text:
Island Life/Index

INDEX

 * A.
 * Acacia, wide range of in Australia, 185
 * Acacia heterophylla, and Acacia koa, 443
 * Acæna in California, 527
 * Accipiter hawaii, 314
 * Achatinellinæ, average range of, 317
 * Ægialitis sanctæ-helenæ, 305
 * Africa, characteristic mammalia of, 416
 * former isolation of, 418
 * Africa and Madagascar, relations of, 418
 * early history of, 419
 * African highlands as aiding the migration of plants, 524
 * African reptiles absent from Madagascar, 418
 * Aggressive power of the Scandinavian flora, 511
 * Air and water, properties of, in relation to climate, 131
 * Alectorænas pulcherrimus, 429
 * Allen, Mr. J. A., on variation, 58
 * Allied species occupy separate areas, 478
 * Alpine plants, their advantages as colonisers, 503
 * Alternations of climate in Switzerland and North America, 121
 * Alternations of climate, palæontological evidence of, 119
 * Amazon, limitation of species by, 18
 * Amblyrhynchus cristatus, 279
 * American genera of reptiles in Madagascar, 417
 * Amphibia, dispersal of, 76
 * of the Seychelles, 432
 * introduced, of Mauritius, 435
 * of New Zealand, 483
 * Amphioxus, 63
 * Amphisbænidæ, 28
 * Amydrus Tristramii, restricted range of, 16
 * Anas Wyvilliana, 314
 * Ancient continental islands, 244, 411
 * Ancient glacial epochs, 169
 * what evidence of may be expected, 175
 * Ancient groups in Madagascar, 419
 * Andersson, N. J., on the flora of the Galapagos, 287
 * Andes, migration of plants along the, 520
 * Angræcum sesquipedale, 440
 * Animal life, effects of glacial epoch on, 117
 * Animal life of Formosa, 401
 * Anoa depressicornis, 456
 * Antarctic continent as a means of plant-dispersion, 521
 * Antarctic islands, with perpetual snow, 136
 * Antelopes, overlapping genera of, 29
 * Antiquity of Hawaiian fauna and flora, 328
 * of land-shells, 79
 * of New Zealand, 526
 * of plants as affecting their dispersal, 82
 * Apera arundinacea, 503
 * Apium graveolens in New Zealand, 515
 * Apteryx, species of, 476
 * Arabis hirsuta on railway arch, 514
 * Archaic forms still existing, 229
 * Arctic and Antarctic regions, contrasts of, 135
 * Arctic current, effects of a stoppage of, 150
 * Arctic plants in the southern hemisphere, 509
 * Arctic regions, mild climates of, 181
 * recent interglacial mild period in, 182
 * Arctic warm climates of Secondary and Palæozoic times, 201
 * Areas of distribution, 13
 * separate and overlapping, 17, 28
 * Ascension, former climate and productions of, 303
 * Astronomical and geographical causes, comparative effects of, on climate, 207
 * Astronomical causes of change of climate, 126
 * of glaciation, 140
 * Atlantic isles, peculiar mosses of, 368
 * Atlantosaurus, the largest land-animal, 98
 * Atriplex patula on a railway bank, 515
 * Auchenia, 27
 * Austen, Mr. Godwin, on littoral shells in deep water, 337
 * Australia, two sets of Northern plants in, 523
 * South European plants in, 523
 * Australia and South Africa, supposed connection of, 525
 * Australian Alps, indications of glaciation in, 163
 * birds absent from New Zealand, 483
 * flora, general features of, 491
 * richest in temperate zone, 491
 * recent and derivative in the tropics, 492
 * its south-eastern and south-western divisions, 493
 * Sir Joseph Hooker on, 494
 * geological explanation of, 494
 * its presence in New Zealand, 498
 * natural orders of, wanting in New Zealand, 490
 * orchideæ in China, 527
 * genera of plants in India, 524
 * plants absent from New Zealand, 488, 490
 * none in north temperate zone, 527
 * running wild in Neilgherrie mountains, 528
 * region, definition of, 45
 * mammals and birds of, 46
 * seeds scattered in New Zealand, 508
 * Aylward, Captain, on glaciation of South Africa, 163
 * Azores, 247
 * absence from, of large-fruited trees or shrubs, 260
 * zoological features of, 248
 * birds of, 249
 * insects of, 253
 * beetles of, 253
 * land-shells of, 256
 * flora of, 256
 * Azores and New Zealand, identical plants in both, 512
 * Azorean bird-fauna, origin of, 250
 * fauna and flora, deductions from, 261
 * plants, facilities for the dispersal of, 260

 * B.
 * Babirusa alfurus in Celebes, 456
 * Badgers, 41
 * Bahamas contrasted with Florida, 5
 * Baker, Mr., on flora of Mauritius and the Seychelles, 441
 * Bali and Lombok, contrasts of, 4
 * Banca, peculiar species of, 386
 * Barbarea precox on railway bank, 514
 * Barn-owl, wide range of, 15
 * Baron, Rev. R., on the flora of Madagascar, 441
 * Barriers to dispersal, 73
 * Batrachia, 30
 * Bats in Bermuda, 269
 * Bears of Europe and America, 14
 * Beaver of Europe and America, 14
 * Beetles of the Azores, 253
 * remote affinities of some of, 255
 * of the Galapagos, 284
 * of St. Helena, 298
 * of the Sandwich Islands, 318
 * peculiar British species of, 351
 * Bell-birds, distribution of, 24
 * Bennett, Mr. Arthur, on peculiar British plants, 360
 * on the vegetation of railway banks, 514
 * Bentham, Mr., on the compositæ of the Galapagos, 288
 * on the compositæ of St. Helena, 307
 * on the Mascarene compositæ, 445
 * on Sandwich Island compositæ, 325
 * Bermuda, 262
 * soundings around, 263
 * red clay of, 265
 * zoology of, 266
 * reptiles of, 266
 * birds of, 266
 * insects of, 269
 * land-mollusca of, 270
 * flora of, 271
 * Bermuda and Azores, comparison of bird-faunas of, 268
 * Bernicla sandvichensis, 314
 * Biological causes which determine distribution, 532
 * Biological features of Madagascar, 416
 * Birds as plant-dispersers, 81
 * as seed-carriers, 81, 258
 * common to Great Britain and Japan, 396
 * common to India and Japan, 399
 * specific range of, 15
 * range of British, 34
 * range of East Asian, 38
 * variation in N. American, 58
 * dispersal of, 75
 * of the Azores, 249
 * of Bermuda, 266
 * of Bermuda and Azores compared, 268
 * of the Galapagos, 280
 * of the Sandwich Islands, 313
 * peculiar to Britain, 340
 * of Borneo, 377
 * of Java, 382
 * of the Philippines, 388
 * of Japan, 396
 * peculiar to Japan, 398
 * peculiar to Formosa, 404
 * common to Formosa and India or Malaya, 407
 * of Madagascar, and their teachings, 422
 * of Comoro Islands, 429
 * of the Seychelles, 430
 * of the Mascarene islands, 436
 * of islands east and west of Celebes, 454
 * of Celebes, 458
 * peculiar to Celebes, 459
 * Himalayan types of, in Celebes, 462
 * list of, in Celebes, 466
 * of New Zealand, 476, 482
 * wingless, of New Zealand, 476
 * Blackburn, Mr. T., on the beetles of the Sandwich Islands, 318
 * Blakiston and Pryer on birds of Japan, 396
 * Bland, Mr., on land-shells of Bermuda, 270
 * Blanford, Mr. W. T., on small effect of marine denudation, 225
 * Blanford, Mr. H. F., on former connection of Africa and India, 426
 * Blocks, travelled and perched, 109
 * Blue magpies, range of, 15
 * Borneo, geology of, 375
 * mammalia of, 376
 * birds of, 377
 * affinities of fauna of, 381
 * Borneo and Asia, resemblance of, 6
 * Borneo and Java, 373
 * Boulder-beds of the carboniferous formation, 201
 * Boulder clays of east of England, 118
 * Bovidæ, 29
 * Brady, Mr. H. B., on habitat of globigerinæ, 92
 * Braithwaite, Dr. R., on peculiar British mosses, 365
 * Britain, probable climate of, with winter in aphelion, 156
 * British birds, range of, 34-38
 * British Columbia, interglacial warm periods in, 121
 * British fauna and flora, peculiarities of, 370
 * British Isles, recent changes in, 332
 * proofs of former elevation of, 334
 * submerged forests of, 335
 * buried river channels of, 336
 * last union of, with continent, 337
 * why poor in species, 338
 * peculiar birds of, 339
 * fresh-water fishes of, 340
 * peculiar insects of, 344
 * peculiar Lepidoptera of, 347
 * peculiar Coleoptera of, 351
 * peculiar Trichoptera of, 355
 * peculiar land and fresh-water shells of, 356
 * peculiarities of the flora of, 360
 * peculiar mosses and Hepaticæ of, 366
 * British mammals as indicating a zoological region, 33
 * Buller, Sir W. L., on the New Zealand rat, 475
 * Buried river-channels, 336
 * Buteo solitarius, 314
 * Butterflies of Celebes, peculiar shape of, 463
 * Butterflies, peculiar British, 347

 * C.
 * Caddis-flies peculiar to Britain, 355
 * Cæcilia, species of, in the Seychelles, 432
 * wide distribution of, 432
 * Cæciliadæ, 28
 * Callithea Leprieuri, distribution of, 18
 * Callithea sapphira, 18
 * Camels as destroyers of vegetation, 296
 * former wide distribution of, 421
 * Camelus, 17, 27
 * Campanula vidalii, 261
 * Canis, 17, 26
 * Carabus, numerous species of, 42
 * Carboniferous boulder-beds, 201
 * warm Arctic climate, 201
 * Carnivora in Madagascar, 417
 * Carpenter, Dr., on habitat of globigerinæ, 92
 * Carpenter, Mr. Edward, on Mars and glacial periods, 164
 * Carduus marianus in New Zealand, 515
 * Carpodacus purpureus and P. californicus, 68
 * Castor, 17
 * Casuarina, 185
 * in India, 527
 * Cause of extinction, 63
 * Caves of Glamorganshire, 336
 * Cebibæ, overlapping genera of, 29
 * Celebes, physical features of, 451
 * islands around, 452
 * zoology of, 455
 * derivation of mammals of, 457
 * birds of, 458
 * not a continental island, 461
 * insect peculiarities of, 462
 * Himalayan types in, 462
 * peculiarity of butterflies of, 463
 * list of land-birds of, 466
 * Centetidæ, 27
 * Centetidæ, formerly inhabited Europe, 420
 * Central America, mixed fauna of, 53
 * Ceratodus, or mud-fish, 69
 * Cervus, 17, 26
 * Chalk a supposed oceanic formation, 89
 * Chalk at Oahu, analysis of, 90
 * Chalk, analysis of, 91
 * Chalk mollusca indicative of shallow water, 93
 * Chalk sea, extent of, in Europe, 93
 * Chalk-formation, land-plants found in, 94
 * deposited in an inland sea, 93
 * of Faxoe an ancient coral-reef, 94
 * modern formation of, 95
 * supposed oceanic origin of, erroneous, 96
 * "Challenger" soundings and shore-deposits, 86
 * "Challenger" ridge in the Atlantic, 101
 * Chameleons very abundant in Madagascar, 430
 * Chamois, distribution of, 13
 * Changes of land and sea, 83
 * Chasmorhynchus, distribution of, 24
 * C. nudicollis, 24
 * C. tricarunculatus, 24
 * C. variegatus, 24
 * C. niveus, 24
 * Chilomenus lunata, 300
 * Chinchillas, 26
 * Chrysochloridæ, 29
 * Cicindela, 17
 * Cicindelidæ common to South America and Madagascar, 28
 * Clay, red, of Bermuda, 265
 * Climate, astronomical causes of changes of, 126
 * properties of snow and ice in relation to, 131
 * of Britain with winter in aphelion, 156
 * of Tertiary period in Europe and N. America, 178
 * temperate in Arctic regions, 181
 * causes of mild Arctic, 190
 * of Tertiary and Secondary periods, 199, 202
 * of the Secondary and Palæozoic epochs, 200
 * change of, during Tertiary and Secondary Periods, 200
 * affected by arrangement of the great continents, 205
 * nature of changes of, caused by high excentricity, 230
 * exceptional stability of the present, 232
 * changes of, as affecting migration of plants, 517
 * Climatal changes, 106
 * change, its essential principle restated, 158
 * changes as modifying organisms, 229
 * Clouds cut off the sun's heat, 145
 * Coal in Sumatra, 385
 * Coast line of globe, extent of, 221
 * Cochoa, distribution of, 25
 * Cockerell, Mr. Th. D. A., on slugs of Bermuda, 271
 * on British land and fresh-water shells, 356
 * Cold alone does not cause glaciation, 135
 * how it can be stored up, 133
 * Coleoptera of the Azores, 253
 * of St. Helena, 298
 * of the Sandwich Islands, 318
 * peculiar British species of, 351
 * Comoro Islands, 428
 * mammals and birds of, 428
 * Compositæ of the Galapagos, 288
 * of St. Helena, 307
 * of the Sandwich Islands, 325
 * of the Mascarene Islands, 445
 * species often have restricted ranges, 504
 * Conclusions on the New Zealand flora, 506
 * Contemporaneous formation of Lower Greensand and Wealden, 221
 * Continental conditions throughout geological time, 97-99
 * changes and animal distribution, 102
 * extensions will not explain anomalous facts of distribution, 449
 * Continental islands, 243
 * of recent origin, 331
 * general remarks on recent, 408
 * ancient, 411
 * Continental period, date of, 337
 * Continents, movements of, 88
 * permanence of, 97
 * general stability of, 101, 103
 * geological development of, 205
 * Continuity of land, 74
 * Continuity of now isolated groups, proof of, 70
 * Cook, Captain, on a native quadruped in New Zealand, 476
 * Cope, Professor, on the Bermuda lizard, 266
 * Coracias temminckii, in Celebes, 463
 * Corvus, 17
 * Cossonidæ, in St. Helena, 299
 * Cretaceous deposits in North Australia, 493, 496
 * Cretaceous flora of Greenland, 185
 * of the United States, 189
 * Croll, Dr. James, on Antarctic icebergs, 136
 * on winter temperature of Britain in glacial epoch, 141
 * on diversion of gulf-stream during the glacial epoch, 143
 * on loss of heat by clouds and fogs, 145
 * on geographical causes as affecting climate, 148
 * on ancient glacial epochs, 170
 * on universality of glacial markings in Scotland, 174
 * on mild climates of Arctic regions, 189
 * on ocean-currents, 190, 204
 * on age of the earth, 213
 * on mean thickness of sedimentary rocks, 220
 * on small amount of marine denudation, 225
 * on buried river-channels, 336
 * Ctenodus, 69
 * Cyanopica, distribution of, 24
 * Cyanopica cooki, restricted range of, 15, 24
 * Cyanopica cyanus, 24
 * Cynopithecus nigrescens, in Celebes, 456

 * D.
 * Dacelo, 47
 * Dana on continental upheavals, 88
 * on chalk in the Sandwich Islands, 90
 * on elevation of land causing the glacial epoch, 152
 * on elevation of Western America, 194
 * on the development of continents, 205
 * on shore-deposits, 222
 * on life extermination by cold epochs, 230
 * Darwin, experiment on Helix pomatia, 78
 * on the permanence of oceans, 100
 * on cloudy sky of Antarctic regions, 146
 * on glaciers of the Southern Andes, 147
 * on geological time, 211
 * on complex relations of organisms, 226
 * on oceanic islands, 242
 * on seeds carried by birds, 257
 * experiments on seed-dispersal, 258
 * on natural history of the Keeling Islands, 286
 * theory of formation of atolls, 397
 * on cultivated plants not running wild, 507
 * Dawkins, Professor Boyd, on animal migrations during the glacial epoch, 120
 * Dawson, Mr. G. M., on alternations of climate in British Columbia, 121
 * Professor, on Palæozoic boulder-beds in Nova Scotia, 201
 * De Candolle on dispersal of seeds, 80
 * Deep-sea deposits, 219
 * Deer in Celebes, 456
 * Delphinium ajacis, on a railway bank, 515
 * Dendrœca, 19
 * D. cœrulea, 19
 * D. discolor, 19
 * D. dominica, 19
 * Dendrœca coronata, variation of, 58
 * Dendrophidæ, 29
 * Denudation destroys the evidences of glaciation, 172
 * Denudation and deposition as a measure of time, 213
 * Denudation in river basins, measurement of, 215
 * Denudation, marine as compared with sub-aerial, 225
 * Deposition of sediments, how to estimate the average, 221
 * Deserts, cause of high temperature of, 132
 * Diagram of excentricity and precession, 129
 * Diagram of excentricity for three million years, 171
 * Dididæ, how exterminated, 436
 * Didunculus, keeled sternum of, 437
 * Diospyros, in upper greensand of Greenland, 186
 * Diplotaxis muralis, on railway banks, 513
 * Dipnoi, discontinuity of, 69
 * Dipterus, 69
 * Discontinuity among North American birds, 67
 * Discontinuity a proof of antiquity, 69
 * Discontinuous generic areas, 23
 * Discontinuous areas, 64
 * why rare, 64
 * Dispersal of animals, 72
 * of land animals, how effected, 73, 76
 * along mountain-chains, 81
 * of seeds by wind, 80, 257
 * by birds, 81, 258
 * by ocean-currents, 81, 258
 * of Azorean plants, facilities for, 260
 * Distribution, changes of, shown by extinct animals, 102
 * how to explain anomalies of, 420
 * Drontheim mountains, peculiar mosses of, 368
 * Dobson, Mr., on bats of Japan, 394
 * on the affinities of Mystacina tuberculata, 474
 * Dodo, the, 436
 * aborted wings of, 437
 * Dryiophidæ, 28
 * Dumeril, Professor, on lizards of Bourbon, 435
 * Duncan, Professor P. M., on ancient sea of central Australia, 496

 * E.
 * Early history of New Zealand, 484
 * Earth's age, 210
 * East Asian birds, range of, 38
 * East and West Australian floras, geological explanation of, 494
 * Echidna, 30
 * Echimyidæ, 27
 * Elevation of North America during glacial period, 154
 * causing diversion of gulf-stream, 154
 * Elwes, Mr. H. J., on distribution of Asiatic birds, 380
 * Emberiza schœniclus, discontinuity of, 66
 * E. passerina, range of, 66
 * E. pyrrhulina, 66
 * Endemic genera of plants in Mauritius, &c., 443
 * Endemic genera of plants in New Zealand, 526
 * English plants in St. Helena, 297
 * Environment, change of, as modifying organisms, 225
 * Eriocaulon septangulare, 363
 * Ethiopian Region, definition of, 42
 * birds of, 43
 * Ettingshausen, Baron von, on the fossil flora of New Zealand, 499
 * on Australian plants in England, 518
 * Eucalyptus, wide range of, in Australia, 185
 * Eucalyptus and Acacia, why not in New Zealand, 507
 * Eucalyptus in Eocene of Sheppey, 518
 * Eupetes, distribution of, 25
 * Europe, Asia, &c., as zoological terms, 32
 * European birds, range of, 16
 * in Bermuda, 269
 * European occupation, effects of, in St. Helena, 294
 * European plants in New Zealand, 507
 * in Chile and Fuegia, 521
 * Everett, Mr., on Bornean birds, 377
 * on mammalia of the Philippines, 387
 * on Philippine birds, 388
 * on raised coral-reefs in the Philippines, 389
 * Evolution necessitates continuity, 70
 * Excentricity and precession, diagram of, 129
 * Excentricity, variations of, during three million years, 171
 * Excentricity a test of rival theories of climate, 171
 * Excentricity, high, its effects on warm and cold climates, 198
 * Explanation of peculiarities of the fauna of Celebes, 460
 * Extinct animals showing changes of distribution, 102
 * Extinct birds of the Mascarene Islands, 436
 * of New Zealand, 476
 * Extinction caused by glacial epoch, 122

 * F.
 * Families, restricted areas of, 29
 * distribution and antiquity of, 68
 * Fauna and flora, peculiarities of British, 370
 * Fauna of Borneo, affinities of, 381
 * of Java, 382
 * of Java and Asia compared, 384
 * Faunas of Hainan, Formosa, and Japan compared, 407
 * Felis, 17, 26
 * Ferns, abundance of, in Mascarene flora, 445
 * Ficus, fossil Arctic, 186
 * Fire-weed, the, of Tasmania, 513
 * Fisher, Rev. O., on temperature of space, 131
 * Fishes, dispersal of, 76
 * peculiar British, 340
 * cause of great speciality in, 343
 * mode of migration of fresh-water, 344
 * fresh-water, of New Zealand, 484
 * Floating islands, and the dispersal of animals, 74
 * Flora of the Azores, 256
 * of Bermuda, 271
 * of the Galapagos, 287
 * of St. Helena, 305
 * of the Sandwich Islands, 321;
 * peculiar features of, 323
 * peculiarities of the British, 360
 * of Madagascar and the Mascarene Islands, 439
 * of Madagascar and South Africa allied, 445
 * of New Zealand, 487
 * very poor, 488
 * its resemblance to the Australian, 489
 * its differences from the Australian, 490
 * origin of Australian element in, 498
 * tropical character of, explained, 500
 * summary and conclusion on, 506
 * Floras of New Zealand and Australia, summary of conclusion as to, 542
 * Florida and Canada, resemblances of, 5
 * and Bahamas, contrasts of, 5
 * Fogs cut off the sun's heat in glaciated countries, 145
 * Forbes, Mr. D., analysis of chalk, 91
 * Forbes, Mr. H. O., on plants of the Keeling Islands, 286
 * Formosa, 400
 * physical features of, 401
 * animal life of, 401
 * list of mammalia of, 402
 * list of land-birds peculiar to, 404
 * Forests, submerged, 335
 * Fowler, Rev. Canon, on peculiar British coleoptera, 346, 351
 * Freezing water liberates low-grade heat, 145
 * Fresh-water deposits, extent of, 97
 * organisms absent in St. Helena, 304
 * snail peculiar to Ireland, 356
 * fishes of the Seychelles, 433
 * Frogs of the Seychelles, 432
 * of New Zealand, 483
 * Fuegia, European plants in, 521
 * Fulica alai, 313

 * G.
 * Galapagos Islands, 275
 * Galapagos, absence of mammalia and amphibia from, 278
 * reptiles of, 278
 * birds of, 280
 * insects of, 284
 * land-shells of, 285
 * flora of, 287
 * and Azores contrasted, 290
 * Galbula cyaneicollis, distribution of, 18
 * rufoviridis, 18
 * viridis, 18
 * Galeopithecus, 63
 * Gallinula sandvichensis, 313
 * Gardner, Mr. J. S., on Tertiary changes of climate, 203
 * Garrulus, distribution of species of, 20
 * Garrulus glandarius, 21, 23, 65
 * G. cervicalis, 21
 * G. krynicki, 21
 * G. atricapillus, 21
 * G. hyrcanus, 21
 * G. brandti, 21, 23
 * G. lanceolatus, 22
 * G. bispecularis, 22
 * G. sinensis, 22
 * G. taivanus, 22
 * G. japonicus, 22, 65
 * Geikie, Dr. James, on interglacial deposits, 121
 * Sir Archibald, on age of buried river-channels, 337
 * on stratified rocks being found near shores, 87
 * on formation of chalk in shallow water, 96
 * on permanence of continents, 104
 * on variation in rate of denudation, 173
 * on the rate of denudation, 215
 * on small amount of marine denudation, 225
 * Genera, extent of, 17
 * origin of, 61
 * rise and decay of, 64
 * Generic areas, 17
 * Generic and Family distribution, 25
 * Genus, defined and illustrated, 17
 * Geographical change as a cause of glaciation, 148
 * changes, influence of, on climate, 150, 152
 * changes, effect of, on Arctic climates, 195
 * changes of Java and Borneo, 385
 * changes as modifying organisms, 228
 * Geological climates and geographical conditions, 204
 * time, 210
 * change, probably quicker in remote times, 223
 * time, value of the estimate of, 224
 * time, measurement of, 235
 * changes as aiding the migration of plants, 519
 * climates as affecting distribution, 534
 * climates, summary of causes of, 536
 * time, summary of views on, 539
 * Geology of Borneo, 375
 * of Madagascar, 412
 * of Celebes, 451
 * of New Zealand, 472
 * of Australia, 494
 * Geomalacus maculcosus, 356
 * Glacial climate not local, 113
 * deposits of Scotland, 112
 * Glacial epoch, proofs of, 107
 * effects of, on animal life, 117
 * alternations of climate during, 118
 * as causing migration and extinction, 122
 * causes of, 125
 * the essentials to the production of, 136
 * probable date of the, 160
 * and the climax of continental development, 206
 * date of last, 233
 * Glacial phenomena in North America, 116
 * Glaciation was greatest where rainfall is now greatest, 139
 * action of meteorological causes on, 142
 * summary of chief causes of, 144
 * in Northern Hemisphere, the only efficient cause of, 144
 * of New Zealand and South Africa, 162
 * local, due to high excentricity, 207
 * widespread in recent times, 536
 * Gleichenia in Greenland, 186
 * in relation to chalk, 89
 * Globigerina-ooze, analysis of, 91
 * Globigerinæ, where found, 92
 * Glyptostrobus, fossil, 186
 * Goats, destructiveness of, in St. Helena, 295
 * Godman, Mr., on birds reaching the Azores, 248, 250
 * Gray, Professor Asa, on extinction of European plants by the glacial epoch, 123
 * Great Britain and Japan, birds common to, 396
 * Greene, Dr. J. Reay, on chameleons in Bourbon and Mauritius, 435
 * Greenland, loss of sun-heat by clouds in, 147
 * an anomaly in the Northern Hemisphere, 154
 * Miocene flora of, 183
 * Cretaceous flora of, 186
 * flora of ice-surrounded rocks of, 522
 * Grinnell Land, fossil flora of, 184
 * Guernsey, peculiar caddis-fly in, 355
 * Gulick, Rev. J. T., on Achatinellinæ, 318
 * Günther, Dr., on gigantic tortoises, 279
 * on peculiar British fishes, 341
 * on Urotrichus gibsii, 394
 * on lizards in the London Docks, 431
 * on Indian toads in Mauritius, 438
 * Guppy, Mr., on chalk of Solomon Islands, 91

 * H.
 * Haast, Dr., on otter-like mammal in New Zealand, 475
 * Habitability of globe due to disproportion of land and water, 209
 * Haplothorax burchellii, 299
 * Hartlaub, Dr., on "Lemuria," 423, 426
 * Hatteria punctata, 483
 * Haughton, Professor, on heat carried by ocean-currents, 194
 * comparison of Miocene and existing climates, 197
 * on geological time, 211, 219
 * on thickness of sedimentary rocks, 219
 * Hawaiian fauna and flora, antiquity of, 328
 * Heat and cold, how dispersed or stored up, 131
 * Heat required to melt snow, 134
 * evolved by frozen water, its nature and effects, 145
 * cut off by cloud and fogs, 145
 * Hector, Dr., on Triassic and Jurassic flora of New Zealand, 526
 * Heer, Professor, on chalk sea in Central Europe, 93
 * Heilprin, Professor, on insects of Bermuda, 269
 * on land-shells of Bermuda, 270
 * Helianthemum Breweri, 360, 363
 * Heliodus, an American fossil, 69
 * Helix, 17
 * Hemiptera of St. Helena, 303
 * Hepaticæ, peculiar British, 366
 * non-European genera of, in Britain, 367
 * Hesperomys, 26
 * Hesperornis allied to ostriches, 481
 * Hieracium iricum, 362
 * High land essential to the production of a glacial epoch, 195
 * Hildebrand, Dr. W., on flora of the Sandwich Islands, 321
 * Himalayan birds and insects in Celebes, 462
 * Hippopotamus in Yorkshire as proving a mild climate, 119
 * Hochstetter on the aquatic mammal of New Zealand, 475
 * Hooker, Sir Joseph, on the Galapagos flora, 287
 * on affinities of St. Helena plants, 306
 * on peculiar British plants, 360, 363
 * on the flora of New Zealand, 488
 * on proportion of temperate and tropical Australian floras, 492
 * on current of vegetation from north to south, 510
 * on supposed occurrence of Australian plants in England in the Tertiary period, 518
 * Horne, Mr. John, on ice-sheet covering the Isle of Man, 115
 * Hull, Professor, on Permian breccias in Ireland indicating ice-action, 201
 * Humming-birds, restricted ranges of, 16
 * Hutton, Captain, on struthious birds of New Zealand, 479
 * Huxley, Professor, on geological time, 211
 * on European origin of African animals, 419
 * Hyomoschus, 27
 * Hyracoidea, restricted range of, 30

 * I.
 * Ice-action, what evidences of, during the Tertiary period, 178
 * indications of ancient, 200
 * Ice-borne rocks, a test of a glacial epoch, 176
 * in Miocene of N. Italy, 178
 * in Eocene of Alps, 178
 * in Eocene of Carpathians and Apennines, 179
 * absence of, in English and N. American Tertiaries, 180
 * Ice-cap, why improbable or impossible, 161
 * Iceland, a continental island, 450
 * Icteridæ, 50
 * Iguanidæ, 50
 * Indian birds in Formosa, 407
 * Indian Ocean as a source of heat in Tertiary times, 192
 * Indian genera of plants in Australia, 492
 * Indicator, distribution of, 25
 * Insectivora in Madagascar, 417
 * Insects, dispersal of, 77
 * of the Miocene period, 77
 * restriction of range of, 78
 * of the Azores, 253
 * of Bermuda, 269
 * of the Galapagos, 284
 * of St. Helena, 298
 * of the Sandwich Islands, 318
 * peculiar British, 344
 * of Celebes, peculiarities of, 462
 * scarcity of, in New Zealand, 505
 * Insular faunas, summary of conclusions as to, 539, 542
 * Interglacial warm periods on the continent and in North America, 121
 * Interglacial periods and their probable character, 152
 * Interglacial periods will not occur during an epoch of extreme glaciation, 155
 * Interglacial climates never very warm, 159
 * Ireland, poverty of, in reptiles, 339
 * in plants, 339
 * peculiar fishes of, 342
 * plants of, not found in Great Britain, 364
 * Islands, classification of, 242
 * importance of, in study of distribution, 241
 * remote, how stocked with plants and animals, 261
 * submerged between Madagascar and India, 425
 * Isle of Wight, peculiar beetle of, 351
 * Isatis tinctoria, on railway bank, 513
 * Ithaginis, 26

 * J.
 * Japan, zoological features of, 393
 * mammalia of, 394
 * birds of, 396
 * birds peculiar to, 398
 * birds in distant areas, 399
 * Japan and Formosa, 391
 * Java, fauna of, 382
 * Asiatic species in, 384
 * Java and Borneo, past changes of, 385
 * Jays, distribution of species of, 20
 * of Europe and Japan, 67
 * Jeffreys, Dr. Gwyn, on shallow-water mollusca in chalk, 92
 * on fossil shallow-water shells in deep water, 337
 * Jones, Mr., on migration of birds to Bermuda, 268
 * on vegetation of the Bermudas, 272
 * Juan Fernandez, flora and fauna of, 287
 * Judd, Prof. J. W., on absence of glaciation in east Europe, 139
 * on glaciation of the Alps produced by elevation, 179
 * Juniperus barbadensis, 272
 * Jura, travelled blocks on, 110
 * Jurassic warm Arctic climate, 202

 * K.
 * Keeling Islands, animals of, 286
 * Kirk, Mr. T., on temporary introduced plants, 515
 * Knowledge of various kinds required for study of geographical distribution, 7, 9

 * L.
 * Lagopus scoticus, 340
 * Land as a barrier to ocean-currents, 150
 * Land and sea, changes of, 83
 * how changes of, affect climate, 148, 150
 * Land and water, disproportion of, renders globe habitable, 209
 * Land-birds of Celebes, list of, 466
 * Land-connection, how far necessary to dispersal of mammals, 73
 * Land-shells, great antiquity of, 79
 * universal distribution of, 79
 * causes favouring the abundance of, 79
 * of the Azores, 256
 * of Bermuda, 270
 * of the Galapagos, 284
 * of St. Helena, 304
 * of the Sandwich Islands, 316
 * of the Seychelles, 434
 * Laurus canariensis, 260
 * Leguat on animals of Bourbon, 435
 * on the Solitaire, 436
 * Leguminosæ, abundance of, in Australia, 490
 * "Lemuria," a supposed submerged continent, 422-426
 * Lemurs in Madagascar, 416
 * Lendenfeld, Dr. R. von, on glaciation in the Australian Alps, 163
 * Leopard, enormous range of, 14
 * Lepidoptera, list of peculiar British, 347
 * Lepidosiren, 63
 * Lepidosiren paradoxa and L. annectens, 69
 * Lepidosternidæ, 27
 * Limestone as indicating change of sea and land, 84
 * Limnæa involuta, 356
 * Linaria purpurea, on railway bank, 514
 * Liopelma hochstetteri, in New Zealand, 483
 * Liotrichidæ, 29
 * List of the land-birds of Celebes, 466
 * Lizard peculiar to the Mascarene Islands, 438
 * Lizards of the Galapagos, 278
 * local variation of colour of, 431
 * of New Zealand, 483
 * Lobeliaceæ, abundance of, in the Sandwich Islands, 324
 * Locality of a species, importance of, 12
 * Loddigesia mirabilis, rarity of, 16
 * Lord, Mr., on species of Urotrichus, 394
 * Low-grade and high-grade heat, 145
 * Lowlands nowhere covered with perpetual snow, 136
 * Lundy Island, peculiar beetles of, 354
 * Lyell, Sir Charles, on permanence of continents, 84
 * on calcareous mud, 90
 * on the distribution of chalk, 93
 * on geographical causes as modifying climate, 148
 * on estimate of geological time, 211, 235
 * on classification of sedimentary rocks, 217
 * Lynxes, a Palæarctic group, 41

 * M.
 * McLachlan, Mr., on peculiar British caddis-flies, 355
 * Madagascar, physical features of, 412
 * former condition of, 414
 * biological features of, 416
 * mammalia of, 416
 * reptiles of, 417
 * relation of, to Africa, 418
 * early history of, 419
 * birds of, in relation to "Lemuria," 422
 * flora of, 439
 * conclusion on fauna and flora of, 446
 * great antiquity of, 446
 * Madagascar and Africa, contrast of, 6
 * Maillard on animals of Bourbon, 435
 * Malay Islands, local peculiarities of flora in, 187
 * past history of, 389
 * Malayan birds in Formosa, 406
 * Mammalia of East Asia, range of, 34
 * of North Africa, range of, 34
 * Mammalia, dispersal of, 73
 * of Britain, range of, 33
 * poverty of, 329
 * of Borneo, 376
 * of Java, 382
 * of the Philippines, 387
 * of Japan, 393
 * of Formosa, 402
 * common to Formosa and India, 403
 * of Madagascar, 416
 * of Comoro Islands, 428
 * of Celebes, 455; whence derived, 457
 * of New Zealand, 474
 * Maori legend of origin of the forest-rat, 475
 * Maoris, their accounts of the moa, 477
 * Map of the old Rhone glacier, 110
 * of North and South Polar Regions, 138
 * of the Azores, 248
 * of Bermuda, 263
 * of the Galapagos, 276, 277
 * of the South Atlantic Ocean, 293
 * of the Sandwich Islands, 311
 * of the North Pacific with its submerged banks, 312
 * of British Isles and the 100-fathom bank, 333
 * of Borneo and Java, 374
 * of Japan and Formosa, 392
 * physical, of Madagascar, 413
 * of the Madagascar group, 415
 * of the Indian Ocean, 425
 * of Celebes, 452
 * of sea-bottom around New Zealand, 472
 * of Australia in Cretaceous period, 497
 * Marcou, Professor Jules, on the Pliocene and glacial epochs, 233
 * Marmot, range of, 15
 * Mars as illustrating glacial theories, 164, 168
 * Mars, no true ice-cap on, 166
 * Marsupials, range of, 30
 * Marsh, Prof. O. C., on the Atlantosaurus, 98
 * on Hesperornis, 481
 * Marsh, Mr., on camels as desert-makers, 296
 * Mascarene Islands, 428-445
 * Mascarene plants, curious relations of, 442
 * endemic genera of, 443
 * Mascarene flora, fragmentary character of, 444
 * abundance of ferns in, 445
 * Mauritius, Bourbon, and Rodriguez, 434
 * Measurements of geological time, 233
 * agreement of various estimates of, 235
 * concluding remarks on, 236
 * Medicago sativa in New Zealand, 515
 * Megalæmidæ, 27
 * Meleagris, 50
 * Melilotus vulgaris, on railway banks, 513
 * Meliphagidæ, 47
 * Melliss, Mr., on the early history of St. Helena, 295
 * Melospiza melodia, variation of, 58
 * Merycotherium, 123
 * Meteorological causes as intensifying glaciation, 142
 * Migration caused by glacial epoch, 122
 * of birds to Bermuda, 267
 * of plants from north to south, 512
 * of plants and alterations of snow line, 516
 * of plants due to changes of climate, 517
 * of plants from north to south, long continued, 518
 * of plants aided by geological changes, 519
 * of plants by way of the Andes, 520
 * of plants by way of Himalayas and South Asia, 523
 * of plants through Africa, 524
 * Mild Arctic climates, stratigraphical evidence of, 187
 * causes of, 190
 * dependent on geographical changes, 191
 * effects of high excentricity on, 198
 * summary of causes of, 537
 * Miocene Arctic flora, 183
 * flora of Europe, 123
 * or Eocene floras, 185
 * deposits of Java, 385
 * fauna of Europe and North India, 419
 * Mississippi, matter carried away by, 172
 * Mitten, Mr. William, on peculiar British mosses and hepaticæ, 365, 368
 * on temporary appearance of plants, 513
 * Mniotiltidæ, a nearctic group, 49
 * Mnium, peculiar species of, in the Drontheim mountains, 368
 * Moas of New Zealand, 476
 * Mollusca, dispersal of, 78
 * Monotremata, restricted range of, 30
 * Moraines, 108
 * of Ivrea, 116
 * More, Mr. A. G., on peculiar Irish plants, 364
 * Morgan, Mr. C. Lloyd, on thickness of formations not affected by denudation, 220
 * Moseley, Mr. H. N., on seeds carried by birds, 259
 * on the flora of Bermuda, 272
 * Mosses, peculiar British, 366
 * non-European genera of, in Britain, 367
 * how diffused and why restricted, 368
 * Mt. St. Elias, why not ice-clad, 154
 * Mountain chains aiding the dispersal of plants, 81
 * as aids to migration of plants, 513
 * Mueller, Baron von, census of Australian plants, 492
 * Munia brunneiceps, in Celebes, 463
 * Murray, Mr. J., on oceanic deposits, 86
 * on chalk-like globigerina-ooze, 92
 * on mean height of continents, 216
 * on land-area of the globe, 221
 * Mus, 17, 26
 * Mygale pyrenaica, range of, 15, 24
 * M. muscovitica, 24
 * Myialestes helianthea in Celebes, 463
 * Myrica faya, 260
 * Myrsine, fossil in Greenland, 186
 * Mytilus edulis, sub-fossil in Spitzbergen, 182

 * N.
 * Nares, Capt. Sir G., on snow and ice in high latitudes, 135
 * on abrupt elevation of Bermuda, 264
 * Nearctic Region, definition of, 48
 * mammalia of, 48
 * birds of, 49
 * reptiles of, 50
 * Nectarinea osea, restricted range of, 16
 * Neilgherries, Australian plants naturalized in, 528
 * Neotropical Region, definition of, 51
 * low types of, 52
 * Nevill, Mr. Geoffrey, on land-shells of the Seychelles, 434
 * on destruction of Seychelles flora, 445
 * New species, origin of, 56
 * Newton, Mr. E., on short wings of the Seychelles dove, 437
 * Newton, Professor, on recently extinct birds, 437
 * Newts, restricted range of, 30
 * New Zealand, recent glaciation of, 163
 * New Zealand, 471
 * geology of, 472
 * form of sea-bottom around, 473
 * zoological character of, 473
 * mammalia of, 474
 * wingless birds of, 476
 * past changes of, 478
 * winged birds and lower vertebrates of, 482
 * deductions from peculiarities of fauna of, 484
 * period of its union with N. Australia, 484
 * the flora of, 487, 506
 * origin of Australian element in the flora of, 498
 * tropical character of flora, 500
 * tropical genera common to Australia, 501
 * temperate species common to Australia, 502
 * route of Arctic plants to, 521
 * European plants in, 509
 * endemic genera of plants in, 526
 * great antiquity of, 526
 * Nordenskjöld, Prof., on absence of perpetual snow in N. Asia, 135
 * on recent milder climate in Spitzbergen, 182
 * on former Polar climates, 187
 * on geology of Spitzbergen, 188
 * North America, glacial phenomena in, 116
 * interglacial warm periods in, 121
 * condition of, in Tertiary period, 194
 * Northern genera of plants in S. temperate America, 521
 * hemisphere, absence of southern plants from, 527
 * flora, hardiness of, 528

 * O.
 * Ocean-currents as carriers of plants, 81
 * as affecting interglacial periods, 152
 * as determining climate, 153
 * effects of, in Tertiary times, 196
 * Ocean, Darwin on permanence of, 100
 * Oceanic and continental islands, 242
 * Oceanic islands a proof of the permanence of oceans, 100
 * Oceanic islands, 244
 * —the Azores, 247
 * general remarks on, 329
 * Octodontidæ, 27
 * Œnanthe fluviatilis, 361
 * Œninghen, Miocene flora of, 183
 * Œnothera odorata, on a railway bank, 514
 * Oliver, Professor, on peculiar Bermudan plants, 272
 * Operculata, scarcity of, in the Sandwich Islands, 317
 * Ophrys apifera, temporary appearance of, 514
 * Orchideæ, species have restricted ranges, 505
 * Orchids, abundance of, in Bourbon and Mauritius, 446
 * why almost universal in the tropics, 446
 * Orders, distribution of, 30
 * Organic change dependent on change of conditions, 225, 228
 * Oriental Region, definition of, 44
 * mammals and birds of, 44
 * reptiles of, 45
 * insects of, 45
 * Origin of new species, 56, 60
 * of new genera, 61
 * of the Galapagos flora, 288
 * of the beetles of St. Helena, 298
 * of Australian element in the New Zealand flora, 498
 * Orkney, peculiar fishes of, 341
 * Orthonyx not a New Zealand genus, 483
 * Osprey, wide range of, 15
 * Ostriches, limitation of, 30
 * Otter-like mammal in New Zealand, 475
 * Overlapping and discontinuous areas, 28

 * P.
 * Pachyglossa aureolimbata, in Celebes, 463
 * Palæarctic Region, limits of, 39
 * characteristic features of, 41
 * Palæozoic formations, depth of, round London, 218
 * Palm confined to Round Island, 444
 * Panax, fossil in Greenland, 186
 * Papilio, 17
 * Paraguay, no wild horses or cattle in, 226
 * Parnassius, Palæarctic, 42
 * Parus ater, 19
 * P. borealis, 19, 64
 * P. britannicus, 321
 * P. camtschatkensis, 19
 * P. cinctus, 20
 * P. cœruleus, 20
 * P. cyaneus, 20
 * P. cristatus, 20
 * P. ledouci, 20
 * P. lugubris, 20
 * P. major, 19
 * P. palustris, 19; discontinuous area of, 65
 * P. rosea, 340
 * P. teneriffæ, 20
 * Passeres of the Sandwich Islands, 314
 * Past changes of New Zealand, 478
 * Payer, Lieut., on evaporation of ice during the Arctic summer, 140
 * Peculiar fauna of New Zealand, deductions from, 484
 * Pengelly, Mr., on submerged forests, 335
 * Pennula millei, in Sandwich Islands, 313
 * Permanence of continents, summary of evidence for, 103
 * Permian formation, indications of ice-action in, 200
 * Perodicticus, a local genus, 26
 * Petroselinum segetum, on railway bank, 514
 * Philippine Islands, 387
 * mammalia of, 387
 * birds of, 388
 * past history of, 389
 * Phyllodactylus galapagensis, 279
 * Phylloscopus borealis, range of, 15
 * Physical causes which determine distribution, 533
 * features of Formosa, 401
 * Pica, 17
 * Pickering, Dr., on the flora of the Sandwich Islands, 323
 * on temperate forms on mountains of the Sandwich Islands, 323
 * Pithecia monachus, distribution of, 18
 * P. rufibarbata, 18
 * Pitta, distribution of, 25
 * Plants, dispersal of, 80
 * seeds of, adapted for dispersal, 80
 * wide range of species and genera of, 185
 * poverty of, in Ireland, 339
 * peculiar British, 359
 * of Ireland not in Great Britain, 364
 * cause of their wide diffusion and narrow restriction, 369
 * easily dispersed often have restricted ranges, 504
 * how they migrate from north to south, 512
 * of existing genera throughout the Tertiary period, 520
 * southern migration of, by way of the Himalayas, 523
 * southern migration of, through Africa, 524
 * endemic genera of, in New Zealand, 526
 * Platypus, 30
 * Plestiodon longirostris of Bermuda, 266
 * Po, matter carried away by, 173
 * Podargus, Australian genus, 47
 * Pœcilozonites, peculiar to Bermuda, 270
 * Poinciana regia in Madagascar, 440
 * Populus, fossil in Spitzbergen, 184
 * Pourtales, Count, on modern formation of chalk, 95
 * on sedimentary deposits in Gulf of Mexico, 222
 * Poverty in species of Britain, 338
 * Precession of Equinoxes, influence of, on climate, 126
 * Preservation of species, 63
 * Proboscidea, range of, 30
 * Proteus, why preserved, 63
 * Psophia, range of species of, 18
 * Pteroptochidæ, 29
 * Pyrenean ibex, restricted range of, 15

 * R.
 * Railways, new plants on, 513
 * Ramsay, Mr. Wardlaw, on Philippine birds, 388
 * Professor, on ancient land surfaces, 99
 * on geological time 212
 * on thickness of sedimentary rocks, 219
 * Rat, native, of New Zealand, 475
 * Rate of organic change usually measured by an incorrect scale, 232
 * Rats in the Galapagos, 278
 * Raven, wide range of, 15
 * Reade, T. Mellard, on changes of sea and land, 84
 * Recent continental islands, 243, 331
 * Red clay of Bermuda, 265
 * Reptiles, dispersal of, 75
 * of the Galapagos, 278
 * of the Sandwich Islands, 316
 * cause of scarcity of, in British Isles, 339
 * of Madagascar, 417
 * of the Seychelles, 430
 * of Mauritius and Round Island, 438
 * of New Zealand, 483
 * Rhodolæna altivola in Madagascar, 440
 * Rhus toxicodendron in Bermuda, 272
 * Ridgway, Mr., on birds of Galapagos, 281
 * River-channels, buried, 336
 * Roches moutonnées, 108
 * Rodents in Madagascar, 417
 * Round Island, a snake and a palm peculiar to, 438, 444
 * Rumex pulcher in New Zealand, 515
 * Rye, Mr. E. C., on peculiar British insects, 345, 351

 * S.
 * St. Helena, 292
 * effects of European occupation on the vegetation of, 294
 * insects of, 298
 * land-shells of, 304
 * absence of fresh-water organisms in, 304
 * native vegetation of, 305
 * Salvin, Mr., on the birds of the Galapagos, 280
 * Sandwich Islands, the, 310
 * zoology of, 313
 * birds of, 313
 * reptiles of, 316
 * land-shells of, 316
 * insects of, 318
 * vegetation of, 321
 * antiquity of fauna and flora of, 328
 * Sassafras, in Swiss Miocene, 183
 * Scandinavian flora, aggressive power of, 511
 * Scientific voyages, comparative results of, 7
 * Sciurus, 26
 * Sclater, Mr. P. L., on zoological region, 32, 39
 * Scotland, glacial deposits of, 112-115
 * probable rate of denudation in, 173
 * Miocene flora of, 184
 * peculiar fishes of, 341
 * Scotophilus tuberculatus in New Zealand, 474
 * Scrophularincæ, why few species are common to Australia and New Zealand, 505
 * Sea, depth of, around Madagascar, 414
 * depth of, around Celebes, 452
 * Sea-bottom around New Zealand and Australia, 473
 * Sea-level, changes of, dependent on glaciation, 161
 * complex effects of glaciation on, 162, 164
 * rise of, a cause of denudation, 174
 * Seas, inland, in Tertiary period, 191
 * Section of sea-bottom near Bermuda, 264
 * Sedges and grasses common to Australia and New Zealand, 504
 * Sedimentary rocks, how to estimate thickness of, 217
 * thinning out of, 217
 * how formed, 218
 * thickness of, 217, 221
 * summary of conclusions on the rate of formation of the, 221
 * Seebohm, Mr., on Parus palustris, 65
 * on Emberiza schœniclus, 66
 * on snow in Siberia, 166
 * on birds of Japan, 396
 * Seeds, dispersal of, 257
 * carried by birds, 258
 * Senecio australis, on burnt ground, 513
 * Sericinus, Palæarctic, 42
 * Seychelles Archipelago, 429
 * birds of, 430
 * reptiles and amphibia of, 430
 * fresh-water fishes of, 433
 * land-shells of, 434
 * Sharp, Dr. D., on beetles of the Sandwich Islands, 319
 * on peculiar British beetles, 345
 * Shells, peculiar to Britain, 356
 * Shetland Isles, peculiar beetle of, 354
 * Shore deposits, 85, 211
 * proving the permanence of continents, 97
 * distance from coast of, 221
 * Sialia sialis, variation of, 58
 * Siberia, amount of snow and its sudden disappearance in, 166
 * Silurian boulder-beds, 201
 * warm Arctic climate, 202
 * Simiidae, 27
 * Sisyrinchium bermudianum, 272
 * Skertchley, Mr., on four distinct boulder-clays, 118
 * on Tertiary deposits in Egypt and Nubia, 191
 * on climatic stability of present epoch, 233
 * Slug peculiar to Ireland, 356
 * Snake peculiar to Round Island, 438
 * Snakes of the Galapagos, 280
 * of the Seychelles, 431
 * Snow and ice, properties of, in relation to climate, 131
 * Snow, effects of, on climate, 133
 * Snow, quantity of heat required to melt, 134
 * often of small amount in high latitudes, 135
 * never perpetual on lowlands, 136
 * conditions determining perpetual, 137
 * maintains cold by reflecting the solar heat, 144
 * Snow-line, alterations of, causing migration of plants, 516
 * Sollas, Mr. J. W., on greater intensity of telluric action in past time, 223
 * South Africa, recent glaciation of, 163
 * many northern genera of plants in, 524
 * its supposed connection with Australia, 525
 * South American plants in New Zealand,521
 * South Temperate America, poor in species, 53
 * climate of, 146
 * Southern flora, comparative tenderness of, 528
 * Southern plants, why absent in the Northern Hemisphere, 527
 * Space, temperature of, 129
 * Specialisation antagonistic to diffusion of species, 505
 * Species, origin of new, 56
 * extinction of, 63
 * rise and decay of, 64
 * epoch of exceptional stability of, 232
 * dying out and replacement of, 409
 * preservation of, in islands, 410
 * Specific areas, 14; discontinuous, 64
 * Spiranthes romanzoviana, 364
 * Spitzbergen, Miocene flora of, 184
 * absence of boulder-beds in, 187
 * Spruce, Dr. Richard, on the dispersion of hepaticæ, 309
 * Stability of extreme glacial conditions, 159
 * Stainton, Mr. H. T., on peculiar British moths, 346-350
 * Stanivoi mountains, why not ice-clad, 154
 * Starlings, genera of, in New Zealand, 482
 * Stellaria media, temporary appearance of, 515
 * Sternum, process of abortion of keel of, 437
 * Stow, Mr. G. W., on glacial phenomena in South Africa, 163
 * Stratified rocks formed near shores, 85, 87
 * deposits, how formed, 218
 * Striated rocks, 107
 * blocks in the Permian formation, 200
 * Striæ flammea, range of, 15
 * Struthiones, 30
 * Struthious birds of New Zealand as indicating past changes, 478
 * Stylidium, wide range of, 185
 * Submerged forests, 334
 * Subsidence of isthmus of Panama, 151
 * Sumatra, geology of, 385
 * Sweden, two deposits of "till" in, 121
 * Swimming powers of mammalia, 74
 * Swinhoe, Mr. Robert, researches in Formosa, 400
 * Switzerland, interglacial warm periods in, 121
 * Sylviadæ, overlapping genera of, 29

 * T.
 * Talpidæ, a Palæarctic group, 41
 * Tapirs, distribution of, 25
 * former wide range of, 393
 * Tarsius, 63
 * Tarsius spectrum in Celebes, 456
 * Tasmania and North Australia, resemblance of, 5
 * route of Arctic plants to, 520
 * Taxodium distichum in Spitzbergen, 184
 * Temperate climates in Arctic regions, 181
 * Australian genera of plants in New Zealand, 502
 * Australian species of plants in New Zealand, 502
 * Temperature, how dependent on sun's distance, 129
 * of space, 129
 * Tertiary glacial epochs, evidence against, 179
 * warm climates, continuous, 187
 * Test of glaciation at any period, 175
 * Testudo abingdonii, 279
 * T. microphyes, 278
 * Tetraogallus, distribution of, 24
 * Thais, a Palæarctic genus, 42
 * Thomson, Sir William, on age of the earth, 213
 * Sir Wyville, on organisms in the globigerina-ooze, 89
 * analysis of globigerina-ooze, 91
 * Thryothorus bewickii, discontinuity of, 68
 * "Till" of Scotland, 112
 * several distinct formations of, 121
 * Tits, distribution of species of, 19
 * Torreya, fossil in Spitzbergen, 186
 * Tortoises of the Galapagos, 278
 * Trade-winds, how modified by a glacial epoch, 142
 * Tragulidæ, 27
 * Travelled blocks, 109
 * Tremarctos, an isolated genus, 29
 * Triassic warm Arctic climate, 200
 * Tribonyx not a New Zealand genus, 483
 * Trichoptera peculiar to Britain, 355
 * Trogons, distribution of, 28
 * Tropical affinities of New Zealand birds, 483
 * character of the New Zealand flora, cause of, 500
 * genera common to New Zealand and Australia, 501
 * Turdus, 17, 26
 * Turdus fuscescens, variation of, 58, 59
 * Tylor, A., on estimating the rate of denudation, 214
 * Tyrannidæ, an American family, 50

 * U.
 * Uraniidæ, 28
 * Uropeltidæ, 30
 * Urotrichus, distribution of, 25
 * Ursus, 26

 * V.
 * Variation in animals, 57
 * amount of, in N. American birds, 58
 * Vegetation, local peculiarities of, 185
 * effects of Polar night on, 198
 * Vesperugo serotinus, range of, 14
 * Vireo bellii, supposed discontinuity of, 68
 * Vireonidæ, an American family, 49

 * W.
 * Wallich, Dr., on habitat of globigerinæ, 92
 * Warren, Mr. W., information on British lepidoptera, 347
 * Water, properties of, in relation to climate, 131, 133
 * Waterhouse, Mr., on Galapagos beetles, 284
 * Wales, peculiar fish of, 341
 * Warm climates of northern latitudes, long persistence of, 201
 * Watson, Mr. H. C., on the flora of the Azores, 256
 * on peculiar British plants, 359
 * on vegetation of railway banks, 513
 * Webb, Mr., on comparison of Mars and the Earth, 166
 * West Australia, rich flora of, 494
 * former extent and isolation of, 497
 * West Indies, a Neotropical district, 53
 * White, Dr. F. Buchanan, on the Hemiptera of St. Helena, 303
 * Mr. John, on native accounts of the moa, 477
 * Whitehead, Mr. John, on Bornean birds, 377
 * Wilson, Mr. Scott B., on birds of the Sandwich Islands, 314
 * Winged birds of New Zealand, 482
 * Wingless birds never inhabit continents, 437
 * their evidence against "Lemuria," 438
 * of New Zealand, 476
 * Wings of struthious birds show retrograde development, 437
 * Winter temperature of Europe and America, 196
 * Wolf, range of, 14
 * Wollaston, Mr. T. V., on insular character of St. Helena, 294
 * on St. Helena shells and insects, 297
 * Wood, Mr. Searles V., jun., on formation of "till," 114
 * on alternations of climate, 118
 * on causes of glacial epochs, 125
 * conclusive objection to the excentricity theory, 160
 * on continuous warm Tertiary climates, 180
 * Woodward, Dr. S. P., on Ammonites living in shallow water, 95
 * Woodward, Mr., on "Lemuria," 426
 * Wright, Dr. Percival, on lizards of the Seychelles, 431

 * Y.
 * Young, Professor J., on contemporaneous formation of deposits, 221
 * Young Island, lofty Antarctic, 522

 * Z.
 * Zoology of the Azores, 248
 * of Bermuda, 262
 * of the Sandwich Islands, 313
 * of Borneo, 376
 * of Madagascar, 416
 * of islands round Celebes, 453
 * of Celebes, 455
 * Zoological and geographical regions compared, 32, 54
 * Zoological features of Japan, 393
 * character of New Zealand, 473

title: Island Life/Index


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 14 mess with Thorir Mouth and Erlend Maw'. They took him into their mess, but rather stiffly. When men were turning in to sleep, a sailor of the king's asked who should tell them stories. There was little answer. Then said he: 'Sturla the Icelander, will you tell stories?' 'As you will', said Sturla. So he told them the story of Huld, better and fuller than any one there had ever heard it told before. Then many men pushed forward to the fore-deck, wanting to hear as clearly as might be, and there was a great crowd. The queen asked: 'What is that crowd on deck there?' A man answered: 'The men are listening to the story that the Icelander tells'. 'What story is that?' said she. He answers: 'It is about a great troll-wife, and it is a good story and well told'. The king bade her pay no heed to that, and go to sleep. She says, 'I think this Icelander must be a good fellow, and less to blame than he is reported'. The king was silent.

So the night passed, and the next morning there was no wind for them, and the king's ship lay in the same place. Later in the day, when men sat at their drink, the king sent dishes from his table to Sturla. Sturla's messmates were pleased with this: 'You bring better luck than we thought, if this sort of thing goes on'. After dinner the queen sent for Sturla and asked him to come to her and bring the troll-wife story along with him. So Sturla went aft to the quarter-deck, and greeted the king and queen. The king answered little, the queen well and cheerfully. She asked him to tell the same story he had told overnight. He did so, for a great part of the day. When he had finished the queen thanked him, and many others besides, and made him out in their minds to be a learned man and sensible. But the king said nothing; only he smiled a little.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Page:Sturla the Historian.djvu/14


text: Transactions of the Second International Folk-Congress/Chairman's Address (Folk-Tale section)


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 Rh Sturla thought he saw that the king's whole frame of mind was brighter than the day before. So he said to the king that he had made a poem about him, and another about his father: 'I would gladly get a hearing for them'. The queen said: 'Let him recite his poem; I am told that he is the best of poets, and his poem will be excellent'. The king bade him say on, if he would, and repeat the poem he professed to have made about him. Sturla chanted it to the end. The queen said: 'To my mind that is a good poem'. The king said to her: 'Can you follow the poem clearly?' 'I would be fain to have you think so, Sir', said the queen. The king said: 'I have learned that Sturla is good at verses'. Sturla took his leave of the king and queen and went to his place. There was no sailing for the king all that day. In the evening before he went to bed he sent for Sturla. And when he came he greeted the king and said: 'What will you have me to do, Sir?' The king called for a silver goblet full of wine, and drank some and gave it to Sturla and said: 'A health to a friend in wine!' (Vin skal til vinar drekka). Sturla said: 'God be praised for it!' 'Even so', says the king; 'and now I wish you to say the poem you have made about my father'. Sturla repeated it: and when it was finished men praised it much, and most of all the queen. The king said: 'To my thinking, you are a better reciter than the Pope'.—Sturlunga Saga, vol. ii, p. 269 sqq.

King Hacon never came back from his Scottish voyage; Sturla the Icelander wrote his life. The history of the former kings of Norway had by this time come into shape; they were read to King Hacon as he lay on his sick bed in the Orkneys, when he was too

title: Page:Sturla the Historian.djvu/15


text: Transactions of the Second International Folk-Congress/Presidential Address


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 16 tired to follow the Latin Bible. Sturla had many good models before him, and he was already practised in historical writing. The task, however, was a new one, and Hákonar Saga is in many respects very different from Sturlunga; chiefly owing to difference in the subject.

Norway and Iceland, in the thirteenth century, are in contrast almost as if they had been intended for a logical example, to illustrate the method of Agreement and Difference; or for an historical demonstration, to explain the nature and functions of monarchy in the Middle Ages. The original emigmtion to Iceland did not drain away all the freedom out of Norway; the Norwegians who stayed behind were not slavish and obedient people; it was a long time before the ideas of Harald Fairhair got the better of the old modes of life. The original Germania still throve in Norway in spite of the great kings, and anarchy kept returning, in ways that were quite well understood by the Norwegians themselves. Their name for it was neskonungar—'ness-kings'—as we speak of the Heptarchy; in Norway in the old days there had been a number of little independent kings each on his own headland, ruling his own stretch of a fiord. By the year 1200 a new monarchical experiment had succeeded under Sverre, one of the most remarkable adventurers who have ever come forward as Saviours of Society. He had a ragged regiment, the Birkibeinar, or Birchlegs, as they were nicknamed from their birch-bark gaiters—a company like that of David—every one that was in distress, and every one that was in debt, and every one that was discontented. These Birkibeinar for a long time were a terror to the country; a bad report of them was brought to England in the reign of Henry II by the Norwegian Archbishop Eystein, and their nickname is

title: Page:Sturla the Historian.djvu/16


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20 then began to consider in what direction I should steer, for I had not now the beach as a guide for my movements. Whilst thinking over the matter, one of them returned, bringing with him a rude kind of basket made of rushes. In it was some of the berries I have already mentioned, which he wished to barter for one of my much courted stockings. I however objected, being resolved on letting him know I was positive in that matter, hoping by so doing to give him a favourable opinion of my determination, on questions which might arise between us of greater consequence. Finding his negotiation useless, he left the fruit and followed his companions. When I thought them sufficiently far off, I took to my heels, in the direction, as I thought, for the sea coast, and fortunately I made it without much difficulty. Going musing along, I came to a high rock against which the waves were beating violently, the sea at the time being very tempestuous: it was a very grand but a dreary and melancholy scene. Whilst viewing it with a very aching and downcast heart and spirit, I observed a small rocky island a short distance from the beach, covered with the strangest looking animals I had ever seen. They appeared to be about four, or from four to six feet long, having a head similar to that of a pig, without feet, with tails like those of a fish, a large fin on each side, and a body covered with short glossy hair: I suppose them to be the fur seal, or sea elephant.

Finding night coming on, having no fire to warm me, and with so dreary a prospect of the future—without food of any kind,—I began to repent having left the


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Rh natives, and resolved on returning to their huts from whence I had made my escape. I accordingly traced my way back, but on my arrival found they had not returned. After remaining some hours, I decided on going in the direction I supposed them to have taken, but after a weary march, I found I had completely lost myself and very much distressed, I laid myself down for the night, within the shelter of a large hollow tree, such as are to be found in the Australian forests. Having secured a fire-stick during the day, I made a good fire, it being very cold, and raining heavily.

I remember I had no sleep that night, for my fire attracted the notice of the wild dogs and opossums, whose horrid howls and noises were such as to render sleep impossible. The cries of the latter were like the shrieks of children, appearing to be at times over me, and at others close to my ear. Under these circumstances, I hailed the daylight very thankfully, and then proceeded on my solitary way, endeavouring to get upon the trail of the natives, who, as I supposed, had gone in that direction. In this I was not successful, and having entangled myself in the labyrinths of the forest, in a country entirely unknown to me, I became at length lost, and remained so for three days, without a morsel of food, or a drop of water, excepting small quantities which I occasionally met with in the clay holes. When I laid myself down to rest hoping to sleep, the same unearthly noises appeared to have followed me, and my mind for want of relaxation was failing, as the minds of the strongest men will fail,


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22 under such circumstances. I continued to wander about in this way, subsisting upon succulent shrubs and berries, until I came to a large lake, upon which I could see an abundance of ducks, and geese, and swans, and other wild fowl. From that lake I found a very considerable river flawing, as I concluded, toward the sea. I at once resolved to follow its course; and of reaching its entrance, saw the little rocky island already mentioned as haring the seal, or sea elephants upon it; and it was a great comfort to me, to find myself once more not far from my old quarters where the three natives had left me. I soon after arrived at the turf cabins, having now acquired some acquaintance with the locality, and although suffering much from hunger, lay myself down and slept soundly. At daylight, I had the satisfaction to find some of the same kind of fruit the native had brought me in the rush basket. On these I made a great feast, and after remaining there that day, returned to my own hut on the beach. Here I must have remained many months—how long I cannot tell—subsisting as before; but at length it appeared likely that my supplies would fail, and I began again to reflect on my deplorable condition. My clothes were all in tatters, my shoes were worn out, my health was much impaired by want and exposure, and my spirits broken—so much so, that I determined on retracing my steps in order to regain the ship in the event of her remaining in the bay, and with the hopes of rejoining my companions, should they be still in existence. The winter was fast approaching, the weather


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cardwell, Edward (1813-1886)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Cardwell, Edward (1787-1861)


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Page:Best Russian Short Stories.djvu/193

Rh "He went to market, your Excellency."

"Was he told to go to market?"

"Yes, your Excellency."

The captain spat again.

"Why do you keep spitting? Such vulgar manners!" his wife cried angrily. "You behave at home like a drunken subaltern. You haven't the least consideration for your wife. You are so coarse in your behaviour towards me! Do, please, go to your office."

"Semyonov."

"Your Excellency?"

"If the package comes, please have it sent back to the office and say I've gone there. And listen! Some one must always be here. I won't have everybody out of the house at the same time. Do you hear?"

"Yes, your Excellency."

The captain put on his cap to go. In the doorway he turned and addressed his wife.

"Please, Tasya, please don't send all the servants on your errands at the same time. Something important may turn up, and then there's nobody here to attend to it."

He went out, and his wife remained reclining in the sofa corner as if his plea were no concern of hers. But scarcely had he left the house, when she called out:

"Semyonov, come here. Quick!"

A bare-footed unshaven man in dark blue pantaloons and cotton shirt presented himself. His stocky figure and red face made a wholesome appearance. He was the Captain's orderly.

"At your service, your Excellency."

"Listen, Semyonov, you don't seem to be stupid."

"I don't know, your Excellency."

"For goodness' sake, drop 'your Excellency.' I am not your superior officer."

"Yes, your Excel—"

"Idiot!"

But the lady's manner toward the servant was far friendlier than toward her husband. Semyonov had it in his power to perform important services for her, while the captain had not come up to her expectations.


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 56 A propos of this Samoan story, it may be remarked that, when the same folk-tale is found to exist among civilised and uncivilised races, the derivation must in most cases be presumed to be from the former to the latter. Why this should be the case is obvious: in a form of a legend current in a primitive tribe there is always something barbarous, which repels educated taste, and makes borrowing difficult; while, on the contrary, it is easy for the ruder people to adapt the clearer and simpler narrative of their intellectual superiors. Add to this, that the cultivated people are at the centre of communication, while the barbarous races are at the extremities of the spokes; it would obviously be difficult for trait.] She directs him to her father's house, with certain warnings, III, Siati goes to the dwelling of the god, observing the instructions given him. A task is imposed on him, to build a house in one day. This is done by the arts of the girl. Second task, to fight with a dog; third, to seek a ring, which is fished out of the sea by the maiden, after she has been cut to pieces. Then follow the flight, as usual (throwing out of comb, earth,v water). IV. Puapae gives Siati leave to visit his family and friends; he does so, and forgets his wife. When he is to marry again she comes and stands on the other side j and when the chief asks the youth which is his bride, and he indicates the other, she cries that he has forgotten all she had done for him, and departs. Siati recollects, darts after her, and expires.

The incident of the ring is exactly paralleled in many European tales of the cycle. (See Cosquin's notes.) Thus, in the Basque variant before cited, the hero is required to recover a ring from the river; the heroine causes him to cut her in pieces, and throw these into the water; her little finger is lost in the process, on which she recommends flight. Originally, it seems to have been by the loss of this finger that the hero is enabled to recognise his disguised love, such recognition being the final task imposed. The other form of the task is that in which the youth is required to procure an egg from a nest in a high tree, and is allowed to use the fingers of his love as steps, losing one in the same way. It does not appear which is the oldest form of the task; but the Samoan form seems obviously abridged and confused.

When the girl warns her lover to eat nothing which her father offers him, and not to sit on a high seat, the reason is the humility proper to mortals dealing with a god. In the French tale (E. Cosquin), the hero is to refuse the dish ofTered, and select a different chair from that proposed. The original idea is probably that indicated in Apuleius, where Psyche is cautioned, while in the presence of Proserpina, not to choose a soft seat, but to sit on the ground, and to eat only a piece of common bread; the motive appearing to be, to avoid identifying himself with the retinue of the mistress of Hades. In the Malagasy tale, mentioned below, Ibonía is warned not to advance as required by his father-in-law, and not to eat from the plate of the latter. The reason appears to be the inability of mortals to endure the brightness of a god, and share the food of the latter.


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 58 it appears clear that there must have existed, probably before our era, a Hindu folk-tale of great length, in which the several sections of the tale were fully and clearly narrated. I will add, that this early Hindu tale appears to me to be indicated as the source from which all the variants of the märchen, of both types, in Asia and in Europe, have descended.


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 In attempting to trace a folk-tale, little attention should be paid to analogies. It is necessary that the several incidents should occur in their order, or at least in a form which indicates an original having the proper arrangement of sections and traits. In such cases, it is obvious that the theory of separate origination can have no application. The discussion is not concerning tale-lements, which may be common to many countries, but concerning a complicated narration, as unlikely to have been independently invented as a modern novel and its foreign translations.

Applying this test, we find our tale, as a whole, among others in Celebes and in Madagascar, in such a form that ultimate derivation from the Hindu story already examined can scarcely be questioned. The Celebes tale in Z. f. d. Morgenländische Gesellschaft, vi, 1852. Utahagi, with other nymphs, descends from heaven in order to bathe in a fountain. The hero obtains her robe, and carries her home; in consequence of his disobedience, she departs. He sets out in quest, reaches heaven by climbing a thorn-tree, and, by the assistance of animals, finds the house. Her brother, a demi-god, obliges him to make choice among nine caskets, one of which is indicated by a i^y [the caskets are a substitute for the sisters in the Hindu tale, where the fly plays a like part]. Eventually he becomes a god, but sends down from heaven his son, from whom the Bantiks descend.

For the Malagasy story of Ibonia see Folk-lore Journal, i, 1883, 202. The hero, being directed by a diviner to capture a maid in a lake, succeeds, after repeated failure, by transforming himself into an ant, and carries the girl home. During his absence, his wife is left in charge of his parents, who contrive her death by inducing her to drink rum, which is fatal to her as a spirit, and which she has stipulated shall not be offered her. On his return, she is disinterred, and comes to life, but returns to heaven, warning him against the danger of following her. He makes friends with birds and beasts, and with his other wife: goes to the sky, where he is severely received by his father-in-law. Follow the tasks (cutting down trees, bringing spades from lake), which he performs by aid of the animals. Then the selection, accomplished by the aid of the king of the flies. [But this trial is confused; he is required to tell the mother from the daughters, and also which are the mothers among many cattle] The tale ends happily, the flight being eliminated. Other and longer versions are given by H. Dahle, Specimens of Malagasy Folk-lore, Antananarivo, 1 887, unluckily without translation. Dahle observes that the tale of Ibonia has a suspiciously Oriental colour, and that the proper name has no etymology in the Malagasy (p. 3). warns him not to follow. The end is obscured. Mention is made of the habits of Rakshasa to travel through the air. This explains why in European versions the appearance of the pursuer is so often compared to that of a cloud, (b) Stokes, Indian Fairy-tales, p. 6. [I have not seen this tale.] The story of Janshah has found its way to Zanzibar, where it is orally current (E. Steere, Swahili Tales, London, 1870, p. 333), and also to South Siberia; see notes of Cosquin.


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 the latter to lend to each other. These à priori probabilities are confirmed by an examination of details; corresponding versions, as in the present story, cannot possibly be explained as a borrowing of savage races from each other, while they are easily interpreted as adaptations of relations received through the civilised peoples. I believe that it will be found, in general, that the diffusion of folktales answers to that of literature, and that the nation which in any age acts as a centre of literary illumination will also be the centre of diffusion of folk-lore. The same fashion which causes acceptance of the former makes the latter also received. It goes without saying that there will be exceptions in individual cases.

All the variants hitherto considered agree in this point, that the hero, immediately after his encounter with the maid in bird-dress, proceeding on his way, comes to the house of her father, and is set to perform the task required. But there is another class of versions, to which belong most of the Oriental narratives, in which the history proceeds differently. These are literary recensions of a folk-tale, in which the youth, retaining the feathergarment of the fairy, makes her his wife, and carries her home. They live together, until, during his absence, she secures possession of her robe and escapes, leaving directions for him to follow. So ends the first part of the history. In the second section of the tale he is represented as engaging in a quest, asking of all animals the whereabouts of his beloved; at last he reaches the heavenly world in which she abides, is coldly received by her relatives, and the tasks and escape follow as related. The character of the tale indicates it as the older form of the narration, from which all the variants of the first class have been derived. The story may then be called "The Bird-Wife": I. Her acquisition and loss; II. Quest and recovery.

This older form of the story, in literature of an origin ultimately Hindu, is represented by the following versions: I. A narrative of Buddhist character, contained in the great Thibetian collection of the Kandjur, of uncertain date. II. A Burmese drama, depending ultimately on the same source, as shown by identity of proper names as well as of theme, III. Two long tales, included in the Thousand and One Nights, IV. Certain modern Hindu folk-tales, all exhibiting alteration and reconstruction. From these, and from versions in other Oriental


text:
Author:Isabel Burton

Biographical

 * The life of Captain Sir Richd F. Burton, 1893. (Transcription project)
 * The Romance of Isabel, Lady Burton, 1897, completed by William Henry Wilkins after her death
 * Lord Houghton at Fryston Hall, article published as part of Celebrities at Home in The World, 20 June 1877

Other

 * The inner life of Syria, Palestine, and the Holy Land: from my private journal, London: H.S. King & Co., 1875.
 * Arabia, Egypt, India: A Narrative of Travel, 1879.
 * Review of Arabia, Egypt, India as it appeared in the Saturday Review

 * Prevention of cruelty, and anti-vivisection., 1879.
 * The Revival of Christianity in Syria: Its Miracles and Martyrdoms, 1871-2
 * Review of The Revival of Christianity in Syria as it appeared in the 1872 Dublin Review
 * Review of The Revival of Christianity in Syria as it appeared in the Colonial Church Chronicle, 1871

 * The Passion-Play at Ober-Ammergau, 1880
 * Will and Last Wishes of Isabel Burton, held at Wiltshire Record Office, Box 2, 2667/26

Letters

 * Gamana-Gamanam, 1879 letter to The Athenaeum
 * Letter regarding Dr. Livingstone sent to Daily Telegraph,
 * Letter to the Journal of Gypsy Lore Society, 1891
 * Sir Richard Burton: An Explanation and a Defence, published in the November 1892 New Review
 * Letter regarding the Nile
 * Letter regarding the Nile II

Poetry

 * The Thousand Nights and a Night, 1886
 * Who Lasts Wins, 1869 poem

Translations

 * Iracema, the honey lips: a legend of Brasil, by José de Alencar, 1886

Works about Burton

 * Poem by Richard Burton, written to Isabel, 1856
 * Burton, Sir Richard and Lady as it appeared in Every Woman's Encyclopaedia Volume IV, by J. A. Brendon.
 * Death of Lady Isabel Burton, as it appeared in the Sydney Morning Herald, May 2, 1896

title: Author:Isabel Burton


text:
User talk:Chutznik

cygnis insignis 19:58, 9 January 2011 (UTC)

title: User talk:Chutznik


text:
User:Shanedidona

Shane Di Dona enjoys chemical engineering, physics, 3ds max, SolidWorks, Mathematica, and Wikipedia. His homepage is http://www.shanedidona.com/

title: User:Shanedidona


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Page:Best Russian Short Stories.djvu/194

174 "Listen, Semyonov, how do you and the doctor's men get along together? Are you friendly?"

"Yes, your Excellency."

"Intolerable!" cried the lady, jumping up. "Stop using that silly title. Can't you speak like a sensible man?"

Semyonov had been standing in the stiff attitude of attention, with the palms of his hands at the seams of his trousers. Now he suddenly relaxed, and even wiped his nose with his fist.

"That's the way we are taught to do," he said carelessly, with a clownish grin. "The gentlemen, the officers, insist on it."

"Now, tell me, you are on good terms with the doctor's men?"

"You mean Podmar and Shuchok? Of course, we're friends."

"Very well, then go straight to them and try to find out when Mrs. Shaldin is expected back. They ought to know. They must be getting things ready against her return—cleaning her bedroom and fixing it up. Do you understand? But be careful to find out right. And also be very careful not to let on for whom you are finding it out. Do you understand?'

"Of course, I understand."

"Well, then, go. But one more thing. Since you're going out, you may as well stop at Abramka's again and tell him to come here right away. You understand?"

"But his Excellency gave me orders to stay at home," said Semyonov, scratching himself behind his ears.

"Please don't answer back. Just do as I tell you. Go on, now."

"At your service." And the orderly, impressed by the lady's severe military tone, left the room.

Mrs. Zarubkin remained reclining on the sofa for a while. Then she rose and walked up and down the room and finally went to her bedroom, where her two little daughters were playing in their nurse's care. She scolded them a bit and returned to her former place on the couch. Her every movement betrayed great excitement.


text:
Unitrin, Inc. v. American General Corp.

Richard L. Sutton, Esquire (argued), Thomas R. Hunt, Jr., Esquire, Alan J. Stone, Esquire, and Michael L. Vild, Esquire, of Morris, Nichols, Arsht & Tunnell, Wilmington, Delaware; Kenneth R. Heitz, Esquire and David I. Gindler, Esquire, Irell & Manella, Los Angeles, California, for appellants.

Rodman Ward, Jr., Esquire, Marc B. Tucker, Esquire (argued), R. Michael Lindsey, Esquire, Cathy L. Reese, Esquire, Joseph M. Asher, Esquire, and Herbert W. Mondros, Esquire, of Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom, Wilmington, Delaware; Anna J. Rastor, Esquire, of Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom, New York, New York, for appellee, American General Corporation.

Joseph A. Rosenthal, Esquire, and Norman M. Monhait, Esquire, of Rosenthal, Monhait, Gross & Goddess, Wilmington, Delaware; Edward Labaton, Esquire (argued) and Ira A. Schochet, Esquire, of Goodkind, Labaton, Rudoff & Sucharow, New York, New York, for appellees, Unitrin Shareholders.

Before VEASEY, Chief Justice, HOLLAND, and BERGER, Justices.

title: Unitrin, Inc. v. American General Corp.


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Page:Folk-lore - A Quarterly Review. Volume 1, 1890.djvu/7

EDITORIAL.

INCE Mr. Thoms invented the term in 1846, Folk-lore has undergone a continual widening of its meaning and its reference. It was confined at first to the unconsidered trifles of popular thought and usage that go to make up the bulk of such books as Brand’s (or rather Bourn’s) Popular Antiquities. But it was soon found that these were only to be explained, if explained at all, by comparison with the larger and more definite products of the popular mind—the folk-tale, the folk-song, and the folk-institution—which in their turn formed the raw material, the protoplasm as it were, out of which Literature itself and the Institutions of the State were evolved. In short, Folk-lore has now been extended to include the whole vast background of popular thought, feeling, and usage, out of which and in contrast to which have been developed all the individual products of human activity which go to make up what is called History.

As the meaning of the term Folk-lore has expanded, so the relations of the science that studies its manifestations have extended, till it has been correlated with all the groups of organised studies that deal with the Past of Man. Folk-lore, in its investigations into popular belief, gives aid to, and receives help from, the cognate studies of Comparative Mythology and Comparative Religion. Folk-lore, in investigating popular usages, often finds traces of past


text:
Author:William John Thoms

Works

 * "Joe Miller, and the Jesters of All Climes and Times" in Bentley's Miscellany, Vol. IV, No. XXII, October 1838
 * Early English prose romances (1827, revised 1858)
 * Vol. I (Robert the Deuyll, Thomas A Reading, Frier Bacon, Frier Rush)
 * Vol. II (Virgilius, Robin Hood, George A Green, Tom A Lincoln)
 * Vol. III (Helyas, Doctor Faustus)
 * Three notelets on Shakespeare
 * Anecdotes and traditions
 * Three notelets on Shakespeare
 * Anecdotes and traditions

As translator

 * The Primeval Antiquities of Denmark (1849) by Jens Jacob Asmussen Worsaae

As editor

 * The Original, a weekly periodical (3 March – 28 July 1832)
 * Lays and Legends of Various Nations (March–September 1834)

title: Author:William John Thoms


text: Index:The Jungle Book (1910).djvu

title: Index:The Jungle Book (1910).djvu


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Page:Folk-lore - A Quarterly Review. Volume 1, 1890.djvu/9

 Rh The instalment in the present number, with the unavoidable deficiencies of a first attempt, will at least indicate the ideal at which we aim.

While paying attention to these cognate studies, will continue the work so efficiently carried on by its predecessors, the Folk-Lore Record and the Folk-Lore Journal, of recording, classifying, and discussing the facts of Folk-lore properly so called. In doing this, the aid of members of the Folk-lore Society and of others interested in the subject is cordially invited. Such aid can consist of forwarding to this Journal any instances of popular “superstition”, legend, or practice, that still linger in the British Islands or in the outlying parts of the British Empire. In particular, there is reason to hope that a number of genuine English “fairy tales” akin to, but not identical with, “Grimm’s Goblins”, still linger among old nurses and elderly peasants. It is eminently desirable that these should be saved from oblivion while there is yet time. Correspondence on points relating to the methods of Folklore, the best means of obtaining facts and of dealing with them when obtained, is also cordially invited.

Lastly, while addressed primarily to the members of the Folk-lore Society and folk-lorists in general, this Journal also hopes to meet with sympathetic readers among all those who are interested in the lives of the people. For when it is asked, who are the Folk whose Lore we study, the answer must be that they are those who have borne and who bear the burden of the world’s work. Indeed, the Humanity in whose name we are called upon to exercise our highest strivings is nothing other than the Folk whose feelings and inmost thoughts find their sole expression in the utterance and usages which Folk-lore collects, classifies, and reverently examines.