text:
The Theory of the Foreign Exchanges/Chapter II

first element which we have to consider in discussing the Foreign Exchanges is to be found, as has been already stated, in international indebtedness; the exchanges in question are exchanges of claims or debts, and an inquiry into the origin and nature of these debts will throw considerable light upon the subject.

It is an error often committed to imagine these debts to be incurred simply by the importation of foreign commodities, and to look on the balance of trade as a mere question of import and export, and being the excess of the one over the other. It is necessary to look closer into the transactions between two countries before an idea can be formed of the position of their mutual indebtedness.

It will be discovered to result not so much from the exchange of their respective produce as from the relative totals of all the amounts expended by each upon the other, whether in payment of produce and manufactures, or for the purchase of shares and public securities, or for the settlement of profits, commissions, or tribute of any kind, or for the discharge of the expenses incurred in foreign residence or travel; in fact, from the entire payments (or promises to pay) which pass between the respective countries. The idea of actual borrowing must be lost sight of; it is the liability incurred with which we are now concerned; and this liability is identical in its effect, whatever its origin may be.

Payments which have to be made by one country to another for any purpose whatsoever, have the same effect as payments for direct importations. Thus it is possible that the general indebtedness of two countries to each other may be almost balanced, though the one imports far more commodities from the other than those which is supplies in return. For instance, the excess may amount to three millions sterling; but the nation which, through this class of transactions, has thus become a creditor for the excess of three millions, may spend one million thereof in remittances to such of its body as have taken up their residence in the other country, or have been traveling and spending money abroad: and another million may be sent to the country which has imported the excess, in order to buy up public securities; and supposing this latter country to be a great shipping nation, another million may be due to it for freights. Thus the equilibrium between the two countries would be restored, and there would be no adverse balance on either side; the indebtedness would be equal.

It may not be superfluous to examine some of these international transactions more in detail. As an instance, we may examine the force of foreign loans. Treating the subject, as is at present the case, with a view to the Foreign Exchanges, a foreign loan will tell against the balance, not of the country which receives the loan, but of that which supplies it.

The loan will certainly have ultimately to be repaid; but, at the time when it is contracted, it acts with the same force as an export upon the country which receives it, and with that of an import to the country which gives it. In fact, the borrowing country exports its securities, which are imported by the capitalists who lend. The force of the axiom that, with regard to the balance of trade, to contract a foreign loan is equivalent to an increase of exportation, will subsequently be more fully felt when the correctives of an unfavorable exchange come to be discussed. It will be seen that when the indebtedness of a country becomes excessive and the liability cannot be liquidated either by shipments of bullion or by an increase of exportation, recourse is sometimes had to a loan in order to readjust the balance; the country exports public securities made for the purpose, when it has no other available resources left with which to satisfy its foreign creditors. Russia will furnish an illustration of this position.

Or, again, there may be a nation, rich in capital and very self-dependent, importing little, because it contains within its own limits most of its requirements, but exporting very largely. The tendency of such a country would be to become the creditor of all her neigghbours. How is the balance to be restored? This case is the converse of the one just now considered; the indebtedness under the present hypothesis is not excessive, but under the mark; such a country often restores the equilibrium by becoming the speculative purchaser and importer of loans and stocks and securities of all kinds; her manufactures are repaid by railway debentures, and the sums which other countries expend on the commodities with which she supplies them, she in her turn expends on the Stock Exchanges of foreign capitals. There is no doubt but what the balance of trade is immensely affected at such times, when any great speculative mania for foreign securities springs up. In the same way as the monetary position of a country may be endangered when it imports more foreign produce than the amount of its exportation, so may it be endangered by the undue purchase of foreign stocks, with the sole exception that the latter are often far more adapted for re-exportation than manufactured goods or produce, on which the charges of shipment or re-shipment are infinitely heavier.

It will appear from the foregoing observations that, when the relative indebtedness or the balance of trade between two countries is spoken of, the permanent debts of country to another do not enter into consideration, -at least, not until the term of payment has arrived; the balance of trade depends upon the transactions which have to be settled, not upon those which by common consent are held in abeyance for a long term of years. For instance, there is no doubt that the United States owe an enormous amount to England in the shape of American securities in the hands of English holders; but with the exception of the interest on these securities, this indebtedness, being one which does not require settlement, exercises hardly any influence on that other indebtedness which has been regulating (or rather disarranging) the exchanges between the two countries since the commencement of the year.

These securities are articles of commerce, previously imported by England, and when they were imported, they no doubt acted upon the exchanges equally with the cotton which came from the same quarter; and if they are re-exported to America (which is possible enough), they would again affect the exchanges in the contrary direction, with the same force as is exercised by cotton when it is re-exported to America is the shape of Manchester goods.

Otherwise, involving no immediate claim, they cannot be regarded as a set-off to the debts which we incur to the Americans for cotton and corn. The balance of trade may be entirely against England, though the amount of American securities in English hands should immensely exceed that balance.

The case of the coupons attached to such stock is very different. The interest which they bear is a constant and important feature in national indebtedness. It constitutes an immediate liability incurred by the borrowing country; it is expenditure in favour of a foreign creditor. A country which has large sums of interest pay annually abroad, must import so much less or export so much more. Conversely, a rich country with a tendency to import too much, both of foreign produce and of foreign securities, receives some compensation in the annual collection of interest. It sets off these receipts against its excessive expenditure. It may look upon them as capital coming in against capital going out.

The large sums which England every year in payment of interest from foreign countries, reduces considerably the balance which, notwithstanding our enormous exportation, is almost always against us; the foreign loans negotiated in England increase her indebtedness at the time when they are contracted; but, by the annual revenue subsequently derived from them, her indebtedness is afterwards reduced.

The effect of profits and commissions on the mutual liabilities of nations is much the same as that which we have just described as exercised by interest. Among such profits, we may class the freights earned by the ships of different countries; the country which becomes the carrier for others thereby establishes claims against them with which it can pays its importations from them. The charge for freight acts with the same force as a charge for a commodity actually produced and exported. An exclusively maritime country could discharge its obligations to other countries which supply it with necessaries, simply by becoming their carrier without exporting any produce or manufactures to them in return.

Or, again, a peculiarly favorable position may enable one nation to make others its debtors for various tributes and commissions, and thus to obtain a revenue equivalent to one consisting of interest, of freights, or of the proceeds of exported commodities. A country which, like England, mediates the transactions of many others, and, being the banking and mercantile centre of the world, is able to secure some slight commission or profit upon all the operations which it assists in conducting, derives no inconsiderable revenue from this source. Formerly, when London was the great emporium of goods for foreign markets, and accordingly supplied the greater part of the Continent (which was itself in no direct trade with India or America) with cotton, coffee, sugar, tea, -in fact, with all the produce of the East and West Indies, -the commissions and profits on this mediation must have been very considerable, and have been an important element in the income secured to the nation from foreign sources. However, the tendency of the age, which is constantly bringing the producer and consumer into closer and more direction connexion by eliminating middle men and intermediate profits, is likewise exhibited in the fact that the Transatlantic or Indian producer is brought more and more into immediate connexion with the continental consumer. At present the continental shipowners and merchants make their importations from the producing countries direct, thus emancipating themselves from the London market, though not entirely from the London banking facilities. The interest and commissions which are still paid by almost every country to English capitalist, certainly form a noticeable element in the revenue by which England is enable to discharge her enormous foreign liabilities.

An allusion was cursorily made to the expenditure in traveling or residence abroad. Russia supplies the best illustration of the force of this expenditure. Several millions sterling are annually spent by the rich Russian nobility in traveling or in foreign residence, and the capital which is thus taken from Russia is lost precisely in the same manner as if it had been spent in Russia in importing commodities from abroad. The bills drawn by the traveling princes on their St. Petersburg bankers affect the exchanges precisely with the same force as bills drawn on St. Petersburg for the champagne sent thither from France. The liabilities incurred by foreign travel are peculiarly felt by Russia, in the first instance, because they are of themselves excessive; in the second, because independently of this expenditure, Russia consumes more than she produces.

There are many other international transactions which, in a complete summary of the items from which the so-called balance of trade is formed, might well deserve enumeration: for instance, import duties, or transit dues, and the whole range of Government imposts. But the consideration of the force of these charges belongs to a different field of inquiry to that on which we are now employed. The expense of armaments to distant regions, especially the regular expenditure of ships of war at foreign stations, also form an item in international indebtedness which should not be overlooked.

The preceding analysis of some of the more important elements may suffice to convey a general and intelligible notion of the different points to which attention should be directed, when a judgement as to the relative transactions between two nations, and the balance which they may ultimately present, is to be formed. The first and principle element no doubt is to be found in the comparative imports and exports in the literal sense of the term; but the operation of these transactions is so self-evident and generally understood that it has not been necessary to dilate much upon this portion of the subject. In addition to the consideration of the exports and imports, it has been show to be requisite to measure the further expenditure of nations upon each other - including therein all national extravagance exhibited in the granting of foreign subsidies or loans and in keeping up costly armaments abroad, as well as all individual extravagance, as displayed in excessive foreign travel or residence, or in the speculations on foreign Stock Exchanges. On the other hand, it will be necessary to measure the force of national acquisitiveness in securing tributes, voluntary or involuntary, from other countries: and of individual enterprise in securing to itself, by superiority of position, capital, or activity, the larger share of the advantages of international commerce. To form a correct notion of the relative indebtedness of two given countries is, from the complexity of the facts, a most difficult task; but it is hoped that the principles on which the balance should be struck, and the class of facts which should be especially search for an examined, have become sufficiently plain the general reader in the course of the foregoing observations.


text:
Author:Samuel Shellabarger

Works of fiction:

 * The Door of Death (1928)
 * Captain from Castile (1945)
 * Prince of Foxes (1947)
 * The King's Cavalier (1950)
 * Lord Vanity (1953)
 * Tolbecken (1956)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Author:Samuel Shellabarger


text:
Page:Language and the Study of Language.djvu/226

204 went farther separation, the one into Persian and Indian, the other into Greek and Italo-Celtic: while the Italic, of which the Latin is the chief, and the Celtic, were the last to begin their independent history, being still more closely related than the Latin and the Greek. The feature of this arrangement which is most calculated to repel rather than attract assent is the position assigned to the Celtic languages. Few scholars are ready to allow that these tongues, in which the original and distinctive features of Indo-European speech are most of all hidden under the manifold effects of decay and new growth, whose Indo-European character was therefore the last of all to be recognized, and whose separation from the common stock has been generally looked upon as the commencement of its dispersions, are to be regarded as the nearest kindred of the Latin—although no one who remembers how greatly the rates of linguistic change vary among different peoples and under different circumstances will venture to pronounce the connection impossible. The time has not yet come for a full settlement of these controverted points; the means of their solution are, however, doubtless contained in the linguistic facts which lie within our reach, and a more thorough study and closer comparison will one day bring them to light, and may perhaps at the same time illustrate the course and order of those grand movements which have brought the various races of the family into their present seats. But that such or any other evidences will ever direct our gaze to the precise region whence the movements had their first start is in the very highest degree unlikely: and in the mean time it is better candidly to confess our ignorance than to try to hold with confidence an opinion resting upon grounds altogether insufficient and untenable. At any rate, we ought fully to acknowledge that linguistic science, as such, does not presume to decide whether the Indo-European home was in Europe or in Asia: the utmost that she does is to set up certain faint and general probabilities, which, combined with the natural conditions of soil and climate, the traditions of other races, and the direction of the grand movements of population in later times, point to


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Page:Language and the Study of Language.djvu/227

V.] the East rather than the West as the starting-point of migration.

If the question of place must thus be left unsettled, that of time is not less uncertain. The geologist makes hitherto but lame and blundering work of establishing an absolute chronology for even the latest alterations of the earth-crust; and the student of language is compelled to found his estimates upon data not less scanty and questionable. The strata of human speech laid down in past ages have suffered most sweeping and irrestorable denudation, and their rate of growth during our present period is too greatly varying to furnish us any safe standard of general application. But to set a date lower than three thousand years before Christ for the dispersion of the Indo-European family would doubtless be altogether inadmissible; and the event is most likely to have taken place far earlier. Late discoveries are showing us that the antiquity of the human race upon the earth must be much greater than has been generally supposed. Vistas of wonderful interest are opened here, down which we can only catch glimpses; but the comparative brevity of the period covered by human records must make us modest about claiming that we shall ever understand much about ultimate beginnings, the first origin of races.

As regards, however, the grade of civilization and mode of life of the Indo-European mother-tribe before its separation into branches, the study of language is in condition to give us more definite and trustworthy information. It is evidently within our power to restore, to a certain extent, the original vocabulary of the tribe, out of the later vocabularies of the different branches. These are composed of words of every age, from the most recent to the most primitive. As the principal features of grammatical structure were struck out before the dispersion, and are yet traceable by the comparative philologist amid the host of newer formations which surround them, so was it also with the developed material of speech, with the names for such objects, and acts, and processes, and products, as the community had already found occasion, and acquired power, to express: they constituted


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Salonica

title: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Salonica


text:
Page:Language and the Study of Language.djvu/228

206 the linguistic patrimony with which each branch commenced its separate history, and may still be seen among the stores of more recent acquisition. Any word which is found in the possession of all or nearly all the branches is, unless there be special reasons to the contrary, to be plausibly regarded as having formed part of their common inheritance from the time of their unity. A vocabulary constructed of words thus hunted out can be, indeed, but an imperfect one, since no one can tell what proportion of the primitive tongue may have become altogether lost, or changed by phonetic corruption past possibility of recognition, in the later dialects of so many branches that its true character is no longer discoverable: but, if the list be drawn up with due skill and care, it may be depended upon as far as it goes. And as, from the stock of words composing any existing or recorded language, we can directly draw important conclusions respecting the knowledge, circumstances, and manners of the people who speak it, so we can do the same thing with the fragment of Indo-European speech which we shall have thus set up. It is obvious, too, that the results of such an investigation must be more satisfactory, the more primitive and unlettered the people respecting which it is made, the more exclusively native in origin and restricted in scope their civilization. A language like our own is an immense encyclopedia, as it were, in which are laid away the cognitions and experiences of a whole world, and of numerous generations; it is as many-sided, as cosmopolitan, as hard to grasp and interpret in detail, as is our culture; while the tongue of a rude and isolated tribe—like the Fuegians, the Fijians, the Eskimos—would be a comparatively plain and legible portraiture of its condition and character.

Some of the main results of the investigation made by means of language into the primitive state of that tribe which spoke the mother-tongue of the Indo-European family have been long since drawn out, and are already become the commonplaces of ethnological science. The subject is far from being yet exhausted, and we may look forward to much greater confidence of conclusion and definiteness of detail, when all the languages of the family shall have been more


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Saloon

title: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Saloon


text:
Page:Language and the Study of Language.djvu/229

V.] thoroughly compared and analyzed, and especially when the establishment of a true scheme of degrees of relationship among the branches shall reduce the doubt now thrown over the primitiveness of a term by its absence from the languages of some among them.

By this kind of research, then, it is found that the primitive tribe which spoke the mother-tongue of the Indo-European family was not nomadic alone, but had settled habitations, even towns and fortified places, and addicted itself in part to the rearing of cattle, in part to the cultivation of the earth. It possessed our chief domestic animals—the horse, the ox, the sheep, the goat, and the swine, besides the dog: the bear and the wolf were foes that ravaged its flocks; the mouse and fly were already its domestic pests. The region it inhabited was a varied one, not bordering upon the ocean. The season whose name has been most persistent is the winter. Barley, and perhaps also wheat, was raised for food, and converted into meal. Mead was prepared from honey, as a cheering and inebriating drink. The use of certain metals was known; whether iron was one of them admits of question. The art of weaving was practised; wool and hemp, and possibly flax, being the materials employed. Of other branches of domestic industry, little that is definite can be said; but those already mentioned imply a variety of others as coördinate or auxiliary to them. The weapons of offence and defence were those which are usual among primitive peoples, the sword, spear, bow, and shield. Boats were manufactured, and moved by oars. Of extended and elaborate political organization no traces are discoverable: the people was doubtless a congeries of petty tribes, under chiefs and leaders, rather than kings, and with institutions of a patriarchal cast, among which the reduction to servitude of prisoners taken in war appears not to have been wanting. The structure and relations of the family are more clearly seen; names of its members, even to the second and third degrees of consanguinity and affinity, were already fixed, and were significant of affectionate regard and trustful interdependence. That woman was looked down upon, as a being in capacity and dignity inferior to man, we find no indication


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Salsafy

title: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Salsafy


text:
Page:Language and the Study of Language.djvu/230

208 whatever. The art of numeration was learned, at least up to a hundred; there is no general Indo-European word for 'thousand.' Some of the stars were noticed and named: the moon was the chief measurer of time. The religion was polytheistic, a worship of the personified powers of nature. Its rites, whatever they were, were practised without the aid of a priesthood.

Such, in briefest possible description, was the simple people from whom appear to have descended those mighty nations who have now long been the leaders of the world's civilization. Of their classification, their importance in history, and the value of their languages to linguistic science, we shall treat further in the next lecture.


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Salsette

title: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Salsette


text:
Author:Johann Weyer

Works

 * De Praestigiis Daemonum et Incantationibus ac Venificiis (On the Illusions of the Demons and on Spells and Poisons), 1563
 * De scorbuto epitome (On scurvy), 1564
 * Medicarum Observationum rararum liber (A book of medical observations on rare, hitherto undescribed diseases), 1567
 * Pseudomonarchia Daemonum (The False Kingdom of the Demons), an appendix to De Praestigiis Daemonum, 1577
 * De ira morbo (On the disease of anger), 1577
 * De lamiis liber item de commentitiis jejuniis (A book on witches together with a treatise on false fasting), 1577
 *  Histoire Disputes et Discours des Illusions et Diables, des Magiciens Infame, Sorcieres et Empoisonneurs: des Ensorcelez et Demoniaques et de la Guerison D'Iceux: Item de la Punition que Meritent les Magiciens les Empoisonneurs et les Sorcieres, 1579

title: Author:Johann Weyer


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Salsomaggiore


text: Language and the Study of Language/Lecture V


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Salt, Sir Titus


text: Author:Mabel Geraldine Woodruffe Peacock


text:
User:Arlo Barnes

++Placeholder User Page++

title: User:Arlo Barnes


text:
User talk:Arlo Barnes

(welcomed by Xover, thanks)

Proofreading works on Wikisource
Hi Arlo. Thanks for volunteering to look at Last Will and Testament of Cecil Rhodes!

I have left the standard new user welcome message above since it contains useful links to policy and help pages here. I'll also give a quick sketch of how Wikisource proofreading works below, but since I don't know how familiar you are with the project, I'll apologise in advance if I'm telling you stuff you already know.

Relative to most WMF wikis, the most crucial difference is our use of mw:Extension:ProofreadPage to tie together the different components of a work and the extensive use of different namespaces: the scanned file (usually DjVu or PDF) of the original in the File: namespace; the wikicode for each page of the original work in the Page: namespace; the index for the work in the Index: namespace; and the actual user-visible presentation of it in the main namespace (the unprefixed main namespace where, e.g., Wikipedia keeps its articles).

The process and relationship between the components is roughly:

 * A scan of a work is uploaded (like all other media files).
 * An index is created with the same filename as the scanned file, but in the Index: namespace.
 * The index contains some bibliographic metadata, but primarily exists to give the ProofreadPage extension a mapping between the File: and the pages in the Page: namespace, and to provide a mapping between the physical pages of the PDF or DjVu file and the "logical" page numbers of the work (think of a book where the first chapter is "Page 1", but where the actual first page of the PDF is the cover, or title page, etc.)
 * ProofreadPage uses the filename to infer that the Index: page relates to the file in the File: namespace (it assumes "Index:TheGreatNovel.pdf" relates to "File:TheGreatNovel.pdf").
 * Based on the Index: the ProofreadPage extension creates (initially empty/redlinked) virtual pages in Page: namespace for every physical page in the DjVu or PDF.
 * These wiki pages is where you put the wikimarkup needed to roughly recreate on-wiki the text of the original page.
 * If the original DjVu or PDF file contains a OCR text layer, ProofreadPage helps you out by extracting that OCR text and putting it into the edit field for an empty page.
 * For the above example, these pages will live at,  , etc.
 * Once all the pages have been transcribed (what we call "Proofreading"), we transclude those pages together onto a page in mainspace for presentation.
 * This uses the special  tag provided by the ProofreadPage extension for some extra functionality, but it is conceptually the same as a template transclusion.

It sounds a bit complicated and involved, but the community here is good at helping with the fiddly bits, so the actual big job for any work is usually just the proofreading (transcribing and formatting).

In this particular case, there is already an uploaded a scan at File:Last Will and Testament of Cecil Rhodes.djvu, and its attendant index file at Index:Last Will and Testament of Cecil Rhodes.djvu. So the big job here is going through it page by page and putting in the wikicode and text. Pages with text you have already cleaned up can simply be copied from Last Will and Testament of Cecil Rhodes, and for the remaining pages you just format the OCR text with wikimarkup and formatting templates (like for centered text,  or  for larger text, and so forth). Feel free to me or ask at Scriptorium/Help if you run into trouble.

I would recommend skipping complicated pages like title pages and pages with chapter headings etc. for now, and focus on the pages that mainly contain prose text. There are usually very few of those special pages relative to the whole work, but you can end up spending an inordinate amount of time on figuring out how to do them; so unless you feel a page is relatively straightforward it's better to skip it for now or ask the community for help.

I've done the first few pages of the first part just so you have an example to look at, and transcluded them onto Last Will and Testament of Cecil Rhodes/Part 1. The big red links towards the end will be replaced by the page content as you create those pages.

In any case, good luck; and please do not hesitate to ask if you need assistance! --Xover (talk) 09:01, 21 October 2019 (UTC)

 * Thank you for the warm welcome, explanations, and links to resources. The pages you have done look handsome indeed! I suppose to avoid the fiddly tasks like you mention, I will work chapter by chapter back to front. Arlo Barnes (talk) 18:04, 21 October 2019 (UTC)

 * Alright, there's the 'Closing Scene' section done save images and independent review. say, how long would you consider the deletion process to continue until it comes to a head? Arlo Barnes (talk) 02:16, 22 October 2019 (UTC)

 * The minimum time for such discussions is two weeks; but as a community we tend to be very inclusionist, so as long as someone is actually working on this I don't imagine anyone will be in a hurry to delete it. I don't think there's any reason to feel there is any kind of short-term deadline looming for this. --Xover (talk) 05:54, 22 October 2019 (UTC)

Are you still planning to work on this? --Xover (talk) 19:01, 28 November 2019 (UTC)

 * Yes, I've just been a bit busy lately IRL, but I'll get back to it this week. Arlo Barnes (talk) 00:09, 29 November 2019 (UTC)

 * Okay, I'm sure you realise by know I was wrong about that. Truth is, it disturbed me to read about Rhodes from his own perspective, so I stopped. Arlo Barnes (talk) 06:20, 23 January 2022 (UTC)
 * I'm not familiar with Rhodes, so I can't guess what it was in particular that disturbed you, but reading historical works tends to have that effect. The contemporary British authors writing about events in India are a particular source of horror in that regard. For example, did you know that Rudyard Kipling wrote a history book for elementary school children, with so much casual racism and gleeful colonialism that it's not until your second reading you even realise it is also wildly misogynistic? And don't even get me started on his military poetry… You need to actively cultivate a level of clinical detachment to work on these texts, or you will get either depressed or infuriated (or probably both).I tend to work mostly on Early Modern English literature (think: Shakespeare) where the worst you're likely to run into is some stereotyping of people from Ireland, and a lot of pompous windbags with serious classist blinders. They're a lot easier to snigger at, since their particular attitudes aren't so much linked directly to genocides and the enslavement of entire peoples.In any case, yes, proofreading these works is quite a lot of effort, and unless it is a work in which you have a particular interest, this kind of thing can quickly become draining and suck all the joy out of contributing. Fiction is usually much safer and easier to enjoy despite its whatever flaws. Xover (talk) 12:20, 23 January 2022 (UTC)

 * To the degree you're interested: The Last Will and Testament of Cecil Rhodes (1902) is now complete and on the front page. Xover (talk) 09:51, 15 July 2022 (UTC)

Thank you, I appreciate the heads-up! Arlo Barnes (talk) 09:55, 15 July 2022 (UTC)

The Naked Ladies' Bar source
Hi there! I noticed that you created The Naked Ladies' Bar, and I was wondering what your source for it is. If you're translating it yourself based on Le Bar aux femmes nues, I'd recommend taking a look at WS:Translations, and I'd also recommend doing a scan-backed translation using File:René Le Coeur Le bar aux femmes nues, 1925.djvu. Index:La bella durmiente del bosque.djvu is an example of how this works. If you're using someone else's translation, it'd be great if you could add it to the work. Either way, I'm happy to answer any questions you might have! —CalendulaAsteraceae (talk • contribs) 02:29, 23 January 2022 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the recommendations, I needed them (didn't even know about the Translation: namespace). Using the index system is a good idea, I didn't know it could be used in that way; then it would match the way it was originally done on French Wikisource, which is indeed the original I'm working from (yes, it's the former of your two guesses that is correct; I'm not aware of a prior translation, free or otherwise). Arlo Barnes (talk) 06:20, 23 January 2022 (UTC)
 * You're welcome, and good skill with the translation! —CalendulaAsteraceae (talk • contribs) 06:22, 23 January 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:Arlo Barnes


text:
Author:Bliss Perry

Works

 * "Criticism and the Essay: General Introduction" in The Harvard Classics, Vol. 51 (1914)
 * "Theories of Poetry" in The Harvard Classics, Vol. 51 (1914)

title: Author:Bliss Perry


text: Author talk:Bliss Perry

title: Author talk:Bliss Perry


text:
The New International Encyclopædia/Conkling, Roscoe

CONKLING, (1829-88). An American politician. He was born at Albany, and after receiving an academic education, at the age of 17 began the study of law in the office of Spencer and Kernan at Utica. His first identification with politics was in 1848, when he won some reputation as a campaign speaker by making a number of speeches in behalf of Taylor and Fillmore. In 1850 he was admitted to the bar, and in the same year became district attorney of Albany County by appointment of Governor Fish. In 1852 he returned to Utica, where in the next few years he established a reputation as a lawyer of ability. Up to 1852, in which year he stumped the State for Gen. Winfield Scott, the Whig candidate for the Presidency, Conkling was identified with the Whig Party, but in the movement that resulted in the organization of the Republican Party he took an active part, and his work, both as a political manager and an orator, contributed largely toward carrying the State for Frémont and Dayton, the Republican nominees, in 1856. In 1858 he was elected Mayor of Utica, and in the same year was chosen a Representative in Congress, serving throughout the period of the Civil War, except in the Thirty-eighth Congress (1863-65), during which interval he acted as a Judge-Advocate of the War Department. He was again a member of Congress in 1865-67. In his career in the House of Representatives, Conkling won national distinction as a debater and orator. He was an enthusiastic supporter of the Lincoln administration in its conduct of the war, but vigorously opposed the passage of the Legal Tender Act in 1862. He was a member of the Committee of Ways and Means, and the Special Committee of Fifteen on Reconstruction, delivering one of the strongest speeches in support of the Fourteenth Amendment. His renown as an orator and prominence in the legislative councils of the Republican Party secured him in 1867, at the age of thirty-eight, an election to the United States Senate to succeed Judge Ira Harris. Conkling's career in the Senate was brilliant, but, like all the rest of his political life, erratic and marked by strong personal likes and dislikes, by which, rather than by the welfare of the nation or of his party, he was frequently controlled. Through the eight years of Grant's administration he stood out as the spokesman of the President and one of the principal leaders of the Republican Party in the Senate. He was active in framing and pushing through Congress the reconstruction legislation, and was instrumental in the passage of the second Civil Rights Act, in 1875, and of the act for the resumption of specie payments, in the same year. In the Republican National Convention at Cincinnati in 1876, Conkling first appeared as a Presidential candidate, receiving 93 votes. He was one of the framers of the bill

creating the Electoral Commission to decide the disputed election of 1876, but, when its judgment was announced, declined to vote for its affirmation. Himself an opponent of civil-service reform, Conkling was entirely out of sympathy with the reform element in the Republican Party. The first break with the administration occurred in April, 1877, when the Secretary of the Treasury, John Sherman, appointed a commission to investigate the affairs of the Custom House. The investigation brought to light extensive irregularities in the service, showing in particular that the Federal office-holders in New York constituted a large army of political workers, and that their positions were secured by and dependent upon their faithful service in behalf of the men holding the principal Government offices in the city. President Hayes decided upon the removal of Chester A. Arthur, the Collector; Gen. George H. Sharpe, the Surveyor, and A. B. Cornell, the Naval Officer of the Port, and in October, 1877, sent nominations of their successors to the Senate. Senator Conkling defended the displaced officials, and, through his influence in the Senate, secured the rejection of the new nominations. He succeeded in blocking all the efforts of President Hayes and Secretary Sherman until January, 1879, when, a new lot of nominations having been made, they were confirmed in spite of Conkling's continued opposition. Early in 1880 Senator Conkling became the leader of the movement for the nomination of General Grant for a third term in the Presidency. How much of his advocacy was due to his regard for Grant, and how much to his hostility to the other leading two candidates, Sherman, with whom he had come into conflict during Hayes's administration, and Blaine, whose bitter political and personal enemy he had been for twenty-four years, can never be known. The convention, by a combination of the Blaine and Sherman interests, nominated James A. Garfield. Conkling and the fatuous ‘306’ remained faithful to Grant to the last, and were allowed to name the candidate for Vice-President. The result emphasized Conkling's hostility toward Blaine, and eventually led to the former's quarrel with Garfield and consequent retirement from political life. Immediately after Garfield's inauguration, Conkling presented to the President a list of men whom he desired to have appointed to the Federal offices in New York. Garfield's appointment of Blaine as Secretary of State, and of Windom as Secretary of the Treasury, instead of Levi P. Morton, whose appointment Conkling had urged, angered Conkling and made him unwilling to agree to any sort of compromise with Garfield on the New York appointments. Without consulting him, the President nominated for Collector at New York William H. Robertson, an anti-Conkling man. Roberston's nomination was confirmed by the Senate, in spite of the opposition of Conkling, who claimed the right of Senators to control Federal patronage in their States. Conkling and his colleague, Thomas C. Platt, immediately resigned their seats in the Senate, and appealed to the New York Legislature to justify their course by reëlecting them. After an exciting canvass, Conkling and Platt were defeated, and Warner Miller and E. G. Lapham were chosen in their stead. The remainder of his life Conkling spent in the practice of law in New York City. In 1882 he was nominated by his friend, President Arthur, to succeed Ward

Hunt as an associate justice of the United States Supreme Court, but he declined. Consult: Life and Letters, edited by A. R. Conkling (New York, 1889).


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Author:Charles Augustin Sainte-Beuve

Works

 * Monday Chats (Causeries du lundi), in the newspaper Le Constitutionnel from 1849
 * Port-Royal
 * Œuvres de Rivarol (1857)
 * Essays by Sainte-Beuve translated by Elizabeth Lee
 * Portraits of celebrated women (1868)
 * Portraits of men (1891)
 * Essays on men and women (1892)
 * Portraits of the seventeenth century, historic and literary (1904)
 * Portraits of the eighteenth century; historic and literary (1905)

title: Author:Charles Augustin Sainte-Beuve


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Category:UN Security Council Resolutions in 2011

zh:Category:联合国安理会2011年决议


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User:EnBot

This is Eliyak's bot account. It does not have a bot flag as of yet. Please leave messages at User talk:Eliyak.

title: User:EnBot


text: The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1910 film)

title: The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1910 film)


text:
Page:The Genealogy of Morals.djvu/118

"Careless, mocking, forceful—so does wisdom wish us: she is a woman, and never loves any one but a warrior."
 * Thus Spake Zarathustra.

1. What is the meaning of ascetic ideals? In artists, nothing, or too much; in philosophers and scholars, a kind of "flair" and instinct for the conditions most favourable to advanced intellectualism; in women, at best an additional seductive fascination, a little morbidezza on a fine piece of flesh, the angelhood of a fat, pretty animal; in physiological failures and whiners (in the majority of mortals), an attempt to pose as "too good" for this world, a holy form of debauchery, their chief weapon in the battle with lingering pain and ennui; in priests, the actual priestly faith, their best engine of power, and also the supreme authority for power; in saints, finally a pretext for hibernation, their novissima gloriae cupido, their peace in nothingness ("God"), their form of madness.

But in the very fact that the ascetic ideal has meant so

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Rh much to man, lies expressed the fundamental feature of man's will, his horror vacui: he needs a goal—and he will sooner will nothingness than not will at all.—Am I not understood?—Have I not been understood?—"Certainly not, sir?"—Well, let us begin at the beginning.

2.

What is the meaning of ascetic ideals? Or, to take an individual case in regard to which I have often been consulted, what is the meaning, for example, of an artist like Richard Wagner paying homage to chastity in his old age? He had always done so, of course, in a certain sense, but it was not till quite the end, that he did so in an ascetic sense. What is the meaning of this "change of attitude," this radical revolution in his attitude—for that was what it was? Wagner veered thereby straight round into his own opposite. What is the meaning of an artist veering round into his own opposite? At this point (granted that we do not mind stopping a little over this question), we immediately call to mind the best, strongest, gayest, and boldest period, that there perhaps ever was in Wagner's life: that was the period when he was genuinely and deeply occupied with the idea of "Luther's Wedding." Who knows what chance is responsible for our now having the Meistersingers instead of this wedding music? And how much in the latter is perhaps just an echo of the former? But there is no doubt but that the theme would have dealt with the praise of chastity. And certainly it would also have dealt with the praise of sensuality, and even so, it would seem quite in order, and

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96 even so, it would have been equally Wagnerian. For there is no necessary antithesis between chastity and sensuality: every good marriage, every authentic heart-felt love transcends this antithesis. Wagner would, it seems to me, have done well to have brought this pleasing reality home once again to his Germans, by means of a bold and graceful "Luther Comedy," for there were and are among the Germans many revilers of sensuality; and perhaps Luther's greatest merit lies just in the fact of his having had the courage of his sensuality (it used to be called, prettily enough, "evangelistic freedom"). But even in those cases where that antithesis between chastity and sensuality does exist, there has fortunately been for some time no necessity for it to be in any way a tragic antithesis. This should, at any rate, be the case with all beings who are sound in mind and body, who are far from reckoning their delicate balance between "animal" and "angel," as being on the face of it one of the principles opposed to existence—the most subtle and brilliant spirits, such as Goethe, such as Hafiz, have even seen in this a further charm of life. Such "conflicts" actually allure one to life. On the other hand, it is only too clear that when once these ruined swine are reduced to worshipping chastity—and there are such swine—they only see and worship in it the antithesis to themselves, the antithesis to ruined swine. Oh, what a tragic grunting and eagerness! You can just think of it—they worship that painful and superfluous contrast, which Richard Wagner in his latter days undoubtedly wished to set to music, and to place on the stage! "For what purpose, forsooth?"

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text:
Author:Henry James Pye

Translations

 * The Poetics of Aristotle

Drama

 * Inquisitor. (1798) from the German, with James Pettit Andrews

Works about Pye

 * "Henry James Pye", in The Lives of the Poets-Laureate, by W. S. Austin and J. Ralph (1853)

title: Author:Henry James Pye


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Page:The Genealogy of Morals.djvu/121

Rh as we may reasonably ask. What did the swine matter to him; what do they matter to us?

3.

At this point it is impossible to beg the further question of what he really had to do with that manly (ah, so unmanly) country bumpkin, that poor devil and natural, Parsifal, whom he eventually made a Catholic by such fraudulent devices. What? Was this Parsifal really meant seriously? One might be tempted to suppose the contrary, even to wish it—that the Wagnerian Parsifal was meant joyously, like a concluding play of a trilogy or satyric drama, in which Wagner the tragedian wished to take farewell of us, of himself, above all of tragedy, and to do so in a manner that should be quite fitting and worthy, that is, with an excess of the most extreme and flippant parody of the tragic itself, of the ghastly earthly seriousness and earthly woe of old—a parody of that most crude phase in the unnaturalness of the ascetic ideal, that had at length been overcome. That, as I have said, would have been quite worthy of a great tragedian; who like every artist first attains the supreme pinnacle of his greatness when he can look down into himself and his art, when he can laugh at himself. Is Wagner's Parsifal his secret laugh of superiority over himself, the triumph of that supreme artistic freedom and artistic transcendency which he has at length attained. We might, I repeat, wish it were so, for what can Parsifal, taken seriously, amount to? Is it really necessary to see in it (according to an

title: Page:The Genealogy of Morals.djvu/121


text:
Author:William Guild Howard

Works

 * Assistant Editor-in-chief: The German classics of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries: masterpieces of German literature transcription indexes for vol 1 – 20

title: Author:William Guild Howard


text: Author talk:William Guild Howard

title: Author talk:William Guild Howard


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Author:Henry Wyman Holmes

Works

 * "Education: General Introduction" in The Harvard Classics, Vol. 51 (1914)
 * "Locke and Milton" in The Harvard Classics, Vol. 51 (1914)

title: Author:Henry Wyman Holmes


text: Author talk:Henry Wyman Holmes

title: Author talk:Henry Wyman Holmes


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The New International Encyclopædia/Crédit Foncier

CRÉDIT FONCIER, krắ'dḗ '  fô N 'syắ '  (Fr., landed credit). The French name for a method of borrowing money on the security of landed property which is widely practiced in France and other Continental countries. The borrower takes a loan, in return for which he contracts to make certain annual payments, which are so adjusted as to make provision for the interest and for the gradual extinction of the principal, which is fully paid when the term of the contract has been concluded. These contracts are generally made with companies organized for the purpose of loaning their capital in this fashion. Another variety of this form of credit is found in the Pfandbrief institute of the large landowners of Germany. Loans are made in the same way, but in return for the debt the borrower receives the securities of the association. He does not actually contract a debt until he sells these securities, which he may do in whole or in part.


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The New International Encyclopædia/Crédit Mobilier

CRÉDIT MOBILIER, krắ'dḗ '  mṓ'bḗ'yắ ' . A well-known financial institution of France. On November 18, 1852, the French Government sanctioned the statutes of a new bank under the name of the Société Générale du Crédit Mobilier, with a capital of 60,000,000 francs. The name was intended as a contrast to the Sociétés du Crédit Foncier, which are of the nature of land banks, and advance money on the security of real or immovable property, while the Crédit Mobilier proposed to give similar aid to the owners of movable property. The declared object of the new bank was especially to promote industrial enterprises of all kinds, such as the construction of railways and the opening of mines, by placing loans and handling stock. Various privileges were conferred upon it under its charter; among others it was allowed to acquire shares in public companies, and to pay calls made upon it in respect of such shares by its own notes or obligations; also to sell or give in security all shares thus acquired. The operations of the society were conducted upon a very extensive scale. In 1854 it subscribed largely to the Government war loan, raised during the Crimean campaign, to the Grand Central Raihvay Company, to the General Omnibus Company of Paris, and to

various other important undertakings. The dividend declared for 1854 was 12 per cent. In 1855 it loaned two sums to the Government — the one of 250,000,000 and the other of 375,000,000 francs. Its operations were vast during this year, and the net dividend declared amounted to 40 per cent. The directors then proposed to avail themselves of their privilege of issuing their own obligations, and thought to issue two kinds of notes — the one at short dates, the other at long dates, and redeemable by installments. The proposed issue was to amount to 240,000,000 francs; but the public became alarmed at the prospect of so vast an issue of paper money, and in March, 1856, the French Government deemed it necessary to prohibit the carrying out of the proposed scheme. This was a severe blow to the institution. In 1856 its dividends did not exceed 22 per cent.; in 1857 they were only 5 per cent. Several attempts to resuscitate its credit failed, and finally, in November, 1871, it was reorganized and put under a new board of management. In 1877 its assets were 77,000,000 francs, but its shares, the par value of which was 500 francs, sold for 200 francs only. In 1878-79 the capital was first reduced to 32,000,000 francs, and then raised to 40,000,000. In 1884 it was a second time reduced to 30,000,000 francs, but the company never regained its lost ground. The Crédit Mobilier was undoubtedly useful in developing the industrial power of France, but its operations were hazardous, and had they not been checked in time, they would in all probability have ended in disaster. See .


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The New International Encyclopædia/Crédit Mobilier of America

CRÉDIT MOBILIER OF AMERICA. A joint-stock company, whose alleged corrupt operations in connection with the building of the Union Pacific Railroad gave rise, in 1872-73, to the greatest Congressional scandal in American history. The company was chartered as the ‘Pennsylvania Fiscal Agency,’ in 1859, was organized for a general loan and contract business in 1863, and was reorganized under the above name in 1867, for the purpose of building the Union Pacific. This work, completed in 1869, was paid for largely in stock and bonds of the Union Pacific, so that the stockholders of the two companies soon came to be identical. The Mobilier stock, at first almost worthless, soon began to pay enormous dividends; suspicions were aroused; and in the Presidential campaign of 1872 the company was charged with gross dishonesty, and many prominent Republicans, including the Vice-President, the Speaker of the House, three Senators, and a number of well-known Representatives, were freely accused by the Democratic press of having been bribed in 1867-71 to use their influence and votes in favor of the Union Pacific, the alleged bribes having consisted of the sale of Mobilier stock to the accused at prices below its actual value. A prolonged investigation, conducted in 1872-73 by special committees in both the Senate and the House, resulted in a recommendation of the expulsion of one Senator, upon which, however, no action was taken, and the censure of two Representatives, Oakes Ames, of Massachusetts, and James Brooks, of New York, respectively for having sold Crédit Mobilier stock to members of Congress ‘with intent to influence the votes of such members,’ and for having, indirectly, received such stock. The scandal caused intense excitement throughout the country, and

the Mobilier Company met with almost universal execration; but subsequent investigation has shown that the charges were greatly exaggerated, and were at least never conclusively proved. Consult: Crawford, The Crédit Mobilier of America, Its Origin and History (Boston, 1880); and Hazard, The Crédit Mobilier of America (Providence, 1881), the latter being a paper read before the Rhode Island Historical Society in February, 1881.


text: Bride and Gloom

title: Bride and Gloom


text: User talk:SourcEdito

title: User talk:SourcEdito


text:
The New Year 1904

A year without a sorrow Or a cross, Or dread of any morrow Bringing loss. Could it be?

A year of light, with shadow Scarcely one? Of fruits in every meadow, Thistles none. Will it be?

A year of many roses And few thorns; A year that brighter closes Than it dawns. May it be!

A year of God’s unfolding Wider wings; A year of man’s beholding Better things. Must it be!

title: The New Year 1904


text:
Author:Clarence Bicknell

Works

 * The New Year 1904 (1904)

title: Author:Clarence Bicknell


text:
User talk:223.24.193.175

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title: User talk:223.24.193.175


text:
Author:Frank Wilson Cheney Hersey

Works

 * "Carlyle and Newman" in The Harvard Classics Vol. 51 (1914)

title: Author:Frank Wilson Cheney Hersey