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text: Poems (Coates 1916)/Volume I/Probation

title: Poems (Coates 1916)/Volume I/Probation


text: Page:Essays on the Civil War and Reconstruction.djvu/416


text: Poems (Coates 1916)/Volume I/The Ideal

title: Poems (Coates 1916)/Volume I/The Ideal


text:
Page:Essays on the Civil War and Reconstruction.djvu/38

24 adequate powers, was a question; but the spirit of the people and general ideas of necessity were convenient sources of authority that never failed of application when the direct mandate of written law was lacking. A question that arose immediately was in reference to personal and property rights of dwellers in the insurrectionary districts. Such persons were still, on the theory of the government, citizens of the United States; but were they, as such, entitled, under the present circumstances, to the protection of their civil rights which is normally secured by our system?

War is the negation of civil rights. Granting the power in Congress to designate certain citizens as public enemies in the technical sense, the exercise of that power puts in the hands of the government a control over the life, liberty and property of all such citizens, limited only by the dictates of humanity and a respect for the practice of nations. The insurgents become, in short, belligerent enemies, with the rights and duties which international law ascribes to such. From the moment that they assume that character the constitutional guarantees of civil liberty lose their effect as against the executive. It becomes authorized to enforce submission to the laws by bullets, not by indictments. "Due process of law" ceases to be the necessary condition to a deprivation of civil rights. All the safeguards so carefully constructed by the constitution for the protection of citizens


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Page:Essays on the Civil War and Reconstruction.djvu/241

Rh Ohio, Michigan, Minnesota and Kansas, had refused to extend the right of voting to the blacks, while manifesting entire sympathy with the Congressional policy of reconstruction. It was the condition of feeling thus indicated that found expression in the national platform:

The guarantee by Congress of equal suffrage to all loyal men at the South was demanded by every consideration of public safety, of gratitude and of justice, and must be maintained; while the question of suffrage in all the loyal states properly belongs to the people of these states.

But the flush of victory actually achieved quickly banished from further consideration the policy foreshadowed by this declaration. That the permanency of what reconstruction had effected in the South was insecure, was made very obvious by the fact of Democratic victory in Georgia and Louisiana. The "fundamental conditions" which afforded the only basis for Congressional maintenance of negro suffrage in the restored states were regarded by a large majority of constitutional lawyers in both parties as of doubtful validity. Under the circumstances a further amendment to the constitution was the only resort that could be depended upon for the end desired. Hence the Fifteenth Amendment was, after a long and ardent discussion of the whole field of political phi-


text: Poems (Coates 1916)/Volume I/Poetry

title: Poems (Coates 1916)/Volume I/Poetry


text: Poems (Coates 1916)/Volume I/In Darkness


text:
Page:Essays on the Civil War and Reconstruction.djvu/8

 COPYRIGHT, 1897,

BY THE MACMILLAN COMPANY.

Set up and electrotyped. Published December, 1897. Reprinted August, 1904.

Norwood Press

J. S. Cushing & Co. — Berwick & Smith Co.

Norwood, Mass., U.S.A.


text: Poems (Coates 1916)/Volume I/Before the Hour


text: Poems (Coates 1916)/Volume I/Madonna

title: Poems (Coates 1916)/Volume I/Madonna


text: Poems (Coates 1916)/Volume I/Song of Life


text:
Page:Essays on the Civil War and Reconstruction.djvu/149

Rh lations of the civil war and reconstruction will be construed in accordance with this theory. With its political bearings, however, the court has rightly disclaimed all connection. The question as presented to the judiciary was: Has such and such a state ever ceased to be a state of the Union? For answer to this interrogation, the court declared its obligation to follow the political departments of the government. A review of the acts of these departments failed to reveal an express declaration that any state had ceased to exist. The process of reconstruction presented many situations which could be explained as readily by assuming a revolution to have occurred as by strained constructions of the constitution. It was the duty of the judiciary, however, to preserve above all things the continuity of legal development. This duty was fulfilled, notably, in the elaborate argument, but very doubtful logic, of Texas vs. White. Private rights must be determined, then, on the theory that a state cannot perish. With political relations the case is different. Only the tension of a great national crisis is likely to call for a review of the Reconstruction Acts by the legislature; yet in such an emergency these precedents of political action may and probably will be regarded as much more consistent with the views of Sumner and Stevens than with the theory of forfeited rights.


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Page:Montesquieu.djvu/22

22 judges and magistrates for France. Not that he wrote as a lawyer. For some fourteen years he was a member of the judicial bench known as the Parlement of Guienne, and in that capacity administered Roman law, such of the Royal Ordinances as extended to his province, and no less than ten different local customs. But he did not take much interest in the technical side of his professional work, and it may be doubted whether his judgements, if reported, would have carried more weight with his professional brethren than those of his distinguished predecessor on the same bench—Montaigne. Nor did he take any active part in the scientific work in which the great French lawyers of the eighteenth century were engaged. That work was digesting, expressing, and systematically arranging the principles of the customary law and the modernized Roman law, and thus collecting the materials and preparing the framework for the codes of the revolutionary and Napoleonic eras. The leaders in this work were the great Chancellor d'Aguesseau and Pothier. But Montesquieu does not, so far as I am aware, make any reference to Pothier or his school at Orleans, and his relations to d'Aguesseau were scanty and formal. Indeed, between the lively President and the grave Chancellor there was little in common. If Montesquieu had lived in the latter half of the nineteenth century, he would not, we may feel sure, have got on with Lord Cairns. It was Voltaire, and not Montesquieu, that preached the duty of unifying French law, and Montesquieu's personal preference would probably have been for diversity rather than for uniformity. But Montesquieu

title: Page:Montesquieu.djvu/22


text: Poems (Coates 1916)/Volume I/Morning

title: Poems (Coates 1916)/Volume I/Morning


text: Poems (Coates 1916)/Volume I/Let Me Believe


text: Poems (Coates 1916)/Volume I/Why Did You Go ?


text: Poems (Coates 1916)/Volume I/In April

title: Poems (Coates 1916)/Volume I/In April


text: Poems (Coates 1916)/Volume I/Limitation

title: Poems (Coates 1916)/Volume I/Limitation


text: Poems (Coates 1916)/Volume I/Earth's Blossoms


text: Poems (Coates 1916)/Volume I/At Break of Day


text:
Page:Montesquieu.djvu/23

Rh was a great 'Parliamentarian' in the French sense of the word. He attached great political importance to the existence of a 'dépôt of law,' entrusted to the custody of an organized independent body, and he scandalized Voltaire by defending the system of purchasing judicial offices as the best practical security for judicial independence.

And lastly Montesquieu wrote with the Censor and the Index always before his eyes. Hence the allusive and hypothetical style, which in some of his imitators became a mannerism. This characteristic is nowhere better illustrated than in the chapter on the English constitution. It is headed 'Of the constitution of England,' but the text of the chapter consists of a number of 'ifs' and 'oughts.' Such and such an arrangement ought to exist. If such an arrangement were made it would lead to political liberty. It is not until the concluding paragraphs that the English are specifically mentioned, and then only in a guarded manner. 'It is not for me to examine whether the English actually enjoy this liberty or not. It is sufficient to say that it is established by their laws, and I seek no more.' In Montesquieu's time it was not always safe to dot your 'i's.' And that his nervousness was not unfounded is shown by the fact that, notwithstanding his precautions, his book found its way on to the Index, and remained for two years under the ban of the civil censor.

And now to come back to the main problem. How was it that a book with such obvious and glaring defects exercised an influence so enormous? The leading definitions are loose and vague; the treatment is unmethodical and uncritical; half the statements of fact

title: Page:Montesquieu.djvu/23


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Egerton, John (1579-1649)


text:
Template talk:Style

Image Replacement
Anyone can replace the image? There is a svg version... File:VLC icon (vista-inspirate icon theme).svg --MisterSanderson (talk) 16:44, 11 December 2010 (UTC)

New template
The above comment is from a previously deleted "Style" template. I'll leave it for historical reasons.

I created this one because when I put a style modification using a "span" element within a block of text that is being manipulated by another (outer) template, that whole block of text fails to show up at all. Once I encapsulate the part of the text to be further modified by this (inner) template, everything shows up fine. I don't know why, but it works. — Nonenmac (talk) 19:59, 10 October 2011 (UTC)

title: Template talk:Style


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Egerton, John (1622-1686)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Egerton, John (1646-1701)


text:
Author:Marie-Catherine d'Aulnoy

Works

 * , translated by J. R. Planché (1856)
 * Two fairy tales in Old Time Stories
 * The Friendly Frog
 * Princess Rosette
 * Lady's Travels into Spain
 * Storys of Prince Lupin (Chapbook collection of stories, estimated date 1840-1850)

The Fairy Tales

 * Princess Belle-Etoile
 * The Yellow Dwarf
 * The Hind in the Wood
 * Fortunée

title: Author:Marie-Catherine d'Aulnoy


text:
Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 44.djvu/222

  as member for Tamworth, and warmly supported Pitt. He at first hailed the French revolution as a ‘temperate reformation,’ but when it grew more violent in character resisted it as far as with him lay. To the voluntary contribution of 1797 his firm gave 10,000l., and in 1798 he armed and commanded six companies of Bury royal volunteers. On 14 Feb. 1799 he spoke strongly for the union with Ireland, and his speech was printed in Dublin. In 1800 he was made a baronet, and assumed as his motto ‘Industria.’ On 7 May 1802 he defended Pitt, who when in office had constantly sought his opinion on financial and commercial matters. ‘No minister,’ he said, ‘ever understood so well the commercial interests of the country. He knew that the true sources of its greatness lay in its productive industry.’

In the same year he carried the act which was the forerunner of all factory legislation: ‘An Act for the Preservation of the Health and Morals of Apprentices and others, employed in Cotton and other Mills, and Cotton and other Factories.’ He himself was the employer at this period of some fifteen thousand persons. In 1819 he opposed the resumption of cash payments, a measure carried in that year by his son.

Peel died at Drayton Manor on 3 May 1830, and was buried in the church of Drayton-Bassett, Staffordshire. There is a portrait by Sir Thomas Lawrence. In person he was ‘tall, manly, and well proportioned.’ ‘His eye’ (it was said) ‘when he speaks lights up his countenance with peculiar animation.’ He possessed the vigour and the virtues of the national character, and may be claimed as a pioneer of the commercial greatness of England.

On 8 July 1783, at the age of thirty-three, he married Ellen Yates, the daughter of one of his partners. He married, secondly, in October 1805, Susanna, daughter of Francis Clerke; she died without issue on 10 Sept. 1824. By his first wife Peel had eleven children. The eldest son, the statesman [q. v.], and the fifth son, [q. v.], are separately noticed. It is said that on hearing of the birth of his eldest son he fell on his knees, and, returning thanks to God, vowed that he would give his child to his country.

The second son, (1789–1858), born at Chamber Hall, Bury, Lancashire, on 3 Aug. 1789, was educated at Harrow and St. John's College, Cambridge, graduating B.A. 1812 and M.A. 1815. Entering Lincoln's Inn, he was called to the bar in June 1816; he sat in parliament for Bossiney, Cornwall, 1817–18, Tamworth (as colleague of his brother Sir Robert) 1818–30, Yarmouth, Isle of Wight, 1830–1, Cambridge University 1831–5, Tamworth 1835–7, and again 1847–52. In 1826 he was appointed a commissioner of the board of control in Lord Liverpool's administration; he was under-secretary for the home department under his brother, Sir Robert, in 1828, in the Duke of Wellington's administration; a lord of the treasury in 1830 in the same government, and again in 1834–5 in his brother's ministry; in the same year he was sworn of the privy council. He died on 1 June 1858, having married, on 17 June 1819, Jane Elizabeth (d. 1847), daughter of Stephen, second earl Mountcashell, and left issue four sons and nine daughters (, Lancashire Pedigrees;, Book of Dignities; Gent. Mag. 1858, ii. 191).

PEEL, ROBERT (1788–1850), second baronet, statesman, was born on 5 Feb. 1788, probably at Chamber Hall, near Bury in Lancashire. He was the eldest son of (1750–1830) [q. v.] His mother, Ellen Yates, was eldest daughter of William Yates, a partner in the firm of Haworth, Peel, & Yates, cotton manufacturers of Bury. The boy took lessons with James Hargreaves, curate of Bury, but learned more from his father, who had marked him out to be a statesman, and who, by way of training, would set him on Sunday evenings to repeat the morning and afternoon sermons of the day. At the age of ten he removed with his family to Drayton Manor, near Tamworth in Staffordshire, and was placed at school with Francis Blick, vicar of Tamworth, where he was judged ‘a good boy of gentle manners, quick in feeling, very sensitive.’ In January 1801 he went to Harrow, entering the house of the Rev. Mark Drury. According to Byron, his schoolfellow, ‘there were always great hopes of Peel amongst us all, masters and scholars.’ In 1804 the two friends declaimed together, Byron taking the part of Latinus, and Peel that of Turnus. Another schoolfellow remembered him as ‘the light-haired, blue-eyed, fair-complexioned, smiling, good-natured boy, indolent somewhat as to physical exertion, but overflowing with mental energy.’ At Christmas 1804 he left Harrow, and spent the ensuing season at his father's house in Upper Grosvenor Street, being very regular in his attendance under the gallery of the House of Commons, where Pitt and Fox still held sway.


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Peel In October 1805 he entered Christ Church, Oxford, as a gentleman-commoner. At the time Cyril Jackson [q. v.] was dean. His tutor was at first Thomas Gaisford [q. v.], and subsequently Charles Lloyd (1784–1829) [q. v.], afterwards bishop of Oxford, who was always his closest friend. Oxford had recently awakened from that lethargy which is the theme of Gibbon, and under the new system of 1807 Peel won, in 1808, a double first class in classics and mathematics, his viva voce examination being the first of his public triumphs. After he had taken his degree his father bought him the seat of Cashel in Tipperary, and he entered the House of Commons in April 1809, at the age of twenty-one. A tory ministry, with the Duke of Portland as prime minister, was in power, and the whigs, utterly wrecked since the death of Fox, were in opposition. Peel, fresh from a tory home and a tory university, naturally gave his support to the government. In 1810 he seconded the address, in a speech of about forty minutes, which the speaker (Charles Abbot, afterwards Lord Colchester) and others judged to have been ‘the best first speech since that of Mr. Pitt.’ Soon afterwards he accepted the under-secretaryship for war and the colonies. The secretary of state was Lord Liverpool, and the main business of the office was to direct the military operations against the French. According to the testimony of Lord Liverpool, Peel acquired in this post ‘all the necessary habits of official business,’ and showed ‘a particularly good temper and great frankness and openness of manners.’ Upon Perceval's murder in May 1812 Lord Liverpool became premier, and Peel accepted the post of chief secretary for Ireland in July. At the same time he exchanged the seat of Cashel for Chippenham.

Peel held the Irish office for six years, until 1818, and served under three viceroys—the Duke of Richmond, Lord Whitworth, and Lord Talbot. The duties were threefold. He had in the first place to administer the patronage of Ireland on behalf of the English government. Here his principle was to yield as little as possible to the influence of powerful individuals, to consult always the interests of his government, and never his own. He made no distinction between catholics and protestants in appointments open to both, and opposed the practice of selling public offices and of dismissing civil servants for political action. The success of the government in the Irish elections of 1812 and 1818 was ascribed to his vigour and prudence in distributing patronage. Secondly, he was bound to maintain order in Ireland. The young minister had to meet the Goliath of agitation, O'Connell, who in 1811 had organised the catholic board, and was rapidly ousting Grattan from popular favour. It was Peel's general desire to rule by the existing law, but disorder rose to such a height that in June 1814 he had to suppress the catholic board, and immediately afterwards carried two acts, one reviving in part the repealed Insurrection Act of 1807, and the other establishing the peace preservation police, vulgarly termed ‘Peelers,’ a body afterwards consolidated into the royal Irish constabulary. These measures were successful, and Ireland sank into an uneasy repose. Thirdly, Peel had to maintain in parliament the cause of protestant ascendency. Those who favoured catholic emancipation comprised the whig party and a section of the tories, led by Canning and Wellesley, besides Vansittart and Castlereagh in the English cabinet, and within the Irish government itself William Vesey Fitzgerald (afterwards Lord Fitzgerald and Vesey) [q. v.], the Irish chancellor of the exchequer, and Charles Kendal Bushe [q. v.], the solicitor-general. Four times in three months during 1813 did the House of Commons resolve that concessions should be made. But Peel was too firm, O'Connell too virulent, and the catholic party too divided on the question of imposing the royal veto on the appointment of bishops for anything to be done. In 1817 Peel sealed the victory by his first really great speech delivered on 9 May against the catholic claims.

Peel's policy did not solve the Irish question, but he ruled Ireland. Throughout his tenure of office O'Connell pursued him with excessive rancour, and in the course of 1815 Peel challenged the agitator to a duel. He crossed to Ostend to meet his opponent, but O'Connell was arrested in the Strand [see ].

Among the whigs Peel's attitude to Irish questions at the same time gained him the reputation of being the ‘spokesman to the intolerant faction.’ The stalwart tories viewed his conduct with unbounded favour. In 1817 Oxford acknowledged his services to protestantism by making him her member, an honour that Canning himself had coveted in vain. In the same year fifty-nine Irish members signed a remarkable memorial urging him not to retire from a post which he had administered with masterly ability. But he was weary of the work, and on 3 Aug. 1818 laid down his office and quitted Ireland.

From 1818 to 1822 Peel was a private member. He married in 1820, and both in that year and in 1821 he declined offers of cabinet rank. But within this period falls one great political achievement. In 1819


text:
Page:Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations (1922).djvu/191

Rh

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Inhumanity is caught from man, From smiling man. | author = Young | work = Night Thoughts. | place = Night V. L. 158. | note = | seealso = (See also {{sc|Burns}}) | topic = Cruelty | page = 153

CUCKOO

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = The Attic warbler pours her throat Responsive to the cuckoo's note. | author = Gray | work = Ode on the Spring. | place = | note = | topic = | page = 153 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = And now I hear its voice again, And still its message is of peace, It sings of love that will not cease, For me it never sings in vain. Fred'k Locker-Lampson. The Cuckoo. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 153 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Oh, could I fly, I'd fly with thee! We'd make, with joyful wing, Our annual visit o'er the globe, Companions of the spring. John Logan—To the Cuckoo. Attributed also to Michael Bhuce. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 153 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Sweet bird! thy bower is ever green, Thy sky is ever clear; Thou hast no sorrow in thy song, No winter in thy year. John Logan—To the Cuckoo. Attributed also to Michael Bruce. Arguments in favor of Logan in Notes and Queries, April, 1902. P. 309. In favor of Bruce, June 14, 1902. P. 469. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 153 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = The cuckoo builds not for himself. Antony and Cleopatra. Act II. Sc. 6. L. 28. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = And being fed by us you used us so As that ungentle gull, the cuckoo's bird, Useth the sparrow. Henry IV. Pt. I. Act V. Sc. 1. L. 59. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 153 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = The cuckoo then on every tree, Mocks married men; for thus sings he, Cuckoo! Cuckoo! Cuckoo! O word of fear, Unpleasing to a married ear. Love's Labour's Lost. Act V. Sc. 2. L. 908. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = 15 | text = The merry cuckow, messenger of Spring, His trumpet shrill hath thrice already sounded. Spenser—Sonnet. 19. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = 15 | text = While I deduce, From the first note the hollow cuckoo sings, The symphony of spring. Thomson—The Seasons. Spring. L. 576. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = 15 | text = List—'twas the cuckoo—O, with what delight Heard I that voice! and catch it now, though faint, Far off and faint, and melting into air, Yet not to be mistaken. Hark again! Those louder cries give notice that the bird, Although invisible as Echo's self, Is wheeling hitherward. Wordsworth—The Cuckoo at Lavema. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 153 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = blithe New-comer! I have heard, hear thee and rejoice; O Cuckoo! shall I call thee Bird, Or but a wandering Voice? Wordsworth—To the Cuckoo. | seealso = (See also {{sc|Shelley}} under {{sc|Lark}}) | topic = | page = }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = CURIOSITY Each window like a pill'ry appears, With heads thrust through naiZ'd by the ears. Butler—Hudibras. Pt. II. Canto III. L. 391. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = 15 | text = I loathe that low vice—curiosity. | author = Byron | work = Don Juan. Canto I. St. 23. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 153 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = The poorest of the sex have still an itch To know their fortunes, equal to the rich. The dairy-maid inquires, if she shall take The trusty tailor, and the cook forsake. Dryden—Sixth Satire of Juvenal. L. 762. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 153 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Ask me no questions, and I'll tell you no fibs. | author = Goldsmith | work = She Stoops to Conquer. | place = Act III. | note = | topic = | page = 153 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Percunctatorem fugito, nam garrulus idem est. Shun the inquisitive person, for he is also a talker. | author = Horace | work = Epistles. | place = I. 18. 69. | note = | topic = | page = 153 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Rise up, rise up, Xarifa! lay your golden cushion down; Rise up! come to the window, and gaze with all the town! John G. Lockhart—The Bridal of Andella. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = 15 | text = I sawand heard, for we sometimes, Who dwell this wild, constrained by want, come forth To town or village nigh, nighest is far, Where aught we hear, and curious are to hear, What happens new; fame also finds us out. | author = Milton | work = Paradise Regained. | place = Bk. I. L. 330. | note = | topic = | page = 153 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Platon estime qu'il y ait quelque vice d'impi&£ a trop curieusement s'enquerir de Dieu et du monde. Plato holds that there is some vice of impiety in enquiring loo curiously about God and the world. | author = Montaigne | work = Essays. | place = Bk. II. Ch. XII. | note = | seealso = (See also {{sc|Hamlet}}) | topic = | page = }}


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Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 44.djvu/224

Peel the House of Commons appointed a ‘committee of secrecy to consider the state of the Bank of England with reference to the expediency of the resumption of cash payments,’ and though such men as Canning, Tierney, and Huskisson sat with him, Peel was chosen chairman. In 1811 he had voted against Horner's resolutions based on the report of the bullion committee of 1810 recommending resumption. Now he became convinced that the system of paper currency pursued since 1797 resulted in a fall of the foreign exchanges and a rise in the price of gold—that is to say, in a depreciated currency. On 24 May he introduced his resolutions in a memorable speech, and upon them was founded ‘Peel's Act,’ which provided that the acts restraining cash payments should finally cease on 1 May 1823. The young man of thirty-one thus achieved what Canning called ‘the greatest wonder he had witnessed in the political world,’ and gave the country the inestimable benefit of a sound system of metallic currency.

It was at this epoch in Peel's career that his political views underwent a subtle change. Although still as strongly opposed as his fellow tories to such measures as catholic emancipation or reform of the House of Commons, and although he still fully recognised the exigencies of party warfare, he began to perceive that it was the duty of politicians to study the condition of all classes of the people, and to bring parliamentary policy to some extent into harmony with the wishes and needs of the constituencies, even at the risk of ignoring many preconceived opinions. The earliest sign of his suspicion that toryism of the rigorously unchanging type might move in his case an inadequate creed is supplied by a letter to Croker dated 23 March 1820. ‘Do you not think,’ he asks, ‘that the tone of England is more liberal than the policy of the government?’ And again: ‘public opinion is growing too large for the channels that it has been accustomed to run through.’

While out of office his influence was steadily increasing. In 1820 it was noticed that ‘his talents, independent fortune, official habits, and reputation, and, above all, general character both in and out of parliament, have disposed more men to follow and more to unite with him than any other person’ (, Memoirs of George IV, i. 102). On 17 Jan. 1822 he rejoined Lord Liverpool's government, accepting the seals of the home office and cabinet rank. In August Lord Londonderry died by his own hand, and the question at once arose whether Canning or Peel should succeed him as leader of the House of Commons. Canning had the prior claim, and became foreign secretary and leader of the house. Peel wrote: ‘I have no difference with Canning on political questions except on the catholic question,’ and, readily acquiescing in the appointment, he turned to consider the state of the criminal law. Since 1818 Sir James Mackintosh had advocated reform in that branch, but he now in 1823 resigned the project into the hands of the home secretary. Peel, though he had entered at Lincoln's Inn in 1809, had scarcely studied law. But his particular method in office was to summon experts from all quarters, and he thus always appeared before the House of Commons with an encyclopædic knowledge of his subject. Thus armed, he was able to pass in the next five years eight acts mitigating and consolidating the criminal law, and repealing in whole or in part more than 250 old statutes, not to mention another great measure dealing with the law of juries. His plan of legislation was to steer a middle course ‘between the redundancy of our own legal enactments and the conciseness of the French code;’ and the change that he wrought was so great that Mackintosh used to declare that he could almost think that he ‘had lived in two different countries, and conversed with people who spoke two different languages.’ Peel's administration was marked by the repeal or expiration of every law imposing extraordinary restrictions on the liberty of the subject (Speeches, i. 509). In the view of Canning, he was the most efficient home secretary that this country ever saw.

In February 1827 Lord Liverpool, the prime minister, was struck down by paralysis, and, after much negotiation, Canning succeeded to his office. In April Peel resigned, on the ground that he was opposed to Canning on catholic emancipation. That question had now risen into a position of pressing urgency. In 1823 O'Connell had organised the Catholic Association; in 1825 Peel had been ‘left in minorities on three different questions immediately connected with Ireland—the catholic question, the elective franchise, and the payment of the catholic clergy.’ He had offered to resign, and had only consented to remain when told that his resignation would break up the ministry. In 1826, at the general election, the Irish priesthood had for the first time thrown themselves into the popular cause. Further than this, Canning, the new prime minister, was the most powerful advocate of the catholics, as Peel was their most powerful opponent. Meanness suggested that there was jealousy between the two. But, though divided by public duty, they remained united in friendship. On 2 July, meeting in


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Rh

 Cupressus

D

  Narcissus Pseudo-Narcissus

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Fair daffadUs, we weep to see You haste away so soone; As yet the early-rising sun Has not attained its noone. We have short time to stay as you, We have as short a spring; As quick a growth to meet decay As you or anything.
 * Herrick- Daffodils

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = When a daffadill I see, Hanging down his head t'wards me, Guesse I may, what I must be: First, I shall decline my head; Secondly, I shall be dead: Lastly, safely buryed. | author = Herrick | work = Hesperides. Divination by a Daffadill. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 155 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = "O fateful flower beside the rill— The Daffodil, the daffodil!" Jean Ingelow—Persephone. St. 16. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 155 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = It is daffodil time, so the robins all cry, For the sun's a big daffodil up in the sky, And when down the midnight the owl calls "to-whoo"! Why, then the round moon is a daffodil too; Now sheer to the bough-tops the sap starts to climb, So, merry my masters, it's daffodil time. Clinton Scollard—Daffodil Time. | note = | topic = | page = 155 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Daffodils, That come before the swallow dares, and take The winds of March with beauty. Winter's Tale. Act IV. Sc. 3. L. 118. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 155 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = When the face of night is fair in the dewy downs And the shining daffodil dies. | author = Tennyson | work = Maud. Pt. III. St. 1. | note = | topic = | page = 155 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = O Love-star of the unbeloved March, When cold and shrill, Forth flows beneath a low, dim-lighted arch The wind that beats sharp crag and barren hill, And keeps unfilmed the lately torpid rill! Aubrey De Vere—Ode to the Daffodil. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 155 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Daffy-down-dilly came up in the cold, Through the brown mould Although the March breeze blew keen on her face, Although the white snow lay in many a place. Anna Warner—Daffy-Down-Dilly. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 155 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = There is a tiny yellow daffodil, The butterfly can see it from afar, Although one summer evening's dew could fill Its little cup twice over, ere the star Had called the lazy shepherd to his fold, And be no prodigal. | author = Oscar Wilde | work = The Burden of Stys. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 155 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = A host of golden daffodils; Beside the lake, beneath the trees, Fluttering and dancing in the breeze. | author = Wordsworth | work = I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud.

 {{Hoyt topic|Daisy}} {{center|1=Bellis}}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = And a breastplate made of daisies, Closely fitting, leaf on leaf, Periwinkles interlaced Drawn for belt about the waist; While the brown bees, humming praises, Shot their arrows round the chief. | author = E. B. Browning | work = Hector in the Garden. | topic = | page = 155 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = The daisy's for simplicity and unaffected air. | author = Burns | work = O Luve Will Venture In. | topic = | page = 155 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Even thou who mournst the daisy's fate, That fate is thine—no distant date; Stern Ruin's ploughshare drives, elate, Full on thy bloom, Till crushed beneath the furrow's weight Shall be thy doom! Burns—To a Mountain Daisy. | seealso = (See also {{sc|Young}} under {{sc|Ruin}}) | topic = | page = }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Over the shoulders and slopes of the dune I saw the white daisies go down to the sea, A host in the sunshine, an army in June, The people God sends us to set our heart free. Bliss Carman—Daisies. | note = | topic = | page = 155 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = 19 | text = You may wear your virtues as a crown, As you walk through life serenely, And grace your simple rustic gown With a beauty more than queenly. Though only one for you shall care, One only speak your praises; And you never wear in your shining hair, A richer flower than daisies. | author = Phebe Gary | work = The Fortune in the Daisy. | topic = Daisy | page = 156 }}


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 158 DANCING DANGER He, perfect dancer, climbs the rope, And balances your fear and hope. Prior—Alma. Canto II. L. 9. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 158 }}


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DAY


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 162 DAY

DAY

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = O diem laetum, notandumque mihi candidissimo calculo. O happy day, and one to be marked for me with the whitest of chalk. Pliny the Younger—Epistles. VI. 11. | seealso = (See also {{sc|Horace)


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 164 DEATH DEATH

) | topic = | page = }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = To die would be an awfully big adventure. Barrie—Peter Pan. | seealso = (See also {{sc|Browning, Frohman, Rabelais) But whether on the scaffold high, Or in the battle's van, The fittest place where man can die Is where he dies for man. Michael J. Barry—The Place to Die. In The Dublin Nation. Sept. 28, 1844. Vol. II. P. 809. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 164 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Death hath so many doors to let out life. | author = Beaumont and Fletcher | work = The Custom of the Country. Act II. Sc. 2. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 164 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = We must all die! All leave ourselves, it matters not where, when, Nor how, so we die well; and can that man that does so Need lamentation for him? | author = Beaumont and Fletcher | work = Valentinian. Act IV. Sc.4. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 164 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = How shocking must thy summons be, O Death! To him that is at ease in his possessions: Who, counting on long years of pleasure here, Is quite unfurnish'd for that world to come! Blair—The Grave. L. 350. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 164 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Sure 'tis a serious thing to die! My soul! What a strange moment must it be, when, near Thy journey's end, thou hast the gulf in view! That awful gulf, no mortal e'er repass'd To tell what's doing on the other side. Blair—The Grave. L. 369. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 164 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = 'Tis long since Death had the majority. Blabs—The Grave. L. 451. Please "The Great Majority" found in Plautus. Trinium. II. 214. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = 15 | text = Beyond the shining and the shading I shall be soon. Beyond the hoping and the dreading I shall be soon. Love, rest and home— Lord! tarry not, but come. Horatio Bonar—Beyond the Smiling and the Earth to earth, ashes to ashes, dust to dust, in sure and certain hope of the resurrection. Book of Common Prayer. Burial of the Dead. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 164 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Man that is born of a woman hath but a short time to live, and is full of misery. He cometh up, and is cut down, like a flower; he fleeth as it were a shadow, and never continueth in one stay. Book of Common Prayer. Burial of the Dead. Quoted from Job. XIV. 1. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 164 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = In the midst of life we are in death. Book of Common Prayer. Burial of the Dead. Media vita in morte sumus. From a Latin antiphon. Found in the choirbook of the monks of St. Gall. Said to have been composed by Notker ("The Stammerer


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 DEATH. DEATH

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = A little before you made a leap in the dark. Sir Thomas Browne—Works. II. 26. (Ed. 1708) Letters from the Dead. (1701) Works. II. P. 502. | seealso = (See also {{sc|Rabelais) i The thousand doors that lead to death. Sir Thomas Browne—Bdigio Medici. Pt.I. Sec. XLIV. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 165 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = For I say, this is death and the sole death, When a man's loss comes to him from his gain, Darkness from light, from knowledge ignorance, And lack of love from love made manifest. Robert Browning—A Death in the Desert. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 165 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = The grand perhaps. RobertBrowntng—Bishop Blougram's Apology. | seealso = (See also {{sc|Rabelais) | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = 5 | text = Sustained and soothed By an unfaltering trust, approach thy grave Like one that wraps the drapery of his couch About hi m, and lies down to pleasant dreams. Bryant—Thanatopsis. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 165 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = All that tread The globe are but a handful to the tribes That slumber in its bosom. Bryant—Thanatopsis. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 165 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = So he passed over and all the trumpets sounded For him on the other side. Bunyan—Pilgrim's Progress. Death of Valiant for Truth. Close of Pt. II. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Die Todten reiten schnell. The dead ride swiftly. Burger—Leonore. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 165 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = But, oh! fell Death's untimely frost, That nipt my flower sae early. Burns—Highland Mary. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 165 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = There is only rest and peace In the city of Surcease From the failings and the wailings 'neath the sun, And the wings of the swift years Beat but gently o'er the biers Making music to the sleepers every one. Richard Burton—City of the Dead. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 165 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = They do neither plight nor wed In the city of the dead, In the city where they sleep away the hours. Richard Burton—City of the Dead. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = 15 | text = We wonder if this can be really the close, Life's fever cooled by death's trance; And we cry, though it seems to our dearest of foes, "God give us another chance." Richard Burton—Song of the Unsuccessful. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 165 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Timor mortis morte pejor. The fear of death is worse than death. | author = Burton | work = Anatomy of Melancholy. | place = (Quoted.) | seealso = (See also {{sc|Bacon}}) | topic = | page = }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Friend Ralph! thou hast Outrun the constable at last! Butler—Hudibras. Pt. I. Canto III. L. 1,367. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 165 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Heaven gives its favourites—early death. Byron—ChOde Harold. Canto IV. St. 102. Also Don Juan. Canto IV. St. 12. | seealso = (See also {{sc|Herbert, Menander, Plautus}}) | topic = | page = }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Without a grave, unknell'd, uncoffin'd, and unknown. Byron—Childe Harold. Canto IV. St. 179. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 165 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Ah! surely nothing dies but something mourns! | author = Byron | work = Don Juan. Canto III. St. 108. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 165 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = "Whom the gods love die young," was said of yore. | author = Byron | work = Don Juan. Canto IV. St. 12. | seealso = (See also {{sc|Herbert, Menander, Plautus}}) | topic = | page = }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Death, so called, is a thing which makes men weep, And yet a third of life is pass'd in sleep. | author = Byron | work = Don Juan. Canto XIV. St. 3. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 165 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Oh, God! it is a fearful thing To see the human soul take wing In any shape, in any mood! | author = Byron | work = Prisoner of Chillon. St. 8. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 165 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Down to the dust!—and, as thou rott'st away, Even worms shall perish on thy poisonous clay. | author = Byron | work = A Sketch. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 165 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Brougham delivered a very warm panegyric upon the ex-Chancellor, and expressed a hope that he would make a good end, although to an expiring Chancellor death was now armed with a new terror. Campbell—Lives of the Chancellors. Vol. VII. P. 163. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 165 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = And I still onward haste to my last night; Time's fatal wings do ever forward fly; So every day we live, a day we die. Thomas Campion—Divine and Moral Songs. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 165 }}


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Peel Westminster Hall for the last time, they talked arm-in-arm with cordiality and good will. On 8 Aug. Canning was dead. Goderich became premier. Peel since his retirement had taken little part in politics, but he now worked energetically to reunite the two sections of the tory party. His efforts met with success, and on Goderich's resignation Wellington was able, in January 1828, to form a ministry out of the reunited party. Peel joined the new government as home secretary for the second time, and as leader of the House of Commons for the first time.

An extraordinary drama followed. On 26 Feb., and again on 12 May, the government was beaten—first, on a motion for the repeal of the Test and Corporation Acts, and, secondly, on a motion for the settlement of the catholic question. Peel resolved to resign; but Huskisson and the other Canningites anticipated him by themselves resigning when the majority of the cabinet declined to enfranchise Birmingham at the expense of East Retford. Had Peel withdrawn too the government would have fallen at once. He therefore determined to support the duke. Such was Peel's position when, at the end of June, Fitzgerald, who had sought re-election at Clare as the new president of the board of trade, was defeated by O'Connell. Fitzgerald at once wrote to Peel that ‘the country is mad.’ Lord Anglesey, the lord lieutenant [see, first ], also wrote, on 26 July, that Ireland was on the verge of rebellion, and urged concession to the catholics. The mind of Peel soon arrived at a like conclusion; for he held, with his master Pitt, that to maintain a consistent attitude amid changed circumstances is to be ‘a slave to the most idle vanity’ (, Speeches, iv. 77). During nearly twenty years he had opposed emancipation on ‘broad and uncompromising grounds.’ Those grounds may be summed up in a sentence of his own: ‘May I not question the policy of admitting those who must have views hostile to the religious establishments of the state to the capacity of legislating for the interests of those establishments?’ He now, on 11 Aug., felt that the crisis overrode all such arguments, and wrote to Wellington that, though emancipation was a great danger, civil strife was a greater. At the same time he stated that he felt bound to resign on his change of policy. Again he was thwarted; a new factor entered into the case. Though the duke thoroughly agreed with Peel, the king was violently opposed, so much so that the duke informed Peel on 17 Jan. 1829 that ‘I do not see the smallest chance of getting the better of these difficulties if you should not continue in office.’ On the same date Peel consented to remain. From that time till the opening of parliament Peel was engaged in preparing three bills—one for the suppression of the Catholic Association, another for catholic emancipation, and the third for the regulation of the franchise in Ireland. When the first of these bills had been read a third time, Peel placed himself in the hands of his constituents by accepting the Chiltern Hundreds (20 Feb.). He was defeated on seeking re-election at Oxford by 146 votes, but was elected for Westbury, and took his seat on 3 March. Next day the king saw the leading ministers, informed them in an interview lasting five hours of his disagreement with their policy, gave them ‘a salute on each cheek,’ and accepted their resignations. But the same evening he changed his mind, and recalled them to office. On 5 March Peel, in a great speech of over four hours' duration, introduced his bill for catholic emancipation. As he moved from point to point in his exposition, cheers broke out so loud as to be heard in Westminster Hall. For the measure was broadly based on equality of civil rights, and Peel assigned the honour to those to whom honour was due. ‘The credit belongs to others, and not to me. It belongs to Mr. Fox, to Mr. Grattan, to Mr. Plunket, to the gentlemen opposite, and to an illustrious and right hon. friend of mine, who is now no more.’ All three bills passed eventually into law, but the author of them was overwhelmed with abuse as a traitor and an apostate. Yet, having changed his policy, he had acted rightly—first, in offering to resign his place in the cabinet; secondly, in seeking re-election from his constituents; and, thirdly, in justifying his course before the House of Commons by submitting a practical proposal. His own words best describe his conduct: ‘it was no ignoble ambition which prompted me to bear the brunt of a desperate conflict.’

Emancipation disposed of, he hastened to accomplish three other signal reforms. In 1828 he revised and consolidated the laws of offences against the person, and in 1830 dealt in the same way with the laws of forgery. Secondly, he created the metropolitan police force in 1829, thus solving a difficulty that had been felt by English statesmen for more than half a century. With true foresight he stated that by thus preventing the increase of crime he was paving the way for a still further mitigation of the criminal code. Thirdly, he carried in 1830 two important measures of law reform, notable as the first successful attempts in this country to improve the judicature.


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CUSTOM


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156

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Spake full well, in language quaint and olden, One who dwelleth by the castled Rhine, When he call'd the flowers, so blue and golden, Stars that on earth's firmament do shine. | author = Longfellow | work = Flowers. | seealso = (See also {{sc|Hood) Not worlds on worlds, in phalanx deep, Need we to prove a God is here; The daisy, fresh from nature's sleep, Tells of His hand in lines as clear. Dr. John Mason Good. Found in the Naturalist's Poetical Companion by Rev. Edward Wilson. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Daisy | page = 156 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Stars are the daisies that begem The blue fields of the sky. D. M. Mom—Dublin University Magazine, Oct., 1852. ( | seealso = (See also {{sc|Hood) There is a flower, a little flower With silver crest and golden eye, That welcomes every changing hour, And weathers every sky. Montgomery—A Field Flower. The Rose has but a Summer reign, The daisy never dies. Montgomery—Thefiaisy. On Finding One in Bloom on Christmas Day. | author =  | work =  | place =  | note =  | topic = Daisy | page = 156 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Bright flowers, whose home is everywhere Bold in maternal nature's care And all the long year through the heir Of joy and sorrow, Methinks that there abides in thee Some concord with humanity, Given to no other flower I see The forest through. Wordsworth—To the Daisy. u The poet's darling. Wordsworth—To the Daisy. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Daisy | page = 156 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = We meet thee, like a pleasant thought, When such are wanted. Wordsworth—To the Daisy. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Daisy | page = 156 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Thou unassuming Commonplace Of Nature. Wordsworth—To the Same Flower. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Daisy | page = 156 }}

{{Hoyt topic|Dancing}}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = This dance of death which sounds so musically Was sure intended for the corpse de ballet. Anon.—On the Danst Macabre of SaintrSaens. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Dancing | page = 156 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = give me new figures! I can't go on dancing The same that were taught me ten seasons ago; The schoolmaster over the land is advancing, Then why is the master of dancing so slow? It is such a bore to be always caught tripping In dull uniformity year after year; Invent something new, and you'll set me a skipping: want a new figure to dance with my Dear! Thomas Haynes Bayly—Quadrille a la Mode. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Dancing | page = 156 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = My dancing days are done. | author = Beaumont and Fletcher | work = Scornful Lady. Act V. Sc. 3. | seealso = (See also {{sc|Romeo and Jultet}}) | topic = Dancing | page = }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = A thousand hearts beat happily; and when Music arose with its voluptuous swell, Soft eyes look'd love to eyes which spake again, And all went merry as a marriage bell. Byron—Childe Harold. Canto III. St. 21. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Dancing | page = 156 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = On with the dance! let joy be unconfin'd; No sleep till morn, when Youth and Pleasure meet. | author = Byron | work = Childe Harold. Canto m. St. 22. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Dancing | page = 156 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = And then he danced;—all foreigners excel The serious Angles in the eloquence Of pantomime;—he danced, I say, right well, With emphasis, and also with good sense— A thing in footing indispensable: He danced without theatrical pretence, Not like a ballet-master in the van Of his drill'd nymphs, but like a gentleman. Byron—Don Juan. Canto XIV. St. 38. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Dancing | page = 156 }}


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Upon the Lines and Life of the Famous Scenic Poet, Master William Shakespeare

Those hands, which you so clapped, go now, and wring You Britain’s brave; for done are Shakespeare’s days. His days are done, that made the dainty plays, Which made the Globe of heav'n and earth to ring. Dried is that vein, dried is the Thespian Spring, Turned all to tears, and Phoebus clouds his rays. That corpse, that coffin, now bestick those bays, Which crowned him poet first, then poets’ king. If tragedies might any prologue have, All those he made, would scarce make a one to this; Where fame, now that he gone is to the grave (Deaths public tiring-house), the nuncius is. For though his line of life went soon about, The life yet of his lines shall never out.


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Egerton, John (1721-1787)


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Rh


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 Peirce yard of St. Leonard's, near Exeter. His funeral sermon was preached by Joseph Hallett (1691?–1744) [q. v.], who had followed his father as Peirce's colleague. Thomas Emlyn was invited to succeed him, but declined. He left a widow and family.

Avery gives a long Latin inscription (reprinted by Murch) which was intended for his tombstone. The cutting of it was nearly finished when Richard Gay (Avery misspells the name Gey), rector of St. Leonard's, interposed with a prohibition. It was proposed to substitute the words, ‘Here lies the reverend, learned and pious Mr. James Peirce.’ Gay objected that Peirce could not be ‘reverend,’ because not lawfully ordained; nor ‘pious,’ since he taught errors. Finally the inscription took this form: ‘Mr. James Peirce's Tomb, 1726.’ A mural monument, erected to his memory in the Mint Meeting, is now in the vestry of George's Meeting, Exeter.

He published, besides single sermons (1714–23); 1. ‘Exercitatio Philosophica de Homœomeria Anaxagorea,’ Utrecht, 1692, 4to. 2. ‘Remarks on Dr. Wells's Letters,’ &c., 1706–8, 8vo, eight parts; 3rd edition, 1711, 8vo. 3. ‘Some Considerations on … a Vindication of the Office of Baptism, and … the Sign of the Cross,’ &c., 1708, 8vo. 4. ‘Vindiciæ Fratrum Dissentientium in Anglia adversus … Nicholsii … Defensionem Ecclesiæ Anglicanæ,’ &c. 1710, 8vo; in English, ‘A Vindication of the Dissenters,’ &c., 1717, 8vo; the translation, though otherwise augmented, omits a considerable portion of the ‘second part,’ among the omissions being a chapter on the charge of Socinianism brought against Anglican divines, in which Peirce contends that dissenters are free from this taint; 2nd edition, 1718, 8vo; pt. iii. chapter 3 of the English edition, was reprinted as ‘A Tractate on Church Music,’ &c., 1786, 8vo. 5. ‘An Enquiry into the present Duty of a Low-Churchman,’ &c., 1711, 8vo; anon. 1712, 8vo. 6. ‘A Letter to Dr. Bennet … concerning the Nonjurors' Separation,’ &c., 1717, 8vo; two editions same year [see, D.D.]. 7. ‘A Defence of the Dissenting Ministry and Presbyterian Ordination,’ &c. 1717, 8vo (two parts). 8. ‘The Dissenters' Reasons for not Writing in the behalf of Persecution,’ &c., 1718, 8vo; three editions same year, addressed to Andrew Snape, D.D. 9. ‘Some Reflections upon Dean Sherlock's Vindication of the Corporation and Test Acts,’ &c., 1718, 8vo; two editions same year. 10. ‘The Interest of the Whigs with relation to the Test Act,’ &c., 1718, 8vo (anon.); two editions same year. 11. ‘The Loyalty … of High Church and the Dissenters compar'd,’ &c., 1719, 8vo (in reply to J. Jackman). 12. ‘The Case of the Ministers Ejected at Exon,’ &c., 1719, 8vo; four editions same year. 13. ‘The Charge of Misrepresentations maintain'd against … Sherlock,’ &c., 1719, 8vo. 14. ‘A Defence of the Case of the Ministers,’ &c., 1719, 8vo. 15. ‘A Justification of the Case of the Ministers,’ &c., 1719, 8vo. 16. ‘A Letter to Mr. Josiah Eveleigh,’ &c., Exeter, 1719, 8vo (Eveleigh was minister at Crediton, Devonshire, from 1702, and died on 9 Sept. 1736). 17. ‘Animadversions upon … A True Relation of … Proceedings at Salters-Hall,’ &c., 1719, 8vo; another edition, same year, has reprint of No. 16 appended. 18. ‘A Letter … in Defence of the Animadversions,’ &c., 1719, 8vo. 19. ‘A Second Letter to … Eveleigh,’ &c., Exeter, 1719, 8vo. 20. ‘Remarks upon the Account of what was transacted in the Assembly at Exon,’ &c., 1719, 8vo; second edition, same year, has a ‘Postscript.’ 21. ‘An Answer to Mr. Enty's Defence … of the Assembly,’ &c., 1719, 8vo [see ]. 22. ‘The Western Inquisition,’ &c., 1720, 8vo. 23. ‘The Security of Truth without … Persecution,’ &c., 1721, 8vo (against Enty). 24. ‘Inquisition Honesty display'd,’ &c. 1722, 8vo (a defence of No. 22). 25. ‘A Paraphrase and Notes on … Colossians,’ &c., 1725, 4to (anon.); reprinted, with name, 1727, 4to; 1733, 4to. 26. ‘A Paraphrase and Notes on … Philippians,’ &c., 1725, 4to (anon.); reprinted, with name, 1727, 4to; 1733, 4to. Posthumous were: 27. ‘A Paraphrase and Notes on … Hebrews,’ &c., 1727, 4to (edited by Hallett, his successor); also in Latin, ‘J. Peircii Paraphrasis et Notæ … in Epistolam ad Hebræos,’ &c., 1747, 4to. 28. ‘Dissertations on Six Texts,’ &c., 1727, 4to. 29. ‘An Essay in favour of … giving the Eucharist to Children,’ &c., 1728, 8vo. 30. ‘Fifteen Sermons … To which is added A Scripture Catechism,’ &c., 1728, 8vo (edited, with a memorial preface, by Benjamin Avery, LL.D. [q. v.]; contains all the single sermons printed in his lifetime, and eight others. His funeral sermon for Mrs. Hallett is reprinted in the ‘Practical Preacher,’ 1762, 8vo, vol. iii.). Nos. 5 and 10 above are doubtful. Several anonymous pamphlets in the paper war at Exeter were freely ascribed to Peirce, and have been catalogued and referred to as his, apparently without ground; of these the most important is ‘The Innocent vindicated,’ &c., 1718; 2nd edition, 1719, 8vo, which, Peirce says, he never read, and supposed to be by a lay hand (West. Inquis. pp. 143–46); an appendix to the second edition has ‘Thirteen Queries’ on


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Pelagius and Lazarus, and, without fully acquitting Pelagius, blamed the African bishops for undue haste; finally, on receiving the accused's confession from Palestine, with a letter in his favour from Praylius, the new bishop of Jerusalem, he declared him entirely cleared (417).

The African bishops, in answer, reiterated their charges before the end of 417, and again more solemnly in the next year (1 May 418) in a synod of 214 (or 224) prelates at Carthage. Furthermore, they now began also to set in motion the civil power, probably by means of Augustine's friend, Count Valerius.

Representations were made to the emperors Theodosius and Honorius. Pelagius was consequently banished from Rome, and sentence of confiscation and banishment was passed upon all his followers. Zosimus himself found it convenient to reconsider the matter, summoned Celestius before him, and, on the withdrawal of the latter, condemned Pelagianism by a circular letter (‘Epistola Tractoria’). Subscription to its terms was enforced throughout Italy and Africa, and eighteen bishops were deprived for refusing their assent; chief among these was Julian, bishop of Eclanum in Apulia, the great defender of Pelagianism in the next generation.

The personal history of Pelagius, after his condemnation in 418, is very obscure. He is said to have died at the age of over seventy, in a small Syrian town. He is described by Jerome and Orosius as tall, stout, and elderly at the time of his visit to Palestine.

Pelagius specially enraged Jerome and the high monastic party by his opposition to the extreme celibate ideals. ‘The virginal life,’ he was accused of saying, ‘is not commanded,’ and his system was condemned as a ‘philosophy of this world,’ that is, essentially rationalistic; but the charges of folly and luxuriousness, brought by Jerome and Orosius, seem to have been rooted mainly in ‘odium theologicum,’ and to be inconsistent with the strong language of Augustine and Paulinus in praise of his piety and virtue. His temper was rather studious than active; he thought and wrote, while Celestius and others undertook the business of public disputation. His life shows the first sign of the intellectual activity of the Celtic church, which afterwards bore fruit in the Irish missions. Pelagius journeyed from end to end of the Roman empire in order to propagate his opinions, and his activity and that of his friends was very probably what turned afresh the attention of catholic Christianity upon our islands, and led, among other things, to the Irish mission of Palladius [q. v.] in 431.

Throughout the middle ages theological controversy tended to revert to the questions raised by Pelagius, and Thomas Bradwardine [q. v.], one of the most famous of fourteenth century English doctors, celebrated by Chaucer as proverbially learned, left a great treatise on the subject—‘De Causa Dei contra Pelagium.’

[Pelagius's own writings, as mentioned in text: with additional Letters and Libelli, e.g. to Paulinus, Pope Innocent, &c. A book of his, in 4 parts, on Freewill is referred to by Augustine, De Gratia Christi, § 45, and Ep. 186, § 34, cf. Tillemont, xiii. 687; St. Jerome, esp. On Jeremiah, bks. i. iii. and preface; Jerome's Letters, e.g. 133, cf. his Collected Works (Benedictine ed.), v. 57, &c.; Gennadius, c. xlii. of De Viris Illustribus; Orosius's Apology, cc. 2, 4, 12, 29, 31, cf. Gallandius's Bibliotheca Vet. Patrum, vol. ix.; Orosius, De Arbit. Lib., cf. Tillemont, xiii. 562–5, &c., 687, &c.; Augustine (Benedictine ed.), vols. ii. x.; Bright's Select Anti-Pelagian Treatises of St. Augustine (viz., De Spiritu et Littera, De Natura et Gratia, De perfectione Justitiæ Hominis, De Gestis Pelagii, De Gratia Christi et de Peccato Originali, Contra duas Epistolas Pelagianorum); Marius Mercator's Adv. Pel. in Gallandius, viii. 615, &c.; Commonit. ii. 2; Prosper of Aquitaine, Works, i. 399–400, iii. 69–70 (ed. of 1782); Bede on Canticles, iv. 719 (Giles's Bede, ix. 195); Gildas's Hist. § ix.; Bright's Church Hist. pp. 249, 269, 276–9, 285; Robertson's Church Hist. ii. 139–54; Haddan and Stubbs, under A.D. 415, &c.; Stokes's Ireland and Celtic Church, pp. 20–2; Reeves's Adamnan; Ussher's Works, ed. Elrington, passim; notice by Professor Ince in Dictionary of Christian Biography.]

PELGRIM, JOYCE (fl. 1514), stationer in London, is first heard of in 1504, when an edition of the ‘Ortus Vocabulorum’ was printed for him in Paris. In 1506, in partnership with another stationer, Henry Jacobi, he issued a book of hours and a psalter according to the use of Sarum, and an edition of Lyndewode's ‘Provinciale.’ From the colophons of these books it is clear that Jacobi lived at the sign of the Trinity, and Pelgrim at the sign of St. Anne, both in St. Paul's Churchyard. Under the patronage of William Bretton, an important merchant of the staple of Calais, who assisted them with money, they worked in partnership for a few years, having books printed for them both in the Low Countries and in France. After 1508, when they had issued seven books, the name of Pelgrim no longer appears in connection with the business, though Jacobi still continued at work. About 1513 the latter moved to Oxford, and


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Pelham Committee was appointed in 1850 Chichester was made head of the board, with the title of first church estates' commissioner. He retained the position until October 1878, and after his retirement from it continued to be an ecclesiastical commissioner. To him were to a large extent due the important reforms carried out in the management and distribution of church revenues. Chichester was also for half a century president of the Church Missionary Society, and was connected with the Evangelical Alliance, the British and Foreign Bible Society, and the Church of England Temperance Society. He was also interested in the management of prisons; becoming in 1843 a commissioner of Pentonville prison, and editing in 1863 Sir Joshua Jebb's ‘Reports and Observations on the Discipline and Management of Convict Prisons.’ In spite of his evangelical views, he spoke on 16 July 1845 in support of the grant to Maynooth College. He was a regular attendant, and not infrequent speaker, in the House of Lords.

Chichester was appointed lord lieutenant of Sussex on 21 Nov. 1860, where he was very popular. He died at Stanmer House on 16 March 1886. He married, on 18 Aug. 1828, Lady Mary Brudenell, fifth daughter of the sixth Earl of Cardigan. She died on 22 May 1867, leaving issue four sons and three daughters. The eldest son, Walter John (b. 1838), who was M.P. for Lewes from 1865 to 1874, succeeded to the title.

[G. E. C[okayne]'s Complete Peerage; Doyle's Baronage; Brighton Argus, 17 March 1886 (with portrait); Times, 17 March 1886; Record, 19 March 1886; Brit. Mus. Cat.; Parl. Debates, 3rd ser. passim.]

PELHAM, HERBERT (1600–1673), colonist, born probably in Sussex, but possibly in Lincolnshire, in 1600, was the eldest son of Herbert Pelham and Penelope, a younger daughter of Thomas West, second lord De la Warr. He must be carefully distinguished from a very distant relative, Herbert, son of Sir William Pelham, fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford, who was born in 1602. The colonist, who was at no university, was brought up as a country gentleman. His uncle, Thomas Pelham, was a member of the Virginia Company, and Herbert Pelham and a younger brother William interested themselves in projects of colonisation.

In 1629 Pelham joined the Massachusetts Company. It would appear from Winthrop's ‘Journal’ that he arranged to sail with Winthrop for Massachusetts in the Arabella on Easter Monday 1630, but, though the younger brother went, Herbert did not actually go out till later, possibly 1635. There he became a freeman of the company, a prominent citizen, and a captain of the militia. He took an active part in the settlement of Sudbury, and later resided at Cambridge, where, in 1640, he and his family narrowly escaped being burnt to death with their house. He was made the first treasurer of Harvard College in 1643. In the following year he seems to have been in England; but, returning to the colony, became a member of the court of assistants in 1645. In 1646 he was one of the commissioners of the United Colonies for arranging a treaty with the Narragansett and Niantic Indians. In 1647 he seems to have returned to England for good, residing at Bures in Essex for some years, and interesting himself in the endeavour to form a society for the religious instruction of the Indians. Ultimately he removed to Suffolk, where he died on 1 July 1673. His property, according to his will, lay chiefly in Lincolnshire, Ireland, and Massachusetts Bay; he was heir to his younger brother, who died before him, in August 1667.

Pelham married, first, Jemima, daughter of Thomas Waldegrave, who died before his emigration; secondly, in 1638, in New England, Elizabeth, daughter of Godfrey Basseville or Bosvile of Gunthwaite, Yorkshire, and widow of Roger Harlakenden. By each wife he had five children. His daughter Penelope was wife of Josiah Winslow. It was his sister Penelope who married Governor Richard Bellingham [q. v.]

[Appleton's Cyclopædia of American Biography; Herbert Pelham, his Ancestors, &c., by Colonel Chester, republished 1879 from the Collections of the Massachusetts Hist. Society; Bennett Roll, a genealogical record, compiled by a relative of Pelham.  PELHAM, JOHN (d. 1429), treasurer of England, was the son of Sir John Pelham, a Sussex knight who fought in the wars of Edward III in France, and of his wife Joan Herbert of Winchelsea. He was in the service of John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster, and afterwards of his son, Henry of Derby, subsequently Henry IV. On 7 Dec. 1393 he was appointed by John of Gaunt constable of Pevensey Castle for life. He was possibly one of the scanty band that landed with Henry at Ravenspur in 1399, and was certainly with him at Pontefract soon after his landing. Meanwhile his wife Joan Pelham sustained something like a siege from Richard's partisans in Pevensey Castle. An interesting letter, written in English and dated 25 July, from Joan to John is printed in Collins's ‘Peerage,’ viii. 95–6 (1779). Hallam, who reprints it in modern spelling (Litera-


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Pelham the archbishop of Canterbury the degree of D.C.L. When the see of Norwich became vacant, he wrote (8 Feb. 1805) from his house in Welbeck Street, London, to Mr. Pitt, stating that he had heard ‘from so many quarters’ of his nomination for that bishopric, that he could ‘no longer refrain expressing his gratitude,’ as it would be ‘a lasting obligation.’ A dry answer was immediately sent back by Pitt, that the report ‘had arisen without his knowledge, and that he could not have the satisfaction of promoting his wishes’ (, Life of Pitt, iv. 253–4). In 1807 he was transferred to the diocese of Exeter, being installed on 28 Sept. 1807, and holding with it the archdeaconry of Exeter and the treasurership of the cathedral, to which was annexed a residential stall. In this position he ‘continued for thirteen years, expecting higher preferment.’ His desires were realised in October 1820, when he was made bishop of Lincoln. An epigram on his greed for lucrative office is given in Gronow's ‘Reminiscences’ (1889 ed. ii. 80–1), and attributed to Canning; but the diarist is mistaken in saying that it was penned on Pelham's attempt to succeed Tomline at Winchester, as the see was not vacated by that divine until the close of 1827. ‘Winton,’ in the epigram, is probably a mistake for ‘Lincoln.’ Pelham was also clerk of the closet to the king. He caught cold while attending the funeral of the Duke of York in St. George's Chapel, Windsor, on 19 Jan. 1827; died of pleurisy at Connaught Place, London, on 7 Feb., and was buried in the family vaults at Laughton in Sussex on 15 Feb.

Pelham was the author of two sermons and a charge. He is described as urbane in his manners, punctual in the discharge of business, and impartial in the distribution of patronage. When raised to the episcopal bench he nearly went down on his knees to George III to be permitted to dispense with his wig, but the king was inexorable (, Essays, 1873 ser., ii. 40).

He married, on 14 Dec. 1792, Mary, third daughter of Sir Richard Rycroft. She died, without issue, at Connaught Place, on 30 March 1837.

Jekyll notes that the bishop and his wife were in 1818 daily attendants at the dinners given by the prince-regent in the pavilion at Brighton. She was haughty in her style, and in the palace at Exeter ‘never rises from her seat to receive the visitors’ (Letters, p. 67). His portrait, by Joseph Slater, was lithographed by Isaac Slater.

[Gent. Mag. 1827 pt. i. p. 269, 1837 pt. i. p. 553; Oliver's Bishops of Exeter, pp. 166, 274, 287; Le Neve's Fasti, i. 221, 280, 283, 383, 397, 416, 432, ii. 29, iii. 42; Notes and Queries, 5th ser. ii. 213; Richard Polwhele's Reminiscences, i. 137, 155.]

PELHAM, HENRY (1695?–1754), statesman, was the younger son of Thomas, fourth baronet, first baron Pelham [q. v.], by his second wife, Lady Grace Holles, youngest daughter of Gilbert, third earl of Clare, and sister of John Holles, duke of Newcastle [q. v.] He was educated at Westminster School, and at Hart Hall, Oxford, where he matriculated on 6 Sept. 1710, at the age of fifteen, but did not graduate. He was gazetted a captain in Brigadier Dormer's regiment on 22 July 1715, and served as a volunteer at the defeat of the rebels at Preston in November following. Shortly after the suppression of the rebellion, Pelham visited the continent, returning to England in October 1717. During his absence he was elected for Seaford at a by-election in February 1717. He acted as a consistent supporter of the whig party under Walpole and Townshend, with both of whom he was connected by marriage. On 6 May 1720 he made his maiden speech in the House of Commons, while moving an address of thanks to the king (Parl. Hist. vii. 648–9), and on the 25th of the same month he was appointed treasurer of the chamber. On 3 April 1721 he became one of the lords of the treasury. At the general election in the spring of 1722 he was returned to the House of Commons for Sussex, which he continued to represent for the rest of his life. Resigning his seat at the treasury board, he was appointed secretary at war on 1 April 1724. He was sworn a member of the privy council on 1 June 1725 (London Gazette, 1725, No. 6377), but the statement that he was admitted to Walpole's cabinet appears to be incorrect (see, Memoirs, 1884, iii. 358–9). Pelham frequently proved of service to the ministry as a mediator between his brother, the Duke of Newcastle, and Walpole, whose mutual jealousy led to frequent disputes. On 8 May 1730 he was promoted to the more lucrative post of paymaster of the forces. On 11 Feb. 1732 he became involved in an altercation with Pulteney during a debate in the house, and a duel was only prevented by the interposition of the speaker (Journals of the House of Commons, xxi. 796). In defiance of the popular clamour, Pelham supported Walpole's excise scheme in the spring of 1733, and on the evening after the last debate on that measure he extricated Walpole from the attack of a well-dressed mob in the lobby of the House of Commons (, Memoirs of the Pelham Administration, 1829, i. 10 n.) At the general election


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Pelham  which date they contain little that is of value, except some letters from W. Coxe, to whom Chichester afforded much assistance in getting together material for his lives of Sir R. Walpole and H. Pelham. Other authorities besides those cited are: Lodge's Genealogy of the Peerage; G. E. C.'s Peerage; Doyle's Baronage; Luard's Grad. Cant.; Ret. Memb. Parl.; Ann. Reg. 1826; Append. Chron. p. 265; Parl. Hist. xxv.–xxxvi. passim; Irish Parl. Debates; Lecky's Hist. of England, vols. vii. viii. passim; Auckland Corresp. iv. 198, 234, 342; Windham's Diary, pp. 302, 341, 390; Life and Letters of first Lord Minto, i. 132, 135, 146, 262–3, ii. 56, 389, iii. 205, 217, 337; Lord Colchester's Diary, i. 220, 224, 233, 263, 277–8, 303–6, 420; Barrington's Personal Sketches, i. 180; Public Characters, 1800; Jesse's Memoirs of George III, iii. 269, 303, 318, 376, 379; Evans's Cat. of Engraved Portraits, Nos. 8171–2, 14204–5.]

PELHAM, WILLIAM (d. 1587), lord justice of Ireland, was third son of Sir William Pelham of Laughton, Sussex, by his second wife, Mary, daughter of William, lord Sandys of the Vine, near Basingstoke in Hampshire. His father died in 1538, and Pelham was probably thirty when he was appointed captain of the pioneers at the siege of Leith in 1560. He was specially commended for his ‘stout and valiant endeavour’ on that occasion; but, according to Humfrey Barwick (Brief Discourse), his bad engineering was responsible for the wound inflicted during the assault on Arthur Grey, fourteenth lord Grey de Wilton [q. v.] He commanded the pioneers at Havre in November 1562 under the Earl of Warwick; and, being despatched to the assistance of Admiral Coligny in February 1563, was present at the capture of Caen. Returning to Havre in March, he was wounded during a skirmish with the forces of the Rhinegrave in June. He assisted at the negotiations for the surrender of Havre, and was a hostage for the fulfilment of the conditions of surrender. Subsequently, on his return to England, he was employed with Portinari and Concio in inspecting and improving the fortifications of Berwick. Much confidence was reposed in his judgment, and, being appointed lieutenant-general of the ordnance, he was chiefly occupied for several years in strengthening the defences of the kingdom. He accompanied Henry, lord Cobham, and Secretary Walsingham on a diplomatic mission to the Netherlands in the summer of 1578, and in the following summer he was sent to Ireland to organise the defence of the Pale against possible inroads by the O'Neills. He was knighted by Sir William Drury [q. v.], and, on the latter's death shortly afterwards, was chosen by the council lord justice ad interim.

The situation of affairs in Munster, recently convulsed by the rebellion of James Fitzmaurice Fitzgerald (d 1579) [q. v.], and the menacing attitude of the Earl of Desmond [see, fifteenth ] and his brother Sir John of Desmond, obliged him instantly to repair thither. His efforts at conciliation proving ineffectual, he caused the earl to be proclaimed a traitor; but, finding himself not sufficiently strong to attack Askeaton, he returned to Dublin by way of Galway, leaving the management of the war in Munster to the Earl of Ormonde [see, tenth Earl]. His proceeding gave considerable offence to Elizabeth, who was loth to involve herself in a new and costly campaign; and Pelham, though pleading in justification Drury's intentions and the absolute necessity of the proclamation, found no little difficulty in mitigating her displeasure, and earnestly begged to be relieved of his thankless office. It was soon apparent that Ormonde's individual resources were unequal to the task of reducing Desmond, and, yielding to pressure from England, Pelham in January 1580 prepared to go to Munster himself. At Waterford, where he was detained till about the middle of February for want of victuals, he determined, in consequence of rumours of a Spanish invasion, to entrust the government of the counties of Cork and Waterford to Sir William Morgan (d. 1584) [q. v.], and in conjunction with the Earl of Ormonde to direct his march through Connello and Kerry to Dingle, and ‘to make as bare a country as ever Spaniard put his foot in, if he intend to make that his landing place.’ He carried out his intention ruthlessly to the letter, killing, according to the ‘Four Masters,’ ‘blind and feeble men, women, boys and girls, sick persons, idiots and old people.’ Returning along the sea-coast, he sat down before Carrigafoyle Castle on 25 March. Two days later he carried the place by assault, and put the garrison to the sword, sparing neither man, woman, nor child. Terrified by the fate of Carrigafoyle, the garrison at Askeaton surrendered without a blow, and Desmond's last stronghold of Ballyloughan fell at the same time into Pelham's hands.

Fixing his headquarters at Limerick, the lord justice proceeded to carry out his scheme of bridling the Desmond district with garrisons, his object being to confine the struggle to Kerry, and, with the assistance of the fleet, under Admiral Winter, to starve the rebels into submission. Thinking, too, as he said, to strike while the iron was still hot, he


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 336 GRAPES GRATITUDE GRAFT (See Bribery, Corruption, Politics)

GRAPES

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Whylst grass doth grow, oft sterves the seely steede. Whetstone—Promos and Cassandra. (1578)

GRASSHOPPER

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Happy insect! what can be In happiness compared to thee? Fed with nourishment divine, The dewy morning's gentle wine! Nature waits upon thee still, And thy verdant cup does fill; 'Tis fill'd wherever thou dost tread, Nature's self's thy Ganymede. Cowley—Anacreontigues. No. 10. Grasshopper. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 336 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Green little vaulter, in the sunny grass, Catching your heart up at the feel of June, Sole noise that's heard amidst the lazy noon, When ev"n the bees lag at the summoning brass. Leigh Hunt—To the Grasshopper and the Cricket. | note = | topic =  | page = 336 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = When all the birds are faint with the hot sun, And hide in cooling trees, a voice will run From hedge to hedge about the new-mown mead; That is the grasshopper's—he takes the lead In summer luxury—he has never done With his delights, for when tired out with fun, He rests at ease beneath some pleasant weed. Keats—On the Grasshopper and Cricket.

GRATITUDE If hush'd the loud whirlwind that ruffled the deep, The sky if no longer dark tempests deform; When our perils are past shall our gratitude sleep? No! Here's to the pilot that weather'd the storm! George Canning—Song (on "Billy Pitt


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{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = There is properly no history, only biography. Emerson—Essays. History. | seealso = (See also {{sc|Carlyle}}) The reign of Antoninus is marked by the rare advantage of furnishing very few materials for history, which is indeed little more than the register of the crimes, follies, and misfortunes of mankind. Gibbon—Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. (1776) Ch. III. | seealso = (See also {{sc|Voltaire) And read their history in a nation's eyes. Gray—Elegy in a Country Churchyard. St. 16. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = History | page = 367 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = The long historian of my country's woes. Homer—Odyssey. Bk. III. L. 142 | note = {{sc|Pope}}'s trans. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = History | page = 367 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = History casts its shadow far into the land of song. f | author = Longfellow | work = Outre-Mer. Ancient Spanish Ballads. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = History | page = 367 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = They who live in history only seemed to walk the earth again. | author = Longfellow | work = The Belfry of Bruges. St. 9. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = History | page = 367 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = I shall cheerfully bear the reproach of having descended below the dignity of history. Macaulay—History of England. Vol. I. ' ' | seealso = (See also {{sc|Bolingbroke) Happy the people whose annals are tiresome. Montesquieu. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = History | page = 367 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = (History] hath triumphed over Time, which besides it, nothing but Eternity hath triumphed over. Sir Walter Raleigh—The History of the World. Preface. | author =  | work =  | place =  | note =  | topic = History | page = 367 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = In a word, we may gather out of history a policy no less wise than eternal; by the comparison and application of other men's forepassed miseries with our own like errors and ill deservings. Sir Walter Raleigh—History of the World Preface. Par. EX. | seealso = (See also {{sc|Tacitus) | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = History | page = 367 }}


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708

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Where the streame runneth smoothest, the water is deepest. | author = Lyly | work = Euphues and His England. P. 287. | seealso = (See also {{sc|Herbert, Rutxts, Henry IV, Southey}})


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 TIME TOASTS

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Procrastination is the thief of time: Year after year it steals, till all are fled, And to the mercies of a moment leaves The vast concerns of an eternal scene. Yowto—Night Thoughts. Night I. L. 390. | seealso = (See also {{sc|Erasmus) Time is eternity; Pregnant with all eternity can give; Pregnant with all that makes archangels smile. Who murders Time, he crushes in the birth A power ethereal, only not adorn'd. Young—Night Thoughts. Night II. L. 107. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 801 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Time wasted is existence, used is life. Young—Night Thoughts. Night II. L. 149. We push time from us, and we wish him, back; Life we think long and short; death seek and shun. Young—Night Thoughts. Night II. L. 174. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 801 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = In leaves, more durable than leaves of brass, Writes our whole history. Young—Night Thoughts. Night II. L. 275. | seealso = (See also {{sc|Dhyden) We see time's furrows on another's brow, How few themselves in that just mirror see! Yovug—Night Thoughts. Night V. L. 627. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 801 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = In records that defy the tooth of time. Young—The Statesman's Creed. TOASTS Lift, lift the full goblet—away with all sorrow— The circle of friendship what freedom would sever? To-day is our own, and a fig for to-morrow— Here's to the Fourth and our country forever. Franklin P. Adams—Impromptu Lines on July Fourth. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 801 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Waes-hael! for Lord and Dame! O! merry be their Dole; Drink-hael! in Jesu's name, And fill the tawny bowl. King Arthur's Waes-Hael. , The wind that blows, the ship that goes And the lass that loves a sailor. Popular Toast in England about 1820. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 801 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Here's a health to poverty; it sticks by us when all friends forsake us. Toast given in the Boston Bee. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 801 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Some hae meat, and canna eat, And some wad eat that want it; But we hae meat, and we can eat, And sae the Lord be thankit. Burns—The Selkirk Grace. As attributed to him. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 801 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Some have meat but cannot eat; Some could eat but have no meat; We have meat and can all eat; Blest, therefore, be God for our meat. The Selkirk Grace, in the MSS. of Dr. Plume, of Maldon, Essex, in a handwriting of about 1650. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 801 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = I am from Massachusetts, The land of the sacred cod, Where the Adamses snub the Abbotts And the Cabots walk with God. Samuel C. Bushnell—Toast at the Harvard Alumni dinner at Waterbury. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 801 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = I come from good old Boston, The home of the bean and the cod, Where Cabots speak only to Lowells, And the Lowells speak only to God. Samuel C. Bushnell. Another rendering of his Toast. For answer to same see Jones. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 801 }}


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 178 DEATH DEATH

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = The glories of our blood and state Are shadows, not substantial things; There is no armour against fate, Death lays his icy hand on kings. Scepter and crown Must tumble down, And, in the dust, be equal made With the poor crooked scythe and spade. Shirley—Contention of Ajax and Ulysses. Sc. 3. ("Birth and State" in Percy's Reliques. These lines are said to have terrified Cromwell.) | seealso = (See also {{sc|Colman, Heywood) | topic = | page = 104 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = He that on his pillow lies, Fear-embalmed before he dies Carries, like a sheep, his life, To meet the sacrificer's knife, And for eternity is prest, Sad bell-wether to the rest. Shirley—The Passing Bell. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 178 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = La mort sans phrase. Death without phrases. Sieyes, voting for the death of Louis XVI. (Denied by him.) He no doubt voted "La mort"; "sans phrase" being a note on the laconic nature of his vote, i.e. without remarks. The voting usually included explanations of the decision | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 104 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Yet 'twill only be a sleep: When, with songs and dewy light, Morning blossoms out of Night, She will open her blue eyes 'Neath the palms of Paradise, While we foolish ones shall weep. Edward Rowland Sill—Sleeping. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = 15 | text = We count it death to falter, not to die. Simonides—Jacobs I. 63, 20. To our graves we walk In the thick footprints of departed men. Alex. Smith—Horton. L. 570. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 178 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Death! to the happy thou art terrible; But how the wretched love to think of thee, O thou true comforter! the friend of all Who have no friend beside! | author = Southey | work = Joan of Arc. | place = Bk. I. L. 318. | note = | topic = | page = 104 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Death is an equall doome To good and bad, the common In of rest. Spenser—Faerie Queene. II. 59. Also III. 3. 30. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 104 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Ave Caesar, morituri te salutant (or Ave Imperator, te salutamus) Hail Cassar, we who are about to die salute you (or Hail Emperor, we salute you.) Suetonius—Tiberius CJaudius Drusus. XXI. 13. See Note by Samuelis Pitissus, Suetonius—Opera. Vol. I. P. 678. (1714) | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 104 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = The salutation of the gladiators on entering the arena. Morituri te salutant. Quoted by an American officer as he saluted the Statue of Liberty on leaving New York for his place in the Great War. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 178 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Death, if thou wilt, fain would I plead with thee: Canst thou not spare, of all our hopes have built, One shelter where our spirits fain would be Death, if thou wilt? Swinburne—A Dialogue. St. 1. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 178 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = For thee, O now a silent soul, my brother, Take at my hands this garland and farewell. Thin is the leaf, and chill the wintry smell, And chill the solemn earth, a fatal mother. Swinburne—Ave Atque Vale. St. 18. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 178 }}


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 DEBATE

DEBATE (See Argument)

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = A national debt, if it is not excessive, will be to us a national blessing. | author = Alex. Hamilton | work = Letter to Robert Morris. April 30, 1781. | seealso = (See also {{sc|Wilkerson) | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = 15 | text = At the time we were funding our national debt, we heard much about "a public debt being a public blessing"; that the stock representing it was a DECAY creation of active capital for the aliment of commerce, manufactures and agriculture. Thomas Jefferson—On Public Debts. Letter to John W. Epps. Nov. 6, 1813. | seealso = (See also {{sc|Wilkerson}}) | topic = | page = }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = The slender debt to Nature's quickly paid, Discharged, perchance with greater ease than made. Quarles—Emblems. | place = Bk. II. Emblem 13. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 181 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Debtes et mensonges sont ordinairement ensemble rallies. Debts and lies are generally mixed together. Rabelais—Pantagruel. | place = Bk. III. Ch. V. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 181 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Our national debt a national blessing. Samuel Wilkerson. Used as a broadside issued by Jay Cooke, June, 1865. Qualified by H. C. Fahnstock, "How our national debt may be a national blessing." | seealso = (See also {{sc|Hamilton, Jefferson) w DECAY You have the Pyrrhic dance as yet, Where is the Pyrrhic phalanx gone? Of two such lessons, why forget The nobler and the manlier one? You have the letters Cadmus gave— Think ye he meant them for a slave? Byron—Dora Juan. Canto III. St. 86. 10. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 181 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = A gilded halo hovering round decay. | author = Byron | work = Giaour. L. 100. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 181 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = He that loves a rosy cheek, Or a coral lip admires, Or from star-like eyes doth seek Fuel to maintain his fires;— As old Time makes these decay, So his flames must waste away. Thomas Carew—Disdain Returned. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 181 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = A worm is in the bud of youth, And at the root of age. | author = Cowper | work = Stanzas Subjoined to a Bill of Mortality. | seealso = (See also {{sc|Two Gentlemen of Verona}}) | topic = | page = }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = An age that melts with unperceiv'd decay, And glides in modest innocence away. | author = Samuel Johnson | work = Vanity of Human Wishes. L. 293. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 181 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = There seems to be a constant decay of all our ideas; even of those which are struck deepest, and in minds the most retentive, so that if they be not sometimes renewed by repeated exercises of the senses, or reflection on those kinds of objects which at first occasioned them, the print wears out, and at last there remains nothing to be seen. Locke—Human Understanding. | place = Bk. II. Ch. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 181 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = All that's bright must fade,— The brightest still the fleetest; All that's sweet was made But to be lost when sweetest. Moore—National Airs. Indian Air. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 181 }}  {{block center/e}}


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 DEATH DEATH