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 TUCKER, WILLIAM (1589?–1640?), colonist, born in England about 1589, seems to have gone out to Virginia in 1610 in the Mary and James (see, op. cit.) He was one of the first subscribers to the Virginia Company, and in 1617 sent over two men in his service to the colony, himself following in 1618. He apparently devoted himself to trading voyages as well as to planting, and probably from this obtained the title 'Captain' by which reference is generally made to him. To judge from instructions which he left on one of his visits to England, he was a shrewd and hard man of business (Cal. State Papers. Colonial, 1574-1660, p. 151). He resided at Kiccowtan (afterwards Elizabeth City), where he had an estate of eight hundred acres and a large establishment, and on 30 July 1619 he was elected member for that city to the first assembly of Virginia. He took a leading part in the fighting arising out of the massacre in the colony by the Indians in 1622. Before 1623 he had become a member of the council of Virginia, and apparently was reappointed in subsequent years till his death. In 1630, and again in 1632 and 1633, he made voyages to England. On the last of these occasions he made an application to the privy council for a renewal of the ancient charter of Virginia, and for restraint of the Dutch from the trade. He seems to have died in England, probably before 1640. He married, before 1618, Mary, daughter of Robert Thompson of Watton, Hertfordshire, who was aunt to the first Baron Haversham.

 TUCKEY, JAMES KINGSTON [sic] (1776–1816), commander in the navy and explorer, youngest son of Thomas Tuckey of Greenhill, near Mallow, co. Cork, by Elizabeth, daughter of the Rev. James Kingston of Donoughmore, was born in August 1776. His parents died in his infancy, and he was brought up by his maternal grandmother. After a voyage to the West Indies in a merchant ship, he was in 1793, by the influence of his kinsman, Captain Francis John Hartwell, afterwards commissioner of the navy, placed on board the Suffolk, going out to the East Indies with the broad pennant of Commodore [q. v.], and in her he was present at the reduction of Trincomalee in August 1795, and of Amboyna, where he was wounded in the left arm by a fragment of a shell. He was afterwards put in command of a prize brig, and ordered to cruise off the island, to prevent a threatened insurrection of the natives. By the bursting of a gun his right arm was broken. He had no surgeon, and set it himself. It had to be broken again by the surgeon of the Suffolk, with the result that he never quite recovered its use. In January 1798 he assisted in suppressing a serious mutiny on board the Suffolk, and Rainier, in approving his conduct, gave him an acting order as lieutenant, and appointed him to the Fox frigate. Being at Madras in February 1799, when the Sibylle was sailing to look out for the French frigate Forte [see ], Tuckey, with a party of seamen from the Fox, volunteered for service in her, and took part in capturing the Forte a few days later. He was confirmed in the rank of lieutenant on 6 Oct. 1800. He rejoined the Fox in the Red Sea, and, after returning to Bombay, was again in the Red Sea in the end of 1800. He suffered much from the heat, and laid the foundations of 'a hepatic derangement,' from which he suffered all the rest of his life. He was invalided to India, and was sent home with despatches.

In 1802 he was appointed first lieutenant of the Calcutta, going out to New South Wales to establish a colony at Port Phillip. Tuckey remained in the Calcutta the whole time, and made a complete survey of the harbour of Port Phillip and a careful examination of the adjacent coast and country. On his return to England in the autumn of 1804 he published 'The Account of a Voyage to establish a Colony at Port Phillip in Bass's Strait … in the years 1802, 1803-4' (1805, 8vo). The dedication to Sir Francis Hartwell is dated 'Portsmouth, 29 October 1804.' The Calcutta was then sent out to St. Helena to convoy the homeward-bound East Indiaman. On the way home she was met by the Rochefort squadron and was captured. Her captain, Woodriff, was exchanged some eighteen months later; but for Tuckey no exchange was permitted, and he was detained a prisoner in France, mostly at Verdun, till the peace of 1814. During this time he wrote a comprehensive work, 'Maritime Geography and Statistics,' which was published on his return to England (1815, 4 vols. 8vo). He was promoted to the rank of commander on 27 Aug. 1814. After the peace of 1815 the government determined to send out an expedition to endeavour to solve the problem of the Congo. Many officers thrown out of employment by the peace applied for the command, which was conferred on Tuckey, mainly, it would seem, in recognition of his geographical studies as shown in the 'Maritime Geography.' It was indeed objected that his


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 health was delicate, but he urged that it would improve in a warm climate, and so it was settled that he should go. There is no doubt that his two published works showed Tuckey as a scientific geographer; his service record showed him to be a good officer, and it was probably thought that some compensation was due to him for his long imprisonment; but the idea of choosing this particular reward or compensation for a man affected with chronic disease of the liver, and that without any medical inspection, seems preposterous.

He sailed early in 1816 in a specially built vessel, named the Congo, and accompanied by the Dorothy storeship. The Dorothy remained in the lower river, while the Congo pushed up as far as the cataracts. Tuckey then undertook a journey by land, to see what was above the cataracts, but his health completely broke down, and he was obliged to return. Utterly worn out, he got back to the Congo on 17 Sept.; on the following day he was sent down to the Dorothy, and on board her he died on 4 Oct., 'of exhaustion rather than of disease.' But the report of the surgeon was 'that since leaving England he never enjoyed good health, the hepatic functions being generally in a deranged state.' His journal, exactly as he wrote it, was published, by permission of the admiralty, under the title of 'Narrative of an Expedition to explore the River Zaire, usually called the Congo, in South Africa, in 1816, under the direction of Captain J. K. Tuckey, R.N.' (1818, 4to). While at Verdun in 1806 Tuckey married Margaret Stuart, a fellow-prisoner, daughter of the captain of an Indiaman, by whom he left issue.

 TUCKNEY, ANTHONY, D.D. (1599–1670), puritan divine, son of William Tuckney, vicar of Kirton, near Boston, Lincolnshire, was born there, and baptised on 22 Sept. 1599. He was educated at Emmanuel College, Cambridge, being admitted pensioner 4 June 1613, and graduating B.A. 1616-17, M.A. 1620. Being elected fellow (1619), he did not at once reside, but became household chaplain to Theophilus Clinton, fourth earl of Lincoln. Returning to the university, he pursued for ten years a distinguished career as tutor, among his pupils being [q. v.],, first marquis of Dorchester [q. v.], and his brother [q. v.] He commenced B.D. in 1627. On 2 Oct. 1629 he was elected to succeed Edward Wright, deceased, as ' mayor's chaplain ' or ' town preacher ' at Boston, where his cousin, John Cotton (1585-1652), was vicar. When Cotton resigned (7 May 1633) with a view to migration to New England, Tuckney was chosen (22 July) by the corporation to succeed him. His puritanism, though not so pronounced as Cotton's, brought him into some trouble with the spiritual courts, but he was beloved by his parishioners. He founded (1635) a library, still existing, in a room over the church porch, giving many books to it. During the plague of 1637 he fearlessly ministered to his flock. He was chosen with [q. v.] as clerk for Lincoln diocese in the second convocation of 1640.

Tuckney was nominated in the ordinance of 12 June 1643 to be a member of the Westminster assembly of divines, he and ('rabbi Coleman') [q. v.] representing the county of Lincoln. He removed with his family to London, retaining the Boston vicarage at the desire of his parishioners, but transferring the salary (100l.) to his curate in charge. He was provided for in London by receiving the sequestered rectory of St. Michael-le-Querne, Cheapside. In the Westminster assembly Tuckney took a very important part, as chairman of committee, in the preparation of the doctrinal formularies; his wording was often adopted; in the larger catechism the exposition of the decalogue is almost entirely his. But, as he explained (1651) to Whichcote, 'in the assemblie, I gave my vote with others that the Confession of Faith, puttout by Authoritie, shoulde not bee required to bee eyther sworne or subscribed-too; we having bin burnt in the hand in that kind before; but so as not to be publickly preached or written against.'

On 11 April 1645 the assembly approved of his appointment as master of Emmanuel. He spent part of each year at Cambridge. On 30 March 1648 an ordinance was passed for making him Margaret professor of divinity; it does not seem to have taken effect, but in that year, the dogmatic work of the assembly being completed, he resigned his London rectory and removed his family to Cambridge. He was vice-chancellor that year, and on Good Friday, 15 March 1648-9, he waited on, second earl of Manchester [q. v.], to congratulate him on his appointment as chancellor. In 1649 he commenced D.D. He tried to save [q. v.] from ejection (May 1651) from his fellowship at Emmanuel. Later in the same year (September-November 1651) occurred his memorable


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16 stopped." When Lord Lansdowne in 1819 argued that the Peterloo meeting was peaceable, it being attended by women and children, Liverpool replied that he saw many women busily employed in the attack on the Bastille. Young Jenkinson, even at nineteen, was able to discuss Necker's financial schemes, and he seems to have frequently attended the Assembly.

Dr. Rigby of Norwich, an old pupil of Priestley's, and his three companions witnessed the procession of the Bastille victors, were recognised as Englishmen and were embraced as freemen, for they were told, "We are now free like yourselves; henceforth no longer enemies, we are brothers, and war shall never more divide us." "We caught," says Rigby, "the general enthusiasm; we joined in the joyful shouts of liberty; we shook hands cordially with freed Frenchmen." Ghastly trophies—two heads on pikes—soon, however, chilled their enthusiasm, and next day a mob twice prevented their leaving Paris, escorting them with hisses and insults to the Hôtel de Ville as fugitive aristocrats. To avoid further molestation they waited till July 18, and, from the Palais Royal balcony of the jeweller Sykes, saw the King pass to the Hôtel de Ville. His cold reception they considered ominous; but Rigby, though he had "seen enough to frighten him pretty handsomely and make his heart ache," was glad, having escaped


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Rh all danger, to have witnessed such memorable scenes. In 1813, when he was a grandfather and sixty-six years of age, his second wife gave birth to four infants, an event for which the Norwich Corporation voted him a piece of plate; but the whole quartette died within three months. Dr. Rigby survived them eight years. It is a far cry from the Bastille to the Ile Ste. Marguérite; yet the 14th July echoed thither. Macdonagh, an Irish officer in the French service, had for twelve years occupied the cell of the Man with the Iron Mask. Born in Sligo in 1740, he had money left him by a great-uncle, a Jacobite refugee in France, was sent for by his guardian, and brought up in France, where he entered the army, and gained the Cross of St. Louis. In 1774, while sub-lieutenant in Dillon's regiment at Lille, he became acquainted with Rose Plunket, daughter of Lord Dunsany, and a boarder in a convent. Touched by her tale of family dissensions and her repugnance to returning to Ireland, he was secretly married to her by an Irish priest. Her brother shortly afterwards fetched her to Paris, Macdonagh going in the same coach without appearing to know her. The brother, on discovering the facts, confined her in Port Royal convent; but she appealed to the British Embassy, and there was diplomatic correspondence respecting her. "It is


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 (on separation from the colonies). 24. ‘A Series of Answers to … Objections against separating from the Rebellious Colonies …,’ 1776, 8vo. 25. ‘True Interests of Britain set forth in regard to the Colonies,’ 1776, 8vo (published at Philadelphia). 26. ‘Dispassionate Thoughts on the American War,’ 1780, 8vo. 27. ‘Cui Bono? An Enquiry what Benefit can arise to the English or Americans, French, Spanish, or Dutch, from the greatest Victories in the present War,’ 1781, 8vo (a series of letters addressed to Necker. There is a French translation, 1782). 28. ‘Treatise concerning Civil Government,’ 1781, 8vo. 29. ‘Reflections on present low Price of Coarse Wools,’ 1782, 8vo. 30. ‘Sequel to Sir W. Jones's Pamphlet on the Principles of Government,’ 1784, 8vo. 31. ‘Reflections on present Matters of Dispute between Great Britain and Ireland,’ 1785, 8vo. 32. ‘Union or Separation, written some Years since by Dr. Tucker, now first published with a Tract on the same Subject, by Dr. Clarke, &c.,’ 1799. 33. ‘Dean Tucker's Reflections on the Terrors of Invasion,’ published in the newspapers in 1779, were reprinted in 1806. Tucker also published six sermons in 1772, seventeen in 1776, and a single sermon or two.

[Gent. Mag. 1799, pp. 1000–3; Barrett's Bristol (1789), p. 512; Seward's Anecdotes, ii. 436–41; Le Neve's Fasti, i. 224, 445; Watson's Life of Warburton, p. 496; Thos. Newton's Autobiography; Letters of an Eminent Prelate (1809), pp. 403, 443, 452; McCulloch's Lit. of Political Economy, pp. 51, 53, 55, 90, 91, 192, 239, 269, 270, 278.]

 TUCKER, THOMAS TUDOR (1775–1852), rear-admiral, third of the eight sons (all in the public service) of Henry Tucker, secretary of the council of the Bermudas, was born on 29 June 1775. Henry St. George Tucker [q. v.] was his eldest brother. After two voyages in the service of the East India Company, he entered the navy in 1793 as master's mate of the Argo, with Captain William Clark, whom he followed to the Sampson and the Victorious, in which last he was present at the reduction of the Cape of Good Hope. On 21 March 1796 he was appointed acting lieutenant of the Suffolk on the East India station, in which and afterwards in the Swift sloop, again in the Victorious and in the Sceptre, he served as acting lieutenant for nearly four years. On her way homewards the Sceptre was lost in Table Bay, on 5 Nov. 1799. A great part of her crew perished, and Tucker was left to find his own passage to England. On arriving in London he learned that the admiralty refused to confirm his irregular promotion, and, after passing a second examination, he was made a lieutenant on 20 May 1800, into the Prince George, in which, and afterwards in the Prince, he served in the Channel fleet till the peace. In June 1803 he was appointed to the Northumberland, carrying the flag of Rear-admiral Cochrane, at the first off Ferrol, and later on in the West Indies, where, on 6 Feb. 1806, he was present in the battle of St. Domingo [see ; ]. He was then appointed by the admiral acting commander of the Dolphin, and, in succession, of several other ships; but the rank was not confirmed till 15 Feb. 1808. In April he was moved into the Epervier, in which, and afterwards in the Cherub, he repeatedly distinguished himself in the capture of the enemy's vessels even when protected by batteries, and in February 1810 he assisted in the reduction of Guadeloupe. On the special recommendation of the commander-in-chief, Sir Francis Laforey, he was promoted to post rank on 1 Aug. 1811, but was continued in the Cherub, which he took to England in September 1812, in charge of a large convoy.

He was immediately ordered to refit the ship for foreign service, and early in December sailed for South America, and on to the Pacific, where, at Juan Fernandez, he joined Captain James Hillyar [q. v.] of the Phœbe, with whom he continued, and assisted in the capture of the United States frigate Essex, near Valparaiso, on 28 March 1814, when Tucker was severely wounded. The small force of the Cherub had, necessarily, little influence on the event of the action; but in the previous blockade she had rendered important service in helping to frustrate the enemy's attempts to escape. In August 1815 she returned to England, and was paid off. Tucker afterwards commanded the Andromeda and the Comus for a few months, but after May 1816 had no employment. On 4 July 1840 he was nominated a C.B.; and on 1 Oct. 1846 was put on the retired list, with the rank of rear-admiral. He died in London on 20 July 1852. He married, in 1811, Anne Byam Wyke, eldest daughter of Daniel Hill of Antigua, and left issue a son and three daughters.

[Marshall's Roy. Nav. Biogr. vi. (suppl. pt. ii.) 419; O'Byrne's Nav. Biogr. Dict.; Gent. Mag. 1852, ii. 539.]

 TUCKER, WILLIAM (1558?–1621), dean of Lichfield. [See .]


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18 immaterial to us," wrote Vergennes to Guines, ambassador at London, "whether the demoiselle Plunket makes a good marriage or a bad one, or even whether she allows herself indulgences without contracting marriage at all. We do not claim to be the guardians of English virginities."

To cut a long story short, Rose proved faithless, and to prevent Macdonagh's opposition to a second and more brilliant marriage, she got him arrested in 1777 under a lettre de cachet. On the way to prison he jumped out of the carriage by night, and villagers knocked off his fetters; but others betrayed him, and he was recaptured. He was deprived of all communication with the outer world, a turnkey who forwarded a letter for him being dismissed. Rose meanwhile married a Belgian marquis named Carondelet. Macdonagh was probably released under the decree of March 1790, cancelling all lettres de cachet. In the following July he met Rutledge in the Tuileries gardens, and the latter published his story to the above effect, first in Camille Desmoulins' newspaper, and afterwards in more detail as a pamphlet. Carondelet replied to the newspaper letters by protesting that his wife had never had any acquaintance with Macdonagh beyond speaking to him once through the grating of Port Royal. According to Carondelet, her uncle, General Hussy, took her in 1771,


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Rh then fifteen years of age, to Belgium, as Count O'Gara wished to make her and her brother his heirs. She, however, desired to be a nun, whereupon O'Gara, disapproving this, placed her in the Lille convent, and she never went outside the gate till fetched by her brother to Paris. This version was obviously dictated by Rose herself. Macdonagh retorted by showing Desmoulins letters in her writing addressed to him, one of them referring to their secret marriage. Carondelet made no rejoinder. "When Rutledge in 1791 took down the story in full, Macdonagh, apparently not wishing, on second thoughts, that it should be published, asked to borrow the manuscript, but Rutledge refused. In a letter to the Moniteur Macdonagh then announced that he was on his way to Hainaut to secure the punishment of Rose and her co-conspirator. He was probably the Colonel Macdonagh who, in 1804, wrote a long letter in the Paris Argus on English misrule in Ireland.

Rutledge, as a prisoner under the old régime and one of the first political prisoners after its fall, may here be spoken of. He was the son of Walter Rutledge, a Jacobite privateer at Dunkirk, who joined "Walsh of Nantes in lending vessels, arms, and money to Charles Edward in 1745. The Old Pretender repaid them the money, and conferred a baronetcy on Rutledge, whose son consequently styled himself the Chevalier (or Sir James)


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20. In 1770 the latter published in London an essay comparing French and English manners, while in Paris he issued "La Quinzaine Anglaise," an account of a young lord who in a fortnight runs through £12,000 and is lodged in a debtor's prison. Wealthy young Englishmen undoubtedly at that period fell an easy prey to the tempter at Paris, and Rutledge treated this theme in other works. He also wrote farces and satires, some considered witty, others failures. He assisted Letourneur in translating Shakspere, whom he defended against Voltaire's criticism. "Frenchmen," he exclaimed, "give up your tragedies; they are cold and tedious." In 1778 he started a magazine named, after the Tatler, "Le Babillard" but it was very shortlived. Having charged his notary with fradulently obtaining his inheritance at one-third of its value, he was cast in damages, and in default imprisoned at La Force, where he made acquaintance with Lord Massareene. This restless pamphleteer, who had been a cavalry captain, had been expelled from Poland, and now called himself a banker, was in 1789 the spokesman of the Paris bakers. Subsidised by the municipality to supply the citizens with bread under cost price they were suspected of selling loaves to country people at a higher sum, and then of pretending that the millers had kept them without flour. Rutledge, on their behalf, covered the walls of Paris with


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Rh diatribes against forestallers, and with scurrilous attacks on Necker. He is said to have declared that within four days his own head or Necker's should roll from the scaffold, and he promised the bakers a loan of two or three millions on easier terms than those offered by the municipality. A prosecution for lèse-nation in simulating a commission from the Assembly to treat with the bakers was instituted. Rutledge applied for protection from arrest to the Cordeliers district, which afterwards sheltered Marat, but in this case it declined to interfere. The prosecution was, however, dropped, and in February 1790 he was released. In 1792 or 1793, with the same mania of delation, he was one of the persecutors of the hapless assignat superintendent Delamarche, the nervous man whom Madame Roland showed how to die by changing places with him on the scaffold. Rutledge, like other assailants of Delamarche, had been employed in numbering the assignats, and revenged the abolition of this formality by charging him with malversation. He died in March 1794, at the supposed age of forty-four.


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 Royal Marine Forces : C. Menzies, Ist-Lieut. | J. M. McCuUocli, 2(.1-Lieut. Master's Mates : Stone aud Gammou. Midshipmen : Vernon, Stevens, Harcourt, Vicary, Armstrong, Woodi-iff, Wiseman. Names of the Officers of the Civil Establishment going to the intended Settlement of Pt. Philip, New S. Wales. Lieut.-Colonel His jI. Eoyal Marine Forces. David Collins Lieut.-Governor Eevd. Kobt. Knopwood ... Assistant Chaplain Ben.Barbold(didnotcome| Deputy Judge Advocate ... Ast. Surgeon Wm. J'anson Mathew Bowden .., Wm. Hopley Leonard Fosbrook .., G.P.Harris A. W. H. Humphry Thorn's Clark I Wm. Patterson ) '" d d „ Deputy Commissary Deputy Surveyor ... Mineralogist Calcutta ... Calcutta Calcutta Ocean Passengers Ocean Pa. Ocean Pa. Ocean Pa. Ocean Pa. £ s. d. .50 10 C  10  10  5 91 91 91 91 Royal Marine Officers : R. Lieut.-Col. Collins ... Passenger on board H.M. ship Ca/cM<^a. Wm. Sladden J. M. Johnson Edward Lord Serjents Drummer  Lieut. Ocean Pa.  passenger.']  „ H.M. shiiJ Calcutta.  „ Ocean Pa. Corporals ... 3. Fifer ... 1. ... Privates ... 39. Superintendauts of Convicts Ocea?iPa. (£50each) 100 Note 1. — On a fly-leaf, Knopwood says that the number of convicts who sailed for Port Philip was 307, ■which figures are misprinted in old Tasmanian almanacs 367. The wives of 12 of the convicts accompanied their husbands. Some of the soldiers also had their wives with them. — C. Note 2. — To the list of officials above given by Knopwood, Collins, in a return to Governor King, dated at the Heads, 5th November 1803, adds the names of John Ingle and William Parish as overseers. Fkee Settlers. — "List of persons who have obtained Lord Hobart's permission to proceed to Port Phillip, 5th April 1803." — LabiHiere.'] : — " Names. Mr. Collins Edwd. Newman Mr. Hartley ... Edward F. Hamilton. John J. Gravie. Mr. Pownall. A Female Servant. Thos. Collingwood Duke Charraau. John Skilhorne Anty. Fletcher T. K. Preston OCCDPATIONS. Seaman. Ship Carpenter. Seaman. Carpenter. Cutler. Mason. Pocketbook Maker."— [Ed.]


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 II. AT THE EMBASSY. Duke of Dorset—Lord R. Fitzgerald—Earl Gower—Huskisson— Gem—Warner—Lindsay—Monro—Somers—Elliot. British Embassy at first fully shared in the general enthusiasm. The Duke of Dorset, though a favourite with Marie Antoinette, sent the Duke of Leeds a glowing despatch on the fall of the Bastille:—

"Nothing," he wrote on July 16, 1789, "could exceed the regularity and good order with which all this extraordinary business [the assumption of the government of Paris by a Volunteer National Guard] has been conducted. Of this I have myself been a witness upon several occasions during the last three days as I have passed through the streets, nor had I at any moment reason to be alarmed for my personal safety. . . . Thus, my Lord, the greatest revolution that we know anything of has been effected with, comparatively speaking—if the magnitude of the event is considered—the loss of very few lives. From this moment we may consider France as a free country, the King a very limited monarch, and the nobility as reduced to a level with the rest of the nation."

The Duke little foresaw that the fall of the


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The New International Encyclopædia/Gneiss

GNEISS (Ger., probably connected with OHG. gneista, Icel. gneisti, AS. gnāst, Eng. gnast, spark). A family of rocks belonging to the metamorphic series, and resembling granite in composition. Gneisses are granular aggregates of feldspar and quartz, with mica, hornblende, or pyroxene, and some of the rarer metals. Their structure is characterized by a parallel arrangement of the constituents: the light and dark minerals alternate in-bands or layers, which are sometimes so regular and distinct as to give the appearance of stratification. Owing to this peculiarity, many geologists hold that they are metamorphosed sediments. There is conclusive evidence, however, that the parallel arrangement may be brought about in rocks of truly igneous origin, either as a result of movements of the constituents while the magma is in process of solidification, or by compression and shearing strains after the rock mass has solidified. Some gneisses, doubtless, have resulted from the metamorphism of sediments; but in such cases the proof is not based primarily upon the gneissoid character. Neither the igneous nor the sedimentary theory of origin is to be accepted for gneisses as a class, and each occurrence must be studied by itself. For this reason, geologists have come

to use the term gneiss in its structural sense, without implying anything further as to origin or constituent minerals. When it is desired to define the composition of a particular type, other rock names are united with the term; for example, granite-gneiss, syenite-gneiss, gabbro-gneiss, or granitic gneiss, syenitic gneiss, gabbroic gneiss. Gneisses are the most widely distributed of metamorphic rocks (q.v.), and are found underlying the earliest sediments in almost all parts of the world. Consult: Kemp, Handbook of Rocks (New York, 1900); Rosenbusch, Mikroskopische Physiographie der Mineralien und Gesteine (Stuttgart, 1896). See.


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26 would indirectly lead to his speedy recall. On the hasty flight of the Comte d'Artois, Dorset wrote to congratulate him on his escape. This letter, intrusted to Castelnau, the French Minister at Geneva, was intercepted on July 23. The Paris Committee, before whom Castelnau and his documents were taken, sent the latter to the Assembly, but the President sent them back to Bailly, and one of the Committee opened Dorset's letter, which was found to be merely complimentary. The Assembly was inclined to apply for its return; but being assured by Clermont Tonnerre, who had heard it read, that it contained mere trivialities, it allowed the matter to drop. Reports, however, were industriously circulated that Dorset had distributed large sums of money for the purpose of fomenting the disorders in Paris. To clear himself, therefore, he wrote to Montmorin, Minister of Foreign Affairs, protesting that England had no thought of fomenting troubles in France, and reminding him that in the previous month he had revealed a proposal made to him to seize by treachery on Brest. This letter, forwarded at his own request to the Assembly, only made things worse, for the Brest reactionaries indignantly repudiated the plot, and insisted that Dorset should give up the names of the traitors. On July 28 he reported that he had had hints from well-informed persons that it was unsafe for Englishmen to appear in public:—


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The New International Encyclopædia/Gneist, Rudolf von

GNEIST, gnīst, (1816-95). A German jurist and statesman, born in Berlin, August 13, 1816. He was graduated from the University of Berlin, and while occupying the post of lecturer in the university practiced the profession of law. In 1844 he became professor extraordinary of jurisprudence, and in 1850 he resigned his position as assistant judge of the Superior Court to devote himself more exclusively to teaching. In 1858 he became a member of the Lower Prussian House, where he served till 1893. He was prominent as a Liberal in that body and in the Reichstag, of which he was a member from 1867 to 1884. Gneist was an active member of the Liberal opposition, and subsequently of the National Liberal Party, among whom his profound scholarship made him an intellectual leader. Several of his ablest works relate to the English Constitution, which he greatly admired, and which he studied and cited as a model in the discussion of German affairs. His first notable work was Geschichte und heutige Gestalt der Aemter in England (1857). Other important works of special interest to English students, and appearing in English translations, are: Englische Verfassungsgeschichte (1882) and Das Englische Parlament (1886). He also wrote Der Rechtsstaat (1872), and numerous other works on the history of jurisprudence and legislation. Consult Gierke, Rudolf von Gneist (Berlin, 1895).


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The New International Encyclopædia/Gnesen

GNESEN, gnā'zen (Pol. Gniezno). A town in the Province of Posen, Prussia, capital of a circle of the same name, situated in a district abounding in hills and lakes, 31 miles east-northeast of Posen (Map: Prussia, G 2). Its old and noteworthy cathedral, begun in the tenth century, is adorned with fine paintings, bronze doors, and chapels, and contains the tomb of Saint Adalbert, who was bishop here. There are also an archiepiscopal palace, a theological seminary, and a gymnasium. The manufactures include machinery, lumber, sugar, and flour. Tradition fixes the year 550 as the date of the foundation of Gnesen, the oldest town in Poland. It became an archiepiscopal seat in 1000, and during the Middle Ages was for a time the residence of the Polish kings, who were crowned here until 1320. The archbishops of Gnesen were primates of the realm and acted as vicars during the frequent interregnums. Population, in 1890, 18,088; in 1900, 21,693, one-half being Poles.


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Rh "The lawless set of people," he added, "whom the late troubles have set to work, make it very unsafe travelling at present, especially by night; and I really think it necessary that some public caution be given to put those upon their guard who may propose to visit this part of the Continent." He concluded by proposing to take leave of absence, and it is evident that his position had become untenable. He commissioned young Cox Hippisley (afterwards Sir John Cox Hippisley), who was returning to England, to describe to the Duke of Leeds what he had witnessed. Hippisley had seen from a window the murder of the unfortunate Berthier on the 22nd July, and had endeavoured at Versailles to silence the calumnies against the English. Dorset's opinion of the Revolution had in a fortnight so completely changed—he seems to have been a purely ornamental personage, formerly "quite the fashion in the annals of gallantry," and with little diplomatic ability—that he was anxious to resign his post, and in point of fact he did not return. He continued, however, from England to supply Marie Antoinette with English gloves, and in August 1791 he transmitted to her a letter of advice from Burke, rewritten in cipher for the sake of safety, and made too concise for Burke's liking.

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28 till May 1790. His letter of instructions expressed an opinion that Englishmen should abstain from visiting France, and not out of curiosity run the risk of molestation. On the 20th June 1790, Earl Gower, afterwards Duke of Sutherland, presented Dorset's letters of recall and his own credentials. Gower's despatches speak of the expediency of embassy servants carrying guns or wearing a particular feather in their hats, so as to avoid the insult experienced by the Spanish ambassadress's attendants. English residents applied to him to obtain exemption from the capitation-tax, and information, to which he attached little weight, was offered him of plots for setting fire to English ports or fleets. A French parliamentary committee solicited data respecting transportation to Botany Bay, and he was asked to give facilities for the detection of forged assignats in London. A large importation of English buttons for the National Guard uniforms was extremely displeasing to the Paris button-makers, who threatened to sack shops which sold English goods. Only four days after the Feast of Pikes, the first Bastille anniversary, a number of suspicious foreigners were arrested. There were no English among them, but Gower deemed it necessary to admonish his countrymen to be very careful in word and deed, especially as an opinion had got abroad that both political parties in England had tampered with the French democrats.


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Rh The Revolution had thus already become too stormy for Gower to sing pæans over it; but Huskisson, a witness of the capture of the Bastille, who became his private secretary, was warmly interested in it. Huskisson had been brought up by his great-uncle. Dr. Richard Gem, a Worcestershire man, who went to Paris as physician to the Embassy in 1762. Almost the first time Gem spoke to Horace Walpole, who met him in Paris in 1765, he said to him, "Sir, I am serious, I am of a very serious turn," and this seems to have been his stereotyped expression. A rigid disciplinarian and parsimonious, he allowed no eating between breakfast and the five or six o'clock dinner. An avowed materialist, he was enchanted with the Revolution, and was doubtless the "Ghym, anglais," who in 1792 presented 1000 francs to the Patriotic Fund. This did not save him from being arrested, like other Englishmen, in October 1793, as a hostage for Toulon. He appears in the Prefecture of Police records as "Gesme," and as having, after nine days at the Luxembourg, been transferred to the Scotch College. The entry of his release is missing, but he was probably released under the decree of the 3rd November 1793, which, on account of the scarcity of doctors, exempted foreign practitioners from imprisonment. He seems to have gone to live outside Paris, at Meudon, and there to have been rearrested by the Versailles authorities. He was for several months


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The New International Encyclopædia/Gnetaceæ

GNETACEÆ, nḗ-tā'shḗ-ē (Neo-Lat. nom. pl., from Gnetum, from Malay gnemon, gnemo, the native name). One of the great groups of gymnosperms, which comprises at present three genera, that differ remarkably in habit and habitat.

The genera are Ephedra, with about 30 species, from the arid regions of both hemispheres; the very peculiar Tumboa (Welwitschia), from the extremely arid regions of Western South Africa; and Gnetum, with about 15 species, from the tropics of both hemispheres. The species of Ephedra are low, straggling shrubs, with long-jointed and fluted green stems, and opposite, scale-like leaves connate into a two-toothed sheath. The body of Tumboa has the shape of a gigantic radish, which rises little above the surface of the ground, and whose crown is sometimes 12 to 15 feet in circumference. From the edge of the crown two enormously long, parallel-veined leaves arise, which extend upon the ground sometimes for 10 to 15 feet, and become split into numerous ribbons. This single pair of opposite leaves, the only pair produced, grows continually at the base, and lasts through the lifetime of the plant, which is said to reach more than a hundred years. The species of Gnetum are either small trees or woody climbers, and are among the prominent lianas of tropical forests. The foliage is leathery in texture and suggests dicotyledons, as the well-developed opposite leaves are lanceolate to ovate in outline and pinnately net veined. See Plate of.

The group is of special interest to the botanist on account of the display of certain angiospermous characters that have suggested that Gnetaceæ may have given rise to the angiosperms; but such a theory has been abandoned by most morphologists. The characters that distinguish the group from other gymnosperms are the occurrence of true vessels in the secondary wood, and the presence of a so-called perianth. In addition to these two distinguishing characters, the group has the following four characters in common, but not peculiar to it: (1) Opposite leaves; (2) dicotyledonous embryos; (3) cauline ovules; and (4) no resin-ducts. Some fossil forms of plants referable to the Gnetaceæ have been found; the majority from Tertiary deposits seem to belong to the modern genus Ephedra. The stems and female flowers of a species of Ephedra are found commonly in finely preserved condition in the Tertiary amber of the Baltic provinces. Stems and leaves of still earlier age, resembling those of Ephedra, and hence called Ephedrites, have been obtained in the Jurassic rocks of Eastern Siberia.


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EMYON IVANOV was a track-walker. His hut was ten versts away from a railroad station in one direction and twelve versts away in the other. About four versts away there was a cotton mill that had opened the year before, and its tall chimney rose up darkly from behind the forest. The only dwellings around were the distant huts of the other track-walkers.

Semyon Ivanov's health had been completely shattered. Nine years before he had served right through the war as servant to an officer. The sun had roasted him, the cold frozen him, and hunger famished him on the forced marches of forty and fifty versts a day in the heat and the cold and the rain and the shine. The bullets had whizzed about him, but, thank God! none had struck him.

Semyon's regiment had once been on the firing line. For a whole week there had been skirmishing with the Turks, only a deep ravine separating the two hostile armies; and from morn till eve there had been a steady cross-fire. Thrice daily Semyon carried a steaming samovar and his officer's meals from the camp kitchen to the ravine. The bullets hummed about him and rattled viciously against the rocks. Semyon was terrified and cried sometimes, but still he kept right on. The officers were pleased with him, because he always had hot tea ready for them.

He returned from the campaign with limbs unbroken but crippled with rheumatism. He had experienced no little sorrow since then. He arrived home to find that his father, an old man, and his little four-year-old son had died. Semyon remained alone with his wife. They could not do much. It was difficult to plough with rheumatic arms and legs. They could no longer stay in their village, so they started off to seek their fortune in new places. They stayed


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 Rh was not admitted until 25 May 1710. His date of entry into the livery of the company was the 29 August 1719. Many of the members of his faith had settled in the neighbourhood of Drury Lane and Roger Metcalfe, first as apothecary and then as "collegiate physician" practised among them during the whole of his life-time. He was an intimate friend of Dryden and when James Radcliffe, third earl of Derwentwater was executed at Tower Hill for his share in the rebellion of 1715, the body wrapped in black baize was conveyed by his friends to Metcalfe's house and embalmed by him. Late in life, it was in 1731, when he was 51 years old, he married Jemima, the elder daughter of sir Philip Astley, of Melton Constable, baronet, a lady 23 years younger than himself. They had three sons, Christopher, Philip and Roger.

Christopher the eldest son, was born in 1732 and died at Hawstead near Bury St. Edmunds on 24 June 1794. This estate, which originally consisted of a house known as the "Walnut Tree" adjoining Fillet's manor on the parish green and some lands, came to him through his marriage with Ellen, the only child of Christopher Barton of West Ham and Bromley St. Leonard, who had purchased it from Mr. Pytches and other small owners in the parish. He greatly improved, almost rebuilding in 1783 with the white-brick made at Woolpit in Suffolk, the old house to which he gave the new name of "Hawstead farm" and he also added to the landed property. His wife died on the 6th March 1775, aged 41 on which day her newly-born son, Philip was christened (he died 1809), but her mother, Margaret Barton, survived until 19 June 1780 aged 88. Four of the daughters of Christopher Metcalfe died before him; another Frederica Sophia, baptised 20 Nov. 1763 married James Mure of Great Saxham, Suffolk on 8 Nov. 1790. His eldest son, Christopher Barton Metcalfe, distiller at West Ham, died on 15 August


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Rh company and in entertaining his friends. His name first appears in connection with Dr. Johnson in 1776. A distinguished company of men, all described with the single exception of Sir William Forbes, as "friends and acquaintances of Dr. Goldsmith" met at dinner at the house of Sir Joshua Reynolds. The Latin epitaph which Johnson had written for poor Goldsmith was the subject of their conversation. General regret was expressed that it was in Latin and some expressions in it were said to be "not delineated with all the exactness" which the author was capable of expressing. As no one dared to appear as the leader of the opposition, the remonstrance was drawn up as is well-known in the form of a round-robin and among the signatures was that of P. Metcalfe, placed between those of R. B. Sheridan and E. Gibbon. On one or two of the names such as Joseph Warton and Edmund Burke, the doctor made a severe comment. But that of Metcalfe passed without observation. At that date he was not prominent enough in Johnson's estimate for a growl.

Johnson and the Thrales were at Brighton in the autumn of 1782 and much with Metcalfe, who had taken, says Miss Burney "an unaccountable dislike to Mrs. Thrale, to whom he never speaks." He declared "aloud and around his aversion to literary ladies" but as he was dry and Fanny was shy "very little has passed between us though he showed a keen desire to converse with me." Fanny ronounced him "a shrewd, sensible, keen and very clever man." Johnson was pleased, to use the words of Boswell, with Metcalfe's "excellent table and animated conversation." Mutual civilities passed between them. One offered the use of his carriage whenever the other liked. The other replied in courtier-like phrase that he had no desire to use it "except when he can have the pleasure of Mr. Metcalfe's company." Metcalfe often took Johnson out for an airing, indeed he was


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Rh will. Mr. Walter C. Metcalfe, his great grand-nephew possessed a copy of an old edition of South's sermons with the following note on the fly-leaf:

"The gift of Dr. Samuel Johnson as a kind token of affection and remembrance eight and forty hours before he died, Sat. 11th Xber, 1784, when we tog. executed the deed making me his trustee for an annuity to his servt. Fran. Barber of 70 l. per annum. ."

The annuity was secured by a deed of that date, between Bennet Langton and Philip Metcalfe of Savile Row, with George Stubbs of Suffolk Street Charing Cross, solicitor. Langton received £757 10 o as the consideration money and payment of the annuity was secured, by a deed of even date on certain profits arising from the navigation of the river Wey, in Surrey.

Metcalfe was one of the company which met at dinner at the house of Sir Joshua Reynolds on the evening of Johnson's funeral. Burke and Windham were among the guests and it was no doubt at this entertainment that the proposal for a statue to the memory of their departed friend was first mooted. A committee of six, Metcalfe being a member of it, was appointed to collect subscriptions and to make the necessary arrangements for the statue. Four days later Windham met him at dinner in the hallowed rooms of the Mitre, when some distinguished men of science, such as bishop Horsley and Maskelyne, were present. Nearly five years passed away and Windham records in his diary that most of Johnson's chief friends and Metcalfe among them met at dinner at Malone's (29 Nov. 1789) to discuss the proposed monument. In the same month Boswell describes a dinner at sir Joshua's house, with Metcalfe among the guests, to "settle as to effectual measures" about it. A whole-length statue by Bacon would cost £600. Sir Joshua and sir Wm. Scott the executors of their departed friend


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Rh the increased expense of erecting a monument in St. Paul's, to provide the balance and Bacon was content to erect it on the faith of this promise. This settled the question. The statue was placed in St. Paul's, near one of the central pillars under the dome.

The total amount received was £957 13 o. The balance sheet begins on 16 April 1790 with "cash received from sundries £569 13 o." Through the influence of Reynolds a contribution of £100 was voted by the council of the Royal Academy on 25 June 1791 towards the erection of the monument but the vote was subsequently disallowed by George III. The actual subscriptions in 1791 included £42 through Samuel Whitbread, £5 5 o from lord Eliot, £100 from Cadell the publisher, £5 5 o from Barnard the bishop of Killaloe, £21 through sir W. Scott and ten guineas from Adey, a relative no doubt of Johnson's women-friends at Lichfield. A subscription of £5 5 o was paid by sir William Forbes through Boswell in 1792 & £10 10 o apiece came from Percy, the bishop of Dromore, and George Steevens. In 1796 Whitbread paid in a further sum of £50 & so did the Thrale girls. The sum of £5 5 o was contributed by Mrs. Burke in 1798 and Bacon himself gave four subscriptions, amounting to £35 15 o in 1799.

The payments to Bacon amounted in all to £927 13 o and £30 was swallowed up in expenses and in the deduction of two subscriptions of £2 2 o each, one twice entered, the other marked as returned. The whole story shows the difficulties and differences which may be connected with the erection of a memorial to the illustrious dead if the matter is not pushed to a conclusion at the moment of his death.

For 38 years Metcalfe and Reynolds were on terms of the closest friendship. They dined together at home and elsewhere and Metcalfe used to be one of the guests of sir Joshua,


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Rh which they visited were Cologne, Aix la Chapelle, Spa and Liege, and they returned by the same route to England passing through Brussels, Ostend, and Margate and arriving at London at 7 o'clock on the evening of Sunday the 16th September. A little touch at Brussels on the return journey showed Metcalfe's keen observation and sarcastic humour. He remarked that M. Orion was "almost the only gentleman who showed his own pictures, who did not pester us by prating about their merit." From this connoisseur sir Joshua bought Rubens's sketches for the ends of the ceiling of the Whitehall banqueting-house.

Reynolds told his friend on their return that "his own pieces seemed to him to want force." His account of this visit is published in his works. "It contains very valuable remarks on the pictures preserved in the various churches and cabinets which he visited, together with a masterly character of Rubens." It was intended for separate publication, and was to have been dedicated to Metcalfe but this intention was never carried into effect. A portion of the dedication was found by Malone among the papers of sir Joshua, and shall in part be reproduced. "I present [these notes] to you as properly your due: for if I had been accompanied by a person of less taste and less politeness they probably would not have been made . . . To whichever of your good qualities I am to attribute your long and patient attendance while I was employed in examining the various works which we saw, it merits my warmest acknowledgments. Nor is it an inconsiderable advantage to see such works in company with one who has a general rectitude of taste and is not a professor of the art. We are too apt to forget that the art is not intended solely for the pleasure of professors. The opinions of others are certainly not to be neglected, for painters, being educated in the same manner, are likely to judge from the same principles and are liable to the same prejudices."


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Rh for the Bodleian library in 1878, and as it has never been printed before and everything relating to sir Joshua's life and works never fails to arouse interest, I have inserted it in full.

Madame, Daignez permettre que Nous (les executeurs testamentaires du Chevalier Reynolds) prenions humblement la liberté de nous adresser à Votre Majesté Impériale.

Il n'est pas possible Madame, en descendant même jusqu'aux actions les plus minutieuses de Votre Majesté Imperiale, (si pourtant il en est qu'on puisse appeller telles,) de lui en rappeller aucune qui ne porte quelques traits de sa propre gloire, et qui dans son ordre ne fasse naître l'admiration et la reconnaissance du genre humain.

Votre Majesté impériale a fait à la fois, le plus grand honneur à la peinture et à notre pays, en accordant celui de sa protection au feu Chevalier Reynolds qui, de son cote", a fait avec zèle, les plus grands efforts pour rendre digne de son auguste Protectrice, et de sa propre réputation, le tableau qu'il fut chargé de peindre pour V : M : imp : C'est sans contrédit le plus grand de ses ouvrages, et son Chef d'œceuvre, au gré denos Connoisseurs; comme aussi celui qui jusqu' à. ce jour, aît donné le plus de lustre à l'écôle angloise.

Quant au prix, Madame; loin d'en fixer aucun, nous préférerions de le laisser absolument à la generosity de Votre Majesté impériale, quoique nous sachions que le Chevalier eut demandé quinze cent guineés de ce tableau, si n'ayant pas eu la bonheur d'employer son pinçeau au Service de V : M : imp : il l'eut peint pour le Cabinet de quelque Seigneur anglois.

Nous supplions V : M : imp : de vouloir bien pardonner tant de liberté, de notre part; mais le devoir sacré que nous impose la confiance que le Chevalier Reynolds a reposée en nous, a semblé nous y authoriser.

Nous nous croyons également obligés, Madame, d' informer V : M : imp : que ce grand homme a laissé une collection considerable de tableaux et de dessins, fruits de ses recherches pendant trente-cinq ans, dont ses héritiers veuillent disposer. Comme nous présumons d'après le gout exquis et les connaissances profondes d'un artiste aussi célèbre, que cet assemblage formé à grands fraix, mérite place dans la riche et superbe galerie de V : M : imp : nous lui en faisons humblement la première offre; Si done elle juge à propos d'en faire l'achat, nous serons prêts d'obéir aux ordres qu'il lui plaira de nous envoÿer à ce sujet.

Souffrez, Madame, que nous ayons l'honneur d'offrir nos hommage


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Rh in March 1798, the two surviving executors issued the following:—

Concerning the very rare and valable Collection of Drawings and Prints, now offered to the Public; it is unnecessary to say more than that it was formed during a long Series of Years, at a very great Expence, with infinite Care, Taste, and Judgment, by that great Master, as well as Judge, of Art, the late much-lamented Sir Joshua Reynolds. His Executors, however, think it their Duty to add, that the Public may be assured that the Whole of the Collection was his intire Property.

Executors."

There is no record or tradition in the family as to the picture which Metcalfe bought with his legacy. Three pictures by sir Joshua were in his collection and the chief of them was the half-length portrait of a boy, familiarly known as "the studious boy," in a red dress leaning forward on a green cushion and holding a pen. This is said to have been exhibited by him at the British Institution in 1813. It was sold at Christie's at the dispersal of the Metcalfe collection on 15 June, 1850, for 162 guineas to James Lenox of New York, and is now a prominent picture in the Lenox gallery.

The arrangements for the funeral of sir Joshua gave much trouble. The executors wished that the body should be conveyed to the rooms of the Royal Academy in Somerset House on the evening before the interment and that his friends should proceed to the grave from that place. The council agreed at once but Sir William Chambers, then as before a mar-plot in its deliberations, interposed with the objection that such a proceeding was outside the terms of their tenure of the rooms. Through the intervention of Benjamin West this difficulty was surmounted by the direct order of the King and the procession passed on the 3rd of


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Rh opulent Palmeria, sir Joshua's niece, to an Irish peer, Lord Inchiquin. Metcalfe winds up the effusion with a consolation prize:—

Metcalfe's wealth and tastes justified his admission into the ranks of several of the learned societies. At his election as F.R.S. on 4 Nov. 1790 he was described as "conversant in various parts of literature" and his nomination-form was signed by sir Joshua Reynolds, Michael Lort, John Topham, T. G. Cullum and others. When he became a member of the Society of Dilettanti on 5 March 1786 his qualifications for the honour were "amateur and scholar." He was appointed in Jan. 1794 as Secretary to assist sir Joseph Banks, its lord high treasurer "in keeping accounts of forfeitures, dinner-money, etc.," and he held office until Jan. 1808. The society's funds then amounted to £10,000 in reduced three per cent, annuities and £46. 9. 9 in cash. In June 1810 he was one of the members instructed with the duty of examining, and arranging for the restoration of, the society's pictures. On some date between 23 April 1793 and the same day in 1794 he was elected F.S.A.

Metcalfe was returned to parliament in 1784 for the borough of Horsham. The Duke of Norfolk was the patron and the right of election was vested in the burgage-holders. In the next house (1790 — 96) he sat for the constituency of Plympton. It was the birthplace of Reynolds and it was probably through his medium that Metcalfe was nominated by its ruler, Lord Mount Edgcumbe. At a bye-election on 22 Nov. 1796 he re-entered the house of commons as member for Malmesbury. A petition was presented against his return as there had been against the members returned in the


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Rh in the hundred in Holland by carrying dollars instead of the depreciated gold coin of France." They followed his advice and on their arrival at Amsterdam found it to be true.

Windham rode with him and Mrs Lukin round by Cromer in the autumn of 1790 and called on him at Wisbeach on 9 May 1807. Metcalfe's house at Brighton provided many of his literary friends in London with the opportunity of an agreeable sojourn by the seaside. Malone one year stayed with him for three weeks and he brought into the circle some of his Irish acquaintances. One of them praised "la cuisine douce" of the establishment and drew an amusing simile from the vehicles in use in his country, by comparing a fellow-guest with his host "as a well-hung double-springed coach to the wheel part of a jaunting car without springs." Metcalfe generally went to lady Jersey's to whist, making a fourth in the rubber "with Mrs. Stratford and lady Heron her only companions." He and Malone dined one day with "some fine folks" —nowadays it would be with "a smart set" — in the house of Sir Godfrey Webster "who is not a bit depressed by the loss of his wife" from whom he had been divorced some months before and who had now become lady Holland. Nor is his gaiety to be wondered at when we remember the differences of temperament and the large sums of money which he had extracted from his separated spouse. Metcalfe's house at No. 3 South Parade was one of those at which the hon. William Hervey records in his voluminous journals that he rested for some days in 1802. The first public breakfast in the new gardens at Brighton took place on Saturday 13 July 1793, tickets being priced half a guinea each. It was given in the "promenade grove" between Church Street and North street and Metcalfe was one of the fashionable crowd that attended the festivities. He was present also on the birthday 12 August 1794, of the Prince of Wales, when the gardens were illuminated.


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Rh Towards the close of life the thoughts of Metcalfe reverted to the poor of the parish of Hawstead. In 1811 he built, near its church, six almshouses, "after the design of those in the Lewes road, Brighton," which must often have attracted his attention, "as an asylum and for the perpetual maintenance of six persons who having spent an honest and industrious youth and supported themselves, without assistance from others, should have become through age incapable of continuing in the same course. Thus insuring "says the mural tablet to his memory in the church" to the latest posterity a repetition of acts of rational and useful beneficence, which through life it had been his study to promote." He endowed the institution with £5000 in 3 per cent, consols and printed some rules and regulations for the conduct of its inmates. Each of the six persons dwelling within its walls was to receive £15 a year in money and £5 in firing and clothing, the residue of the income being accumulated to increase the allowances. No one was to sleep away or to omit attending divine Service at the parish church each Sunday, Christmas day and Good Friday, unless ill or excused "by the occupier of the mansion-house of Philip Metcalfe at Hawstead."

About 1806 Metcalfe's eyesight began to fail and for some years before his death he was totally blind. Full of years and honours he died at Brighton on 18 August 1818, and was buried in the north aisle of the parish church of St Nicholas. The marble tablet to his memory was removed and placed with many others, on the west wall of the tower. Another tablet by Bacon, which was placed on the north side of Hawstead church records his name and his munificent gift to the poor of the parish. A chalk sketch of him at the age of 68 was made in 1801 by Edmund Scott, a pupil of Bartolozzi and engraved by William Evans. A copy of his book plate is in the Franks collection at the British Museum. Above


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 16 aged 42, having devised the estate to his wife who in 1809 sold it to her husband's uncle, Philip Metcalfe. He in his turn bought more land and gave the house the higher-sounding appellation of "Hawstead House." At his death the estate consisted of nearly 600 acres. Views of this house and of the almshouses which he established in the parish are in H. R. Barker's illustrated volume on West Suffolk.

This Philip Metcalfe, the second son of Roger Metcalfe, and the younger brother of Christopher, was born on 29 August 1733, at six o'clock in the afternoon, probably in Brownlow Street, christened the same day and named Philip after his grandfather Philip Astley. Like many another younger son he went into trade and in May 1756 was described as merchant in the city of London. In 1763 he and his younger brother, Roger, became partners for a term of 14 years in the old established firm of Bisson and Son, malt distillers of West Ham. About 1773 Roger retired from the firm which was then known as Bissons and Metcalfe and Philip ultimately became the sole owner of the business, carrying it on with great pecuniary advantage until his death. Jeremy Bentham used to repeat the dictum by Metcalfe that "the profit of distillation was only in the distilling duties." It was probably through the association of the Metcalfes of Hawstead with the family of Bisson that the clerical antiquary, sir John Cullum, the historian of Hawstead, became known to, and married at West Ham on the 11th July 1765, Peggy the only daughter of Daniel Bisson of that place.

With this great accession of means Philip Metcalfe became a prominent figure in the social life of London, and of London-upon-sea. His town house was at first in Savile Row; about 1798 he acquired a long lease of 32, afterwards 15, Hill Street and moved into that house. At Brighton he lived at the Old Steyne, in a house not numbered in his day but afterwards known as No. 3. At both places he delighted in


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 18 after "single speech" Hamilton had left, "the only person out of the Thrale's house that voluntarily communicates with him." The gruff old doctor, who was more than ordinarily out of humour at this time, liked Metcalfe, and Miss Burney adds the observation that Metcalfe is "very clever and entertaining when he pleases."

Johnson asked him for his company in a trip to Chichester to see the cathedral and they also visited Petworth and Cowdray "the venerable seat of the lords Montacute. Sir, said Dr. Johnson to him, I should like to stay here four and twenty hours. We see here how our ancestors lived." Metcalfe found so many places of curiosity in the district that Johnson was detained in the country longer than he anticipated and had to write a letter of apology to Mrs. Thrale for his delay in finding his way back to London. It was during this visit to Brighton that Johnson repeated to him the verses from the collection entitled Pope's Miscellany (II., 1727, p. 237) which contained a prophetic anticipation of the changes in religion of Gibbon as "now Protestant and Papist now," and then "infidel or atheist." It was probably through the closer intimacy brought about by this prolonged stay "at Brighthelmstone" that Johnson was encouraged to ask him not infrequently for money for the relief of those in distress. When Metcalfe offered what Johnson thought was too much the comment on taking less than was proffered was the phrase "no, no, sir, we must not pamper them."

Johnson wrote to Mrs. Thrale in October of the following year that Metcalfe had taken him out for an airing and in April 1784 that two of their friends Metcalfe and Crutchley "without knowing each other are both members of parliament for Horsham." He was one of the mourners who attended Johnson's funeral at Westminster Abbey on 20 December 1784 and his name has been suggested as that of the friend who filled up the blanks of the doctor's


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 20 were to send out circular letters. "Several of us" writes Boswell "subscribed five guineas each; Sir Joshua and Metcalfe ten guineas each; Courtenay and young Burke two guineas each. Will you not be one of us, were it but for one guinea" is his plaintive appeal to Temple. The delay in its erection had become a scandal. Subscriptions had not poured in on a flood tide and the members of the committee were split into two factions over the selection of the ecclesiastical edifice in which it should be placed.

Further particulars are set out in an article, based on the papers of sir Joseph Banks, now at Sydney, by Prof. Edward E. Morris in Longman's Magazine for May 1900, and in the balance sheet of Metcalfe which was kindly communicated to me by the late Mr. R. J. Mure of Lincoln's Inn. A meeting of Johnson's friends was held at Thomas's hotel, then in Dover Street, on 5 January 1790 and it was resolved to continue with the scheme for erecting a monument in Westminster Abbey to his memory. Six hundred pounds were necessary but only a third had been subscribed. The surviving executors, with Banks, Windham, Burke, Malone, Metcalfe and Boswell were appointed a committee to collect the funds.

The committee met twice in March 1791 and a fierce warfare took place between the rival merits of the Abbey and St. Paul's. Burke and Sir Joshua were for St. Paul's and Windham, although originally against it, wrote that on reconsideration he did not see why that building should not be selected. Metcalfe was in favour of the Abbey and Banks vehemently argued for its selection. Malone was asked by letter for his opinion. Next month the committee met again. Reynolds, who for years had been in favour of ornamenting St. Paul's with statues to the illustrious dead, undertook, if sufficient money was not subscribed to defray


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 22 as the president, at the dinners of the royal academy. He was a friend to men of letters and a liberal patron of the arts and it was through the advice of Reynolds that he bought many of the pictures which formed his collection.

The two friends went for an art tour on the continent in the summer of 1781. Their movements are chronicled by many hands. They left London for Margate in a post chaise at 8 o'clock on the morning of Tuesday 24 July, shipped for Ostend at 4 p.m. on Thursday, and after visiting Ghent arrived at Brussels at 12 on the night of 29 July. Two days later they dined at Mr. Fitzherbert's "with the duke of Richmond and Mr. Lennox and we all behaved very well" but Reynolds left that city with the impression that their host could have done more for them. They supped at lady Torrington's on Wednesday, August 1st and next day they left for Malines; after one night the two went to Antwerp, where they passed several days. Metcalfe informed Malone that Sir Joshua spent several hours in the churches at Antwerp in seeing and examining the works of Rubens, "returning to them again and again."

On parting from those attractive pictures they visited Dordrecht, Rotterdam, the Hague, Leyden and Amsterdam, where they saw many collections, and entered Germany by crossing the Rhine near Dusseldorf. In its gallery, then probably the best collection in Europe, John Thomas Stanley the future baron Stanley of Alderley, a boy of about 15 years old travelling with a tutor, caught a glimpse of them together and recorded the fact for posterity, "Sir Joshua Reynolds being with Mr. Metcalfe, a friend of my father's, and sir Joshua sitting close to a window, pointing out a picture for Mr. Metcalfe to look at." To this gallery they paid frequent visits and Reynolds bears printed testimony to the services rendered by Lambert Kraye, the president of the academy, to the students copying in its rooms. The other places


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 24 Sir Joshua wrote several letters to Burke while on this expedition. Of the collection at Dusseldorf he wrote enthusiastically that "Rubens reigns here and revels." He went abroad for another tour in 1783 or 1785. His object then was two-fold. He wished to examine more closely the works of Rubens and to purchase some of the pictures which the ecclesiastical measures of Joseph II. of Austria against the religious and monastic institutions of the Netherlands were forcing into the market. This second investigation of the works of Rubens drove him to the conviction that he had over-estimated their brilliancy. The pictures which passed under the hammer at Brussels tempted him into an expenditure of over £1000. I know not whether Metcalfe accompanied him on this second jaunt; probably he did. The pocket-books of sir Joshua for this tour are missing.

The two friends kept on dining together until the end. They met at dinner at 5 o'clock on Sunday 7 Jany, 1787, when Sir Joshua was due at the reception of Mrs. Vesey at 8, and at the same hour in the evening on Sunday 6 Sept. 1789. Among the guests at the last dinner-party recorded by Leslie and Taylor in their life of Reynolds was Metcalfe. Reynolds died on 23 Feby, 1792, and appointed his three friends, Burke, Metcalfe and Malone, as his executors. To Malone and Metcalfe, with the addition of Boswell and sir William Scott he left "£200 each, to be laid out, if they should think proper, in the purchase of some picture at the sale of his collection, to be kept for his sake." On 17 Jany 1793 his executors forwarded a communication to the empress of Russia requesting her to settle the price of the chef d'œuvre which Reynolds had painted for her and offering her the pictures and drawings which he had collected during the previous thirty-five years. The draught of this document is among the manuscripts of Malone which were purchased


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 26 les plus humbles à V : M : imp : et celui de l'assurer que nous sommes avec le plus profond respect, Madame, de Votre Majesté Impériale, lles très humbles et très obéissants Serviteurs

(sic) Londres, ce 17me Janvier, 1793.

The empress did not avail herself of this offer and Sir Joshua's collection of 411 pictures was sold by Christie in March 1795, when an interesting preface, signed by Burke, Malone and Metcalfe, was prefixed. It set out that

Executors."

When sir Joshua's collection "of ancient drawings, scarce prints and books of prints," were sold by H. Phillips


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 28 March 1792 from Somerset House to St. Paul's Cathedral in great state and amid general lamentation.

Metcalfe had asked Bartolozzi to design a card invitation to the ceremony but there was not sufficient time for its preparation. There were 10 pall bearers and 65 armozeen [stout plain silk] black silk scarves, hat bands & silk gloves were provided for the noblemen and other friends. The sum of £67. 9. o was spent in hat bands and leather gloves for the servants. There was an allowance of 1s. per head for liquor to 27 coachmen and 6d. each to 87 tenants. The burial fees at St. Paul's amounted to £44. 7. 5 and the total bill came to £588. 14. 6.

When Burke received from Malone a copy of the first edition of his work on the life and works of sir Joshua, the dying man sent from Bath on 4 May 1797 in reply a long letter, in which he expressed his earnest desire that a monument should be erected to the memory of his friend in the cathedral. This part of his epistle concluded with the remark "You will speak to Mr. Metcalfe about it of course." Many years passed away before these hopes passed into fruition. It was not until 1813 that the monument by Flaxman was erected.

Metcalfe sat to Reynolds for his portrait in July 1780, Feb. 1781 and Feb. 1782. The picture of him which was put up for sale at the dispersal of his pictures on 15 June 1850, was wrongly attributed in the catalogue to Reynolds. It was painted by Battoni at Rome and represents him as a young man in a redcoat, with gold embroidery and a white lace cravat. At the sale it was bought in and is now with many other portraits of the family at Hawstead House. They are described in Farrer's volume of "portraits in Suffolk houses, west" 1908.

Some lines said to be the composition of Boswell, were inserted in Notes and Queries for 1860. They set out the disgust of several discontented suitors at the marriage of the


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 30 previous May, but the right of election was declared to be vested in the aldermen and twelve capital burgesses, and Metcalfe was reported as duly elected. The patron of this borough was an apothecary called Edmund Wilkins who paid each capital burgess the retaining fee of £30 per annum. In the parliament of 1802 — 1806 Metcalfe again represented Plympton. His political career was inglorious. Once, and once only, do I find his name. This is in the diaries and letters of old George Rose, Pitt's right-hand man in corruption. The statesman reports to the place-giver that Metcalfe had brought him a letter from sir J. Honywood "applying for the receivership of Kent either for himself or for his son a child of five years old." Pitt's reflection was "the latter request is ridiculous. I told Mr. Metcalfe I could say nothing at present to the first."

Fanny Burney met him at the house of Miss Monckton, afterwards lady Cork, in Charles street, Berkeley square, in December, 1782. He kept chattering with her "with much satire but much entertainment" until Dr. Johnson found her out and ordered him away. The journal of the life in France from 1783 to 1786 of Madame Cradock, the wife of Joseph Cradock, the Leicestershire squire who fluttered in London Society for some years, was printed in 1896. They were in Paris in the winter of 1785-86 & among their friends were "M. Metcalf and les dames Lascels chez M. Pattle's." One day he called on madame with "un petit pot de beurre de Bretagne, véritable friandise très renommée à Paris"; on another he came with lord and lady Sussex and young Keppel Craven to take tea with her and stayed, playing cards dancing and singing until 11 o'clock. The Cradocks left for Holland in April 1786 when Metcalfe, an experienced observer of foreign life "who had travelled with Mr. Wraxall afterwards well-known as Sir Nathaniel Wraxall" informed them that they would "save five pounds


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 32 Jeremy Bentham met many men prominent in public life, at the dinner parties in Metcalfe's house in London and corresponded with him on public affairs. In response to an enquiry from Brighton on the subject of the Panopticon Jeremy sent a doleful answer. It "stands stock still." He had spent £6000 on it and had received less than £2000. "It costs at the rate of more than £2000 a year merely to keep the men together" but some had been discharged and more would follow. Still, "prosperous or unprosperous, sick or well, weeping or exulting, I am dear Phil, ever yours" were the concluding words of the serene philosopher. Jeremy was wont, when Metcalfe was M.P., to make use of him to frank documents to Dr. Parr at Hatton.

Metcalfe, with Burke and John Wilmot, concerted in 1792 a plan for the relief of the distressed clergy exiled from France. The address was drawn up by Burke and inserted in all the newspapers. On 20 Sept. 1792 a committee for their relief held its first meeting at the Freemasons' hall. Wilmot, then M.P. for Coventry, was the chairman and on it were five lay peers, two bishops, thirteen members of parliament, including Metcalfe and Burke, and such prominent men as sir William Scott and Henry Thornton. Charles Butler, a roman catholic, was a member with Wilberforce, an ardent evangelical, and differences of religious opinion did not prevent them from uniting in furthering the interests of the refugees. Before Christmas temporary shelter and food had been provided for nearly 4000 of the ecclesiastics. In two years about £70,000 was collected through this committee. Metcalfe, with two of his colleagues, had several interviews with Pitt and Dundas and during the following years nearly two millions of money were voted by government for the relief of the exiles. Further information on this point is contained in an interesting article in the National Review for November 1888.


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 34 his name is the family's armorial shield of three calves surmounted by a dog. His personalty was sworn as under £400,000, a vast total in those days and his estate at Hawstead was leased in strict settlement upon his great-nephew, Henry Metcalfe. The names of many of his relatives were commemorated on inscriptions in the church of that parish.


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The New International Encyclopædia/Gnoli, Domenico

GNOLI, nyō'lḗ, (1839—). An Italian author, born in Rome. He attracted public attention by his volume of poems published under the pseudonym of ‘Dario Gaddi,’ and a collection of critical essays, Odi Tiberine. He was professor of Italian literature at Turin, and in 1893 was made prefect of the Library Vittorio Emanuele at Rome. He collaborated on the Nuova Antologia, and founded and was an editor of the Archivio Storico dell' Arte. His translations include the Römische Elegien of Goethe, and various other German classics. Many of his original essays were published in the Nuova Antologia. His other writings are: E morto il re (1882); Canto dei pellegrini alla tomba del gran re (1883); Le opere di Donatello in Roma; Il banco d'Agostino Chigi.


text: Index:Wynken, Blynken and Nod.djvu

title: Index:Wynken, Blynken and Nod.djvu


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The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Harris, Thaddeus William

HARRIS, Thaddeus William, American entomologist: b. Dorchester, Mass., 12 Nov. 1795; d. Cambridge. Mass, 16 Jan. 1856. He was graduated at Harvard College in 1815, studied medicine and practised his profession in Milton, Mass., until appointed librarian of Harvard in 1891. This position he occupied until his death. Early in life he exhibited a fondness for natural history, and though plodding alone, attained to a scientific eminence which secured for him the fellowship of all the principal learned societies of America, and of many abroad. For several years he gave instruction in botany and general natural history in the college, and originated the Harvard Natural History Society for the students. He was chiefly distinguished, however, as an entomologist, and has been surpassed as such by no one in the United States. He was one of the founders of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society. In 1837 he was appointed one of the commissioners for a zoological and botanical survey of Massachusetts, the result of which was his ‘Systematic Catalogue of the Insects of Massachusetts’ (1832), in which 2,350 species are enumerated. He also published ‘A Treatise on some of the Insects of New England which are Injurious to Vegetation’ (1842), a work of permanent value.


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30 in the same prison, and even in the same room, as Mrs. Grace Dalrymple Elliott. He cried the whole time, and was terrified to death, as she told Lord Malmesbury in 1796, though in her posthumous book she represents him as going to bed at dusk to save candles, getting up at four to read Helvetius or Locke, and waking her at seven to try and argue her into materialism. Malmesbury found him living in Paris, still harping on his philosophy, anxious but unable to get away. He had Malmesbury's secretaries to witness his will: one of them was the future Earl Granville, whom he had professionally attended, refusing fees; and he died, over eighty, in 1800, leaving the bulk of his property to Huskisson.

Gem had brought over both Huskisson and his brother, the sons of his favourite niece, in 1783, on their father's second marriage. He meant them to be doctors, but the future Chancellor of the Exchequer had no turn for medicine, entered Boyd


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Wynken, Blynken, and Nod one night
 * Sailed off in a wooden shoe,—

Sailed on a river of misty light
 * Into a sea of dew.

"Where are you going, and what do you wish?"
 * The old moon asked the three.

"We have come to hunt for the herring-fish
 * That live in this beautiful sea;

Nets of silver and gold have we,"
 * Said Wynken,
 * Blynken,
 * And Nod.

The old moon laughed and sang a song
 * As they rocked in the wooden shoe;

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Top


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 And the wind that sped them all night long
 * Ruffled the waves of dew;

The little stars were the herring-fish
 * That lived in the beautiful sea.

"Now cast your nets wherever you wish,
 * But never afraid are we!"

So cried the stars to the fisherman three,
 * Wynken,
 * Blynken,
 * And Nod.

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The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Harris, Thomas Lake

HARRIS, Thomas Lake, American socialistic and religious reformer: b. Fenny Stratford, England 15 May 1823. He accompanied his father to the United States in childhood was for a time a Universalist pastor, and founded an ‘Independent Christian Society’ in 1850; but became a lecturer upon spiritualism. He lectured abroad in 1858, and on his return to the United Slates organized the society of the “Brotherhood of the New Life.” This was established at Wassaic, Dutchess County, N. Y., 1861-67, but removed to Brockton, Chautauqua County, N. Y., in the last-named year. Its nature was co-operative rather than communistic, and farming and industrial occupations were engaged in by his followers, numbering at one time about 2,000 in the United States and Great Britain, among them Lady Oliphant and her son, the well-known writer, Laurence Oliphant (q.v.). Harris removed to California in 1887, and retired to private life in 1895, residing in New York city. He published many works in prose and poetry, among which are ‘Wisdom of Angels’ (1856); ‘Arcana of Christianity’ (1857); ‘Modern Spiritualism’ (1860); ‘God's Breath in Man’ (1891). Consult Allen, ‘T. L. Harris, The Seer’ (1897).


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Rh and Ker's bank, studied political economy, and on August 29, 1790, delivered a sensible address to the Club of 1789 against an unlimited paper currency. His notes of the proceedings of the Jacobin and other clubs, taken for a friend at the Embassy, were so good that Gower made him his secretary, and he left Paris with the rest of the Embassy on the fall of the monarchy. He told Croker in 1826 that he and Cutlar Fergusson used to be waited upon at Beauvilliers' restaurant by a smart young man whom they liked to scold or tease, until, as the landlord told them, desperation made him enlist, the waiter being none other than Murat. The Bastide innkeeper's son, on deserting from the army to escape punishment, was undoubtedly reduced to a waitership at Beauvilliers', but he was not driven away by teasing, for he had friends in the Assembly who procured him admission to the King's Constitutional Guard, formed in the winter, of 1791. Huskisson is said to have been recommended to Gower by his chaplain. Dr. John Warner, himself recommended by Lord Carlisle and George Selwyn. Warner had long been the friend and correspondent


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 All night long their nets they threw
 * For the fish in the twinkling foam,

Then down from the sky came the wooden shoe,
 * Bringing the fishermen home;

'Twas all so pretty to sail, it seemed
 * As if it could not be;

And some folks thought 'twas a dream they'd dreamed
 * Of sailing that beautiful sea;

But I shall name you the fishermen three:
 * Wynken,
 * Blynken,
 * And Nod.

Wynken and Blynken are two little eyes,
 * And Nod is a little head,

And the wooden shoe that sailed the skies
 * Is the wee one's trundle-bed;

So shut your eyes while mother sings
 * Of wonderful sights that be,

And you shall see the beautiful things
 * As you rock on the misty sea,

Where the old shoe rocked the fishermen three,
 * Wynken,
 * Blynken,
 * And Nod.

—Eugene Field

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32 of the latter. The son of a rector of Barnes, Dr. Ferdinand Warner, he was more of a wit than we should consider proper in a clergyman, yet he had been a popular preacher at a chapel in Longacre, his own property, until presented in 1771, at the age of thirty-five, to a living in Bedfordshire, whence he was promoted to the Rectory of Stourton, Wiltshire. John Howard's statue in St. Paul's is attributed to Warner's exertions. "A book, a pipe, and cheerful conversation" were his delight, and if his talk was more entertaining than clerical, he should be credited with a kindly disposition and unimpeachable probity. He was so ardent an admirer of the Revolution, that he was deprived of the chaplaincy about October 1790, on account, it is said, of a sermon at the Embassy chapel. He soon afterwards went to Italy, and in 1800, shortly after his return to London, died. Like Gem, very abstemious and economical, he left a considerable fortune. He had subscribed liberally to the "Diversions of Purley," and bequeathed Horne Tooke a silver goblet. As for Gower, he was regarded at Coblenz as a sympathiser with the Revolution. Lord Camelford spoke of him there to Burke's son, in August 1791, as outrageously democratical, and as sending dexterous despatches against assisting or countenancing the counter-revolution. This was, however, an evident exaggeration, for Gower in the previous April had


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Rh congratulated himself on escaping the embraces of the fishwives, who had invaded the drawing-room of Montmorin, Minister of Foreign Affairs. When Gower called, "they were at the moment of taking leave of the Minister with the most cordial embraces, having already performed that ceremony on most of the corps diplomatique who had the misfortune of dining there." It is "uncertain whether All Fools' Day, the date of the despatch, was also the date of the kissing. Anyhow, the Paris mob had so little respect for diplomatic privileges, that when they visited the aristocratic houses to slaughter the Swiss employed as porters, they made no exception in Gower's favour. Fortunately his Swiss had been sent off in disguise. Gower declined the offer of a military guard, but deemed it prudent to put in large letters over his door "Hôtel de l'Ambassadeur d'Angleterre." Gouverneur Morris tells us that he found Gower in a towering passion at the delays in delivering his passports, and that he had burnt his papers. His wife, the Countess of Sutherland, who flirted a little with Morris, was the only lady who visited Marie Antoinette the day before the attack on the Tuileries, all the Queen's timorous favourites prudently keeping away. When the royal family were at the Feuillants monastery before being consigned to the Temple, she sent some of her own dresses for the Queen, and her little boy's clothes for the unfortunate Dauphin, sixteen months his senior, but small


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34 for his age. The Queen, forbidden writing materials, commissioned Cléry to return the clothes with a letter of thanks, but the municipal commissaries refused to allow their being sent back. The little Lord Strathnavar, the future Duke of Sutherland, whose garments were thus confiscated, was then, at six years old, so accustomed to see cannon in the streets, that on arriving in London he was amazed, we are told by Walpole, at finding none.

Recalled on the abolition of royalty, Gower instructed the Embassy secretary, William Lindsay, to remain a few days, and his stay was lengthened by the difficulty in obtaining passports from the municipality. Indeed, he had to threaten to start without them, warning Lebrun, of the Foreign Office, that the result might be his being brought back or insulted, and the next morning he received them. Lindsay and other English guests were about to dine with the Duke of Orleans on the 3rd September when they heard the cries of a mob, and going to the window, saw the Princesse de Lamballe's head carried past. According to one version, Orleans looked on and said, "Je sais ce que c'est," then passed into the next room, and sat down to dinner with complete coolness; but the Bland Burges Papers, a better authority, state that he was sitting at the other end of the room, and on his guests drawing back horrified from the window, asked what was the matter. Told that a woman's head had been carried


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The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Harris, Townsend

HARRIS, Townsend, American merchant and diplomatist, of Welsh descent and of Revolutionary stock, the youngest of five children: b. Sandy Hill, N. Y., 4 Oct 1804; d. New York city, 25 Feb, 1878. He received his education at the village school and academy. From 1817 to 1848 he was in business in New York city, continuing his self-culture by continuous and critical reading of the best literature, learning also the French, Spanish and Italian languages; was member of the board of education and in 1846-47 its president. He was the practical founder of the New York Free Academy, now the College of the City of New York, and in many ways was a typically useful citizen. He never married. In 1848 he went to California and during the following six years made trading voyages to China and the Dutch and English Indies, becoming thoroughly acquainted with the manifold Oriental varieties of human nature. He acted for a time as American vice-consul at Ningpo. He was appointed consul-general to Japan and on the

United States steamship San Jacinto arrived at Shimoda, his future dwelling place (and now noted for its stone quarries), where the flag of the United States was hoisted 4 Sept 1856. From the first Mr. Harris spoke the truth as against the constant deceit and prevarication of the corrupt officials of the Yedo Shogunate, demanding the courtesies due to an accredited envoy of a civilized power and refusing to deliver the President's letter to any one but the Shogun in Yedo and to him personally. Unbacked by a single ship or man, and with his secretary only, after prolonged negotiations lasting 18 months, he made a triumphal progress to Yedo, and standing erect received personal audience of the Shogun in the palace. Then began four months' instruction of these political hermits in the methods of modern international law and procedure. He concluded the treaty and received the promise of signature by the Premier, without regard to anything happening in China. Nevertheless the arrival of Commodore Tatnall with two American men-of-war, bringing news of the humiliation of the Chinese emperor and court, undoubtedly had its influence on the Japanese. Mr. Harris urged the importance of having the treaty signed without a moment's delay, and the Premier Ii dispatched commissioners to affix their signatures, and soon after an embassy to the United States, for which reason, chiefly, Ii was assassinated in Yedo, 23 March 1860. The Harris treaty secured the right of trade, residence and of missionary operations and teachings. He was buried in Greenwood Cemetery, Brooklyn, N, Y. One of the important buildings of the College of the City of New York, the ‘Townsend Harris Hall,’ is named after him. In Japan, the name of no foreigner is more highly honored. In 1918, the cornerstone of a monument in his honor was laid at Kanagawa. Mr. Harris has always been very highly thought of by the Japanese, and is still the subject of much praise and appreciative writings by Japanese authors. His journals with comment and biography were published in 1896.


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User:Lauro Chieza de Carvalho

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Portal:Speeches/Ancient Speeches

 * Pericles's Funeral Oration - Pericles, (recorded in Thucydides's The Peloponnesian War)
 * For Publius Quinctius - Cicero (81 BC)
 * Speech to St Augustine - Ethelbert of Kent, (597)

title: Portal:Speeches/Ancient Speeches


text:
Portal:Speeches/Medieval Speeches

 * Sermon to the Birds - Saint Francis of Assisi, (c.1220)
 * Cast off the Yoke of Bondage - John Ball, (June 1381)

title: Portal:Speeches/Medieval Speeches


text:
Portal:Speeches/Renaissance Speeches

 * A Vindication of the Doctrine that the Sacrifice of the Mass is Idolatry - John Knox, (4 April 1550)
 * Speech to the Troops at Tilbury - Queen Elizabeth I of England, (1588)
 * Farewell Speech - Queen Elizabeth I of England, (30 November 1601)
 * Gunpowder Plot Sermon - Lancelot Andrewes, (5 November 1606)

title: Portal:Speeches/Renaissance Speeches


text:
Portal:Speeches/Early Modern Speeches

 * See Portal:Early modern speeches

 * Dissolution of the Long Parliament - Oliver Cromwell, (20 April 1653)
 * Sanquhar Declaration - Richard Cameron, 1680
 * The Standing Army - William Pitt the Elder, (4 February 1738)
 * Give me liberty or give me death - Patrick Henry, (23 March 1775)
 * Speech on the Rebellion in the American Colonies - George III, (27 October 1775)
 * Disapproving and accepting the Constitution - Benjamin Franklin, (17 September 1787)
 * On the Horrors of the Slave Trade - William Wilberforce, (12 May 1789)
 * Farewell Address - George Washington, (17 September 1796)
 * War Message to Congress - James Madison, (1 June 1812)
 * Catholic Emancipation - Duke of Wellington, (2 April 1829)
 * The Dangers which Menace States - Robert Peel, (3 March 1831)
 * Copyright Law - Thomas Babington Macaulay, (5 February, 1841)
 * What to the Slave Is the Fourth of July? – Frederick Douglass, (5 July 1852)
 * To Arms - Giuseppe Garibaldi, (1860)
 * Gettysburg Address - Abraham Lincoln, (19 November 1863)
 * On Women's Rights to Vote - Susan B Anthony, (1873)
 * Universal Religion - Keshub Chandra Sen, (1870)
 * On the Death of General Gordon - Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury, (20 July 1885)
 * The address of the president of the American Bar Association at their eighth annual meeting - John W. Stevenson, (19 August 1885)
 * Irish Home Rule Speech - William Ewart Gladstone, (7 June 1886)
 * The Case Against Vaccination - Walter Hadwen, (25 January 1896)
 * The True Conception of Empire - Joseph Chamberlain, (31 March 1897)
 * The World's Famous Orations (Ireland)

title: Portal:Speeches/Early Modern Speeches


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Portal:Speeches/Modern Speeches

 * See Portal:Modern speeches

 * The Citizenship of Women: A Plea for Woman's Suffrage - Kier Hardie, (1905)
 * The Man in the Arena: Citizenship in a Republic - Theodore Roosevelt, (23 April 1910)
 * The problem of small nations in the European crisis - Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk, (1915)
 * The Bohemians (Czechs) In The Present Crisis - Charles Pergler, (28 May 1916)
 * The story of the Jones County Calf Case - Charles E. Wheeler, (24 June 1920)
 * Pan-Asianism - Sun Yat-sen, (1924)
 * Scopes Monkey Trial Summation (undelivered) - William Jennings Bryan, (1925)
 * Abdication - Edward VIII, (20 January 1936)
 * Blood, Toil, Tears and Sweat - Winston Churchill, (13 May 1940)
 * We shall fight on the beaches - Winston Churchill, (4 June 1940)
 * Their Finest Hour - Winston Churchill, (18 June 1940)
 * The Arsenal of Democracy - Franklin Delano Roosevelt, (29 December 1940)
 * Pearl Harbor speech - Franklin Delano Roosevelt, (8 December 1941)
 * Checkers speech - Richard M. Nixon (23 September 1952)
 * The Suez Crisis - Anthony Eden, (31 October 1956)
 * Cuban Missile Crisis - John F. Kennedy, (22 October 1962)
 * Ich bin ein Berliner - John F. Kennedy, (26 June 1963)
 * The Ballot or the Bullet - Malcolm X, (3 April 1964)
 * Resignation - Richard M. Nixon, (8 August 1974)
 * Evil Empire speech - Ronald Reagan, (8 June 1982)
 * Nelson Mandela's address on his release from prison - Nelson Mandela, (11 February 1990)
 * September 11, 2001: Attack on America - George W. Bush, (20 September 2001)
 * Hurricane Katrina and Global Warming - Al Gore, (9 September 2005)
 * Document Licenses and the Future of Free Culture - Eben Moglen, (4 August, 2006)
 * An Honest Government, A Hopeful Future - Barack Obama, (28 August 2006)

title: Portal:Speeches/Modern Speeches