text:
User talk:Spangineer/archive02

Principia
Hallo, thanks a lot for working on The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy (1846). Best regards, --D.H (talk) 17:27, 26 March 2010 (UTC)
 * My pleasure. It'd be great to get it entirely validated.  Let me know if any of my edits seem questionable to you. —Spangineerwp (háblame) 17:31, 26 March 2010 (UTC)
 * I can't get the paragraph with the image in it to connect with the paragraph in the previous page. Any suggestions?  Do I create a section in the page? ResScholar (talk) 12:16, 1 April 2010 (UTC)

Spanish Academy Dictionary
Is there are an appropriate place, here or on the Spanish Wikisource, to link a reference to the "Spanish Academy Dictionary"? The reference is at Page:Don Quixote (Cervantes, Ormsby) Volume 1.djvu/19. Hesperian 13:24, 10 April 2010 (UTC)
 * Very interesting. I'm almost positive this is a reference to the "Diccionario de autoridades," the precursor to the RAE's Dictionary of the Spanish Language; I've added the link. —Spangineerwp (háblame) 05:46, 11 April 2010 (UTC)
 * Thanks! I had a look over there, couldn't find it, but left with the impression that it was there to be found. Hesperian 05:50, 11 April 2010 (UTC)

Gif->Djvu
I'm going to send my email by EMailUser. I use DjvuSolo, it's free and really simple to use. My mail account has a limit of 2oMby, so split accordingly your files. --Alex brollo (talk) 23:26, 4 May 2010 (UTC)
 * Done, tell me please if you got the djvu file (it's pretty large, since I assigned the max possible resolution to images), I'll be happy to know its final name too to "follow the works"! --Alex brollo (talk) 08:34, 7 May 2010 (UTC)
 * Sorry about that—I got it, and it's at Index:Unconstitutionality of the Fugitive Act.djvu. —Spangineerwp (háblame) 11:53, 7 May 2010 (UTC)
 * Thanks! I'll follow the works! --Alex brollo (talk) 12:12, 7 May 2010 (UTC)

MediaWiki:Revdelete-reason-dropdown
Are you going to explain all about it? Maybe just to admins? Yours cluelessly. — billinghurst  sDrewth  03:25, 19 May 2010 (UTC)
 * Looks cool, based on w:Wikipedia:Revision deletion. I'll start a discussion on WS:AN. —Spangineerwp (háblame) 04:04, 19 May 2010 (UTC)
 * Many thanks. This in the last upgrade (whichever date) escaped my notice. We probably need to have a more thorough watch. — billinghurst  sDrewth  17:44, 19 May 2010 (UTC)

Lectures on Modern History
Have you noticed that some of the pages for this text are subpages of Lectures on Modern History and some aren't? This means that most next and previous links don't lead anywhere, even though the text is complete. I'm not sure what you and the others transcribing the text want to do, hence my note. —innotata 18:29, 20 May 2010 (UTC)
 * It's only complete in the sense that there are placeholders for all the chapters. There isn't text on most of the pages yet, so I haven't prioritized fixing the structure.  Probably worth doing though, now that a few works are in place. —Spangineerwp (háblame) 18:35, 20 May 2010 (UTC)
 * Should be all fixed now. —Spangineerwp (háblame) 19:58, 20 May 2010 (UTC)

Comment
Sorry about all that, at New texts. I am disappointed that my changes were not well-received, but I thank you for your polite explanation. Cheers, -- Cirt (talk) 01:47, 19 June 2010 (UTC)
 * Thanks for understanding. Let's see if this alternative that I've put in place is satisfactory to others.  In any case, I like the addition of the link to the month archive; that will make things easier for sure. —Spangineerwp (háblame) 02:13, 19 June 2010 (UTC)
 * Okay, thank you very much! -- Cirt (talk) 02:14, 19 June 2010 (UTC)

Quotation marks at the start of each line?
Hello. Please can I draw your attention to a query I made at the Scriptorium.--Longfellow (talk) 17:16, 11 July 2010 (UTC)

Nullification Controversy in South Carolina Clean Up Request
This is done as you requested. --Mattwj2002 (talk) 05:15, 25 July 2010 (UTC)

nop
Hi Spangineer,

Thanks for the info on the nop template -- makes sense, and very helpful!

I was actually just about to message you with a question. I am very interested in the process of preparing a document here -- seems it's become a much more refined (and more inscrutable) process since I last looked. I'm wondering if you can help me learn how to create an Index: page, and how to properly prepare a DjVu file.

As you can see in my user space, I'm trying to create a Wikisource version of a document significant to my home city; this one is a scanned PDF of low resolution, which of course introduces some additional challenges.

I tried to follow the instructions on Help:Djvu files, but didn't get terribly far. I also used a Mac program, VolOCRaptor, to create a PDF with (very poor) OCR text.

Can you give me any pointers on creating a high-quality DjVu file, and/or how to use that to create an Index: page?

Also, a much smaller question -- I have not been able to figure out (in the Full Disclosure pages) how you get the header (book title and page number) onto the top of the page.

Finally..is there a convention about where people discuss the process of wikifying a longer work like this? Is there Index talk: namespace the place to use?

Thanks so much for your help with Full Disclosure, and for any answers you can provide! -Pete (talk) 06:09, 26 July 2010 (UTC)

 * Very helpful, thank you! I've already tried the "Running header" part, thanks for solving that mystery. I should have mentioned, I did try the Internet Archive method too, but ran into some trouble (upload hung interminably). I could try it again, but I think I'll try your method first. More later! -Pete (talk) 15:56, 26 July 2010 (UTC)

Missing text in the Federalist
I glanced at this diff, and noticed there is missing text; do you happen to know why that might be? Cygnis insignis (talk) 00:27, 27 July 2010 (UTC)
 * I did a fair amount of research attempting to identify the "best" (closest to the original) copy of the Federalist, and the result was that the version that was on Wikisource (and what I used in the match and split) is slightly different from the version being proofed against. The DjVu version I uploaded is an original Dawson edition from 1863, upon which are based most modern editions of the Federalist (including the one that was on Wikisource).  Dawson's edition rejected the changes that Gideon's edition introduced.  Besides the obvious formatting differences, there are a few differences between Dawson and modern editions, most notably in the numbering of the essays and occasional differences in text (like the one you point out). But for the most part the differences between Dawson and modern-day editions are slight. For what it's worth, in the case of your example, the text of my print version (Bantam, 2003) matches the text in the page image. —Spangineerwp (háblame) 02:08, 27 July 2010 (UTC)
 * Great that we have the best edition, and to see its transcript improving. I had supposed that there was a match and split, but couldn't see where it happened. I usually correct ocr, so often nearly perfect, and find detecting editorial changes takes longer. I'm thinking we should gives users a heads up about what's going on with the text layer in these situations, no idea how to do that though - keep moaning about it? ;-) Cygnis insignis (talk) 02:29, 27 July 2010 (UTC)
 * In general I tend to agree with you; pulling from the OCR is often better than using an existing edition. In this case I felt like it the two options were a bit more even, though I probably didn't realize the number of editorial differences when I performed the match and split.  The good news is that it was relatively easy to apply mass conversions: an OCR isn't always going to give the same result for a ligature, for example, and there are lots of those.
 * As for alerting people, I put a number of notes on the index talk, some of which relate directly to the different versions. But I don't think the index talk is a widely frequented namespace =). —Spangineerwp (háblame) 02:41, 27 July 2010 (UTC)
 * Tends to indicate that we probably need a bold statement (emblazoned banner) that YELLS to people to read the talk page for that work. I know that for specific (tricky/clever) formatting that I put notes on the talk pages too. — billinghurst  sDrewth  08:13, 27 July 2010 (UTC)
 * Hoping that it will be useful, I have created and added index talk — billinghurst  sDrewth  11:55, 27 July 2010 (UTC)
 * Looks great. —Spangineerwp (háblame) 02:33, 28 July 2010 (UTC)

 * Your contribs prompt me to mention what I've been doing lately, inspired by lots of things and users and hardly an original idea. I get the text file from the source, make some search and replace fixes in a text editor, then add a section. Replacing  with   400+ times with a  single click assured me I was on to something. As I go along I find more 'consistent errors', the ignorant machine is working in our favour because it keeps reading 'the' as 'tlie' or 'é' as 'd' and so on. It does requiring pushing the text to page, but tools like match and split could make do each section as the file improves. Cygnis insignis (talk) 02:51, 27 July 2010 (UTC)
 * P.s. the biggest time-saver is the paragraph breaks are not removed, Cygnis insignis (talk) 02:52, 27 July 2010 (UTC)
 * Interesting. I had thought of doing something like this a while back, but never got around to it. The approach I was considering was to pull the text out of the djvu file using djvused, make the fixes, then embed the corrected text back into the djvu file. Hesperian 05:08, 27 July 2010 (UTC)
 * I did this last night. (1) djvused to generate a dsed file; (2) simple python script to pull out all the words, throw away numbers and common English words, and sort the rest by frequency of occurrence in the document; (3) manually identify the frequently occurring OCR errors; (4) another simple python script to fix them all in the dsed file; (5) djvused to embed the corrected text. Works nicely. Hesperian 03:25, 28 July 2010 (UTC)
 * Cool, I used replace all for the certain fixes, and manually checked the rest. Does your way keep the paragraph breaks, or are they still collapsed in the Page:ns? One reason I keep the text file open, instead of pushing it out at once, is that I find fixes as I go along - even a dozen occurrences in later sections saves some hunting and typing. Cygnis insignis (talk) 03:44, 28 July 2010 (UTC)
 * Text appears exactly the same except for OCR fixes. I just did File:History of West Australia.djvu. The top five OCR errors were "iu" for "in" (450 times), "tile" for "the" (351 times), "aud" for "and" (254 times), "Iu" for "In" (63 times), and "wRh" for "with" (51 times). In total there were just over 60 OCR errors that occurred at least ten times each, totalling 2231 errors fixed. It took me about 45 minutes to go through the whole process, from downloading the djvu to uploading the new version. Hesperian 04:53, 28 July 2010 (UTC)

 * Hmmm... are you saying you take the text file that is offered at say archive.org, run a bunch of regex, create a page with that text (say in the user namespace) and match and split that into the page namespace? Sounds pretty good... might have to try that next time I feel the need to match and split. —Spangineerwp (háblame) 02:33, 28 July 2010 (UTC)
 * No match and split necessary with H's way, it changes the text layer. The corrected text layer would be offered when someone first edits the page - as it is currently. Cygnis insignis (talk) 03:44, 28 July 2010 (UTC)
 * But H's way requires dsed files and python scripts... so... I'm hoping that there's a way that doesn't fly over my head at 30,000 feet. —Spangineerwp (háblame) 03:29, 29 July 2010 (UTC)
 * For some unfathomable reason I am eternally confusing you with Pathoschild. You would think I would have you two sorted out after all these years, but no, sorry. :-( Now I remember, he's the tech-savvy one.... ;-) Hesperian 03:51, 29 July 2010 (UTC)
 * Heh. My mother and grandparents think I'm tech savvy, but that's about it =). —Spangineerwp (háblame) 03:56, 29 July 2010 (UTC)
 * My crude method uses a text file, in an external editor, but that is not useful to anyone else unless I match and split it (from user space). Fixing the spacing around quotes and keeping the paragraph breaks were my biggest successes, but any fix I find along the way can be applied to the rest of the text with a few keystrokes. I used to move each page of text back and forth from Page:ns, before I started using scripts in the page ns, switching to a text editor is faster than it sounds. Text editors also have keystrokes to select text, so moving a whole text to Page is not that difficult or tiem consuming; using search and replace scripts, and page markers opens up all sorts of possibilities too.
 * My current notion is to merge the two methods by making the whole text layer available to anyone with a bright idea for a fix, preferably through a wikipage which can show a history of these. This is already a possibility, by dumping the text and using the match/split when a part is moved to main space; a clunky method and quite a different approach. Cygnis insignis (talk) 11:44, 29 July 2010 (UTC)

Featured work
Thank you for your proofreading help! Now that Houston: Where Seventeen Railroads Meet the Sea is totally proofread, what is the process for making this a featured work of Wikisource? WhisperToMe (talk) 01:09, 16 August 2010 (UTC)
 * Just follow the "nomination" instructions at Featured text candidates. It's pretty simple--add a template to the talk page of the work, and start a new section at the bottom of the FTC page saying why you think the work should be featured. —Spangineerwp (háblame) 16:06, 17 August 2010 (UTC)
 * Thank you! Lemme get to work on that... WhisperToMe (talk) 19:58, 9 September 2010 (UTC)

In the Roar of the Sea
Hi, I noticed in the "Recent changes" that you have been fixing the naming problems for In the Roar of the Sea. Thank you so much for doing that! It is very appreciated by me. Hopefully I have learned from this and won’t screw it up the next time. Best regards, Another editor (talk) 18:39, 23 August 2010 (UTC)
 * No problem. I actually made a similar mistake fairly recently: Index:Whatsocialclasse00sumnrich.djvu.  I haven't had the energy to go back and fix the file name, so I figured I'd help you fix yours while it was still easy to do so =). —Spangineerwp (háblame) 18:41, 23 August 2010 (UTC)
 * Well, again I thank you all the more. Does it all have to be done by hand? {It seems like the sort of job that there should be a script for.) If there is a way I could help you with your page, let me know. I am willing to do repetitious work, as long as I know I am doing it correctly. (But I don’t know how to do such tasks as suppress redirects. ) Another editor (talk) 19:18, 23 August 2010 (UTC)
 * You are right, it is best done with a bot. Unfortunately I'm not that tech-savvy, so I don't worry about it; if someone with a bot comes along and wants to fix it, they can go ahead. Thanks for your offer, but your time is better spent proofreading, especially since the ugly file name isn't really hurting anything in the meantime.
 * I believe that to suppress redirects you have to be an administrator. When I click the "move" button, there's a checkbox that says "Leave a redirect behind".  If I uncheck that box, the redirect is suppressed.  For non-administrators, the best thing to do is to add sdelete or a dated soft redirect. —Spangineerwp (háblame) 19:47, 23 August 2010 (UTC)
 * ok, I assume that the template is added to the redirect? (I don’t know what a "dated soft redirect" is.} Another editor (talk) 20:01, 23 August 2010 (UTC)
 * See Dated soft redirect. Unfortunately it's not automatically added when you move the page.  When you move a page, a redirect is created, and the page confirming your action includes the exact template that you should use (with all the parameters filled in).  Thus if you want to replace the redirect with a soft redirect, it's as easy as copying and pasting. The purpose of the dated soft redirect is to give people a few months to change their incoming links.  It's most useful when moving works in the main namespace, since other websites (most notably wikipedia) often link to them, and just deleting the redirect would result in a lot of broken links.  For the page namespace, and especially for new works, no one is linking to those pages, so redirect suppression is fine. —Spangineerwp (háblame) 20:10, 23 August 2010 (UTC)

User talk:98.154.149.97
Hi, thanks for adding the block warning, I was searching a template or something like that... Phe (talk) 19:53, 23 August 2010 (UTC)
 * My pleasure. The templates are at Category:User warning templates.  I added "subst:" before the template name (i.e.,  ) to save the contents of the template rather than the template itself. —Spangineerwp (háblame) 20:01, 23 August 2010 (UTC)

Talkback
possible solution — billinghurst  sDrewth  08:08, 27 August 2010 (UTC)

Question about restoring the scanned page
Hi, I proofed http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:In_the_Roar_of_the_Sea.djvu/159 but instead of saving my proofed page, gibberish was saved in its place. Is there any way of deleting the gibberish page in order to restore the scanned page so I can re edited it? Otherwise, I don’t know what to do. Thanks, Another editor (talk) 19:09, 27 August 2010 (UTC)
 * It looks fine to me. I'm seeing text that matches the page image. —Spangineerwp (háblame) 19:17, 27 August 2010 (UTC)
 * pardon, I fixed it cygnis insignis 19:20, 27 August 2010 (UTC)

 * Yes, most kind. Thank you. Another editor (talk) 19:22, 27 August 2010 (UTC)
 * Okay, good, I'm not crazy =). —Spangineerwp (háblame) 20:25, 27 August 2010 (UTC)

infra section links
I forgot to mention that after our chat about nav within a section, I made use of section headings in this chapter. This paid dividends immediately, check the link for "glass globe" (i.e. 'crystal ball') and notice that a search would have failed to find the point where the "glass egg" is mentioned. cygnis insignis 14:45, 23 September 2010 (UTC)
 * Excellent. I have a few works in my queue that have similar text at the top of a chapter; the anchors will be useful.  Have you considered using Template:Namespace link to avoid the bad links in the page namespace? —Spangineerwp (háblame) 17:37, 23 September 2010 (UTC)
 * Yes. Why add it? What is bad about the linking in the workspace, which serves the main page. That namespace is used a few times to give the result, the actual point, why does it need its own navigation? The validating user might like the option, using the main page is much less confusing. Is the case that must labour to make the workspace run in parallel to ns0, is it imagined that anyone would not be using, reading, maybe tweaking from main. Excuse me, but I fairly well exhausted by how much of a big deal people can make about getting text into main-space - it ought to be fairly bloody simple. cygnis insignis 18:27, 23 September 2010 (UTC)
 * Fair enough; I don't have any issue with not using it. Carry on. —Spangineerwp (háblame) 19:43, 23 September 2010 (UTC)
 * As I ended previously, excuse the candour. Without supporting documentation on why, not how, this stuff makes the site more complex and arcane. It takes a user about year to discover that need about seven templates, the odd trick, and some good examples to do >99% of the job here. Everyone has a cause célèbre, mine is getting content focused contributors the simple and rationalised guidelines that allows them to carry on :( cygnis insignis 20:33, 23 September 2010 (UTC)
 * My response was based on a misunderstanding, what I said relates to Template:DJVU page link, which does the reverse of the one above. Sorry about that. cygnis insignis 20:43, 26 October 2010 (UTC)
 * Makes sense. Really neither template is particularly necessary.  Personally, I don't mind the extra code, because I feel like it often saves me time navigating the work later.  But I can tell that it also needlessly complicates matters for new folks. —Spangineer (háblame) 21:18, 26 October 2010 (UTC)

help pages
If you can see anything else to do, please, do it. I keep trying to simplify the related pages, but I lose heart after unravelling and merging the stuff - there are a lot pages with too much detail, and that shift from the purpose. It needs a lot more work, and I'm not sure I am always leaving it improved. On other matters, be sure that I am acting with a great deal of consideration. cygnis insignis 15:06, 20 October 2010 (UTC)

Page links
''I'm looking at State_Documents_on_Federal_Relations and The Rise and Fall of Society in IE 7 and IE 8 and not seeing page numbers in either browser, even after refreshing. I'm not sure what the difference might be between these works and the ones that are showing up correctly. —Spangineerwp (háblame) 18:42, 21 October 2010 (UTC)''
 * Good on you for addressing that. I found the same thing, but didn't follow it up because it doesn't affect me. I notice both examples use page break, does it occur where there are none? cygnis insignis 19:03, 21 October 2010 (UTC)
 * What Social Classes Owe to Each Other/Introduction has no page breaks nor numbers. Can't find one with both though... —Spangineerwp (háblame) 19:11, 21 October 2010 (UTC)
 * Looks like a purging issue—if the page has been saved recently, the numbers appear in IE just fine. —Spangineerwp (háblame) 19:18, 21 October 2010 (UTC)

Index:The Cambridge History of American Literature 3.djvu
Hi,

There is also this version which is partly proofed, and maybe more versions on Wikisource already. Mattisse (talk) 23:42, 21 October 2010 (UTC)
 * Thanks for letting me know. I haven't found any other volumes, and archive.org doesn't have any more of that type.  I'm thinking it may be worth moving all the pages for the sake of consistency to the index page I created—it's the exact same book, just with better scans (white background, text doesn't seem quite as faded, etc.).  Any objections? —Spangineer (háblame) 12:22, 22 October 2010 (UTC)

 * No objections at all.  Mattisse (talk) 14:03, 22 October 2010 (UTC)

Category deletion request
Hi, I think I successfully depopulated the Category:Audubon and moved the images to Category:Audubon and His Journals. So the Category:Audubon can be deleted on the Commons. Thanks! Mattisse (talk) 21:00, 26 October 2010 (UTC)
 * Done. —Spangineer (háblame) 21:04, 26 October 2010 (UTC)

File:Bigger Firefox Monobook WS.jpg
This jpg one I can’t read at all. Can you on your screen? Mattisse (talk) 20:46, 27 October 2010 (UTC)
 * According to firefox my

 * Window width: 1581px
 * Window height: 871px

 * Viewport width: 1563px
 * Viewport height: 699px

 * That is from the Web Developer addon. The regular window resize seems hard to find on Wikisource pages. Do you know why? Mattisse (talk) 21:22, 27 October 2010 (UTC)

 * OK, I figured it out. At 800 by 600 window size the text is readable. Mattisse (talk) 21:26, 27 October 2010 (UTC)

Thank you
Thank you for pointing out the layer buttons. I finally figured them out and they do indeed make a big difference. All this time, I never knew about "layer" options. The word "layer" to me means something else, like positioning, rather than margin size. (I wonder how many readers know about the choices?) Best wishes, Mattisse (talk) 15:53, 29 October 2010 (UTC)
 * You're welcome. Unfortunately the layout buttons are probably not well known.  Fortunately, for users reading on smaller screens, the standard small margins are probably not a big issue.  But it would be good to figure out a way to make these options more accessible to our readers. Maybe rework Help:Reading?  —Spangineer (háblame) 17:23, 29 October 2010 (UTC)
 * It is hard to explain as it only appears while reading a "work" version (which I never do, so I didn’t see it). I had trouble even finding the option just now. I have no idea how readers come to Wikisource or what options they are presented with initially. Perhaps some explanation that "if" the layout option appears on the left margin "then" choosing layout options will manipulate the width of the text to read. Perhaps also explaining that once a layer option is chosen, then all "works" will appear in that format (if that is true). Mattisse (talk) 22:10, 29 October 2010 (UTC)

Talkback
I believe that what you desire is what I have been doing. — billinghurst  sDrewth  15:54, 3 November 2010 (UTC)
 * ack I do see that in some I had a combined two edit summaries (didn't turn one off when I swapped scripts), which was decidedly unhelpful and probably has lead to the confusion. Sorry about that. — billinghurst  sDrewth  15:59, 3 November 2010 (UTC)

No Treason
All three parts are now validated. :-) — billinghurst  sDrewth  09:59, 21 November 2010 (UTC)
 * Wonderful! —Spangineer (háblame) 17:19, 22 November 2010 (UTC)
 * Apologies for not getting around to finishing that. How do you feel about the arrangement, now that it is done? This is yet another work I hope is nominated for FTC. cygnis insignis 09:01, 24 November 2010 (UTC)
 * No problem =). I just added it to WS:FTC.  As for the arrangement at No Treason... I'm happy with it as is.  I didn't like versions because these aren't three editions of the same work (like different editions of The Federalist or something); if anything disambig would be more appropriate.  And I like using the notes section for editorial comment (since I've come to accept that annotations in the text itself don't belong ;-). —Spangineer (háblame) 15:22, 24 November 2010 (UTC)

It is always a pleasure …
… to come and validate work after you have done the initial proofread. Get in to read, no hassles, very rarely a modification, and onto the next page. Sweet. :-) — billinghurst  sDrewth  09:34, 30 November 2010 (UTC)
 * Glad to hear it! Thanks for the validating work. —Spangineer (háblame) 13:32, 30 November 2010 (UTC)

a moment
Just running it through the page mill, had a devil of a time finding something you already fixed ;-) You might want to wait a few minutes while I catch the rest. cygnis insignis 15:38, 14 December 2010 (UTC)
 * Okay; I'll hold off for a bit. —Spangineer (háblame) 15:39, 14 December 2010 (UTC)
 * Done, cheers. cygnis insignis 15:55, 14 December 2010 (UTC)

Header year
The documentation at header says: I think it should to be that way, though I recognise first publication has value. As a category it has to be one way or the other. The first reason would be knowing what you are getting when you click on a member of the category "1850 works", this datum could be a label or note at the page itself. In this case it is mentioned on the title page, I would expect to find it in prefatory remarks of a reprint.
 * = year of publication,

This information may be insignificant, but might be a critical bibliographic detail; I think this is a matter of objectivity in describing the catalogue. My approach is something like wilful ignorance here, this is an example of another slim pamphlet where the editor and the year is crucial. cygnis insignis 18:13, 16 December 2010 (UTC)
 * That really destroys the point of the category. It's nothing but worthless to categorize Jackson's Nullification Proclamation (from Index:The Federalist (Ford).djvu) and Butler's The Odyssey in Category:1898 works... since one is from 1832 and the other is from a couple millenia before that.  Ugh... I remember going to all the trouble to create those blasted year categories several years ago, and it looks like it was for naught. —Spangineer (háblame) 18:29, 16 December 2010 (UTC)
 * Meh, they probably weren't that useful beforehand either... —Spangineer (háblame) 18:33, 16 December 2010 (UTC)
 * If that were the point, then many are doing it wrong :( It would be appropriate if it were a wikipedia article about the work. I couldn't really say, I never use the mainspace cats here, both are potentially useful. Most of the activity in indexing seems to be later users re-classifying to parallel or redundant schemes, persistence in the absence of guidance is probably going to cause more problems down the track. cygnis insignis 19:04, 16 December 2010 (UTC)
 * Personal opinion is that this is where we would manually add an additional hence we represents the year of first publication, and the year of this publication.  I would have , a note to say year of initial publication, and add that year manually as a category.  I believe that the use of the category is meant to be indicative and of assistance. — billinghurst  sDrewth  09:44, 17 December 2010 (UTC)
 * I don't have a problem with, since that's the year that displays in the header... I can see the rationale for showing that there.  But I really fail to see any purpose in a category for items by publication year.  I mean, honestly, under what circumstance would someone use such a category?  To compare typeset styles across history?  It's almost completely random information, except in those cases where we are lucky and have scans of a first edition work and no others.
 * Plus, attempting to categorize both original and published years in the same set of categories adds to the confusion. If someone can think of a reasonable rationale for categorizing by publication year, then two separate category trees should be used... maybe start Category:Editions published in xxxx.
 * My preference would be to add an additional field for original year to the header, and drop automatic categorization of the current "year" field. If that's too difficult to implement, then at least drop automatic categorization of the year field and require manual year categories.
 * In the current state of chaos, I'd put down a delete all if the year categories were to appear on WS:DEL; misleading data is worse than no data. —Spangineer (háblame) 18:45, 17 December 2010 (UTC)
 * PD? … don't tempt me ;-) All of what you say is worth exploring, they all seem like viable options. Still, I think it better to add value in this way to wikipedia, or commons elaborate cat system (a good thing) and avoid deciding if the title page is accurate. Apologies for reheating an issue we might have been able to ignore. cygnis insignis 19:30, 17 December 2010 (UTC)
 * Not sure how the original concept originated, and I am not in conflict with your points, and it is an interesting conversation to have, especially as it is an older concept that precedes the flourishing ProofreadPage. Some people love to categorise, list build, etc, and possibly it is associated with the year field in Author lists. It is relevant meta data, though it possibly isn't best used and does need revisiting

title: User talk:Spangineer/archive02


text:
Page:EB1911 - Volume 08.djvu/128

 The theory admits of very extensive algebraic developments, and applications in algebraical geometry and other parts of mathematics. For further developments of the theory of determinants see.

 DETERMINISM (Lat. determinare, to prescribe or limit), in ethics, the name given to the theory that all moral choice, so called, is the determined or necessary result of psychological and other conditions. It is opposed to the various doctrines of Free-Will, known as voluntarism, libertarianism, indeterminism, and is from the ethical standpoint more or less akin to necessitarianism and fatalism. There are various degrees of determinism. It may be held that every action is causally connected not only externally with the sum of the agent’s environment, but also internally with his motives and impulses. In other words, if we could know exactly all these conditions, we should be able to forecast with mathematical certainty the course which the agent would pursue. In this theory the agent cannot be held responsible for his action in any sense. It is the extreme antithesis of Indeterminism or Indifferentism, the doctrine that a man is absolutely free to choose between alternative courses (the liberum arbitrium indifferentiae). Since, however, the evidence of ordinary consciousness almost always goes to prove that the individual, especially in relation to future acts, regards himself as being free within certain limitations to make his own choice of alternatives, many determinists go so far as to admit that there may be in any action which is neither reflex nor determined by external causes solely an element of freedom. This view is corroborated by the phenomenon of remorse, in which the agent feels that he ought to, and could, have chosen a different course of action. These two kinds of determinism are sometimes distinguished as “hard” and “soft” determinism. The controversy between determinism and libertarianism hinges largely on the significance of the word “motive”; indeed in no other philosophical controversy has so much difficulty been caused by purely verbal disputation and ambiguity of expression. How far, and in what sense, can action which is determined by motives be said to be free? For a long time the advocates of free-will, in their eagerness to preserve moral responsibility, went so far as to deny all motives as influencing moral action. Such a contention, however, clearly defeats its own object by reducing all action to chance. On the other hand, the scientific doctrine of evolution has gone far towards obliterating the distinction between external and internal compulsion, e.g. motives, character and the like. In so far as man can be shown to be the product of, and a link in, a long chain of causal development, so far does it become impossible to regard him as self-determined. Even in his motives and his impulses, in his mental attitude towards outward surroundings, in his appetites and aversions, inherited tendency and environment have been found to play a very large part; indeed many thinkers hold that the whole of a man’s development, mental as well as physical, is determined by external conditions.

In the Bible the philosophical-religious problem is nowhere discussed, but Christian ethics as set forth in the New Testament assumes throughout the freedom of the human will. It has been argued by theologians that the doctrine of divine fore-knowledge, coupled with that of the divine origin of all things, necessarily implies that all human action was fore-ordained from the beginning of the world. Such an inference is, however, clearly at variance with the whole doctrine of sin, repentance and the atonement, as also with that of eternal reward and punishment, which postulates a real measure of human responsibility.

For the history of the free-will controversy see the articles,, (for the theological problems),.

 DETINUE (O. Fr. detenue, from detenir, to hold back), in law, an action whereby one who has an absolute or a special property in goods seeks to recover from another who is in actual possession and refuses to redeliver them. If the plaintiff succeeds in an action of detinue, the judgment is that he recover the chattel or, if it cannot be had, its value, which is assessed by the judge and jury, and also certain damages for detaining the same. An order for the restitution of the specific goods may be enforced by a special writ of execution, called a writ of delivery. (See ; .)

 DETMOLD, a town of Germany, capital of the principality of Lippe-Detmold, beautifully situated on the east slope of the Teutoburger Wald, 25 m. S. of Minden, on the Herford-Altenbeken line of the Prussian state railways. Pop. (1905) 13,164. The residential château of the princes of Lippe-Detmold (1550), in the Renaissance style, is an imposing building, lying with its pretty gardens nearly in the centre of the town; whilst at the entrance to the large park on the south is the New Palace (1708–1718), enlarged in 1850, used as the dower-house. Detmold possesses a natural history museum, theatre, high school, library, the house in which the poet Ferdinand Freiligrath (1810–1876) was born, and that in which the dramatist Christian Dietrich Grabbe (1801–1836), also a native, died. The leading industries are linen-weaving, tanning, brewing, horse-dealing and the quarrying of marble and gypsum. About 3 m. to the south-west of the town is the Grotenburg, with Ernst von Bandel’s colossal statue of Hermann or Arminius, the leader of the Cherusci. Detmold (Thiatmelli) was in 783 the scene of a conflict between the Saxons and the troops of Charlemagne.

 DETROIT, the largest city of Michigan, U.S.A., and the county-seat of Wayne county, on the Detroit river opposite Windsor, Canada, about 4 m. W. from the outlet of Lake St Clair and 18 m. above Lake Erie. Pop. (1880) 116,340; (1890) 205,876; (1900) 285,704, of whom 96,503 were foreign-born and 4111 were negroes; (1910 census) 465,766. Of the foreign-born in 1900, 32,027 were Germans and 10,703 were German Poles, 25,403 were English Canadians and 3541 French Canadians, 6347 were English and 6412 were Irish. Detroit is served by the Michigan Central, the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern, the Wabash, the Grand Trunk, the Père Marquette, the Detroit & Toledo Shore Line, the Detroit, Toledo & Ironton and the Canadian Pacific railways. Two belt lines, one 2 m. to 3 m., and

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Balliol

 * , lord of Cavers and chamberlain of Scotland
 * , the elder
 * , the younger
 * , king of Scotland, son of John de
 * , chamberlain of Scotland
 * , founder of Balliol College, Oxford
 * , king of Scotland

title: Balliol


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Detmold

title: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Detmold


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Detroit

title: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Detroit


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Ballanden

 * , Bishop of Dunblane and Aberdeen, 2nd son of John (d.1577)
 * , Scottish poet
 * ,, Scottish lawyer
 * ,, Scottish lawyer, 1st son of John
 * , Scottish professor
 * , Lord Bellenden, treasurer-depute of Scotland

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 the other 6 m. from the centre of the city, connect the factory districts with the main railway lines. Trains are ferried across the river to Windsor, and steamboats make daily trips to Cleveland, Wyandotte, Mount Clemens, Port Huron, to less important places between, and to several Canadian ports. Detroit is also the S. terminus for several lines to more remote lake ports, and electric lines extend from here to Port Huron, Flint, Pontiac, Jackson, Toledo and Grand Rapids.

The city extended in 1907 over about 41 sq. m., an increase from 29 sq. m. in 1900 and 36 sq. m. in 1905. Its area in proportion to its population is much greater than that of most of the larger cities of the United States. Baltimore, for example, had in 1904 nearly 70% more inhabitants (estimated), while its area at that time was a little less and in 1907 was nearly one-quarter less than that of Detroit. The ground within the city limits as well as that for several miles farther back is quite level, but rises gradually from the river bank, which is only a few feet in height. The Detroit river, along which the city extends for about 10 m., is here m. wide and 30 ft. to 40 ft. deep; its current is quite rapid; its water, a beautiful clear blue; at its mouth it has a width of about 10 m., and in the river there are a number of islands, which during the summer are popular resorts. The city has a 3 m. frontage on the river Rouge, an estuary of the Detroit, with a 16 ft. channel. Before the fire by which the city was destroyed in 1805, the streets were only 12 ft. wide and were unpaved and extremely dirty. But when the rebuilding began, several avenues from 100 ft. to 200 ft. wide were—through the influence of Augustus B. Woodward (c. 1775–1827), one of the territorial judges at the time and an admirer of the plan of the city of Washington—made to radiate from two central points. From a half circle called the Grand Circus there radiate avenues 120 ft. and 200 ft. wide. About m. toward the river from this was established another focal point called the Campus Martius, 600 ft. long and 400 ft. wide, at which commence radiating or cross streets 80 ft. and 100 ft. wide. Running north from the river through the Campus Martius and the Grand Circus is Woodward Avenue, 120 ft. wide, dividing the present city, as it did the old town, into nearly equal parts. Parallel with the river is Jefferson Avenue, also 120 ft. wide. The first of these avenues is the principal retail street along its lower portion, and is a residence avenue for 4 m. beyond this. Jefferson is the principal wholesale street at the lower end, and a fine residence avenue E. of this. Many of the other residence streets are 80 ft. wide. The setting of shade trees was early encouraged, and large elms and maples abound. The intersections of the diagonal streets left a number of small, triangular parks, which, as well as the larger ones, are well shaded. The streets are paved mostly with asphalt and brick, though cedar and stone have been much used, and kreodone block to some extent. In few, if any, other American cities of equal size are the streets and avenues kept so clean. The Grand Boulevard, 150 ft. to 200 ft. in width and 12 m. in length, has been constructed around the city except along the river front. A very large proportion of the inhabitants of Detroit own their homes: there are no large congested tenement-house districts; and many streets in various parts of the city are faced with rows of low and humble cottages often having a garden plot in front.

Of the public buildings the city hall (erected 1868–1871), overlooking the Campus Martius, is in Renaissance style, in three storeys; the flagstaff from the top of the tower reaches a height of 200 ft. On the four corners above the first section of the tower are four figures, each 14 ft. in height, to represent Justice, Industry, Art and Commerce, and on the same level with these is a clock weighing 7670 ℔one of the largest in the world. In front of the building stands the Soldiers’ and Sailors’ monument, 60 ft. high, designed by Randolph Rogers (1825–1892) and unveiled in 1872. At each of the four corners in each of three sections rising one above the other are bronze eagles and figures representing the United States Infantry, Marine, Cavalry and Artillery, also Victory, Union, Emancipation and History; the figure by which the monument is surmounted was designed to symbolize Michigan. A larger and more massive and stately building than the city hall is the county court house, facing Cadillac Square, with a lofty tower surmounted by a gilded dome. The Federal building is a massive granite structure, finely decorated in the interior. Among the churches of greatest architectural beauty are the First Congregational, with a fine Byzantine interior, St John’s Episcopal, the Woodward Avenue Baptist and the First Presbyterian, all on Woodward Avenue, and St. Anne’s and Sacred Heart of Mary, both Roman Catholic. The municipal museum of art, in Jefferson Avenue, contains some unusually interesting Egyptian and Japanese collections, the Scripps’ collection of old masters, other valuable paintings, and a small library; free lectures on art are given here through the winter. The public library had 228,500 volumes in 1908, including one of the best collections of state and town histories in the country. A large private collection, owned by C. M. Burton and relating principally to the history of Detroit, is also open to the public. The city is not rich in outdoor works of art. The principal ones are the Merrill fountain and the soldiers’ monument on the Campus Martius, and a statue of Mayor Pingree in West Grand Circus Park.

The parks of Detroit are numerous and their total area is about 1200 acres. By far the most attractive is Belle Isle, an island in the river at the E. end of the city, purchased in 1879 and having an area of more than 700 acres. The Grand Circus Park of 4 acres, with its trees, flowers and fountains, affords a pleasant resting place in the busiest quarter of the city. Six miles farther out on Woodward Avenue is Palmer Park of about 140 acres, given to the city in 1894 and named in honour of the donor. Clark Park (28 acres) is in the W. part of the city, and there are various smaller parks. The principal cemeteries are Elmwood (Protestant) and Mount Elliott (Catholic), which lie adjoining in the E. part of the city; Woodmere in the W. and Woodlawn in the N. part of the city.

Charity and Education.—Among the charitable institutions are the general hospitals (Harper, Grace and St Mary's); the Detroit Emergency, the Children’s Free and the United States Marine hospitals; St Luke’s hospital, church home, and orphanage; the House of Providence (a maternity hospital and infant asylum); the Woman’s hospital and foundling’s home; the Home for convalescent children, &c. In 1894 the mayor, Hazen Senter Pingree (1842–1901), instituted the practice of preparing, through municipal aid and supervision, large tracts of vacant land in and about the city for the growing of potatoes and other vegetables and then, in conjunction with the board of poor commissioners, assigning it in small lots to families of the unemployed, and furnishing them with seed for planting. This plan served an admirable purpose through three years of industrial depression, and was copied in other cities; it was abandoned when, with the renewal of industrial activity, the necessity for it ceased. The leading penal institution of the city is the Detroit House of Correction, noted for its efficient reformatory work; the inmates are employed ten hours a day, chiefly in making furniture. The house of correction pays the city a profit of $35,000 to $40,000 a year. The educational institutions, in addition to those of the general public school system, include several parochial schools, schools of art and of music, and commercial colleges; Detroit College (Catholic), opened in 1877; the Detroit College of Medicine, opened in 1885; the Michigan College of Medicine and Surgery, opened in 1888; the Detroit College of law, founded in 1891, and a city normal school.

Commerce.—Detroit’s location gives to the city’s shipping and shipbuilding interests a high importance. All the enormous traffic between the upper and lower lakes passes through the Detroit river. In 1907 the number of vessels recorded was 34,149, with registered tonnage of 53,959,769, carrying 71,226,895 tons of freight, valued at $697,311,302. This includes vessels which delivered part or all of their cargo at Detroit. The largest item in the freights is iron ore on vessels bound down. The next is coal on vessels up bound. Grain and lumber are the next largest items. Detroit is a port of entry, and its foreign commerce, chiefly with Canada, is of growing importance. The city’s exports increased from $11,325,807 in 1896 to $37,085,027 in

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 1909. The imports were $3,153,609 in 1896 and $7,100,659 in 1909.

As a manufacturing city, Detroit holds high rank. The total number of manufacturing establishments in 1890 was 1746, with a product for the year valued at $77,351,546; in 1900 there were 2847 establishments with a product for the year valued at $100,892,838; or an increase of 30.4% in the decade. In 1900 the establishments under the factory system, omitting the hand trades and neighbourhood industries, numbered 1259 and produced goods valued at $88,365,924; in 1904 establishments under the factory system numbered 1363 and the product had increased 45.7% to $128,761,658. In the district subsequently annexed the product in 1904 was about $12,000,000, making a total of $140,000,000. The output for 1906 was estimated at $180,000,000. The state factory inspectors in 1905 visited 1721 factories having 83,231 employees. In 1906 they inspected 1790 factories with 93,071 employees. Detroit is the leading city in the country in the manufacture of automobiles. In 1904 the value of its product was one-fifth that for the whole country. In 1906 the city had twenty automobile factories, with an output of 11,000 cars, valued at $12,000,000. Detroit is probably the largest manufacturer in the country of freight cars, stoves, pharmaceutical preparations, varnish, soda ash and similar alkaline products. Other important manufactures are ships, paints, foundry and machine shop products, brass goods, furniture, boots and shoes, clothing, matches, cigars, malt liquors and fur goods; and slaughtering and meat packing is an important industry.

The Detroit Board of Commerce, organized in 1903, brought into one association the members of three former bodies, making a compact organization with civic as well as commercial aims. The board has brought into active co-operation nearly all the leading business men of the city and many of the professional men. Their united efforts have brought many new industries to the city, have improved industrial conditions, and have exerted a beneficial influence upon the municipal administration. Other business organizations are the Board of Trade, devoted to the grain trade and kindred lines, the Employers’ Association, which seeks to maintain satisfactory relations between employer and employed, the Builders’ & Traders’ Exchange, and the Credit Men’s Association.

Administration.—Although the city received its first charter in 1806, and another in 1815, the real power rested in the hands of the governor and judges of the territory until 1824; the charters of 1824 and 1827 centred the government in a council and made the list of elective officers long; the charter of 1827 was revised in 1857 and again in 1859 and the present charter dates from 1883. Under this charter only three administrative officers are elected,—the mayor, the city clerk and the city treasurer,—elections being biennial. The administration of the city departments is largely in the hands of commissions. There is one commissioner each, appointed by the mayor, for the parks and boulevards, police and public works departments. The four members of the health board are nominated by the governor and confirmed by the state senate. The school board is an independent body, consisting of one elected member from each ward holding office for four years, but the mayor has the veto power over its proceedings as well as those of the common council. In each case a two-thirds vote overrules his veto. The other principal officers and commissions, appointed by the mayor and confirmed by the council, are controller, corporation counsel, board of three assessors, fire commission (four members), public lighting commission (six members), water commission (five members), poor commission (four members), and inspectors of the house of correction (four in number). The members of the public library commission, six in number, are elected by the board of education. Itemized estimates of expenses for the next fiscal year are furnished by the different departments to the controller in February. He transmits them to the common council with his recommendations. The council has four weeks in which to consider them. It may reduce or increase the amounts asked, and may add new items. The budget then goes to the board of estimates, which has a month for its consideration. This body consists of two members elected from each ward and five elected at large. The mayor and heads of departments are advisory members, and may speak but not vote. The members of the board of estimates can hold no other office and they have no appointing power, the intention being to keep them as free as possible from all political motives and influences. They may reduce or cut out any estimates submitted, but cannot increase any or add new ones. No bonds can be issued without the assent of the board of estimates. The budget is apportioned among twelve committees which have almost invariably given close and conscientious examination to the actual needs of the departments. A reduction of $1,000,000 to $1,500,000, without impairing the service, has been a not unusual result of their deliberations. Prudent management under this system has placed the city in the highest rank financially. Its debt limit is 2% on the assessed valuation, and even that low maximum is not often reached. The debt in 1907 was only about $5,500,000, a smaller per capita debt than that of any other city of over 100,000 inhabitants in the country; the assessed valuation was $330,000,000; the city tax, $14.70 on the thousand dollars of assessed valuation. Both the council and the estimators are hampered in their work by legislative interference. Nearly all the large salaries and many of those of the second grade are made mandatory by the legislature, which has also determined many affairs of a purely administrative character.

Detroit has made three experiments with municipal ownership. On account of inadequate and unsatisfactory service by a private company, the city bought the water-works as long ago as 1836. The works have been twice moved and enlargements have been made in advance of the needs of the city. In 1907 there were six engines in the works with a pumping capacity of 152,000,000 gallons daily. The daily average of water used during the preceding year was 61,357,000 gallons. The water is pumped from Lake St Clair and is of exceptional purity. The city began its own public lighting in April 1895, having a large plant on the river near the centre of the city. It lights the streets and public buildings, but makes no provision for commercial business. The lighting is excellent, and the cost is probably less than could be obtained from a private company. The street lighting is done partly from pole and arm lights, but largely from steel towers from 100 ft. to 180 ft. in height, with strong reflected lights at the top. The city also owns two portable asphalt plants, and thus makes a saving in the cost of street repairing and resurfacing. With a view of effecting the reduction of street car fares to three cents, the state legislature in 1899 passed an act for purchasing or leasing the street railways of the city, but the Supreme Court pronounced this act unconstitutional on the ground that, as the constitution prohibited the state from engaging in a work of internal improvement, the state could not empower a municipality to do so. Certain test votes indicated an almost even division on the question of municipal ownership of the railways.

History.—Detroit was founded in 1701 by Antoine Laumet de la Mothe Cadillac (c. 1661–1730), who had pointed out the importance of the place as a strategic point for determining the control of the fur trade and the possession of the North-west and had received assistance from the French government soon after Robert Livingston (1654–1725), the secretary of the Board of Indian Commissioners in New York, had urged the English government to establish a fort at the same place. Cadillac arrived on the 24th of July with about 100 followers. They at once built a palisade fort about 200 ft. square S. of what is now Jefferson Avenue and between Griswold and Shelby streets, and named it Fort Pontchartrain in honour of the French colonial minister. Indians at once came to the place in large numbers, but they soon complained of the high price of French goods; there was serious contention between Cadillac and the French Canadian Fur Company, to which a monopoly of the trade had been granted, as well as bitter rivalry between him and the Jesuits. After the several parties had begun to complain to the home government the monopoly of the fur trade was transferred to Cadillac and he was exhorted to cease quarrelling with the

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 Jesuits. Although the inhabitants then increased to 200 or more, dissatisfaction with the paternal rule of the founder increased until 1710, when he was made governor of Louisiana. The year before, the soldiers had been withdrawn; by the second year after there was serious trouble with the Indians, and for several years following the population was greatly reduced and the post threatened with extinction. But in 1722, when the Mississippi country was opened, the population once more increased, and again in 1748, when the settlement of the Ohio Valley began, the governor-general of Canada offered special inducements to Frenchmen to settle at Detroit, with the result that the population was soon more than 1000 and the cultivation of farms in the vicinity was begun. In 1760, however, the place was taken by the British under Colonel Robert Rogers and an English element was introduced into the population which up to this time had been almost exclusively French. Three years later, during the conspiracy of Pontiac, the fort first narrowly escaped capture and then suffered from a siege lasting from the 9th of May until the 12th of October. Under English rule it continued from this time on as a military post with its population usually reduced to less than 500. In 1778 a new fort was built and named Fort Lernault, and during the War of Independence the British sent forth from here several Indian expeditions to ravage the frontiers. With the ratification of the treaty which concluded that war the title to the post passed to the United States in 1783, but the post itself was not surrendered until the 11th of January 1796, in accordance with Jay’s Treaty of 1794. It was then named Fort Shelby; but in 1802 it was incorporated as a town and received its present name. In 1805 all except one or two buildings were destroyed by fire. General William Hull (1753–1825), a veteran of the War of American Independence, governor of Michigan territory in 1805–1812, as commander of the north-western army in 1812 occupied the city. Failing to hear immediately of the declaration of war between the United States and Great Britain, he was cut off from his supplies shipped by Lake Erie. He made from Detroit on the 12th of July an awkward and futile advance into Canada, which, if more vigorous, might have resulted in the capture of Malden and the establishment of American troops in Canada, and then retired to his fortifications. On the 16th of August 1812, without any resistance and without consulting his officers, he surrendered the city to General Brock, for reasons of humanity, and afterwards attempted to justify himself by criticism of the War Department in general and in particular of General Henry Dearborn’s armistice with Prevost, which had not included in its terms Hull, whom Dearborn had been sent out to reinforce. After Perry’s victory on the 14th of September on Lake Erie, Detroit on the 29th of September was again occupied by the forces of the United States. Its growth was rather slow until 1830, but since then its progress has been unimpeded. Detroit was the capital of Michigan from 1805 to 1847.

 DETTINGEN, a village of Germany in the kingdom of Bavaria, on the Main, and on the Frankfort-on-Main-Aschaffenburg railway, 10 m. N.W. of Aschaffenburg. It is memorable as the scene of a decisive battle on the 27th of June 1743, when the English, Hanoverians and Austrians (the “Pragmatic army”), 42,000 men under the command of George II. of England, routed the numerically superior French forces under the duc de Noailles. It was in memory of this victory that Handel composed his Dettingen Te Deum.

 DEUCALION, in Greek legend, son of Prometheus, king of Phthia in Thessaly, husband of Pyrrha, and father of Hellen, the mythical ancestor of the Hellenic race. When Zeus had resolved to destroy all mankind by a flood, Deucalion constructed a boat or ark, in which, after drifting nine days and nights, he landed on Mount Parnassus (according to others, Othrys, Aetna or Athos) with his wife. Having offered sacrifice and inquired how to renew the human race, they were ordered to cast behind them the “bones of the great mother,” that is, the stones from the hillside. The stones thrown by Deucalion became men, those thrown by Pyrrha, women.

 DEUCE (a corruption of the Fr. deux, two), a term applied to the “two” of any suit of cards, or of dice. It is also a term used in tennis when both sides have each scored three points in a game, or five games in a set; to win the game or set two points or games must then be won consecutively. The earliest instances in English of the use of the slang expression “the deuce,” in exclamations and the like, date from the middle of the 17th century. The meaning was similar to that of “plague” or “mischief” in such phrases as “plague on you,” “mischief take you” and the like. The use of the word as an euphemism for “the devil” is later. According to the New English Dictionary the most probable derivation is from a Low German das daus, i.e. the “deuce” in dice, the lowest and therefore the most unlucky throw. The personification, with a consequent change of gender, to der daus, came later. The word has also been identified with the name of a giant or goblin in Teutonic mythology.

 DEUS, JOÃO DE (1830–1896), the greatest Portuguese poet of his generation, was born at San Bartholomeu de Messines in the province of Algarve on the 8th of March 1830. Matriculating in the faculty of law at the university of Coimbra, he did not proceed to his degree but settled in the city, dedicating himself wholly to the composition of verses, which circulated among professors and undergraduates in manuscript copies. In the volume of his art, as in the conduct of life, he practised a rigorous self-control. He printed nothing previous to 1855, and the first of his poems to appear in a separate form was La Lata, in 1860. In 1862 he left Coimbra for Beja, where he was appointed editor of O Bejense, the chief newspaper in the province of Alemtejo, and four years later he edited the Folha do Sul. As the pungent satirical verses entitled Eleições prove, he was not an ardent politician, and, though he was returned as Liberal deputy for the constituency of Silves in 1869, he acted independently of all political parties and promptly resigned his mandate. The renunciation implied in the act, which cut him off from all advancement, is in accord with nearly all that is known of his lofty character. In the year of his election as deputy, his friend José Antonio Garcia Blanco collected from local journals the series of poems, Flores do campo, which is supplemented by the Ramo de flores (1869). This is João de Deus’s masterpiece. Pires de Marmalada (1869) is an improvisation of no great merit. The four theatrical pieces—Amemos o nosso proximo, Ser apresentado, Ensaio de Casamento, and A Viúva inconsolavel—are prose translations from Méry, cleverly done, but not worth the doing. Horacio e Lydia (1872), a translation from Ronsard, is a good example of artifice in manipulating that dangerously monotonous measure, the Portuguese couplet. As an indication of a strong spiritual reaction three prose fragments (1873)—Anna, Mãe de Maria, A Virgem Maria and A Mulher do Levita de Ephrain—translated from Darboy’s Femmes de la Bible, are full of significance. The Folhas soltas (1876) is a collection of verse in the manner of Flores do campo, brilliantly effective and exquisitely refined. Within the next few years the writer turned his attention to educational problems, and in his Cartilha maternal (1876) first expressed the conclusions to which his study of Pestalozzi and Fröbel had led him. This patriotic, pedagogical apostolate was a misfortune for Portuguese literature; his educational mission absorbed João de Deus completely, and is responsible for numerous controversial letters, for a translation of Théodore-Henri Barrau’s treatise, Des devoirs des enfants envers leurs

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 xliv by those with whom he worked has been often indicated in the course of this memoir. It was conspicuously illustrated by the dying words of his lifelong friend Millais, who, when the power of speech had left him during his last illness in 1896, wrote on a slate the words, 'I should like to see George Smith, the kindest man and the best gentleman I have had to deal with.' The constancy which characterised his intimacies is well seen, too, in his relations with Mrs. Bryan Waller Procter. Thackeray had introduced him in comparatively early days to Procter and his family, and the daughter Adelaide, the well-known poetess, had excited his youthful admiration. When Procter was disabled by paralysis, and more especially after his death in 1874, Smith became Mrs. Procter's most valued friend and counsellor. He paid her a weekly visit, and thoroughly enjoyed her shrewd and pungent wit. She proved her confidence in him and her appreciation of the kindness he invariably showed her by presenting him with a volume of autograph letters that Thackeray had addressed to her and her husband, and finally she made him executor of her will. She died in 1888. To the last Smith's photograph always stood on her writing-table along with those of Robert Browning, James Russell Lowell, and Mr. Henry James, her three other closest allies. Another friend to whom Smith gave many proofs of attachment was Tom Hughes. Hughes was not one of Smith's authors. He had identified himself in early years too closely with the firm of Macmillan & Co. to connect himself with any other publisher. But he wrote occasionally for the 'Pall Mall Gazette;' he knew and liked Smith personally, and sought his counsel when the failure of his settlement at Rugby, Tennessee, was causing him great anxiety.

In 1878 Smith's mother died at the advanced age of eighty-one, having lived to see her son achieve fame and fortune. His elder sister died two years later, and his only surviving sister, the youngest of the family, was left alone. Mainly in this sister's interest, Smith entered on a venture of a kind different from any he had yet essayed. He had made the acquaintance of Canon Barnett, vicar of St. Jude's, who was persuading men of wealth to help in solving the housing question in the east end of London by purchasing some of the many barely habitable tenements that defaced the slums, by demolishing them, and by erecting on their sites blocks of model dwellings. It was one of the principles of Canon Barnett's treatment of the housing difficulty that the services of ladies should be enlisted as rent-collectors and managers of house property in poor districts. Under the advice of Canon Barnett, Smith, in 1880, raised a block of dwellings of a new and admirably sanitary type in George Yard in the very heart of Whitechapel. The block accommodated forty families, and the management was entrusted to his sister, who remained directress until her marriage, and was then succeeded by another lady. In carrying out this philanthropic scheme Smith proposed to work on business lines. He hoped to show in practice that capital might thus be invested at a fair profit, and thereby to induce others to follow his example. But the outlay somewhat exceeded the estimates, and, though a profit was returned, it was smaller than was anticipated. Smith, his wife, and his daughters took a warm interest in their tenants, whom for


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 Shaftesbury, Earl of— Treaty of Dover, 211; Declaration of Indulgence, 212; dismissed from office, 212; plans to exclude James, 213-15

Shakespeare, 196

Shakespeare's Cliff, 222

Sheriffmuir, battle of, 269

Sicily, Charles VIII. styled King of, 39

Sickingen, 99

Sidney, Algernon, 169, 224; executed, 215

Sieyès, 14

Silesia, religious toleration in, 182; captured by Frederic, 291

Sixtus IV., Pope— Attitude towards Renaissance, 80; revision of the Latin Vulgate, 121

Sixtus V., Pope— On marriage of Henry VIII., 137; encourages Philip II. regarding Armada, 153; and Massacre of St. Bartholomew, 162

Slavata, Bohemian minister, 183

Slave trade— Negroes sold by Henry of Portugal, 53; exported to West Indies, 67; asiento obtained by Lewis XIV., 255; under Bolingbroke, 274

Smith, Adam, 306

Smith, Mr. Goldwin, cited, 27-8

Sobieski, King of Poland, 248, 279

Socinians, the, 171, 182; established in Poland, 123

Socinus, 10, 136

Socrates, 3

Solyman the Magnificent, conquests, 36

Somerset, Calvin's correspondence with, 146

Sophia the Electress, 185, 265-6

Sophocles, 76

Sorbin and the Massacre of St. Bartholomew, 162

Sorcery, practice of, 111

South Sea Bubble, 271, 272

Spain— Expansion of, 37; ascendency of, 49-50; fall of Granada, 61-2; Jews expelled, 62; treaty of Tordesillas with Portugal, 64; Philippines acquired, 66; West Indian problem, 66-7; Index Expurgatorius in, 120-21; Treaty of Vervins, 170; decline as a land power, 178; Peace of the Pyrenees, 233; partition schemes, 249; the Succession War, 236-9, 249-63; first Partition Treaty, 250; second, 252

Spalatin, Saxon minister, warns Luther, 99

Spanish Succession, War of the— Events leading up to, 249-57; field force, 257; events, 258-61; results, 262-3; Marlborough. See that title

Spee, Jesuit, witchcraft trials, 116

Spinola, 49

Spires, Bishop of, trial of Reuchlin, 85

Spires, Diet of, 106

Sregedin, Treaty of, 35

Stadion, Bishop of Augsburg, 106

Stael, Mme. de, cited, 27

Stafford, Viscount— Evidence against, 213; trial and execution, 215

Stair, Earl of, 270; cited, 228

Stamp Act, the, 309

Stanhope, Earl— Ministry, 271; retention of Gibraltar, 273

Steenkerk, battle of, 230

Stepney, the envoy, 266

Steuchus of Gubbio, 88

Stoics, 73, 105

Strafford, Lord— Influence on Charles I., 201; death, 202

Stralsund, siege of, 187

Strasburg, Calvin in, 131, 132; design of Lewis XIV., 242; occupied by the French, 242, 244

Strelitz, mutiny of the, 281

Stuarts, policy of the, 196-9

Stubbs, Bishop, prefaces of, 16

Styria, Counter-Reformation in, 182

Suarez, 178

Succession, Act of, 256

Sully, Memoirs, 175

Sunderland, Lord, 26— Adviser to James II., 222, 224; forms Ministry, 271

Sweden. (See also Gustavus)— Negotiations with Wallenstein, 191-2; Triple Alliance with England and Holland, 238; prosperity of, 279

Swift and Wood's Halfpence, 273

Switzerland— Social state in 1490, 37; the Swiss Guard, 39; Lutheranism in, 130-31

Sylvius, Æneas. See Pius II., Pope

Synod of Dort, 174

Talavera, Archbishop of Granada, 62

Tallard, Marshal, 253

Tartary, Spanish projects for religion 61-2

Taxation of the Colonies, principle of, 307-11

Tellier, Le, 234


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 parents, for a prosodic dictionary and for many other publications of no literary value. A copy of verses in Antonio Vieira’s Grinalda de Maria (1877), the Loas á Virgem (1878) and the Proverbios de Salomão are evidence of a complete return to orthodoxy during the poet’s last years. By a lamentable error of judgment some worthless pornographic verses entitled Cryptinas have been inserted in the completest edition of João de Deus’s poems—Campo de Flores (Lisbon, 1893). He died at Lisbon on the 11th of January 1896, was accorded a public funeral and was buried in the National Pantheon, the Jeronymite church at Belem, where repose the remains of Camoens, Herculano and Garrett. His scattered minor prose writings and correspondence have been posthumously published by Dr Theophilo Braga (Lisbon, 1898).

Next to Camoens and perhaps Garrett, no Portuguese poet has been more widely read, more profoundly admired than João de Deus; yet no poet in any country has been more indifferent to public opinion and more deliberately careless of personal fame. He is not responsible for any single edition of his poems, which were put together by pious but ill-informed enthusiasts, who ascribed to him verses that he had not written; he kept no copies of his compositions, seldom troubled to write them himself, and was content for the most part to dictate them to others. He has no great intellectual force, no philosophic doctrine, is limited in theme as in outlook, is curiously uncertain in his touch, often marring a fine poem with a slovenly rhyme or with a misplaced accent; and, on the only occasion when he was induced to revise a set of proofs, his alterations were nearly all for the worse. And yet, though he never appealed to the patriotic spirit, though he wrote nothing at all comparable in force or majesty to the restrained splendour of Os Lusiadas, the popular instinct which links his name with that of his great predecessor is eminently just. For Camoens was his model; not the Camoens of the epic, but the Camoens of the lyrics and the sonnets, where the passion of tenderness finds its supreme utterance. Braga has noted five stages of development in João de Deus’s artistic life—the imitative, the idyllic, the lyric, the pessimistic and the devout phases. Under each of these divisions is included much that is of extreme interest, especially to contemporaries who have passed through the same succession of emotional experience, and it is highly probable that Caturras and Gaspar, pieces as witty as anything in Bocage but free from Bocage’s coarse impiety, will always interest literary students. But it is as the singer of love that João de Deus will delight posterity as he delighted his own generation. The elegiac music of Rachel and of Marina, the melancholy of Adeus and of Remoinho, the tenderness and sincerity of Meu casta lirio, of Lagrima celeste, of Descalça and a score more songs are distinguished by the large, vital simplicity which withstands time. It is precisely in the quality of unstudied simplicity that João de Deus is incomparably strong. The temptations to a display of virtuosity are almost irresistible for a Portuguese poet; he has the tradition of virtuosity in his blood, he has before him the example of all contemporaries, and he has at hand an instrument of wonderful sonority and compass. Yet not once is João de Deus clamorous or rhetorical, not once does he indulge in idle ornament. His prevailing note is that of exquisite sweetness and of reverent purity; yet with all his caressing softness he is never sentimental, and, though he has not the strength for a long fight, emotion has seldom been set to more delicate music. Had he included among his other gifts the gift of selection, had he continued the poetic discipline of his youth instead of dedicating his powers to a task which, well as he performed it, might have been done no less well by a much lesser man, there is scarcely any height to which he might not have risen.

 DEUTERONOMY, the name of one of the books of the Old Testament. This book was long the storm-centre of Pentateuchal criticism, orthodox scholars boldly asserting that any who questioned its Mosaic authorship reduced it to the level of a pious fraud. But Biblical facts have at last triumphed over tradition, and the non-Mosaic authorship of Deuteronomy is now a commonplace of criticism. It is still instructive, however, to note the successive phases through which scholarly opinion regarding the composition and date of his book has passed.

In the 17th century the characteristics which so clearly mark off Deuteronomy from the other four books of the Pentateuch were frankly recognized, but the most advanced critics of that age were inclined to pronounce it the earliest and most authentic of the five. In the beginning of the 19th century de Wette startled the religious world by declaring that Deuteronomy, so far from being Mosaic, was not known till the time of Josiah. This theory he founded on 2 Kings xxii.; and ever since, this chapter has been one of the recognized foci of Biblical criticism. The only other single chapter of the Bible which is responsible for having brought about a somewhat similar revolution in critical opinion is Ezek. xliv. From this chapter, some seventy years after de Wette’s discovery, Wellhausen with equal acumen inferred that Leviticus was not known to Ezekiel, the priest, and therefore could not have been in existence in his day; for had Leviticus been the recognized Law-book of his nation Ezekiel could not have represented as a degradation the very position which that Law-book described as a special honour conferred on the Levites by Yahweh himself. Hence Leviticus, so far from belonging to an earlier stratum of the Pentateuch than Deuteronomy, as de Wette thought, must belong to a much later stratum, and be at least exilic, if not post-exilic.

The title “Deuteronomy” is due to a mistranslation by the Septuagint of the clause in chap. xvii. 18, rendered “and he shall write out for himself this Deuteronomy.” The Hebrew really means “and he [the king] shall write out for himself a copy of this law,” where there is not the slightest suggestion that the author intended to describe “this law” delivered on the plains of Moab as a second code in contradistinction to the first code given on Sinai thirty-eight years earlier. Moreover the phrase “this law” is so ambiguous as to raise a much greater difficulty than that caused by the Greek mistranslation of the Hebrew word for “copy.” How much does “this law” include? It was long supposed to mean the whole of our present Deuteronomy; indeed, it is on that supposition that the traditional view of the Mosaic authorship is based. But the context alone can determine the question; and that is often so ambiguous that a sure inference is impossible. We may safely assert, however, that nowhere need “this law” mean the whole book. In fact, it invariably means very much less, and sometimes, as in xxvii. 3, 8, so little that it could all be engraved in large letters on a few plastered stones set up beside an altar.

Deuteronomy is not the work of any single writer but the result of a long process of development. The fact that it is legislative as well as hortatory is enough to prove this, for most of the laws it contains are found elsewhere in the Pentateuch, sometimes in less developed, sometimes in more developed forms, a fact which is conclusive proof of prolonged historical development. According to the all-pervading law of evolution, the less complex form must have preceded the more complex. Still, the book does bear the stamp of one master-mind. Its style is as easily recognized as that of Deutero-Isaiah, being as remarkable for its copious diction as for its depths of moral and religious feeling.

The original Deuteronomy, D, read to King Josiah, cannot have been so large as our present book, for not only could it be read at a single sitting, but it could be easily read twice in one day. On the day it was found, Shaphan first read it himself, and then went to the king and read it aloud to him. But perhaps the most conclusive proof of its brevity is that it was read publicly to the assembled people immediately before they, as well as their king, pledged themselves to obey it; and not a word is said as to the task of reading it aloud, so as to be heard by such a great multitude, being long or difficult.

The legislative part of D consists of fifteen chapters (xii.–xxvi.), which, however, contain many later insertions. But the impression made upon Josiah by what he heard was far too deep to have been produced by the legislative part alone. The king must have listened to the curses as well as the blessings in chap, xxviii., and

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 no doubt also to the exhortations in chaps. v.–xi. Hence we may conclude that the original book consisted of a central mass of religious, civil and social laws, preceded by a hortatory introduction and followed by an effective peroration. The book read to Josiah must therefore have comprised most of what is found in Deut. v.–xxvi., xxvii. 9, 10 and xxviii. But something like two centuries elapsed before the book reached its present form, for in the closing chapter, as well as elsewhere, e.g. i. 41-43 (where the joining is not so deftly done as usual) and xxxii. 48-52, there are undoubted traces of the Priestly Code, P, which is generally acknowledged to be post-exilic.

The following is an analysis of the main divisions of the book as we now have it. There are two introductions, the first i.–iv. 44, more historical than hortatory; the second v.–xi., more hortatory than historical. These may at first have been prefixed to separate editions of the legislative portion, but were eventually combined. Then, before D was united to P, five appendices of very various dates and embracing poetry as well as prose, were added so as to give a fuller account of the last days of Moses and thus lead up to the narrative of his death with which the book closes. (1) Chap. xxvii., where the elders of Israel are introduced for the first time as acting along with Moses (xxvii. 1) and then the priests, the Levites (xxvii. 9). Some of the curses refer to laws given not in D but in Lev. xxx., so that the date of this chapter must be later than Leviticus or at any rate than the laws codified in the Law of Holiness (Lev. xvii.–xxvi.). (2) The second appendix, chaps, xxix.–xxxi. 29, xxxii. 45-47, gives us the farewell address of Moses and is certainly later than D. Moses is represented as speaking not with any hope of preventing Israel’s apostasy but because he knows that the people will eventually prove apostate (xxxi. 29), a point of view very different from D's. (3) The Song of Moses, chap. xxxii. That this didactic poem must have been written late in the nation’s history, and not at its very beginning, is evident from v. 7: “Remember the days of old, Consider the years of many generations.” Such words cannot be interpreted so as to fit the lips of Moses. It must have been composed in a time of natural gloom and depression, after Yahweh’s anger had been provoked by “a very froward generation,” certainly not before the Assyrian Empire had loomed up against the political horizon, aggressive and menacing. Some critics bring the date down even to the time of Jeremiah and Ezekiel. (4) The Blessing of Moses, chap, xxxiii. The first line proves that this poem is not by D, who speaks invariably of Horeb, never of Sinai. The situation depicted is in striking contrast with that of the Song. Everything is bright because of promises fulfilled, and the future bids fair to be brighter still. Bruston maintains with reason that the Blessing, strictly so called, consists only of vv. 6-25, and has been inserted in a Psalm celebrating the goodness of Jehovah to his people on their entrance into Canaan (vv. 1-5, 26-29). The special prominence given to Joseph (Ephraim and Manasseh) in vv. 13-17 has led many critics to assign this poem to the time of the greatest warrior-king of Northern Israel, Jeroboam II. (5) The account of Moses’ death, chap. xxxiv. This appendix, containing, as it does, manifest traces of P, proves that even Deuteronomy was not put into its present form until after the exile.

From the many coincidences between D and the Book of the Covenant (Ex. xx.–xxiii.) it is clear that D was acquainted with E, the prophetic narrative of the Northern kingdom; but it is not quite clear whether D knew E as an independent work, or after its combination with J, the somewhat earlier prophetic narrative of the Southern kingdom, the combined form of which is now indicated by the symbol JE. Kittel certainly puts it too strongly when he asserts that D quotes always from E and never from J, for some of the passages alluded to in D may just as readily be ascribed to J as to E, cf. Deut. i. 7 and Gen. xv. 18; Deut. x. 14 and Ex. xxxiv. 1-4. Consequently D must have been written certainly after E and possibly after E was combined with J.

In Amos, Hosea and Isaiah there are no traces of D’s ideas, whereas in Jeremiah and Ezekiel their influence is everywhere manifest. Hence this school of thought arose between the age of Isaiah and that of Jeremiah; but how long D itself may have been in existence before it was read in 622 to Josiah cannot be determined with certainty. Many argue that D was written immediately before it was found and that, in fact, it was put into the temple for the purpose of being “found.” This theory gives some plausibility to the charge that the book is a pious fraud. But the narrative in 2 Kings xxii. warrants no such inference. The more natural explanation is that it was written not in the early years of Josiah’s reign, and with the cognizance of the temple priests then in office, but some time during the long reign of Manasseh, probably when his policy was most reactionary and when he favoured the worship of the “host of heaven” and set up altars to strange gods in Jerusalem itself. This explains why the author did not publish his work immediately, but placed it where he hoped it would be safely preserved till opportunity should arise for its publication. One need not suppose that he actually foresaw how favourable that opportunity would prove, and that, as soon as discovered, his work would be promulgated as law by the king and willingly accepted by the people. The author believed that everything he wrote was in full accordance with the mind of Moses, and would contribute to the national weal of Yahweh’s covenant people, and therefore he did not scruple to represent Moses as the speaker. It is not to be expected that modern scholars should be able to fix the exact year or even decade in which such a book was written. It is enough to determine with something like probability the century or half-century which best fits its historical data; and these appear to point to the reign of Manasseh.

Between D and P there are no verbal parallels; but in the historical résumés JE is followed closely, whole clauses and even verses being copied practically verbatim. As Dr Driver points out in his careful analysis, there are only three facts in D which are not also found in JE, viz. the number of the spies, the number of souls that went down into Egypt with Jacob, and the ark being made of acacia wood. But even these may have been in J or E originally, and left out when JE was combined with P. Steuernagel divides the legal as well as the hortatory parts of D between two authors, one of whom uses the 2nd person plural when addressing Israel, and the other the 2nd person singular; but as a similar alternation is constantly found in writings universally acknowledged to be by the same author, this clue seems anything but trustworthy, depending as it does on the presence or absence of a single Hebrew letter, and resulting, as it frequently does, in the division of verses which otherwise seem to be from the same pen (cf. xx. 2). The inference as to diversity of authorship is much more conclusive when difference of standpoint can be proved, cf. v. 3, xi. 2 ff. with viii. 2. The first two passages represent Moses as addressing the generation that was alive at Horeb, whereas the last represents him as speaking to those who were about to pass over Jordan a full generation later; and it may well be that the one author may, in the historical and hortatory parts, have preferred the 2nd plural and the other the 2nd singular; without the further inference being justified that every law in which the 2nd singular is used must be assigned to the latter, and every law in which the 2nd plural occurs must be due to the former.

The law of the Single Sanctuary, one of D’s outstanding characteristics, is, for him, an innovation, but an innovation towards which events had long been tending. 2 Kings xxiii. 9 shows that even the zeal of Josiah could not carry out the instructions laid down in D xviii. 6-8. Josiah’s acceptance of D made it the first canonical book of scripture. Thus the religion of Judah became henceforward a religion which enabled its adherents to learn from a book exactly what was required of them. D requires the destruction not only of the high places and the idols, but of the Asheras (wooden posts) and the Mazzebas (stone pillars) often set up beside the altar of Jehovah (xvi. 21). These reforms made too heavy demands upon the people, as was proved by the reaction which set in at Josiah’s death. Indeed the country people would look on the destruction of the high places with their Asheras and Mazzebas as sacrilege and would consider Josiah’s death in battle as a divine punishment for his

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 sacrilegious deeds. On the other hand, the destruction of Jerusalem and the exile of the people would appear to those who had obeyed D’s instructions as a well-merited punishment for national apostasy.

Moreover, D regarded religion as of the utmost moment to each individual Israelite; and it is certainly not by accident that the declaration of the individual’s duty towards God immediately follows the emphatic intimation to Israel of Yahweh’s unity. “Hear, O Israel, Yahweh is our God, Yahweh is one: and thou shalt love Yahweh thy God with all thine heart and with all thy soul and with all thy strength” (vi. 4, 5).

In estimating the religious value of Deuteronomy it should never be forgotten that upon this passage the greatest eulogy ever pronounced on any scripture was pronounced by Christ himself, when he said “on these words hang all the law and the prophets,” and it is also well to remember that when tempted in the wilderness he repelled each suggestion of the Tempter by a quotation from Deuteronomy.

Nevertheless even such a writer as D could not escape the influence of the age and atmosphere in which he lived; and despite the spirit of love which breathes so strongly throughout the book, especially for the poor, the widow and the fatherless, the stranger and the homeless Levite (xxiv. 10-22), and the humanity shown towards both beasts and birds (xxii. 1, 4, 6 f., xxv. 4), there are elements in D which go far to explain the intense exclusiveness and the religious intolerance characteristic of Judaism. Should a man’s son or friend dear to him as his own soul seek to tempt him from the faith of his fathers, D’s pitiless order to that man is “Thou shalt surely kill him; thine hand shall be first upon him to put him to death.” From this single instance we see not only how far mankind has travelled along the path of religious toleration since Deuteronomy was written, but also how very far the criticism implied in Christ’s method of dealing with what “was said to them of old time” may be legitimately carried.

 DEUTSCH, IMMANUEL OSCAR MENAHEM (1829–1873), German oriental scholar, was born on the 28th of October 1829, at Neisse in Prussian Silesia, of Jewish extraction. On reaching his sixteenth year he began his studies at the university of Berlin, paying special attention to theology and the Talmud. He also mastered the English language and studied English literature. In 1855 Deutsch was appointed assistant in the library of the British Museum. He worked intensely on the Talmud and contributed no less than 190 papers to Chambers’s Encyclopaedia, in addition to essays in Kitto’s and Smith’s Biblical Dictionaries, and articles in periodicals. In October 1867 his article on “The Talmud,” published in the Quarterly Review, made him known. It was translated into French, German, Russian, Swedish, Dutch and Danish. He died at Alexandria on the 12th of May 1873.

 DEUTSCHKRONE, a town of Germany, kingdom of Prussia, between the two lakes of Arens and Radau, 15 m. N.W. of Schneidemühl, a railway junction 60 m. north of Posen. Pop. (1905) 7282. It is the seat of the public offices for the district, possesses an Evangelical and a Roman Catholic church, a synagogue, and a gymnasium established in the old Jesuit college, and has manufactures of machinery, woollens, tiles, brandy and beer.

 DEUTZ (anc. Divitio), formerly an independent town of Germany, in the Prussian Rhine Province, on the right bank of the Rhine, opposite to Cologne, with which it has been incorporated since 1888. It contains the church of St Heribert, built in the 17th century, cavalry barracks, artillery magazines, and gas, porcelain, machine and carriage factories. It has a handsome railway station on the banks of the Rhine, negotiating the local traffic with Elberfeld and Königswinter. The fortifications of the town form part of the defences of Cologne. To the east is the manufacturing suburb of Kalk.

The old castle in Deutz was in 1002 made a Benedictine monastery by Heribert, archbishop of Cologne. Permission to fortify the town was in 1230 granted to the citizens by the archbishop of Cologne, between whom and the counts of Berg it was in 1240 divided. It was burnt in 1376, 1445 and 1583; and in 1678, after the peace of Nijmwegen, the fortifications were dismantled; rebuilt in 1816, they were again razed in 1888.

 DEUX-SÈVRES, an inland department of western France, formed in 1790 mainly of the three districts of Poitou, Thouarsais, Gâtine and Niortais, added to a small portion of Saintonge and a still smaller portion of Aunis. Area, 2337 sq. m. Pop. (1906) 339,466. It is bounded N. by Maine-et-Loire, E. by Vienne, S.E. by Charente, S. by Charente-Inférieure and W. by Vendée. The department takes its name from two rivers—the Sèvre of Niort which traverses the southern portion, and the Sèvre of Nantes (an affluent of the Loire) which drains the north-west. There are three regions—the Gâtine, occupying the north and centre of the department, the Plaine in the south and the Marais,—distinguished by their geological character and their general physical appearance. The Gâtine, formed of primitive rocks (granite and schists), is the continuation of the “Bocage” of Vendée and Maine-et-Loire. Its surface is irregular and covered with hedges and clumps of wood or forests. The systematic application of lime has much improved the soil, which is naturally poor. The Plaine, resting on oolite limestone, is treeless but fertile. The Marais, a low-lying district in the extreme southwest, consists of alluvial clays which also are extremely productive when properly drained. The highest points, several of which exceed 700 ft., are found in a line of hills which begins in the centre of the department, to the south of Parthenay, and stretches north-west into the neighbouring department of Vendée. It divides the region drained by the Sèvre Nantaise and the Thouet (both affluents of the Loire) in the north from the basins of the Sèvre Niortaise and the Charente in the south. The climate is mild, the annual temperature at Niort being 54° Fahr., and the rainfall nearly 25 in. The winters are colder in the Gâtine, the summers warmer in the Plaine.

Three-quarters of the entire area of Deux-Sèvres, which is primarily an agricultural department, consists of arable land. Wheat and oats are the main cereals. Potatoes and mangold-wurzels are the chief root-crops. Niort is a centre for the growing Of vegetables (onions, asparagus, artichokes, &c.) and of angelica. Considerable quantities of beetroot are raised to supply the distilleries of Melle. Colza, hemp, rape and flax are also cultivated. Vineyards are numerous in the neighbourhood of Bressuire in the north, and of Niort and Melle in the south. The department is well known for the Parthenay breed of cattle and the Poitou breed of horses; and the mules reared in the southern arrondissements are much sought after both in France and in Spain. The system of co-operative dairying is practised in some localities. The apple-trees of the Gâtine and the walnut-trees of the Plaine bring a good return. Coal is mined, and the department produces building-stone and lime. A leading industry is the manufacture of textiles (serges, druggets, linen, handkerchiefs, flannels, swan-skins and knitted goods). Tanning and leather-dressing are carried on at Niort and other places, and gloves are made at Niort. Wool and cotton spinning, hat and shoe making, distilling, brewing, flour-milling and oil-refining are also main industries. The department exports cattle and sheep to Paris and Poitiers; also cereals, oils, wines, vegetables and its industrial products.

The Sèvre Niortaise and its tributary the Mignon furnish 19 m. of navigable waterway. The department is served by the Ouest-État railway. It contains a large proportion of Protestants, especially in the south-east. The four arrondissements are Niort, Bressuire, Melle and Parthenay; the cantons number 31, and the communes 356. Deux-Sèvres is part of the region of the IX. army corps, and of the diocese and the académie (educational circumscription) of Poitiers, where also is its court of appeal.

Niort (the capital), Bressuire, Melle, Parthenay, St Maixent, Thouars and Oiron are the principal places in the department. Several other towns contain features of interest. Among these

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