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 TOY, HUMPHREY (1540?–1577), printer, born probably in London about 1540, was son of Robert Toy, printer, and his wife Elizabeth. (d. 1556) possibly came originally from Wales (cf., Heraldic Visitation of Wales, i. 137), but before 1541 had set up a printing press at the sign of the Bell in St. Paul's Churchyard. From it he issued a 'Prymar of Salisbury Use' in 1541, 'Three Godly Sermons' by [q. v.] in 1546, Matthew's folio Bible in 1551, 'Commonplaces of Scripture' by [q. v.] in 1553, Skelton's 'Why come ye not to Court?' and a reprint of Thynne's edition of Chaucer's works in 1555. He died in February 1555–6, and on the 12th of that month the Stationers' Company attended his funeral, for which his widow Elizabeth paid them 20s. He left several bequests to the company, and his name is still commemorated in the list of its benefactors. His widow carried on the business until 1558, and died in 1568, bequeathing 4l. to the company.

The son, Humphrey, was made free of the Stationers' Company 'by his father's copy on 11 March 1557–8, and came on the livery at the first reviving thereof in 1561' (, Typogr. Antiq. ed. Herbert, p. 933;, Transcript, i. 130). He was a 'renter' in 1561 and 1562, and served as warden from 1571 to 1573. But he seems occasionally to have got into trouble with the company. In 1564 he was fined for keeping his shop open on St. Luke's day (18 Oct.), and more than once for stitching his books, which was contrary to the company's rules. In 1568 he took a prominent part in the dispute between the company and [q. v.], the queen's printer, about the privilege of printing bibles and testaments (, vol. v. p. xlviii). He removed his press to the sign of the Helmet in St. Paul's Churchyard, and issued from it in 1567 a second edition of Salisbury's 'Playne and Familiar Introduction, teaching how to pronounce the Letters in the Brytishe Tongue, now commonly called Welshe' [see, 1520?–1600?]. Salisbury in that year took up his residence in Toy's house in order to see through the press his Welsh translation of the New Testament, which was printed at Toy's 'costs and charges,' and dedicated to Queen Elizabeth. In 1569 Toy printed Grafton's 'Chronicle,' and in 1571 John Pryse's 'Historiæ Britannicæ Defensio,' which was dedicated to Burghley, with some verses to William Herbert, first earl of Pembroke, and in 1576 'The Fourth Part of the Commentaries of the Civill Warres in France' by [q. v.] He died, apparently at Bristol, on 16 Oct. 1577, and was buried there in All Saints' Church, where a handsome monument was erected by his widow Margery, with the following inscription, 'Humfridus Toius, Londinensis, jacet in hoc tumulo, qui obiit 16 Oct. 1577.' His widow carried on the business, but the 'Stationers' Register' is defective for the following years. Arber confuses the printer with Humphrey Toy, a merchant tailor in 1583; another Humphrey Toy was made free of the Stationers' Company on 5 June 1637.

 TOY, JOHN (1611–1663), author, son of John Toy of Worcester, was born in that city in 1611. He matriculated from Pembroke College, Oxford, on 23 May 1628, graduating B.A. on 27 Jan. 1630–1 and M.A. on 2 July 1634. After filling the office of chaplain to the bishop of Hereford, he became headmaster of the free school at Worcester, whence he was transferred about 1643 to the king's school. On 22 Oct. 1641 he was presented to the vicarage of Stoke Prior, Worcestershire. These two offices he retained until his death on 28 Dec. 1663. He was buried in the cathedral of Worcester. His wife, Martha Toy, survived him, dying on 10 April 1677.

He wrote:
 * 1) 'Worcesters Elegie and Eulogie,' London, 1638, 8vo: a poem describing the plague which assailed the city in 1637–8, and commemorating those who assisted the inhabitants in their distress; it was dedicated to Thomas Coventry, with commendatory verses in Latin by  [q. v.], and others in English signed 'T. N.'
 * 2) 'Quisquiliæ Poeticæ, Tyrunculis in re metrica non inutiles,' London, 1662, 12mo: dedicated to John Persehouse. Wood conjectures that he may also be the author of 'Grammatices Græcæ Enchiridion in Usum Scholæ Collegialis Wigorniæ' (London, 1650, 8vo).

 TOYNBEE, ARNOLD (1852–1883), social philosopher and economist, second son of [q. v.], was born in Savile Row, London, on 23 Aug. 1852. Toynbee owed much in his early years to the


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 of his father, who, though he died when his son was only fourteen, had yet inspired the latter with a love of literature and with the germs of those social ideals which were afterwards the main interest of his life. Toynbee was originally intended for the army, and, after some years spent at a preparatory school at Blackheath, he went to the Rev. J. M. Brackenbury's at Wimbledon to read for Woolwich. But his increasing taste for poetry, history, and philosophy gradually turned his thoughts from a military career. He accordingly left Mr. Brackenbury's, and began attending lectures as a day student at King's College, London. But he did not long continue this course, and for some years before going to the university he practically took his education into his own hands. Endowed with a keen intellect and strongly marked character, he thus acquired an amount of knowledge in certain fields of study, and developed a strength and originality of opinion, very unusual at so early an age.

In January 1873 Toynbee matriculated as a commoner at Pembroke College, Oxford. In November of that year he competed for the Brackenbury (history) scholarship at Balliol. Though he was not successful, his work made a great impression on the examiners, and the authorities of Balliol offered him rooms at that college. Toynbee was anxious to accept this offer, but the master of Pembroke raised objections. Toynbee accordingly left Pembroke and ceased to be a member of the university, though still residing at Oxford. In January 1875 he matriculated afresh, this time as a commoner at Balliol. Here he continued to devote himself to history and philosophy, and while still an undergraduate exercised a considerable influence among his contemporaries at Balliol as an ardent disciple of Professor [q. v.] But philosophy and religion were in Toynbee's mind, as in Green's, inseparable from active philanthropy. The desire to assist in raising the material and moral condition of the mass of the population grew more and more to be the absorbing passion of his life, and it was in order to direct his own and others' efforts in this direction that he threw himself with great energy into the study of economics, and especially of economic history. In spite of his delicate health, which caused frequent and serious interruption to his studies, and of the necessity of devoting a certain amount of time to the classical books prescribed for a pass degree in literæ humaniores (which he took at midsummer 1878), Toynbee obtained such a mastery of economics that immediately after taking his degree he was appointed a tutor at Balliol. In that capacity he had charge of the studies of the men who were preparing for the Indian civil service. His lectures, primarily intended for them, but soon attracting a wider circle of hearers, dealt with the principles of economics and the economic history of recent times. But his activity was not confined to the university. In the four and a half years between his appointment as tutor of Balliol and his death, his influence rapidly spread, not only in Oxford, but among persons interested in social and industrial questions throughout the country. As a student of economics his principal attention was directed to the history of the great changes which came over the industrial system of Great Britain between the middle of the eighteenth century and the present time. As a practical reformer he was active in the work of charity organisation, of co-operation, and of church reform; and he delivered from time to time popular lectures on the industrial problems of the day, which were attended by large audiences of the working class in Bradford, Newcastle, Bolton, Leicester, and London. The volume of his works entitled ‘The Industrial Revolution,’ which was published after his death by his widow, with a memoir by Professor Jowett, bears witness to his activity in both these directions. The first part of it, ‘The Industrial Revolution’ proper, consists of the notes of his lectures delivered at Balliol on the industrial history of Great Britain from 1760, a subject on which he was collecting materials for a comprehensive volume at the time of his death. Despite its fragmentary character, the ‘Industrial Revolution’ is full of valuable research and acute observation, and has exercised a considerable influence on students of economics, both in Great Britain and abroad. The popular addresses, ‘Wages and Natural Law,’ ‘Industry and Democracy,’ &c., which compose the second half of the volume, are chiefly of interest as illustrating Toynbee's character and aims as a social missionary. The eloquence, the religious fervour, the intense zeal for the better organisation of industrial society, the genuine but not uncritical sympathy with the aspirations of the working class, which were characteristic of him, are traceable even in the imperfect remains of these lectures, which were largely extempore, and could in some instances only be pieced together, after his death, from notes or from the reports of provincial newspapers. But the chief source of Toynbee's influence lay in the charm of his personality. His striking appearance,

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  manners, and great power of expression, above all his transparent sincerity and high-mindedness, won the respect and affection of all with whom he came into contact, whether as pupil, teacher, or fellow worker in social causes. His intellectual and moral gifts made themselves equally felt in the academic world of Oxford and among the manufacturers and workmen of the great industrial centres where he delivered his popular addresses.

As an undergraduate Toynbee attracted the notice of Professor Jowett, master of Balliol, and became one of his intimate friends. He was also closely associated at Oxford with Professor T. H. Green and [q. v.], and, in his work among the poor of East London, with Canon Barnett, vicar of St. Jude's, Whitechapel (afterwards Canon of Westminster), and founder of the first university settlement, Toynbee Hall, which was established soon after Toynbee's death. Toynbee has often been called a socialist; but he was not a socialist of the revolutionary type, nor did he ever adopt the doctrines of collectivism. But he was opposed to the extreme individualism of some of the earlier English economists, and believed earnestly in the power of free corporate effort, such as that of co-operative and friendly societies and of trade unions, to raise the standard of life among the mass of the people, and in the duty of the state to assist such effort by free education, by the regulation of the conditions of labour, and by contributing to voluntary insurance funds intended to provide for the labourer in sickness and old age. Toynbee's economic views never took the shape of a fully developed system of economic philosophy. This was perhaps owing to his early death; but even if he had lived longer, it is likely that he would have devoted himself rather to the history of industrial development, and its bearing on the questions of the day, than to the more theoretical side of political economy. In the last year of his life he was deeply interested in the agitation which arose out of Henry George's book on ‘Progress and Poverty’ (New York, 1880; London, 1881). Convinced of the onesidedness of that remarkable work, and alarmed by what he considered the bad and misleading influence which it was exercising upon the leaders of working-class opinion, he did his best to combat the doctrine of land nationalisation by speech and writing. Two lectures which he delivered on the subject, first in Oxford and then at St. Andrew's Hall, Newman Street, London, were his last efforts as a teacher on social questions. For some time he had been greatly overworked, and the physical and mental strain attending the delivery of these lectures hastened the complete breakdown of his health. He died at Wimbledon on 9 March 1883. At the time of his death Toynbee, who had been made bursar of Balliol in 1881, was just about to be appointed a fellow of that college. Shortly after his death his friends established in his memory, under the guidance of Canon Barnett, Toynbee Hall (in Commercial Street, Whitechapel), an institution designed to encourage closer relations between the working classes and those educated at the universities. This ‘university settlement’ was the first of its kind, and has formed the model of similar institutions in other districts.

Toynbee married, in June 1879, Miss Charlotte Atwood, who survived him. He had no children.

The ‘Industrial Revolution’ was first published in 1884. The second edition appeared in 1887, the third and fourth in 1890 and 1894 respectively. To the fourth edition are added the two lectures on Henry George, delivered in St. Andrew's Hall in February 1883.

 TOYNBEE, JOSEPH (1815–1866), aural surgeon, second son of George Toynbee, a landowner and a large tenant-farmer in Lincolnshire, was born at Heckington in that county on 30 Dec. 1815. He was educated at King's Lynn grammar school, and at the age of seventeen he was apprenticed to William Wade of the Westminster general dispensary in Gerrard Street, Soho. He studied anatomy under George Derby Dermott at the Little Windmill Street school of medicine, and from him he learnt to be an enthusiastic dissector. He then attended the practice of St. George's and University College Hospitals, and was admitted a member of the College of Surgeons of England in 1838. Aural studies powerfully attracted him even during his student life, for as early as 1836 several of his letters, under the initials ‘J. T.,’ appeared in the ‘Lancet.’ In 1838 he assisted (Sir) (1804–1892) [q. v.], who was then conservator of the Hunterian Museum at the College of Surgeons in Lincoln's Inn Fields, and he was soon afterwards elected one of the surgeons to the St. James's and St. George's Dispensary, where he established a most useful Samaritan fund. He was admitted a fellow of the Royal Society in 1842 for his researches


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191–225]

Following such courses ’tis my steadfast will

To foster Thebè’s greatness, and therewith

In brotherly accord is my decree

Touching. the sons of Oedipus. The man—

Etcocles I mean—who died for Thebes

Fighting with eminent prowess on her side,

Shall be entombed with every sacred rite

That follows to the grave the lordliest dead.

But for his brother, who, a banished man,

Returned to devastate and burn with fire

The land of his nativity, the shrines

Of his ancestral gods, to feed him fat

With Theban carnage, and make captive all

That should escape the sword—for Polynices,

This law hath been proclaimed concerning him:

He shall have no lament, no funeral,

But lie unburied, for the carrion fowl

And dogs to eat his corse, a sight of shame.

Such are the motions of this mind and will.

Never from me shall villains reap renown

Before the just. But whoso loves the State,

I will exalt him both in life and death.

. Son of Menoeceus, we have heard thy mind

Toward him who loves, and him who hates our city.

And sure, ’tis thine to enforce what law thou wilt

Both on the dead and all of us who live.

. Then be ye watchful to maintain my word.

. Young strength for such a burden were more meet.

. Already there be watchers of the dead.

. What charge then wouldst thou further lay on us?

. Not to give place to those that disobey.

. Who is so fond, to be in love with death?

. Such, truly, is the meed. But hope of gain

Full oft ere now hath been the ruin of men.

. (entering). My lord, I am out of breath, but not with speed.

I will not say my foot was fleet. My thoughts

Cried halt unto me ever as I came


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Gurwood, John


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Gutch, John (1746-1831)


text: A Book of the Riviera/Chapter 11

title: A Book of the Riviera/Chapter 11


text: A Book of the Riviera/Chapter 12

title: A Book of the Riviera/Chapter 12


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Gutch, John Mathew


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Guthlac


text: A Book of the Riviera/Chapter 13

title: A Book of the Riviera/Chapter 13


text: A Book of the Riviera/Chapter 14

title: A Book of the Riviera/Chapter 14


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10

And wheeled me to return. My mind discoursed

Most volubly within my breast, and said—

Fond wretch! why go where thou wilt find thy bane?

Unhappy wight! say, wilt thou bide aloof?

Then if the king shall hear this from another,

How shalt thou ’scape for ’t? Winding thus about

I hasted, but I could not speed, and so

Made a long journey of a little way.

At last ‘yes’ carried it, that I should come

To thee; and tell thee I must needs, and shall,

Though it be nothing that I have to tell.

For I came hither, holding fast by this—

Nought that is not my fate can happen to me.

. Speak forth thy cause of fear. What is the matter?

. First of mine own part in the business. For

I did it not, nor saw the man who did,

And ’twere not right that I should come to harm.

. You fence your ground, and keep well out of danger;

I see you have some strange thing to declare.

. A man will shrink who carries words of fear.

. Let us have done with you. Tell your tale, and go.

. Well, here it is. The corse hath burial

From some one who is stolen away and gone,

But first hath strown dry dust upon the skin,

And added what religious rites require.

. Ha!

What man hath been so daring in revolt?

. I cannot tell. There was no mark to show—

No dint of spade, or mattock-loosened sod,—

Only the hard bare ground, untilled and trackless.

Whoe’er he was, the doer left no trace.

And, when the scout of our first daylight watch

Showed us the thing, we marvelled in dismay.

The Prince was out of sight; not in a grave,

But a thin dust was o’er him, as if thrown

By one who shunned the dead man’s curse. No sign

Appeared of any hound or beast o’ the field


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 Wader and Montfort in Brittany. Many years later he took the cross, and together with his wife went on the crusade in the company of Robert of Normandy ( 724 C). They started in September 1096, and, after wintering in Italy, crossed over to Epirus, where they joined Bohemond, and reached Nicæa early in June 1097, in time to take part in the siege (ib. 727 B, 728 D). Guader is again mentioned as fighting at Dorylæum with his son Alan on 1 July 1097 (ib. 729 D). He must have died some time before July 1098, the date of the capture of Jerusalem, for Ordericus says that he died 'in via Dei.' He is sometimes spoken of as Ralph Gaël, and also as Waer or Waher.

By his wife he had two sons: Ralph, whom William of Breteuil, his uncle, wished to make his heir (, viii. 15), and Alan, who went on the crusade; and one daughter, Amicia ( 875 D), or Itta as she is called by William of Jumièges (viii. 15); she married, earl of Leicester (1104-1168) [q. v.] Mr. Planché (The Conqueror and his Companions, ii. 15) makes her the granddaughter of Guader.

GUBBINS, MARTIN RICHARD (1812–1863), Anglo-Indian official, born in 1812, went out to India as writer in 1830, and became assistant under the chief commissioner and resident at Delhi 26 April 1831. He subsequently held posts at Allahabad, Muttra, and other places, and went to Oudh on its annexation by Lord Dalhousie in 1856 as a member of the British commission. During the cold season of 1856-7 he made a tour as financial commissioner through the whole of Oudh to test the summary settlement of the land revenue, which had just then been completed. In this revision he did much to redress the grievances of the landowners; but at the same time his disputes with the chief commissioner, Coverley Jackson, retarded the improvement of the country.

During the mutiny Gubbins took a prominent part in affairs at Lucknow, and from the beginning managed the intelligence department until the British position was beleaguered. By his advice the residency was garrisoned with European troops in place of the native guard. He urged Sir Henry Lawrence to send a reinforcement to aid Sir Hugh Wheeler, and when this was refused he tried in vain to dissuade Wheeler from entrusting to the Nana Sahib of Cawnpore the protection of the treasury. From the beginning of the mutiny Gubbins urged on Lawrence the disarmament of the native troops at Lucknow. His advice was not taken, and on 30 May 1857 most of the troops rose in revolt. On the following morning the 7th native cavalry also revolted, and in the pursuit which took place Gubbins, with his servant and two followers, took six prisoners. On 9 June Gubbins was appointed head of a provisional council during the absence of Sir Henry Lawrence through ill-health, and proceeded to carry out his scheme of disarmament with the remaining native troops. His orders were, however, countermanded by Lawrence on his return a few days later.

Gubbins strongly advised an attack on the rebel troops in the neighbourhood of Lucknow; but when Lawrence consented, the attack was made without proper preparation. The result was the disaster at Chinhut on 30 June, which led to the siege of Lucknow. After the relief of Lucknow, Gubbins accompanied the army of Sir Colin Campbell to Cawnpore, and was forced by ill-health to proceed thence to England round the Cape.

Gubbins returned to India at the end of 1858, and became judge of the supreme court of Agra. He resigned through ill-health, and returned to England in January 1863. After his return he suffered from mental depression, and committed suicide at Leamington on 6 May in that year.

An account of the mutinies in Oudh which Gubbins prepared during the siege of Lucknow he sent in two parts to England for publication. The steamer conveying one of these parts, which contained an account of Havelock's campaign written by his son, was wrecked, and that part was rewritten by Gubbins on his arrival in England in 1857. 'The Mutinies in Oudh' was published in June 1858, and reached a third edition in October of the same year.


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 and Queries, 1st ser. iii. 391;, Guide to the Literature of Botany, p. 613). This physic garden was, as Lysons says (Environs of London, i. 330), ‘one of the first established in this kingdom,’ and Tradescant was, as Pulteney says (op. cit. p. 177), ‘the first in this country who made any considerable collection of the subjects of natural history;’ but this statement has been absurdly travestied (, History of Lambeth, p. 142) into one that to him ‘posterity is mainly indebted for the introduction of botany in this kingdom.’ Tradescant was at court in November 1632, making some inquiries about unicorns' horns, which proved to be merely ‘the snout of a fish, yet very precious against poison’ (Court and Times of Charles I, 1848, ii. 189, 504).

The exact date of Tradescant's death is unknown, some months being missing from the Lambeth registers after July 1637; but in the churchwardens' accounts of St. Mary's, Lambeth, is the entry ‘1637–8. Item, John Tradeskin; ye gret bell and black cloth, 5s. 4d.’ (Notes and Queries, 1st ser. iii. 394). His will, dated 8 Jan. 1637, was proved 2 May 1638; and from this it appears that he had one child, his son John [q. v.], and two grandchildren, John and Frances; that he owned some houses in Long Acre and Covent Garden, and some leasehold property at Woodham Walter, Essex; and that his son was residuary legatee, with the proviso that if he desired to part with the ‘cabinet of rarities’ he should offer it to ‘the Prince’ (ib. 1st ser. vii. 295). Tradescant was buried to the south-east of Lambeth church.

There are three unsigned and undated portraits of the elder Tradescant in the Ashmolean collection at Oxford, all in oil. One is a three-quarter-length in a medallion surrounded by fruits, flowers, and roots; another is taken immediately after death; and the third, a miniature, may possibly be by [q. v.] These portraits, and those of the younger Tradescant, have been strangely inscribed ‘Sr John Tradescant’ in gilt letters over their varnish, probably by Robert Plot [q. v.], first keeper of the Ashmolean Museum. The valuable engraved portrait by Hollar appeared in the younger Tradescant's ‘Museum Tradescantianum’ in 1656. The original copper-plate is preserved in the Bodleian Library. It was copied by N. Smith in 1793, in a plate issued with Lysons's ‘Surrey,’ Ducarel's ‘Appendix to the History of Lambeth,’ and the third edition of Pennant's ‘London.’ An outline copy appears in Thomas Allen's ‘History of Lambeth’ in 1827, and a fine lithograph by Malevsky in von Hamel's ‘Tradescant der ältere in Russland,’ 1847. An escutcheon of Tradescant's arms, azure, on a bend or, three fleurs-de-lys, as engraved in the ‘Museum,’ is in the Ashmolean Collection.

Linné adopted, from the ‘Flora Jenensis’ of Ruppius (1718), the name Tradescantia for the ‘Ephemerum virginianum’ or spiderwort, a garden favourite, which Tradescant introduced from Virginia.

[Works cited above.]  TRADESCANT, JOHN (1608–1662), traveller and gardener, son of John Tradescant (d. 1637?) [q. v.], was born at Meopham, Kent, on 4 Aug. 1608 (Notes and Queries, 1st ser. v. 266). In 1637 he was in Virginia ‘gathering all varieties of flowers, plants, shells, &c.,’ for the collection at Lambeth (, Genesis of the United States, p. 1032). He appears from his epitaph to have succeeded his father as gardener to Queen Henrietta Maria. In 1650 he seems first to have made the acquaintance of Elias Ashmole, who records in his ‘Diary’ that in that year he, with his wife and Dr. Thomas Wharton [q. v.], visited Tradescant at South Lambeth, and that in the summer of 1652 he and his wife ‘tabled at Mr. Tredescants.’ In 1656 Tradescant published his ‘Museum Tradescantianum: or a Collection of Rarities, preserved at South Lambeth, near London,’ dedicated to the president and fellows of the College of Physicians. Probably the book had been printed some time before, since in the preface the writer says: ‘About three years ago … I was resolved to take a catalogue of those rarities and curiosities which my father had sedulously collected. … Presently thereupon my onely son died,’ in 1652 (, Diary). He was assisted by two friends, Ashmole and Wharton. Among the donors to the museum, besides Ashmole and Wharton, figure ‘Sir Dudly Diggs, Sir Nathanael Bacon, Mr. William Curteene, Mr. Charleton, merchant; and Mr. George Thomasin;’ and among the visitors those of Charles I and his queen, Robert and William Cecil, earls of Salisbury, George Villiers, duke of Buckingham, and Archbishop Laud. The frontispiece, consisting of the Tradescant arms, is followed by Hollar's portraits of the two Tradescants. The book, which comprises 179 pages (12mo), contains lists of birds, quadrupeds, fish, shells, insects, minerals, fruits, war instruments, habits, utensils, coins, and medals, followed by a catalogue in English and Latin of the plants in the garden. ‘The wonderful variety and incongruous juxtaposition of the objects,’ says Sir William Flower (Essays on Museums, 1898, pp. 4, 5), ‘make the catalogue very amusing


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 reading.’ ‘Among “whole birds” is the famous “Dodar from the Island Mauritius; it is not able to flie, being so big.” This “stuffed Dodo,” of which the head and foot are still preserved in the University Museum of Oxford, was seen by Willughby and Ray, as we learn from their “Ornithology”’ (1678). The collection naturally became famous. Herrick alludes to ‘Tradescant's curious shells’ in an epigram upon Madame Ursly in his ‘Hesperides;’ and Thomas Flatman in some verses ‘To Mr. Sam. Austin of Wadham Col. Oxon. on his most unintelligible Poems,’ writes: Thus John Tradeskin starves our greedy eyes By boxing up his new found Rarities (Poems, ed. 1674 p. 89, ed. 1682 p. 147). On 12 Dec. 1659 Ashmole notes in his ‘Diary:’ ‘Mr. Tredescant and his wife told me they had been long considering upon whom to bestow their Closet of Curiosities when they died, and at last had resolved to give it unto me.’ This is followed by the entry under date 14 Dec.: ‘This Afternoon they gave their Scrivener Instructions to draw a Deed of Gift of the said Closet to me;’ and, under the 16th, ‘5 Hor. 30 Minutes post merid. Mr. Tredescant and His Wife sealed and delivered to me the Deed of Gift of all his Rarities’ (the entry on the subject in Diary, under 17 Sept. 1657, is an erroneous interpolation by a later hand; cf., Advertisement to his edition of Evelyn, 1850).

Tradescant died on 22 April 1662. He was twice married, his first wife, whose name was Jane, dying in May 1634 (Churchwardens' Account of St. Mary's, Lambeth). She is erroneously described on the existing tomb in Lambeth churchyard as the wife of his father. By her he had two children—Frances, who married Alexander Norman and at the date of her father's death was a widow; and John, born in 1633, died on 11 Sept. 1652, and ‘buried in Lambeth Church Yard by his Grandfather’ (, Diary). Tradescant married, secondly, in 1638, Hester Pooks, described as ‘of St. Bride's, London, maiden’ (‘Register of St. Nicholas Cole-Abbey, London,’ quoted in Notes and Queries, 1st ser. viii. 513), by whom he had no issue. In his will, dated 4 April 1661, and proved on 5 May 1662, he makes his wife sole executrix, requests to be ‘interred as neere as can be to my late deceased Father … and my sonne,’ bequeaths 10l. to his daughter Frances Norman, 5s. each to his ‘namesakes Robert Tredescant and Thomas Tredescant of Walberswick,’ and adds, ‘Item, I giue, devize, and bequeath my Closet of Rarities to my dearly beloued wife Hester Tredescant during her naturall Life, and after her decease I giue and bequeath the same to the Universities of Oxford or Cambridge, to which of them shee shall think fitt at her decease’ (Notes and Queries, 1st ser. v. 367).

Tradescant was buried at the south-east end of the chancel, in Lambeth churchyard, the original tomb being described in Aubrey's ‘Surrey’ (1719, i. 11–12). The rhyming epitaph printed by Aubrey, though intended for the monument, was preserved at Oxford, and not placed upon it (, Letter to William Watson, M.D., 1773). In 1773 the tomb, being in a state of decay, was repaired by public subscription, and the epitaph was then added, the lines stating that the monument was erected by Hester Tradescant being omitted (, Appendix to Ducarel's Hist. of Lambeth, 1785, p. 68). The four sides of the tomb were engraved by Basire from the original drawings, preserved in the Pepysian Library at Cambridge, for the paper by Dr. Ducarel in the ‘Philosophical Transactions’ (1773, lxiii. 79–88), these engravings being reprinted in Nichols's ‘History of Lambeth,’ with another plate including copies of the two portraits by Hollar, published in 1793 by N. Smith, and issued also with Lysons's ‘Surrey’ (p. 289) and Pennant's ‘London’ (3rd edit.). In 1853 the existing new tomb was erected by public subscription, from the drawings in the Pepysian Library (Gent. Mag. 1852 i. 377, 1853 i. 518). The top slab of the 1773 tomb was, after some changes of ownership, presented by Colonel North, M.P., to the Ashmolean Museum (Notes and Queries, 6th ser. iii. 512).

In Easter term 1664 Ashmole ‘preferred a Bill in Chancery against Mrs. Tredescant, for the Rarities her Husband had settled on me’ (Diary, 30 May 1662; cf. Notes and Queries, 1st ser. v. 367). The cause was heard on 18 May 1664 before Lord-chancellor Clarendon, who gave effect to the asserted terms of the deed of gift, adjudging Ashmole to ‘have and enjoy’ the Closett or Collection of Rarities as catalogued in the ‘Museum Tradescantianum,’ ‘subject to the trust for the defendant during her life,’ and appointing Ashmole's two brother-heralds, Sir Edward Bysshe and Sir William Dugdale, with Sir William Glascock, master in chancery, as commissioners to see that everything was forthcoming. Ashmole built a large brick house near Lambeth adjoining that which had been Tradescant's, and records in his diary on 26 Nov. 1674: ‘Mrs. Tredescant being willing to deliver up the rarities to


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 me, I carried several of them to my house.’ A few days later he removed the remainder, and about this date they seem to have been visited by Izaak Walton (Universal Angler, 5th edit., 1676, p. 31; cf., History of Lambeth, ed. Nichols, p. 97). In 1677 Ashmole announced his intention of presenting the collection to the university, provided a suitable building were erected to receive it. On 4 April 1678 he enters in his diary: ‘My wife told me that Mrs. Tredescant was found drowned in her pond. She was drowned the day before about noon, as appeared by some circumstance.’ On the 6th he records: ‘She was buried in a vault in Lambeth Church Yard, where her Husband and his Son John had been formerly laid;’ and on the 22nd: ‘I removed the pictures from Mrs. Tredescant's house to mine.’ Mrs. Tradescant bequeathed 50l. to the poor of Lambeth (, Environs of London, i. 307). The requisite building at Oxford was erected by Sir Christopher Wren, the collection was transferred to it in 1683, and, as Pulteney says (Sketches of the Progress of Botany, i. 179), ‘the name of Tradescant was unjustly sunk in that of Ashmole’ (cf., Diary, 23 July 1678).

There is a fine portrait, by an unknown artist, of the younger Tradescant at the National Portrait Gallery, he being represented with a skull by his side. In the Ashmolean collection at Oxford there are three original portraits of him: one a half-length in his garden, his hand resting on a spade, probably by William Dobson (1610–1645) [q. v.]; another, with his friend Zythepsa, the fictitious name of a quaker brewer at Lambeth, in his cabinet at Lambeth, with exquisitely painted shells in the foreground, probably the work of the same artist; and a third, much inferior, dated 1656, and therefore not by Dobson, with Tradescant's second wife, in his fiftieth and her forty-eighth year. There are also in the same collection four other pictures, all probably by Dobson—one, painted probably between 1640 and 1645, of Hester Tradescant and her stepson and daughter; another, dated 13 Sept. 1645, of Hester in her thirty-seventh year and her stepson, aged 12, of which there is a proof engraving in the Pennant collection in the British Museum; and separate portraits of the stepson and daughter, both in orange-coloured Vandyke dresses. Hollar's engraved portrait of Tradescant, in the ‘Museum Tradescantianum,’ was copied by N. Smith in 1793, and outlined in Allen's ‘History of Lambeth’ (1827). In the Pennant collection is an engraved medallion portrait of Hester Tradescant, from the 1656 painting at Oxford, of which another engraving is in a copy of Dr. Ducarel's ‘Letter to Sir William Watson’ in the Grenville Library.

Sir William Watson, with other fellows of the Royal Society, visited the site of Tradescant's garden in 1749, which he styles (Philosophical Transactions, xlvi. 160) ‘except that of Mr. John Gerard, the author of the “Herbal,” probably the first botanical garden in England;’ and he enumerates a few plants then surviving. Loudon gives a list (Arboretum Britannicum. pp. 49–50) of the trees and shrubs introduced by the two Tradescants, which includes the lilac, the acacia, and occidental plane, and many others less familiar.

[Knight's English Cyclopædia of Biography, vi. 149, the fullest and only accurate account hitherto published; the works cited above; and information kindly given by the officers of the Ashmolean Museum.]  TRAHAEARN CARADOG (d. 1081), Welsh prince, was, according to the heralds (, i. 266; History of Powys Fadog, i. 72), the son of Caradog ap Gwyn ap Collwyn. Originally lord of Arwystli (the region around Llanidloes), he became in 1075, on the death of his cousin Bleddyn ap Cynfyn, ruler of the greater part of North Wales. His claim was at once contested by Gruffydd ab Cynan [q. v.], representing the old line of Gwynedd, who defeated Trahaearn at Gwaeterw in the region of Meirionydd, but was himself worsted at Bron yr Erw later in the year and forced to return to Ireland. In 1078 Trahaearn defeated at ‘Pwllgudic’ Rhys ab Owain (d. 1078?) [q. v.] of South Wales, who was soon afterwards slain. His power brought about a coalition between Gruffydd ap Cynan and Rhys ap Tewdwr, who in 1081 led a joint expedition against him from St. David's, and defeated him and his allies at Mynydd Carn (South Cardiganshire), in which Trahaearn fell. The battle is commemorated in a poem by Meilyr Brydydd (in ‘Myvyrian Archaiology,’ 2nd edit. p. 142). Robert of Rhuddlan's epitaph attributed to him a victory over ‘Trehellum’ (, viii. 3). Trahaearn left four sons, of whom Meurig and Griffri were slain in 1106. Llywarch became lord of Arwystli, and died about 1128, and Owain was grandfather of the Hywel ab Ieuaf who ruled the district in Henry II's reign.

[Annales Cambriæ; Brut y Tywysogion; Brut y Saeson and Buchedd Gruffydd ap Cynan in the Myvyrian Archaiology.]


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 TRAHERNE, JOHN MONTGOMERY (1788–1860), antiquary, born on 5 Oct. 1788, was the eldest son of Llewelyn Traherne of Coedriglan, St. George's-super-Ely, Glamorganshire, by Charlotte, daughter of John Edmondes. The Trahernes traced descent on the female side, through the Herberts of Swansea (progenitors of the earls of Pembroke and Powis), from Einion ap Collwyn.

Traherne matriculated from Oriel College, Oxford, on 11 Dec. 1806, proceeding B.A. in 1810 and M.A. in 1813. He was ordained deacon in 1812 and priest in 1813, and on 21 March 1844 was installed chancellor of Llandaff, an appointment which he retained until 1851.

He was one of the chief authorities of his time on the genealogies and archæology of Glamorganshire. In 1840 he edited ‘The Stradling Correspondence: a Series of Letters written in the Reign of Queen Elizabeth, with Notices of the Family of Stradling of St. Donat's Castle’ (London, 8vo). The bulk of the letters in this collection were addressed to Sir Edward Stradling [q. v.]

Besides contributions to archæological journals, Traherne's assistance was frequently acknowledged by other workers in the same field (cf., Swansea; , Neath). He was elected a fellow of the Linnean Society on 21 Dec. 1813, of the Geological Society in 1817, of the Royal Society on 29 May 1823, and of the Society of Antiquaries on 15 Feb. 1838. He was also an honorary member of the Society of Antiquaries, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, and of the Society of Antiquaries, Copenhagen.

Traherne died, without issue, on 5 Feb. 1860 at Coedriglan, where he had resided throughout his life, and was buried at St. Hilary, near Cowbridge, Glamorganshire. He married, on 23 April 1830, Charlotte Louisa, third daughter of Thomas Mansel Talbot of Margam, who survived him.

Besides the work mentioned, Traherne published: 1. ‘Lists of Knights of the Shire for Glamorgan and of Members for the Boroughs,’ 1822, 12mo. 2. ‘Abstract of Pamphlets relative to Cardiff Castle in the Reign of Charles I,’ 1822, 12mo. 3. ‘Historical Notices of Sir Matthew Cradock, Knt., of Swansea, in the Reigns of Henry VII and Henry VIII,’ Llandovery, 1840, 8vo. Traherne's collections of manuscripts passed on his death to his friend Sir Thomas Phillipps [q. v.], and are now at the free library, Cardiff.

[Pedigree in notices of Sir Matthew Cradock; Clark's Genealogies of Glamorgan, p. 560; Nicholas's County Families of Wales, 1872, ii. 643; Burke's Landed Gentry, 8th edit. p. 2036; Foster's Alumni Oxon.; Arch. Cambr. 3rd ser. vi. 140; Gent. Mag. 1860, i. 517; Cambrian (Swansea), 10 Feb. 1860.]  TRAHERON, BARTHOLOMEW (1510?–1558?), protestant writer, born about 1510, was descended from an ancient Cornish family, and is said to have been a native of Cornwall. Possibly he was son of George Traheron who was placed on the commission of the peace for Herefordshire in 1523 and died soon afterwards. Bartholomew was early left an orphan, and was brought up under the care of Richard Tracy [q. v.] of Toddington, Gloucestershire, who, says Traheron, ‘whan I was destitute of father and mother, conceaued a very fatherly affection towarde me and not onely brought me up in the universities of this and forayne realmes with your great costes and charges, but also most earnestly exhorted me to forsake the puddels of sophisters.’ Traheron became a friar minorite before 1527, when he is said to have been persecuted at Oxford for his religion by John London [q. v.], warden of New College; he is also said to have belonged to Exeter College or Hart Hall, but his name does not occur in the registers. Subsequently he removed to Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. in 1533, being still a friar minorite (Lansd. MS. 981, f. 9). Soon afterwards relinquishing his habit, he went abroad, travelling in Italy and Germany. In September 1537 he joined Bullinger at Zurich (, Decades, Parker Soc. v. p. xii), and in 1538 he was living at Strasburg. In that year he published an exhortation to his brother Thomas to embrace the reformed religion.

Early in 1539 Cromwell took Traheron into his service, and Lord-chancellor Audley seems to have befriended him (Original Letters, Parker Soc. i. 316–17). After Cromwell's fall he escaped from court ‘with much difficulty’ and retired into the country, where in May 1542 he was credited with an intention ‘to marry a lady with 120 florins income and keep a grammar school for boys’ (ib. i. 226). In 1543 he dedicated to Tracy his translation of ‘The moste Excellent Workes of Chirurgerye made and set forthe by maister John Vigon, heed chirurgien of our tyme in Italie,’ London, 4to (other editions 1550 fol., 1571 fol., 1586 4to). Before the end of Henry VIII's reign Traheron found it advisable again to go abroad, and in 1546 he was with Calvin at Geneva. Calvin exercised great influence over Traheron, who gradually abandoned his friend Bullinger's comparatively moderate views, and adopted Calvin's doctrine of predestination and anti-


text: A Book of the Riviera/Chapter 15

title: A Book of the Riviera/Chapter 15


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 sacramentarian dogmas. In the summer of 1548 he returned to England, and was found a seat in the parliament which met for its second session in November (his name does not occur in the Official Return). The main question before it was the doctrine of the eucharist to be adopted in the Book of Common Prayer, on which the Windsor commission was then sitting. Traheron ‘endeavoured as far as he could that there should be no ambiguity in the reformation of the Lord's Supper; but it was not in his power to bring over his old fellow-citizens to his view’ (Original Letters, Parker Soc. i. 266). Early in 1549 he had a controversy with Hooper on predestination (ib. ii. 406, 416, 426;, Works, ii. p. xi). On 14 Dec. of that year he was on Cheke's recommendation appointed keeper of the king's library with a salary of twenty marks in succession to Ascham, and in February 1549–50 the council nominated him tutor to the young Duke of Suffolk at Cambridge.

On Suffolk's death (16 July 1551) Traheron again retired into the country, and occupied himself with the study of Greek. He contributed to the ‘Epigrammata Varia,’ London, 1551, 4to, published on the death of Bucer, and in September Cecil suggested to him that he might be of use in the church, and proposed his election to the deanery of Chichester (Lansd. MS. 2, f. 9). Traheron, who is incorrectly said to have taken orders about 1539, was only a civilian, but on 29 Sept. the council wrote to the chapter of Chichester urging his election as dean (Council Warrant-book in Royal MS. C. xxiv. f. 137). The chapter made some difficulty, and it was not till 8 Jan. 1551–2 that Traheron was elected (, i. 257). Meanwhile, on 6 Oct. and again on 10 Feb. 1551–2, he had been nominated one of the civilians on the commission to reform the canon laws. His position at Chichester was not happy, and in 1552 he resigned the deanery, receiving instead a canonry at Windsor in September.

On Mary's accession Traheron resigned his patent as keeper of the king's library (, Fœdera, xv. 351) and went abroad. In 1555 he was at Frankfort, taking part in the famous ‘troubles’ there. He was one of the adherents of Richard Cox [q. v.], who, in opposition to Knox's party, wished to retain the English service-book; and when the congregation at Frankfort was remodelled after Knox's expulsion, Traheron was appointed, ‘when he is stronge, to take the divinity lecture’ (, Brieff Discours, 1575, pp. lvii, lviii, lx). Soon afterwards he seems to have removed to Wesel, where he lectured on the New Testament. In 1557 he published ‘An Exposition of a parte of S. Iohannes Gospel made in sondrie readinges in the English congregation at Wesel by Bartho. Traherõ, and now published against the wicked enterprises of new sterte up Arians in Englande,’ Wesel? 8vo; another edition, ‘beinge ouerseen againe, corrected and augmẽted in manie places by the autor with additions of sondrie other lectures wherein the diuinitie of the holie gost … is treated and the use of sacramentes,’ was issued in 1558, sm. 8vo. In 1557 Traheron also published ‘An expositiõ of the 4 chap. of S. Joans Reuelation made by Bar. Traheron in sondrie readings before his contremen in Germaine,’ Wesel? 8vo; other editions, London, 1573, 8vo, and London, 1577, 8vo. Two other works followed in 1558, an ‘Answere made by Bar. Traheron to a privie papiste which crepte in to the english congregation of christian exiles …,’ Wesel? 8vo (Lambeth Library; cf., Essays on the Reformation, pp. 75–85), and ‘A Warning to England to repente and to turn to god from idolatrie and poperie by the terrible exemple of Calece given the 7 of March Anno C. 1558 by Benthalmai Outis [i.e. Bartholomew Traheron], …,’ Wesel? 8vo.

Traheron probably died at Wesel in 1558 (, iii. 1168; but cf. Lansd. MS. 981, f. 9). His daughter Magdalen married Thomas Bowyer of Leythorne, Sussex (, Castles of West Sussex). Besides the works mentioned above, he published ‘Ad Thomam fratrem Parænesis,’ Frankfurt, 1538, 8vo, has verses in ‘Johannis Parkhursti Ludicra sive Epigrammata,’ 1573, wrote various letters to Bullinger which are printed in ‘Original Letters’ (Parker Soc.), and is credited by Bale with the authorship of ‘In mortem Henrici Dudlæi carmen i.,’ ‘In mortem senioris Viati [Wyatt] carmen i.,’ ‘In testamentum G. Tracy [see under ] lib. i.,’ and ‘Epistolarum et Carminum lib. i.’

[Lansd. MSS. 2 f. 135, 981 f. 9; Letters and Papers of Henry VIII, ed. Gairdner; Lit. Remains of Edward VI (Roxburghe Club); Narr. of the Reformation (Camden Soc.); Bale's Scriptt. viii. 94; Wood's Athenæ, ed. Bliss, i. 324; Fuller's Worthies; Strype's Works (general index); Gough's Index to Parker Soc. Publ.; Berkenhout's Biogr. Lit. 1777, p. 177; Lewis's Translations of the Bible, 1818, pp. 203–4; Tanner's Bibl. Brit.-Hib.; Ascham's Epistolæ; Burnet's Hist. of the Reformation, ed. Pocock; Cooper's Athenæ Cantabr. i. 180, 551; Haweis's Sketches of the Reformation; Dixon's Hist. of the Church of England, iii. 220, 293, 351, 439; Boase and Courtney's Bibl. Cornub.; works in Brit. Mus.; authorities cited.]


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 TRAIL, ROBERT (1642–1716), presbyterian divine, was born at Elie in Fifeshire in 1642. His father, Robert (1603–1678), was son of Colonel James Trail of Killcleary in Ireland, and grandson of Trail of Blebo in Fifeshire. He became chaplain to Archibald Campbell, first marquis of Argyll [q. v.], and in 1639 was presented to Elie. He was translated to the Greyfriars church, Edinburgh, in 1648, and became a zealous covenanter. In 1644 he was a chaplain with the Scottish army in England, and was present at the battle of Marston Moor. He was one of the ministers who visited the Marquis of Montrose in prison and attended him on the scaffold. He afterwards joined the protesters, and was one of the party who reminded Charles II at the Restoration of his obligation to keep the covenants, for which he was banished for life. He sailed for Holland in March 1662–3, but returned to Edinburgh, where he died on 12 July 1678. A portrait of him is given in Smith's ‘Iconographia Scoticana’ (, Fasti, i. 40–1, and authorities there cited). He left an autobiography in manuscript. He married, on 23 Dec. 1639, Jean Annand, daughter of the laird of Auctor-Ellon, Aberdeenshire. She was imprisoned in June 1665 for corresponding with her exiled husband.

Robert Trail's early education was carefully superintended by his father, and at the university of Edinburgh he distinguished himself both in the literary and theological classes. At the age of nineteen he stood beside James Guthrie, his father's friend, on the scaffold. He was for some time tutor or chaplain in the family of Scot of Scotstarvet, and was afterwards much with John Welch, the minister of Irongray, who was the first to hold ‘armed conventicles.’ In a proclamation of 1667 he was denounced as a ‘Pentland rebel’ and excepted from the act of indemnity. It is uncertain whether he was present at that engagement or not; but he fled to Holland, where he joined his father and other Scottish exiles. There he continued his theological studies, and assisted Nethenius, professor at Utrecht, in preparing for the press S. Rutherford's ‘Examen Arminianismi.’ In 1669 he was in London, and in 1670 was ordained to a presbyterian charge at Cranbrook in Kent. He visited Edinburgh in 1677, when he was arrested by the privy council and charged with breaking the law. He admitted that he had preached in private houses, but, refusing to purge himself by oath from the charge of taking part in holding conventicles, he was sent as a prisoner to the Bass Rock in the Firth of Forth. Having given a promise which satisfied the government, he was liberated a few months afterwards and returned to his charge in Kent. He afterwards migrated to a Scots church in London, where he spent the rest of his life.

In 1682 he published a sermon, ‘By what means can ministers best win souls?’ and in 1692 a letter to a minister in the country—supposed to be his eldest brother, William (1640–1714), minister of Borthwick, Midlothian—entitled ‘A Vindication of the Protestant Doctrine concerning Justification and of its Preachers and Professors from the unjust Charge of Antinomianism.’ This ‘angry letter,’ as Dr. Calamy calls it, was occasioned by the violent controversy which broke out among the dissenting ministers of London after the republication in 1690 of the works of Dr. Tobias Crisp. Charges of Antinomianism were made on the one side and of Arminianism on the other, and Trail was distinguished for his zeal against Arminianism. A somewhat similar controversy followed in Scotland, and as Boston of Ettrick and others took the same side as Trail, his works became very popular among them and their adherents. He afterwards published ‘Sermons on the Throne of Grace from Heb. iv. 16’ (3rd edit. 1731), and ‘Sermons on the Prayer of Our Saviour, John xvii. 24.’ These works were devout, plain, and edifying, and were in great favour with those who were attached to evangelical religion.

Trail died unmarried on 16 May 1716 at the age of seventy-four. His brother William, the minister of Borthwick, has had many clerical descendants of note, both in the church of Scotland and in the church of Ireland—among the latter James, bishop of Down and Connor (, Fasti, i. 266).

A collective edition of Trail's works was published in 1745 (Edinburgh, 4 vols.); other editions Glasgow, 1776 3 vols., 1795 4 vols., 1806 4 vols. (which is the best edition), Edinburgh, 1810 4 vols. These included additional works from his manuscripts: ‘Steadfast Adherence to the Profession of our Faith, from Hebrews x. 23;’ ‘Sermons from 1 Peter i. 1–4;’ ‘Sermons on Galatians ii. 21.’ Further sermons from manuscripts in the hands of his relatives were published in 1845 by the Free Church of Scotland.

[Wodrow's History; Anderson's Scottish Nation; Agnew's Theology of Consolation; Hist. of the Bass Rock; Life prefixed to Select Writings of Trail by Free Church Publ. Com.; Allibone's Dict. of Engl. Lit. and authorities there cited.]


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 TRAIL, WALTER (d. 1401), bishop of St. Andrews, belonged to the family of Trail of Blebo, Fifeshire. He was educated and graduated with distinction at the university of Paris, and afterwards became doctor of civil and of canon law. In the ‘Calendar of Petitions to the Pope,’ 1342–1419, he is referred to in 1365 as Walter Trayle of the diocese of Aberdeen, holding a benefice in the gift of the abbot and monastery of Aberbrothoc, and frequently afterwards as receiving church appointments in Scotland. He spent several years at Avignon as referendarius from Scotland at the court of Clement VII, and was there in 1385 when the see of St. Andrews fell vacant. He at once was appointed to the bishopric by the pope, who said that ‘he was more worthy to be a pope than a bishop, and that the place was better provided for than the person.’ In 1390 he assisted at the funeral of Robert II at Scone, and crowned Robert III, under whose feeble reign he exercised a great influence on the affairs of the country. In the following year he was sent as ambassador to France to effect a treaty between France, England, and Scotland, when a year was spent in fruitless negotiations. The ‘Wolf of Badenoch’ [see ], who had been excommunicated for destroying Elgin Cathedral in 1390, was absolved by Bishop Trail in the Black Friars' Church, Perth (Registrum Moraviense, pp. 353, 381). In 1398, when the king made his brother Duke of Albany [q. v.] and his son Duke of Rothsay [q. v.]—the first dukedoms conferred in Scotland—Trail preached and celebrated. He died in 1401 in the castle of St. Andrews, which he had built or repaired, and was buried in the cathedral in a tomb which he had erected for himself. On his monument was the following inscription:

Trail receives a high character from Fordun and Wynton, and ‘was of such excellent worth that even Buchanan speaks in his praise.’

TRAILL, THOMAS STEWART (1781–1862), professor of medical jurisprudence, son of Thomas Traill (d. 1782) and his wife Lucia, was born at Kirkwall in Orkney, of which place his father was minister, on 29 Oct. 1781. He graduated in medicine in the university of Edinburgh in 1802, where he was a fellow student of Lord Brougham and Sir David Brewster. He settled in Liverpool in 1803, and continued in practice there till 1832, when he was appointed to the chair of medical jurisprudence in the Edinburgh University. He was admitted a fellow of the Royal College of Physicians in Edinburgh on 7 May 1833, and became its president on 2 Dec. 1852. He died at Edinburgh on 30 July 1862. He was elected a fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1819.

Traill took great pleasure in lecturing, and delivered many lectures in Liverpool, where he was prime mover in founding the Literary and Philosophical Society of Liverpool, of which he was the first secretary, and assisted in establishing the Royal Institution and the Liverpool Mechanics' Institution. He had a very tenacious memory, but trusted too much to it. He was editor of the eighth edition of the ‘Encyclopædia Britannica,’ to which he contributed many articles, but much of the work, owing to his ill-health, was edited by Adam Black. He wrote: He contributed a ‘List of Animals met with on the Eastern Coast of West Greenland’ to Scoresby's ‘Journal of a Voyage to the Northern Whale Fishery,’ furnished an article on the ‘Thermometer and Pyrometer’ to the ‘Library of Useful Knowledge,’ section ‘Natural Philosophy’ (vol. ii. 1832), and published a translation of Schlegel's ‘Essay on the Physiognomy of Serpents,’ London, 1844, 8vo. He also contributed nearly seventy papers on various scientific subjects to different journals between 1805 and 1862.
 * 1) ‘De usu aquæ frigidæ in typho externo,’ Edinburgh, 1802, 8vo.
 * 2) ‘Outlines of a Course of Lectures on Medical Jurisprudence,’ Edinburgh, 1836, 12mo; 2nd edit. 1840, and Philadelphia, 1841; 3rd edit. 1857.

TRAIN, JOSEPH (1779–1852), Scottish antiquary and correspondent of Sir Walter Scott, was born on 6 Nov. 1779 at Gilminscroft in the parish of Sorn, Ayrshire, where his father was grieve and land-steward. In 1787 the father removed to the Townhead of Ayr, and became a day labourer. At an early age the boy was apprenticed to a weaver in Ayr; but, notwithstanding his


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 circumstances and the slightness of his education, he early manifested a love of learning, his special passion being antiquarian and traditional lore. From 1799 the monotony of his life was varied by service in the Ayrshire militia, until the regiment was disbanded at the peace of Amiens in 1802. While the regiment was stationed at Inverness he became a subscriber to Currie's edition of the ‘Works of Robert Burns,’ published in 1800. This proved a turning point to his fortunes. The colonel of the regiment, Sir David Hunter-Blair, having seen the volumes in the bookseller's shop previous to their delivery, wished to purchase them, and, on being told that they had already been subscribed for by one of his own men, was so much pleased that he gave orders to have them handsomely rebound and sent to Train free of charge. Nor did his interest in Train cease with this. Some time after the regiment was disbanded he obtained for him an agency for a manufacturing house in Glasgow, and in 1806–7 an appointment as supernumerary excise officer in the Ayr district.

In 1806 Train published a volume of ‘Poetical Reveries’ (Glasgow, 12mo), of only average poetaster merit. In 1810 he was sent to Balnaguard in the Aberfeldy district to aid in the suppression of smuggling in Breadalbane. But besides his official interest in the suppression of the traffic, he regarded the welfare of those engaged in it; and, convinced that the excessive resort to the practice in the Highlands was in part due to erroneous legislation, he prepared a ‘Paper on Smuggling,’ in which he argued against what was called the ‘Highland Line,’ and the refusal to license stills of a less capacity than five hundred gallons. His suggestions, having through Sir Walter Scott been placed before the board of excise in 1815, were finally adopted.

In 1811 Train was appointed to the Largs side in the Ayr district, and while there and at Newton Stewart in New Galloway, to which he was transferred in 1813, he had special opportunity for the collection of south-western tales and traditions. Several of these he wove into ballad narratives, which he published in 1814 under the title of ‘Strains of the Mountain Muse’ (Edinburgh, 8vo). While the work was passing through Ballantyne's press it attracted the attention of Sir Walter Scott, who was especially interested in the ‘notes illustrative of traditions in Galloway and Ayrshire,’ and immediately wrote to Train begging to be included in the list of subscribers for eleven copies. After perusing the volume on its publication he also expressed to Train his appreciation of it, and more especially of the notes on old traditions; and requested him to communicate to him any ‘matters of that order’ which he did not himself think of using. Train had already, with Captain James Denniston, begun to collect materials for a ‘History of Galloway,’ but from this time ‘he renounced every idea of authorship for himself,’ and resolved that ‘henceforth his chief pursuit should be collecting whatever he thought would be interesting’ to Scott. Scott's obligations to him, which were very great, are acknowledged in different prefaces and notes.

When Train first corresponded with Scott, Scott was at work on ‘The Lord of the Isles,’ and at his request Train sent him a description of Turnberry Castle, and at the same time communicated the tradition of the ‘wondrous light’ which was so effectively introduced by Scott in the fifth canto of the poem. In the interest of Scott, Train states that he became ‘still more zealous in the pursuit of ancient lore,’ and that his love of old traditions became so notorious that ‘even beggars, in the hope of reward, came from afar to Newton Stewart to recite old ballads and relate old stories’ to him. Much of the material could only be partially utilised by Scott, but there was an invaluable residuum. The romance of ‘Redgauntlet’ had its germ in certain notes to Train's volume of poems. ‘Guy Mannering’ owed its birth to a legendary ballad which he supplied. The outline of even the marvellous ‘Wandering Willie's Tale’ was derived from one of his traditionary stories, and he furnished Scott with the prototype of Wandering Willie himself. To him, according to Lockhart, we owe ‘the whole machinery of the “Tales of My Landlord,” as well as the adoption of the Claverhouse period for the scene of one of his fictions’ (i.e. ‘Old Mortality’). Old Mortality himself was mainly his discovery [see ]; but for him the ‘Antiquary’ would have been ungraced by the quaint figure of Edie Ochiltree, and the bizarre apparition of Madge Wildfire would have been wanting from ‘The Heart of Midlothian’ had he not told Scott the story of Feckless Fanny. The ‘Doom of Devorgoil’ was suggested by his tale of Plunton, and he supplied the story on which Scott founded his last novel, ‘The Surgeon's Daughter.’ All this is in addition to much and various antiquarian matter which enriched in many ways the texture of Scott's romances. Train also sent to Scott numerous antique curiosities, including the spleuchan of Rob Roy, which Lockhart thinks probably led Scott to adopt the adventures of Rob as one of his themes.


text: A Book of the Riviera/Chapter 16

title: A Book of the Riviera/Chapter 16


text:
Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 57.djvu/160

 the army; but he soon made a fresh start in it, being commissioned as ensign in the royal staff corps on 25 Dec. 1803. He was promoted lieutenant on 28 Nov. 1805, and was sent to Portugal as a military agent in 1808. He was given the local rank of lieutenant-colonel. When Sir Arthur Wellesley advanced from the Mondego in August, the Portuguese general Freire remained behind, but he allowed Trant to accompany Wellesley with a Portuguese corps of fifteen hundred foot and 250 horse. At Roliça he was employed to turn the French left; at Vimiero he was in reserve with Craufurd's British brigade.

Having gone home, he was sent back to Portugal early in 1809 to arrange the details of the evacuation which the British government contemplated. But these plans were changed, and Trant raised a corps from the students of Coimbra University. After the Portuguese defeat at Braga and the French capture of Oporto, fresh recruits flocked to him. With a force of about three thousand men he boldly maintained himself on the Vouga till May. He took part in the advance of Wellesley's army to the Douro, and was made governor of Oporto when it was recovered.

He was promoted captain in the staff corps on 1 June 1809, but soon afterwards he was told that he would be removed from that corps unless he gave up his employment in Portugal. He was saved from this by Wellington's intervention, who wrote on 9 May 1810: ‘There is no officer the loss of whose services in this country would be more sensibly felt.’ By this time he held the rank of brigadier-general.

In the autumn of 1810, while Wellington was falling back on Torres Vedras, Trant twice showed his ‘activity and prudent enterprise,’ as Beresford described it. On 20 Sept., with a squadron of cavalry and two thousand militia, he surprised the French train of artillery in a defile. His men became alarmed, and he had to fall back; but he took a hundred prisoners, and caused a loss of two days to Masséna. On 7 Oct. he marched suddenly upon Coimbra, where Masséna had left his sick and wounded with only a small guard. He met with little or no resistance, and carried off five thousand prisoners to Oporto. It was ‘the most daring and hardy enterprise executed by any partisan during the whole war’. A letter of acknowledgment addressed to him by some of the French officers who were taken is printed in the appendix to Napier's third volume, and sufficiently refutes the charges made against him by some French writers on account of the misbehaviour of some of his men.

In October 1811 he was made a knight commander of the Portuguese order of the Tower and Sword. In April 1812, when two French divisions were about to storm Almeida, he succeeded in imposing on them by a show of red uniforms and bivouac fires, and induced them to retire. On the 13th he was at Guarda with six thousand militia, and had a plan for surprising Marmont in his quarters at Sabugal; but on that night he himself narrowly escaped being surprised by Marmont in Guarda. Wellington, while praising his action in the emergency, warned him not to be too venturesome with such troops as his.

In 1813 fresh difficulties were raised about his drawing pay as an officer of the staff corps while in the Portuguese service. He obtained leave to go to England, and Wellington wrote strongly in support of his claim, expressing once more his sense of Trant's services and merits, and saying that he had been employed in a most important situation for the expenses of which his allowances were by no means adequate (Wellington Despatches, x. 417). He seems to have had no further part in the war. He had a bullet in his side, from which he suffered much for the rest of his life. He was transferred from the staff corps to the Portuguese service list on 25 Oct. 1814, and received a brevet majority on 6 June 1815. This was the scanty reward of the services so often praised.

He was placed on half-pay on 25 Dec. 1816, and he resigned his half-pay and left the army altogether in 1825. In May 1818, being in pecuniary difficulties, he had asked Wellington to write on his behalf to the king of Portugal; but Wellington replied that such a step would be an indelicacy to Beresford (ib. Suppl. xii. 513).

He died on 16 Oct. 1839 at Great Baddow, Essex, of which his son-in-law, John Bramston, was vicar. He had one son and one daughter. The son, Thomas Abercrombie Trant, was born in 1805, obtained a commission in the 38th foot in 1820, and was captain in the 28th foot when he died on 13 March 1832. He was the author of ‘Two Years in Ava’ (1827), and of a ‘Narrative of a Journey through Greece’ (1830).

[Noticias Biograficas do Coronel Trant, by F. F. M. C. D. T. (a Portuguese monk), Lisbon, 1811; Wellington Despatches, vols. iv–x.; Napier's War in the Peninsula; Royal Military Calendar, v. 316; Gent. Mag. 1832 i. 371, 1839 ii. 653.]


text: Author:Octave Maus

title: Author:Octave Maus


text:
Strafford (Browning)

Dedication
DEDICATED, IN ALL AFFECTIONATE ADMIRATION,

TO WILLIAM C. MACREADY, ESQ.

BY HIS MOST GRATEFUL AND DEVOTED FRIEND,

R. B.

Preface
I had for some time been engaged in a Poem of a very different nature, when induced to make the present attempt; and am not without apprehension that my eagerness to freshen a jaded mind by diverting it to the healthy natures of a grand epoch, may have operated unfavourably on the represented play, which is one of Action in Character rather than Character in Action. To remedy this, in some degree, considerable curtailment will be necessary, and, in a few instances, the supplying details not required, I suppose, by the mere reader. While a trifling success would much gratify, failure will not wholly discourage me from another effort: experience is to come, and earnest endeavour may yet remove many disadvantages.

The portraits are, I think, faithful; and I am exceedingly fortunate in being able, in proof of this, to refer to the subtle and eloquent exposition of the characters of Eliot and Strafford, in the Lives of Eminent British Statesmen now in the course of publication in Lardner's Cyclopædia, by a writer whom I am proud to call my friend; and whose biographies of Hampden, Pym, and Vane, will, I am sure, fitly illustrate the present year—the Second Centenary of the Trial concerning Ship-Money. My Carlisle, however, is purely imaginary: I at first sketched her singular likeness roughly in, as suggested by Matthew and the memoir-writers—but it was too artificial, and the substituted outline is exclusively from Voiture and Waller.

The Italian boat-song in the last scene is from Redi's Bacco, long since naturalized in the joyous and delicate version of Leigh Hunt.

Contents

 * Act I
 * Act II
 * Act III
 * Act IV
 * Act V

title: Strafford (Browning)


text: A Book of the Riviera/Chapter 17

title: A Book of the Riviera/Chapter 17


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Townshend, Charles (1728-1810)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Townshend, Charles Fox


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Townshend, Chauncey Hare


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text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Townshend, George (1715-1769)