text:
Page:Devonshire Characters and Strange Events.djvu/880

752 Wolcot was so infuriated that he sought to meet Gifford. They happened to meet in Wright's shop in Piccadilly in the same year in which the epistle had appeared. A scuffle ensued, in which Wolcot was the aggressor, and got the worst of it. Peter retaliated with "A Cut at a Cobbler," but it fell flat. The Prince of Wales, that "First Gentleman in Europe," had encouraged Peter, and is said to have had the poet's proof sheets forwarded to him before publication. Peter had licked the Prince's dirty boots, and hoped for his reward. But when the Prince became Regent he cooled towards the savage yet servile poet, and the indignant Peter gave vent to his feelings of disappointment and resentment in a poem in 1811, "Carlton House, or the Disappointed Bard."

In Wolcot's later years his sight was affected, and in May, 1811, he was almost totally blind. He still, however, continued to write and publish. Four volumes of his works had been published by Walker in 1794, a fifth was added in 1801. He died 14 January, 1819, in Somerstown, and was buried 21 January, in S. Paul's Church, Covent Garden. By his own expressed wish, his coffin was placed beside that of Samuel Butler, author of Hudibras.

In appearance Wolcot was "a thick, squat man, with a large dark and flat face, and no speculation in his eye." His portrait, by Opie, is in the National Portrait Gallery, where is also a miniature of him by Lethbridge.

He was never married. Indeed, he flouted at marriage. He was a sensualist. In an "Apology for Keeping Mistresses" he wrote:—


text:
User talk:Lheatley

Please browse through these links, especially what wikisource includes. The pages you created have been deleted as 'beyond scope', we add copies of published works rather than create new content. cygnis insignis 20:44, 27 September 2010 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Lheatley


text:
Page:Devonshire Characters and Strange Events.djvu/879

Rh publisher, considering that the restraint thereby imposed would militate against his profits, filed a bill in Chancery against him, and got the sum reduced to two hundred. Wolcot was furious, and vowed vengeance against Walker, which he eventually accomplished, by living nearly twenty years afterwards. But he presently met his match, William Gifford, also a Devonshire man; in his "Anti-Jacobin," Gifford fell upon the poet, and in a review of his life called him "his disgustful subject, the profligate reviler of his Sovereign and impious blasphemer of his God." Peter Pindar was quite unable to stand his ground against Gifford, whose "Epistle to Peter Pindar" was savage and caustic in the extreme (1800).


text: Page:Weird Tales volume 36 number 01.djvu/29


text:
Page:Devonshire Characters and Strange Events.djvu/878

750 Peter Pindar spared few. Pitt he hated, because he had not bribed him; Sir Joseph Banks, Boswell fair game—Hannah More, Bishop Porteus, who had ventured in a sermon to speak highly of Hannah; James Bruce, and many another. To Lady Mount Edgcumbe he wrote a consolatory stanza on the death of her favourite pig.

In 1793, Wolcot sold the copyright of his public works to J. Walker for an annuity of £200, and it was stipulated that any future work should be offered to the same publisher.

On this occasion he craftily overreached the publisher. When Walker made the proposition to the doctor by letter it was with an offer of an annuity of two hundred pounds. Wolcot replied by appointing the publisher to call on him, that day week. He received him in deshabille, even in his nightcap; and, from having purposely abstained from shaving for four days, together with the naturally cadaverous complexion, his appearance was unhealthy; added to which, he assumed a hollow sepulchral cough. Walker had determined not to make any advance on the sum he had named, but when the doctor was again taken with a fit of coughing he was induced to make it two hundred and fifty pounds. This Wolcot peremptorily refused, and was seized with an attack of coughing that nearly suffocated him. The publisher, thinking it impossible that he could last long, agreed to make the annuity three hundred. But some time after, Pitt having passed a Bill through both Houses to restrain such libellous writings as those of Peter Pindar, the


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Balther


text:
Page:Devonshire Characters and Strange Events.djvu/877

Rh Hearing no news of nimble Mister Stag, He sits like Patience grinning on his nag. Thus, wisdom-fraught, his curious eye-balls ken The little hovels that around him rise: To these he trots—of hogs surveys the styes, And nicely numbers every cock and hen. Then asks the farmer's wife or farmer's maid, How many eggs the fowls have laid. What's in the oven—in the pot—the crock; Whether 'twill rain or no, and what's o'clock. Thus from poor hovels gleaning information, To serve as future treasure for the nation. There, terrier-like, till pages find him out, He pokes his most sagacious nose about; And scenes in Paradise—like that so fam'd; Looking like Adam too, and Eve so fair; Sweet simpletons! who, though so bare, Were (says the Bible) not asham'd. No man binds books so well as George the Third. By thirst of leather glory spurr'd, At bookbinders he oft is seen to laugh— And wond'rous is the King in sheep or calf! ''But see! the Prince upon such labour looks'' Fastidious down, and only readeth books. Here by the Sire the son is much surpast; Which fame should publish on her loudest blast I The King beats Monmouth-street in cast-off riches; That is, in coats, and waistcoats, and in breeches; Which, draughted once a year for foreign stations, Make fine recruits to serve some near relations. ''But lo! the Prince, shame on him ! never dreams'' Of petty Jewish, economic schemes! So very proud (I'm griev'd, O Tom, to tell it) He'd rather give a coat away than sell it! Fair justice to the Monarch must allow Prodigious science in a calf or cow; And wisdom in an article of swine. What most unusual knowledge for a King! Because pig-wisdom is a thing In which no Sov'reign e'er were known to shine. Yet who 'will think I am not telling fibs? The Prince, who Britain's throne in time shall grace, Ne'er finger’d, at a fair, a bullock's ribs, Nor even ogled a pig's face! ''O dire disgrace! O let it not be known'' That thus a Father hath excell'd a Son.


text:
Page:The prophetic books of William Blake, Milton.djvu/66

 To put off Self & all I have, ever & ever. Amen.

Satan heard, Coming in a cloud, with trumpets & flaming fire,

Saying: I am God the judge of all, the living & the dead.

Fall therefore down & worship me, submit thy supreme

Dictate, to my eternal Will & to my dictate bow.

I hold the Balances of Right & Just & mine the Sword:

Seven Angels bear my Name & in those Seven I appear,

But I alone am God & I alone in Heav'n & Earth

Of all that live dare utter this, others tremble & bow:

P. 40 TILL all Things become One Great Satan in Holiness

Oppos'd to Mercy, and the Divine Delusion Jesus be no more.

Suddenly around Milton on my Path, the Starry Seven

Burn'd terrible: my Path became a solid fire, as bright

As the clear Sun & Milton silent came down on my Path.

And there went forth from the Starry limbs of the Seven, Forms

Human, with Trumpets innumerable, sounding articulate

As the Seven spake: and they stood in a mighty Column of Fire

Surrounding Felpham's Vale, reaching to the Mundane Shell, Saying:

Awake, Albion awake! reclaim thy Reasoning Spectre. Subdue

Him to the Divine Mercy. Cast him down into the Lake

Of Los, that ever burneth with fire, ever & ever, Amen!

Let the Four Zoas awake from Slumbers of Six thousand years.

Then loud the Furnaces of Los were heard; & seen as Seven Heavens

Stretching from South to North over the mountains of Albion.

Satan heard; trembling round his Body, he incircled it:

He trembled with exceeding great trembling & astonishment,

Howling in his Spectre round his Body hung'ring to devour,

But fearing for the pain, for if he touches a Vital

His torment is unendurable: therefore he cannot devour:

But howls round it as a lion round his prey continually.

Loud Satan thunder'd, loud & dark upon mild Felpham's Shore,

Coming in a Cloud with Trumpets & with Fiery Flame,

An awful Form eastward from midst of a bright Paved-work

Of precious stones by Cherubim surrounded: so permitted

(Lest he should fall apart in his Eternal Death) to imitate

The Eternal Great Humanity Divine surrounded by

His Cherubim & Seraphim in ever happy Eternity.

Beneath sat Chaos: Sin on his right hand, Death on his left, 42


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Baltimore, Earls of


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Baltroddi, Walter de


text:
Page:The prophetic books of William Blake, Milton.djvu/67

 And Ancient Night spread over all the heav'n his Mantle of Laws.

He trembled with exceeding great trembling & astonishment.

Then Albion rose up in the Night of Beulah on his Couch

Of dread repose seen by the visionary eye: his face is toward

The east, toward Jerusalem's Gates: groaning he sat above

His rocks, London & Bath & Legions & Edinburgh

Are the four pillars of his Throne: his left foot near London

Covers the shades of Tyburn: his instep from Windsor

To Primrose Hill stretching to Highgate & Holloway.

London is between his knees: its basements fourfold:

His right foot stretches to the sea on Dover cliffs, his heel

On Canterbury's ruins; his right hand covers lofty Wales:

His left Scotland; his bosom girt with gold involves

York, Edinburgh, Durham & Carlisle, & on the front

Bath, Oxford, Cambridge, Norwich: his right elbow

Leans on the Rocks of Erin's Land, Ireland, ancient nation.

His head bends over London: he sees his embodied Spectre

Trembling before him with exceeding great trembling & fear.

He views Jerusalem & Babylon, his tears flow down:

He mov'd his right foot to Cornwall, his left to the Rocks of Bognor:

He strove to rise to walk into the Deep, but strength failing

Forbad, & down with dreadful groans he sunk upon his Couch

In moony Beulah. Los his strong Guard Walks round beneath the Moon.

Urizen faints in terror striving among the Brooks of Arnon

With Milton's Spirit: as the Plowman or Artificer or Shepherd

While in the labours of his Calling sends his Thought abroad

To labour in the ocean or in the starry heaven. So Milton

Labour'd in Chasms of the Mundane Shell tho' here before

My Cottage midst the Starry Seven, where the Virgin Ololon

Stood trembling in the Porch: loud Satan thunder'd on the stormy Sea,

Circling Albion's Chffs, in which the Four-fold World resides

Tho' seen in fallacy outside: a fallacy of Satan's Churches.

P. 42 BEFORE Ololon Milton stood & perciev'd the Eternal Form

Of that mild Vision: wondrous were their acts by me unknown

Except remotely: and I heard Ololon say to Milton:

I see thee strive upon the Brooks of Arnon, there a dread

And awful Man I see, o'ercover'd with the mantle of years.

I behold Los & Urizen, I behold Orc & Tharmas,

The Four Zoas of Albion, & thy Spirit with them striving, 43


text:
Page:The prophetic books of William Blake, Milton.djvu/68

 In Self annihilation giving thy life to thy enemies.

Are those who contemn Religion & seek to annihilate it

Become in their Femin[in]e portions the causes & promoters

Of these Religions, how is this thing: this Newtonian Phantasm,

This Voltaire & Rousseau: this Hume & Gibbon & Bolingbroke:

This Natural Religion; this impossible absurdity?

Is Ololon the cause of this? O where shall I hide my face?

These tears fall for the little ones, the Children of Jerusalem,

Lest they be annihilated in thy annihilation.

No sooner she had spoke but Rahab Babylon appear'd

Eastward upon the Paved work across Europe & Asia,

Glorious as the midday Sun in Satan's bosom glowing:

A Female hidden in a Male, Religion hidden in War,

Nam'd Moral Virtue: cruel two-fold Monster shining bright,

A Dragon red & hidden Harlot which John in Patmos saw.

And all beneath the Nations innumerable of Ulro

Appear'd, the Seven Kingdoms of Canaan & Five Baalim

Of Philistea into Twelve divided, call'd after the Names

Of Israel: as they are in Eden. Mountain, River & Plain,

City & sandy Desart intermingled beyond mortal ken.

But turning toward Ololon in terrible majesty Milton

Replied: Obey thou the Words of the Inspired Man.

All that can be (can be) annihilated must be annihilated

That the Children of Jerusalem may be saved from slavery.

There is a Negation, & there is a Contrary:

The Negation must be destroy'd to redeem the Contraries.

The Negation is the Spectre: the Reasoning Power in Man:

This is a false Body: an Incrustation over my Immortal

Spirit; a Selfhood which must be put off & annihilated alway,

To cleanse the Face of my Spirit by Self-examination:

P. 43 TO bathe in the waters of Life: to wash off the Not Human.

I come in Self-annihilation & the grandeur of Inspiration,

To cast off Rational Demonstration by Faith in the Saviour,

To cast off the rotten rags of Memory by Inspiration,

To cast off Bacon, Locke & Newton from Albion's covering,

To take off his filthy garments & clothe him with Imagination,

To cast aside from Poetry, all that is not Inspiration

That it no longer shall dare to mock with the aspersion of Madness,

Cast on the Inspired by the tame high finisher of paltry Blots: 44


text:
Page:The prophetic books of William Blake, Milton.djvu/69

 Indefinite or paltry Rhymes: or paltry Harmonies:

Who creeps into State Government like a catterpiller to destroy,

To cast off the idiot Questioner who is always questioning,

But never capable of answering, who sits with a sly grin

Silent plotting when to question like a thief in a cave:

Who publishes doubt & calls it knowledge: whose Science is Despair:

Whose pretence to knowledge is Envy: whose whole Science is

To destroy the wisdom of ages to gratify ravenous Envy,

That rages round him like a Wolf day & night without rest.

He smiles with condescension: he talks of Benevolence & Virtue:

And those who act with Benevolence & Virtue they murder time on time.

These are the destroyers of Jerusalem, those are the murderers

Of Jesus, who deny the Faith & mock at Eternal Life:

Who pretend to Poetry that they may destroy Imagination,

By imitation of Nature's Images drawn from Remembrance.

These are the Sexual Garments, the Abomination of Desolation,

Hiding the Human Lineaments as with an Ark & Curtains

Which Jesus rent: & now shall wholly purge away with Fire

Till Generation is swallow'd up in Regeneration.

Then trembled the Virgin Ololon & reply'd in clouds of despair:

Is this our Femin[in]e Portion, the Six-fold Miltonic Female?

Terribly this Portion trembles before thee, O awful Man.

Altho' our Human Power can sustain the severe contentions

Of Friendship, our Sexual cannot: but flies into the Ulro.

Hence arose all our terrors in Eternity: & now remembrance

Returns upon us: are we contraries, O Milton, Thou & I,

O Immortal? how were we led to War the Wars of Death?

Is this the Void Outside of Existence, which if enter'd into

P. 44 BECOMES a Womb? & is this the Death Couch of Albion?

Thou goest to Eternal Death & all must go with thee.

So saying the Virgin divided Six-fold, & with a shriek

Dolorous that ran thro' all Creation, a Double Six-fold Wonder:

Away from Ololon she divided & fled into the depths

Of Milton's Shadow as a Dove upon the stormy Sea.

Then as a Moony Ark Ololon descended to Felpham's Vales,

In clouds of blood, in streams of gore, with dreadful thunderings,

Into the Fires of Intellect that rejoic'd in Felpham's Vale

Around the Starry Eight: with one accord the Starry Eight became

One Man, Jesus the Saviour, wonderful! round his limbs 45


text:
Page:Weird Tales volume 36 number 01.djvu/30

 {| style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto; text-align: center;" —and bore her off to the forest.
 * He was wild with rage, for hunters had killed his mate. He snatched her up
 * WeirdTalesv36n1pg046 Birthmark.png
 * }
 * }

shopping at Liberty's and the Garelies LaFayette had taken more time than I'd reckoned, and the six-seated compartment to which I'd been assigned on the Treves rapide was nearly filled when I finished checking through the provost marshal's booth at the Gare del'Est and scuttled down the inner platform. Three of the four early arrivals I recognized: Amberson 44


text:
Page:The prophetic books of William Blake, Milton.djvu/70

 The Clouds of Ololon folded as a Garment dipped in blood,

Written within & without in woven letters: & the Writing

Is the Divine Revelation in the Litteral expression:

A Garment of War. I heard it nam'd the Woof of Six Thousand Years.

And I beheld the Twenty-four Cities of Albion

Arise upon their Thrones to Judge the Nations of the Earth:

And the Immortal Four in whom the Twenty-four appear Four-fold

Arose around Albion's body: Jesus wept, & walked forth

From Felpham's Vale clothed in Clouds of blood, to enter into

Albion's Bosom, the bosom of death, & the Four surrounded him

In the Column of Fire in Felpham's Vale: then to their mouths the Four

Applied their Four Trumpets, & then sounded to the Four winds.

Terror struck in the Vale I stood at that immortal sound:

My bones trembled, I fell outstretch'd upon the path

A moment, & my Soul returned into its mortal state,

To Resurrection & Judgment in the Vegetable Body:

And my sweet Shadow of delight stood trembling by my side.

Immediately the Lark mounted with a loud trill from Felpham's Vale,

And the Wild Thyme from Wimbleton's green & impurpled Hills.

And Los & Enitharmon rose over the Hills of Surrey:

Their clouds roll over London with a south wind: soft Oothoon

Pants in the Vales of Lambeth, weeping o'er her Human Harvest.

Los listens to the Cry of the Poor Man: his Cloud

Over London in volume terrific, low bended in anger.

Rintrah & Palamabron view the Human Harvest beneath.

Their Wine-presses & Barns stand open: the Ovens are prepar'd:

The Waggons ready: terrific Lions & Tygers sport & play:

All Animals upon the Earth are prepar'd in all their strength

P. 45 TO go forth to the Great Harvest & Vintage of the Nations.

Finis. 46


text:
Page:The prophetic books of William Blake, Milton.djvu/71

 EXTRA PAGES.

P. 3* BENEATH the Plow of Rintrah & the Harrow of the Almighty,

In the hands of Palamabron, Where the Starry Mills of Satan

Are built beneath the Earth & Waters of the Mundane Shell:

Here the Three Classes of Men take their Sexual texture Woven.

The Sexual is Threefold: the Human is Fourfold.

If you account it Wisdom when you are angry to be silent, and

Not to shew it: I do not account that Wisdom, but Folly.

Every Man's Wisdom is peculiar to his own Individuality.

O Satan, my youngest born, art thou not Prince of the Starry Hosts,

And of the Wheels of Heaven, to turn the Mills day & night?

Art thou not Newton's Pantocrator, weaving the Woof of Locke?

To Mortals thy Mills seem every thing, & the Harrow of Shaddai

A Scheme of Human Conduct invisible & incomprehensible.

Get to thy Labours at the Mills & leave me to my wrath.

Satan was going to reply, but Los roll'd his loud thunders.

Anger me not! thou canst not drive the Harrow in pity's paths:

Thy Work is Eternal Death with Mills & Ovens & Cauldrons.

Trouble me no more, thou canst not have Eternal Life.

So Los spoke: Satan trembling obey'd, weeping along the way.

Mark well my words! they are of your eternal Salvation!

Between South Molton Street & Stratford Place: Calvary's foot:

Where the Victms were preparing for sacrifice their Cherubim:

Around their loins pour'd forth their arrows, & their bosoms beam

With all colours of precious stones, and their inmost palaces

Resounded with preparation of animals wild & tame.

(Mark well my words: Corporeal Friends are Spiritual Enemies)

Mocking Druidical Mathematical Proportion of Length, Bredth, Highth:

Displaying Naked Beauty: with Flute & Harp & Song.

P. 5* BY Enitharmon's looms when Albion was slain upon his Mountains,

And in his tent, through envy of the living form, even of the Divine Vision,

And of the sports of wisdom in the Human Imagination,

Which is the Divine Body of the Lord Jesus blessed for ever.

Mark well my words, they are of your eternal salvation. 47


text: Devonshire Characters and Strange Events/Peter Pindar


text:
Page:The prophetic books of William Blake, Milton.djvu/72

 Urizen lay in darkness and solitude in chains of the mind locked up.

Los seized his hammer and tongs; he laboured at his resolute anvil

Among indefinite Druid rocks, and snows of doubt and reasoning.

Refusing all definite form the Abstract Horror roofed, stony hard;

And a first age passed over, and a state of dismal woe.

Down sunk with fright a red hot globe, round, burning, deep,

Deep down into the abyss, panting, conglobing, trembling;

And a second age passed over, and a state of dismal woe.

Rolling round into two little orbs, and closed in two little caves,

The ages beheld the Abyss, lest bones of solitude freeze all over;

And a third age passed over, and a state of dismal woe.

From beneath his orbs of vision two ears in close volutions

Shot spiring out in the deep darkness and petrified as they grew;

And a fourth age passed over, and a state of dismal woe.

Hanging upon the wind two nostrils bent down into the deep,

And a fifth age passed over, and a state of dismal woe.

In ghastly torment sick, a tongue of hunger and thirst flamed out,

And a sixth age passed over, and a state of dismal woe.

Enraged and stifled without and within, in terror and woe he threw his

Right arm to the north, his left arm to the south, and his feet

Stamped the nether abyss in trembling and howling and dismay.

And a seventh age passed over, and a state of dismal woe.

Terrified, Los stood in the abyss, and his immortal limbs

Grew deadly pale. He became what he beheld, for a red

Round globe sunk down from his Bosom into the Deep. In pangs

He hovered, it trembling and weeping. Trembling it shook

The nether abyss in tremblings. He wept over it, he cherished it

In deadly, sickening pain, till separated into a female pale

As the cloud that brings the snow. All the while from his Back

A blue fluid exuded in sinews, hardening in the abyss,

Till it separated into a male form howling in jealousy,

Within, labouring; beholding without,—from particulars to generals

Subduing his Spectre. They builded the Looms of Generation;

They builded great Golgonooga, Time on Times, ages on ages.

First Orc was born, then the Shadowy Female, then all Los's family.

At last Enitharmon brought forth Satan, refusing Form. In vain

The Miller of Eternity made subservient to the Great Harvest, 48


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Machin, Henry


text:
Page:Narrative of a Voyage around the World - 1843.djvu/123

1837.] well-calculated to withstand the cold, as well as to defy musketry.

The native allies, who live in huts outside, are filthier than any EsquimauxEskimo [sic]; arising, doubtless, from their life of inactivity, resulting from doubtful dependence. On my return to the ship, I found that a boat-load of salmon had been sent, which afforded the crew a fresh meal, of a pound and a half of salmon per man.

A survey of the port was effected, malgré the unfavourable state of the weather, and our astronomical and magnetic observations were secured. I had completed my observations at a small island which I had selected for a station, but was at a loss for a mark, and had directed a tree near me, which was deprived of bark, to be felled for this purpose. I had barely time to arrest the sacrilegious order on perceiving letters on its sides, and easily traced

On my return on board, I found in Mavor's edition of Portlock and Dixon's Voyage, Portlock notices having trimmed and marked a tree on Garden island in this manner.

At present the island is covered with pine trees: we could not trace any remains of plants differing from those on the nearest land. The surface of the Garden must have been very small, nor did the grass and mould in any part exceed six inches in depth.


text:
Page:Narrative of a Voyage around the World - 1843.djvu/124

74 On the side of the bay within, where he had his tents, a species of wild grain was noticed, and a large spot free from trees. It was gratifying, however, thus to meet some token of our adventurous countrymen, even in such an inhospitable clime; a sensation only to be appreciated by wanderers like ourselves.

We found strawberries, whortleberries, blaeberries (arbutus), pigeonberries, and a small cranberry, in tolerable profusion, without going in search of them. On Wednesday, the 30th August, we prepared for sea, and took on board spars and firewood. I paid my final visit to the Resident, leaving him a further supply of comforts, for which he evinced much gratitude.

About two we weighed and beat out, the fort saluting as we passed.

Port Etches might furnish a most complete harbour, if vessels frequented these regions, or a station should ever be required in so high a latitude. The currents, however, between it and Montague Island, render it difficult of approach in light winds, and the Russian informed me that many sunken rocks lie off Cape Hinchinbroke. But as they designate a rock over which there may be ten or fifteen fathoms, a sunken rock, they probably allude to danger to ground tackle.

It was on one of these ledges that Ave anchored in seventeen fathoms, and on tripping had twelve before clearing the rocks.

The result of our observations at this port gives


text:
Page:Narrative of a Voyage around the World - 1843.djvu/125

1837.] Vancouver in error nearly to the amount which he ascribes to Cook.

Finding ourselves becalmed near the flat island mentioned by Vancouver, and wishing to verify its position, I started in my gig for this purpose, but had not proceeded far when a light favourable air brought me back: all sail was crowded for Cape Hammond, which was rounded at midnight.

I had been running my eye over Vancouver, and noticed the difficulty he described in getting round this cape, by reason of an adverse current; otherwise I had fully intended to anchor within Wingham Island, and endeavour to intersect Mount St. Elias from thence, as well as rectify the errors in that neighbourhood. But time was now too precious, and the ensuing morn proved that my determination had been judicious, as we had gloomy weather, no sun, light wind, and could scarcely stem the current.

All our transit bearings and other observations, plainly indicated the charts to be erroneous about this region. A river appears to flow near Cape Suckling, which has not been noticed.

Our attention was suddenly attracted by the very peculiar outline of ridge in profile, which one of our draughtsmen was sketching, apparently toothed. On examining it closely with a telescope, I found, that although the surface presented to the naked eye a comparatively even outline, that it was actually one mass of small four-sided truncated pyramids,


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Baltzar, Thomas


text:
Author:Robert Stephen Hawker

Poetry

 * Tendrils (1821)
 * "The Song of the Western Men" ("Shall Trelawney Die?") in The Royal Devonport Telegraph and Plymouth Chronicle (September 2, 1826)
 * Records of the Western Shore (1832)
 * Poems (1836)
 * Ecclesia (1840)
 * Reeds Shaken with the Wind (1843)
 * Echoes from Old Cornwall (1846)
 * The Quest of the Sangraal (1864)
 * The Poetical Works of Robert Stephen Hawker, edited by J. G. Godwin (1879)
 * The Cornish Ballads and Other Poems (1884)
 * The Poetical Works of Robert Stephen Hawker, edited Alfred Wallis (1899)
 * The Cornish Ballads and Other Poems (1884)
 * The Poetical Works of Robert Stephen Hawker, edited Alfred Wallis (1899)

Prose

 * Footprints of Former Men in Far Cornwall
 * The Prose Works of Rev. R. S. Hawker (1893)

Works about Hawker

 * The Vicar of Morwenstow: Being a Life of Robert Stephen Hawker, M.A. by Sabine Baring-Gould (1876)
 * Memorials of the Late Rev. Robert Stephen Hawker, M.A. by Frederick George Lee (1876)
 * The Life and Letters of R. S. Hawker (Sometime Vicar of Morwenstow) by Charles Edward Byles (1905)
 * "The Vicar of Morwenstow" by Paul Elmer More in Shelburne Essays: Fourth Series (1906)

title: Author:Robert Stephen Hawker


text:
Page:Narrative of a Voyage around the World - 1843.djvu/127

1837.] Kaye's Island, viewed from the eastward, presents the appearance of two islands. The southern is a high table-rock, free from trees or vegetation, and of a whitish hue; the other is moderately high land for this region, with three bare peaks; its lower region being well-wooded.

Wingham Island, which can be seen to nearly its whole length between Cape Suckling and Point Le Mesurier, (the north part of Kaye's Island,) is moderately elevated, rising in three hummocks, which are bare on their summits. The southern at a distance, owing to the lowness of the neck, appears separated. The whole is well clothed with trees.

In one direction from the southward, Cape Suckling exhibits on its bower profile, the brow, nose, and lips of a man. It is a low neck, stretching out from a mountainous isolated ridge, which terminates about three miles from it easterly, where the flats of the ice pyramids just alluded to terminate. Apparently the river or opening near Cape Suckling flows round its base. There is little doubt but that we may attribute the current to this outlet, arising probably from the melting of the snow. We had less strength of current after passing this position. Immense piles of drift-wood were noticed on each side of the opening, but none elsewhere. Floating-trees of considerable magnitude were numerous, and one sufficiently interesting to cause its admeasurement by sextant, which afforded two hundred feet as its probable length. Current northerly. Water,


text:
Page:Haiti- Her History and Her Detractors.djvu/43

By recognizing the French conquest the treaty of Riswick rid the colonists of Saint-Domingue of their anxieties arising from the vicinity of the Spaniards. The latter even became their allies, the war for the succession of the throne of Spain having just confounded the interests of Louis XIV with those of the heir of Charles II. The eighteenth century began under the happiest auspices; quiet once established, Saint-Domingue was not long in astonishing the world by its prosperity. The ardent tropical heat, however, soon exhausted the vigor of the hired Europeans known as "engagés," whose position resembled that of serfs. The cultivation of sugar-cane and of indigo required hardier constitutions. In consequence the Africans were in favor. Nobody hesitated to participate in the slave-trade. As many as 30,000 blacks were annually imported. In the beginning their position, pitiable as it seemed, was less hard to bear. The first colonists, unsociable and haughty, had however very simple tastes. Their wants up to that time were not numerous and were easily satisfied. In the colony there was a scarcity of white women, and those who had arrived about the beginning of the French occupancy could not be


text:
Page:Narrative of a Voyage around the World - 1843.djvu/128

78 within three miles of the land, whitish, showing a distinct division, doubtless snow-water and mud.

We continued to be teazedteased [sic] with light variable airs and strong currents, and on Monday, the 4th September, finding the wind failing, I determined on keeping in small water, so as to be able to anchor. Mount St. Elias being then within fair distance. About eight we anchored in fifty fathoms, mud; the day beautifully fine, horizon well defined, and our position as perfect as could be wished for our observations, all of which were obtained, and satisfactory.

The current was found to set one mile and a half per hour west, varying but slightly in force, and not at all in direction. At this position, not a single drift tree was noticed. We were within the white water about two miles, which I am now satisfied flows from the ice. But why it preserves its uniformity of strength and direction, is yet a problem to be solved.

On the morning following it was cloudy, with rain, and the breeze springing up compelled us to trip. Towards the evening it cleared up, and we were treated with a most splendid picture of St. Elias and all the neighbouring peaks, in full beauty, not a vapour near them. Each range is in itself an object worthy of the pencil, but with the stupendous, proud St. Elias towering above all, they dwindled into mere hillocks, or into a most splendid base on which to place his saintship.

Although Vancouver describes St. Elias as "in


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Balun, John de


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Baly, William


text:
Page:Narrative of a Voyage around the World - 1843.djvu/131

1837.] of eternal snow," yet his edges, to the very summit, present a few black wrinkles, and the depth of snow does not, even in the drifts, appear to be very deep.

My anxiety to reach Point Riou and obtain observations on it, induced me to hold on by the land. Indeed there was no other chance of overcoming the current. The coast presents so little to recognise in Vancouver's chart, that I despair of doing more than fixing the position of Mount St. Elias, which, if Kellett has been successful in seeing from Port Mulgrave, will be now secure.

Towards noon the breeze favoured us sufficiently to reach into Icy Bay, very aptly so named, as Vancouver's Point Riou must have dissolved, as well as the small island also mentioned, and on which I had long set my heart as one of my principal positions. At noon we tacked in ten fathoms, mud, having passed through a quantity of small ice, all of a soft nature. The whole of this bay, and the valley above it, was now found to be composed of (apparently) snow ice, about thirty feet in height at the water cliff, and probably based on a low muddy beach; the water for some distance in contact not even showing a ripple; which, it occurred to me, arose from being charged with floating vegetable matter, probably fine bark, &c.

The small bergs or reft masses of ice, forming the cliffy outlines of the bay, were veined and variegated by mud streaks like marble, and where they


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Bambridge, Christopher


text:
Page:Haiti- Her History and Her Detractors.djvu/44

36 as models of austere virtue. The fierce free-booters and their immediate successors did not consider the negresses as unworthy of their attentions. The unbounded devotion of the latter often moved the hearts of the terrible masters whose companions they had become. The children born of such a commerce were not entirely neglected by their fathers. There existed no color prejudice to complicate the relations of the two races. No one had cause to feel shame or humiliation. The appearance of the mulatto, in arousing feelings of fatherly love, ameliorated the condition of some of the slaves. Mothers and children were often freed owing to these sentiments. Unfortunately through the riches resulting from the fruitful soil of Saint-Domingue these ideas began to suffer a change. Surrounded by extravagant luxury, the wealthy colonists made it the fashion to look down upon the Africans and their descendants. And the new families, arrived from Europe, exaggerating this disdain, hardly considered as human beings those whose color was not white. Barriers arose; and the odious distinctions between men, which the Gospel was supposed to have done away with, were more than ever firmly established.

At the time of its greatest splendor the inhabitants of Saint-Domingue were divided into three distinct classes: the whites, the "affranchis" or freedmen, and the slaves. To these classes officially admitted, may be added a fourth one—the maroons.

Naturally the whites had arrogated all the privileges. They were the masters; their color sufficed to confer on them all the rights and advantages. However, interest and prosperity in time divided the predominant class, introducing four subdivisions: 1st, civil and military functionaries; 2nd, the wealthy planters; 3rd, merchants; 4th, mechanics, storekeepers and adventurers in quest of success. These groups were jealous of one another. And those who were neither functionaries nor wealthy planters were scornfully called "petits blancs." The latter were envious of the social position of the former. Besides, the white natives of Europe


text:
User talk:169.150.15.7

George Orwell III (talk) 21:44, 27 September 2010 (UTC)

title: User talk:169.150.15.7


text:
Page:A lover's tale (Tennyson, 1879).djvu/41

Rh


text:
Author:Margaret Bertha Synge

Works

 * The Story of the World
 * The World's Childhoold
 * Life of Gordon
 * The Story of the World for Children of the British Empire (1903)
 * Book I. On the Shores of the Great Sea
 * Book II. The Discovery of New Worlds
 * Book III. The Awakening of Europe
 * Book IV. The Struggle for Sea Power
 * Book V. The Growth of the British Empire
 * A short history of social life in England (1906)
 * Great Men and Great Deeds, also titled Brave Men and Brave Deeds (1907)

title: Author:Margaret Bertha Synge


text: Index:A short history of social life in England.djvu


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Nine Men's Morris


text: A Short History of Social Life in England


text:
1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Scharnhorst, Gerhard Johann David von

SCHARNHORST, GERHARD JOHANN DAVID VON (1755-1813), Prussian general, was born at Bordenau near Hanover, of a farmer stock, on the 12th of November 1755. He succeeded in educating himself and in securing admission to the military academy of Wilhelmstein, and in 1778 received a commission in the Hanoverian service. He employed the intervals of regimental duty in further self-education and literary work. In 1783 he was transferred to the artillery and appointed to the new artillery school in Hanover. He had already founded a military journal which under various names endured till 1805, and in 1788 he designed, and in part published, a Handbuch für Offiziers in den anwendbaren Theilen der Kriegswissenschaften. He also published in 1792 his Militärische Taschenbuch für den Gebrauch im Felde. The income he derived from his writings was his chief means of support, for he was still a lieutenant, and though the farm of Bordenau produced a small sum annually he had a wife (Clara Schmalz, sister of Theodor Schmalz, first director of Berlin University) and family to maintain. His first campaign was that of 1793 in the Netherlands, in which he served under the duke of York with distinction. In 1794 he took part in the defence of Menin and commemorated the escape of the garrison in his Vertheidigung der Stadt Menin (Hanover, 1803), which, next to his paper Die Ursachen des Glücks

der Franzosen im Revolutionskrieg, is his best-known work. Shortly after this he was promoted major and employed on the staff of the Hanoverian contingent.

In 1795, after the peace of Basel, he returned to Hanover. He was by now so well known to the armies of the various allied states that from several of them he received invitations to transfer his services. This in the end led to his engaging himself to the king of Prussia, who gave him a patent of nobility, the rank of lieutenant-colonel and a pay more than twice as large as that he had received in Hanover (1801). He was employed, almost as a matter of course, in important instructional work at the War Academy of Berlin, he had Clausewitz (q.v.) as one of his pupils, and he was the founder of the Berlin Military Society. In the mobilizations and precautionary measures that marked the years 1804 and 1805, and in the war of 1806 that was the natural consequence, Scharnhorst was chief of the general staff (lieutenant-quartermaster) of the duke of Brunswick, received a slight wound at Auerstädt and distinguished himself by his stern resolution during the retreat of the Prussian army. He attached himself to Blücher in the last stages of the disastrous campaign, was taken prisoner with him at the capitulation of Ratkau, and, being shortly exchanged, bore a prominent and almost decisive part in the leading of L'Estocq's Prussian corps which served with the Russians. For his services at Eylau, he received the order pour le mérite.

It was now evident that Scharnhorst was more than a brilliant staff officer. Educated in the traditions of the Seven Years' War, he had by degrees, as his experience widened, divested his mind of antiquated forms of war, and it had been borne in upon him that a “national” army and a policy of fighting decisive battles alone responded to the political and strategical situation created by the French Revolution. The steps by which he converted the professional long-service army of Prussia, wrecked at Jena, into the national army as we know it to-day, based on universal service, were slow and laboured. He was promoted major-general a few days after the peace of Tilsit, and placed as the head of a reform commission, to which were appointed the best of the younger officers such as Gneisenau, Grolman and Boyen. Stein himself became a member of the commission and secured Scharnhorst free access to the king by causing him to be appointed aide-de-camp-general. But Napoleon's suspicions were quickly aroused, and the king had repeatedly to suspend or to cancel the reforms recommended. In 1809 the war between France and Austria roused premature hopes in the patriots' party, which the conqueror did not fail to note. By direct application to Napoleon, Scharnhorst evaded the decree of the 26th of September 1810, whereby all foreigners were to leave the Prussian service forthwith, but when in 1811-1812 Prussia was forced into an alliance with France against Russia and despatched an auxiliary army to serve under Napoleon's orders, Scharnhorst left Berlin on unlimited leave of absence. In retirement he wrote and published a work on firearms, Über die Wirkung des Feuergewehrs (1813). But the retreat from Moscow at last sounded the call to arms for the new national army of Prussia. Scharnhorst was recalled to the king's headquarters, and after refusing a higher post was made chief of staff to Blucher, in whose vigour, energy and influence with the young soldiers he had complete confidence. The first battle Lützen or Gross-Görschen was a defeat, but a very different defeat from those which Napoleon had hitherto been accustomed to inflict. In it Scharnhorst received a wound in the foot, not in itself grave, but soon made mortal by the fatigues of the retreat to Dresden, and he succumbed to it on the 8th of June at Prague, whither he had been sent to negotiate with Schwarzenberg and Radetzky for the armed intervention of Austria. Shortly before his death he had been promoted to the rank of lieutenant-general. Frederick William III. erected a statue in memory of him, by Rauch, in Berlin.


text: Page:A short history of social life in England.djvu/1


text: Page:A short history of social life in England.djvu/2


text: Page:A short history of social life in England.djvu/3


text: Page:A short history of social life in England.djvu/4


text:
Page:A short history of social life in England.djvu/5

 of

BY

M. B. SYNGE

AUTHOR OF "THE STORY OF THE WORLD," "THE WORLD'S CHILDHOOD," "LIFE OF GORDON," "GREAT MEN AND GREAT DEEDS," ETC.

NEW YORK

A. S. BARNES & COMPANY

1930


text:
Page:Syria, the land of Lebanon (1914).djvu/231

THE CEDARS OF THE LORD could sit together. Then there is the Guardian, oldest and largest of all, its great trunk twisted and gnarled by struggles against the storms of ages, the names which famous travelers carved a century ago not yet covered by its slowly growing bark. But the knotted, wrinkled, lightning-scarred giant is crowned by a garland of evergreen, and the venerable tree, which perhaps heard the sound of Hiram's axemen, may still be standing proudly erect when the achievements of our own century are dimmed in the ancient past.

"The Cedars of the Lord"—we understand now why the peasantry of Lebanon call them thus. It has become our own name for them too. Long before we ride downward from their royal solitude to the Great Sea and the great busy world, we have come to think of them as in deed and truth,

[ 183 ]


text:
Page talk:Devonshire Characters and Strange Events.djvu/29

There's a bit of text in the top-right that's semi-illegible; can anyone figure out what it says? Mike Peel (talk) 22:08, 27 September 2010 (UTC)
 * If you mean the text written at the bottom right, it says, "Publish'd as the Act directs Price 6[?]", the last character denoting currency, eg. 6d. I added an image which includes the hand-written caption, which the work reproduced in this facsimile. cygnis insignis 23:18, 27 September 2010 (UTC)


text:
Page:A short history of social life in England.djvu/6

 A. S. BARNES & COMPANY


text:
Page:A short history of social life in England.djvu/7

 A SHORT HISTORY

OF SOCIAL LIFE IN ENGLAND


text: Page:A short history of social life in England.djvu/8


text:
Page:The prophetic books of William Blake, Milton.djvu/73

 That he may go to his own Place, Prince of the Starry Wheels.

P. 8* THEN Los & Enitharmon knew that Satan is Urizen,

Drawn down by Orc & the Shadowy Female into Generation.

Oft Enitharmon enter'd weeping into the Space, there appearing

An aged Woman raving along the Streets (The Space is named

Canaan): then she returned to Los, weary, frighted as from dreams.

The nature of a Female Space is this: it shrinks the Organs

Of Life till they become finite & Itself seems Infinite.

And Satan vibrated in the immensity of the Space: limited

To those without but Infinite to those within: it fell down and

Became Canaan: closing Los from Eternity in Albion's Cliffs.

A mighty Fiend against the Divine Humanity must'ring to War.

Satan: Ah me! is gone to his own place, said Los: their Gods

I will not worship in their Churches, nor King in their Theatres.

Elynittria! whence is this Jealousy running along the mountains?

British Women were not Jealous when Greek & Roman were Jealous.

Every thing in Eternity shines by its own Internal light: but thou

Darkenest every Internal light with the arrows of thy quiver,

Bound up in the horns of Jealousy to a deadly fading Moon.

And Ocalythron binds the Sun into a Jealous Globe,

That every thing is fix'd, Opake without Internal light.

So Los lamented over Satan who triumphant divided the Nations

P. 17* AND Tharmas Demon of the Waters, & Orc, who is Luvah.

The Shadowy Female seeing Milton, howled in her lamentation

Over the Deeps, outstretching her Twenty seven Heavens over Albion.

And thus the Shadowy Female howls in articulate howlings:

I will lament over Milton in the lamentations of the afflicted:

My Garments shall be woven of sighs & heart broken lamentations:

The misery of unhappy Families shall be drawn out into its border,

Wrought with the needle with dire sufferings, poverty, pain & woe.

Along the rocky Island & thence throughout the whole Earth

There shall be the sick Father & his starving Family: there

The Prisoner in the Stone Dungeon & the Slave at the Mill. 49


text:
Page:The prophetic books of William Blake, Milton.djvu/74

 I will have writings written all over it in Human Words,

That every Infant that is born upon the Earth shall read

And get by rote as a hard task of a life of sixty years.

I will have Kings inwoven upon it, & Councellors & Mighty Men:

The Famine shall clasp it together with buckles & Clasps,

And the Pestilence shall be its fringe & the War its girdle,

To divide into Rahab & Tirzah that Milton may come to our tents.

For I will put on the Human Form & take the Image of God,

Even Pity & Humanity, but my Clothing shall be Cruelty:

And I will put on Holiness as a breastplate & as a helmet,

And all my ornaments shall be of the gold of broken hearts,

And the precious stones of anxiety & care & desperation & death

And repentance for sin & sorrow & punishment & fear,

To defend me from thy terrors, O Orc! my only beloved!

Orc answer'd: Take not the Human Form, O loveliest, Take not

Terror upon thee! Behold how I am, & tremble lest thou also

Consume in my Consummation: but thou maist take a Form

Female & lovely, that cannot consume in Man's consummation.

Wherefore dost thou Create & Weave this Satan for a Covering?

When thou attemptest to put on the Human Form, my wrath

Burns to the top of heaven against thee in Jealousy & Fear.

Then I rend thee asunder, then I howl over thy clay & ashes.

When wilt thou put on the Female Form as in times of old,

With a Garment of Pity & Compassion like the Garment of God?

His Garments are long sufferings for the Children of Men,

Jerusalem is his Garment & not thy Covering Cherub, O lovely

Shadow of my delight, who wanderest seeking for the prey.

So spoke Orc, when Oothoon & Leutha hover'd over his Couch

Of fire in interchange of Beauty & Perfection in the darkness.

Opening interiorly into Jerusalem & Babylon shining glorious,

In the Shadowy Female's bosom Jealous her darkness grew:

Howlings fill'd all the desolate places in accusations of Sin,

In Female beauty shining in the unform'd void, & Orc in vain

Stretch'd out his hands of fire, & wooed: they triumph in his pain.

Thus darken'd the Shadowy Female tenfold, & Orc tenfold

Glow'd on his rocky Couch against the darkness: loud thunders

Told of the enormous conflict, Earthquake beneath, around,

Rent the Immortal Females, limb from limb & joint from joint, 50


text:
Page:The prophetic books of William Blake, Milton.djvu/75

 And moved the fast foundations of the Earth to wake the Dead.

Urizen emerged from his Rocky Form & from his Snows.

P. 32* AND Milton oft sat up on the Couch of Death & oft conversed

In vision & dream beatific with the Seven Angels of the Presence:

I have turned my back upon these Heavens builded on cruelty.

My Spectre still wandering thro' them follows my Emanation,

He hunts her footsteps thro' the snow & the wintry hail & rain.

The idiot Reasoner laughs at the Man of Imagination,

And from laughter proceeds to murder by undervaluing calumny.

Then Hillel, who is Lucifer, replied over the Couch of Death,

And thus the Seven Angels instructed him & thus they converse:

We are not Individuals but States: Combinations of Individuals.

We were Angels of the Divine Presence: & were Druids in Annandale,

Compell'd to combine into Form by Satan, the Spectre of Albion,

Who made himself a God & destroyed the Human Form Divine.

But the Divine Humanity & Mercy gave us a Human Form,

Because we were combin'd in Freedom & holy Brotherhood:

While those combined by Satan's Tyranny, first in the blood of War

And Sacrifice, & next in Chains of imprisonment, are Shapeless Rocks

Retaining only Satan's Mathematic Holiness, Length, Bredth & Highth.

Calling the Human Imagination: which is the Divine Vision & Fruition

In which Man liveth eternally: madness & blasphemy, against

Its own Qualities, which are Servants of Humanity, not Gods or Lords.

Distinguish therefore States from Individuals in those States.

States Change: but Individual Identities never change nor cease.

You cannot go to Eternal Death in that which can never Die.

Satan & Adam are States Created into Twenty-seven Churches:

And thou, O Milton, art a State about to be Created,

Called Eternal Annihilation, that none but the Living shall

Dare to enter: & they shall enter triumphant over Death

And Hell and the Grave: States that are not, but ah! Seem to be.

Judge then of thy Own Self: thy Eternal Lineaments explore.

What is Eternal & what Changeable? & what Annihilable?

The Imagination is not a State: it is the Human Existence itself.

Affection or Love becomes a State when divided from Imagination.

The Memory is a State always, & the Reason is a State

Created to be Annihilated, & a new Ratio Created. 51


text:
Page:A short history of social life in England.djvu/9

 {|
 * +CONTENTS

xi
 * INTRODUCTORY
 * INTRODUCTORY

 * THE SPEECHLESS PAST
 * 1
 * 1

 * A GREAT CIVILISATION: B.C. 55–A.D. 410
 * 15
 * 15

v
 * FROM THE SHORES OF THE NORTH SEA: 449–597
 * 31
 * }
 * }


text: Page:A short history of social life in England.djvu/10


text:
1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Schaumburg-Lippe

SCHAUMBURG-LIPPE, a principality forming part of the German Empire, consisting of the western half of the old countship of Schaumburg, and surrounded by Westphalia, Hanover and the Prussian part of Schaumburg. Area, 131 sq. m. Its northern extremity is occupied by a lake named the Steinhuder Meer. The southern part is hilly (Wesergebirge), but the remainder consists of a fertile plain. Besides husbandry, the inhabitants practise yarn-spinning and linen-weaving, and the coal-mines of the Bückeberg, on the south-eastern border, are very productive. The great bulk of the population (in 1905, 44,992), are Lutherans. The capital is Bückeburg, and Stadthagen is the only other town. Under the constitution of 1868 there is a legislative diet of 15 members, 10 elected by the towns and rural districts and 1 each by the nobility, clergy and educated classes, the remaining 2 nominated by the prince. Schaumburg-Lippe sends one member to the Bundesrat (federal council) and one deputy to the reichstag. The annual revenue and expenditure amount each to about £41,000. The public debt is about £23,000.


text: Page:A short history of social life in England.djvu/11


text:
Page:A short history of social life in England.djvu/15

HIS sketch of the social life of our forefathers throughout the ages that are past is dedicated to all English-speaking peoples, who are proud to look back to a common ancestry. The race has burst the bounds of its old island home. Far and wide, over the length and breadth of the world, England's children are scattered, but they never forget that the old country is the land of their fathers. Their distant homes are yet English homes—they themselves are yet Englishmen. And there are those, too, across the Atlantic who still to-day claim with us a common fatherhood. America forms no part of our great Empire; her Government and her Constitution are different, but her traditions are the same; and in any review of the past all are alike, one


text: Page:A short history of social life in England.djvu/12


text:
Page:A short history of social life in England.djvu/16

xii This is no attempt to record the glorious achievements of past ages; there is little concerning governments and kings, religion or literature, science or art. It is merely a sketch of the material conditions in which our ancestors lived and died. It is pre-eminently a book of detail. It presents a brief glimpse of their houses, their food, clothes, manners, punishments, of their wives and children, of their gardens, their education, with some account of the social changes that have taken place throughout the ages. At the end of the book will be found an Appendix of some of the most useful articles introduced into England during each period. Some knowledge of the outlines of English history is presupposed, so that we may transport ourselves in imagination into that vanished past, which no historian can adequately bridge over. We can realise those silent figures, whose names are so familiar, in the outward guise that conveys so much to our material natures, calling up, perhaps, some faint conception of the appearance of our ancestors in the days that are gone.

Thus, from the speechless past to the present day, we have traced evolution from the old stone tool to the modern intricate machinery, from the


text: Page:A short history of social life in England.djvu/13


text:
Page:A short history of social life in England.djvu/17

Rh dark underground cave to the palace of light and air, from the slow jog-trot of the pack-horse to rapid transit by train and motor, from the hopelessness of separation to constant communication. Much is necessarily omitted, but those who can read between the lines will find the evolution of many things that are vital in the life of to-day.

Perhaps one of the most striking points in the study of material progress is the sturdy opposition experienced in every age to inevitable advance—an inability to perceive the true nature of progress. Thus, with the substitution of chimneys for the old hearth fire, we get Holinshed (1571) groaning over the new-fashioned idea which sent smoke up a given channel instead of allowing it to escape through any chance crack in the roof; while Slaney waxed indignant that oak had taken the place of willow, exclaiming in his wrath, "Formerly houses were of willow, and men of oak; nowadays houses are of oak, and men of willow." The sighs of Evelyn are well known. The ideal days were past when men courted and chose their wives for their modesty and homely virtues rather than for their fortune; when the daughter wore the selfsame kirtle, gown, and petticoat in which her mother had been wedded, and a steady mare


text:
Page:A short history of social life in England.djvu/18

Rh carried the good knight and his courteous lady behind him to church and to visit in the neighbourhood, instead of in the hell-carts and rattling coaches then coming into fashion; when men of estate studied the public good, serving their generation in honour, and leaving their lands to a hopeful heir, who followed the example of noble and worthy ancestors. Then there came the opposition to steam, when the long ice age of handwork gave way to an age of machine production; the abuse of trains, the revolt against gas-lighting, and to-day the opposition to motors, as yet in their infancy.

But this sketch of social life deals with matters yet more mundane, and the reader can deduce such facts—not wholly uninteresting—as these: that William the Conqueror ate with his fingers and never saw a coal fire, that the two thousand cooks of Richard II. could make neither a plum-pudding nor mince-pies, that Chaucer never saw a printed book, that Queen Elizabeth never heard of tea or saw a newspaper, that George I. had no umbrella, and that Queen Victoria was the first sovereign of our island home who had not to depend on wind and weather to leave her kingdom.

Articles now considered necessities were luxuries


text: Page:A short history of social life in England.djvu/14


text:
Page:A short history of social life in England.djvu/19

Rh to our forefathers, or entirely non-existent Thus they lived without sugar till the thirteenth century, without coal till the fourteenth, without butter on their bread till the fifteenth, without tobacco and potatoes till the sixteenth, without tea, coffee, and soap till the seventeenth, without umbrellas, lamps, and puddings till the eighteenth, without trains,telegrams, gas, matches, and chloroform till the nineteenth.

There was no turning of night into day through the long ages of the past, no artificial light other than candles and lamps till the eighteenth century. Till quite modern times our fathers rose with the sun, dined early, danced, played games, and went early to bed. Nevertheless, the "good old days" had their drawbacks. They were days of roughness and brutality, of injustice and ignorance, when passions ran riot and tempers were uncontrolled; not till the dawn of mercy, pity, and tolerance did civilisation assume any of that refinement which is ours to-day.

The gradual levelling of social distinctions has been amply described in these pages, for there is no more striking development to-day than the rise of the Democracy to power.

But when all is said and done, when carpets


text:
1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Schedule

SCHEDULE, originally a written strip or leaf of paper or parchment, a label or ticket, especially when attached to another document, as explaining or adding to its contents, hence any additional detailed statement such as cannot conveniently be embodied in the main statement. The word occurs first (14th century) as cedule, or sedule, representing the Fr. cedule (mod. cédule, cf. Ital. cedola, Ger. Zettel, &c.), which is derived from Late Lat. scedula or schedula, dim. of sceda, a written strip of parchment (late Gr. ), probably from scindere, to cleave, cf. scindala, a shingle. The original pronunciation in English was sedule, the modern pronunciation is shedule; American usage has gone back to the original Latin or Greek, and adopts skedule.

title: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Schedule


text:
Page:A short history of social life in England.djvu/20

xvi have been substituted for rushes, electric light for tallow dips, forks for fingers, railway for coach, mercy for brutality—yet behind these external changes, transitory by reason of the law of progress, lies unchangeable human nature, ever the same with its hopes and fears, its capacity for joy and sorrow. Across the dim ages move the same men and women as to-day; they are clad in different garments, they eat a coarser food, they move amid different surroundings; but through the "enchanted twilights of the Past" we recognise our very selves,


text:
Page:A short history of social life in England.djvu/21

NTERESTING as are the glimpses of that pre-historic race, which in the dim ages of long ago roamed over the most accessible parts of the land, now known as the British Isles, it is unnecessary to do more than sum up slightly the vague scraps, that form all the knowledge we possess of this remote period. Through the mysterious dawn of our country's history, early man moves fitfully to and fro, and it is difficult even dimly to discern his shadow. It is only by piecing together the scattered fragments of existing remains, and comparing them with the possessions of uncivilised mankind in other


text: Page:A short history of social life in England.djvu/432


text: Page:A short history of social life in England.djvu/431


text: Page:A short history of social life in England.djvu/430


text: Page:A short history of social life in England.djvu/429


text: Page:A short history of social life in England.djvu/428


text:
Page:A short history of social life in England.djvu/427

Taxation, 28, 64, 363

Trade, 9, 28, 82, 83, 85, 131, 163, 164, 165, 240, 252, 264, 306. 309, 313, 360, 362

Umbrella, 316

University, 85, 155, 241, 384

Vikings, 57, 61, 62, 163

Weapons, 2, 4, 8, 13, 16

Wesleyans. See Dissenters

Women, 19, 39, 93, 106, 131, 132, 139. 158. 159. 181, 194, 208, 211, 213, 214, 244, 245, 259, 290, 292, 320, 341, 377

Working class, 82, 90, 106, 107, 108, 142, 143, 153, 158, 165, 179, 276, 302, 304, 306, 344, 346, 348, 351, 361, 370, 386


text:
Page:A short history of social life in England.djvu/22

2 parts of the world, that we get a picture—half-imaginary, if you like—of the social condition of primitive man in this land, which was then a part of the European Continent. He has many names. He is called Palaeolithic Man, that is. Old Stone Man, or the Cave Man. He was short of stature and heavy of limb. He made his home in a cave where such existed, which afforded him shelter from the rain and a refuge from the wild beasts that shared the country with him. It has been suggested that he must have been a good sportsman, or these very beasts would have exterminated him altogether. His weapons were limited to stone, ivory from the tusks of the mammoth, and bone from the bison and reindeer, whose flesh formed his food. The pre-historic hunt was rather to procure the means of existence than for the pleasure of killing. With his ponderous stone implement, early man slew his beast; with a flint knife, or by means of hot pebbles, he cut up the flesh; he cooked it over his fire, kindled by the friction of sticks, in a vessel of wood or skin. There was no waste, for he scraped the skin inside with a sharpened flint, made a bone needle, and threading it with a reindeer sinew, he stitched for himself a garment for the cold weather. Stringing together


text:
Page:A short history of social life in England.djvu/23

Rh the teeth of the animal on sinews, he made necklaces and other barbaric ornaments.

With the inherent instincts of an artist, he scratched a picture of his friend the mammoth on his tusk, and the reindeer on his antler, the discovery of which has shed some dim light on these early days. With no definite thought of a hereafter, he was probably indifferent to the fate of his dead. There is a scarcity of human bones belonging to this age, from which it has been inferred that either he had resort to cremation or that he presented the dead bodies of his kinsfolk to the hyenas who prowled about his cave in search of prey.

An immensity of time passed away. Structural changes passed over the land. The valleys uniting these islands with Europe became submerged. The wild North Sea swept over the dry land, across which the "grisly bear and the sabre-toothed tiger had walked after the primitive Briton," and the British Islands were completely surrounded by water.

Across the stormy seas, in primitive log canoes, came another people to possess the land. Neolithic Man, that is, the New Stone Man, or, indeed, the Iberian, was at once more civilised and interesting


text:
Author:Thomas D'Urfey

Works

 * Siege of Memphis (1676)
 * Madame Fickle (1677)
 * Virtuous Wife (1680)
 * Love for Money; or The Boarding School (Theatre Royal, 1691)
 * The Marriage-Hater Match’d (1692)
 * The Comical History of Don Quixote in three parts (1694, 1694 and 1696)
 * The Campaigners (1698)
 * An Essay Towards the Theory of the Intelligible World (1700, as Gabriel John).
 * Pills to Purge Melancholy (1719)
 * Songs compleat, pleasant and divertive; set to musick (1876)

 * The Night Her Blackest Sable Wore (1682)

Works about D'Urfey

 * "Tom D'Urfey" in Devonshire Characters and Strange Events by Sabine Baring-Gould
 * "Tom D'Urfey" in Devonshire Characters and Strange Events by Sabine Baring-Gould

title: Author:Thomas D'Urfey


text:
Page:A short history of social life in England.djvu/24

4 than his predecessor. He brought over with him the animals which are domesticated in England to-day—the dog, the sheep, the cow, and the pig. Instead of the woolly rhinoceros and the curly-tusked mammoth, we find forest and marsh alive with wild boars, reindeer, wolves, and wild cats.

The New Stone Man was far more accomplished than the Old Stone Man. His weapons, though still exclusively of stone, were far more highly finished implements wherewith to kill, the fine polish and thin cutting edge denoting superior skill and intelligence. With these he began to clear the thick forest, and in the clearing to make for himself a dwelling, which was a sort of artificial cave. He dug a pit to a depth of some ten feet below the surface, and covered it with a roof of interlaced sticks plastered together by clay. He entered it by a sort of tunnel sloping down to the floor, which also answered the purpose of chimney.

Near his dwelling he sowed wheat or flax, to be utilised for the rough weaving of those early days. For in these ancient habitations of Neolithic Man have been found stone spinning-whorls, chalk weights to stretch the warp, and long combs to push the woof; two bits of their dresses have been


text:
Page:A short history of social life in England.djvu/25

Rh preserved near their lake dwellings though the garments woven have long since perished.

A picture of the social condition of the New Stone Man has been drawn by an able historian. He bids us, in imagination, make our way through a track in the dense virgin forest to one of the rough clearings. There we may find a cluster of these pit houses, recognisable by the thin smoke issuing from the entrance. Around are small plots of ripening wheat, troops of horned sheep and short-horned oxen, and possibly a few fierce dogs, acting as guardians of the primitive homestead against the attacks of bears, wolves or foxes.

Outside we can imagine the short, swarthy inhabitants slightly dressed in wool or in skins, with necklaces and pendants of stone, bone or home-made pottery. Some are cutting wood with well-sharpened stone axes fixed in wooden handles, some sawing it with saws of carefully notched pieces of flint; some are fashioning wooden bows for arrows tipped with pointed flint heads, while some are scraping skins for clothing or carving harpoons out of bone. Some—presumably the women of the party—are spinning thread and weaving it with rudely-constructed looms. It was a simple pastoral (existence, with few needs and fewer possessions;


text:
Page:A short history of social life in England.djvu/26

6 the horizon of life was distinctly limited. To minister to the material needs of his nature was the main object of Neolithic Man's existence. His mind was as the mind of an untaught child, till, as the ages rolled onward, something told him that eating and drinking were not the chief ends for which he was created.

He could see silent hills, and the green valleys watered by stream and marsh: he knew the daily movements of sun, moon, and stars: he could hear the rush of many waters, the roar of the wind-tossed sea, the rumble of thunder across the heavens, the fluttering of leaves, the carrolling of birds, and the chirping of insects as day passed into night. After a lengthened period of simple wonder and amazement, questions presented themselves to his untutored mind, and a yearning to learn the cause of these things took possession of him. Nature was great, mighty, beautiful, but she was never still. There was movement everywhere; therefore, he argued, there must be spirits dwelling in everything—spirits to move the leaves and roll the thunder across the sky, to urge the rivers into motion, and hurry the sun and moon by turns through day and night.

These vague ponderings made him relinquish the


text:
United States Code/Title 42/Chapter 85/Section 7402

§ 7402. Cooperative activities CAA § 102

(a) Interstate cooperation; uniform State laws; State compacts
The Administrator shall encourage cooperative activities by the States and local governments for the prevention and control of air pollution; encourage the enactment of improved and, so far as practicable in the light of varying conditions and needs, uniform State and local laws relating to the prevention and control of air pollution; and encourage the making of agreements and compacts between States for the prevention and control of air pollution.

(b) Federal cooperation
The Administrator shall cooperate with and encourage cooperative activities by all Federal departments and agencies having functions relating to the prevention and control of air pollution, so as to assure the utilization in the Federal air pollution control program of all appropriate and available facilities and resources within the Federal Government.

(c) Consent of Congress to compacts
The consent of the Congress is hereby given to two or more States to negotiate and enter into agreements or compacts, not in conflict with any law or treaty of the United States, for
 * (1) cooperative effort and mutual assistance for the prevention and control of air pollution and the enforcement of their respective laws relating thereto, and
 * (2) the establishment of such agencies, joint or otherwise, as they may deem desirable for making effective such agreements or compacts. No such agreement or compact shall be binding or obligatory upon any State a party thereto unless and until it has been approved by Congress. It is the intent of Congress that no agreement or compact entered into between States after November 21, 1967, which relates to the control and abatement of air pollution in an air quality control region, shall provide for participation by a State which is not included (in whole or in part) in such air quality control region.


text:
Page:A short history of social life in England.djvu/27

Rh old habit of his predecessors of casting dead bodies to the hyenas. The spirits that dwelt in the trees and rivers dwelt also in man. When the body died, the spirit that had moved it departed elsewhere, possibly into some animal or other body, till in time it reached the dwelling-place of all the spirits.

Hence arose the Neolithic system of burial. When the men, women, and children of the homestead died, they were buried in little walled rooms made of stone, over which were erected mounds, known to-day as "barrows." The skeletons found in these primitive graves are often found in a sitting posture. A woman has been found with her baby in her arms in one of these, while in another a man and woman, presumably husband and wife, sat opposite to one another, their foreheads touching and their hands clasped. Food vessels and drinking-cups were buried with the dead for their use hereafter, and it is probable that slaves and animals were slain, in order that their spirits might accompany that of the dead man on his last mysterious journey. Time passed, and with time came change.

In the general movement westward of the Aryan tribes from Central Asia came the fair-haired Celt,


text:
United States Code/Title 42/Chapter 85/Section 7403

§ 7403. Research, investigation, training, and other activities CAA § 103

(a) Research and development program for prevention and control of air pollution
The Administrator shall establish a national research and development program for the prevention and control of air pollution and as part of such program shall—
 * (1) conduct, and promote the coordination and acceleration of, research, investigations, experiments, demonstrations, surveys, and studies relating to the causes, effects (including health and welfare effects), extent, prevention, and control of air pollution;
 * (2) encourage, cooperate with, and render technical services and provide financial assistance to air pollution control agencies and other appropriate public or private agencies, institutions, and organizations, and individuals in the conduct of such activities;
 * (3) conduct investigations and research and make surveys concerning any specific problem of air pollution in cooperation with any air pollution control agency with a view to recommending a solution of such problem, if he is requested to do so by such agency or if, in his judgment, such problem may affect any community or communities in a State other than that in which the source of the matter causing or contributing to the pollution is located;
 * (4) establish technical advisory committees composed of recognized experts in various aspects of air pollution to assist in the examination and evaluation of research progress and proposals and to avoid duplication of research; and
 * (5) conduct and promote coordination and acceleration of training for individuals relating to the causes, effects, extent, prevention, and control of air pollution.

(b) Authorized activities of Administrator in establishing research and development program
In carrying out the provisions of the preceding subsection the Administrator is authorized to—
 * (1) collect and make available, through publications and other appropriate means, the results of and other information, including appropriate recommendations by him in connection therewith, pertaining to such research and other activities;
 * (2) cooperate with other Federal departments and agencies, with air pollution control agencies, with other public and private agencies, institutions, and organizations, and with any industries involved, in the preparation and conduct of such research and other activities;
 * (3) make grants to air pollution control agencies, to other public or nonprofit private agencies, institutions, and organizations, and to individuals, for purposes stated in subsection (a)(1) of this section;
 * (4) contract with public or private agencies, institutions, and organizations, and with individuals, without regard to section 3324 (a) and (b) of title 31 and section 5 of title 41;
 * (5) establish and maintain research fellowships, in the Environmental Protection Agency and at public or nonprofit private educational institutions or research organizations;
 * (6) collect and disseminate, in cooperation with other Federal departments and agencies, and with other public or private agencies, institutions, and organizations having related responsibilities, basic data on chemical, physical, and biological effects of varying air quality and other information pertaining to air pollution and the prevention and control thereof;
 * (7) develop effective and practical processes, methods, and prototype devices for the prevention or control of air pollution; and
 * (8) construct facilities, provide equipment, and employ staff as necessary to carry out this chapter.

In carrying out the provisions of subsection (a) of this section, the Administrator shall provide training for, and make training grants to, personnel of air pollution control agencies and other persons with suitable qualifications and make grants to such agencies, to other public or nonprofit private agencies, institutions, and organizations for the purposes stated in subsection (a)(5) of this section. Reasonable fees may be charged for such training provided to persons other than personnel of air pollution control agencies but such training shall be provided to such personnel of air pollution control agencies without charge.

(c) Air pollutant monitoring, analysis, modeling, and inventory research
In carrying out subsection (a) of this section, the Administrator shall conduct a program of research, testing, and development of methods for sampling, measurement, monitoring, analysis, and modeling of air pollutants. Such program shall include the following elements:
 * (1) Consideration of individual, as well as complex mixtures of, air pollutants and their chemical transformations in the atmosphere.
 * (2) Establishment of a national network to monitor, collect, and compile data with quantification of certainty in the status and trends of air emissions, deposition, air quality, surface water quality, forest condition, and visibility impairment, and to ensure the comparability of air quality data collected in different States and obtained from different nations.
 * (3) Development of improved methods and technologies for sampling, measurement, monitoring, analysis, and modeling to increase understanding of the sources of ozone percursors, ozone formation, ozone transport, regional influences on urban ozone, regional ozone trends, and interactions of ozone with other pollutants. Emphasis shall be placed on those techniques which—
 * (A) improve the ability to inventory emissions of volatile organic compounds and nitrogen oxides that contribute to urban air pollution, including anthropogenic and natural sources;
 * (B) improve the understanding of the mechanism through which anthropogenic and biogenic volatile organic compounds react to form ozone and other oxidants; and
 * (C) improve the ability to identify and evaluate region-specific prevention and control options for ozone pollution.
 * (4) Submission of periodic reports to the Congress, not less than once every 5 years, which evaluate and assess the effectiveness of air pollution control regulations and programs using monitoring and modeling data obtained pursuant to this subsection.

(d) Environmental health effects research

 * (1) The Administrator, in consultation with the Secretary of Health and Human Services, shall conduct a research program on the short-term and long-term effects of air pollutants, including wood smoke, on human health. In conducting such research program the Administrator—
 * (A) shall conduct studies, including epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory and field studies, as necessary to identify and evaluate exposure to and effects of air pollutants on human health;
 * (B) may utilize, on a reimbursable basis, the facilities of existing Federal scientific laboratories and research centers; and
 * (C) shall consult with other Federal agencies to ensure that similar research being conducted in other agencies is coordinated to avoid duplication.
 * (2) In conducting the research program under this subsection, the Administrator shall develop methods and techniques necessary to identify and assess the risks to human health from both routine and accidental exposures to individual air pollutants and combinations thereof. Such research program shall include the following elements:
 * (A) The creation of an Interagency Task Force to coordinate such program. The Task Force shall include representatives of the National Institute for Environmental Health Sciences, the Environmental Protection Agency, the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, the National Toxicology Program, the National Institute of Standards and Technology, the National Science Foundation, the Surgeon General, and the Department of Energy. This Interagency Task Force shall be chaired by a representative of the Environmental Protection Agency and shall convene its first meeting within 60 days after November 15, 1990.
 * (B) An evaluation, within 12 months after November 15, 1990, of each of the hazardous air pollutants listed under section 7412 (b) of this title, to decide, on the basis of available information, their relative priority for preparation of environmental health assessments pursuant to subparagraph ::(C). The evaluation shall be based on reasonably anticipated toxicity to humans and exposure factors such as frequency of occurrence as an air pollutant and volume of emissions in populated areas. Such evaluation shall be reviewed by the Interagency Task Force established pursuant to subparagraph (A).
 * (C) Preparation of environmental health assessments for each of the hazardous air pollutants referred to in subparagraph (B), beginning 6 months after the first meeting of the Interagency Task Force and to be completed within 96 months thereafter. No fewer than 24 assessments shall be completed and published annually. The assessments shall be prepared in accordance with guidelines developed by the Administrator in consultation with the Interagency Task Force and the Science Advisory Board of the Environmental Protection Agency. Each such assessment shall include—
 * (i) an examination, summary, and evaluation of available toxicological and epidemiological information for the pollutant to ascertain the levels of human exposure which pose a significant threat to human health and the associated acute, subacute, and chronic adverse health effects;
 * (ii) a determination of gaps in available information related to human health effects and exposure levels; and
 * (iii) where appropriate, an identification of additional activities, including toxicological and inhalation testing, needed to identify the types or levels of exposure which may present significant risk of adverse health effects in humans.

(e) Ecosystem research
In carrying out subsection (a) of this section, the Administrator, in cooperation, where appropriate, with the Under Secretary of Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere, the Director of the Fish and Wildlife Service, and the Secretary of Agriculture, shall conduct a research program to improve understanding of the short-term and long-term causes, effects, and trends of ecosystems damage from air pollutants on ecosystems. Such program shall include the following elements:
 * (1) Identification of regionally representative and critical ecosystems for research.
 * (2) Evaluation of risks to ecosystems exposed to air pollutants, including characterization of the causes and effects of chronic and episodic exposures to air pollutants and determination of the reversibility of those effects.
 * (3) Development of improved atmospheric dispersion models and monitoring systems and networks for evaluating and quantifying exposure to and effects of multiple environmental stresses associated with air pollution.
 * (4) Evaluation of the effects of air pollution on water quality, including assessments of the short-term and long-term ecological effects of acid deposition and other atmospherically derived pollutants on surface water (including wetlands and estuaries) and groundwater.
 * (5) Evaluation of the effects of air pollution on forests, materials, crops, biological diversity, soils, and other terrestrial and aquatic systems exposed to air pollutants.
 * (6) Estimation of the associated economic costs of ecological damage which have occurred as a result of exposure to air pollutants.

Consistent with the purpose of this program, the Administrator may use the estuarine research reserves established pursuant to section 1461 of title 16 to carry out this research.

(f) Liquefied Gaseous Fuels Spill Test Facility

 * (1) The Administrator, in consultation with the Secretary of Energy and the Federal Coordinating Council for Science, Engineering, and Technology, shall oversee an experimental and analytical research effort, with the experimental research to be carried out at the Liquefied Gaseous Fuels Spill Test Facility. In consultation with the Secretary of Energy, the Administrator shall develop a list of chemicals and a schedule for field testing at the Facility. Analysis of a minimum of 10 chemicals per year shall be carried out, with the selection of a minimum of 2 chemicals for field testing each year. Highest priority shall be given to those chemicals that would present the greatest potential risk to human health as a result of an accidental release—
 * (A) from a fixed site; or
 * (B) related to the transport of such chemicals.
 * (2) The purpose of such research shall be to—
 * (A) develop improved predictive models for atmospheric dispersion which at a minimum—
 * (i) describe dense gas releases in complex terrain including man-made structures or obstacles with variable winds;
 * (ii) improve understanding of the effects of turbulence on dispersion patterns; and
 * (iii) consider realistic behavior of aerosols by including physicochemical reactions with water vapor, ground deposition, and removal by water spray;
 * (B) evaluate existing and future atmospheric dispersion models by—
 * (i) the development of a rigorous, standardized methodology for dense gas models; and
 * (ii) the application of such methodology to current dense gas dispersion models using data generated from field experiments; and
 * (C) evaluate the effectiveness of hazard mitigation and emergency response technology for fixed site and transportation related accidental releases of toxic chemicals.
 * Models pertaining to accidental release shall be evaluated and improved periodically for their utility in planning and implementing evacuation procedures and other mitigative strategies designed to minimize human exposure to hazardous air pollutants released accidentally.
 * (3) The Secretary of Energy shall make available to interested persons (including other Federal agencies and businesses) the use of the Liquefied Gaseous Fuels Spill Test Facility to conduct research and other activities in connection with the activities described in this subsection.

(g) Pollution prevention and emissions control
In carrying out subsection (a) of this section, the Administrator shall conduct a basic engineering research and technology program to develop, evaluate, and demonstrate nonregulatory strategies and technologies for air pollution prevention. Such strategies and technologies shall be developed with priority on those pollutants which pose a significant risk to human health and the environment, and with opportunities for participation by industry, public interest groups, scientists, and other interested persons in the development of such strategies and technologies. Such program shall include the following elements:
 * (1) Improvements in nonregulatory strategies and technologies for preventing or reducing multiple air pollutants, including sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, heavy metals, PM–10 (particulate matter), carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide, from stationary sources, including fossil fuel power plants. Such strategies and technologies shall include improvements in the relative cost effectiveness and long-range implications of various air pollutant reduction and nonregulatory control strategies such as energy conservation, including end-use efficiency, and fuel-switching to cleaner fuels. Such strategies and technologies shall be considered for existing and new facilities.
 * (2) Improvements in nonregulatory strategies and technologies for reducing air emissions from area sources.
 * (3) Improvements in nonregulatory strategies and technologies for preventing, detecting, and correcting accidental releases of hazardous air pollutants.
 * (4) Improvements in nonregulatory strategies and technologies that dispose of tires in ways that avoid adverse air quality impacts.

Nothing in this subsection shall be construed to authorize the imposition on any person of air pollution control requirements. The Administrator shall consult with other appropriate Federal agencies to ensure coordination and to avoid duplication of activities authorized under this subsection.

(h) NIEHS studies

 * (1) The Director of the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences may conduct a program of basic research to identify, characterize, and quantify risks to human health from air pollutants. Such research shall be conducted primarily through a combination of university and medical school-based grants, as well as through intramural studies and contracts.
 * (2) The Director of the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences shall conduct a program for the education and training of physicians in environmental health.
 * (3) The Director shall assure that such programs shall not conflict with research undertaken by the Administrator.
 * (4) There are authorized to be appropriated to the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences such sums as may be necessary to carry out the purposes of this subsection.

(i) Coordination of research
The Administrator shall develop and implement a plan for identifying areas in which activities authorized under this section can be carried out in conjunction with other Federal ecological and air pollution research efforts. The plan, which shall be submitted to Congress within 6 months after November 15, 1990, shall include—
 * (1) an assessment of ambient monitoring stations and networks to determine cost effective ways to expand monitoring capabilities in both urban and rural environments;
 * (2) a consideration of the extent of the feasibility and scientific value of conducting the research program under subsection (e) of this section to include consideration of the effects of atmospheric processes and air pollution effects; and
 * (3) a methodology for evaluating and ranking pollution prevention technologies, such as those developed under subsection (g) of this section, in terms of their ability to reduce cost effectively the emissions of air pollutants and other airborne chemicals of concern.

Not later than 2 years after November 15, 1990, and every 4 years thereafter, the Administrator shall report to Congress on the progress made in implementing the plan developed under this subsection, and shall include in such report any revisions of the plan.

(j) Continuation of national acid precipitation assessment program

 * (1) The acid precipitation research program set forth in the Acid Precipitation Act of 1980 [42 U.S.C. 8901 et seq.] shall be continued with modifications pursuant to this subsection.
 * (2) The Acid Precipitation Task Force shall consist of the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency, the Secretary of Energy, the Secretary of the Interior, the Secretary of Agriculture, the Administrator of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, and such additional members as the President may select. The President shall appoint a chairman for the Task Force from among its members within 30 days after November 15, 1990.
 * (3) The responsibilities of the Task Force shall include the following:
 * (A) Review of the status of research activities conducted to date under the comprehensive research plan developed pursuant to the Acid Precipitation Act of 1980 [42 U.S.C. 8901 et seq.], and development of a revised plan that identifies significant research gaps and establishes a coordinated program to address current and future research priorities. A draft of the revised plan shall be submitted by the Task Force to Congress within 6 months after November 15, 1990. The plan shall be available for public comment during the 60 day period after its submission, and a final plan shall be submitted by the President to the Congress within 45 days after the close of the comment period.
 * (B) Coordination with participating Federal agencies, augmenting the agencies’ research and monitoring efforts and sponsoring additional research in the scientific community as necessary to ensure the availability and quality of data and methodologies needed to evaluate the status and effectiveness of the acid deposition control program. Such research and monitoring efforts shall include, but not be limited to—
 * (i) continuous monitoring of emissions of precursors of acid deposition;
 * (ii) maintenance, upgrading, and application of models, such as the Regional Acid Deposition Model, that describe the interactions of emissions with the atmosphere, and models that describe the response of ecosystems to acid deposition; and
 * (iii) analysis of the costs, benefits, and effectiveness of the acid deposition control program.
 * (C) Publication and maintenance of a National Acid Lakes Registry that tracks the condition and change over time of a statistically representative sample of lakes in regions that are known to be sensitive to surface water acidification.
 * (D) Submission every two years of a unified budget recommendation to the President for activities of the Federal Government in connection with the research program described in this subsection.
 * (E) Beginning in 1992 and biennially thereafter, submission of a report to Congress describing the results of its investigations and analyses. The reporting of technical information about acid deposition shall be provided in a format that facilitates communication with policymakers and the public. The report shall include—
 * (i) actual and projected emissions and acid deposition trends;
 * (ii) average ambient concentrations of acid deposition percursors [2] and their transformation products;
 * (iii) the status of ecosystems (including forests and surface waters), materials, and visibility affected by acid deposition;
 * (iv) the causes and effects of such deposition, including changes in surface water quality and forest and soil conditions;
 * (v) the occurrence and effects of episodic acidification, particularly with respect to high elevation watersheds; and
 * (vi) the confidence level associated with each conclusion to aid policymakers in use of the information.
 * (F) Beginning in 1996, and every 4 years thereafter, the report under subparagraph (E) shall include—
 * (i) the reduction in deposition rates that must be achieved in order to prevent adverse ecological effects; and
 * (ii) the costs and benefits of the acid deposition control program created by subchapter IV–A of this chapter.

(k) Air pollution conferences
If, in the judgment of the Administrator, an air pollution problem of substantial significance may result from discharge or discharges into the atmosphere, the Administrator may call a conference concerning this potential air pollution problem to be held in or near one or more of the places where such discharge or discharges are occurring or will occur. All interested persons shall be given an opportunity to be heard at such conference, either orally or in writing, and shall be permitted to appear in person or by representative in accordance with procedures prescribed by the Administrator. If the Administrator finds, on the basis of the evidence presented at such conference, that the discharge or discharges if permitted to take place or continue are likely to cause or contribute to air pollution subject to abatement under this part, the Administrator shall send such findings, together with recommendations concerning the measures which the Administrator finds reasonable and suitable to prevent such pollution, to the person or persons whose actions will result in the discharge or discharges involved; to air pollution agencies of the State or States and of the municipality or municipalities where such discharge or discharges will originate; and to the interstate air pollution control agency, if any, in the jurisdictional area of which any such municipality is located. Such findings and recommendations shall be advisory only, but shall be admitted together with the record of the conference, as part of the proceedings under subsections (b), (c), (d), (e), and (f) of section 7408 of this title.


text:
Page:A short history of social life in England.djvu/28

8 first to trade and then to stay. It seems strange that the forest-clad island, with its damp, chilly climate and gloomy skies, should have proved such an irresistible attraction to the strangers from Gaul, but so it was. Forthwith he set himself to conquer the existing New Stone Man in order to possess the land.

His triumph was due to the fact that he brought with him a superior, bronze weapon for killing his enemies, for which even the polished and well-sharpened stone implement of the New Stone Man was no match.

So the tall, fair, grey-eyed Celt prevailed over he short, dark, swarthy Iberian, and the New Stone Age gave way to what is known as the Bronze Age in the British Isles.

A new stage in civilisation was now reached. For it is obvious that the treasures of the earth were closed to those whose only weapons were of stone. It was only when the hard, sharp-edged metal tool was placed in his hands that man could hew his way to the mineral wealth and open up new possibilities of civilisation. The new-comers had made considerable progress already before ever they reached these shores. Amongst other accomplishments, they could plough, they could shear


text: The Springbok

title: The Springbok


text: Talk:The Springbok

title: Talk:The Springbok