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105 laws of Great Britain, that the manner of exercising the powers, authorities, and privileges aforesaid, by the persons so annually elected, hath, for some time past, been such as had the most manifest tendency to obstruct, and, in great measure defeat, the execution of the laws; to weaken the attachment of his Majesty's well disposed subjects in the said Province to his Majesty's Government, and to encourage the ill disposed among them to proceed even to acts of direct resistance to, and defiance of, his Majesty's authority: and it hath accordingly happened, that an open resistance to the execution of the laws hath actually taken place in the town of Boston, and the neighbourhood thereof, within the said Province: and whereas it is, under these circumstances, become absolutely necessary, in order to the preservation of the peace and good order of the said Province, the protection of his Majesty's well disposed subjects therein resident, the continuance of the mutual benefits arising from the commerce and correspondence between this Kingdom and the said Province, and the maintaining of the just dependence of the said Province upon the Crown and Parliament of Great Britain, that the said method of annually electing the Counsellors or Assistants of the said Province should no longer be suffered to continue, but that the appointment of the said Counsellors or Assistants should henceforth be put upon the like footing as is established in such other of his Majesty's Colonies or Plantations in America, the Governors whereof, are appointed by his Majesty's commission, under the great seal of Great Britain: Be it therefore enacted by the King's most excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, that from and after the first day of August, one thousand seven hundred and seventy-four, so much of the charter granted by their Majesties King William and Queen Mary, to the inhabitants of the said Province of the Massachusetts Bay, in New England, and all and every clause, matter, and thing, therein contained, which relates to the time and manner of electing the Assistants or Counsellors for the said Province, be revoked, and is hereby revoked and made void and of none effect; and that the offices of all Counsellors and Assistants, elected and appointed in pursuance thereof, shall from thenceforth cease and determine; and that, from and after the said first day of August, one thousand seven hundred and seventy-four, the Council, or Court of Assistants of the said Province for the time being, shall be composed of such of the inhabitants or proprietors of lands within the same as shall be thereunto nominated and appointed by his Majesty, his heirs and successors, from time to time, by warrant under his or their signet or sign manual, and with the advice of the Privy Council, agreeable to the practice now used in respect to the appointment of Counsellors in such of his Majesty's other Colonies in America, the Governors whereof are appointed by commission under the great seal of Great Britain: provided, that the number of the said Assistants or Counsellors shall not, at any one time, exceed thirty-six, nor be less than twelve.

And it is hereby further enacted, That the said Assistants or Counsellors, so to be appointed as aforesaid, shall hold their offices respectively, for and during the pleasure of his Majesty, his heirs or successors; and shall have and enjoy all the powers, privileges, and immunities, at present held, exercised, and enjoyed, by the Assistants or Counsellors of the said Province, constituted and elected, from time to time, under the said charter, (except as hereinafter excepted;) and shall also, upon their admission into the said Council, and before they enter upon the execution of their offices respectively, take the oaths, and make, repeat, and subscribe, the declarations required, as well by the said charter as by any law or laws of the said Province now in force, to be taken by the Assistants or Counsellors who have been so elected and constituted as aforesaid.

And be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid. That from and after the first day of July, one thousand seven hundred and seventy-four, it shall and may be lawful for his Majesty's Governor for the time being of the said Province, or, in his absence, for the Lieutenant Governor, to nominate and appoint, under the seal of the Province, from time to time, and also to remove, without the consent of the Council, all Judges of the Inferior Courts of Common Pleas, Commissioners of Oyer and Terminer, the Attorney General, Provosts, Marshals, Justices of the Peace, and other officers to the Council or Courts of Justice belonging; and that all Judges of the Inferior Courts of Common Picas, Commissioners of Oyer and Terminer, the Attorney General, Provosts, Marshals, Justices, and other officers so appointed by the Governor, or, in his absence, by the Lieutenant Governor alone, shall and may have, hold, and exercise their said offices, powers, and authorities, as fully and completely, to all intents and purposes, as any Judges of the Inferior Courts of Common Pleas, Commissioners of Oyer and Terminer, Attorney General, Provosts, Marshals, or other officers, have or might have done heretofore under the said letters patent, in the third year of the reign of their late Majesties King William and Queen Mary; any law, statute, or usage, to the contrary notwithstanding.

Provided always, and be it enacted, That nothing herein contained shall extend, or be construed to extend, to annul or make void the commission granted before the said first day of July, one thousand seven hundred and seventy-four, to any Judges of the Inferior Courts of Common Pleas, Commissioners of Oyer and Terminer, the Attorney General, Provosts, Marshals, Justices of the Peace, or other officers; but that they may hold and exercise the same, as if this act had never been made, until the same shall be determined by death, removal by the Governor, or other avoidance, as the case may happen.

And be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid, That, from and after the said first day of July, one thousand seven hundred and seventy-four, it shall and may be lawful for his Majesty's Governor, or, in his absence, for the Lieutenant Governor for the time being of the said Province, from time to time, to nominate and appoint the Sheriffs without the consent of the Council, and to remove such Sheriffs with such consent, and not otherwise.

And be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid, That, upon every vacancy of the offices of Chief Justice and Judges of the Superior Court of the said Province, from and after the said first day of July, one thousand seven hundred and seventy-four, the Governor for the time being, or, in his absence, the Lieutenant Governor, without the consent of the Council, shall have full power and authority to nominate and appoint the persons to succeed to the said offices, who shall hold their commissions during the pleasure of his Majesty, his heirs and successors; and that neither the Chief Justice and Judges appointed before the said first day of July, one thousand seven hundred and seventy-four, nor those who shall hereafter be appointed pursuant to this Act, shall be removed, unless by the order of his Majesty, his heirs or successors, under his or their sign manual.

And whereas, by several Acts of the General Court, which have been from time to time enacted and passed within the said Province, the freeholders and inhabitants of the several townships, districts, and precincts, qualified, as is therein expressed, are authorized to assemble together, annually, or occasionally, upon notice given, in such manner as the said Acts direct, for the choice of Selectmen, Constables, and other officers, and for the making and agreeing upon such necessary rules, orders, and bye-laws, for the directing, managing, and ordering, the prudential affairs of such townships, districts, and precincts, and for other purposes; and whereas a great abuse has been made of the power of calling such meetings, and the inhabitants have, contrary to the design of their institution, been misled to treat upon matters of the most general concern, and to pass many dangerous and unwarrantable resolves: for remedy whereof, Be it enacted, that from and after the said first day of August, one thousand seven hundred and seventy-four, no meeting shall be called by the Selectmen, or at the request of any number of freeholders of any township, district, or precinct, without the leave of the Governor, or, in his absence, of the Lieutenant Governor, in writing, expressing the special business of the said meeting, first had and obtained, except the annual meeting in the months of March or May, for the choice of Selectmen, Constables, and other officers, or except for the choice of persons to fill up the offices aforesaid, on the death or removal of any of the persons first elected to such offices, and also, except any meeting for the election of a Representative or


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 for which they are available, and they should not be used more than 4 or 5 m. north or south of the place for which they were constructed.

We shall briefly describe two portable dials which were in actual use.

Dial on a Cylinder.—A hollow cylinder of metal (fig. 7), 4 or 5 in. high, and about an inch in diameter, has a lid which admits of tolerably easy rotation. A hole in the lid receives the style shaped somewhat like a bayonet; and the straight part of the style, which, on account of the two bends, is lower than the lid, projects horizontally out from the cylinder to a distance of 1 or 1 in. When not in use the style would be taken out and placed inside the cylinder.

A horizontal circle is traced on the cylinder opposite the projecting style, and this circle is divided into 36 approximately equidistant intervals. These intervals represent spaces of time, and to each division is assigned a date, so that each month has three dates marked as follows:—January 10, 20, 31; February 10, 20, 28; March 10, 20, 31; April 10, 20, 30, and so on,—always the 10th, the 20th, and the last day of each month.

Through each point of division a vertical line parallel to the axis of the cylinder is drawn from top to bottom. Now it will be readily understood that if, upon one of these days, the lid be turned, so as to bring the style exactly opposite the date, and if the dial be then placed on a horizontal table so as to receive sunlight, and turned round bodily until the shadow of the style falls exactly on the vertical line below it, the shadow will terminate at some definite point of this line, the position of which point will depend on the length of the style—that is, the distance of its end from the surface of the cylinder—and on the altitude of the sun at that instant. Suppose that the observations are continued all day, the cylinder being very gradually turned so that the style may always face the sun, and suppose that marks are made on the vertical line to show the extremity of the shadow at each exact hour from sunrise to sunset-these times being taken from a good fixed sun-dial,—then it is obvious that the next year, on the same date, the sun’s declination being about the same, and the observer in about the same latitude, the marks made the previous year will serve to tell the time all that day.

What we have said above was merely to make the principle of the instrument clear, for it is evident that this mode of marking, which would require a whole year’s sunshine and hourly observation, cannot be the method employed.

The positions of the marks are, in fact, obtained by calculation. Corresponding to a given date, the declination of the sun is taken from the almanac, and this, together with the latitude of the place and the length of the style, will constitute the necessary data for computing the length of the shadow, that is, the distance of the mark below the style for each successive hour.

We have assumed above that the declination of the sun is the same at the same date in different years. This is not quite correct, but, if the dates be taken for the second year after leap year, the results will be sufficiently approximate.

When all the hour-marks have been placed opposite to their respective dates, then a continuous curve, joining the corresponding hour-points, will serve to find the time for a day intermediate to those set down, the lid being turned till the style occupy a proper position between the two divisions. The horizontality of the surface on which the instrument rests is a very necessary condition, especially in summer, when, the shadow of the style being long, the extreme end will shift rapidly for a small deviation from the vertical, and render the reading uncertain. The dial can also be used by holding it up by a small ring in the top of the lid, and probably the vertically is better ensured in that way.

Portable Dial on a Card.—This neat and very ingenious dial is attributed by Ozanam to a Jesuit Father, De Saint Rigaud, and probably dates from the early part of the 17th century. Ozanam says that it was sometimes called the capuchin, from some fancied resemblance to a cowl thrown back.

Construction.—Draw a straight line ACB parallel to the top of the card (fig. 8) and another DCE at right angles to it; with C as centre, and any convenient radius CA, describe the semicircle AEB below the horizontal. Divide the whole arc AEB into 12 equal parts at the points r, s, t, &c., and through these points draw perpendiculars to the diameter ACB; these lines will be the hour-lines, viz. the line through r will be the XI I line, the line through s the X  II line, and so on; the hour-line of noon will be the point A itself; by subdivision of the small arcs Ar, rs, st, &c., we may draw the hour-lines corresponding to halves and quarters, but this only where it can be done without confusion.

Draw ASD making with AC an angle equal to the latitude of the place, and let it meet EC in D, through which point draw FDG at right angles to AD.

With centre A, and any convenient radius AS, describe an arc of circle RST, and graduate this arc by marking degree divisions on it, extending from 0° at S to 23° on each side at R and T. Next determine the points on the straight line FDG where radii drawn from A to the degree divisions on the arc would cross it, and carefully mark these crossings.

The divisions of RST are to correspond to the sun’s declination, south declinations on RS and north declinations on ST. In the other hemisphere of the earth this would be reversed; the north declinations would be on the upper half.

Now, taking a second year after leap year (because the declinations of that year are about the mean of each set of four years), find the days of the month when the sun has these different declinations, and place these dates, or so many of them as can be shown without confusion, opposite the corresponding marks on FDG. Draw the sun-line at the top of the card parallel to the line ACB; and, near the extremity, to the right, draw any small figure intended to form, as it were, a door of which a b shall be the hinge. Care must be taken that this hinge is exactly at right angles to the sun-line. Make a fine open slit c d right through the card and extending from the hinge to a short distance on the door,—the centre line of this slit coinciding accurately with the sun-line. Now, cut the door completely through the card; except, of course, along the hinge, which, when the card is thick, should be partly cut through at the back, to facilitate the opening. Cut the card right through along the line FDG, and pass a thread carrying a little plummet W and a very small bead P; the bead having sufficient friction with the thread to retain any position when acted on only by its own weight, but sliding easily along the thread when moved by the hand. At the back of the card the thread terminates in a knot to hinder it from being drawn through; or better, because giving more friction and a better hold, it passes through the centre of a small disk of card—a fraction of an inch in diameter—and, by a knot, is made fast at the back of the disk.

To complete the construction,—with the centres F and G, and

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 To place the Style of a Dial in its True Position.—Before giving any other method of finding the meridian plane, we shall complete the construction of the dial, by showing how the style may now be accurately placed in its true position. The angle which the style makes with a hanging plumb-line, being the co-latitude of the place, is known, and the north and south direction is also roughly given by the mariner’s compass. The style may therefore be already adjusted approximately—correctly, indeed, as to its inclination—but probably requiring a little horizontal motion east or west. Suspend a fine plumb-line from some point of the style, then the style will be properly adjusted if, at the very instant of noon, its shadow falls exactly on the plumb-line,—or, which is the same thing, if both shadows coincide on the dial.

This instant of noon will be given very simply, by the meridian plane, whose position we have secured by the two permanent marks on the ground. Stretch a cord from the one mark to the other. This will not generally be horizontal, but the cord will be wholly in the meridian plane, and that is the only necessary condition. Next, suspend a plummet over the mark which is nearer to the sun, and, when the shadow of the plumb-line falls on the stretched cord, it is noon. A signal from the observer there to the observer at the dial enables the latter to adjust the style as directed above.

Other Methods of finding the Meridian Plane.—We have dwelt at some length on these practical operations because they are simple and tolerably accurate, and because they want neither watch, nor sextant, nor telescope—nothing more, in fact, than the careful observation of shadow lines.

The Pole star, or Ursae Minoris, may also be employed for finding the meridian plane without other apparatus than plumb-lines. This star is now only about 1° 14′ from the pole; if therefore a plumb-line be suspended at a few feet from the observer, and if he shift his position till the star is exactly hidden by the line, then the plane through his eye and the plumb-line will never be far from the meridian plane. Twice in the course of the twenty-four hours the planes would be strictly coincident. This would be when the star crosses the meridian above the pole, and again when it crosses it below. If we wished to employ the method of determining the meridian, the times of the stars crossing would have to be calculated from the data in the Nautical Almanac, and a watch would be necessary to know when the instant arrived. The watch need not, however, be very accurate, because the motion of the star is so slow that an error of ten minutes in the time would not give an error of one-eighth of a degree in the azimuth.

The following accidental circumstance enables us to dispense with both calculation and watch. The right ascension of the star Ursae Majoris, that star in the tail of the Great Bear which is farthest from the “pointers,” happens to differ by a little more than 12 hours from the right ascension of the Pole star. The great circle which joins the two stars passes therefore close to the pole. When the Pole star, at a distance of about 1° 14′ from the pole, is crossing the meridian above the pole, the star Ursae Majoris, whose polar distance is about 40°, has not yet reached the meridian below the pole.

When Ursae Majoris reaches the meridian, which will be within half an hour later, the Pole star will have left the meridian; but its slow motion will have carried it only a very little distance away. Now at some instant between these two times—much nearer the latter than the former—the great circle joining the two stars will be exactly vertical; and at this instant, which the observer determines by seeing that the plumb-line hides the two stars simultaneously, neither of the stars is strictly in the meridian; but the deviation from it is so small that it may be neglected, and the plane through the eye and the plumb-line taken for meridian plane.

In all these cases it will be convenient, instead of fixing the plane by means of the eye and one fixed plummet, to have a second plummet at a short distance in front of the eye; this second plummet, being suspended so as to allow of lateral shifting, must be moved so as always to be between the eye and the fixed plummet. The meridian plane will be secured by placing two permanent marks on the ground, one under each plummet.

This method, by means of the two stars, is only available for the upper transit of Polaris; for, at the lower transit, the other star Ursae Majoris would pass close to or beyond the zenith, and the observation could not be made. Also the stars will not be visible when the upper transit takes place in the daytime, so that one-half of the year is lost to this method.

Neither could it be employed in lower latitudes than 40° N., for there the star would be below the horizon at its lower transit;—we may even say not lower than 45° N., for the star must be at least 5° above the horizon before it becomes distinctly visible.

There are other pairs of stars which could be similarly employed, but none so convenient as these two, on account of Polaris with its very slow motion being one of the pair.

To place the Style in its True Position without previous Determination of the Meridian Plane.—The various methods given above for finding the meridian plane have for ultimate object the determination of the plane, not on its own account, but as an element for fixing the instant of noon, whereby the style may be properly placed.

We shall dispense, therefore, with all this preliminary work if we determine noon by astronomical observation. For this we shall want a good watch, or pocket chronometer, and a sextant or other instrument for taking altitudes. The local time at any moment may be determined in a variety of ways by observation of the celestial bodies. The simplest and most practically useful methods will be found described and investigated in any work on astronomy.

For our present purpose a single altitude of the sun taken in the forenoon will be most suitable. At some time in the morning, when the sun is high enough to be free from the mists and uncertain refractions of the horizon—but to ensure accuracy, while the rate of increase of the altitude is still tolerably rapid, and, therefore, not later than 10 o’clock—take an altitude of the sun, an assistant, at the same moment, marking the time shown by the watch. The altitude so observed being properly corrected for refraction, parallax, &c., will, together with the latitude of the place, and the sun’s declination, taken from the Nautical Almanac, enable us to calculate the time. This will be the solar or apparent time, that is, the very time we require. Comparing the time so found with the time shown by the watch, we see at once by how much the watch is fast or slow of solar time; we know, therefore, exactly what time the watch must mark when solar noon arrives, and waiting for that instant we can fix the style in its proper position as explained before.

We can dispense with the sextant and with all calculation and observation if, by means of the pocket chronometer, we bring the time from some observatory where the work is done; and, allowing for the change of longitude, and also for the equation of time, if the time we have brought is clock time, we shall have the exact instant of solar noon as in the previous case.

In former times the fancy of dialists seems to have run riot in devising elaborate surfaces on which the dial was to be traced. Sometimes the shadow was received on a cone, sometimes on a cylinder, or on a sphere, or on a combination of these. A universal dial was constructed of a figure in the shape of a cross; another universal dial showed the hours by a globe and by several gnomons. These universal dials required adjusting before use, and for this a mariner’s compass and a spirit-level were necessary. But it would be tedious and useless to enumerate the various forms designed, and, as a rule, the more complex the less accurate.

Another class of useless dials consisted of those with variable centres. They were drawn on fixed horizontal planes, and each day the style had to be shifted to a new position. Instead of hour-lines they had hour-points; and the style, instead of being parallel to the axis of the earth, might make any chosen angle with the horizon. There was no practical advantage in their use, but rather the reverse; and they can only be considered as furnishing material for new mathematical problems.

Portable Dials.—The dials so far described have been fixed dials, for even the fanciful ones to which reference was just now made were to be fixed before using. There were, however, other dials, made generally of a small size, so as to be carried in the pocket; and these, so long as the sun shone, roughly answered the purpose of a watch.

The description of the portable dial has generally been mixed up with that of the fixed dial, as if it had been merely a special case, and the same principle had been the basis of both; whereas there are essential points of difference between them, besides those which are at once apparent.

In the fixed dial the result depends on the uniform angular motion of the sun round the fixed style; and a small error in the assumed position of the sun, whether due to the imperfection of the instrument, or to some small neglected correction, has only a trifling effect on the time. This is owing to the angular displacement of the sun being so rapid—a quarter of a degree every minute—that for the ordinary affairs of life greater accuracy is not required, as a displacement of a quarter of a degree, or at any rate of one degree, can be readily seen by nearly every person. But with a portable dial this is no longer the case. The uniform angular motion is not now available, because we have no determined fixed plane to which we may refer it. In the new position, to which the observer has gone, the zenith is the only point of the heavens he can at once practically find; and the basis for the determination of the time is the constantly but very irregularly varying zenith distance of the sun.

At sea the observation of the altitude of a celestial body is the only method available for finding local time; but the perfection which has been attained in the construction of the sextant enables the sailor to reckon on an accuracy of seconds. Certain precautions have, however, to be taken. The observations must not be made within a couple of hours of noon, on account of the slow rate of change at that time, nor too near the horizon, on account of the uncertain refractions there; and the same restrictions must be observed in using a portable dial.

To compare roughly the accuracy of the fixed and the portable dials, let us take a mean position in Great Britain, say 54° lat., and a mean declination when the sun is in the equator. It will rise at 6 o’clock, and at noon have an altitude of 36°,—that is, the portable dial will indicate an average change of one-tenth of a degree in each minute, or two and a half times slower than the fixed dial. The vertical motion of the sun increases, however, nearer the horizon, but even there it will be only one-eighth of a degree each minute, or half the rate of the fixed dial, which goes on at nearly the same speed throughout the day.

Portable dials are also much more restricted in the range of latitude

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 meridian. Through E, the centre of the sphere, draw a vertical plane facing south. This will cut the sphere in the great circle ZMA, which, being vertical, will pass through the zenith, and, facing south, will be at right angles to the meridian. Let QMa be the equatorial circle, obtained by drawing a plane through E at right angles to the axis PEp. The lower portion Ep of the axis will be the style, the vertical line EA in the meridian plane will be the XII o’clock line, and the line EM, which is obviously horizontal, since M is the intersection of two great circles ZM, QM, each at right angles to the vertical plane QZP, will be the VI o’clock line. Now, as in the previous problem, divide the equatorial circle into 24 equal arcs of 15° each, beginning at a, viz. ab, bc, &c.,—each quadrant aM, MQ, &c., containing 6,—then through each point of division and through the axis Pp draw a plane cutting the sphere in 24 equidistant great circles. As the sun revolves round the axis the shadow of the axis will successively fall on these circles at intervals of one hour, and if these circles cross the vertical circle ZMA in the points A, B, C, &c., the shadow of the lower portion Ep of the axis will fall on the lines EA, EB, EC, &c., which will therefore be the required hour-lines on the vertical dial, Ep being the style.

There is no necessity for going beyond the VI o’clock hour-line on each side of noon; for, in the winter months the sun sets earlier than 6 o’clock, and in the summer months it passes behind the plane of the dial before that time, and is no longer available.

It remains to show how the angles AEB, AEC, &c., may be calculated.

The spherical triangles pAB, pAC, &c., will give us a simple rule. These triangles are all right-angled at A, the side pA, equal to ZP, is the co-latitude of the place, that is, the difference between the latitude and 90°; and the successive angles ApB, ApC, &c., are 15°, 30°, &c., respectively. Then tan AB＝tan 15° sin co-latitude; or more simply, tan AB＝tan 15° cos latitude, tan AC＝tan 30° cos latitude, &c. &c. and the arcs AB, AC so found are the measure of the angles AEB, AEC, &c., required.

In this ease the angles diminish as the latitudes increase, the opposite result to that of the horizontal dial.

Inclining, Reclining, &c., Dials.—We shall not enter into the calculation of these cases. Our imaginary sphere being, as before supposed, constructed with its centre at the centre of the dial, and all the hour-circles traced upon it, the intersection of these hour-circles with the plane of the dial will determine the hour-lines just as in the previous cases; but the triangles will no longer be right-angled, and the simplicity of the calculation will be lost, the chances of error being greatly increased by the difficulty of drawing the dial plane in its true position on the sphere, since that true position will have to be found from observations which can be only roughly performed.

In all these cases, and in cases where the dial surface is not a plane, and the hour-lines, consequently, are not straight lines, the only safe practical way is to mark rapidly on the dial a few points (one is sufficient when the dial face is plane) of the shadow at the moment when a good watch shows that the hour has arrived, and afterwards connect these points with the centre by a continuous line. Of course the style must have been accurately fixed in its true position before we begin.

Equatorial Dial.—The name equatorial dial is given to one whose plane is at right angles to the style, and therefore parallel to the equator. It is the simplest of all dials. A circle (fig. 5) divided into 24 equal ares is placed at right angles to the style, and hour divisions are marked upon it. Then if care be taken that the style point accurately to the pole, and that the noon division coincide with the meridian plane, the shadow of the style will fall on the other divisions, each at its proper time. The divisions must be marked on both sides of the dial, because the sun will shine on opposite sides in the summer and in the winter months, changing at each equinox.

To find the Meridian Plane.—We have, so far, assumed the meridian plane to be accurately known; we shall proceed to describe some of the methods by which it may be found. The mariner’s compass may be employed as a first rough approximation. It is well known that the needle of the compass, when free to move horizontally, oscillates upon its pivot and settles in a direction termed the magnetic meridian. This does not coincide with the true north and south line, but the difference between them is generally known with tolerable accuracy, and is called the variation of the compass. The variation differs widely at different parts of the surface of the earth, and is not stationary at any particular place, though the change is slow; and there is even a small daily oscillation which takes place about the mean position, but too small to need notice here (see ).

With all these elements of uncertainty, it is obvious that the compass can only give a rough approximation to the position of the meridian, but it will serve to fix the style so that only a small further alteration will be necessary when a more perfect determination has been made.

A very simple practical method is the following:—

Place a table (fig. 6), or other plane surface, in such a position that it may receive the sun’s rays both in the morning and in the afternoon. Then carefully level the surface by means of a spirit-level. This must be done very accurately, and the table in that position made perfectly secure, so that there be no danger of its shifting during the day.

Next, suspend a plummet SH from a point S, which must be rigidly fixed. The extremity H, where the plummet just meets the surface, should be somewhere near the middle of one end of the table. With H for centre, describe any number of concentric arcs of circles, AB, CD, EF, &c.

A bead P, kept in its place by friction, is threaded on the plummet line at some convenient height above H.

Everything being thus prepared, let us follow the shadow of the bead P as it moves along the surface of the table during the day. It will be found to describe a curve ACE FDB, approaching the point H as the sun advances towards noon, and receding from it afterwards. (The curve is a conic section—an hyperbola in these regions.) At the moment when it crosses the arc AB, mark the point A; AP is then the direction of the sun, and, as AH is horizontal, the angle PAH is the altitude of the sun. In the afternoon mark the point B where it crosses the same arc; then the angle PBH is the altitude. But the right-angled triangles PHA, PHB are obviously equal; and the sun has therefore the same altitudes at those two instants, the one before, the other after noon. It follows that, if the sun has not changed its declination during the interval, the two positions will be symmetrically placed one on each side of the meridian. Therefore, drawing the chord AB, and bisecting it in M, HM will be the meridian line.

Each of the other concentric arcs, CD, EF, &c., will furnish its meridian line. Of course these should all coincide, but if not, the mean of the positions thus found must be taken.

The proviso mentioned above, that the sun has not changed its declination, is scarcely ever realized; but the change is slight, and may be neglected, except perhaps about the time of the equinoxes, at the end of March and at the end of September. Throughout the remainder of the year the change of declination is so slow that we may safely neglect it. The most favourable times are at the end of June and at the end of December, when the sun’s declination is almost stationary. If the line HM be produced both ways to the edges of the table, then the two points on the ground vertically below those on the edges may be found by a plummet, and, if permanent marks be made there, the meridian plane, which is the vertical plane passing through these two points, will have its position perfectly secured.

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 by AI, AII, &c. with AXII; the line AXII itself, being in the vertical plane through AB, may be supposed known.

For the purposes of actual calculation, perhaps a transparent sphere will, with advantage, replace the cylinder, and we shall here apply it to calculate the angles made by the hour-line with the XII o’clock line in the two cases of a horizontal dial and of a vertical south dial.

Horizontal Dial.—Let PEp (fig. 2), the axis of the supposed transparent sphere, be directed towards the north and south poles of the heavens. Draw the two great circles, HMA, QMa, the former horizontal, the other perpendicular to the axis Pp, and therefore coinciding with the plane of the equator. Let EZ be vertical, then the circle QZP will be the meridian, and by its intersection A with the horizontal circle will determine the XII o’clock line EA. Next divide the equatorial circle QMa into 24 equal parts ab, bc, cd, &c. of 15° each, beginning from the meridian Pa, and through the various points of division and the poles draw the great circles Pbp, Pcp, &c. These will exactly correspond to the equidistant generating lines on the cylinder in the previous construction, and the shadow of the style will fall on these circles after successive intervals of 1,2, 3, &c., hours from noon. If they meet the horizontal circle in the points B, C, D, &c., then EB, EC, ED, &c. will be the I, II, III, &c., hour-lines required; and the problem of the horizontal dial consists in calculating the angles which these lines make with the XII o’clock line EA, whose position is known. The spherical triangles PAB, PAC, &c., enable us to do this readily. They are all right-angled at A, the side PA is the latitude of the place, and the angles APB, APC, &c., are respectively 15°, 30°, &c., then tan AB＝tan 15° sin latitude, tan AC＝tan 30° sin latitude, &c. &c.

These determine the sides AB, AC, &c., that is, the angles AEB, AEC, &c., required.

The I o’clock hour-line EB must make an angle with the meridian EA of 11° 51′ on a London dial, of 12° 31′ at Edinburgh, of 11° 23′ at Paris, 12° 0′ at Berlin, 9° 55′ at New York and 9° 19′ at San Francisco. In the same way may be found the angles made by the other hour-lines.

The calculations of these angles must extend throughout one quadrant from noon to VI o’clock, but need not be carried further, because all the other hour-lines can at once be deduced from these. In the first place the dial is symmetrically divided by the meridian, and therefore two times equidistant from noon will have their hour-lines equidistant from the meridian; thus the XI o’clock line and the I o’clock line must make the same angles with it, the X o’clock the same as the II o’clock, and so on. And next, the 24 great circles, which were drawn to determine these lines, are in reality only 12; for clearly the great circle which gives I o’clock after midnight, and that which gives I o’clock after noon, are one and the same, and so also for the other hours. Therefore the hour-lines between VI in the evening and VI the next morning are the prolongations of the remaining twelve.

Let us now remove the imaginary sphere with all its circles, and retain only the style EP and the plane HMA with the lines traced on it, and we shall have the horizontal dial.

On the longest day in London the sun rises a little before 4 o’clock, and sets a little after 8 o’clock; there is therefore no necessity for extending a London dial beyond those hours. At Edinburgh the limits will be a little longer, while at Hammerfest, which is within the Arctic circle, the whole circuit will be required.

Instead of a wire style it is often more convenient to use a metal plate from one quarter to half an inch in thickness. This plate, which is sometimes in the form of a right-angled triangle, must have an acute angle equal to the latitude of the place, and, when properly fixed in a vertical position on the dial, its two faces must coincide with the meridian plane, and the sloping edges formed by the thickness of the plate must point to the pole and form two parallel styles. Since there are two styles, there must be two dials, or rather two half dials, because a little consideration will show that, owing to the thickness of the plate, these styles will only one at a time cast a shadow. Thus the eastern edge will give the shadow for all hours before 6 o’clock in the morning. From 6 o’clock until noon the western edge will be used. At noon it will change again to the eastern edge until 6 o’clock in the evening, and finally the western edge for the remaining hours of daylight.

The centres of the two dials will be at the points where the styles meet the dial face; but, in drawing the hour-lines, we must be careful to draw only those lines for which the corresponding style is able to give a shadow as explained above. The dial will thus have the appearance of a single dial plate, and there will be no confusion (see fig. 3).

The line of demarcation between the shadow and the light will be better defined than when a wire style is used; but the indications by this double dial will always be one minute too fast in the morning and one minute too slow in the afternoon. This is owing to the magnitude of the sun, whose angular breadth is half a degree. The well-defined shadows are given, not by the centre of the sun, as we should require them, but by the forward limb in the morning and by the backward one in the afternoon; and the sun takes just about a minute to advance through a space equal to its half-breadth.

Dials of this description are frequently met with. The dial plate is of metal as well as the vertical piece upon it, and they may be purchased ready for placing on the pedestal,—the dial with all the hour-lines traced on it and the style plate firmly fastened in its proper position, if not even cast in the same piece with the dial plate.

When placing it on the pedestal care must be taken that the dial be perfectly horizontal and accurately oriented. The levelling will be done with a spirit-level, and the orientation will be best effected either in the forenoon or in the afternoon, by turning the dial plate till the time given by the shadow (making the one minute correction mentioned above) agrees with a good watch whose error on solar time is known. It is, however, important to bear in mind that a dial, so built up beforehand, will have the angle at the base equal to the latitude of some selected place, such as London, and the hour-lines will be drawn in directions calculated for the same latitude. Such a dial can therefore not be used near Edinburgh or Glasgow, although it would, without appreciable error, be adapted to any place whose latitude did not differ more than 20 or 30 m. from that of London, and it would be safe to employ it in Essex, Kent or Wiltshire.

If a series of such dials were constructed, differing by 30 m. in latitude, then an intending purchaser could select one adapted to a place whose latitude was within 15 m. of his own, and the error of time would never exceed a small fraction of a minute. The following table will enable us to check the accuracy of the hour-lines and of the angle of the style,—all angles on the dial being readily measured with an ordinary protractor. It extends from 50° lat. to 59½° lat., and therefore includes the whole of Great Britain and Ireland:—

Vertical South Dial.—Let us take again our imaginary transparent sphere QZPA (fig. 4), whose axis PEp is parallel to the earth’s axis. Let Z be the zenith, and, consequently, the great circle QZP the

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Page:EB1911 - Volume 08.djvu/165

 volume of 800 pages entirely to the subject. This was published in 1612, and may be considered to contain all that was known at that time.

In the 18th century clocks and watches began to supersede sun-dials, and these have gradually fallen into disuse except as an additional ornament to a garden, or in remote country districts where the old dial on the church tower still serves as an occasional check on the modern clock by its side. The art of constructing dials may now be looked upon as little more than a mathematical recreation.

General Principles.—The diurnal and the annual motions of the earth are the elementary astronomical facts on which dialling is founded. That the earth turns upon its axis uniformly from west to east in twenty-four hours, and that it is carried round the sun in one year at a nearly uniform rate, is the correct way of expressing these facts. But the effect will be precisely the same, and it will suit our purpose better, and make our explanations easier, if we adopt the ideas of the ancients, of which our senses furnish apparent confirmation, and assume the earth to be fixed. Then, the sun and stars revolve round the earth’s axis uniformly from east to west once a day—the sun lagging a little behind the stars, making its day some four minutes longer—so that at the end of the year it finds itself again in the same place, having made a complete revolution of the heavens relatively to the stars from west to east.

The fixed axis about which all these bodies revolve daily is a line through the earth’s centre; but the radius of the earth is so small, compared with the enormous distance of the sun, that, if we draw a parallel axis through any point of the earth’s surface, we may safely look on that as being the axis of the celestial motions. The error in the case of the sun would not, at its maximum, that is, at 6 and 6, exceed half a second of time, and at noon would vanish. An axis so drawn is in the plane of the meridian, and points to the pole, its elevation being equal to the latitude of the place.

The diurnal motion of the stars is strictly uniform, and so would that of the sun be if the daily retardation of about four minutes, spoken of above, were always the same. But this is constantly altering, so that the time, as measured by the sun’s motion, and also consequently as measured by a sun-dial, does not move on at a strictly uniform pace. This irregularity, which is slight, would be of little consequence in the ordinary affairs of life, but clocks and watches being mechanical measures of time could not, except by extreme complication, be made to follow this irregularity, even if desirable.

The clock is constructed to mark uniform time in such wise that the length of the clock day shall be the average of all the solar days in the year. Four times a year the clock and the sun-dial agree exactly; but the sun-dial, now going a little slower, now a little faster, will be sometimes behind, sometimes before the clock—the greatest accumulated difference being about sixteen minutes for a few days in November, but on the average much less. The four days on which the two agree are April 15, June 15, September 1 and December 24.

Clock-time is called mean time, that marked by the sun-dial is called apparent time, and the difference between them is the equation of time. It is given in most calendars and almanacs, frequently under the heading "clock slow," "clock fast." When the time by the sun-dial is known, the equation of time will at once enable us to obtain the corresponding clock-time, or vice versa.

Atmospheric refraction introduces another error by altering the apparent position of the sun; but the effect is too small to need consideration in the construction of an instrument which, with the best workmanship, does not after all admit of very great accuracy.

The general principles of dialling will now be readily understood. The problem before us is the following:—A rod, or style, as it is called, being firmly fixed in a direction parallel to the earth’s axis, we have to find how and where points or lines of reference must be traced on some fixed surface behind the style, so that when the shadow of the style falls on a certain one of these lines, we may know that at that moment it is solar noon,—that is, that the plane through the style and through the sun then coincides with the meridian; again, that when the shadow reaches the next line of reference, it is 1 o’clock by solar time, or, which comes to the same thing, that the above plane through the style and through the sun has just turned through the twenty-fourth part of a complete revolution; and so on for the subsequent hours,—the hours before noon being indicated in a similar manner. The style and the surface on which these lines are traced together constitute the dial.

The position of an intended sun-dial having been selected—whether on church tower, south front of farmstead or garden wall—the surface must be prepared, if necessary, to receive the hour-lines.

The chief, and in fact the only practical difficulty will be the accurate fixing of the style, for on its accuracy the value of the instrument depends. It must be in the meridian plane, and must make an angle with the horizon equal to the latitude of the place. The latter condition will offer no difficulty, but the exact determination of the meridian plane which passes through the point where the style is fixed to the surface is not so simple. At present we shall assume that the style has been fixed in its true position. The style itself will be usually a stout metal wire, and when we speak of the shadow cast by the style it must always be understood that the middle line of the thin band of shade is meant.

The point where the style meets the dial is called the centre of the dial. It is the centre from which all the hour-lines radiate.

The position of the XII o’clock line is the most important to determine accurately, since all the others are usually made to depend on this one. We cannot trace it correctly on the dial until the style has been itself accurately fixed in its proper place. When that is done the XII o’clock line will be found by the intersection of the dial surface with the vertical plane which contains the style; and the most simple way of drawing it on the dial will be by suspending a plummet from some point of the style whence it may hang freely, and waiting until the shadows of both style and plumb-line coincide on the dial. This single shadow will be the XII o’clock line.

In one class of dials, namely, all the vertical ones, the XII o’clock line is simply the vertical line from the centre; it can, therefore, at once be traced on the dial face by using a fine plumb-line.

The XII o’clock line being traced, the easiest and most accurate method of tracing the other hour-lines would, at the present day when good watches are common, be by marking where the shadow of the style falls when 1, 2, 3, &c., hours have elapsed since noon, and the next morning by the same means the forenoon hour-lines could be traced; and in the same manner the hours might be subdivided into halves and quarters, or even into minutes.

But formerly, when watches did not exist, the tracing of the I, II, III, &c., o’clock lines was done by calculating the angle which each of these lines would make with the XII o’clock line. Now, except in the simple cases of a horizontal dial or of a vertical dial facing a cardinal point, this would require long and intricate calculations, or elaborate geometrical constructions, implying considerable mathematical knowledge, but also introducing increased chances of error. The chief source of error would lie in the uncertainty of the data; for the position of the dial-plane would have to be found before the calculations began,—that is, it would be necessary to know exactly by how many degrees it declined from the south towards the east or west, and by how many degrees it inclined from the vertical. The ancients, with the means at their disposal, could obtain these results only very roughly.

Dials received different names according to their position:—

Horizontal dials, when traced on a horizontal plane;

Vertical dials, when on a vertical plane facing one of the cardinal points;

Vertical declining dials, on a vertical plane not facing a cardinal point;

Inclining dials, when traced on planes neither vertical nor horizontal (these were further distinguished as reclining when leaning backwards from an observer, proclining when leaning forwards);

Equinoctial dials, when the plane is at right angles to the earth’s axis, &c. &c.

Dial Construction.—A very correct view of the problem of dial construction may be obtained as follows:—

Conceive a transparent cylinder (fig. 1) having an axis AB parallel to the axis of the earth. On the surface of the cylinder let equidistant generating-lines be traced 15° apart, one of them XII XII being in the meridian plane through AB, and the others I  I, II  II, &c., following in the order of the sun’s motion.

Then the shadow of the line AB will obviously fall on the line XII XII at apparent noon, on the line I  I at one hour after noon, on II  II at two hours after noon, and so on. If now the cylinder be cut by any plane MN representing the plane on which the dial is to be traced, the shadow of AB will be intercepted by this plane and fall on the lines AXII AI, AII, &c.

The construction of the dial consists in determining the angles made

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text: Page:American Archives, Series 4, Volume 1.djvu/8


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sport

title: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sport


text: Page:American Archives, Series 4, Volume 1.djvu/10


text:
Talk:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sport

Sources:
 * http://en.wikisource.org/w/index.php?title=User:Tim_Starling/ScanSet_PNG_demo&vol=25&page=ED5A757

title: Talk:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sport


text:
Page:Poems, Volume 1, Coates, 1916.djvu/67

N the heart of the forest arising,

Slim, ghostly, and fair,

Ethereal offspring of moisture,

Of earth and of air;

With slender stems anchored together

Where first they uncurl,

Each tipped with its exquisite lily

Of mother-of-pearl;

Mid the pine-needles, closely enwoven

Its roots to embale,—

The Indian-pipe of the woodland,

Thrice lovely and frail!

Is this but an earth-springing fungus—

This darling of Fate

Which out of the mouldering darkness

Such light can create?

Or is it the spirit of Beauty,

Here drawn by love's lure

To give to the forest a something

Unearthy and pure:


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sports, The Book of


text:
Talk:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sports, The Book of

Sources:
 * http://en.wikisource.org/w/index.php?title=User:Tim_Starling/ScanSet_PNG_demo&vol=25&page=ED5A757


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sporran

title: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sporran


text:
Talk:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sporran

Sources:
 * http://en.wikisource.org/w/index.php?title=User:Tim_Starling/ScanSet_PNG_demo&vol=25&page=ED5A757


text:
Page:Poems, Volume 1, Coates, 1916.djvu/69

E who have seen the seed fall without sound

Into the lifeless ground,

Through wintry days are tempted to forget

How Spring will come with the first violet

In her dark hair,

Fresh and more fair

Than we remembered her, a glad surprise

In the veiled azure of her shadowy eyes.

Fear doth the heart deceive,

And still we grieve

Where we should lift the voice

In triumph, and rejoice

Amid our sorrow,

Because of what the past

Has given that is beauteous and shall last—

A heritage of blessing for the morrow.

Lo, in what perfect trust

Nature confides her darlings to the dust!


text:
Page:Poems, Volume 1, Coates, 1916.djvu/75

OFTLY, with palpitating heart,

She came to where he lay concealed apart.

The lamp she held intensified the gloom

And in the dusk wrought shadowy shapes of doom.

Her starry eyes

O'er-brimmed with troubled tears,

Her pulses throbbing wildly in her ears,

She stood beside him where he lay,

Hushed in the deep

Of sweet, unconscious sleep.

But as she stifled back her sighs

And tried to look upon that cherished form,

Remembrance shook her purpose warm,

And, chiding, seemed to say,—

"Why seek to solve, why, curious, thus destroy

The mystery of joy?

What doubt unblest, what faithless fear is this

That tempts to paths none may retrace,

That moves thee, fond one! to unveil the face

Of bliss?


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Athlete

title: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Athlete


text:
Talk:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Athlete

Sources:
 * http://en.wikisource.org/w/index.php?title=User:Tim_Starling/ScanSet_PNG_demo&vol=02&page=EB2A894


text:
Page:Poems, Volume 1, Coates, 1916.djvu/78

HERE is a legend somewhere told

Of how the skylark came of old

To the dying Saviour's cross,

And circling round that form of pain

Poured forth a wild, lamenting strain,

As if for human loss.

Pierced by those accents of despair,

Upon the tiny mourner there

Turning his fading eyes,

The Saviour said, "Dost thou so mourn,

And is thy fragile breast so torn,

That man, thy brother, dies?

O'er all the world uplifted high,

We are alone here, thou and I;

And near to heaven and thee

I bless thy pity-guided wings!

I bless thy voice—the last that sings

Love's requiem for me!

Sorrow no more shall fill thy song;

These frail and fluttering wings grown strong,


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Athletic Sports


text:
Talk:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Athletic Sports

Sources:
 * http://en.wikisource.org/w/index.php?title=User:Tim_Starling/ScanSet_PNG_demo&vol=02&page=EB2A894


text: Page:American Archives, Series 4, Volume 1.djvu/1


text: Massachusetts Government Act

title: Massachusetts Government Act


text:
Page:Poems, Volume 1, Coates, 1916.djvu/82

HE world in mourning for a Russian Tsar!

A despot of the nineteenth century

Mourned by the nations that have made men free!

Ye captives of his rule! where'er ye be,

Whether in dungeons or in mines afar—

Wretches who mourn, yet mourn not for the Tsar,—

Forgive the tears that seem a wrong to grief

Barren of comfort and without relief;

The Tsar was Russia's martyr—as ye are!

He asked for peace, and she ordained him strife.

A Slav of simple heart, disliking show,

She bade him every lowly hope forego;

And placing on his brow her crown of woe,

Gave him a sovereignty with perils rife,

And 'neath his sceptre hid the assassin's knife.

So, masked as Fear, she broke his nerves of steel

Upon the circle of her racking wheel,

And set a horror at his door of life!


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LOOKED from out my window once

And saw Love standing there;

No cloak had he to cover him,

His dimpled feet were bare,

And fast and chill the snowflakes fell

On his ambrosial hair.

He lifted up to mine a face

Filled with celestial light;

Fond, fond with pity grew my heart

To see his hapless plight,

And down I sped to offer him

Warm shelter for the night:—

Come in, come in, thou tender child,

A wanderer from thine own!

Hath all the world abandoned thee,

That thou art thus alone?

Come in, come in! that straightway I

For others may atone!"


text:
Author:Giorgio Vasari

Works

 * Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects translated by Mrs Jonathan Foster, 1850
 * Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects, volume 1, 1850

title: Author:Giorgio Vasari


text:
Page:Poems, Volume 1, Coates, 1916.djvu/86

EATH pitying stood before one bent and old,

And said:—"Forbear your griefs, and go with me:

The tale of your misfortunes—all is told,

And I am come at last to set you free."

But, lo! the man fell trembling to his knees,

Affrighted, and entreating in sad plight:—

"Though poverty and pain deny me ease,

Yet spare me!—but a day—a single night!"

Then Death, disdaining misery so base,

Turned, silently, and sought whom life held dear.

He found you, my belovèd! in the place

You glorified, and touched you with his spear;

And as one startled wakes from a fair dream

He fain would dream again, if that might be,

You looked on Death clothed in his might supreme,

And gave yourself to him,—forgetting me.


text:
Page:Poems, Volume 1, Coates, 1916.djvu/89

LIFT my eyes, but I cannot see;

I stretch my arms and I cry to Thee,—

And still the darkness covers me.

Where art Thou? In the chill obscure

I wander lonely, and endure

A yearning only Thou canst cure!

Once—once, indeed, in every face

I seemed thy lineaments to trace

And looked in all to find thy grace:

I thought the thrush—sweet worshiper!—

From the minaret of the balsam-fir

Hymned forth thy praise, my soul to stir;

I thought the early roses came

To lisp in fragrant breaths thy name,

And teach my heart to do the same;

I thought the stars thy candles, Lord!—

I thought the skylark as he soared

Rose to thy throne and Thee adored!


text:
Executive Order 11051

national preparedness must be achieved and maintained to support such varying degrees of mobilization as may be required to deal with increases in international tension, with limited war, or with general war including attack upon the United States; and

the national security and our continuing economic growth and prosperity are interdependent, appropriate attention must be directed to effective coordination of emergency preparedness measures with national economic policies and objectives; and

mobilization readiness and civil defense activities can by accomplished most effectively and efficiently through the performance by departments and agencies of the Government of those emergency preparedness functions related to their established roles and capabilities; and

responsibility for emergency preparedness involves virtually every agency of the Federal Government, and there is need to provide a central point of leadership and coordination in the Executive Office of the President:

by virtue of the authority vested in me as President of the United States, including the authorities contained in the National Security Act of 1947, the Defense Production Act of 1950 (50 U.S.C.App. 2061 et seq.), the Federal Civil Defense Act of 1950 (50 U.S.C.App. 2251 et seq.), and other authorities of law vested in me pursuant to Reorganization Plan No. 1 of 1958 (72 Stat. 1799), and also including the authority vested in me by the provisions of Section 301 of title 3 of the United States Code, it is hereby ordered as follows:

John F. Kennedy The White House, September 27, 1962. [FR Doc. 62–????? Filed ?–??–62; ??:?? am] Billing Code ????–??–?

title: Executive Order 11051


text:
Page:Poems, Volume 1, Coates, 1916.djvu/91

OTH your hands? . . . What mean they, dear?

I, unworthy,—dare I claim you?

Then, against the world, I hold you:

Mine—forever mine!

Men have waked from dreams of joy:

Teach me to believe this rapture!

Lift your eyes! O my beloved,

Let me read your heart!

Is it true? . . . Ah, me! those eyes!

How divinely kind!—how tender!

Doubt itself could not distrust them,

Or resist their light!

Dear, without you, I have been

Poorer than the humblest beggar

Who against your door at nightfall

Kneeling, asked for bread:

I have gazed upon your face

And have felt such fear oppress me


text:
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Bourse

BOURSE, an exchange where merchants, bankers, etc., meet for the transaction of financial business. It is used especially of the Stock Exchange of Paris. In the United States the great exchange in Philadelphia is styled the Bourse.


text: Page:American Archives, Series 4, Volume 1.djvu/2


text: Page:American Archives, Series 4, Volume 1.djvu/3


text: Page:American Archives, Series 4, Volume 1.djvu/4


text: Page:American Archives, Series 4, Volume 1.djvu/5


text: Page:American Archives, Series 4, Volume 1.djvu/6


text:
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Boussa

BOUSSA (bös'a), or BUSSANG, a city of Africa, in the Sudan, on the Niger, near where are rapids; about lat. 10° 40' N. It was here that Mungo Park met his death in 1805. Pop. est. between 15,000 and 20,000.


text:
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Boutwell, George Sewell

BOUTWELL, GEORGE SEWELL, an American statesman, born in Brookline, Mass., Jan. 23, 1818; was admitted to the bar in 1836; served in the State Legislature in 1842-1851; Governor of Massachusetts in 1851-1852; was an organizer of the Republican party in 1854; appointed the first commissioner of the newly established Department of Internal Revenue in 1862; a Representative in Congress in 1863-1869; one of the managers of the impeachment trial of President Johnson; Secretary of the Treasury in 1869-1873; and a United States Senator in 1873-1879. Besides numerous speeches he published “Educational Topics and Institutions” (1859); several works concerning taxation, and “The Constitution of the United States at the End of the First Century” (1895). He died Feb. 28, 1905.


text:
Page:Poems, Volume 1, Coates, 1916.djvu/93

N that divine all-hallowed morn

When Christ in Bethlehem was born,

How lone did Mary seem to be,

The kindly beasts for company!

But when she saw her infant's face—

Fair with the soul's unfading grace,

Softly she wept for love's excess,

For painless ease and happiness.

She pressed her treasure to her heart—

A lowly mother, set apart

In the dear way that mothers are,

And heaven seemed nigh, and earth afar:

And when grave kings in sumptuous guise

Adored her babe, she knew them wise;

For at his touch her sense grew dim—

So all her being worshiped him.

A nimbus seemed to crown the head

Low-nestled in that manger-bed,


text:
United States Code/Title 28/Appendix/Federal Rules of Civil Procedure/Rule 5

Rule 5. Serving and Filing Pleadings and Other Papers

(a) Service: When Required.
 * (1) In General. Unless these rules provide otherwise, each of the following papers must be served on every party:
 * (A) an order stating that service is required;
 * (B) a pleading filed after the original complaint, unless the court orders otherwise under Rule 5 (c) because there are numerous defendants;
 * (C) a discovery paper required to be served on a party, unless the court orders otherwise;
 * (D) a written motion, except one that may be heard ex parte; and
 * (E) a written notice, appearance, demand, or offer of judgment, or any similar paper.
 * (2) If a Party Fails to Appear. No service is required on a party who is in default for failing to appear. But a pleading that asserts a new claim for relief against such a party must be served on that party under Rule 4.
 * (3) Seizing Property. If an action is begun by seizing property and no person is or need be named as a defendant, any service required before the filing of an appearance, answer, or claim must be made on the person who had custody or possession of the property when it was seized.

(b) Service: How Made.
 * (1) Serving an Attorney. If a party is represented by an attorney, service under this rule must be made on the attorney unless the court orders service on the party.
 * (2) Service in General. A paper is served under this rule by:
 * (A) handing it to the person;
 * (B) leaving it:
 * (i) at the person’s office with a clerk or other person in charge or, if no one is in charge, in a conspicuous place in the office; or
 * (ii) if the person has no office or the office is closed, at the person’s dwelling or usual place of abode with someone of suitable age and discretion who resides there;
 * (C) mailing it to the person’s last known address—in which event service is complete upon mailing;
 * (D) leaving it with the court clerk if the person has no known address;
 * (E) sending it by electronic means if the person consented in writing—in which event service is complete upon transmission, but is not effective if the serving party learns that it did not reach the person to be served; or
 * (F) delivering it by any other means that the person consented to in writing—in which event service is complete when the person making service delivers it to the agency designated to make delivery.
 * (3) Using Court Facilities. If a local rule so authorizes, a party may use the court’s transmission facilities to make service under Rule 5 (b)(2)(E).

(c) Serving Numerous Defendants.
 * (1) In General. If an action involves an unusually large number of defendants, the court may, on motion or on its own, order that:
 * (A) defendants’ pleadings and replies to them need not be served on other defendants;
 * (B) any crossclaim, counterclaim, avoidance, or affirmative defense in those pleadings and replies to them will be treated as denied or avoided by all other parties; and
 * (C) filing any such pleading and serving it on the plaintiff constitutes notice of the pleading to all parties.
 * (2) Notifying Parties. A copy of every such order must be served on the parties as the court directs.

(d) Filing.
 * (1) Required Filings; Certificate of Service. Any paper after the complaint that is required to be served—together with a certificate of service—must be filed within a reasonable time after service. But disclosures under Rule 26 (a)(1) or (2) and the following discovery requests and responses must not be filed until they are used in the proceeding or the court orders filing: depositions, interrogatories, requests for documents or tangible things or to permit entry onto land, and requests for admission.
 * (2) How Filing Is Made—In General. A paper is filed by delivering it:
 * (A) to the clerk; or
 * (B) to a judge who agrees to accept it for filing, and who must then note the filing date on the paper and promptly send it to the clerk.
 * (3) Electronic Filing, Signing, or Verification. A court may, by local rule, allow papers to be filed, signed, or verified by electronic means that are consistent with any technical standards established by the Judicial Conference of the United States. A local rule may require electronic filing only if reasonable exceptions are allowed. A paper filed electronically in compliance with a local rule is a written paper for purposes of these rules.
 * (4) Acceptance by the Clerk. The clerk must not refuse to file a paper solely because it is not in the form prescribed by these rules or by a local rule or practice.


text:
Page:Poems, Volume 1, Coates, 1916.djvu/97

HEN the wolds of Lycæus are silvery fair,

When Mænalian forests are doubtful and dim,

When the hound strains the leash and the wolf quits his lair,

And the startled fawn flies from the fountain's cool rim;

When with panting delight we impatiently follow

The shuddering stags over hillock and hollow,—

A form from the shadows comes bounding out,

And we know it is Pan by his horrid shout:

A form from the shadows comes bounding out,

At head of the Satyrs' impetuous rout,

And we know it is Pan, we know it is Pan,

We know it is Pan by his horrid shout!

When hidden with Dian in deep woodland bower,

We loosen her quiver, her sandals unbind,

Bathe her beautiful feet in the pearl-trickling shower,

Pellucid and pure; when we deftly enwind


text:
United States Code/Title 28/Appendix/Federal Rules of Civil Procedure/Rule 5.1

Rule 5.1. Constitutional Challenge to a Statute Notice, Certification, and Intervention

(a) Notice by a Party. A party that files a pleading, written motion, or other paper drawing into question the constitutionality of a federal or state statute must promptly:
 * (1) file a notice of constitutional question stating the question and identifying the paper that raises it, if:
 * (A) a federal statute is questioned and the parties do not include the United States, one of its agencies, or one of its officers or employees in an official capacity; or
 * (B) a state statute is questioned and the parties do not include the state, one of its agencies, or one of its officers or employees in an official capacity; and
 * (2) serve the notice and paper on the Attorney General of the United States if a federal statute is questioned—or on the state attorney general if a state statute is questioned—either by certified or registered mail or by sending it to an electronic address designated by the attorney general for this purpose.

(b) Certification by the Court. The court must, under 28 U.S.C. § 2403, certify to the appropriate attorney general that a statute has been questioned.

(c) Intervention; Final Decision on the Merits. Unless the court sets a later time, the attorney general may intervene within 60 days after the notice is filed or after the court certifies the challenge, whichever is earlier. Before the time to intervene expires, the court may reject the constitutional challenge, but may not enter a final judgment holding the statute unconstitutional.

(d) No Forfeiture. A party’s failure to file and serve the notice, or the court’s failure to certify, does not forfeit a constitutional claim or defense that is otherwise timely asserted.


text:
User talk:201.230.78.200

Welcome

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title: User talk:201.230.78.200


text:
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Bovidæ

BOVIDÆ, a family of ruminating animals, containing not merely the oxen, but many other animals now placed in other families. It was subdivided into bovina, cervina, giraffina, moschina, and camelina; also, a family of ruminating animals, consisting of species with simply rounded horns, which are not twisted in a spiral manner. There are no lachrymal sinuses. It contains the genera bos, bison, bubalus, etc. Ovibos (musk ox), generally ranked under bovidæ, is by some placed with the ovidæ. The oldest known are various species of bos, hemibos, and amphibos in the Upper Miocene of India. The genera bos and bison are found in the Pliocene.


text:
United States Code/Title 28/Appendix/Federal Rules of Civil Procedure/Rule 5.2

Rule 5.2. Privacy Protection For Filings Made with the Court

(a) Redacted Filings. Unless the court orders otherwise, in an electronic or paper filing with the court that contains an individual’s social-security number, taxpayer-identification number, or birth date, the name of an individual known to be a minor, or a financial-account number, a party or nonparty making the filing may include only:
 * (1) the last four digits of the social-security number and taxpayer-identification number;
 * (2) the year of the individual’s birth;
 * (3) the minor’s initials; and
 * (4) the last four digits of the financial-account number.

(b) Exemptions from the Redaction Requirement. The redaction requirement does not apply to the following:
 * (1) a financial-account number that identifies the property allegedly subject to forfeiture in a forfeiture proceeding;
 * (2) the record of an administrative or agency proceeding;
 * (3) the official record of a state-court proceeding;
 * (4) the record of a court or tribunal, if that record was not subject to the redaction requirement when originally filed;
 * (5) a filing covered by Rule 5.2(c) or (d); and
 * (6) a pro se filing in an action brought under 28 U.S.C. §§ 2241, 2254, or 2255.

(c) Limitations on Remote Access to Electronic Files; Social-Security Appeals and Immigration Cases. Unless the court orders otherwise, in an action for benefits under the Social Security Act, and in an action or proceeding relating to an order of removal, to relief from removal, or to immigration benefits or detention, access to an electronic file is authorized as follows:
 * (1) the parties and their attorneys may have remote electronic access to any part of the case file, including the administrative record;
 * (2) any other person may have electronic access to the full record at the courthouse, but may have remote electronic access only to:
 * (A) the docket maintained by the court; and
 * (B) an opinion, order, judgment, or other disposition of the court, but not any other part of the case file or the administrative record.

(d) Filings Made Under Seal. The court may order that a filing be made under seal without redaction. The court may later unseal the filing or order the person who made the filing to file a redacted version for the public record.

(e) Protective Orders. For good cause, the court may by order in a case:
 * (1) require redaction of additional information; or
 * (2) limit or prohibit a nonparty’s remote electronic access to a document filed with the court.

(f) Option for Additional Unredacted Filing Under Seal. A person making a redacted filing may also file an unredacted copy under seal. The court must retain the unredacted copy as part of the record.

(g) Option for Filing a Reference List. A filing that contains redacted information may be filed together with a reference list that identifies each item of redacted information and specifies an appropriate identifier that uniquely corresponds to each item listed. The list must be filed under seal and may be amended as of right. Any reference in the case to a listed identifier will be construed to refer to the corresponding item of information.

(h) Waiver of Protection of Identifiers. A person waives the protection of Rule 5.2(a) as to the person’s own information by filing it without redaction and not under seal.


text:
Page:Manners and customs of ye Englyshe.djvu/16

 No. 2.


text:
Page:Poems, Volume 1, Coates, 1916.djvu/100

LOOKED on beauteous forms, as I lay dreaming,

But on no form as beautiful as thine,

Who here, amid the moonbeams white and holy,

Standest in silence by this bed of mine.

I looked on faces fair, as I lay sleeping,

But on no face that seemed as nobly sweet

As that which in the pallid light above me

My wondering, half-awakened sense doth greet.

Who and what art thou? Have I kept thee waiting?

My sleep was as a river deep and calm;

Bring'st thou perchance some word of import for me?

Hast thou, for broken hearts, like mine, some balm?

Who and what art thou? In my tranquil vision

I gazed through rifted clouds on azure skies,—

I seemed to gaze beyond them,—but naught moved me

Like the deep pity in thy brooding eyes.


text:
Page:Manners and customs of ye Englyshe.djvu/17

INDING Fault with my Wife, for that ſhe do not uſe enough Exerciſe; whence her continual Headach, and, the 'Potticary his Bill of £5. She replying that I would never take her out, I ſaid I would, whenever ſhe liked; whereupon, we agreed to go a Walk forthwith, and my Wife did propoſe Regent Street. So we thither, pleating ourſelves with obſerving the Paſſers-by and the Carriages, and the Streets blazing with fine Ladies and flaming Liveries. Going by, my Wife's Eye taken with a Scarf in the Window, and would ſtop to look at it with a Crowd of other Women gazing at the Finery, which Mr. do call Baits, and a Draper's Shop a Lady-Trap. Preſently fhe recollected that ſhe wanted a Collar; ſo we into the Shop, where ſome ſixty or eighty Ladies fitting before the Counters, examining the Wares, buſy as Blue-Bottle Flies at a Sugar Caſk. Behind the Counters the Shopmen and Aſſiſtants, ſhowing off the Goods, and themſelves alſo, with mighty dainty Airs, every one of them, almoſt, his Image. But I fear me they owe their pale delicate Looks and languid Ways in Part to the Want of ſufficient Air and Exerciſe; which is a ſad Conſideration. One of theſe dapper young Sirs did help my Wife to her Collar, coſt 3s. 6d.; when ſhe thought ſhe had better get another while about it, coſt 3s. 6d. more. Then,


text:
Page:Nature and Man.djvu/24

Rh with the consideration of his further development and his diffusion over the surface of the globe.

The mental qualities which have developed in Man, though traceable in a vague and rudimentary condition in some of his animal associates, are of such an unprecedented power and so far dominate everything else in his activities as a living organism, that they have to a very large extent, if not entirely, cut him off from the general operation of that process of Natural Selection and survival of the fittest which up to their appearance had been the law of the living world. They justify the view that Man forms a new departure in the gradual unfolding of Nature's predestined scheme. Knowledge, reason, self-consciousness, will, are the attributes of Man. It is not my purpose to attempt to trace their development from lower phases of mental activity in man's animal ancestors, nor even to suggest the steps by which that development has proceeded. What we call the will or volition of Man—a discussion of the nature and limitation of which it would be impossible for me here to offer and is happily not necessary for my present purpose—has become a power in Nature; an imperium in imperio, which has profoundly modified not only man's own history but that of the whole living world and the face of the planet on which he exists. Nature's inexorable discipline of death to those who do not rise to her standard—survival and parentage for those alone who do—has been from the earliest times more and more definitely resisted by the will of Man. If we may for the purpose of analysis, as it were, extract man from the rest of Nature of which he is truly a product and part, then we may say that

title: Page:Nature and Man.djvu/24


text:
Page:Nature and Man.djvu/25

22 Man is Nature's rebel. Where Nature says 'Die!' Man says 'I will live.' According to the law previously in universal operation, Man should have been limited in geographical area, killed by extremes of cold or of heat, subject to starvation if one kind of diet were unobtainable, and unable to increase and multiply, just as are his animal relatives, without losing his specific structure and acquiring new physical characters according to the requirements of the new conditions into which he strayed, without in fact becoming a new morphological 'species.' But man's wits and his will have enabled him to cross rivers and oceans by rafts and boats, to clothe himself against cold, to shelter himself from heat and rain, to prepare an endless variety of food by fire, and to 'increase and multiply' as no other animal without change of form, without submitting to the terrible axe of selection wielded by ruthless Nature over all other living things on this globe. And as he has more and more obtained this control over his surroundings, he has expanded that unconscious protective attitude towards his immature offspring which natural selection had already favoured and established in the animal race, into a conscious and larger love for his tribe, his race, his nationality, and his kind. He has developed speech, the power of communicating, and above all of recording and handing on from generation to generation, his thought and knowledge. He has formed communities, built cities, and set up empires. At every step of his progress man has receded further and further from the ancient rule exercised by Nature. He has advanced so far and become so unfitted to the earlier rule, that to suppose that Man can 'return to Nature' is as unreasonable as to

title: Page:Nature and Man.djvu/25


text:
United States Code/Title 28/Appendix/Federal Rules of Civil Procedure/Rule 6

Rule 6. Computing and Extending Time; Time for Motion Papers

(a) Computing Time. The following rules apply in computing any time period specified in these rules, in any local rule or court order, or in any statute that does not specify a method of computing time.
 * (1) Period Stated in Days or a Longer Unit. When the period is stated in days or a longer unit of time:
 * (A) exclude the day of the event that triggers the period;
 * (B) count every day, including intermediate Saturdays, Sundays, and legal holidays; and
 * (C) include the last day of the period, but if the last day is a Saturday, Sunday, or legal holiday, the period continues to run until the end of the next day that is not a Saturday, Sunday, or legal holiday.
 * (2) Period Stated in Hours. When the period is stated in hours:
 * (A) begin counting immediately on the occurrence of the event that triggers the period;
 * (B) count every hour, including hours during intermediate Saturdays, Sundays, and legal holidays; and
 * (C) if the period would end on a Saturday, Sunday, or legal holiday, the period continues to run until the same time on the next day that is not a Saturday, Sunday, or legal holiday.
 * (3) Inaccessibility of the Clerk’s Office. Unless the court orders otherwise, if the clerk’s office is inaccessible:
 * (A) on the last day for filing under Rule 6 (a)(1), then the time for filing is extended to the first accessible day that is not a Saturday, Sunday, or legal holiday; or
 * (B) during the last hour for filing under Rule 6 (a)(2), then the time for filing is extended to the same time on the first accessible day that is not a Saturday, Sunday, or legal holiday.
 * (4) “Last Day” Defined. Unless a different time is set by a statute, local rule, or court order, the last day ends:
 * (A) for electronic filing, at midnight in the court’s time zone; and
 * (B) for filing by other means, when the clerk’s office is scheduled to close.
 * (5) “Next Day” Defined. The “next day” is determined by continuing to count forward when the period is measured after an event and backward when measured before an event.
 * (6) “Legal Holiday” Defined. “Legal holiday” means:
 * (A) the day set aside by statute for observing New Year’s Day, Martin Luther King Jr.’s Birthday, Washington’s Birthday, Memorial Day, Independence Day, Labor Day, Columbus Day, Veterans’ Day, Thanksgiving Day, or Christmas Day;
 * (B) any day declared a holiday by the President or Congress; and
 * (C) for periods that are measured after an event, any other day declared a holiday by the state where the district court is located.

(b) Extending Time.
 * (1) In General. When an act may or must be done within a specified time, the court may, for good cause, extend the time:
 * (A) with or without motion or notice if the court acts, or if a request is made, before the original time or its extension expires; or
 * (B) on motion made after the time has expired if the party failed to act because of excusable neglect.
 * (2) Exceptions. A court must not extend the time to act under Rules 50 (b) and (d), 52 (b), 59 (b), (d), and (e), and 60 (b).

(c) Motions, Notices of Hearing, and Affidavits.
 * (1) In General. A written motion and notice of the hearing must be served at least 14 days before the time specified for the hearing, with the following exceptions:
 * (A) when the motion may be heard ex parte;
 * (B) when these rules set a different time; or
 * (C) when a court order—which a party may, for good cause, apply for ex parte—sets a different time.
 * (2) Supporting Affidavit. Any affidavit supporting a motion must be served with the motion. Except as Rule 59 (c) provides otherwise, any opposing affidavit must be served at least 7 days before the hearing, unless the court permits service at another time.

(d) Additional Time After Certain Kinds of Service. When a party may or must act within a specified time after service and service is made under Rule 5 (b)(2)(C), (D), (E), or (F), 3 days are added after the period would otherwise expire under Rule 6 (a).


text:
Page:Poems, Volume 1, Coates, 1916.djvu/101

Rh Why art thou here to-night? I have been lonely—

Have waited, prayed, for such an one as thou,

To still with presence kind my pulse's throbbing,

To lay a cooling touch upon my brow.

Tell me thy name! Then, pain and fear forgotten,

I straightway will arise and follow thee,

Who, so I think, art hither come to guide me

To larger hope and opportunity.

Tell me thy name! I long, I need, to hear it!

Thy name!—I may not plead, for failing breath,—

With look compassionate, the august stranger

Made answer very softly: "I am Death."


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Bigod, Hugh (d.1266)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Bigod, Roger (d.1221)


text:
Page:Nature and Man.djvu/26

Rh suppose that an adult animal can return to its mother's womb.

In early tribal times natural selection still imposed the death penalty on failure. The stronger, the more cunning, the better armed, the more courageous tribe or family group, exterminated by actual slaughter or starvation the neighbouring tribes less gifted in one or all of these qualities. But from what we know of the history of warlike exterminating savage tribes at the present day—as, for instance, the Masai of East Africa—it seems unlikely that the method of extermination—that is, of true natural selection—had much effect in man's development after the very earliest period. Union and absorption were more usual results of the contact of primitive tribes than struggles to the death. The expulsion of one group by another from a desired territory was more usual than the destruction of the conquered. In spite of the frequent assertions to the contrary, it seems that neither the more ancient wars of mankind for conquest and migration nor the present and future wars for commercial privilege have any real equivalence to the simple removal by death of the unfit and the survival and reproduction of the fit, which we know as Natural Selection5.

The standard raised by the rebel man is not that of 'fitness' to the conditions proffered by extra-human nature, but is one of an ideal comfort, prosperity, and conscious joy in life—imposed by the will of man and involving a control and in important respects a subversion of what were Nature's methods of dealing with life before she had produced her insurgent son. The progress of man in the acquirement of this control of

title: Page:Nature and Man.djvu/26


text: Poems (Coates 1916)/Volume I/Before the Dawn


text:
Page:Feilberg.djvu/19

Rh the game to run. The old creature tottered on, panting hard, the blood running freely down his body. Mr. X. tried another snap shot, again successfully. The old man staggered—then recovering himself, turned and flung his nulla with such unexpected force that it went singing past the ears of his pursuer. This angered Mr. X., who had not till to that time lost his good humor, and he spurred his horse after the old creature, who was wildly staggering on, and fired his third shot. This brought the game down, and as the two men sat on their horses watching the final convulsions of the old blackfellow lying on the ground before them, Mr. X remarked to his companion, "Isn't it wonderful what strength they have? fancy that old —— running on with two bullets through his loins!"—Queenslander, May 22, 1880.

III.

has been objected that the incidents narrated in this column constitute a Newgate Calendar. This is true to a certain extent. The crimes recorded equal in atrocity those described in the publication mentioned. But the Newgate Calendar is a list of crimes which have been punished, and against which the strong hand of the law is always directed. This column contains a record of crimes which are not punished, and which the administrators of the law in the colony tacitly sanction. It is one thing to publish such incidents for the mere purpose of satisfying a morbid curiosity, and another when the publication is intended to arouse the public conscience in order to put a stop to the continual perpetration of the foulest outrages. The truth of the statements we have made and are making is also questioned. We were prepared for the denial. At the present time we are only able to say that every incident narrated has been accepted on good authority, and is, we believe, as true as any other statement of fact appearing in this journal.

With regard to the story of Toby, which our correspondent "Never Never" declares false from internal evidence, we are authorised by our informant to say that if the law officers of the Crown are willing to take action in the matter he is prepared to supply them with the name of the man who shot Toby, of his companion who saw him do it, and the place and date of the occurrence. If the public really believe that the incidents narrated here are mere fictions or exaggerations, and that there is consequently no necessity for reforming our system of dealing with the blacks, the question can easily be settled. A Royal Commission, armed with power to grant indemnity to witnesses, similar to the one appointed to investigate the Trades Union outrages at Sheffield, and authorised to travel from place to place to collect evidence, would speedily convince the most sceptical that this record is but a faint indication of the shameful truth. If such a commission is appointed we shall be happy to furnish its members with data to commence their investigations. Until then we shall continue to withhold names of persons and places. No ordinary commission can possibly elicit the truth, because eye-witnesses are not likely to give evidence of occurrences which would certainly endanger their necks and those of their acquaintances, more especially as the crimes which they would describe have been treated as venial offences, or condoned by every Government that has held power in the colony.

English people may hear, unmoved, of cruelties perpetrated on men, but revolt at the idea of foul outrage committed on women. It was this feature of the Bulgarian atrocities—those imitations of our native police system attempted by the Turks, which aroused so much indignation in England—that caused the greatest exasperation in civilised Europe. Our readers may suppose that in the massacres perpetrated by the native police—which we employ them to perpetrate—women and children are unmolested. If so, they are greatly mistaken. It is true that the lives of women and children are often, perhaps generally, spared; but even this is a rule with a great many exceptions. A few incidents that have occurred within the last three or four years will show how the matter stands.

In the neighborhood of a northern town where the blacks are "bad" a small body of troopers, under the direction of a white officer, were sent to punish them. They returned, bringing down the main street a naked black girl captured by them. Her appearance attracted quite a crowd, and a local storekeeper offered her captors a pound for their prize. The bargain was concluded, and the captured girl handed over. Her purchaser took her home to his wife to be trained up as a servant. But in the evening the troopers came for her, and, carrying her to some ridges behind the main street, kept her through the night for the gratification of their passions. In the morning they turned her loose in the vicinity of her purchaser's house.

A squatter in the North-west was out on his run with his stockman, and be heard in the distance shots. He had heard that the native police were out and at the

title: Page:Feilberg.djvu/19


text:
United States Code/Title 28/Appendix/Federal Rules of Civil Procedure/Rule 7

Rule 7. Pleadings Allowed; Form of Motions and Other Papers

(a) Pleadings. Only these pleadings are allowed:
 * (1) a complaint;
 * (2) an answer to a complaint;
 * (3) an answer to a counterclaim designated as a counterclaim;
 * (4) an answer to a crossclaim;
 * (5) a third-party complaint;
 * (6) an answer to a third-party complaint; and
 * (7) if the court orders one, a reply to an answer.

(b) Motions and Other Papers.
 * (1) In General. A request for a court order must be made by motion. The motion must:
 * (A) be in writing unless made during a hearing or trial;
 * (B) state with particularity the grounds for seeking the order; and
 * (C) state the relief sought.
 * (2) Form. The rules governing captions and other matters of form in pleadings apply to motions and other papers.


text:
United States Code/Title 28/Appendix/Federal Rules of Civil Procedure/Rule 7.1

Rule 7.1. Disclosure Statement

(a) Who Must File; Contents. A nongovernmental corporate party must file 2 copies of a disclosure statement that:
 * (1) identifies any parent corporation and any publicly held corporation owning 10% or more of its stock; or
 * (2) states that there is no such corporation.

(b) Time to File; Supplemental Filing. A party must:
 * (1) file the disclosure statement with its first appearance, pleading, petition, motion, response, or other request addressed to the court; and
 * (2) promptly file a supplemental statement if any required information changes.