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 any of them, would represent a state of great mental happiness, ultimately deduced from all the sensible pleasures, and in which, notwithstanding, the person himself distinguishes no traces of any of these. And, agreeably to this, light, brightness, and whiteness, are often put for perfection, purity, and happiness, as obscurity, blackness, and darkness, are for imperfection and misery. Besides white, there are other compound colours, which bear little or no resemblance to any of the primary ones, as well as many in which some primary colour is evidently predominant. These represent the several kinds and degrees of inferior compound pleasures, some of which are, according to common estimation, quite foreign to the senses, whilst others are manifestly tinged with pleasant sensations, and their miniatures.

If the moderate agitations which light causes in bodies, when it is by them reflected back upon, or transmitted to, other bodies, be supposed to correspond to pleasant vibrations in the nervous system, and the greater agitations, which it excites in those that absorb it, to the violent vibrations in which pain consists; then the colours of natural bodies, some of which incline to light, and some to darkness, and that with all the possible varieties and mixtures of the primary colours, may be considered as the language by which they express that mixture of pleasures and pains in human life, to which their agitations are supposed to correspond. And here again we may observe, that though there are some natural bodies, which absorb and stifle within themselves almost all the light which they receive, and which accordingly are dark, black, and unpleasant to the beholders, yet the greatest part of natural bodies either reflect lively colours, or reflect some, and transmit others, or transmit all the colours freely. And this type is also, in part, the thing typified, inasmuch as agreeable and disagreeable colours make part of the original pleasures and pains of human life.

Compound tastes may likewise illustrate association, as above noted under the 12th proposition: for where the number of ingredients is very great, as in Venice treacle, no one can be tasted distinctly; whence the compound appears to bear no relation to its component parts. It is to be observed farther, that ingredients which are separately disagreeable, often enter compounds, whose tastes are highly agreeable. Now in these cases either the opposite tastes must coalesce into one, which pleases from the prepollence of agreeable tastes upon the whole, as soon as the association is cemented sufficiently, or else the disagreeable tastes must, by frequent repetition, fall within the limits of pleasure at last; which seems rather to be the truth.

The similarity of the three instances of this scholium arises from the analogy of our senses to each other, and to our frame in general; which is the sum total of all our senses. And, conversely, they confirm this analogy.

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text: Our American Holidays - Christmas/Hymn on the Nativity

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text: Our American Holidays - Christmas/A Visit from St. Nicholas


text: Our American Holidays - Christmas/A Christmas Piece


text: Our American Holidays - Christmas/Wassailer's Song


text: Our American Holidays - Christmas/Christmas Eve


text: Our American Holidays - Christmas/Christmas in the Olden Time


text: Our American Holidays - Christmas/Sly Santa Claus


text: Our American Holidays - Christmas/The Waits


text: Our American Holidays - Christmas/The Knighting of the Sirloin


text: Our American Holidays - Christmas/The Christmas Goose at the Cratchits'


text: Our American Holidays - Christmas/God Bless Us Every One


text: Our American Holidays - Christmas/Bells Across the Snow


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text: Our American Holidays - Christmas/Christmas Bells


text: Our American Holidays - Christmas/Minstrels and Maids


text: Our American Holidays - Christmas/Inexhaustibility of the Subject of Christmas


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Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 44.djvu/11

IN THE FORTY-FOURTH VOLUME.

G. A. A.. . G. A. A. W. A. J. A. . W. A. J. A. W. A. .. . . W A. R. B-. . . . R B. G. F. R. B. .  G. F. R B. M. B.   .. . Miss B. E. B.   .. . T R. R B. T. B.   .. . T B. C. E. B.. . C. E. B. L. B.   .. . L B. W. G. B-. . W. G. B. H. E. D. B.  . T R. H. E. D. B. G. C. B.. . G. C. B. T. G. B.. . T R. P B, F.R.S. G. S. B.. . G. S. B. W. B-. . . M B. J. P. B.. . J. P. B. A. R. B.. . T R. A. R. B. A. C. .. . . A C. H. M. C.. . T H. M C. R. C. C.. . R C C. J. W. C.. J. W C. A. M. C.. . Miss A. M. C. A. M. C.. Miss A. M. C. T. C.  .. . T C, F.S.A. W. P. C.. . W. P. C. L. C.  .. . L C, F.S.A. H. D.  .. . H. D. G. T. D.. . G. T D. E. G. D.. . E. G D. R. D.  .. . R D. C. H. F.. . C. H. F. J. G. F.. . J. G. F. T. F.    .. T R. T F, P C C C, O. W. H. F.. . T V R. W. H. F, D R. R. G.  .. . R G, LL.D., C.B. J. T. G.. . J. T. G, LL.D., F.S.A. G. G.    .. G G. A. G.  .. . T R. A G. E. G.  .. . E G. R. E. G.. . E. E. G. J. C. H.. . J. C H. J. W. H.. . P J. W. H. J. A. H.. . J. A. H. T. H.  .. . T R. T H, D.D. C. A. H.. . C. A H. P. J. H.. . P. J. H. T. F. H.. . T. F. H. W. A. S. H.  .   W. A. S. H.


text: Our American Holidays - Christmas/Song of the Holly


text: Our American Holidays - Christmas/Under the Holly-Bough


text: Our American Holidays - Christmas/Ceremonies for Christmas


text: Our American Holidays - Christmas/Santa Claus


text: Our American Holidays - Christmas/The Ceremonies for Christmas Day


text: Our American Holidays - Christmas/December


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Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 06.djvu/398

 According to the Stationers' Register, Tottell obtained a license to reprint the work in 1582, but no edition of that date has been met with. Ralph Robinson reissued the original edition in 1587, and added to the title the words: 'Contayning in it a rare example of true constancie, with the subtill counsells and practises of an old fryer and their ill event.' Modern reprints are numerous. Malone issued it (without the prefatory notices) in his 'Supplement to Shakespeare,' 1780, and struck off twelve separate copies for private distribution. It reappeared in the Shakespeare variorum edition of 1821; in J. P. Collier's 'School of Shakespeare,' 1843; in W. C. Hazlitt's 'School of Shakespeare,' 1874; and in the New Shakspere Society's 'Originals and Analogues,' pt. i. (1875), edited by P. A. Daniel.

Broke died in the year following the production of his chief work. In 1563 was published 'An Agreement of sundry places of Scripture seeming in shew to Iarre, seruing in stead of commentaryes, not only for these but others lyke. Translated out of French and nowe fyrst publyshed by Arthure Broke.' The printer, Lucas Harrison, states in his address to the reader at the beginning of the book that Broke was out of the country while it was passing through the press; but on the last page some verses headed 'Thomas Broke the younger to the reader' state that Broke had recently perished at sea. Among George Turberville's 'Epitaphes and other Poems' (1567) is one 'On the death of Maister Arthur Brooke, drownde in passing to New Haven.' Turberville writes very pathetically of Broke's sudden death, and praises very highly his tale of

Turberville describes Broke as a young man, and notes that he was crossing the seas to serve abroad in the English army.

 BROKE, PHILIP BOWES VERE (1776–1841), rear-admiral, of an old Suffolk family, was born at Broke Hall, near Ipswich, on 9 Sept. 1776. He early manifested an inclination for the sea, and at the age of twelve was entered at the Royal Naval Academy in Portsmouth Dockyard, from which, in June 1792, he was appointed to the Bulldog sloop under the command of Captain George Hope, whom, in August 1793, he followed to the Éclair, then in the Mediterranean, and afterwards employed during the occupation of Toulon and the siege of Bastia. In May 1794 he was discharged into the Romulus, and was present when Lord Hood chased the French fleet into Golfe Jouan 11 June 1794, and in the action off Toulon 13-14 March 1795. In June he was appointed to the Britannia, flagship of the commander-in-chief, was in her in the engagement off Toulon on 13 July 1795, and on the 18th was appointed third lieutenant of the Southampton frigate under the command of Captain Macnamara. During the next eighteen months the Southampton was actively employed on the coast of Italy, often with the squadron under Commodore Nelson, and was with the fleet in the action off Cape St. Vincent 14 Feb. 1797. In the following June she was sent home and paid off. Broke was almost immediately appointed to the Amelia frigate in the Channel fleet, and in her was present at the defeat and capture of the French squadron on the north coast of Ireland 12 Oct. 1798. On 2 Jan. 1799 he was made commander and appointed to the Falcon brig, from which a few months later he was transferred to the Shark sloop, attached to the North Sea fleet, under Lord Duncan, and employed for the most part in convoy service. On 14 Feb. 1801 he was advanced to the rank of captain, after which he remained unemployed for four years. His father died shortly after his promotion, and on 25 Nov. 1802 he married Sarah Louisa, daughter of Sir William Middleton, bart. When the war again broke out, he immediately applied for a ship, but without success, till in April 1805 he was appointed to the Druid frigate, which he commanded in the Channel and on the coast of Ireland for the next sixteen months. On 31 Aug. 1806 he was appointed to the Shannon, a fine 38-gun frigate, carrying 18-pounders on her main deck, 32-pounder carronades on quarter-deck and forecastle. During the summer of 1807 the Shannon was employed on the coast of Spitsbergen, protecting the whalers, and in December was with the squadron at the reduction of Madeira. During the greater part of 1808 she was cruising in the Bay of Biscay, and on the night of 10-11 Nov., attracted by the sound of the firing, arrived on the scene of action in time to witness the capture of the French Thétis by the Amethyst, Captain Michael Seymour a capture which this unfortunate arrival of the Shannon, as well as of the line-of-battle ship Triumph, deprived of some of its brilliance. The Shannon afterwards towed the prize to Plymouth, but Broke, as a recognition that the capture was due to the Amethyst alone, obtained the con-


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Brodrick, Thomas


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Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 44.djvu/62

 PATTEN or PATTYN, WILLIAM (d. 1486), bishop of Winchester. [See .]  PATTEN, WILLIAM (fl. 1548–1580), historian and teller of the exchequer, was eldest son and third child of Richard Patten (d. 1536), a clothworker of London. The father was a son of Richard Patten of Boslow, Derbyshire, and a nephew of William Patten, alias Waynflete, bishop of Winchester. William's mother, Grace, daughter of John Baskerville, died before her husband (, Portfolio of Fragments, pp. 190-4, and Chetham Soc. Publ. lxxxviii. 229). Patten apparently accompanied the expedition into Scotland in 1548, and the Earl of Warwick, lieutenant of the host, made him ‘one of the judges of the Marshelsey.’ (afterwards Lord Burghley) [q. v.] went with him, and both, according to Patten, took notes day by day. Patten prepared an account of the expedition for publication, and obtained some aid from Cecil’s diary. The work appeared as ‘The Expedicion in Scotland of the most woorthely fortunate Prince Edward, Duke of Somerset, uncle unto our most noble Sovereign Lord ye kinges maiestie, Edward the VI, goovernour of hys hyghnes persone, and protectour of hys graces realmes, dominions, and subjects: made in the first yere of his maiesties most prosperous reign, and set out by way of diarie by W. Patten, Londoner. Imprinted in London the last day of June, in the 2nd year of the reign of Edward VI.’ It was reprinted in Dalzell’s ‘Fragments of Scottish History,’ Edinburgh, 1798, and in Arber’s ‘English Garner,’ iii. 51-155, 1880. Patten’s narrative was largely quoted by Holinshed and was followed in Sir John Hayward’s ‘Life and Reign of Edward VI’ (see Lit. Remains of Edward VI, Roxburghe Club, pp. 215 seq.;, Eccl. Mem. II. ii. 180).

In 1550 ‘William Patten, Esq.’ was granted by Thomas Penny, prebendary of St. Paul’s, the lease of the manor of Stoke Newington, and in 1565 the lease was renewed for ninety-nine years, to commence from Michaelmas 1576, at 19li per annum. This property Patten assigned about 1571 to John Dudley (see, Stoke Newington, p. 28; and , Campagna of London, p. 109). While lord of the manor of Stoke Newington Patten repaired the parish church, which was in a ruinous state (1563) (ib. p. 199). Patten subsequently became one of the tellers of the receipt of the queen’s exchequer at Westminster, receiver-general of her revenues in the county of York custumer of London outward, and a justice of peace for Middlesex (State Papers, Dom. Eliz. xi. 101, 3 Jun 1563). On 19 Nov. 1580 (ib. cxliv. 32) he wrote to inform Walsingham as to the farming of the royal mines. No later mention of him is known (cf. Hist. MSS. Comm. 4th Rep. p. 215; Hatfield Calendar, ii. 108).

By his wife Anne, a daughter of one of the heiresses of Richard Johnson of Boston, Lincolnshire, Patten had seven children. An engraving of Patten, by J. Mills, is in Robinson’s ‘Stoke Newington,’ p. 28.

A contemporary named Patten was apparently rector of Newington, on William Patten’s presentation (see State Papers, Dom. Eliz. Addenda, xi. 46), and was doubtless William’s nephew. He wrote anonymously ‘The Calendars of Scripture, whearin the Hebru, Chaldean, Arabian, Phenician, Syrian, Persian, Greek, and Latin names of nations, contreys, men, weemen, idols, cities, hils, rivers and of other places in the holly byble mentioned by order of letters, is set and turned in oour English toung,’ 1575. Tanner wrongly ascribes this work to the elder Patten. It was compiled from works by Francis Ximenes and John Arquery of Bordeaux (cf. printer’s preface, dated 19 April 1575).

 PATTENSON, MATTHEW (fl. 1623), catholic controversialist, was a medical practitioner in the reign of James I, and was appointed physician in ordinary to Charles I. He wrote ‘The Image of Bothe Churches, Hiervsalem and Babel, Vnitie and Confusion, Obedienc [sic] and Sedition. By P. D. M.,’ Tournay (Adrian Quinque), 1623, 8vo, pp. 461; London, 1653, 12mo, pp. 643. Dedicated to Charles, prince of Wales. Gee, in his ‘Foot out of the Snare,’ 1624, mentions the work as by ‘M. Pateson, now in London, a bitter and seditious book.’ The authorship is also ascribed to Pattenson in the preface to Foulis's ‘History of the Romish Treasons and Usurpations,’ 1671; and by Wood, who states that the contents of the work were ‘mostly collected from the answers of Anti-Cotton, and John Brierley, Priest’ (Athenæ Oxon. ed. Bliss, iv. 139). Charles Butler highly commends the work, remarking that ‘in a short compass it comprises much useful information, and many excellent observations, arranged


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text:
Author:William Cox Bennett

Works

 * "A Christmas Song" in Our American Holidays - Christmas
 * Poems, 1850
 * Verdicts, 1852
 * War Songs, 1855
 * Queen Eleanor's Vengeance, and other Poems, 1857
 * Songs, by a Song-Writer, 1859
 * Baby May, and other Poems on Infants, 1861
 * The Worn Wedding Ring, 1861
 * Our Glory Roll, National Poems, 1866
 * Proposals for Contributions to a Ballad History of England, 1867
 * Songs for Sailors, 1872 (set to music in 1878 by John Liptrot Hatton)
 * Baby May: Home Poems and Ballads, 1875
 * Songs of a Song Writer, 1876
 * Prometheus the Fire-Giver, 1877
 * Songs for soldiers, 1879
 * The Lark: Songs, Ballads, and Recitations for the People, 1885

Poems

 * "The Mistake of the Loves," in Once a Week, 1862
 * "The Mistake of the Loves," in Once a Week, 1862
 * "The Mistake of the Loves," in Once a Week, 1862

title: Author:William Cox Bennett


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Author:Theodore Ledyard Cuyler

Works
"A Merry Christmas to You" in Our American Holidays - Christmas

title: Author:Theodore Ledyard Cuyler


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text:
Author:Frederick Swartwout Cozzens

Works

 * A Christmas Piece
 * Fitz-Greene Halleck: A Memorial (1868)

title: Author:Frederick Swartwout Cozzens


text: Our American Holidays - Christmas/The Festival of St. Nicholas


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text: Our American Holidays - Christmas/The Christmas Holly


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text: Our American Holidays - Christmas/To the Fir-Tree


text: Our American Holidays - Christmas/The Mahogany-Tree


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text: Our American Holidays - Christmas/Christmas (Irving)


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text: Our American Holidays - Christmas/Church Decking At Christmas


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Page:Lectures on Modern History.djvu/380

 Mazarin, Cardinal, 177, 234— English policy, 210; character, 235-6

Mazeppa, Charles XII. at, 281

Mecklenburg, Duke of. See Wallenstein

Medici, Lorenzo de', 38, 43

Melanchthon— Luther and, 101-2, 105; Confession of Faith, 106; at Diet of Ratisbon, 109, 132

Mendoza, Cardinal, 62

Mentz, religious controversy, 98; Gustavus holds his court at, 189

Mentz, Archbishop of— Indulgence question, 92; and Luther, 102; religious policy of, 128

Mexico, conquest by Cortez, 68-9

Michelet, 15, 19

Mignet, 15

Milan— Conquest by Lewis XII., 40-41, 47; Eugene's attempt on, 258; under Maria Theresa, 303

Mill, J. S., Logic, 20

Miltitz— Luther and, 94-5, 102; and Cajetan, 109

Milton, 205

Minorca, captured, 260; loss of, 295

Mirandola, Pico della, 84

Mohacs, battle of, 36

Molina, teaching regarding grace, 116

Moltke, 126, 289, 298; victory of, 191; cited, 195

Moluccas, products, 58

Molwitz, battle of, 291-2

Mommsen, 12

Moncontour, battle of, 158

Monk, General, 207-8

Monmouth, Duke of— Question of legitimacy, 215; rebellion, 219-20

Mons, relief of, 159

Montagu, 223

Montalto, Cardinal. See Sixtus V., Pope Montcalm, Pitt's policy, 295; foretells the American Revolution, 306

Montecucculi and Turenne, 240

Montesino on rights of savages, 67

Montespan, Mme. de, 111

Montesquieu, 3; Grandeur et Décadence, 290

Montgomery, General, death of, 312

Montrose, 203

Moors, Indian trade of the, 55

Moray, Earl of, 151

More, Sir Thomas, 105; the Royal Supremacy, 141

Morea, the, Turkish invasion, 35

Morley, John, 203

Mornay, Duplessis, 164, 170

Morone, Cardinal, imprisonment and rescue, 119

Morton, Chancellor, and the Casket Letters, 150

Moscow, Charles XII. and, 281

Mozley, James, cited, 27

Müeller, Johannes, method of history, 26

Mühlberg, defeat of German troops, 126

Müller, J., Ephemerides, 84

Münnich, employed by Peter the Great, 280

Münster, peace of. See Westphalia, peace of

Muratori, 14

Nantes, Edict of, 171; revocation of, 244-7

Naples— Rising of the Barons, 38; conquest by Charles VIII., 38-9; partition of, 41-2; Spaniards drive out French, 42; united to Spain, 46

Napoleon. See Bonaparte

Narbonne, Council of, 112

Narvaez and Cortez, 68

National Assembly of France, 303

National Debt, 230, 272

Nautical Almanack, the, 84

Navigation Laws, suspension of the 310

Nazareth, Archbishop of, 161

Negroes. See Slave Trade

Neoplatonism, 80

Neri, St. Philip, 122

Nestorians, the, at Cochin, 56

New England, founding of, 199

New York, 314

Newcastle, Duke of, Prussian policy, 300

Newfoundland, acquisition of, 263

Newman, Cardinal, cited, 11, 21, 278

Newton and Leibniz, 268

Nicholas V., Pope— Slavery authorised, 53; attitude towards Renaissance, 75, 78-9, 81

Niebuhr, historical method, 19-20

Nimeguen, peace of, 240; treaties of, 241-2

Nonconformists, 201

Nonjurors, 230

Nördlingen, battle of, 193

North, Lord, administration, 310, 313

Nottingham, Charles I. and, 203

Nova Scotia, acquisition of, 263

Novara, battle of, 41, 46

Nuremberg, manufacture of nautical instruments, 84; Diet of, 103

Oates, Titus, 22-3, 213-14, 218

Ockham, William of, 72


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Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 44.djvu/107

 PAULET, WILLIAM, third (1535?–1598), son of John Paulet, second marquis, and grandson of William Paulet, first marquis [q. v.], was born before 1536 and knighted before 1559. He served as high sheriff for Hampshire in 1560, as joint commissioner of musters and joint lord-lieutenant for Dorset in 1569–70. Doyle says he became member of parliament for Dorset in 1571; but no parliament was elected or sat in that year, and Paulet's name does not appear in the official returns of the lower house in any other parliament. In 1572 he was summoned to the house of lords as Baron St. John, and on 4 Nov. 1576 he succeeded his father as third Marquis of Winchester. He was not satisfied with his father's will, and complained of the disposal of the family property due to the influence of his grandfather's widow, Winifrid (d. 1586). In 1580 he became lord-lieutenant of Dorset, and in October 1586 was one of the commissioners appointed to try Mary Queen of Scots; he was lord steward for her funeral on 1 Aug. 1587. In 1596 he was lord-lieutenant for Hampshire, and in 1597 first commissioner for ecclesiastical causes in the diocese of Winchester. He died on 24 Nov. 1598, having married, before 1560, Agnes, daughter of William, first lord Howard of Effingham [q. v.]; with her his relations were not entirely harmonious, and on one occasion it was only by the intercession of the queen that a reconciliation was effected (Cal. State Papers, Dom. Ser. 1547–80, p. 534, &c.) He was succeeded by his eldest son William, fourth marquis, whose son John, fifth marquis, is separately noticed.

Paulet's claim to remembrance rests on a curious little work, entitled ‘The Lord Marques Idlenes: conteining manifold matter of acceptable devise, as sage sentences, prudent precepts, &c.,’ London, Arnold Hatfield, 1586, 4to; prefixed to it is a dedication to the queen and a remarkable acrostic of six Latin verses, which, says Collier, ‘must have cost the writer immense ingenuity in the composition;’ the first letters of the six lines form the word ‘regina,’ the last letters ‘nostra’ and the initials of the words in the last line ‘Angliæ.’ Copies of this edition are in the Bridgewater collection and in the British Museum and Bodleian Libraries, and Collier had heard of a fourth, but they are extremely rare. A second edition appeared in 1587, a copy of which is in the British Museum Library.

[Works in Brit. Mus. Libr.; Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1547–98, passim; Cotton MS. Julius C. iii.; Peerages by Doyle, Brydges, and Collins; Collier's Bibliogr. Acc. of Early Engl. Lit. vol. i. p. xix, vol. ii. p. 132; Bodleian Cat.]

PAULET, WILLIAM (1804–1893), field-marshal, fourth son of Charles Ingoldsby Paulet, thirteenth marquis of Winchester, and his wife Anne, second daughter of John Andrews of Shotney Hall, Northumberland, was born 7 July 1804. After being educated at Eton, where his name appears in the fifth form in the school lists of 1820, he was appointed ensign in the 85th light infantry on 1 Feb. 1821. On 23 Aug. 1822 he was made lieutenant in the 7th fusiliers, purchased an unattached company 12 Feb. 1825, and exchanged to the 21st fusiliers. On 10 Sept. 1830 he became major 68th light infantry, and lieutenant-colonel 21 April 1843, serving with the regiment at Gibraltar, in the West Indies, North America, and at home until 31 Dec. 1848, when he exchanged to half-pay unattached. Becoming brevet colonel 20 June 1854, he went to the Crimea as assistant adjutant-general of the cavalry division, under Lord Lucan, and was present at the Alma, Balaklava (where he was with Lord Lucan throughout the day, and had his hat carried off by a shot), Inkerman, and before Sevastopol. On 23 Nov. 1854 Lord Raglan appointed him to command ‘on the Bosphorus, at Gallipoli, and the Dardanelles,’ where the overcrowded hospitals, in which Miss Nightingale and her band of nurses had begun their labours three weeks before, were much in need of an experienced officer in chief command. This post was held by him until after the fall of Sevastopol, when he succeeded to the command of the light division in the Crimea, which he retained until the evacuation (C.B. medal and clasps, officer of the Legion of Honour, third class of the Medjidie, and Sardinian and Turkish medals).

Paulet was one of the first officers appointed to a command at Aldershot, where he commanded the 1st brigade from 1856 to 1860, becoming a major-general meanwhile on 13 June 1858. He commanded the south-western district, with headquarters at Portsmouth, from 1860 to 1865. He was made K.C.B. in 1865, and a lieutenant-general 8 Dec. 1867; was adjutant-general of the forces from 1865 to 1870, was made G.C.B. in 1870, general 7 Oct. 1874, and field-marshal 10 July 1886. After a short period as colonel 87th fusiliers, Paulet was appointed, on 9 April 1864, colonel of his old regiment, the 68th (now 1st Durham light infantry), in the welfare and interests of which he never ceased to exert his active influence. He died 10 May 1893.


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United States Code/Title 18/Part I/Chapter 37/Section 798

(a) Whoever knowingly and willfully communicates, furnishes, transmits, or otherwise makes available to an unauthorized person, or publishes, or uses in any manner prejudicial to the safety or interest of the United States or for the benefit of any foreign government to the detriment of the United States any classified information—
 * (1) concerning the nature, preparation, or use of any code, cipher, or cryptographic system of the United States or any foreign government; or
 * (2) concerning the design, construction, use, maintenance, or repair of any device, apparatus, or appliance used or prepared or planned for use by the United States or any foreign government for cryptographic or communication intelligence purposes; or
 * (3) concerning the communication intelligence activities of the United States or any foreign government; or
 * (4) obtained by the processes of communication intelligence from the communications of any foreign government, knowing the same to have been obtained by such processes—
 * Shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than ten years, or both.

(b) As used in subsection (a) of this section—

The term “classified information” means information which, at the time of a violation of this section, is, for reasons of national security, specifically designated by a United States Government Agency for limited or restricted dissemination or distribution; The terms “code,” “cipher,” and “cryptographic system” include in their meanings, in addition to their usual meanings, any method of secret writing and any mechanical or electrical device or method used for the purpose of disguising or concealing the contents, significance, or meanings of communications;

The term “foreign government” includes in its meaning any person or persons acting or purporting to act for or on behalf of any faction, party, department, agency, bureau, or military force of or within a foreign country, or for or on behalf of any government or any person or persons purporting to act as a government within a foreign country, whether or not such government is recognized by the United States; The term “communication intelligence” means all procedures and methods used in the interception of communications and the obtaining of information from such communications by other than the intended recipients;

The term “unauthorized person” means any person who, or agency which, is not authorized to receive information of the categories set forth in subsection (a) of this section, by the President, or by the head of a department or agency of the United States Government which is expressly designated by the President to engage in communication intelligence activities for the United States.

(c) Nothing in this section shall prohibit the furnishing, upon lawful demand, of information to any regularly constituted committee of the Senate or House of Representatives of the United States of America, or joint committee thereof.

(d)
 * (1) Any person convicted of a violation of this section shall forfeit to the United States irrespective of any provision of State law—
 * (A) any property constituting, or derived from, any proceeds the person obtained, directly or indirectly, as the result of such violation; and
 * (B) any of the person’s property used, or intended to be used, in any manner or part, to commit, or to facilitate the commission of, such violation.
 * (2) The court, in imposing sentence on a defendant for a conviction of a violation of this section, shall order that the defendant forfeit to the United States all property described in paragraph (1).
 * (3) Except as provided in paragraph (4), the provisions of subsections (b), (c), and (e) through (p) of section 413 of the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970 (21 U.S.C. 853 (b), (c), and (e)–(p)), shall apply to—
 * (A) property subject to forfeiture under this subsection;
 * (B) any seizure or disposition of such property; and
 * (C) any administrative or judicial proceeding in relation to such property,
 * if not inconsistent with this subsection.
 * (4) Notwithstanding section 524 (c) of title 28, there shall be deposited in the Crime Victims Fund established under section 1402 of the Victims of Crime Act of 1984 (42 U.S.C. 10601) all amounts from the forfeiture of property under this subsection remaining after the payment of expenses for forfeiture and sale authorized by law.
 * (5) As used in this subsection, the term “State” means any State of the United States, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, and any territory or possession of the United States.

Amendment history

 * 1996 - Subsec. (d)(5). Pub. L. 104-294 struck out "the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands," after "Puerto Rico,".
 * 1994 - Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 103-322 substituted "fined under this title" for "fined not more than $10,000" in concluding provisions. Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 103-359 added subsec. (d).


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Payne denounced by the nonjurors for his latitudinarian views, Payne in 1691 published a defence of his position, entitled 'An Answer to a printed Letter to Dr. William Payne, concerning Non-resistance and other Reasons for not taking the Oath.' In 1693 Dr. Payne was appointed, by a commission under the great seal, 'visitor-royal' over certain London churches, popularly called 'lawless churches,' because they were exempt from visitation by the bishop, and were subject solely to the king. The appointment, however, caused resentment at Doctors' Commons, and in 1694 he resigned it. During the last two years of his life Payne preached a series of sermons on behalf of Sherlock, who was engaged in defending the dogma of the Trinity against South. These sermons were published in 1696 under the title of 'The Mystery of the Christian Faith and oft-blessed Trinity vindicated.' Payne was engaged on a larger work on this subject when he died, on 20 Feb. 1696. Besides the tracts mentioned, Payne was author of: 1. ‘Family Religion’ (1691). 2. ‘A Discourse of Repentance’ (1693). 3. ‘Discourses upon several Practical Subjects,’ published in 1698 from his manuscript sermons by his friend and executor, Joseph Powell.

Payne's son, Squier Payne, fellow of Magdalene College, Cambridge (B.A. 1694, and M.A. 1698), was son-in-law and biographer of Richard Cumberland [q. v.], bishop of Peterborough, and being made archdeacon of Stow, in the diocese of Lincoln, in 1730, held that office till 1751.

 PAYNE, WILLIAM (fl. 1800), watercolour painter, who is supposed to have been a native of Devonshire, held an appointment in the engineers' department at Plymouth Dockyard, and resided at Plymouth Dock (now Devonport) till 1790, when he came to London, and took up his residence in Thornhaugh Street, Bedford Square. He was already known as a landscape-painter, having exhibited at the Incorporated Society of Artists in 1776, and at the Royal Academy since 1786. Some of his views of slate quarries at Plympton had been praised by his fellow-countryman, Sir Joshua Reynolds, the president of the Royal Academy, and others, drawn in 1788 and 1789, were engraved for Samuel Middiman's ‘Select Views in Great Britain’ (1784-92). He had hit upon certain methods which considerably increased the resources of water-colour art, especially in the rendering of sunlight and atmosphere. His 'style,' as it was called, was one which was not only new and effective, but could be learnt without much difficulty, and he soon became the most fashionable drawing-master in London. Among the innovations with which he is credited were 'splitting the brush to give forms of foliage, dragging the tints to give texture to his foregrounds, and taking out the forms of lights by wetting the surface and rubbing with bread and rag.' He also abandoned the use of outline with the pen, but the invention by which he is best known is a neutral tint composed of indigo, raw sienna, and lake. A compound pigment called Payne's grey is still sold by artists' colourmen. His methods were regarded as tricky by the old-fashioned practicians of the day, but there is no doubt that he did much to advance the technique of water-colour painting, and was one of the first 'draughtsmen' to abandon mere topography for a more poetical treatment of landscape scenery. In 1809 he was elected an associate of the Water-colour Society, but left it on the disruption of the original society in 1812. During the four years of his connection with the society he sent seventeen drawings to their exhibitions. By this time his art had degenerated into mannerism. He was surpassed by better artists, and forgotten before he died. The date of his death is unknown; it is supposed to have been about 1815, but, according to Algernon Graves's 'Dictionary of Artists,' he was still exhibiting in 1830.

Four books, ‘Landscapes from Drawings by Payne,’ engraved by Black, are advertised at the end of ‘A Treatise on Ackerman's Water-colours,’ &c., 1801. There are examples of Payne's drawings at South Kensington Museum, the British Museum, and the Whitworth Museum at Manchester.

 PAYNE, WILLIAM HENRY SCHOFIELD (1804–1878), actor and pantomimist, was born in the city of London in 1804, and was apprenticed to Isaac Cowen, a stockbroker; but in his eighteenth year he ran


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 PEACHELL. [See also .]

PEACHELL, JOHN (1630–1690), master of Magdalene College, Cambridge, son of Robert Peachell or Pechell of Fillingham, Lincolnshire, was educated at Gainsborough school, and was admitted as a sizar of Magdalene on 1 Aug. 1645. His subsequent degrees were B.A. 1649, M.A. 1653, S.T.B. 1661, S.T.P. 1680. He was elected fellow on Smith's foundation in 1649, on Spendluffe's in 1651, and a foundation fellow in 1656; and acquired a considerable popularity as a staunch toper and an unswerving royalist. In 1661 Pepys spent a merry evening with him at the Rose tavern in Cambridge; but he objected to be seen walking with Peachell on account of the rubicundity of the latter's nose. This proved no bar to his preferment; in 1663 he was presented by Sir John Cutts to the rectory of Childerley, Cambridgeshire, which he resigned upon obtaining the rectory of Dry Dray ton in the same county in 1681. He was also presented to the vicarage of Stanwix in Cumberland, and from 1667 to 1669 held a prebend at Carlisle (, Fasti Oxon. ed. Bliss, ii. 398). In 1679, moreover, Peachell became master of his college, and in 1686 vice-chancellor of the university. In the same year was issued from the university press in his name, 'Maestissimae ac laetissimae Academiae Cantabrigiensis affectus decedente Carolo II, succedente Jacobo II' (4to).

In the course of 1686 James II discovered that Dr. Lightfoot, the great rabbinical scholar, had not taken the oaths when he was admitted to his master's degree at Cambridge, and he promptly determined to take advantage of this precedent, and to furnish with royal letters patent a Roman catholic candidate for the degree, in the person of Alban Francis [q. v.], who was, says Burnet, 'an ignorant Benedictine monk.' According to Clarke, the king's idea was to familiarise those of different religions, and make them live in greater peace and unity together. However this might be, on 7 Feb. 1687 a royal letter was sent to Cambridge enjoining the admission of Francis, and on 21 Feb. this letter was laid before congregation. It was there decided that Francis should be admitted only on condition that he took the oaths. He, however, refused to be sworn, remonstrated with the officers of the university, and, finding them resolute, took horse and hastened to relate his grievance at Whitehall. Whereupon Peachell, at the urgent instance of the chief members of the senate, wrote to the Duke of Albemarle, who was then chancellor of the university, and also to the Earl of Sunderland, to beg their intercession with the king. Albemarle soon replied to Peachell that he had done his best for the university, but that in two special interviews he had only succeeded in provoking the displeasure of the king. Shortly afterwards (9 April) a summons was sent down citing the vice-chancellor and deputies of the senate (among whom was elected Mr. Isaac Newton) to appear before the ecclesiastical commissioners. When he appeared in the council-chamber on 21 April, Peachell, who, though an honest, was a very weak man, was thoroughly scared by Jeffreys, who sat at the head of the board. With some pains he got leave to prepare an answer in writing, and for the examination to be postponed for a week. He gave in his answer in writing on 27 April, and was summoned again on 7 May, when he made a lamentable exhibition of ignorance and timidity. Jeffreys began by asking what was the oath he had taken as vice-chancellor. After many evasions the unfortunate man stammered out 'that I should well and faithfully praestare or administrare munus. . . .' When other of the delegates who were more capable of defending their cause attempted to speak, they were rudely silenced. Finally Peachell was deprived both of his mastership and of the vice-chancellorship, and the deputation was contemptuously dismissed by Jeffreys with the words, 'Go your way and sin no more, lest a worse thing happen to you.' During this business Peachell stayed in town at Well Court, Bartholomew's Hospital, whence he addressed to Pepys several letters full of alarm at the situation. Shortly afterwards, however, he returned to Cambridge, and he was restored to his headship by James on 24 Oct. 1688. In the vice-chancellorship he was replaced by Dr. Balderstone, who proved a more resolute champion of the rights of the university. Peachell did not long survive the restitution of his emoluments as master of Magdalene. During a visit to Cambridge in the course of 1690 Sancroft rebuked him for setting an ill example in the university by drunkenness and ill-conduct. Peachell, says Burnet, did penance by four days' abstinence, after which he would have eaten, but could not. He was succeeded as master by Dr. Gabriel Quadring. No monument was erected over his tomb in the college chapel.

[Information from the registrary's office at Cambridge; Cole's Athenae Cantabr. (Addit. MS. 5873, f. 116); Le Neve's Fasti Eccl. Anglic iii. 254; Woolrych's Life of Jeffreys; Macaulay's Hist, of England, chap. viii.; Pepys's Diary and Correspondence, ed. Braybrooke, 1849, i. 258, iv. 35, 454, v. 306, 324, 328; Corrie's Brief Hist. Notices of Interference of Crown with Affairs of


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 the Universities; Cooper's Annal's of Cambridge University; Burnet's Own Time, 1838, vol. iii.; Luttrell's Brief Hist. Relation of State Affairs; Cartwright's Diary (Camden Soc.), p. 53; Howell's State Trials, xi. 1338; information kindly given by the hon. and rev. the Master of Magdalene College.]

 PEACHI, JOHN (fl. 1690), medical writer. [See under .]

PEACOCK, BARNES (1810–1890), judge, third son of Lewis H. Peacock, a solicitor practising in Lincoln's Inn Fields, was born in 1810. At the age of eighteen he joined the Inner Temple, but postponed his call to the bar till he had been in practice as a special pleader some five or six years. In 1836 he was called, and joined the home circuit, and presently obtained the name of a sound lawyer. He made his chief reputation as one of the counsel for O'Connell in his appeal to the House of Lords, and it was a technical objection which he suggested that led the majority of the House of Lords to allow the appeal. He pointed out that the indictment contained numerous counts and several separate charges, and that some of the counts had been held to be bad in law. Yet upon this indictment, and upon good counts and bad counts indiscriminately, one general verdict and judgment had been given. This, it is true, had been done in accordance with a practice which, however slovenly, was common, and supposed to be undoubtedly valid, but the House of Lords declared it to be a wrong practice, and that a judgment so given could not stand (see State Trials, new ser. vol. v.)

In spite of this success Peacock did not become a queen's counsel till 1850, when he was also elected a bencher of the Inner Temple. In 1852 he was appointed legal member of the supreme council of the viceroy at Calcutta, in succession to Drinkwater Bethune, and here, in the preparation of various codifying acts, he proved his high excellence as a jurist. He wrote an important minute on the affairs of Oudh, in which he advocated complete annexation. In 1859 he succeeded Sir James Colville in the chief-justiceship of the supreme court in Calcutta, and was knighted. He held the post, the duties of which were modified in 1862 on the constitution of the high court, until 1870. He was indefatigable in moulding the practice of his court as an appellate tribunal, and for eighteen years, with equally remarkable vigour of mind and body, worked in the plains of India with only one furlough. In 1870 he resigned and returned to England, where, in 1872, he was appointed under the act of 1871 a paid member of the judicial committee of the privy council. Here his great knowledge of Indian customs, his persevering industry, and his painstaking accuracy made him a specially useful member of the court. He was sitting to hear appeals only three days before his death, which took place, from failure of the heart, at his house, 40 Cornwall Gardens, Kensington, on 3 Dec. 1890. He was in person slight and short, an indifferent speaker, but possessing rare powers of memory and application. He was twice married; first, to Elizabeth, daughter of W. Fanning, in 1835; and then, in 1870, to Georgina, daughter of Major-general Showers, C.B.

His eldest son, (1836–1894), was born in 1836, educated at Haileybury, entered the Bengal civil service, and landed in India in February 1857. He was employed in the revenue and judicial department of the service, became registrar of the high court in 1864, was president of the committee on the affairs of the king of Oudh, officiating secretary to the board of revenue in 1871, a magistrate and collector in 1873, commissioner of the Dacca division in 1878 and of the Presidency division in 1881. In 1883 he was appointed chief secretary to the government of Bengal for the judicial, political, and appointments departments, an acting member of the board of revenue in 1884, and an actual member in 1887, and in 1890 he was made a C.S.I. and retired. He died on board the Britannia, off Sicily, in April 1894.

[See Times, 4 Dec. 1890 and 25 April 1894; Law Times, 20 Dec. 1890.]

PEACOCK, DMITRI RUDOLF (1842–1892), traveller and philologist, was born on 26 Sept. 1842 at the village of Shakhmanovka, district of Kozlov, in the government of Tambov, Russia, being the son of Charles Peacock, estate manager, and his wife Concordia, whose maiden name was Schlegel. He was educated at a school in England, and afterwards at the university of Moscow. On 25 Oct. 1881 he was appointed vice-consul at Batoum, which had then risen to considerable importance in consequence of its annexation by the Russians. He became consul on 27 Jan. 1890. He is said to have owed his appointments to his familiarity with the Russian language. Certainly few foreigners were better acquainted than he with the languages and customs of the mountaineers of the Caucasus, among whom he had established such friendly relations that he was admitted into their most remote fastnesses. One of the fruits of these expeditions was the pub-


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  and Paulet were summoned before the council, and Peacham was re-examined; but, although Peacham continued to give mysterious hints that he was abetted by persons of influence, no evidence on the point was adduced, and Peacham fell back on a denial of the authorship of the incriminating papers (10 March 1614–15). They were by a namesake, 'a divine, a scholar, and a traveller,' who dwelt 'sometimes at Hounslow as a minister,' who had visited Hinton St. George, and had left some manuscripts in the rectory study. Peacham was apparently referring at random to the contemporary writer, [q. v.]

In July Peacham was sent to Taunton to stand his trial. On 7 Aug. 1615 he was arraigned at the assizes before Sir Christopher Tanfield and Serjeant Montagu. Sir Randal Crewe, the king's Serjeant, and Sir Henry Yelverton, solicitor-general, came from London to conduct the case (, Diary, Camd. Soc.) 'Seven knights were taken from the bench to be of the jury.' Peacham defended himself 'very simply, but obstinately and doggedly enough.' He was, however, found guilty and condemned to death. No efforts seem to have been made to carry out the sentence. On 31 Aug. he was examined anew, and, while admitting that he wrote the sermon, declared that he had no intention of publishing or preaching it. For seven months he lingered in the gaol at Taunton. On 27 March 1616 Chamberlain wrote to Carleton: 'Peacham, the condemned minister, is dead in the jail at Taunton, where, they say, he left behind him a most wicked and desperate writing, worse than that he was convicted for.'

Peacham's character demands no admiration, and his persecution would not have given him posthumous fame had not James I and Bacon by their zealous efforts to obtain his conviction raised legal controversies of high constitutional importance.

PEACHAM, HENRY (1576?–1643?), author, was born at North Mimms, Hertfordshire, about 1576. His father, Henry Peacham, after serving the cure of North Mimms, became in 1597 rector of the north mediety of the parish of Leverton, near Boston, Lincolnshire. That benefice he was still holding in 1605. The elder Peacham was a good classical scholar, and published in 1577, with a dedication to [q. v.], bishop of London, 'The Garden of Eloquence, conteyning the figures of Grammar and Rhetorick, from whence maye bee gathered all manner of Flowers, Colours, Ornaments, exornations, forms, and fashions of Speech,' London, 1577 (by H. Jackson), 4to. Another edition, 'corrected and augmented,' appeared with a dedication to Sir John Puckering in 1593. The elder Peacham was also author of 'A Sermon upon the three last verses of the first chapter of Job,' London, 1590, 16mo, dedicated to Margaret Clifford, countess of Cumberland, and Anne, countess of Warwick.

Henry the younger went to school, first near St. Albans and afterwards in London, and as a boy he saw Dick Tarleton on the stage (Truth of Our Times, p. 103). Subsequently he proceeded to Trinity College, Cambridge, where he was admitted a scholar on 11 May 1593, along with [q. v.] and Thomas Comber, afterwards master of the college. He graduated B.A. in January 1594-5, and M.A. in 1598.

'Rawhe torn' from the university, and thrown on his own resources at an early age (ib. p. 13), he became master of the free school at Wymondham in Norfolk. He disliked the scholastic profession, but took an interest in his pupils (cf. Thalia's Banquet, epigrams 70 and 87). His accomplishments were far more varied than are usually found in a school-master. He could make competent Latin and English verses, knew something of botany, and was, besides, a musical composer, a student of heraldry, and a mathematician, being, he says, 'ever naturally addicted to those arts and sciences which consist of proportion and number.' Moreover he could paint, draw, and engrave portraits and landscapes. While at Cambridge he made a map of the town (Compleat Gentleman, p. 126). Horace Walpole commends a print that he engraved of Sir Thomas Cromwell after Holbein. His first essay in literary work was a practical treatise on art. It was entitled 'Graphice, or the most auncient and excellent Art of Drawing with the Pen and Limning in Water Colours,' London, 1606, 4to, and was dedicated to Sir Robert Cotton; it passed through many editions under the new title of 'The Gentleman's Exercise,' 1607, 1612, 1634, when it was dedicated to Sir Edmund Ashfield, deputy lieutenant of Buckinghamshire. In 1610 he translated King James's 'Basilicon Doron' into Latin verse, 'and presented it, with emblemes limned in liuely colours, to Prince Henry' (cf. Gentleman's Exercise, 1612, p. 7). The work a curious example of Peacham's versatility is still extant in Harl. MS. 6855, art. 15 (38 pp.), and bears the title 'Βασιλικὸν


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Peacham ΔDōronῶρον εἰς τὰ ἐμβλήματα βασιλικά totum versum,’ in three books, dedicated to James I. The penmanship and the pen-and-ink drawings are very neat. Each emblem is subscribed by four Latin verses, and each quatrain embodies the substance of a passage from the ‘Basilicon Doron,’ which is supplied in a footnote in an English translation. At the end of the manuscript are the music and words of a madrigal by Peacham in four parts, entitled ‘King James his quier;’ the first words are ‘Wake softly with singing Oriana sleeping.’

Peacham's reputation was sufficiently high in 1611 to lead Thomas Coryate [q. v.] to include four pieces of burlesque verse by him in his ‘Odcombian Banquet.’ In the same year he contributed verses to Arthur Standish's ‘Commons' Complaint.’ Next year he gave further proof of his skill as an artist by publishing ‘Minerva Britanna; or a Garden of Heroical Devises, furnished and adorned with emblemes and impresa's of sundry natures, newly devised, moralized, and published by Henry Peacham, Mr of Artes,’ London, 1612 (cf., Restituta, ii. 148). In 1613 he displayed his loyalty in his ‘Period of Mourning in memorie of the late Prince [Henry], disposed into sixe visions, with nuptiall Hymnes in honour of the marriage between Frederick, Count Palatine … and Elizabeth’ (reprinted in Waldron's ‘Literary Museum,’ 1789). It is dedicated to Sir John Swinnerton, lord mayor of London, and contains both Latin and English verse.

The next two years (1613–14) Peacham spent in foreign travel. He acted for part of the time as tutor to the three elder sons of the great art collector, Thomas Howard, second earl of Arundel [q. v.], but apparently during a portion of the tour he was unaccompanied. He was always a diligent sightseer, and he made himself familiar with the chief cities of Holland, France, Italy, and Westphalia. In Italy he studied music under Orazio Vecchi of Modena (Compleat Gentleman, p. 102). In France he paid frequent visits to the house of M. de Ligny, an accomplished soldier and scholar, near Artois (ib. ded.). He visited Breda and Antwerp, and made a long stay in Leyden. One of his published epigrams is entitled ‘A Lattin Distich, which a Frier of Shertogen Bosch in Brabant wrote in my Greek Testament, while I was busie perusing some Bookes in their Library’ (Thalia's Banquet, p. 108). Another epigram (ib. p. 83) he addressed to a jovial host at Utrecht, where he saw much of the engraver Crispin van de Pas (cf. ib. p. 15). Subsequently he visited the elector's court at Heidelberg. In 1614 he was present with the army of Sir John Ogle [q. v.] at the operations in Juliers and Cleves, and in the next year published, with dedications to that general, two works which he wrote while in the Low Countries. One was ‘A most true relation of the affaires of Cleves and Gulick … unto the breaking up of our armie in the beginning of December last past;’ the second was a rambling poem, in both Latin and English, called ‘Prince Henrie revived; or a poeme upon the Birth and in Honor of the Hopefull young Prince Henrie Frederick, First Sonne and Heire apparant to the most Excellent Princes, Frederick Count Palatine of the Rhine, and the Mirrour of Ladies, Princesse Elizabeth his wife,’ London, 1615, 4to.

In 1615 Peacham seems to have settled at Hoxton, London (cf. Compleat Gentleman), and to have finally adopted the literary profession. He endeavoured to attract patrons, and the Earl of Dorset and Lord Dover viewed his efforts with favour. Meanwhile he gained admission to literary society. To Drayton, Selden, Ben Jonson, as well as to the musicians Bird and Dowland, he addressed epigrams (cf. Thalia's Banquet), and his intimate friends included Sir Clement Edmondes [q. v.] and Edward Wright the mathematician. He quickly established some popular reputation. In 1615, when Edmond Peacham [q. v.], the rebellious rector of Hinton St. George, was charged with having written a libel on the king, he resorted, in his defence, to the impotent device of declaring that the obnoxious work was from the pen of Peacham the traveller and author. The statement was made at random. ‘The author’ Peacham was described as a minister of religion, and the rector's knowledge of him obviously rested on the merest hearsay (, Bacon). In 1620 Peacham published ‘Thalia's Banquet, Furnished with an hundred and odde dishes of newly devised Epigrammes. Whereunto (beside many worthy friends) are invited all that love inoffensive mirth and the muses, by H. P.,’ London, 1620. In epigram 70 he notes that he has a piece of music ready for the press, ‘a set of four or five partes.’

Two years later Peacham published the work by which he is best known, the ‘Compleat Gentleman, fashioning him absolute in the most necessary and commendable qualities concerning minde or bodie that may be required in a noble gentleman.’ The treatise was written for William Howard, Lord Arundel's youngest son, a boy of eight, to whom it is dedicated. The lad had not been Peacham's pupil; but they had met at Norwich, while the boy was a pupil of the


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Peachham bishop there. The book was suggested to him by M. de Ligny of Artois, who called Peacham's attention to the defective equipment of English youths in the matter of accomplishments. It is an interesting endeavour to encourage young men to devote themselves at once to the arts and athletic exercises. A valuable survey is incidentally given of contemporary English efforts in science, art, and literature. A second impression, ‘much inlarged,’ appeared in 1626, and again in 1627, with an attractive chapter on fishing among other additions. This edition was reissued in 1634. A third edition, with additional notes on blazonry by Thomas Blount (1618–1679) [q. v.], is dated 1661; from this volume Dr. Johnson drew all the heraldic definitions in his dictionary. The 1634 edition was reprinted at Oxford in 1906.

In 1624 Peacham lamented the death of his patron, Richard Sackville, earl of Dorset, in ‘An Aprill Shower.’ In 1638 he dedicated to Henry Carey, earl of Dover, a collection of anecdotes, mainly from late classical authors, suggested by a work of Pancirolla. It was entitled ‘The Valley of Varietie, a Discourse for the Times, containing very Learned and Rare Passages out of Antiquitie, Philosophy, and History’ (London, 1638, 4to). There is an engraved frontispiece of an oak encircled by flowers. In chapter xiv. Peacham says he was living in the parish of St. Martin's-in-the-Fields, and describes some incombustible flax given him by an Arab who was residing in that neighbourhood. A gossiping autobiographical tract followed in the same year, ‘The Truth of our Times: revealed out of One Man's Experience by Way of Essay,’ dedicated to Henry Barnwell of Terrington, near King's Lynn (cf. Notes and Queries, 3rd ser. xii. 221–2).

Reduced to poverty in his old age, Peacham became subject to fits of melancholy, but tempted fortune in his last years in a series of pamphlets on politics and social topics. He is also said by the herald John Gibbon to have written children's books at a penny each. His political tracts, which are of a strong royalist tone, included: ‘The Duty of Subjects to their King, and Love of their Native Country in time of Extremity and Danger. In Two Books,’ 4to, London, 1639, dedicated to Sir Paul Pindar; ‘A Merry Discourse of Meum and Tuum, or Mine and Thine,’ 4to, London, 1639; ‘A Dialogue between the Crosse in Cheap and Charing Crosse … by Ryhen Pameach,’ 1641; ‘Paradox in Praise of a Dunce in Smectymnus,’ 1642; and ‘Square Caps turned into Round Heads, or the Bishop's Vindication and the Brownists' Conviction: a Dialogue … showing the Folly of one and the Worthiness of the other;’ 4to, with a curious woodcut, 1642.

Of greater literary interest were: ‘The Art of Living in London, or a Caution how Gentlemen, Countreymen, and Strangers, drawn by Occasion of Businesse, should dispose of themselves in the Thriftiest Way, not onely in the City, but in all other Populous Places,’ 1642, 4to (reprinted in the ‘Harleian Miscellany,’ vol. ix.); and ‘The Worth of a Peny, or a Caution to keep Money, with the Causes of the Scarcity and Misery of the Want thereof in these Hard and Merciless Times.’ The latter, which was first privately issued for presentation to the author's friends, was printed originally, as internal evidence shows, in 1641, and not in 1647—the year which appears, by an error, on the title-page. It was dedicated to Richard, eldest son of Richard Gipps, one of the judges of the Guildhall, London. It discusses, without much plan, the economic condition of the country, but includes many interesting anecdotes illustrating social life. A new edition in 1664 added some biographical observations by a friend of Peacham, who knew him in the Low Countries. To a third edition in 1667 were added the bills of mortality from 1642 to 1676 (cf. Notes and Queries, 2nd ser. xii. 84). Another edition is dated 1695, and reprints were issued in 1814, and by Mr. Arber in his ‘English Garner’ (vi. 245 sq.) in 1883.

To Peacham is also doubtfully ascribed ‘History of the Five Wise Philosophers, or a Wonderful Relation of the Life of Jehosophat the Hermit, son of Avenario, King of Barma in India,’ 1672, with an address to the reader by Nicholas Herrick, who found the manuscript by accident (cf. ib. 3rd ser. xi. 217). It is quite possible, too, that Peacham, rather than Henry Parrot [q. v.], is the H. P. who published a volume of epigrams in 1608. They were published by John Helmes of St. Dunstan's Churchyard, who produced for Peacham ‘Henrie revived’ in 1615, and they contain at least one epigram which appears in Peacham's ‘Minerva,’ and is undoubtedly his.

Peacham, who was unmarried, died soon after 1641, when his ‘Worth of a Peny’ was first published.

[Collier's Bibl. Cat.; Walpole's Anecdotes of Painting, iii. 160; Hawkins's Hist. of Music, iii. 194–5; Brydges's Censura and Restituta Lit.; Notes and Queries, 1st ser. xi. 218, 296, 407, 3rd ser. xii. 221; Cat. of Malone's Books in Bodleian Library, where the best collection of Peacham's work is preserved; Hazlitt's Bibliographical Handbook and Notes; information kindly furnished by Dr. Aldis Wright.]


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 BROKE or BROOK, THOMAS (fl. 1550), translator, was an alderman of Calais, the chief clerk of the exchequer and customer there at the time when the preaching of William Smith at Our Lady's Church in that town led many persons, and Broke among them, to adopt 'reformed' opinions. Broke was a member of parliament, sitting probably for Calais, and in July 1539 spoke strongly against the Six Articles Bill, though Cromwell sent to warn him to forbear doing so as he loved his life. Part of his speech is preserved by Foxe (Acts and Monuments, v. 503). He was roughly answered by Sir William Kingston, comptroller of the king's household, who was reproved by the speaker for his attempt to interfere with the freedom of debate. The next month, at the trial of Hare, a soldier of Calais, for heresy, Broke interfered on the prisoner's behalf, and was rebuked by the dean of arches. Half an hour later he found himself accused of the same crime on the information of the council of Calais, and on 10 Aug. was committed to the Fleet along with John Butler, a priest of the same town, who was also a 'sacramentary.' As, however, the Calais witnesses could prove nothing against him, he was released. In 1540, 32 Henry VIII, the king demised two chapels in the parish of Monkton, in the liberty of the Cinque Ports, to a Thomas Broke for 42l. 7s. 11d. (, Kent, iv. 340 n.) As Broke the translator was paymaster of Dover in 1549 (see below), it is at least possible that he was the lessee. Another attempt was made against Broke in the spring of 1540. His servant was imprisoned by the council of Calais and strictly examined as to his master's conduct, and 'the second Monday after Easter' Broke was committed to the mayor's gaol, 'whither no man of his calling was ever committed unless sentence of death had first been pronounced upon him;' for otherwise he should have been imprisoned in a brother alderman's house. All his goods were seized, and his wife and children thrust into a mean part of his house by Sir Edward Kingston. Indignant at such treatment, Mistress Broke answered a threat of Kingston's with 'Well, sir, well, the king's slaughter-house had wrong when you were made a gentleman' (, v. 576). She wrote to complain to Cromwell and to other friends, and, finding that her letters were seized by the council, sent a secret messenger to England to carry the news of the sufferings of her husband and of those imprisoned with him. On receiving her message, Cromwell ordered that the prisoners should be sent over for trial, and on Mayday they were led through the streets of Calais, Broke being in irons as the 'chief captain' of the rest. Broke was committed to the Fleet, and lay there for about two years. At the end of that time he and his twelve companions were released 'in very poor estate.' In 1550 the name of Thomas Broke occurs among the chief sectaries of Kent. Although from the character of his literary work it is impossible to suppose that Broke the translator could have been one of the 'Anabaptists and Pelagians' spoken of by Strype (Memorials, II. i. 369), yet if, as seems likely, he was dissatisfied with the new Book of Common Prayer, he may have belonged to a separate congregation, and so have been described as sharing the opinions of the majority of the sectaries of the district. His works are:
 * 1) 'Certeyn Meditacions and Things to be had in Remembraunce … by euery Christian before he receiue the Sacrament of the Body and Bloude of Christ, compiled by T. Broke,' 1548.
 * 2) 'Of the Life and Conuersacion of a Christen Man … wrytten in the Latin tonge by Maister John Caluyne. … Translated into English by Thomas Broke, Esquire, Paymaster of Douer,' 1549. In the prologue of this translation the identity of Broke with the alderman of Calais is made clear. 'I have (good reader),' he writes, 'translated a good part more of the institution of a Christen man, wrytten by this noble clerke which I cannot nowe put in printe, partly through mine owne busynes as well at Douer as at Calleis.'
 * 3) The preface to 'Geneua. The Forme of Common Praiers used in the Churches of Geneua … made by Master John Caluyne. … Certayne Graces be added in the ende to the prayse of God, to be sayde before or after meals,' 1550. An imperfect copy of this rare 12mo, printed by E. Whitchurch, is described in Herbert's 'Ames' (p. 547). To the beautiful copy in the Grenville Library in the British Museum is appended a note in Grenville's handwriting, in which he calls attention to its perfect condition, and declares his belief that it is the only copy extant. In his preface Broke says that the graces are his, and that perhaps some will find them over-long; the first is a paraphrase of the Ten Commandments. He also makes another mention of his further translation from Calvin's 'Institution' which he had ready and was about to put forth. If this was ever printed, it appears to have left no sign of its existence. E. Whitchurch had printed the English Liturgy the year before, and this translation of the Genevan form seems to indicate a desire that changes should be made in it so as to bring it nearer to the practices of the Calvinistic congregations  abroad.


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  abroad.  'A Reply to a Libell cast abroad in defence of D. Ed. Boner, by T. Brooke,' no date.

 BROKESBY or BROOKESBUY, FRANCIS (1637–1714), nonjuror, the son of Obadiah Brokesby, a gentleman of independent fortune, of Stoke Golding, Leicestershire, and his wife Elizabeth, daughter of James Pratt, Wellingborough, Northamptonshire, was born on 29 Sept. 1637. His uncle Nathaniel was a schoolmaster. As all the nine children of his grandfather Francis received scriptural names, it is probable that he came of a puritan stock. He became a member and afterwards a fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, taking the degree of B.D. in 1666. A religious poem of some beauty composed by him on the occasion of his taking his degree illustrates the fervent piety of his character. This poem is preserved in Nichols's 'History and Antiquities of Hinckley,' 737. He probably took orders early, for on the presentation of his college he succeeded John Warren, the ejected rector of Broad-oak, Essex. He lived on friendly terms with his predecessor, who used to come and hear him preach (, Nonconformists' Memorial, ii. 202). In 1670 he left Broad-oak, and became rector of Rowley in the East Riding of Yorkshire. Soon after he entered on this new cure he married Isabella, daughter of a Mr. Wood of Kingston-upon-Hull. From about this time onwards he used to write in his pocket-books short Latin memoranda on the incidents of his daily life. Several specimens of these memoranda have been preserved (, Hinckley, 736-40). Though they give some idea of his peculiar piety, they are for the most part concerned with domestic matters. During his incumbency at Rowley he appears to have been involved in several disputes and lawsuits about tithes. He refers to these disputes in his memoranda of 1678 and 1680; on 31 July 1683 he enters a thanksgiving for the successful issue of a suit, and in the same year registers a vow that if he gains a cause then pending he will devote half the tithe so recovered to the relief of the poor. When the revolution of 1688 set William and Mary on the throne, Brokesby refused to take the oath to the new sovereigns. He was accordingly deprived of his living in 1690. He went up to London in July, and appears to have been received by Lady Fairborn at her house in Pall Mall 'over against the Pastures.' Meanwhile his wife, by that time the mother of six children, did what she could to wind up affairs. Writing to her sister on 8 Aug., she says, 'We are now cutting down our corn, for we cannot sell it.' After his deprivation Brokesby lived for some years in his native village, and there his wife died and was buried on 26 Feb. 1699.

Brokesby's private property seems to have been small. His high character and his reputation as a scholar gained him many friends among the men of his own party. Chief among these was Francis Cherry of Shottesbrooke, Berkshire, to whose liberal kindness Thomas Hearne and many other nonjurors were indebted. After his wife's death Brokesby appears to have resided constantly at Shottesbrooke, and early in 1706 succeeded Mr. Gilbert of St. John's College, Oxford, as chaplain to the little society of nonjurors established there (, Collections, i. 211). He travelled about a good deal, and generally paid a yearly round of visits in the north of England, probably to the men of his own party, occasionally also going up to Oxford and London. At Shottesbrooke he enjoyed the society of Robert Nelson, to whom he rendered valuable assistance in the compilation of his book on the 'Festivals and Fasts of the Church.' There, too, he formed a strong friendship with Henry Dodwell, sometime Camden professor of history at Oxford. In common with some other moderate nonjurors, Brokesby refused to take the oath simply because his conscience forbade him to do so, and not as a matter of politics. If James were dead, he declared that he would have no objection to swear allegiance to William and Mary, because they would be in possession, while the claim of the Prince of Wales would be 'dubious' (, 740). The death of James, however, was followed by the oath of abjuration, and neither Brokesby nor his friends were prepared to declare that the kingship of William of Orange was founded on right. At the same time, while he warmly upheld the cause of the deprived bishops, ecclesiastical division was grievous to him, and he fully shared in the opinion expressed in Dodwell's work, 'The Case in View,' that on the death or resignation of these bishops their party might return to the national communion. The


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 case contemplated by Dodwell became a fact when the death of Bishop Lloyd on 1 Jan. 1710 was followed by the resignation of Bishop Ken, and accordingly Brokesby, Dodwell and Nelson returned to the communion of the established church, and attended service at Shottesbrooke Church on 28 Feb. (, Defence of our Constitution, app. iv. and vi.) A letter from S. Parker of Oxford, dated 12 Nov. (Gent. Mag. 1799, vol. lxix. pt. i.), appears to have called forth a reply dated 18 Nov., in which Brokesby shows that 'the new bishops' were merely suffragans, that no synodical denunciation had invested them with independent authority after the deaths of the deprived diocesans, that the 'deprived fathers' had no power to invest them with such authority, and that therefore they were not diocesan bishops (, app. xi.) Brokesby, then, had no part in what may be described as the schism of the nonjurors. He lost his friend Dodwell in 1711, and the next year he describes himself in his will, dated 15 Sept. 1712, as sojourning at Hinckley. He was then in good health. The death of Francis Cherry in 1713 caused him deep grief. He died at Hinckley, and was buried at Stoke on 24 Oct. 1714. Of his six children his elder son Francis died in early life, and his younger son, who became a merchant, also died before him. His four daughters survived him; the second, Dorothy, married Samuel Parr, vicar of Hinckley, and was thus the grandmother of Dr. Samuel Parr, the famous Greek scholar. Brokesby was the author of:
 * 1) 'Some Proposals towards promoting the Propagation of the Gospel in our American Plantations,' 1708, 8vo.
 * 2) A tract entitled 'Of Education with respect to Grammar Schools and the Universities, to which is annexed a Letter of Advice to a Young Gentleman. By F. B., B.D.,' 1701, 12mo.
 * 3) 'A Letter containing an Account of some Observations relating to the Antiquities and Natural History of England,' 16 May 1711, in Hearne's 'Leland's Itinerary,' vi. preface, and 89-107, ed. 1744.
 * 4) 'An History of the Government of the Primitive Church for the first three centuries and the beginning of the fourth … wherein also the Suggestions of David Blondel … are considered,' 1712, 8vo.
 * 5) 'The Divine Right of Church Government by Bishops asserted,' 1714, 8vo.
 * 6) 'The Life of Mr. Henry Dodwell, with an Account of his Work … ,' 2 vols. 1715, 8vo. In this work, which was published after the author's death, he speaks (p. 311) of the help Dodwell had given him in preparing his book on church government.
 * 7) Various Letters.

 BROME, ADAM (d. 1332), founder of Oriel College, Oxford, of whose early life nothing is known, was rector of Hanworth in Middlesex in 1315, chancellor of Durham in 1316, archdeacon of Stow in 1319, and in the same year was made vicar of St. Mary in Oxford. He was also a clerk in chancery and almoner of Edward II. In 1324 he received the royal license to purchase a messuage and found a college in Oxford to the honour of the Virgin Mary. He obtained several benefactions from Edward II for his new foundation, which was to consist of a provost and ten fellows or scholars, who were to devote themselves to the study of divinity, logic, or law. He was appointed the first provost by the king in 1325, and drafted his statutes in the following year. The statutes bear a close resemblance to those which Walter de Merton had framed for Merton College. Brome died in June 1332, and was buried in St. Mary's Church, Oxford.

 BROME, ALEXANDER (1620–1666), poet, born in 1620, was an attorney in the lord mayor's court, according to Langbaine, and in the court of king's bench, according to Richard Smith's ' Obituary,' published by the Camden Society. During the civil wars he distinguished himself by his attachment to the royalist cause, and was the author of many songs and epigrams in ridicule of the Rump. In 1653 he edited, in an 8vo volume, 'Five New Playes' by [q. v.] (to whom he was not related), and in 1659 five more 'New Playes,' 1 vol. 8vo. He published, in 1654, a comedy of his own, entitled 'The Cunning Lovers.' His 'Songs and Poems' were collected in 1661, 8vo, with commendatory verses by Izaak Walton and others, and a dedication to Sir J. Robinson, lieutenant of the Tower. The second edition, 'corrected and enlarged,' appeared in 1664.


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 To this edition are prefixed a prose commendatory letter signed 'R. B.' (probably the initials of ), additional verses by Charles Strynings and Valentine Oldys, and a prose letter signed 'T. H.' Among the new poems in this edition are an epistle 'To his friend Thomas Stanley, Esq., on his Odes,' and 'Cromwell's Panegyrick.' A third edition, with a few additional poems and with elegies by Charles Cotton and Richard Newcourt, appeared in 1668, 8vo. Brome was a spirited song-writer, and his bacchanalian lyrics have always the true ring. Phillips, in his 'Theatrum Poetarum,' says that he 'was of so jovial a strain that among the sons of Mirth and Bacchus, to whom his sack-inspired songs have been so often sung to the spritely violin, his name cannot choose but be immortal; and in this respect he may well be styled the English Anacreon.' His satirical pieces are sprightly without being offensively gross. Brome was a contributor to, and editor of, a variorum translation of Horace, published in 1666. He had formed the intention of translating Lucretius, as we learn from an epigram of Sir Aston Cokaine (Poems, p. 204); but he did not carry out his project. Commendatory poems by Brome are prefixed to the first folio edition of Beaumont and Fletcher's works (1647), and to the second edition of Walton's 'Angler,' 1655. He died on 30 June 1666. An Alexander Brome, who died before 25 Sept. 1666, was a member of the New River Company. There are songs of Brome's in 'Wit's Interpreter,' 'Wit restored,' 'Wit and Drollery,' 'Westminster Drollery,' 'The Rump,' and other collections. The 'Covent Garden Drollery,' 1671, edited by A. B., has been wrongly attributed to Brome.

 BROME, JAMES (d. 1719), author of two books of travels, was ordained rector of Cheriton, Kent, on 9 June 1676, and became vicar of the adjoining parish of Newington in 1677. He was also chaplain to the Cinque Ports. In 1694 there appeared 'Historical Account of Mr. R. Rogers's three years' Travels over England and Wales,' and in 1700 Brome published under his own name 'Travels over England, Scotland, and Wales.' He stated in the preface that it had only lately come to his notice that his own 'Travels' had stolen, in an imperfect and erroneous form, into the world as the travels of Mr. Rogers, and that he had been forced to publish an authentic version in self-defence. A second edition appeared in 1707. Another book of travels by Brome appeared in 1712, under the title 'Travels through Portugal, Spain, and Italy.' He also published in 1693 William Somner's 'Treatise of the Roman Ports and Forts in Kent,' and he is the author of several single sermons published. He died in 1719.

 BROME, RICHARD (d. 1652?), dramatist, is thought to have died in 1652 (when his last play was published with a dedication from his own hand), and was certainly dead in 1653 (see Alexander Brome 'To the Readers,' Works, i. 2). Nothing, or next to nothing, is known as to the date of his birth. In the prologue to the 'Court Beggar,' acted 1632, he speaks of himself as 'the poet full of age and cares.' His surname, which is punned on by Cokaine ('Weel change our faded Broom to deathless Baies'), and daringly associated by [q. v.] with Plantagenet (‘’Twas Royall once, but now 'twill be Divine'), furnishes no clue as to his origin. He was no relation either of the dramatist, Alexander Brome who brought out several of his plays ('though not related to thy parts or person'), or of the 'stationer,' Henry Brome, who published others of Richard's dramas. A certain 'St. Br.,' however, is found addressing some verses ' to his ingenious brother, Mr. Richard Brome, upon this witty issue of his brain, "The Northern Lasse."' Probably his birth was as humble as was his condition of life. Alexander Brome, in the lines prefixed by him to the 'Five New Playes' of Richard, which he published in 1669, asserts of him that 'poor he came into th' world and poor went out.' But the surest testimony to his lowliness of origin lies in the fact that in his earlier days he was servant to Ben Jonson, (See Jonson's lines 'To my faithful servant and (by his continued virtue) my loving friend, the author of this work ['The Northern Lass'], Master Richard Brome, 1632,' beginning—

and reprinted in Jonson's 'Underwoods.")

Brome must have been in Jonson's service as early as 1614, for he is mentioned by name as the poet's 'man' in the induction to 'Bartholomew Fair' (acted 31 Oct, 1614). At what time between this and 1682 the relation of master and servant was exchanged for that of mutual friendly attachment is unknown. But this latter bond seems to have remained unbroken till Jonson's death, Gifford has shown that something like an attempt to


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Works

 * Travels over England, Scotland, and Wales (1700)
 * Travels through Portugal, Spain, and Italy (1712)

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 he was attacked by malignant typhus, and died on 9 Oct., four days after his arrival. His collections were sent to Kew, some of the contents being shared amongst his scientific friends. The Flora of the Isle of Wight was printed by Sir W. J. Hooker and Dr. Bell Salter in 1856, under the title of 'Flora Vectensis,' in 8vo, with a topographical map and portrait of the author. His manuscript Flora of Hampshire was never published. His herbarium is now at Ryde in the Isle of Wight, but his manuscripts are in the library of the Royal Kew Gardens. He left behind him the memory of a most amiable man and zealous naturalist.

BROMHALL, ANDREW (fl. 1659), divine, was one of the 'triers' for the county of Dorset commissioned in 1653-4 to eject immoral and inefficient ministers. He had been previously presented by the parliament to the substantial rectory of Maiden-Newton, Dorsetshire, then vacant by the sequestration of Matthew Osborn, M. A. (, Dorset, ii. 253), or Edward Osbourn, A.M. (, Sufferings of the Clergy, p. 322). Hutchins records that 'Bromhall died before the Restoration.' Calamy is apparently in error in stating that Bromhall was ejected from Maiden-Newton in 1662, and was afterwards resident in London. He contributed Sermon xxvii. (probably preached before the Restoration) to the first volume (1661) of 'The Morning Exercises at Cripplegate, St. Giles-in-the-Fields, and in Southwark: being Divers Sermons preached by several Ministers of the Gospel in or near London,' 6 vols. 8vo, London, fifth edition, 1844.

BROMLEY, HENRY. [See .]

BROMLEY, JAMES (1800–1838), mezzotint-engraver, was the third son of, A.R.A. [q. v.], the line-engraver. Little is known respecting his life. Among his best plates may be enumerated portraits of the Duchess of Kent, after Hayter; John, earl Russell, after Hayter; and the Earl of Carlisle, when Lord Morpeth, after Carrick; 'Falstaff,' after Liversege; 'La Zingarella,' after Oakley, &c. He exhibited twelve of his works at the Suffolk Street Gallery between 1829 and 1833. He died on 12 Dec. 1838.

BROMLEY, JOHN (d. 1717), translator, was a native of Shropshire, and received an academical education. Probably he was the John Bromley of Christ Church, Oxford, who graduated B.A. in 1685 and M.A. in 1688. In the beginning of James II's reign he was curate of St. Giles's-in-the-Fields, London, but soon afterwards he joined the Roman catholic church and obtained employment as a corrector of the press in the king's printing-house. On being deprived of this means of subsistence he established a boarding-school in London which was attended by the sons of many persons of rank. 'He was well skilled in the classics,' says Dodd, 'and, as I am informed, Mr. Pope, the celebrated poet, was one of his pupils.' Afterwards Bromley was appointed tutor to some young gentlemen, and travelled with them abroad. His death occurred, at Madeley in Shropshire, 10 Jan. 1716-17. He published 'The Catechism for the Curats, composed by the Decree of the Council of Trent, faithfully translated into English,' Lond. 1687, 8vo, and probably he was also the translator of 'The Canons and Decrees of the Council of Trent,' Lond. 1687, 4to.

BROMLEY, RICHARD MADOX (1813–1866), civil servant, traced his descent to Sir  (1530-1587) [q. v.], lord chancellor of England in the reign of Elizabeth. He was the second son of Samuel Bromley, surgeon of the royal navy, and Mary, daughter of Tristram Maries Madox of Greenwich, and was born on 11 June 1813. He was educated at Lewisham grammar school, and in 1829 entered the admiralty department of the civil service. In 1846 he was appointed to visit the dockyards on a confidential mission, shortly after which he was named accountant to the Burgoyne commission on the Irish famine. Here the prompt and correct system which he introduced


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 he endeavoured to soften the law as to the execution of heretics. A considerable collection of his letters is preserved among the archives of the city of London. It appears from them that previously to 1580 he occupied a house near the Old Bailey. In 1580 and 1583 he had a house next Charing Cross, and at the same time a country residence in Essex. He married Elizabeth, daughter of Sir Adrian Fortescue, K.B., and by her had four sons and four daughters. His eldest son was Sir Henry Bromley of Holt Castle, Worcestershire, from whose descendants the property passed to John Bromley of Horseheath Hall, Cambridgeshire, the ancestor of the now extinct barons of Montfort of Horseheath. One of Bromley's daughters, Elizabeth, was first wife to Sir Oliver Cromwell of Hinchinbrook Castle, Huntingdonshire, uncle and godfather to the Protector; another, Anne, married Richard Corbet, son of Reynold Corbet, justice of the common pleas; Muriel married John Lyttelton of Frankley, ancestor of the present Barons Lyttelton, who was implicated in Lord Essex's plot ; and the fourth, Joan, married Sir Edward Greville of Milcote. Two books were dedicated to him: 'The Table to the Year-Books of Edward V,' published 1579 and 1597, and a sermon preached at St. James's, on 25 April 1580, by Bartholemew Chamberlaine, D.D., of Holiwell, Huntingdonshire, published in t584.

BROMLEY, VALENTINE WALTER (1848–1877), painter, great-grandson of (1769-1842) [q. v.], was born in London on 14 Feb. 1848. From his childhood he manifested a remarkable faculty for art, both as an original designer and as a depicter of nature. He was especially remarkable for invention and swiftness of execution. He contributed largely to the 'Illustrated London News,' and illustrated the American travels of Lord Dunraven, whom he accompanied in his tour. He was an associate of the Institute of Painters in Water Colours, and was an exhibitor at the Royal Academy at the time of his death. He died very unexpectedly of congestion of the lungs, on 30 April 1877, just as he had undertaken an important series of illustrations of Shakespeare and the Bible. He was a thorough artist, as full of animation and energy as of talent, and greatly beloved for his affectionate temper and warmth of heart. He had been married only a few months to a lady artist of considerable mark, Ida, daughter of Mr. John Forbes-Robertson. His picture of 'Troilus and Cressida' is engraved in the 'Art Journal' for 1873.

BROMLEY, WILLIAM (1664–1732), secretary of state, was descended from an old Staffordshire family, which traced its descent from Sir Walter Bromley, a knight in the reign of King John. He was the eldest son of Sir William Bromley, knight, and was born in 1663-4, at Baginton, Warwickshire, which had been purchased by his grandfather (, Antiquities of Warwickshire, i. 232). In Easter term 1679 he entered, as a gentleman commoner, Christ Church College, Oxford, and on 5 July 1681 proceeded B.A. Shortly after leaving the university he spent several years in travelling on the continent, and in 1692 he published an account of his experiences under the title 'Remarks in the Grande Tour lately performed by a Person of Quality.' This was followed in 1702 by 'Several Years through Portugal, Spain, Italy, Germany, Prussia, Sweden, Denmark, and the United Provinces, performed by a Gentleman.' Having in 1689 been chosen knight for Warwickshire in the parliament that met at Westminster, he was one of the ninety-two members who declined to recognise William III. In March 1701-2 he was returned for the university of Oxford, which he continued to represent during the remainder of his life. By the university he was, in August 1702, created D.C.L. In 1701 he was appointed by the commons a member of the committee of public accounts, and in 1702 he was chosen chairman of the committee of elections. He was an ardent supporter of the high-church party, and in 1702, 1703, and


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 1704 made strenuous endeavours to pass the bill against occasional conformity—a practice denounced by him as a 'scandalous hypocrisy.' For his untiring zeal on behalf of the bill he received the special thanks of the university of Oxford. He early acquired a high reputation as an able and effective debater, and from his high character, 'grave deportment, and mastery of the forms of the house, was supposed to have pre-eminent claims for the office of speaker, which became vacant in 1705. His candidature would undoubtedly have been successful had not his enemies hit upon the expedient of republishing his 'Remarks in the Grande Tour,' several passages in which had previously caused some comment as indicating a bias towards Jacobitism, and a probable leaning to Roman catholicism. The device, according to Oldmixon, was the invention of Robert Harley, afterwards Earl of Oxford, who, 'having one of those copies by him, reprinted it on that occasion; and to all that came to his house about that time he said: "Have you not seen Mr. B.'s travels?" Being answered in the negative, he went into a back parlour, where this impression of it lay, fetched it out, and gave every one a copy; till that matter was made up and the election secured' (History of England, 345). Among the more objectionable portions of the book was an account of his admission to kiss the pope's slipper, 'who,' the writer adds, 'though he knew me to be a protestant, gave me his blessing and said nothing about religion,' and a reference to William and Mary merely as Prince and Princess of Orange. To give point to the joke of republication, a 'table of principal matters' was added, in which a ludicrous travestie was given of certain of the contents. The issue purports to be the second edition, although a second edition had already appeared in 1693. The publication of the volume caused feeling to run very high, and, as Evelyn relates, 'there had never been so great an assembly on the first day of a sitting, being more than 450. The votes of the old as well as the new members fell to those called low churchmen, contrary to all expectation' (Diary, 31 Oct. 1705). The result was that John Smith, M.P. for Andover, was chosen over Bromley by a majority of forty-three votes. After the tory reaction following the trial of Dr. Sacheverell, Bromley was, on 25 Nov. 1710, chosen speaker without opposition. This office he exchanged in August 1713 for that of secretary of state. The death of Queen Anne caused the fall of the tory government, and he never again held office, though he maintained an influential position in the tory party. He died 13 Feb. 1731-2, and was buried at Baginton. His portrait is in the university gallery at Oxford.

Amid the keen and unscrupulous party strifes of this period of English history, and the peculiar temptations which beset politicians, Bromley succeeded in retaining a high reputation both for political prudence and for honesty. His undoubted sincerity rendered him, however, an extremely keen partisan. He displayed special bitterness in his attacks on Marlborough, and his comparison of the duchess to Alice Perrers, the mistress of Edward III, was a scandalous violation of the decencies of political warfare.

BROMLEY, WILLIAM (1699?–1737), politician, was second son of (1664-1732) [q. v.] He was elected upon the foundation at Westminster in 1714, at the age of 15. He was a member of Oriel College, Oxford, and was created D.C.L. on 19 May 1732. He was elected member for the borough of Warwick in 1727. On 13 March 1734 he was put forward by the party opposed to Walpole to move the repeal of the Septennial Act. Parliament was soon afterwards dissolved, and Bromley lost his seat for Warwick. He was elected in February 1737, on the death of George Clarke, to represent the university of Oxford, which his father had represented from 1702 till 1732. He died the following month, 12 March 1737. His wife, by whom he left no issue,, was a Miss Frogmorton. His portrait is in the Bodleian Gallery.

BROMLEY, WILLIAM (1769–1842), line-engraver, was born at Carisbrooke in the Isle of Wight. He was apprenticed to an engraver named Wooding, in London, and among his early productions were some of the plates to Macklin's Bible, the 'Death of Nelson,' after A. W. Devis, and the 'Attack on Valenciennes,' after P. J. de Loutherbourg. Later works were two portraits of the Duke of Wellington, after Sir Thomas Lawrence; and Rubens's 'Woman taken in Adultery.' Bromley was elected an associate engraver of the Royal Academy in 1819, and in the same year also a member of


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 the academy of St. Luke, Rome. He was employed for many years by the trustees of the British Museum in engraving the Elgin marbles, from drawings executed by G. J. Corbould. Between 1786 and 1842 he exhibited fifty plates at the Royal Academy.

 BROMPTON, JOHN (fl. 1436), supposed chronicler, was elected abbot of Jorvaux in 1436. The authorship of the compilation printed in Twysden's 'Decem Scriptores' (col. 725-1284, Lond. 1652), with the title 'Chroicon Johannis Brompton, Abbatis Jorvalensis, ab anno quo S. Augustinus venit in Angliam usque mortem Regis Ricardi Primi,' is uncertain. It has been ascribed to Brompton on the strength of an inscription at the end of the C. C. C. Cambridge MS., which probably means nothing more than that Brompton had that manuscript transcribed for him. Sir T. D. Hardy has pointed out that the compilation must have been made after the middle of the fourteenth century, as it contains many extracts from Higden, who is referred to, 'and that there is reason to believe that it was based on a previous compilation, made probably by a person connected with the diocese of Norwich.' The work is wholly uncritical, and, having been widely accepted as authoritative by writers of past times, has been the means of importing many fables into our history.

 BROMPTON, RICHARD (d. 1782), portrait-painter, studied under Benjamin Wilson and afterwards under Raphael Mengs at Rome; here he became acquainted with the Earl of Northampton, whom he accompanied to Venice. During his stay in that city he painted the portraits of the Duke of York and other English gentlemen, in a conversation piece, which was exhibited at Spring Gardens in 1763. In that year Brompton settled in London, residing in George Street, Hanover Square. In 1772 he painted the Prince of Wales, full length, in the robes of the Garter, and his brother, Prince Frederick, in the robes of the Bath. His best known portrait is that of William Pitt, first earl of Chatham, in which the great statesman is represented half-length, in peer's robes, standing with his right hand raised to his breast and his left arm extended. The original was presented in 1772 by the earl himself to Philip, second earl of Stanhope, and is now at Chevening. It was engraved in line by J. K. Sherwin in 1784, and in mezzotint by E. Fisher. There is a replica in the National Portrait Gallery, London. Brompton's extravagant habits led him into difficulties, and caused his confinement in the king's bench prison for debt; but being appointed portrait-painter to the Empress of Russia, he was released and went to St. Petersburg, where he died in 1782. In the gallery of Greenwich Hospital is a half-length portrait by him of Admiral Sir Charles Saunders, K.B. Brompton was an exhibitor at the Society of Arts and Royal Academy between the years 1767 and 1780.

 BROMSGROVE, RICHARD (d. 1435), was a monk of the Benedictine abbey of Evesham, who doubtless derived his name (which is sometimes given under the form of Bremesgrave) from Bromsgrove in Worcestershire as his birthplace. He was elected abbot of Evesham when infirmarer of the abbey, on 6 Dec. 1418, and was consecrated in Bengeworth church by Bishop Barrow, of Bangor, who in the year previous had been chancellor of Oxford. He died on 10 May 1435, after holding the abbacy for seventeen years, and was buried before the high altar in St. Mary's chapel in the abbey church. The register of his acts during his abbacy is preserved in Cotton MS. Titus C. ix. (ff. 1-38). It contains articles for the reformation of monasteries which were proposed by Henry V in 1421, with modifications suggested by various abbots. It appears from this register (f. 32) that he wrote a tract, 'De fraterna correctione canonice exercenda.' A transcript of the register exists amongst the collections of James West in Lansdowne MS. 227, British Museum.

 BROMYARDE, JOHN (fl. 1390), so named from the place of his birth, Bromyard in Herefordshire, was a friar of the Dominican order. He was educated at Oxford, where he distinguished himself in jurisprudence as well as in theology, and he subsequently lectured on theology at Cambridge. He was a keen opponent of the doctrines of Wycliffe, which he denounced in preaching and lecturing, and also by writing; and he is said by some writers to have taken part in the fourth council of London which assembled under William de Courtenay, archbishop of Canterbury, in the year 1352, for the purpose of condemning Wycliffe; but


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Bromley, William (1699?-1737)