'Conscience, an ethical essay,' a poem which he had written in a competition for the Seatonian prize. Having taken orders and held a curacy he was appointed reader at St. Peter's Mancroft, Norwich, and was afterwards presented to the vicarage of Wickham Skeith in Suffolk. To eke out his scanty income he contributed to the periodical press, particularly to the 'British Critic,' papers on 'Political Arithmetic.' Some of these attracted the notice of Lord-chancellor Loughborough, and he presented Brand in 1797 to the rectory of St. George's, Southwark, which he held until his death on 23 Dec. 1808.

Brand was a staunch tory, and his toryism coloured all his disquisitions. In his first


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Eutychides

title: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Eutychides


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an active man of business in his generation, is best known to posterity by his books. His portrait faces the title-page of his 'Antiquities of the University,' and was reproduced in the 'Gentleman's Magazine.' He gave the pictures of Philip II (husband of Queen Mary) and of Edmund Gibson, bishop of London (a, three-quarter length, with his 'Pastoral Epistles' in his hand), to the Bodleian picture gallery. In 1824, on his resignation of the registrarship, the university granted him an annuity of 200l. per annum. The Rev. P. Bliss succeeded him in this office, but Gutch retained to his death the registrarship of the chancellor's court. In 1819 he was presented by All Souls' College with a silver inkstand bearing his own and the arms of the college. He was the oldest resident member of the university at his death. Gutch was of small stature, courteous and suave in manner and of a gentle disposition, somewhat negligent in looking after his own money matters, and ever ready to help antiquaries. There are inscriptions to his memory both in the churchyard of St. Peter's-in-the-East and in St. Clement's at Oxford.

Gutch's works are: These three works represent Anthony à Wood's version of his 'History of Oxford,' which the university had purchased from him in 1670 for 100l. By the orders of Dr. Fell, Richard Peers, student of Christ Church, and Richard Reeves, master of Magdalen College School, translated the work into Latin. Fell, who published it at his own expense, revised the translation and made alterations and additions of his own (1674). Wood, much displeased, set to work to rewrite his history in English, and to add much information. At his death he bequeathed it in two massive folio volumes to the Ashmolean Library, whence it was transferred to the university archives, and in 1860 was placed in the Bodleian. Thomas Warton, poetry professor, urged Gutch to publish it, and the last three works were the result. Gutch not only fulfilled his work as an editor with excellent judgment and scrupulous accuracy, but also by copious additions brought several sections of the treatise up to his own date. To the first volume of the 'History and Antiquities' he prefixed a catalogue of Wood's manuscripts, which is still the best extant.
 * 1) 'Collectanea Curiosa, or Miscellaneous Tracts relating to the History and Antiquities of England and Ireland, the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge, and a variety of other Subjects, chiefly collected and now first published from the MSS. of Archbishop Sancroft, given to the Bodleian Library by the late Bishop Tanner,' 2 vols. 1781, dedicated to the warden and fellows of All Souls. It was published by subscription, and 750 subscribed. James (Letters, p. 191) speaks of the offence the publication of this book gave in Oxford by its proposals to reform the universities by eliminating the Jacobite principles which were at that time so common in them, and especially by limiting the tenure of fellowships to twenty years, in order to obviate their holders being 'overrun with the spleen and becoming sottish.'
 * 2) 'The History and Antiquities of the Colleges and Halls in the University of Oxford,' l vol. 1786.
 * 3) 'Fasti Oxonienses, or a Commentary on the Supreme Magistrates of the University,' 1790.
 * 4) 'The History and Antiquities of the University of Oxford, in two Books by Anty. à Wood,' 2 vols. in three parts, 1792-6. The last volume is dedicated to Richard Gough.

Gutch had kept a diary from the time of his going up to Oxford in 1765. His personal habits are curiously illustrated by it. He was fond of riding and even hunting. He was an angler, too, and at one time of his life kept bees. Shooting, visiting races, skating, and the like appear among the earlier entries, but his regular clerical work and antiquarian tastes gave him plenty of happy employment in his middle and later years.

Gutch had five sons (Gent. Mag. 1862, ii. 684); the eldest, John Mathew, is noticed separately;, the second, born at Oxford 25 Aug. 1777, was educated at Christ's Hospital; became fellow of Queens' College, Cambridge, in 1802 (B.A. 1801, M.A. 1804). In 1809 he was presented to the college living of Seagrave, Leicestershire, which he held till his death on 8 Oct. 1851, He married in 1810 Mary Anne, daughter of John James, rector of Arthuret, Cumberland; one of his daughters married Mr. E.A. Freeman, the historian. Besides several sermons, he published in 1836 (anonymously) a satirical tract on a pretended Roman catholic miracle, entitled 'Special Pleadings in the Court of Reason and Conscience at the Trial of W. O. Woolfrey and others for Conspiracy' (ib. 1851, ii. 549).

 GUTCH, JOHN MATHEW (1776–1861), journalist, eldest son of [q. v.], was born in 1776, probably at Oxford, and was educated at Christ's Hospital, where he was the schoolfellow of Samuel Taylor


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 and Charles Lamb. He first entered business as a law stationer in Southampton Buildings, where Lamb for a time lodged with him in the latter part of 1800 (, Final Memorials of Charles Lamb, i. 107-9;, Life of Lamb, i. 392). Shortly before Lamb's death Gutch commissioned F.S. Cary to paint Lamb's portrait. This is the best likeness of Lamb extant. In 1803 Gutch removed to Bristol, and became proprietor and printer of 'Felix Farley's Bristol Journal,' with which he was connected till his death, though he disposed of his proprietary share of the paper in 1844. Gutch acquired a great reputation as a provincial journalist, and this induced him to join with Mr. Alexander in starting the London 'Morning Journal;' in this enterprise he not only lost much of the money which he had saved, but was also prosecuted for libelling George IV and Lord-chancellor Lyndhurst in May 1829. Gutch almost at once severed his connection with the paper; he was, however, convicted in December, but was shortly afterwards discharged on his own recognisances. Alexander, who had been concerned in a further libel on the Duke of Wellington, was sent to Newgate, and the 'Morning Journal' was suppressed. Besides his journalistic work Gutch conducted for some years a secondhand book business, and issued two catalogues in 1810 and 1812, and was also the publisher of a few books. After his second marriage in 1823 he removed to Worcester, where he joined his wife's father as a banker, but still went to Bristol every week to superintend the publication of 'Farley's Journal.' The bank failed in 1848. Gutch possessed a large and valuable library, especially rich in the works of George Wither, which was sold by Messrs. Sotheby & Wilkinson in London in 1858 for over 1,800l. (details of the more important items are given in the Gent. Mag. for 1861, Athenæum, 1858, i. 436, and in Notes and Queries, 2nd ser. v. 248, 268). He died at his residence, Barbourne, near Worcester, on 20 Sept. 1861, aged 84. Gutch was twice married: (1) to Mary Wheeley, daughter of a coachmaker at Birmingham, by whom he had one son, John Wheeley Gough (see below), and (2) in 1823 to a daughter of Mr. Lavender, a banker of Worcester; by her he had no children. He was a J.P. for Worcestershire, and a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries.

Gutch wrote or edited: 1. 'Narrative of a singular Imposture carried out at Bristol by one Mary Baker, styling herself the Princess Caraboo,' 1817. 2. 'Poems of George Wither,' Bristol, 1820, three vols.; this collection was never completed; some copies are divided into four vols., and bear the date 1839. Gutch had written a life of Wither, apparently to accompany his edition of the poems, but when he quitted Bristol left the sheets in a warehouse, in which they suffered such injury that 'if I had not preserved for my own private library sheets of all, I could not have made a perfect copy. This I have done, and it is the only one in existence' (letter from Gutch, quoted in Athenæum, 1858, i. 500). 3. 'The Country Constitutional Guardian,' a monthly serial which appeared from 1822 to 1824. 4. 'The present mode of Election of the Mayor and Sheriffs and Common Council of Bristol,' Bristol, 1825; reprinted from 'Farley's Journal.' 5. 'Felix Farley Rhymes by Themaninthemoon,' i.e. Rev. John Eagles [q. v.], who was a friend of Gutch. 6. 'Observations upon the Writing of the Ancients, upon the Materials they used, and upon the Introduction of the Art of Printing,' Bristol, 1827; four papers read before the Literary and Philosophical Society of the Bristol Institution. 7. 'Robin Hood Garlands and Ballads, with the tale of the lytell Geste. A collection of all the poems and ballads relating to this celebrated yeoman, with his history,' 2 vols. 1850 (illustrated by Fairholt). In 1867 appeared 'Robin Hood; a Collection of Ballads, Songs, and Poems, with Notes by J. M. Gutch.' 8. 'A Garland of Roses from the Poems of the late Rev. John Eagles,' 1857; only fifty copies printed for private circulation. 9. 'Watson Redivivus: four Discourses … of the Rev. George Watson, M.A., Fellow of University College, Oxford, and Tutor … of Bishop Horne,' 1860. Gutch also published anonymously 'The Letters of Cosmo,' which originally appeared in Farley's Journal,' and earned for him the name of the Bristol Junius. According to the writer in the 'Gentleman's Magazine' for 1862, he also wrote some pamphlets on local subjects, and an octavo volume on the Bristol riots of 1832. He contributed to the 'Gentleman's Magazine' and to 'Notes and Queries,' and at the time of his death was compiling for the Warwickshire Archæological Society a history of the battle-fields of that county; a portion was published in the society's 'Transactions.'

(1809-1862), his son, was born at Bristol in 1809, and educated as a surgeon at the infirmary there. He became a member of the Royal College of Surgeons, and for a time practised at Florence. Afterwards he was appointed one of the queen's messengers, from which post he retired on a pension shortly before his death, in consequence of a stroke of


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. From 1842 to 1856 he edited 'The Literary and Scientific Register,’ an annual encyclopædia; he also contributed to 'Felix Farley's Journal.' He died in Bloomsbury Square on 30 April 1862, leaving a widow, but no children.

[Gent. Mag. 1829 ii. 556, 1830 i. 168, 1861 ii. 682-6, 1862 i. 792, ii. 112; Notes and Queries, 2nd ser. v. 248, 268, xii. 334, 5th ser. x. 204; Athenæum, 1858, i. 436, 500; Allibone's Dict. Engl. Lit. iii. 2807, col. i.; Brit. Mus. Cat.]  GUTHLAC, (673?–714), was the son of Penwald, a man of rank and wealth in the land of the Middle-Angles, and Tette, his wife. Penwald was akin to the royal house of Mercia, being descended from Icel, one of the forefathers of the Mercian kings. Guthlac's biographer, Felix, dates his birth in the reign of Æthelred, king of Mercia (675-704); but as he appears to have been forty-one years old when he died in 714, he must have been born in 673, two years before Æthelred's accession. Legend told how a sign from heaven heralded his birth. The name by which he was baptised was derived from that of his tribe, the Guthlacingas; its meaning, 'the reward of battle,' was afterwards applied to his spiritual combats and their reward. The boy grew up fair-faced, quick-witted, gentle and refined. In his youth, however, he was influenced by the military ardour of his race; at one time he was in exile among the Britons; and in 688, as it seems, he gathered round him a band of his young fellow-nobles and plunged for nine years into the wild warrior life of the day. But there came an inward warning which made him always restore a third part of his plunder, and one night a stronger impulse moved him to vow that if spared till the morrow he would devote himself to God. The remonstrances of his followers and friends failed to shake his resolution; he went to Repton, where Abbess Ælfthryth seems to have ruled over a twofold community of men and women, and there, at the age of twenty-four, became a tonsured monk. His resolve to refrain from all strong drink gave some offence to his brethren, but he soon won their affections. He devoted himself to book-learning, and in two years he learned all the psalms, canticles, hymns, and prayers used in the choir services. Then, roused by stories told and read in the monastery to a desire for the life of a hermit, he set off for the most desolate region in all Britain, the vast fen that formed a no-man's-land between Mercia and East Anglia, A man named Tatwine told him of an island so dreary that no one had the courage to live in it. Guthlac at once, with Tatwine for his guide, made his way in a boat up the Welland to Crowland in the very heart of the fen, After paying a farewell visit of three months to the monks of Repton, whom he had quitted without leave-taking, he returned to take up his abode at Crowland with two servants, who were doubtless to help him in cultivating the soil. He settled at Crowland on St. Bartholomew's day, 24 Aug., apparently in 699. He built a hut on the side of an old burial-mound, supposed to be haunted, and there for fifteen years he led a hermit's life, clad in coats of skins, eating and drinking nothing save barley-bread and water, and that but once a day, after the sun was set, and tormented by visions of demons from whom he was rescued by his patron, St. Bartholomew. After some years, however, these trials ceased; birds and fishes had now become the hermit's friends, and a priest named Beccel or Becceline came and begged that he would take him for his scholar. Guthlac's fame was spreading far and wide, and the priest was tempted to slay him and take his honour for himself. He was meditating the crime while shaving Guthlac's tonsure, when a sudden appeal from his intended victim caused him to repent and become a faithful servant. He afterwards told how every day he heard Guthlac conversing with an unseen visitor, whom Guthlac on his deathbed acknowledged to have been an angel. Pilgrims of all classes began to visit the hermit. One of his guests was Bishop Hedda probably Hedda, bishop of Lichfield, 691-721 who was so impressed by Guthlac's holiness and wisdom that he begged to be allowed to ordain him priest. Guthlac consented, and the ordination took place at once in the hermit's oratory ,which the bishop seems to have consecrated on the same occasion. Another frequent visitor was an abbot named Wilfrith. Wilfrith brought Æthelbald, nephew of Penda, who had been driven into exile by Ceolred, king of Mercia, and took refuge with Guthlac. After dwelling fifteen years at Crowlaud, Guthlac was taken ill as he was at prayer on the Wednesday before Easter, and told Beccel that he should die in seven days. He was able on the seventh day to give his last instructions that he should be buried by the hands of his sister Pege, also a recluse, in a linen winding-sheet and a leaden coffin sent to him by Ecgburh, an East Anglian princess, now abbess of Repton. He died on the Wednesday in Easter week, 715, according to his biographer Felix; but the English 'Chronicle,' with more probability, places his death in 714. In 714 the Wednesday after Easter fell on 11 April, which was the day consecrated by the English Church to Guthlac's memory. Beccel at once took boat and


text: A Book of the Riviera/Chapter 4

title: A Book of the Riviera/Chapter 4


text: A Book of the Riviera/Chapter 5

title: A Book of the Riviera/Chapter 5


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Evander

title: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Evander


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Elze, Karl

title: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Elze, Karl


text: A Book of the Riviera/Chapter 6

title: A Book of the Riviera/Chapter 6


text: A Book of the Riviera/Chapter 7

title: A Book of the Riviera/Chapter 7


text: A Book of the Riviera/Chapter 8

title: A Book of the Riviera/Chapter 8


text: A Book of the Riviera/Chapter 9

title: A Book of the Riviera/Chapter 9


text:
User talk:Iluvsprint

— billinghurst  sDrewth  16:13, 20 November 2010 (UTC)

title: User talk:Iluvsprint


text: Author:Axel Gudbrand Blytt

title: Author:Axel Gudbrand Blytt


text: A Book of the Riviera/Chapter 10

title: A Book of the Riviera/Chapter 10


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Townshend marquis [q. v.], was his uncle, and John, the fourth marquis, was his younger brother. Charles Fox was educated at Eton (1807–12) under Keate. In 1811 he founded the ‘Eton Society.’ Its members were originally known as the ‘Literati,’ but afterwards the society was called ‘Pop,’ from ‘Popina,’ an eating-house, because its meetings were held in a room over the shop of Mrs. Hatton, a confectioner. In 1846 this house was pulled down and the club removed to the ‘Christopher.’ Keate approved the objects of the society, and the translation docti sumus, ‘I belong to the Literati,’ became one of his stock jokes.

The original number of members was twenty; it was increased to thirty, but by 1816 had sunk to four, and but for the protest of the founder would have probably become extinct. ‘Pop’ has included among its orators G. A. Selwyn, A. H. Hallam, Sir Francis Doyle, Gerald Wellesley, Sir E. S. Creasy, Sir John Wickens, the Earls of Derby and Granville, and W. E. Gladstone (elected 1825, æt. 15). The club, which at present numbers twenty-eight, possesses a bust of its founder. Townshend proceeded to St. John's College, Cambridge, and graduated M.A. in 1816. He died unmarried on 2 April 1817, while a candidate for the representation in parliament of Cambridge University, being then only in his twenty-second year.

[Stapylton's Eton Lists, 1864; G. E. C[okayne]'s Complete Peerage; Eton Loan Collection Cat. 1891, pp. 41, 76; Wilkinson's Reminiscences of Eton in Keate's Time, chap. xix.; Collins's Etoniana; Lyte's Hist. of Eton College, 1887; Luard's Alumni Cantabr.]  TOWNSHEND, CHAUNCEY HARE (1798–1868), poet, born on 20 April 1798, was the only son of Henry Hare Townshend (d. 1827) of Downhills, Tottenham, Busbridge Hall, Godalming, and Walpole, Norfolk, by his wife Charlotte (d. 1831), daughter of Sir James Winter Lake of Edmonton, baronet. He was educated at Eton College, whence he proceeded to Trinity Hall, Cambridge, as a fellow-commoner, graduating B.A. in 1821 and M.A. in 1824. In 1817 he obtained the chancellor's English medal for a poem on the subject ‘Jerusalem.’ He took holy orders, but was early disabled by illness from the active duties of his profession. Early in life he made the acquaintance of Robert Southey, and received an invitation to Greta Hall, Southey's residence in the vale of Keswick. Encouraged by the laureate's approbation, he published a volume of ‘Poems’ in 1821 (London, 8vo) which were generally praised. Notwithstanding the recognition he received, Townshend showed no anxiety for fame, and suffered thirty years to elapse before he produced his next volume of poetry, entitled ‘Sermons in Sonnets, with other Poems’ (London, 1851, 8vo), followed in 1859 by ‘The Three Gates’ (London, 8vo). Townshend was by no means deficient in poetic insight, but his verse was too often commonplace. His poems were frequently tinged by metaphysical speculation. His best known poem is the ballad of the ‘Burning of the Amazon.’ He drew and painted with some skill, and interested himself in collecting pictures and jewels. Much of his time was spent in travel, and the greater part of his later life was passed at his villa, Monloisir, at Lausanne. He died on 25 Feb. 1868 at his residence in Norfolk Street, Park Lane, London. On 2 May 1826 he married Eliza Frances, daughter of Sir Amos Godsill Robert Norcott, but left no issue. He bequeathed his collections of precious stones, coins, and cameos, and such of his pictures, water-colours, and drawings as might be selected, to the South Kensington Museum. Besides the works mentioned, Townshend was the author of: 1. ‘A Descriptive Tour in Scotland by T. H. C.,’ Brussels, 1840, 8vo; new edit. London, 1846. This work must not be confused with ‘Journal of a Tour through part of the Western Highlands of Scotland by T. H. C.,’ which is by a different author. 2. ‘Facts in Mesmerism,’ London, 1840, 8vo; 2nd edit. 1844. 3. ‘The Burning of the Amazon: a Ballad Poem,’ London, 1852, 12mo. 4. ‘Mesmerism proved True,’ London, 1854, 12mo. He also added a supplement to Lang's ‘Animal Magnetism,’ 1844. Some writings intended to elucidate his ‘Religious Opinions’ were published by his friend Charles Dickens, whom he made his literary executor (London, 1869, 8vo). He was a contributor to Knight's ‘Quarterly Magazine,’ 1823–4.

[Townshend's Works; Men of the Time, 1868, p. 787; Burke's Landed Gentry, 7th edit.; Stapylton's Eton School Lists, 1791–1850, pp. 71, 78; Boddington's Pedigree of the Family of Townshend, 1881; Life and Letters of Robert Southey, 1850, iv. 150; Forster's Life of Charles Dickens, 1874, iii. 227, 410; Gent. Mag. 1868, i. 545; Notes and Queries, 4th ser. viii. 415, 534; Church's Precious Stones, 1883, pp. 96–111.]  TOWNSHEND, GEORGE (1715–1769), admiral, born in 1715, was eldest son of Charles, second viscount Townshend [q. v.], by his second wife, Dorothy (d. 1726), sister of Sir Robert Walpole, first earl of Orford


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 of that creation. He entered the navy in 1729 on board the Rose of 20 guns, with Captain Weller, apparently on the Carolina station. After two years and a half in her, he served for four and a half in the West Indies, in the Scarborough, also a 20-gun frigate, with Captain Thomas Durell, and for the first part of the time with Lieutenant Edward Hawke (afterwards Lord Hawke) [q. v.] He passed his examination on 23 Oct. 1736, being then, according to his certificate, near twenty-one, which appears to be fairly correct. On 30 Jan. 1738–9 he was promoted to be captain of the Tartar, which he commanded on the Carolina station till November 1741. In December he was appointed to the Chatham, and two years later to the Bedford of 70 guns, in which he went out to the Mediterranean, took part in the action off Toulon on 11 Feb. 1743–4 [see ; ], continued there under Vice-admiral William Rowley [q. v.], and in the summer of 1745 was appointed by him to command a detached squadron on the coast of Italy, with the rank of commodore.

His first duty was to co-operate with the insurgent Corsicans, and, hearing from them that they had three thousand men under arms, he posted his ships and bombs before Bastia, and on the night of 6–7 Nov. destroyed the batteries and reduced the town to ashes. It then appeared that the three thousand men had yet to be raised, and it was not till the 18th that the insurgents were able to take possession of the town. Towards the end of the month he reduced the forts of Mortella and San Fiorenzo; but the Corsican patriots were so busy fighting among themselves—‘alternately dining together and squabbling’—that nothing could be effectively done. This unsatisfactory state of things continued for some months. On 7 April Townshend wrote to the admiralty that the dissensions were so violent that nothing could be done without a number of regular troops; and on 8 May that as his whole force was imperatively needed to maintain the blockade of the Genoese coast, he was of opinion that, for the time, the revolt in Corsica should be left to itself. To the difficulty of disunion among the patriots was added that of the presence in the neighbourhood of a French squadron reported as fully equal in force to that with Townshend. In March he had stretched across to Cartagena, and, having watered at Mahon, was on his way to Cagliari to consult with the Sardinian viceroy, when he ‘saw four large ships and two smaller ones, which he made out to be French men-of-war.’ Having with him only one ship, the Essex, besides the Bedford, and two bombs, Townshend judged that the ‘disproportion of force put his engaging them out of the question till he could pick up the rest of his squadron.’ But with this French squadron on the coast, he added, ‘nothing can be attempted against Corsica.’

After considering this letter and one in similar terms to Vice-admiral Henry Medley [q. v.], the commander-in-chief, the admiralty sent out an order for a court-martial to inquire into Townshend's conduct and behaviour. This was done on 9 Feb. 1746–7, with the result that the court was convinced that Townshend ‘did not meet with a squadron of the enemy's ships, nor see or chase any ships so as to discover them to be enemies.’ They concluded, moreover, that Townshend's report upon the vicinity of the French squadron was based upon purely hearsay evidence. The court was therefore of opinion that Townshend's letters were written ‘with great carelessness and negligence,’ and ‘contained very false and erroneous accounts of Captain Townshend's proceedings.’ The court adjudged the captain to write letters to the admiralty and to Medley ‘acknowledging and begging pardon for his fault and neglect,’ and to be severely reprimanded by the president. Horace Mann, who had formed a very poor opinion of Townshend's capacity and education (, Mann and Manners at the Court of Florence, i. 227), wrote to Walpole that if he had been capable of writing an intelligible letter in his own language he would not have found himself suspected of cowardice; and that he had omitted to state that he had only one ship besides his own (ib. p. 156). But Mann wrote in ignorance and prejudice; for Townshend's letters are perfectly intelligible, and the fact of his having with him only one ship besides his own is clearly stated, and the ship named.

After this Townshend continued in the Mediterranean till towards the end of the year, when he returned to England, and paid the Bedford off in December. During the spring and early summer of 1748 he commanded the vessels on the coast of the Netherlands and in the Scheldt, with a broad pennant in the Folkestone; and from November 1748 to November 1752 was commodore and commander-in-chief at Jamaica, with his broad pennant in the Gloucester. On 4 Feb. 1755 he was promoted to be rear-admiral of the white, and again sent out to Jamaica, as commander-in-chief, with his flag in the Dreadnought. He returned to England in 1757 and had no further service, but became vice-admiral in 1758, admiral in 1765, and died in August 1769.


text:
Author:Hardwicke Drummond Rawnsley

Poems

 * Alice Ayres (1896)
 * St Bees Bell Ringers Hymn (1908)
 * "Going to the Front" from A treasury of war poetry, British and American poems of the world war, 1914-1919 (1917)
 * Alice Ayres (1896)
 * St Bees Bell Ringers Hymn (1908)
 * "Going to the Front" from A treasury of war poetry, British and American poems of the world war, 1914-1919 (1917)
 * Alice Ayres (1896)
 * St Bees Bell Ringers Hymn (1908)
 * "Going to the Front" from A treasury of war poetry, British and American poems of the world war, 1914-1919 (1917)
 * "Going to the Front" from A treasury of war poetry, British and American poems of the world war, 1914-1919 (1917)

title: Author:Hardwicke Drummond Rawnsley


text: Author:Harold Littledale

title: Author:Harold Littledale


text:
Author:Harold Rainsford Stark

Works

 * "Plan dog memo"

title: Author:Harold Rainsford Stark


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  [Charnock's Biogr. Nav. iv. 434; Official letters, &c., in the Public Record Office, especially Captains' Letters, T, vols. xii–xviii.; Admiralty, Home Office, vol. cix.; and Minutes of Courts-Martial, vol. xxx.]  TOWNSHEND, GEORGE, fourth Viscount and first (1724–1807), born on 28 Feb. 1723–4, was eldest son of Charles, third viscount (1700–1764), by his wife Etheldreda or Audrey, daughter and sole heiress of Edward Harrison of Balls Park, Hertfordshire, formerly governor of Fort St. George in the East Indies. Charles Townshend (1725–1767) was his younger brother. George had George I as one of his sponsors at his baptism. He matriculated from St. John's College, Cambridge, graduating M.A. on 3 July 1749, and completed his education by travelling on the continent. Happening to be at The Hague in January 1744–5, just when the quadruple alliance was concluded, he was, according to Walpole (Letters, i. 339), offered the command of a regiment in the States service with the power of naming all his officers, and he was actually appointed captain in the 7th (Cope's) regiment of dragoons in April, joining the army under the Duke of Cumberland as a volunteer, though too late to take part in the battle of Fontenoy on 11 May (ib. i. 364). In order to remove him from the influence of his mother, who had become a Jacobite, he was placed by his relations, the Pelhams, in the family of the Duke of Cumberland, and served under him at Culloden on 16 April 1746. The following year, 1 Feb., he was appointed aide-de-camp to the duke, being at the same time transferred to the 20th (Sackville's) regiment of foot, and fought at the battle of Laufeld on 2 July. He was transferred captain, afterwards promoted lieutenant-colonel, in the 1st regiment of foot guards on 8 March 1748. Differences with the Duke of Cumberland, however, brought about his retirement from the service in 1750. Townshend, who possessed ability as a caricaturist, and who was, according to Walpole (George II, ii. 68, 199 n.), the inventor of the first political caricatura card with portraits of Newcastle and [Henry] Fox, incurred the resentment of his royal highness by an indiscreet use of his art (Grenville Papers, iv. 232 n.;, George III, i. 20, with Le Marchant's note). The breach was widened in 1751 by the belief that Townshend had inspired a pamphlet entitled ‘A Brief Narrative of the late Campaigns in Germany and Flanders,’ severely criticising the military capacity of the Duke of Cumberland. In 1755 he made a strenuous effort to draw his brother Charles into opposition to the Duke of Newcastle, chiefly on the ground of the connection of the latter with Fox, whom he personally hated (, George II, ii. 64).

His hostility to the Duke of Cumberland, coupled with a dread of standing armies, made him a strong advocate of the militia system, and he was the author of the bill which became law in 1757 for establishing it on a national basis. The measure encountered great opposition, none being more bitter against it than his own father, who, ‘attended by a parson, a barber, and his own servants, and in his own long hair, which he has let grow, raised a mob against the execution of the bill, and has written a paper against it which he has pasted upon the door of four churches near him’ (, Letters, iii. 106). Meanwhile Townshend's propensity for caricaturing had raised up a host of enemies, and in 1757 produced a most bitter pamphlet against him called ‘The Art of Political Lying’ (, Letters, iii. 71). But the retirement of the Duke of Cumberland affording him the opportunity to return to the army, he was on 6 May 1758 promoted colonel and appointed aide-de-camp to George II. On 27 Aug. he applied to Pitt to be remembered if any service was intended against France (Pitt Corresp. i. 345), and in February 1759 he was appointed brigadier-general in America under Major-general James Wolfe [q. v.] in the expedition against Quebec. He sailed that month with Wolfe, reaching Louisbourg harbour after a wearisome voyage early in May. From Louisbourg the expedition steered next month directly towards Quebec. He took his share in the dangerous attack on Montcalm's camp at Montmorenci towards the latter end of July; but as the summer wore to a close, and Quebec seemed as far as ever out of Wolfe's power, he grew very dissatisfied at the plan of operations. ‘General Wolf's health,’ he wrote to his wife on 6 Sept. from Camp Levi, ‘is but very bad. His generalship, in my poor opinion, is not a bit better: this only between us. He never consulted any of us till the latter end of August, so that we have nothing to answer for, I hope, as to the success of this campaign’ (Townshend MSS. p. 309). The consultation to which he refers was in consequence of a letter from Wolfe, written from his sick-bed on 29 Aug., begging the three brigadiers, Robert Monckton [q. v.], Townshend, and James Murray (1725?–1794) [q. v.], to meet together to ‘consider of the best method to attack the enemy.’ The brigadiers advised that an attempt should be made to land on the north side of the St. Lawrence above Quebec, and,


text:
Author:Harold Clarke Goddard

Works

 * The Cambridge History of American Literature, Book 2 Chapter 8

title: Author:Harold Clarke Goddard


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 by cutting off Montcalm from his base of supply, force him either to fight or surrender. The credit of suggesting this plan, which being adopted by Wolfe led to the capture of Quebec, is ascribed by Warburton (Conquest of Canada, p. 249) to Townshend, though in the ‘Letter to a Brigadier-General’ it is expressly stated that he protested against it as too hazardous (cf., Hist. of Engl. iv. 243). At the battle on the heights of Abraham on 13 Sept. he commanded the left wing, and, in consequence of the death of Wolfe in the moment of victory and the disablement of Monckton, the direction of the army devolved upon him. Fearing an attack on the part of Bougainville, he recalled his men from the pursuit, and, forming them into line of battle, set to work to entrench himself. The inactivity of the French generals affording him breathing space, he pushed his trenches up to the city, which, seeing no prospect of relief, capitulated on easy terms at midnight on 17 Sept.

On the 20th Townshend sent an account of the battle and his success to the secretary of state so stilted in comparison with the famous despatch of Wolfe on 2 Sept. announcing his plan of operations, of which the authorship had been claimed for him by his brother Charles, that George Augustus Selwyn (1719–1791) [q. v.], happening to meet the latter at the treasury, facetiously inquired, ‘Charles, if your brother wrote Wolfe's despatch, who the devil wrote your brother George's?’ (, Life of Wolfe, p. 554). Monckton recovering sufficiently to enable him to take command (Townshend MSS. p. 327), and Murray being appointed governor of Quebec, Townshend seized the opportunity to return home with the fleet under Admiral Sir Charles Saunders [q. v.] in October, there ‘to parade his laurels and claim more than his share of the honours of the victory’ (, Montcalm and Wolfe, ii. 317). His conduct was severely criticised in an anonymous pamphlet entitled ‘A Letter to an Hon. Brigadier-General,’ London, 1760, in which, among other indictments, he was charged with enmity and ingratitude towards Wolfe. The ‘Letter,’ ascribed by some to Charles Lee (, Hist. of America, v. 607), by others to Junius (Letter, ed. Simons, 1841), but stated by Walpole (George III) to have been inspired by Henry Fox, drew forth a number of replies (see Imperial Mag. 1760), and among them ‘A Refutation of the “Letter to an Hon. Brigadier-General,”’ London, 1760, described by Parkman as ‘angry, but not conclusive,’ attributing the authorship of the ‘Letter’ to the Earl of Albemarle [see, third ] and his patron, the Duke of Cumberland. So incensed, indeed, was Townshend that he challenged Albemarle. A meeting was happily prevented; but, feeling the necessity of vindicating himself, he published, or caused to be published, a letter said to have been written by him soon after the victory at Quebec to a friend in England expressive of his warm admiration of Wolfe; but the letter was considered by many to have been a clever afterthought on the part of his brother Charles (, Life of Wolfe, p. 612 n.) On 2 Dec. 1660 he was sworn a privy councillor, and, with the rank of major-general (6 March 1761), appointed lieutenant-general of the ordnance on 14 May 1763, holding the post till 20 Aug. 1767. He lent a cordial if rather erratic support to the ministry of George Grenville (1763–5), but refused to ‘disgrace himself’ (Grenville Papers, iii. 207–9) by joining the old whigs under Rockingham. He succeeded his father as fourth Viscount Townshend on 12 March 1764, and on 12 Aug. 1767 he was appointed lord-lieutenant of Ireland.

His appointment, the work of his brother Charles, chancellor of the exchequer and the ruling spirit in the Chatham administration, marks a new epoch in the history of Ireland. Hitherto, owing largely to the non-residence of the viceroy, the government had slipped almost entirely into the hands of a small knot of large landowners and borough proprietors, known as the ‘undertakers.’ Their government, though notoriously corrupt, possessed certain negative merits which, by contrast with what followed, rendered it popular; for the undertakers were at any rate Irishmen, and next to the interests of their own families had those of their country at heart. But the analogy between the situation in Ireland and that in the American colonies had not escaped the notice of English politicians, and there was at least a danger that Ireland, under the rule of the undertakers, might grow bold enough to imitate the example of the latter. So indeed it seemed to Charles Townshend, and he determined to prevent such a possibility by breaking down the power of the undertakers. To this end it was necessary to form a party in parliament wholly dependent on the crown. The task was difficult, and also for him disagreeable, as it implied constant residence in Ireland. But in his elder brother the chancellor of the exchequer found a congenial ally, whose frank, social, and popular manners seemed formed to charm the Irish, though, as the event proved, Walpole, with a keener insight into his character, came nearer the mark when he predicted that he would im-


text:
Talk:McClure's Magazine

Copyright renewals
No general copyright renewals for this magazine for the period 1923-1929 have been located. The following specific renewals have been identified:
 * Feb. 1923, Author:Dixie Willson, Dust in the Doorway, R72268
 * Jan. 1924, Author:H. C. McNeile, An Experiment in Electricity, R72050, First published abroad in Pearson's Magazine, June 1923.
 * Jun. 1923-Jan. 1924, Author:H. C. McNeile (under pseudonym "Sapper"), The Third Round, in 5 parts, R66657, R67530, R69478, R71037, R72049. Published abroad in Sovereign magazine, 1923 in different order.
 * Aug.-Oct. 1926, Author:Samuel Hopkins Adams, Summer bachelors, installments 3-5, R116784-5, R118186. No indication that first two installments had copyright renewed.
 * Sep.-Oct. 1926, Author:Lily (Moresby) Adams Beck, The captain herself, R1176692-3. Additional renewal by different person R132155-6.
 * Oct. 1926-Mar. 1927, Author:Warwick Deeping, The new eve, R130709-14
 * Jul.-Sep. 1926, Author:Harvey Fergusson, Hot Saturday, R130188-90
 * Jan. 1927, Author:Louis Bromfield, A scarlet woman, R139667
 * May-Nov. 1928, Author:A. E. W. Mason, The prisoner in the opal, R158401-7.
 * Feb. 1929 (New McClure's), Author:Richard Connell, Mr. Pottle and the Russian problem, R165483
 * Nov. 1929 (in combination with "Smart Set"), Author:Emma Lindsay Squier, Cloak of desire, R181721
 * Mar. 1930 (in combination with "Smart Set"), Author:Kathleen Norris, The kind of girl I want my son to marry., R186373
 * Apr. 1930 (in Smart set-McClure's), Author:Frank R. Adams, A woman around the house, R196810
 * Apr. 1930 (in Smart set-McClure's), Author:Emma Lindsay Squier, Lost turquoise, R199056
 * June 1930 (in New smart set-McClure's), Author:Edward Longstreth, The party of the month, prophecies for petters, R213421
 * July 1930 (in New smart set), Author:Edward Longstreth, The party of the month, anagrams, R213423

title: Talk:McClure's Magazine


text:
Author:Henry Addington

Speeches

 * On His Majesty's Message Relative to an Union Between Great Britain and Ireland (12 February 1799)
 * In the Committee of Ways and Means (10 December 1802)
 * Upon the Motion of the Marquis of Stafford {13 April 1807)
 * Proposing Certain Resolutions Respecting Danish Merchant Ships Detained in British Ports (17 May 1808)

Letters

 * The Life and Correspondence of the Right Honourable Henry Addington, First Viscount Sidmouth (1847) by George Pellew

title: Author:Henry Addington


text:
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 pose upon them at first as he had on the world, please them by his joviality, and then grow sullen and quarrel with them (Letters, v. 61). The sudden death of Charles Townshend on 4 Sept., only a week or two after the appointment, and the anarchy that thereupon ensued in the cabinet (Grenville Papers, iv. 169, 171;, Grand Council upon the Affairs of Ireland after Eleven Adjournments), rendered his task even more difficult than he had expected; but he possessed the confidence of the king, and in October he set out for the seat of his government. The boons he was authorised to grant included a restriction of the pension list, a limitation of the duration of parliaments, a habeas corpus act, and a national militia. Never had an administration opened under more promising conditions; but the indiscreet announcement in his opening speech to parliament on 20 Oct. of a bill to secure the judges in their offices, as in England, quamdiu se bene gesserint, elicited a sharp rebuke from Shelburne (, England, iv. 374 n.), and when it was found that the bill, on being returned from England, contained a clause rendering Irish judges removable upon an address of the two houses of the British parliament, it was indignantly rejected and the promise regarded as deceptive. Neither for this result nor for the appointment of James Hewitt (afterwards Viscount Lifford) [q. v.] to the chancellorship (cf., George III, iii. 78, with Le Marchant's note, from which it appears that Townshend supported Tisdall's claim) was he wholly responsible, and there was much force in the ridiculous pictures he drew of himself with his hands tied behind his back and his mouth open; but it wrecked his popularity, and rendered the task of obtaining an augmentation of the army, on which the administration had set its heart, extremely difficult. The project was indeed most distasteful to the Irish, and Townshend, who had a keen as well as a sympathetic eye for the sufferings of the peasantry (cf. his Meditations upon a late Excursion in Ireland, especially the verses beginning ‘Ill-fated kingdom with a fertile soil, Whose factors mock the naked peasants' toil’), was obliged to confess that the state of the revenue did not justify the proposed additional expenditure. But his remonstrances were disregarded. A bill shortening the duration of parliaments to eight years was returned in February 1768, and it was hoped that the general satisfaction with which it was received would secure the passing of the augmentation. But the hope proved fallacious, and, having dissolved parliament on 28 May, Townshend at once threw himself with characteristic vehemence into the task of breaking the power of the undertakers. To this end several new peerages were created, places extravagantly multiplied, and, despite the royal promise, new pensions granted. Parliament met on 17 Oct. 1769, and the indignation which his proceedings had aroused showed itself in the rejection by the House of Commons of the customary privy council money bill, expressly on the ground that it had not taken its rise with them. But having, as they thought, sufficiently asserted their privileges, the commons not only voted liberal supplies of their own, but also conceded the desired augmentation in the army. Townshend, who had silently acquiesced in their proceedings, now that he had obtained all that he wanted and more than he expected, protested against their conduct over the rejected money bill as an infringement of Poynings' law, ordered his protest to be entered on the journals of both houses, and prorogued parliament. His action drew down upon him a storm of abuse far exceeding in violence anything meted out to Henry Sidney, viscount Sidney (afterwards earl of Romney) [q. v.], on a similar occasion. The public press teemed with lampoons in which neither his person, his character, nor his habits were spared. His administration was ridiculed and himself held up to scorn as a second Sancho Panza in a series of powerful letters, after the style of Junius, by Sir Hercules Langrishe [q. v.], Flood, and Grattan, afterwards collected in a little volume under the title of ‘Baratariana,’ with a frontispiece exhibiting Townshend with his tongue tied and underneath the words: ‘In Cœlum jusseris, ibit’ ‘And bid him go to Hell, to Hell he goes.’ Angry but not discouraged at this display of hostility towards him, Townshend held resolutely to his determination to break the power of the undertakers by the purchase of a majority in the House of Commons. Parliament was prorogued from three months to three months, and in the meanwhile public credit and the trade of the country suffered from the suspension of the legislature. When it again met on 26 Feb. 1771, Townshend had accomplished his purpose. An address, thanking the king for maintaining him in office, was carried by 132 votes to 107; but the speaker, John Ponsonby [q. v.], rather than present it, preferred to resign. The majority Townshend had thus obtained by corruption of the most flagrant description he managed to maintain by the same means to the end of his administration, though more than once defeated and mortified by seeing a money bill altered by


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 his advice in council rejected without a division. But the process told on his temper. He waxed, as Walpole predicted, angry and sullen; the popularity for which he thirsted, and to promote which he always wore Irish cloth, was denied him, and he sought relief for his disappointment in the lowest haunts of dissipation (, George III, ix. 231). At last, when public indignation had reached fever heat, he was recalled in September 1772, having done more to corrupt and lower the tone of political life in Ireland than any previous governor. ‘Lord Townshend,’ says Mr. Lecky (Hist. of England, iv. 401), ‘is one of the very small number of Irish viceroys who have been personally disliked … his abilities were superior to those of many of his predecessors and successors; but he was utterly destitute of tact and judgment. … He sought for popularity by sacrificing the dignity and decorum of his position, and he brought both his person and his office into contempt.’

Returning to his post as master-general of the ordnance, he was on 15 July 1773 appointed colonel of the 2nd (queen's) regiment of dragoons, promoted general in the army on 20 Nov. 1782, and on 31 Oct. 1786 created Marquis Townshend of Rainham. In addition to other offices held by him, he was made lord-lieutenant and custos rotulorum for the county of Norfolk on 15 Feb. 1792, vice-admiral of that county on 16 June the same year, general on the staff (eastern district) from 1793 to 1796, governor of Hull on 19 July 1794, governor of Chelsea Hospital on 16 July 1795, governor of Jersey on 22 July 1796, field-marshal on 30 July 1796, and high steward of Tamworth on 20 Jan. 1797. But his life after quitting Ireland was uneventful. He died at Rainham on 14 Sept. 1807, and was buried in the family vault there on the 28th.

By his first wife, Lady Charlotte, only surviving issue of James Compton, earl of Northampton, in her own right Baroness de Ferrars, whom he married in December 1751, and who died at Leixlip Castle in Ireland on 14 Sept. 1770, he had four sons and four daughters, of whom the eldest, George, second marquis Townshend [q. v.], succeeded him. He married, secondly, on 19 May 1773, Anne, daughter of Sir William Montgomery, M.P. for Ballynekill, who died on 29 March 1819, and by her had also issue six children. A full-length portrait, painted by Reynolds, was engraved in mezzotint by C. Turner and by R. Jose. Another portrait, by Thomas Hudson, was engraved by J. McArdell. He is said to have been a very handsome man.

[Collins's Peerage, ii. 478–80; Doyle's Official Baronage, iii. 543; Gent. Mag. 1807, ii. 894, 974; Pitt Corresp. i. 222, 345, 452, ii. 412, iii. 279, 435, iv. 340; Grenville Papers, ii. 277, iii. 207, 209, iv. 92, 130, 169, 171, 232; Walpole's Letters, ed. Cunningham, Last Ten Years of George II, Journal of the Reign of George III, ed. Doran, and Memoirs of George III, ed. Barker; An Essay on the Character and Conduct of His Excellency Lord Viscount Townshend, 1771; Flood's Memoirs of H. Flood, pp. 75–81; Grattan's Life of Grattan, i. 95, 98, 101, 102, 172, 173, 174; Observations on a Speech delivered the 26th Day of December 1769 (attributed to Robert Hellen); Almon's Biographical Anecdotes, i. 101–9; Fitzmaurice's Life of Shelburne; Baratariana; Plowden's Hist. Review; Lecky's England in the Eighteenth Century, vol. iv.; Froude's English in Ireland, vol. ii.; Hist. MSS. Comm. 5th Rep. p. 234, 6th Rep. p. 236, 8th Rep. pp. 193, 195–6, 9th Rep. iii. 28–9; Townshend MSS.; Dartmouth MSS. vol. ii.; Charlemont MSS. vols. i. and ii.; Addit. MSS. (Brit. Mus.) 20733 f. 25, 21709, 23635 f. 245, 23654 f. 62, 23669 f. 63, 23670 f. 261, 24137 (containing interesting personal details, cf. Lecky, iv. 372–3), 30873 f. 77 (to J. Wilkes); Corresp. with the Duke of Newcastle, 1751–67, 32725 et seq. and 33118 ff. 1–24 (despatch on the defence of Ireland); Egerton MS. 2136, f. 119.]  TOWNSHEND, GEORGE, second, , and of Chartley (1755–1811), born on 18 April 1755, was the eldest son of George Townshend, first marquis [q. v.], by his first wife, Lady Charlotte Compton, baroness de Ferrars. He was educated at Eton and St. John's College, Cambridge, and was created M.A. on 6 July 1773. On his mother's death in 1774 he succeeded to the barony of De Ferrars. He served in the army for a few years, being gazetted cornet in the 9th dragoons on 29 Sept. 1770, lieutenant in the 4th regiment of horse on 1 Oct. 1771, and captain in the 18th light dragoons on 23 Jan. 1773, and in the 15th (king's) light dragoons on 31 Dec. of the same year. In speaking in the debate on the address on 26 Oct. 1775 De Ferrars declared he should oppose all the measures of the court, though, out of respect to his father, he would not begin that day (, Last Journals, i. 512). He did not, however, take any prominent part in politics. On the return of the whigs to office he was made a privy councillor (24 April 1782), and was nominated captain of the band of gentlemen pensioners. To that post he was reappointed by Pitt on 31 Dec. 1783, and on 5 March 1784 was named a member of the committee of the privy council which managed colonial commerce until the constitution of the board of trade. On 18 May


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 of the same year De Ferrars was created Earl of Leicester of the county of Leicester. When he asked his father's permission to assume it, he replied he might take any title but that of Viscount Townshend. The earldom of Leicester had been extinct since 1759, and Fox wished to have given it to his friend Coke, whose family had possessed it after the Sidneys, and to whom it reverted in 1837 [see of Holkham, ].

In February 1788 Leicester signed a protest against Thurlow's proposal that the commons should produce evidence in support of Hastings's impeachment before calling on the defendant. He held the office of master of the mint from 20 Jan. 1790 to July 1794, and that of joint postmaster-general from the latter date till February 1799. He was named lord steward of the household on 20 Feb. 1799, and held office till August 1802. On the death of his father in 1807 he succeeded as second Marquis Townshend. Before his death he had sold much of his Norfolk property to the Marquis Cornwallis and to Edmund Wodehouse. He was much interested in archæology, having the reputation of being the best amateur antiquary of his time. Walpole writes of his violent passion for ancestry, and makes many bantering allusions to his taste for heraldry. In 1784 Leicester ousted Edward King (1735?–1807) [q. v.] from the presidency of the Society of Antiquaries ‘in an unprecedented contest for the chair’. Throsby addressed to him his ‘Letter on the Roman Cloaca at Leicester, 1793;’ and four years before he obtained from George III permission for Gough to dedicate to him his new edition of Camden's ‘Britannia.’ Leicester was also a fellow of the Royal Society and a trustee of the British Museum. He died suddenly at Richmond on 27 July 1811. A portrait of him was engraved by M'Kenzie after a painting by J. S. Copley.

Townshend married, in December 1777, Charlotte, second daughter and coheir of Mainwaring Ellerker, esq., of Risby Park, Yorkshire. She died in 1802. By her he had two sons, George Ferrars and Charles Vere Ferrars, who died without issue.

The elder son,, third (1778–1855), was disinherited by his father, who also gave his library and pictures to Charles, his second son. He lived chiefly abroad. On his death at Genoa on 31 Dec. 1855, the earldom of Leicester became extinct. He was succeeded in the marquisate by his cousin, John Townshend (1798–1863), son of Lord John Townshend of Balls Park, Hertfordshire. George Ferrars Townshend's wife Sarah, daughter of John Dunn-Gardner of Chatteris, left him a year after marriage, and on 24 Oct. 1809 went through a ceremony at Gretna Green with John Margetts. Their son John was baptised at St. George's, Bloomsbury, in December 1823, under the name of Townshend, and afterwards assumed the title of Earl of Leicester. He represented Bodmin for several years. All the children of the Gretna Green marriage having been declared illegitimate by an act of parliament of 1842, he assumed his mother's maiden name.

[Doyle's Official Baronage; G. E. C[okayne]'s Peerage; Gent. Mag. 1811, ii. 93; Walpole's Letters (Cunningham), vii. 159, 192, 204, 372, viii. 556, ix. 156–7; Nichols's Lit. Anecd. vi. 279–80, viii. 58, 338, ix. 87 n.; Neale's Views of Seats, vol. iii. with view of Rainham Hall, engraved by J. F. Hay; Rogers's Protests of the Lords, Nos. 103, 114, 115; Evans's Cat. Engr. Portraits; Carthew's Hundred of Launditch, iii. 296; Wraxall's Memoirs (Wheatley), iii. 356; Diary of Mme. D'Arblay, 1890, i. 243.]  TOWNSHEND, HAYWARD (fl. 1602), author of ‘Historical Collections,’ was son and heir of Sir Henry Townshend, knight, of Cound, Shropshire, second justice of Chester, one of the council of the marches of Wales, and M.P. for Ludlow, 1614, by his first wife Susan, daughter of Sir Rowland Hayward, knight, of London. He was born in 1577, entered St. Mary Hall, Oxford, as a gentleman-commoner in 1590, and graduated B.A. on 22 Feb. 1594–5, and became a barrister-at-law of Lincoln's Inn in 1601. On 16 Oct. 1597, and again on 3 Oct. 1601, he was elected member of parliament for Bishops Castle, his colleague in the earlier parliament being Sir Edmund Baynham, one of the gunpowder plot conspirators. He was the youngest member of the House of Commons. In 1601 he made a motion to restrain the number of common solicitors, and to prevent perjury, also in committee to abolish monopolies. Sir Francis Bacon referred to one of his speeches as ‘the wise and discreet speech made by the young gentleman, even the youngest in this assembly.’ He died without issue before 1623.

Townshend's fame rests upon his parliamentary report, published posthumously in 1680, entitled ‘Historical Collections; or, An exact Account of the Proceedings of the Four last Parliaments of Q. Elizabeth of Famous Memory. Wherein is contained The Compleat Journals both of the Lords and Commons, Taken from the Original Records of their Houses, &c., Faithfully and Labori-


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 ously Collected By Heywood Townshend, esq., a Member in those Parliaments.’ This book contains a journal of the proceedings of parliament from 4 Feb. 1588 to 19 Dec. 1601. Part of the original is in Rawl. MS. A 100 (in Bodleian Library), and a seventeenth century transcript is in Stowe MSS. 362–3 (at the British Museum).

[Wood's Athenæ Oxon. i. 724, ii. 3; Wood's Fasti, i. 266; Foster's Alumni Oxon. early ser. iv. 1500; Shropshire Archæological Transactions, 2nd ser. x. 38; Nash's Worcestershire, i. 378.]  TOWNSHEND, HORATIO, first  (1630?–1687), born about 1630, was the second son of Sir Roger, the first baronet, by Mary, daughter and coheiress of Horatio de Vere, baron Vere of Tilbury [see under, (1543?–1590)]. On the death of his elder brother Roger in 1648 he became heir to the Townshend baronetcy and estates. Three years before, on 27 Nov. 1645, he had been created M.A. of Cambridge.

Townshend was returned as one of the members for Norfolk on 10 Jan. 1658–9, and in the ensuing May was named a member of the council of state which was to hold office till December (, Memorials, p. 678). In the following month, however, Clarendon speaks of him as using his influence in Norfolk and borrowing money for the royalist cause; and in September Nicholas writes of him to Ormonde as one ready to attempt anything for the king if five thousand men could be sent from France or Flanders. Together with Lord Willoughby of Parham he planned the seizure of King's Lynn, but both were arrested before the attempt could be made. On 28 Jan. 1660 Townshend, with Lord Richardson and Sir John Hobart, delivered to Speaker Lenthall a declaration of three hundred gentry of Norfolk praying for the recall of the members secluded in 1648, and for the filling up of vacant places without oath or engagement (ib. p. 694;, Reg. Chron. p. 35). In the same month he delivered a letter from Charles II to Fairfax, causing him to assemble his old soldiers and march on York. On 14 May Townshend arrived at The Hague as one of the deputation sent to invite Charles II to return (ib.; cf., p. 133). In September he received a letter from Charles appointing him governor of King's Lynn. In reward for his services in forwarding the Restoration he was created on 20 April 1661 Baron Townshend of Lynn Regis. In the ensuing August he was appointed lord-lieutenant, and a year later vice-admiral of Norfolk. In September 1664 he and Lord Cornbury went to Norwich to compose the differences between the city and the cathedral chapter. In March 1665 Townshend was granted two-thirds of ‘certain marsh lands in or near Walton and other places in the counties of Cambridge, Lincoln, and Norfolk, as settled upon the late king when he undertook to drain the same … on condition of his prosecuting his Majesty's right and title to the same at his own expense and paying certain fee-farm rents.’

In September 1666 Townshend was reported to Secretary Williamson as very active in sending fanatics to prison and in settling the militia; and five years later is spoken of as having purged ‘the House’ at Great Yarmouth of all the independents and most of the presbyterians. In June 1667 he received the command of a regiment of foot which he had raised, and on 14 Aug. Charles II wrote to thank him for his zeal in his service, especially during the late alarm from the Dutch fleet. In 1671 the king and queen paid him a visit at Rainham. In the same year Townshend was awarded 5,000l. damages in an action for scandalum magnatum at the Norwich assizes. In November 1675 he was one of the large minority who supported the address to the king for the dissolution of the parliament, and he signed the protest against its rejection (, Protests of the Lords, No. 47). He was advanced to the dignity of Viscount Townshend of Rainham on 2 Dec. 1682.

Townshend died in December 1687. He married, in 1658, Mary, daughter and heiress of Edward Lewknor of Denham, Suffolk; and, after her death without issue in 1673, Mary, daughter of Sir Joseph Ashe, bart., of Twickenham. She died in December 1685, leaving three sons, of whom the eldest, Charles, second viscount Townshend [q. v.], is separately noticed.

A portrait of Townshend was engraved by Edwards, and a fine original drawing in colours was made by Gardiner.

[Doyle's Official Baronage; G. E. C[okayne]'s Peerage; Ret. Memb. Parl; Blomefield's Norfolk, iii. 410, v. 510, vii. 136; Manship's Yarmouth, ed. Palmer, ii. 215 n.; Clarendon's Hist. of the Rebellion, xvi. §§ 24, 38, 117; Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1658–71; Evans's Catalogue of Engr. Portraits; Hist. MSS. Comm. 6th Rep. p. 370, 10th Rep. vi. 196–9; the Townshend papers at Rainham (11th Rep. pt. iv.) containing the first viscount's correspondence.]  TOWNSHEND, HORATIO (1750–1837), Irish writer, son of Philip Townshend of Ross, co. Cork, was born there in 1750,


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 and entered Trinity College, Dublin, about 1768. He graduated B.A. in 1770, and M.A. in 1776. He was incorporated at Magdalen College, Oxford, on 15 April 1776. He took orders, and was given the living of Rosscarbery, co. Cork, where he resided for the rest of his life. His most important work is a ‘Statistical Survey of the County of Cork,’ which was first published in one volume in Dublin in 1810. A second edition of the work, in two volumes, was published in Cork in 1815. Another work by Townshend was ‘A Tour through Ireland and the Northern Parts of Great Britain,’ 8vo, London, 1821. He also wrote a good deal of local and ephemeral verse, a specimen of which may be found in ‘The Hippocrene’ (1831) by Patrick O'Kelly [q. v.] He wrote occasional articles for ‘Blackwood's Magazine’ under the signature of ‘Senex,’ and to ‘Bolster's Cork Magazine,’ 1828–31. He died on 26 March 1837.

[Windale's Cork and Killarney; O'Donoghue's Poets of Ireland; Foster's Alumni Oxonienses, 1715–1886; Todd's List. of Dublin Graduates.]  TOWNSHEND, JOHN (1789–1845), colonel, was the eldest surviving son of Richard Boyle Townshend, high sheriff for co. Cork and M.P. in the Irish House of Commons, by his wife, Henrietta, daughter of John Newenham of Maryborough. He was born at Castletownshend on 11 June 1789, and on 24 Jan. 1805 was appointed cornet in the 14th light dragoons. He became lieutenant on 8 March 1806, by purchase, and captain on 6 June, without purchase. On 16 Dec. 1808 he sailed from Falmouth with his regiment for Portugal. He was first engaged on the plains of Vogo on 10 May 1809, was in close pursuit of the enemy on the 11th, and was present at the crossing of the Douro and capture of Oporto on the 12th under Sir Arthur Wellesley. He took part in several skirmishes with the French rear-guard during their retreat into Spain, in the engagements of 27 and 28 July 1809 at Talavera, and in an affair with the enemy's advanced post on 11 July 1810 in front of Ciudad Rodrigo. He was engaged with the enemy on 24 July 1810 at the passage of the Coa, near Almeida, under the command of Major-general Craufurd, and in several skirmishes of the rear-guard from Almeida to Busaco. He was present with the army on the march from Busaco to Coimbra, and to the lines of Torres Vedras, where the army arrived in October 1810. From 6 March to 14 April 1811 he was engaged in the several affairs and skirmishes on the enemy's retreat from Santarem to the frontiers of Spain. In the engagements of 3 and 5 May 1811 at Fuentes d'Onor he was employed as aide-de-camp to Sir Stapleton Cotton [q. v.] He was present at the affair with the enemy's lancers at Espega on 25 Sept. 1811. He was employed on duty at the siege of Ciudad Rodrigo in December 1811 and January 1812; at the siege of Badajoz in March and April 1812; at the battles of Salamanca on 22 July following, and of Vittoria on 21 June 1813, when the whole of the enemy's baggage was taken or destroyed. On 24 June 1813 he took part in the taking of the enemy's last gun near Pampeluna, under the command of Major Brotherton of the same regiment, and was constantly engaged with the enemy until the battle of Orthes on 27 Feb. 1814. On 8 March following he was made prisoner of war in an affair with the enemy near the city of Pau, but was quickly released.

Townshend was subsequently present at New Orleans in America on 8 Jan. 1815. He was made brevet major on 21 Jan. 1819, as a reward for his services during the Peninsular war; major in the regiment, by purchase, on 13 Sept. 1821; lieutenant-colonel, by purchase, on 16 April 1829; and aide-de-camp to the queen and colonel in the army on 23 Nov. 1841. In 1827, on the death of his father, he succeeded to the family estates at Castletownshend. In 1831 he was one of the board of officers appointed by the general commanding in chief, under Lord Edward Somerset, for revising the formations and movements of cavalry. He served with his regiment in India for some years, but embarked at Bombay for England in November 1844. He landed in England in January 1845, and died unmarried at Castletownshend on 22 April of the same year. A monument was erected to his memory in the church of Castletownshend by the officers of his regiment. He was succeeded in his estates by his brother, the Rev. Maurice Fitzgerald Stephens-Townshend.

[An account of Colonel Richard Townesend and his family, by Richard and Dorothea Townshend, 1892; Record of Colonel Townshend's services.]  TOWNSHEND, ROGER (d. 1493), judge and founder of the Townshend family, was son and heir of John Townshend (d. 1465) of Rainham, Norfolk, by his wife Joan, daughter and heir of Sir Robert Lunford of Romford in Essex and Battle in Sussex. The family had long been settled in Norfolk, and in ancient charters the name was latinised as ‘ad Exitum Villæ’ (‘at town's end’). Roger was in September 1454 admitted student at Lincoln's Inn, of which


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Translations

 * The History of Herodotus, in 2 vols. (1890)

Works about Macaulay

 * "[//books.google.com/books?id=yEcuAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1103 MACAULAY, G. C.]" in Who's Who vol. 59 (1907)

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 he was governor in 1461, and again in 1463, 1465, and 1466. His name occurs in the year-books from Hilary term 1465 onwards. On 24 July 1466 he was placed on the commission of the peace in Norfolk (Cal. Patent Rolls, Edw. IV, p. 568), and in April 1467 he was returned, probably through the influence of his mother's family, to parliament for Bramber, Sussex. His legal practice was evidently considerable, and on 9 Nov. 1469 he bought from Sir John Paston (1442–1479) [q. v.], for 66l. 13s. 4d., his manor of East Beckham, with all his lands in West Beckham, Bodham, Sheringham, Beeston Regis, Runton, Shipden, Felbrigg, Aylmerton, Sustead, and Gresham, all near Cromer in Norfolk (Paston Letters, ii. 391). He seems to have acted as legal adviser to the Paston family; in June 1470 he was counsel for John Paston who was tried on a charge of felony at the Norwich sessions for shooting two men. Sir John borrowed money of Townshend, and by 1477 owed him four hundred marks (ib. ii. 397–9, iii. 199, 255). On 15 Sept. 1472 Townshend was returned to parliament for Calne in Wiltshire. He was double reader at Lincoln's Inn in 1468, and again in 1474, and in October 1477 was made serjeant-at-law, becoming king's serjeant in 1483 (, xii. 186). Richard III appointed him justice of the common pleas about January 1484, and Henry VII not only retained him in this position, but knighted him on Whitsunday 1486. On 14 July following he was placed on the commission of oyer and terminer for London and its suburbs, and on 7 April 1487 was made commissioner of array for Norfolk. In 1489 he was appointed on the commissions for the peace in Sussex, Essex, and Hertfordshire, and on commissions for gaol delivery at Hertford, Colchester, and Guildford (, Materials, i. 428, ii. 135, 325, 477–83). According to Dugdale, the last fine acknowledged before him was at midsummer 1493. He died on 9 Nov. following, his will being dated 14 Aug. (Cal. Inquis. post mortem, 1898, vol. i. Nos. 1028, 1136, 1143;, Norfolk, vii. 131). Foss erroneously states that Townshend continued sitting in court until Michaelmas 1500.

Townshend's first wife was Anne, daughter and heir of Sir William Brews or Braose, who brought him the manor of Stinton, Norfolk. By her, who died on 31 Oct. 1489, he had six sons and six daughters; the eldest son, Sir Roger (1477–1551), was thrice sheriff of Norfolk, which he also represented in parliament in 1529 and 1541–2. Dying without issue, on 30 Nov. 1551, he was succeeded by his great-nephew, Sir Roger (1543?–1590) [q. v.] The judge's second wife's name was Eleanor, who was his executrix, and died in 1500.

[Authorities cited; Dugdale's Orig. Jurid. and Chronica Ser.; Visitation of Norfolk (Harleian Soc.); Lincoln's Inn Records, i. 12; Rye's Norfolk Records; Collins's Peerage, vi. 36–9; Off. Return of Members of Parliament; Blomefield's Norfolk, passim; Foss's Lives of the Judges.]  TOWNSHEND, ROGER (1543?–1590), courtier, of East Rainham, Norfolk, born about 1543, was son and heir of Richard Townshend, of Brampton, Norfolk, by Catherine, daughter and coheiress of Sir Humphrey Browne, justice of the common pleas [see under, (d. 1493)]. He was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, but did not graduate. Both he and his wife held court offices under Elizabeth, and they and the queen exchanged presents on New Year's day of various years between 1576 and 1581. In the latter year Philip, earl of Arundel, made a deed of gift to Townshend and William Dyx of all his goods, jewels, and other property, in consideration of the payment of certain sums of money (Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1547–80 p. 469, 1581–90, p. 117). Besides his Norfolk property Townshend purchased from Thomas Sutton (1532–1611) [q. v.] an estate at Stoke Newington, Middlesex, and also acquired property in Essex. He served with the fleet against the Spanish armada, and on 26 July 1588 was knighted at sea by Lord Howard of Effingham. His portrait was to be seen on the margin of the tapestry in the House of Lords (destroyed by fire in 1834) depicting the defeat of the Armada [see ]. He died two years later, in June 1590, at Stoke Newington, and was buried on the 30th in the church of St. Giles, Cripplegate. He married, about 1564, Jane, youngest daughter of Sir Michael Stanhope [q. v.] of Shelford, Nottinghamshire, who in 1597 was remarried to Henry, lord Berkeley.

His eldest son, (1564–1603), sat in parliament from 1593 to 1601, served in the Low Countries under Sir Francis Vere in 1592, and four years later accompanied Essex in his expedition against Cadiz, and was knighted for his services. He was mortally wounded in 1603 in a duel on Hounslow Heath with Sir Matthew Browne, who was killed on the spot. Townshend died of his wounds on 2 Aug. His son, Sir Roger (1588–1637), who was created a baronet on 16 April 1617, was father of Horatio, first viscount Townshend [q. v.]


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 fulfilled his mission to Pege, and three days later the hermit was buried in his own little church according to his desire. A year later Pege placed the body in a shrine, which soon became a famous object of pilgrimage. Among the earliest of the pilgrims was Æthelbald, whose accession to the Mercian throne in 716 fulfilled a prophecy of Guthlac's; and the building which he reared over Guthlac's relics grew into Crowland Abbey.

GUTHRIE, DAVID (fl. 1479), lord treasurer of Scotland 1461, was the son of Alexander Guthrie of Kincaldrum. From 25 March 1466, when David Guthrie recovered the barony and estates of Guthrie granted to his family by David II but afterwards sold, his full title was Sir David Guthrie of Guthrie and Kincaldrum. In 1457 he was sheriff of Forfarshire. From his youth he was bred up about the court, and became armour-bearer to James II, afterwards rising high in favour with James III. During James III's minority Guthrie was made lord treasurer (in 1461) by the queen-mother. On 15 Oct. 1466 he became comptroller of the household. In March 1467 he again appears in the official deeds as treasurer, and in November as comptroller, his name occurring in the royal charters for 1468 in the same position as when treasurer, but without the designation, the probability being that he continued to hold both posts (Accounts of the Lord High Treasurer, i. 30, &c.;, Officers of State, p. 360). On 10 Aug. 1468 Guthrie appears as clerk of the register, and the next year, owing to a change in the ministry, was made master of the rolls, his name again appearing as comptroller in November 1470. In April 1472 he went as one of the Scotch plenipotentiaries to meet the English commissioners at Newcastle, where a truce to last from 20 April 1472 till July 1483 was concluded. He was appointed lord chief justice of Scotland in 1473; the last official mention of his name is as justiciary in 1474, but he certainly survived till 1479. 'In the time of his greatness he much enlarged his estate' (Records of the Exchequer, 1474), and founded and endowed a collegiate church at Guthrie for a provost and three prebends (increased by his eldest son to eight), and confirmed by a bull from Sixtus IV, dated at Rome 14 June 1479.

Guthrie married twice, first a daughter of Sir Thomas Maule of Panmure, and secondly one of the Dundases. His eldest son, Alexander, a grandson, three sons-in-law, and a nephew were all slain at Flodden, 1513.

, bishop of Moray [q. v.], was descended from John, youngest son of Sir Alexander Guthrie.

GUTHRIE, FREDERICK (1833–1886), scientific writer, son of Alexander Guthrie, a London tradesman, was born in Bayswater, 15 Oct. 1833. He was educated at University School and College, London, where his brother Francis (afterwards principal of the South African College, Cape Town) distinguished himself in mathematics. Frederick studied chemistry under Professors Graham and Williamson, and mathematics under De Morgan. Henry Watts, F.R.S., then assistant in the chemical laboratory, had been his private tutor until he was twelve years old. Early in 1854 Guthrie went to Germany, and studied chemistry at Heidelberg under Bunsen, and at Marburg under Kolbe, at the latter place taking his degree of Ph.D. with a thesis (his first published paper) 'Ueber die chemische Constitution der ätherschwefelsauren Salze und über Amyloxydphosphorsäure.' Returning to England he graduated B.A. at London in 1855, and next year was appointed assistant to Dr. Frankland, then professor of chemistry at Owens College, Manchester. In 1859 Guthrie passed to a similar post at Edinburgh under Lyon Playfair, and in May 1861 he accepted the professorship of chemistry and physics in the Royal College, Mauritius, which he held for six years, having for a colleague Mr. Walter Besant, with whom he formed an enduring friendship. In 1869 Guthrie was elected lecturer (afterwards professor) in the newly established Normal School of Science at South Kensington, a position which he retained till his death (from cancer of the throat) on 21 Oct. 1886. He was buried in Kensal Green cemetery. Guthrie was four times married. His widow received a pension from the civil list.


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 orders of Commodore Nelson, who for part of the time hoisted his broad pennant on board her, notably at the evacuation of Corsica in October (ib. ii. 300–2). Off Cape St. Vincent on 14 Feb. 1797 the Diadem, still commanded by Towry, closed the line, but had no very prominent part in the battle. Towards the end of the year she was sent to England. In December 1798 Towry was appointed to the command of the 38-gun frigate Uranie, in which, and afterwards in the Cambrian, he continued till the peace. In July 1803 he was appointed to the Tribune, which he commanded in the Channel during the early months of the winter. Under the severity of the work his health gave way, and in January 1804 he was obliged to invalid. From May 1804 to June 1806 he commanded the Royal Charlotte yacht, and was afterwards one of the commissioners for the transport service. He died in his father's house in Somerset Place, London, on 9 April 1809, and was buried on 17 April at St. Marylebone. He married in 1802, and left issue.

[Gent. Mag. 1809, i. 475; Nicolas's Despatches and Letters of Lord Nelson, freq. (see index); Passing Certificate, Full Pay Ledgers, and other official documents in the Public Record Office; Navy Lists.]  TOWSON, JOHN THOMAS (1804–1881), scientific writer, son of John Gay Towson and his wife, Elizabeth Thomas, was born at Fore Street, Devonport, on 8 April 1804, and educated at Stoke classical school. He followed his father's trade of a chronometer and watch maker. When the daguerreotype process was introduced in 1839 he and Robert Hunt (1807–1887) [q. v.] devoted considerable attention to it, and in the ‘Philosophical Magazine’ for November 1839 he published a paper ‘On the Proper Focus for the Daguerrotype,’ in which he demonstrated the fact that the luminous and chemical rays did not focus at the same distance from the object (cf., History of Photography, 1888, p. 42). Towson was also the first to devise the means of taking a photographic picture on glass and of using the reflecting camera; and, with his colleague Hunt, produced highly sensitive photographic papers, for the sale of which they appointed agents in London and elsewhere. About 1846 he turned his attention to navigation, and gave lessons in that subject to young men in the naval yard. His investigations led to the suggestion that the quickest route across the Atlantic would be by sailing on the great circle. Sir John Herschel drew the attention of the admiralty to Towson's discovery, and that department subsequently published Towson's ‘Tables for facilitating the Practice of Great Circle Sailing,’ and his ‘Tables for the Reduction of Ex-Meridian Altitudes’ (1849), the copyrights of which works he presented to the admiralty. In 1850 he removed to Liverpool on being appointed scientific examiner of masters and mates in that port, which post he held until 1873, when he retired, still holding an appointment as chief examiner in compasses. In 1853 he brought before the Liverpool Literary and Philosophical Society the subject of the deviation of the compass on board iron ships, and in 1854 he aided Dr. William Scoresby (1789–1857) [q. v.] in directing the attention of the British Association to the matter. The result of the discussion was the formation of the Liverpool compass committee, and three reports were subsequently presented to both houses of parliament, these being in the main the result of Towson's labours. In recognition of his services to navigation he was on 9 Jan. 1857 presented by the shipowners of Liverpool with a dock bond for 1,000l. and an additional gratuity of more than 100l. In 1863 he was instructed by the board of trade to prepare a manual which was afterwards published under the title of ‘Practical Information on the Deviation of the Compass, for the Use of Masters and Mates of Iron Ships.’ In 1870 he prepared a syllabus, adopted by the board of trade, for examinations in compass deviations. Towson died at his residence, Upper Parliament Street, Liverpool, on 3 Jan. 1881. He married Margaret Braddon on 19 Nov. 1840 at Stoke-Damerel church, Devonport.

Besides the papers mentioned he wrote ‘A Lecture to the Officers, Seamen, and Apprentices of Mercantile Marine,’ 1854, and twelve or more communications to the Historic Society of Lancashire and Cheshire (vols. ix–xxvi.), the Liverpool Literary and Philosophical Society (vols. vii–viii.), the Liverpool Polytechnic Society (1872), and the British Association (1859); the subjects including (1) ‘The Goldfields of Australia,’ (2) ‘History of Photography,’ (3) ‘Icebergs in the Southern Ocean,’ (4) ‘Mythology of Aerostation,’ (5) ‘Solar Eclipse of 15 March 1858,’ (6) ‘Visit to the Tomb of Theodora Paleologus.’

[Men of the Time, 10th edit.; Times, 4 Jan. 1881; Athenæum, 1881, i. 59; Royal Society Cat. of Scientific Papers; Appleton's Dict. American Biogr. sub nom. Draper; Hunt's Manual of Photography, 1853, pp. 106, 134; Lecky's Wrinkles in Practical Navigation, 1894, pp. 391, 497; information kindly supplied by Mr. W. H. K. Wright, Plymouth, and Mr. T. Formby, Liverpool.]