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 28 approximately that of False Entrance. On the 1st of February the pilot of the Geelvink left the ships in one of the Geelvink's boats in order to ascertain the position of Dirk Hartog's Anchorage, and the captains of two of the vessels made an excursion for a distance of six or seven miles inland. They returned to the ships on the following day, bringing with them the head of a large bird, and they imparted the information that they had seen two huge nests built of branches.

The pilot of the Geelvink returned to the ship on the 3rd of February, and reported that he had passed through a channel—probably that which is now known as South Passage—and had followed the coast of Dirk Hartog's Island until he reached the northern extremity of the island. There, upon an acclivity, a tin plate was found on the ground. Certain words scratched upon the metal indicated that the ship Eendragt, of Amsterdam, of which Dirk Hartog was master, had anchored off the island on the 25th of October, 1616, and had departed for Bantam on the 27th day of the same month. The pilot brought the metal plate—a flattened tin dish—with him, and also two turtles which had been caught on the island. The squadron anchored in Dirk Hartog's Reede on the 4th of February, and remained there until the 12th day of that month.

The anonymous author of the Journaal relates that on the 6th of February many turtles were seen, and also a very large nest at the corner of a rock; the nest resembled that of a stork, but was probably that of an osprey, which places its nest on a rock—often on a rock surrounded by water.

De Vlaming quitted the Australian coast at 21° S. lat., and proceeded to Batavia, where he arrived on the 20th of March, 1697.


text: Essays on Early Ornithology and Kindred Subjects

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text: Essays on Early Ornithology and Kindred Subjects/Australian Birds in 1697


text:
Translation:A tender noisy troublemaker ...

* * *

A tender noisy troublemaker With lust for life! A charming clever chances-taker Decided I’ve!..

Much tenderer than those before me, I know no guilt … Alas for grave, the all-conforming Bleaching all tint!

To be what no one really cares for To be like ice! Oblivious of what there was, or What will arise ...

Forget would I of heart once broken And mended fair; Forget my voice and words once spoken; My shiny hair ...

The turquoise bracelet, aged and ancient Around a stalk: My narrow arm, so thinly fashioned From pallid chalk …

Remember not the hand uplifting Sketching a cloud; And how the pearly pen came flitting By and around …

My jumping feet across the hedgerow Forever passed; My never-lagging running shadow Down in the dust …

The flaming azure of the morning I would forget; My quiet days, my mischief storming; All poems yet!

My miracle so brightly happened, By laugh dispelled; The pinkest ever under heaven So deadly paled …

They will not open – no, they mustn’t – But love them do! – Not for a glance or for a sunset Nor fields bedewed:

Forever still, my eyes unmoving – Nor for a bloom! – My lovely Earth, forgive me truly For ages doomed!

But moons will ever keep on waning And wax as snow But never youth of mine, refraining – Once it will go.

Быть_нежной,_бешеной_и_шумной_(Цветаева)


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 HE name 'emu' has an interesting history. It occurs in the forms 'emia' and 'eme' in Purchas his Pilgrimage, in 1613. 'In Banda and other islands,' says Purchas, 'the bird called emia or eme is admirable.' We should probably pronounce 'eme' in two syllables, as e-mé. This eme or emia was doubtless a cassowary—probably that of Ceram. The idea that it was a native of the Banda Group appears to have existed in some quarters at the beginning of the seventeenth century, but the idea was assuredly an erroneous one. So large a struthious bird as the cassowary requires more extensive feeding-grounds and greater seclusion than was to be found in any island of the Banda Group, and, as at the present day so in the past, Ceram was the true home of the Malayan cassowary, which found and which finds in the extensive forests of that island the home adapted to its requirements. It is, however, equally certain that at an early date the Ceram cassowary was imported into Amboyna and probably into Banda also, and we know of an early instance of its being introduced into Java, and from Java into Europe. When the first Dutch expedition to Java had reached that island, and when the vessels of which it was composed were lying at anchor off Sindaya, some Javans brought a cassowary on board Schellenger's ship as a gift, saying that the bird was a rare one and that it swallowed fire. At least, so they were understood to say, but that they really did say so is somewhat doubtful.


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Rh

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 22 However, the sailors put the matter to the test by administering to the bird a dose of hollands; perhaps the hollands was ignited and administered in the form of liquid fire, but it is not expressly stated that this was the case. This cassowary was brought alive to Amsterdam in 1597, and was presented to the Estates of Holland at the Hague. A figure of it, under the name 'eme,' appears in the fourth and fifth German editions of the account of this voyage of the Dutch to Java, by Hulsius, published at Frankfort in 1606 and 1625. The figure is a fairly accurate representation of an immature cassowary.

Whence comes, let us ask, the name 'eme' and the later form, 'emu.' The New Historical English Dictionary suggests a derivation from a Portuguese word, 'ema,' signifying a crane. But no authority is quoted to prove that ema signifies, or ever signified, crane. On the other hand, various Portuguese dictionaries which have been consulted render 'ema' by 'casoar,' or state that the name 'ema' is applicable to several birds, of which the crane is not one. Pero de Magalhàes de Gandavo, in his Historia da Provincia Sancta Cruz, published in 1576, uses the name 'hema' in writing of the rhea or nandu.

It is worthy of note that the Arabic name of the cassowary is 'neâma', and that there were many Arab traders in the Malayan Archipelago at the time when the Portuguese first navigated it. The Portuguese strangely distorted Malay and Arabic names, and it would not be surprising if they reproduced 'neâma' as 'uma ema.'


text: Essays on Early Ornithology and Kindred Subjects/The Etymology of the Name 'Emu'


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... Frontispiece

p. 22

p. 35


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Page:Alumni Oxoniensis (1715-1886) volume 3.djvu/293

 Parker, Charles (Hubert), 3s. William, of Tamworth, co. Stafford, arm. , matric. 20 Oct., 1818, aged 18; B.A. 1822, M.A. 1825, rector of Great Comberton, co. Worcester, 1826, until his death in 1883.  Parker, Charles John, 1s. James, of Oxford, gent. , matric. 25 Jan., 1879, aged 18; B.A. 1882, M.A. 1885.  Parker, Charles John (Bullivant), 2s. William, of Swayfield, co. Lincoln, arm. , matric. 29 Jan., 1846, aged 17; B.A. from New Inn Hall 1850, of Beaconfield, co. Lincoln, J.P. See Eton School Lists.  Parker, Charles John Ernest, 1s. Charles John Bullivant, of Grantham, co. Lincoln, arm. , matric. 16 Oct., 1884, aged 20.  Parker, Charles Lewis, 2s. Joseph, of St Michael's, Oxford (city), gent. , matric. 8 Dec., 1827, aged 17; B.A. 1831, M.A. 1835.  [5] Parker, Rev. Charles Lewis Edward, 1s. Charles Lewis, of London, arm. , matric. 16 Oct., 1880, aged 19; B.A. 1884, M.A. 1887.  Parker, Charles Pomeroy, 1s. Henry Melville, of Boston,, arm. , matric. 16 Oct., 1872, aged 20; B.A. 1876.  Parker, Charles Sandbach, 1s. Samuel Sandbach, of Aigburth, Lancashire, arm. , matric. 13 Oct., 1883, aged 18; B.A. 1887.

Parker, Charles Stuart, 1s. Charles Stewart, of Aigburth, Lancashire, arm. , matric. 10 June, 1847, aged 18; scholar 1848-54, B.A. 1852, fellow 1854-69, M.A. 1855, tutor 1858-65, lecturer in modern history; of Fairlie, Ayrshire, M.P. Perthshire 1868-74, Perth 1878, etc. See Foster's Scots M.P.'s & Eton School Lists.

Parker, Charles William, 1s. Charles Hubert, of Great Comberton, co. Worcester, cler. , matric. 17 March, 1852, aged 19; B.A. 1856, M.A. 1859, rector of Bulphan, Essex, 1862-70, etc., vicar of Downton-on-the-Rock, co. Hereford, 1880, until his death 16 Dec., 1881.
 [10]
Parker, Christopher William, 1s. John Oxley, of Woodham, Essex, arm. , matric. 16 April, 1872, aged 19; B.A. 1875, M.A. 1879, of Woodham Mortimer.

Parker, Rev. Cuthbert Joseph, 1s. Joseph, of Stockport, Cheshire, gent. , matric. 19 Oct., 1875, aged 17; B.A. 1879, M.A. 1882.

Parker, Edmund, Viscount Boringdon, 1st & o.s. John, Earl Morley. , matric. 21 Jan., 1828, B.A. 1830, and earl, died 28 Aug., 1864. See Foster's Peerage.

Parker, Edward, s. Thomas, of Gloucester (city), pleb. , matric. 17 March, 1780, aged 17; chorister 1775-80, clerk 1780-6, B.A. 1783, M.A. 1789, rector of St. Mary-le-bow, Durham (city), 1788, until his death 27 April, 1809. See ''Coll. Reg.'', i. 194.

Parker, Edward, 1s. Joseph, of St Michael's, Oxford (city), gent. , matric. 11 May, 1826, aged 17; B.A. 1830, M.A. 1832, vicar of Bicester, Oxon, 1836-43, rector of Oxenden Magna, 1843-85, hon. canon of Peterborough 1877, until his death in 1887.
 [15]
Parker, Edward Barnwell, 1s. Edward, of Bicester, Oxon, cler. , matric. 20 March, 1857, aged 18; scholar 1857-63, B.A. 1861, M.A. 1863, curate of Kirk Hallam, co. Derby, died 7 Nov., 1869. See Rugby School Reg.

Parker, Rev. Edward George, B.A., Dublin, 1833 (M.A. 1844), o.s. Charles Lewis, of Bisham, Berks, arm. Incorp. from 31 March, 1855, aged 46; chaplain to the forces, died 10 May, 1859, aged 50.

Parker, Edward Melville, 2s. Henry Melville, of Cambridge, Massachusetts,, arm. , matric. 19 Oct., 1874, aged 19; B.A. 1878, M.A. 1882.

Parker, Edwin James, s. Thomas, of Churcham, co. Gloucester, cler. , matric. 3 Nov., 1810, aged 14; scholar until 1823, B.A. 1814, M.A. 1817, fellow 1823-54, B.D. 1837, bursar 1843, vicar of Waltham St. Lawrence, Berks, 1834, until his death 9 April, 1873.

Parker, Elliot Anderson, 1s. William, of London, arm. , matric. 15 Oct., 1869, aged 19; left 1872.
 [20]
Parker, Francis, s. Montagu, of Chudleigh, Devon, arm. , matric. 10 April, 1802, aged 19; of the Whiteway family, died 1822. See Foster's Peerage,.

Parker, Francis, 4s. Thomas Augustus Wolstenholme, Earl of Macclesfield. , matric. 15 Oct., 1869, aged 18; S.C.L. & B.A. 1873. M.A. 1870, bar.-at-law, Inner Temple, 1875, M.P. South Oxfordshire July, 1886. See Foster's Peerage & Men at the Bar, & Eton School Lists.

Parker, Frederick Perrott, 1s. Charles Lewis, of Oxford (city), arm. , matric. 2 Dec., 1861, aged 18; B.A. 1866, M.A. 1868, rector of Colton, co. Stafford, 1874. See Rugby School Reg.

Parker, Frederick William, 2s. Charles, of Ringshall, Suffolk, cler. , matric. 14 May, 1842, aged 17; scholar 1842-5, B.A. 1846, M.A. 1849, vicar of Moughtrey 1863 70, rector of Aberbafesh, co. Montgomery, 1870-3, rector of Montgomery 1873.

Parker, George, s. George, of Plympton St. Mary, Devon, arm. , matric. 15 May, 1718, aged 18; brother of John 1722.
 [25]
Parker, George, y.s. Thomas, of St. Giles's, London, equitis. , matric. 15 Jan., 1753, aged 18; bar.-at-law, Inner Temple, 1759, of Aimington, co. Stafford, died 19 Jan., 1819, father of Admiral Sir William Parker, Bart., G.C.B. See Foster's Baronetage.

Parker, George, (2nd) Earl of Macclesfield, created D.C.L. 3 July, 1759, M.P. Wallingford 1722-7, a teller of the exchequer 1719-64, president Royal Society 1752, until his death 17 March, 1764. See Foster's Peerage.

Parker, George, s. Thomas, Earl of Macclesfield. , matric. 2 July, 1773, aged 18; created D.C.L. 28 June, 1797, 4th earl, M.P. Woodstock 1777-84, of Minehead 1790-5, lord of the bedchamber to the Prince of Wales 1780, comptroller of the household 1791-7, lord-lieutenant Oxon 1817, died 20 March, 1842. See Foster's Peerage.

Parker, George, 'Universitatis Clericus, Oxford;' privilegiatus 19 May, 1859, an assistant Bodleian library.

Parker, George, 2s. John Crabtree, of Halifax, Yorks, gent. , matric. 2 May, 1865, aged 21; rector of Quainton 1885.
 [30]
Parker, George Augustus, 1s. Thomas Augustus Wolstenholme, Earl of Macclesfield. , matric. 25 Jan., 1862, aged 18; Viscount Parker. See Foster's Peerage.

Parker, George Bertie, o.s. George, of Oxford, gent. , matric. 26 Jan., 1885, aged 18.

Parker, George (Lane), s. George, Earl of Macclesfield. , matric. 20 Jan., 1740-1, aged 17; B.A. 1743, M.A. 1750, lieut.-general in the army, M.P. Yarmouth, Isle of Wight, 1769-74, and Tregony 1774-80, died 6 Sep., 1791. See Foster's Peerage.

Parker, Gilbert, s. Samuel, of Oxford (city), gent. , matric. 7 June, 1739, aged 17; B.A. 1742, fellow, M.A. 1745, B.D. 1755, D.D. 1760, died rector of Oddington, Oxon, 1795.

Parker, Harry Clince, 1s. Robert Parker Little, of Madras, cler. , matric. 20 Jan., 1877, aged 19; B.A. 1882, M.A. 1883, assumed the name of in lieu of  by royal licence Dec., 1878, warden of Bishop Cotton Schools and College, incumbent of All Souls and chaplain of Fort Bangalore, Madras, 1884.
 [35] [ 1066 ]


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Rh the one who had been killed, from whose grave I had taken the spear; the woman was my new guardian's wife, and the young man who had visited us, was their son; and, consequently, according to their order of thinking, my very respectable and interesting nephew. It may he taken as certain, that I looked on him, as a very unaccountable relative, one I little thought of meeting in such a place, or in that manner; at any rate there was one consolation, if he was not very wise after the fashion of more civilized men, he could not display great foolishness in his expenditure; and, that there was, therefore, no great chance of his uncle having to pay his tailor's, or other bills: a consolation many uncles would be very glad to possess with equal security.

That night there was another great Corrobberree, with shakes of the hand, and congratulation at my return. When these ceremonies were over, I went with my new relations to their hut, where they hospitably regaled me with roots, and gum, and with opossum roasted after their fashion. This was the first animal food I had taken since parting with my companions from the Calcutta, and it was to me a most delicious feast. They presented me also with an opossum-skin rug, for which I gave my new sister-in-law my old jacket in exchange, although it was by this time very much the worse for wear. I need scarcely say, this paletôt added much to the elegance of her appearance, or, that these interchanges of attractive civility had great effect in cementing our family acquaintance.


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32 At break of day, I heard a great noise and talking; at length I saw that a quarrel had ensued, for they began to flourish their spears as a token of hostilities. I should here observe, that these spears are very formidable weapons, about twelve feet long, sharp at one end; others are about half that length, being made of a kind of reed with pointed sticks joined to them; these are sharpened with hard cutting stones, or shells. The boomerang is another weapon of war, something like a half-moon. The throwing-stick is one made, or shaped, for flinging the spears.

The colonial reader is aware of all this, but I beg him, or her, to remember, that I cherish the hope of my adventures being read elsewhere, as well as in the Australian Colonies; and that this circumstance will be received as a sufficient apology for the insertion of particulars, which, otherwise, might very properly be considered useless.

After a little time, and a great deal of challenging bluster, the two tribes commenced fighting in reality. When my relations, for so for convenience, I suppose, I must sometimes call them, saw what was going on, they led me a short distance off, where they remained with me, looking at the conflict. It was any thing but play work—it was evidently earnest. One man was speared through the thigh, and removed into the bush, where the spear was drawn. A woman of the tribe to which I had become attached, was also speared under the arm, and she died immediately. At last peace was restored, and the parties separated, except about twenty


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Rh of the tribe to which the woman belonged who had, been killed; these made a large fire, threw her body upon it, and then heaped on more wood, so that she was burnt to ashes; this done, they raked the embers of the fire together, and stuck the stick she used to dig roots with upright at the head. After this ceremony they all left, except my supposed relations, in whose care I was, and one other family, with whom we went into another part of the bush, where we remained for a considerable time without anything particular occurring, subsisting almost entirely upon roots which the women sought daily, whilst the men procured opossums occasionally, which they dragged from the hollow and decayed branches of trees. They sometimes speared kangaroo, which they skin with sharp stones and muscle-shells. That was the first time I tasted the flesh of the boomer, and found it very excellent. Relying upon my friendship, they now furnished me with a spear, and a wooden tomahawk. In a few weeks—but as I have already said, I have now no recollection of time—we left this place, and joined a friendly tribe, about fifty in number, and on the evening of our meeting had a Corrobberree. The next day we all started together to meet another tribe; but on joining, from some cause or other, they quarrelled, commenced fighting, and two boys were killed. I could not then understand what all these quarrels were about, but afterwards understood that they were occasioned by the women having been taken away from one tribe by another; which was of frequent occurrence. At other times they


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34 were caused by the women willingly leaving their husbands, and joining other men, which the natives consider very bad.

When these fights occurred, I was always kept in the rear. After the skirmish just mentioned was over, the tribe to whom the boys belonged retired farther into the bush, when we made our huts, as I have described, with boughs and bark. Suddenly in the night, the others came upon our party and drove us away. The bodies of the two boys who were killed were laying in one of the huts, so they cut off their legs and thighs, carrying them away; the remains of their bodies our people burned in the usual manner; we then left for the sea side. Soon after a messenger was sent to another tribe, with whom they had a quarrel about the women; the message was to say they would meet them at a certain place to fight it out. In about four days he returned, with information that the challenge was accepted; so we went there, I, of course, not then being conscious of what we were going for. On our arrival at the battle ground, about twenty miles distant, we found five different tribes all collected together, and ready for action. The fight commenced immediately, and it lasted about three hours, during which three women were killed—for strange to say, the females in these quarrels generally suffered the most. These continual contests alarmed me, for the contending parties were always pointing toward me, as if I had been their origin; and I again began to think I should be sacrificed as a peace offering. Quiet was at


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Rh length restored, and the tribe we had joined separated from the others, and came toward where I was standing. Having formed themselves into a sort of guard, they marched me back to the other tribe, who placed themselves in square, on the spot where the fight had been. On our arrival solemn silence was observed—not even a whisper was uttered, but all eyes were directed toward me, and I again felt that some serious event might be expected, in which my safety was involved. I had a few minutes before seen women and boys murdered in their fury, and it was natural for me to feel alarm under such circumstances. After a while, they all began talking together tepidly, shaking their spears, and jumping wildly about, as if they were going mad; this ended, they gave three loud shouts, and returned to their respective huts—so I was relieved from my fears once more. In the morning, I found the other tribe had gone away, and soon after we left for the place my friends chiefly inhabited, and there we lived for a very long time unmolested, and without anything particular occurring. We remained in peace and quietness, until a messenger came from another tribe, saying we were to meet them some miles off. Their method of describing time is by signs on the fingers—one man of each party marking the days by chalkings on the arm, and then rubbing one off as each day passes. After travelling two or three days, we arrived at the appointed place, and found there a great number assembled, not one of whom I had seen before; and that evening we had the usual Corrobberree. In the morning


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36 we all went on a hunting excursion in perfect good humour, so that I had nothing to apprehend. It was a kangaroo hunt, and, as this was the first I had been at, I looked on with great interest, for I began to consider myself, by compulsion, a native, and to take a part in all their exercises. Considerable dexterity is used by them in catching and killing kangaroo; for they place themselves at particular spots and distances, so as to drive them into corners like flocks of sheep, and then they spear them without difficulty. We killed several very large ones, on which, with roasted roots, we made a great feast. After that, they all pipe-clayed themselves, and had another Corrobberree, and then, as usual, began to throw their spears about. This I thought would end in mischief, and the women appeared to think so too, for they ran into their huts. My guardians, as a precaution, took me with them. Nothing serious, however, occurred that night. In the morning it appeared that the Pootmaroo tribe had taken two women from the Yaawangis in the course of the night; or, that they had gone away willingly with their seducers. The consequence was another fight, but it ended without bloodshed. The affair, however, was not forgotten. After that, the tribes separated, each going to its respective locality.


text: An Australian Parsonage/Chapter I

title: An Australian Parsonage/Chapter I


text: An Australian Parsonage/Chapter II

title: An Australian Parsonage/Chapter II


text:
Author:Charles Pomeroy Parker

Works

 * Handbook of Latin Writing
 * "Socrates, Plato and the Roman Stoics" in The Harvard Classics Vol. 51 (1914)

title: Author:Charles Pomeroy Parker


text: Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715-1886/Parker, Charles Pomeroy


text:
Author talk:William Scott Ferguson

Professor of Modern History, Harvard University. (1914)

title: Author talk:William Scott Ferguson


text: User:HubaHubaHotChick

title: User:HubaHubaHotChick


text: Index:Attempt of a Theory of Electrical and Optical Phenomena in Moving Bodies


text: Index:Lewis - Babbitt.djvu

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towers of Zenith aspired above the morning mist; austere towers of steel and cement and limestone, sturdy as cliffs and delicate as silver rods. They were neither citadels nor churches, but frankly and beautifully office-buildings.

The mist took pity on the fretted structures of earlier generations: the Post Office with its shingle-tortured mansard, the red brick minarets of hulking old houses, factories with stingy and sooted windows, wooden tenements colored like mud. The city was full of such grotesqueries, but the clean towers were thrusting them from the business center, and on the farther hills were shining new houses, homes—they seemed—for laughter and tranquillity.

Over a concrete bridge fled a limousine of long sleek hood and noiseless engine. These people in evening clothes were returning from an all-night rehearsal of a Little Theater play, an artistic adventure considerably illuminated by champagne. Below the bridge curved a railroad, a maze of green and crimson lights. The New York Flyer boomed past, and twenty lines of polished steel leaped into the glare.

In one of the skyscrapers the wires of the Associated Press were closing down. The telegraph operators wearily raised their celluloid eye-shades after a night of talking with Paris and Peking. Through the building crawled the scrubwomen, yawning, their old shoes slapping. The dawn mist spun away.

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2 Cues of men with lunch-boxes clumped toward the immensity of new factories, sheets of glass and hollow tile, glittering shops where five thousand men worked beneath one roof, pouring out the honest wares that would be sold up the Euphrates and across the veldt. The whistles rolled out in greeting a chorus cheerful as the April dawn; the song of labor in a city built—it seemed—for giants.

There was nothing of the giant in the aspect of the man who was beginning to awaken on the sleeping-porch of a Dutch Colonial house in that residential district of Zenith known as Floral Heights.

His name was George F. Babbitt. He was forty-six years old now, in April, 1920, and he made nothing in particular, neither butter nor shoes nor poetry, but he was nimble in the calling of selling houses for more than people could afford to pay.

His large head was pink, his brown hair thin and dry. His face was babyish in slumber, despite his wrinkles and the red spectacle-dents on the slopes of his nose. He was not fat but he was exceedingly well fed; his cheeks were pads, and the unroughened hand which lay helpless upon the khaki-colored blanket was slightly puffy. He seemed prosperous, extremely married and unromantic; and altogether unromantic appeared this sleeping-porch, which looked on one sizable elm, two respectable grass-plots, a cement driveway, and a corrugated iron garage. Yet Babbitt was again dreaming of the fairy child, a dream more romantic than scarlet pagodas by a silver sea.

For years the fairy child had come to him. Where others saw but Georgie Babbitt, she discerned gallant youth. She waited for him, in the darkness beyond mysterious groves. When at last he could slip away from the crowded house he

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Rh darted to her. His wife, his clamoring friends, sought to follow, but he escaped, the girl fleet beside him, and they crouched together on a shadowy hillside. She was so slim, so white, so eager! She cried that he was gay and valiant, that she would wait for him, that they would sail—

Rumble and bang of the milk-truck.

Babbitt moaned; turned over; struggled back toward his dream. He could see only her face now, beyond misty waters. The furnace-man slammed the basement door. A dog barked in the next yard. As Babbitt sank blissfully into a dim warm tide, the paper-carrier went by whistling, and the rolled-up Advocate thumped the front door. Babbitt roused, his stomach constricted with alarm. As he relaxed, he was pierced by the familiar and irritating rattle of some one cranking a Ford: snap-ah-ah, snap-ah-ah, snap-ah-ah. Himself a pious motorist, Babbitt cranked with the unseen driver, with him waited through taut hours for the roar of the starting engine, with him agonized as the roar ceased and again began the infernal patient snap-ah-ah—a round, flat sound, a shivering cold-morning sound, a sound infuriating and inescapable. Not till the rising voice of the motor told him that the Ford was moving was he released from the panting tension. He glanced once at his favorite tree, elm twigs against the gold patina of sky, and fumbled for sleep as for a drug. He who had been a boy very credulous of life was no longer greatly interested in the possible and improbable adventures of each new day.

He escaped from reality till the alarm-clock rang, at seven-twenty.

It was the best of nationally advertised and quantitatively produced alarm-clocks, with all modern attachments, including cathedral chime, intermittent alarm, and a phosphorescent dial. Babbitt was proud of being awakened by such a rich

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4 device. Socially it was almost as creditable as buying expensive cord tires.

He sulkily admitted now that there was no more escape, but he lay and detested the grind of the real-estate business, and disliked his family, and disliked himself for disliking them. The evening before, he had played poker at Vergil Gunch's till midnight, and after such holidays he was irritable before breakfast. It may have been the tremendous home-brewed beer of the prohibition-era and the cigars to which that beer enticed him; it may have been resentment of return from this fine, bold man-world to a restricted region of wives and stenographers, and of suggestions not to smoke so much.

From the bedroom beside the sleeping-porch, his wife's detestably cheerful "Time to get up, Georgie boy," and the itchy sound, the brisk and scratchy sound, of combing hairs out of a stiff brush.

He grunted; he dragged his thick legs, in faded baby-blue pajamas, from under the khaki blanket; he sat on the edge of the cot, running his fingers through his wild hair, while his plump feet mechanically felt for his slippers. He looked regretfully at the blanket—forever a suggestion to him of freedom and heroism. He had bought it for a camping trip which had never come off. It symbolized gorgeous loafing, gorgeous cursing, virile flannel shirts.

He creaked to his feet, groaning at the waves of pain which passed behind his eyeballs. Though he waited for their scorching recurrence, he looked blurrily out at the yard. It delighted him, as always; it was the neat yard of a successful business man of Zenith, that is, it was perfection, and made him also perfect. He regarded the corrugated iron garage. For the three-hundred-and-sixty-fifth time in a year he reflected, "No class to that tin shack. Have to build me a frame garage. But by golly it's the only thing on the place that isn't up-to-date!" While he stared he thought of a community garage for his acreage development, Glen Oriole. He stopped puffing and

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Rh jiggling. His arms were akimbo. His petulant, sleep-swollen face was set in harder lines. He suddenly seemed capable, an official, a man to contrive, to direct, to get things done.

On the vigor of his idea he was carried down the hard, dean, unused-looking hall into the bathroom.

Though the house was not large it had, like all houses on Floral Heights, an altogether royal bathroom of porcelain and glazed tile and metal sleek as silver. The towel-rack was a rod of clear glass set in nickel. The tub was long enough for a Prussian Guard, and above the set bowl was a sensational exhibit of tooth-brush holder, shaving-brush holder, soap-dish, sponge-dish, and medicine-cabinet, so glittering and so ingenious that they resembled an electrical instrument-board. But the Babbitt whose god was Modern Appliances was not pleased. The air of the bathroom was thick with the smell of a heathen toothpaste. "Verona been at it again! 'Stead of sticking to Lilidol, like I've re-peat-ed-ly asked her, she's gone and gotten some confounded stinkum stuff that makes you sick!"

The bath-mat was wrinkled and the floor was wet. (His daughter Verona eccentrically took baths in the morning, now and then.) He slipped on the mat, and slid against the tub. He said "Damn!" Furiously he snatched up his tube of shaving-cream, furiously he lathered, with a belligerent slapping of the unctuous brush, furiously he raked his plump cheeks with a safety-razor. It pulled. The blade was dull. He said, "Damn—oh—oh—damn it!"

He hunted through the medicine-cabinet for a packet of new razor-blades (reflecting, as invariably, "Be cheaper to buy one of these dinguses and strop your own blades,") and when he discovered the packet, behind the round box of bicarbonate of soda, he thought ill of his wife for putting it there and very well of himself for not saying "Damn." But he did say it, immediately afterward, when with wet and soap-slippery fingers he tried to remove the horrible little

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6 envelope and crisp clinging oiled paper from the new blade.

Then there was the problem, oft-pondered, never solved, of what to do with the old blade, which might imperil the fingers of his young. As usual, he tossed it on top of the medicine-cabinet, with a mental note that some day he must remove the fifty or sixty other blades that were also temporarily, piled up there. He finished his shaving in a growing testiness increased by his spinning headache and by the emptiness in his stomach. When he was done, his round face smooth and streamy and his eyes stinging from soapy water, he reached for a towel. The family towels were wet, wet and clammy and vile, all of them wet, he found, as he blindly snatched them—his own face-towel, his wife's, Verona's, Ted's, Tinka's, and the lone bath-towel with the huge welt of initial. Then George F. Babbitt did a dismaying thing. He wiped his face on the guest-towel! It was a pansy-embroidered trifle which always hung there to indicate that the Babbitts were in the best Floral Heights society. No one had ever used it. No guest had ever dared to. Guests secretively took a corner of the nearest regular towel.

He was raging, "By golly, here they go and use up all the towels, every doggone one of 'em, and they use 'em and get 'em all wet and sopping, and never put out a dry one for me—of course, I'm the goat!—and then I want one and— I'm the only person in the doggone house that's got the slightest doggone bit of consideration for other people and thoughtfulness and consider there may be others that may want to use the doggone bathroom after me and consider—"

He was pitching the chill abominations into the bath-tub, pleased by the vindictiveness of that desolate flapping sound; and in the midst his wife serenely trotted in, observed serenely, "Why Georgie dear, what are you doing? Are you going to wash out the towels? Why, you needn't wash out the towels. Oh, Georgie, you didn't go and use the guest-towel, did you?"

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Rh It is not recorded that he was able to answer.

For the first time in weeks he was sufficiently roused by his wife to look at her.

Myra Babbitt—Mrs. George F. Babbitt—was definitely mature. She had creases from the corners of her mouth to the bottom of her chin, and her plump neck bagged. But the thing that marked her as having passed the line was that she no longer had reticences before her husband, and no longer worried about not having reticences. She was in a petticoat now, and corsets which bulged, and unaware of being seen in bulgy corsets. She had become so dully habituated to married life that in her full matronliness she was as sexless as an anemic nun. She was a good woman, a kind woman, a diligent woman, but no one, save perhaps Tinka her ten-year-old, was at all interested in her or entirely aware that she was alive.

After a rather thorough discussion of all the domestic and social aspects of towels she apologized to Babbitt for his having an alcoholic headache; and he recovered enough to endure the search for a B.V.D. undershirt which had, he pointed out, malevolently been concealed among his clean pajamas.

He was fairly amiable in the conference on the brown suit.

"What do you think, Myra?" He pawed at the clothes hunched on a chair in their bedroom, while she moved about mysteriously adjusting and patting her petticoat and, to his jaundiced eye, never seeming to get on with her dressing. "How about it? Shall I wear the brown suit another day?"

"Well, it looks awfully nice on you."

"I know, but gosh, it needs pressing."

"That's so. Perhaps it does."

"It certainly could stand being pressed, all right."

"Yes, perhaps it wouldn't hurt it to be pressed."

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8 "But gee, the coat doesn't need pressing. No sense in having the whole darn suit pressed, when the coat doesn't need it."

"That's so."

"But the pants certainly need it, all right. Look at them—look at those wrinkles—the pants certainly do need pressing."

"That's so. Oh, Georgie, why couldn't you wear the brown coat with the blue trousers we were wondering what we'd do with them?"

"Good Lord! Did you ever in all my life know me to wear the coat of one suit and the pants of another? What do you think I am? A busted bookkeeper?"

"Well, why don't you put on the dark gray suit to-day, and stop in at the tailor and leave the brown trousers?"

"Well, they certainly need—Now where the devil is that gray suit? Oh, yes, here we are."

He was able to get through the other crises of dressing with comparative resoluteness and calm.

His first adornment was the sleeveless dimity B.V.D. undershirt, in which he resembled a small boy humorlessly wearing a cheesecloth tabard at a civic pageant. He never put on B.V.D.'s without thanking the God of Progress that he didn't wear tight, long, old-fashioned undergarments, like his father-in-law and partner, Henry Thompson. His second embellishment was combing and slicking back his hair. It gave him a tremendous forehead, arching up two inches beyond the former hair-line. But most wonder-working of all was the donning of his spectacles.

There is character in spectacles—the pretentious tortoiseshell, the meek pince-nez of the school teacher, the twisted silver-framed glasses of the old villager. Babbitt's spectacles had huge, circular, frameless lenses of the very best glass; the ear-pieces were thin bars of gold. In them he was the modern business man; one who gave orders to clerks and drove a car and played occasional golf and was scholarly in regard

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Rh to Salesmanship. His head suddenly appeared not babyish but weighty, and you noted his heavy, blunt nose, his straight mouth and thick, long upper lip, his chin overfleshy but strong; with respect you beheld him put on the rest of his uniform as a Solid Citizen.

The gray suit was well cut, well made, and completely undistinguished. It was a standard suit. White piping on the V of the vest added a flavor of law and learning. His shoes were black laced boots, good boots, honest boots, standard boots, extraordinarily uninteresting boots. The only frivolity was in his purple knitted scarf. With considerable comment on the matter to Mrs. Babbitt (who, acrobatically fastening the back of her blouse to her skirt with a safety-pin, did not hear a word he said), he chose between the purple scarf and a tapestry effect with stringless brown harps among blown palms, and into it he thrust a snake-head pin with opal eyes.

A sensational event was changing from the brown suit to the gray the contents of his pockets. He was earnest about these objects. They were of eternal importance, like baseball or the Republican Party. They included a fountain pen and a silver pencil (always lacking a supply of new leads) which belonged in the righthand upper vest pocket. Without them he would have felt naked. On his watch-chain were a gold penknife, silver cigar-cutter, seven keys (the use of two of which he had forgotten), and incidentally a good watch. Depending from the chain was a large, yellowish elk's-tooth-proclamation of his membership in the Brotherly and Protective Order of Elks. Most significant of all was his loose-leaf pocket note-book, that modern and efficient note-book which contained the addresses of people whom he had forgotten, prudent memoranda of postal money-orders which had reached their destinations months ago, stamps which had lost their mucilage, clippings of verses by T. Cholmondeley Frink and of the newspaper editorials from which Babbitt got his opinions and his polysyllables, notes to be sure and do things which

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Rh he did not intend to do, and one curious inscription—D.S.S.D.M.Y.P.D.F.

But he had no cigarette-case. No one had ever happened to give him one, so he hadn't the habit, and people who carried cigarette-cases he regarded as effeminate.

Last, he stuck in his lapel the Boosters' Club button. With the conciseness of great art the button displayed two words: "Boosters-Pep!" It made Babbitt feel loyal and important. It associated him with Good Fellows, with men who were nice and human, and important in business circles. It was his V.C., his Legion of Honor ribbon, his Phi Beta Kappa key.

With the subtleties of dressing ran other complex worries. "I feel kind of punk this morning," he said. "I think I had too much dinner last evening. You oughtn't to serve those heavy banana fritters."

"But you asked me to have some."

"I know, but— I tell you, when a fellow gets past forty he has to look after his digestion. There's a lot of fellows that don't take proper care of themselves. I tell you at forty a man's a fool or his doctor—I mean, his own doctor. Folks don't give enough attention to this matter of dieting. Now I think— Course a man ought to have a good meal after the day's work, but it would be a good thing for both of us if we took lighter lunches."

"But Georgie, here at home I always do have a light lunch."

"Mean to imply I make a hog of myself, eating down-town? Yes, sure! You'd have a swell time if you had to eat the truck that new steward hands out to us at the Athletic Club! But I certainly do feel out of sorts, this morning. Funny, got a pain down here on the left side—but no, that wouldn't be appendicitis, would it? Last night, when I was driving over to Verg Gunch's, I felt a pain in my stomach, too. Right here it was—kind of a sharp shooting pain. I— Where'd that dime go to? Why don't you serve more prunes at breakfast?

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Rh Of course I eat an apple every evening—an apple a day keeps the doctor away—but still, you ought to have more prunes, and not all these fancy doodads."

"The last time I had prunes you didn't eat them."

"Well, I didn't feel like eating 'em, I suppose. Matter of fact, I think I did eat some of 'em. Anyway—I tell you it's mighty important to—I was saying to Verg Gunch, just last evening, most people don't take sufficient care of their diges—"

"Shall we have the Gunches for our dinner, next week?"

"Why sure; you bet."

"Now see here, George: I want you to put on your nice dinner-jacket that evening."

"Rats! The rest of 'em won't want to dress."

"Of course they will. You remember when you didn't dress for the Littlefields' supper-party, and all the rest did, and how embarrassed you were."

"Embarrassed, hell! I wasn't embarrassed. Everybody knows I can put on as expensive a Tux. as anybody else, and I should worry if I don't happen to have it on sometimes. All a darn nuisance, anyway. All right for a woman, that stays around the house all the time, but when a fellow's worked like the dickens all day, he doesn't want to go and hustle his head off getting into the soup-and-fish for a lot of folks that he's seen in just reg'lar ordinary clothes that same day."

"You know you enjoy being seen in one. The other evening you admitted you were glad I'd insisted on your dressing. You said you felt a lot better for it. And oh, Georgie, I do wish you wouldn't say 'Tux.' It's 'dinner-jacket.'"

"Rats, what's the odds?"

"Well, it's what all the nice folks say. Suppose Lucile McKelvey heard you calling it a 'Tux.'"

"Well, that's all right now! Lucile McKelvey can't pull anything on me! Her folks are common as mud, even if her husband and her dad are millionaires! I suppose you're trying

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12 to rub in your exalted social position! Well, let me tell you that your revered paternal ancestor, Henry T., doesn't even call it a 'Tux.'! He calls it a 'bobtail jacket for a ringtail monkey,' and you couldn't get him into one unless you chloroformed him!"

"Now don't be horrid, George."

"Well, I don't want to be horrid, but Lord! you're getting as fussy as Verona. Ever since she got out of college she's been too rambunctious to live with—doesn't know what she wants—well, I know what she wants!—all she wants is to marry a millionaire, and live in Europe, and hold some preacher's hand, and simultaneously at the same time stay right here in Zenith and be some blooming kind of a socialist agitator or boss charity-worker or some damn thing! Lord, and Ted is just as bad! He wants to go to college, and he doesn't want to go to college. Only one of the three that knows her own mind is Tinka. Simply can't understand how I ever came to have a pair of shillyshallying children like Rone and Ted. I may not be any Rockefeller or James J. Shakespeare, but I certainly do know my own mind, and I do keep right on plugging along in the office and— Do you know the latest? Far as I can figure out, Ted's new bee is he'd like to be a movie actor and—And here I've told him a hundred times, if he'll go to college and law-school and make good, I'll set him up in business and— Verona just exactly as bad. Doesn't know what she wants. Well, well, come on! Aren't you ready yet? The girl rang the bell three minutes ago."

Before he followed his wife, Babbitt stood at the westernmost window of their room. This residential settlement, Floral Heights, was on a rise; and though the center of the city was three miles away—Zenith had between three and four hundred thousand inhabitants now—he could see the top of

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Rh the Second National Tower, an Indiana limestone building of thirty-five stories.

Its shining walls rose against April sky to a simple cornice like a streak of white fire. Integrity was in the tower, and decision. It bore its strength lightly as a tall soldier. As Babbitt stared, the nervousness was soothed from his face, his slack chin lifted in reverence. All he articulated was "That's one lovely sight!" but he was inspired by the rhythm of the city; his love of it renewed. He beheld the tower as a temple-spire of the religion of business, a faith passionate, exalted, surpassing common men; and as he clumped down to breakfast he whistled the ballad "Oh, by gee, by gosh, by jingo" as though it were a hymn melancholy and noble.

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Introduction
§ 1. The question as to whether the aether shares the motion of ponderable bodies or not, has still found no answer that satisfies all physicists. For the decision, primarily the aberration of light and related phenomena could be used, but so far none of the two contested theories, neither that of, nor that of , were fully confirmed with respect to all observations, so concerning the choice between the two views we can only weigh against each other the remaining problems for both of them. By that I was long ago led to believe that with 's view, i.e. with the assumption of a stationary aether, we are on the right way. While against the view of there is hardly more than one objection, i.e. the doubt that his assumptions regarding the aether-motion in the vicinity of Earth are contradictory, but this objection is of great weight, and I can't see at all how it could be eliminated.

The difficulties for 's theory stem from the known interference experiment of and, as some think, from the experiments, by which  in vain sought to find an influence of Earth's motion on the


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 induction of two circuits. The results of the American scientist, however, allow of an interpretation by an auxiliary hypotheses, and the findings of can easily be explained without such one.

Concerning the observations of on the rotation of polarization in glass columns, the matter is as follows. At first glance, the result is decidedly against ' view. Yet when I tried to improve 's theory, the explanation of 's experiments was not quite successful, so I gradually suspected that this result had been obtained by observational error, or at least it had not met the theoretical considerations which formed the basis of the experiments. And was so friendly to tell my colleague  after his request, that at present he himself doesn't see his observations as crucial.

In the further course of this work, I will come back in more detail to some of the issues raised at this place. Here I was concerned only with the preliminary justification of the standpoint I have taken.

In favor of 's theory several well-known reasons can be cited. Especially the impossibility of locking the aether between solid or liquid walls. As far as we know, a space devoid of air behaves (in the mechanical sense) like a real vacuum, when ponderable bodies are in motion. When we see how the mercury of a barometer rises to the top when the tube is inclined, or how easily a closed metal shell can be compressed, one can not avoid the idea, that solid and liquid bodies let the aether pass through without hindrance. One hardly will


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 assume, that this medium could suffer a compression, without giving resistance to it.

That transparent bodies can move, without communicating their full velocity to the contained aether, was proven by 's famous interference experiment with streaming water. This experiment, that later was repeated by and  on a larger scale, could impossibly have had the observed success, when everything within the tube would possess a common velocity. By that, only the behavior of nontransparent substances and very extended bodies remains questionable.

It should be noted, moreover, that we can imagine the permeability of a body in two ways. First, this property might not be present in individual atoms, yet when the atoms were very small compared to the gaps between them, it might be present in matter of greater extension; but secondly, it may be assumed - and this hypothesis I will use in the following - that ponderable matter is absolutely permeable, namely that at the location of an atom, also the aether exists at the same time, which would be understandable if we were allowed to see the atoms as local modifications of the aether.

It is not my intention to enter into such speculations more closely, or to express assumptions about the nature of the aether. I only wish to keep myself as free as possible from preconceived opinions about that substance, and I won't, for example, attribute to it the properties of ordinary liquids and gases. If it is the case, that a representation of the phenomena would succeed best under the condition of absolute permeability, then one should admit of such an assumption for the time being, and leave it to the subsequent research, to give us a deeper understanding.


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 That we cannot speak about an absolute rest of the aether, is self-evident; this expression would not even make sense. When I say for the sake of brevity, that the aether would be at rest, then this only means that one part of this medium does not move against the other one and that all perceptible motions are relative motions of the celestial bodies in relation to the aether.

§ 2. Since 's views became more and more accepted, the question of the properties of the aether became highly important also for the theory of elasticity. Strictly speaking, not a single experiment in which a charged body or a current conductor moves, can be handled carefully, if the state of motion of the aether is not considered at the same time. In any phenomenon of electricity, the question arises whether an influence of the earth's motion is to be expected; and regarding the consequences of the latter for optical phenomena, we have to demand from the electro-magnetic theory of light that it can account for the already established facts. Namely, the aberration theory isn't one of those parts of optics, for which treatment the general principles of wave theory are sufficient. Once a telescope comes into play, one can not help but to apply 's dragging coefficient to the lenses, yet its value can only be derived from special assumptions about the nature of light vibrations.

The fact that the electro-magnetic theory of light really leads to that coefficient assumed by, was shown by me two years ago. Since then I have greatly simplified the theory and extended it also to the processes involved in reflection and refraction, as well as birefringent bodies. It may be permitted for me, to come back to this matter.


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 To come to the basic equations for the phenomena of electricity in moving bodies, I joined an opinion that has been represented in recent years by several physicists; I have indeed assumed that small electrically charged molecules exist in all bodies, and that all electric processes are based on the location and motion of these "ions". As regards the electrolytes, this view is widely recognized as the only possible one, and,  ,  ,  and  have defended the view, that also as regards the electricity conduction in gases, we are dealing with a convection by ions. It seems to me, that nothing prevents us to believe that the molecules of ponderable dielectric bodies contain such particles, which are connected to certain equilibrium positions and are moved only by external electric forces thereof; just herein the "dielectric polarization" of such bodies would consist.

The periodically changing polarization, which forms a light ray according to 's theory, become vibrations of the ions in this conception. It is well known that many researchers, who stood on the basis of the older theory of light, considered the resonance of ponderable matter as the cause of color dispersion, and this explanation can in the main also included into the electro-magnetic theory of light, for which it is only necessary to ascribe to the ions a certain mass. This I have shown in a previous paper, in which I admittedly have derived the equations of motion from actions at a distance, and not, what I now consider to be much easier, from 's expressions.


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 Later, in his electromagnetic theory of color dispersion started from the same point of view.

has applied to various cases the hypothesis, that electricity is connected to ions in metallic conductors as well; but the picture which he gives of the processes in these bodies is at one point substantially different from the idea that we have on the conduction in electrolytes. While the particles of dissolved salt, however often they may be stopped by the water molecules, eventually might travel over large distances, the ions in a copper wire will hardly have such a great mobility. We can however be satisfied with forward and backward motion at molecular distances, if we only assume that one ion often transfers its charge to another, or that two oppositely charged ions, if they meet, or after they were "connected" with one another, exchange their charges against each other. In any case, such processes must take place at the boundary of two bodies, when a current flows from one to the other. If for example $$n$$ positively charged copper atoms are separated at a copper plate, and we also want for the latter all the electricity be connected to ions, then we have to assume that the charges are transferred to $$n$$ atoms in the plate, or that $$\tfrac{1}{2}n$$ of the deposited particles exchange their charges with $$\tfrac{1}{2}n$$ negatively charged copper atoms, which were already in the electrode.

Thus, if the adoption of this transition or exchange of the ionic charges - one of course still very dark process - is the essential complement to any theory that


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 requires an entrainment of electricity by ions, then a persistent electric current never consists of a convection alone, at least not when the centers of two touching or interconnected particles are in some distance $$l$$ from each other. Then the electricity motion happens without convection over a distance of order $$l$$, and only if this is very small in proportion to the distance over which a convection takes place, we on the whole are dealing almost exclusively with this latter phenomenon.

is of the opinion that in metals a real convection was not at all in play. But since it does not seem possible to include the "jumping" of the charges into the theory, then one would excuse, that for my part I totally disregard such a process, and that I interpret a current in a metal wire simply as a motion of charged particles.

Further research will have to decide whether the results of the theory remains at a different view.

§ 3. The theory of ions was very suitable for my purpose, because it makes it possible to introduce the permeability of the aether in a rather satisfactory way in the equations. Of course, these were decomposed into two groups. First, we have to express as to how the state of the aether by charge, position and motion of the ions is determined; then, secondly, we have to indicate by which forces the aether is acting on the charged particles. In my paper already cited I have derived the formulas by means of 's principle from certain assumptions and therefore selected a path, that has much resemblance with 's application of 's equations. Now I prefer for the sake of brevity, to introduce the basic equations themselves as hypotheses.

The formulas for the aether are in agreement, regarding the space between


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 the ions, with the known equations of 's theory, and generally express that any change that was caused by an ion in the aether, propagates with the velocity of light. But we regard the force exerted by the aether on a charged particle, as a function of the state of that medium at the point where the particle is located. The adopted fundamental law differs in a major point from the laws, that were introduced by and. The influence that was suffered by a particle B due to the vicinity of a second one A, indeed depends on the motion of the latter, but not on its instantaneous motion. Much more relevant is the motion of A some time earlier, and the adopted law corresponds to the requirement for the theory of electrodynamics, that was presented by in 1845 in his known letter to

In general, the assumptions that I introduce represent in a certain sense a return to the earlier theories of electricity. The core of 's views is therefore not lost, but it cannot be denied that with the adoption of ions we are not far away from the electric particles, which were used earlier. In some simple cases, this occurs particularly clear. Since the essence of electric charge is seen by us in the accumulation of positive or negative charged particles, and since the basic formulas for stationary ions give 's law, therefore, for example, the entire electrostatics can be brought into the earlier form.


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of Babbitt's bumbling and the soft grunts with which his wife expressed the sympathy she was too experienced to feel and much too experienced not to show, their bedroom settled instantly into impersonality.

It gave on the sleeping-porch. It served both of them as dressing-room, and on the coldest nights Babbitt luxuriously gave up the duty of being manly and retreated to the bed inside, to curl his toes in the warmth and laugh at the January gale.

The room displayed a modest and pleasant color-scheme, after one of the best standard designs of the decorator who "did the interiors" for most of the speculative-builders' houses in Zenith. The walls were gray, the woodwork white, the rug a serene blue; and very much like mahogany was the furniture—the bureau with its great clear mirror, Mrs. Babbitt's dressing-table with toilet-articles of almost solid silver, the plain twin beds, between them a small table holding a standard electric bedside lamp, a glass for water, and a standard bedside book with colored illustrations—what particular book it was cannot be ascertained, since no one had ever opened it. The mattresses were firm but not hard, triumphant modern mattresses which had cost a great deal of money; the hot-water radiator was of exactly the proper scientific surface for the cubic contents of the room. The windows were large and easily opened, with the best catches and cords, and Holland roller-shades guaranteed not to crack. It was a masterpiece among bedrooms, right out of Cheerful Modern Houses for Medium Incomes. Only it had nothing to do with the

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Rh Babbitts, nor with any one else. If people had ever lived and loved here, read thrillers at midnight and lain in beautiful indolence on a Sunday morning, there were no signs of it. It had the air of being a very good room in a very good hotel. One expected the chambermaid to come in and make it ready for people who would stay but one night, go without looking back, and never think of it again.

Every second house in Floral Heights had a bedroom precisely like this.

The Babbitts' house was five years old. It was all as competent and glossy as this bedroom. It had the best of taste, the best of inexpensive rugs, a simple and laudable architecture, and the latest conveniences. Throughout, electricity took the place of candles and slatternly hearth-fires. Along the bedroom baseboard were three plugs for electric lamps, concealed by little brass doors. In the halls were plugs for the vacuum cleaner, and in the living-room plugs for the piano lamp, for the electric fan. The trim dining-room (with its admirable oak buffet, its leaded-glass cupboard, its creamy plaster walls, its modest scene of a salmon expiring upon a pile of oysters) had plugs which supplied the electric percolator and the electric toaster.

In fact there was but one thing wrong with the Babbitt house: It was not a home.

Often of a morning Babbitt came bouncing and jesting in to breakfast. But things were mysteriously awry to-day. As he pontifically tread the upper hall he looked into Verona's bedroom and protested, "What's the use of giving the family a high-class house when they don't appreciate it and tend to business and get down to brass tacks?"

He marched upon them: Verona, a dumpy brown-haired girl of twenty-two, just out of Bryn Mawr, given to solicitudes

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16 about duty and sex and God and the unconquerable bagginess of the gray sports-suit she was now wearing. Ted—Theodore Roosevelt Babbitt—a decorative boy of seventeen. Tinka—Katherine—still a baby at ten, with radiant red hair and a thin skin which hinted of too much candy and too many ice cream sodas. Babbitt did not show his vague irritation as he tramped in. He really disliked being a family tyrant, and his nagging was as meaningless as it was frequent. He shouted at Tinka, "Well, kittiedoolie!" It was the only pet name in his vocabulary, except the "dear" and "hon." with which he recognized his wife, and he flung it at Tinka every morning.

He gulped a cup of coffee in the hope of pacifying his stomach and his soul. His stomach ceased to feel as though it did not belong to him, but Verona began to be conscientious and annoying, and abruptly there returned to Babbitt the doubts regarding life and families and business which had clawed at him when his dream-life and the slim fairy girl had fled.

Verona had for six months been filing-clerk at the Gruensberg Leather Company offices, with a prospect of becoming secretary to Mr. Gruensberg and thus, as Babbitt defined it, "getting some good out of your expensive college education till you're ready to marry and settle down."

But now said Verona: "Father! I was talking to a classmate of mine that's working for the Associated Charities—oh, Dad, there's the sweetest little babies that come to the milk-station there!—and I feel as though I ought to be doing something worth while like that."

"What do you mean 'worth while'? If you get to be Gruensberg's secretary—and maybe you would, if you kept up your shorthand and didn't go sneaking off to concerts and talkfests every evening—I guess you'll find thirty-five or forty bones a week worth while!"

"I know, but—oh, I want to—contribute— I wish I were

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Rh working in a settlement-house. I wonder if I could get one of the department-stores to let me put in a welfare-department with a nice rest-room and chintzes and wicker chairs and so on and so forth. Or I could—"

"Now you look here! The first thing you got to understand is that all this uplift and flipflop and settlement-work and recreation is nothing in God's world but the entering wedge for socialism. The sooner a man learns he isn't going to be coddled, and he needn't expect a lot of free grub and, uh, all these free classes and flipflop and doodads for his kids unless he earns 'em, why, the sooner he'll get on the job and produce—produce—produce! That's what the country needs, and not all this fancy stuff that just enfeebles the will-power of the working man and gives his kids a lot of notions above their class. And you—if you'd tend to business instead of fooling and fussing—All the time! When I was a young man I made up my mind what I wanted to do, and stuck to it through thick and thin, and that's why I'm where I am to-day, and—Myra! What do you let the girl chop the toast up into these dinky little chunks for? Can't get your fist onto 'em. Half cold, anyway!"

Ted Babbitt, junior in the great East Side High School, had been making hiccup-like sounds of interruption. He blurted now, "Say, Rone, you going to—"

Verona whirled. "Ted! Will you kindly not interrupt us when we're talking about serious matters!"

"Aw punk," said Ted judicially. "Ever since somebody slipped up and let you out of college, Ammonia, you been pulling these nut conversations about what-nots and so-on-and-so-forths. Are you going to— I want to use the car tonight."

Babbitt snorted, "Oh, you do! May want it myself!" Verona protested, "Oh, you do, Mr. Smarty! I'm going to take it myself!" Tinka wailed, "Oh, papa, you said maybe you'd drive us down to Rosedale!" and Mrs. Babbitt, "Care-

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18 ful Tinka, your sleeve is in the butter." They glared, and Verona hurled, "Ted, you're a perfect pig about the car!"

"Course you're not! Not a-tall!" Ted could be maddeningly bland. "You just want to grab it off, right after dinner, and leave it in front of some skirt's house all evening while you sit and gas about lite'ature and the highbrows you're going to marry—if they only propose!"

"Well, Dad oughtn't to ever let you have it! You and those beastly Jones boys drive like maniacs. The idea of your taking the turn on Chautauqua Place at forty miles an hour!"

"Aw, where do you get that stuff! You're so darn scared of the car that you drive up-hill with the emergency brake on!"

"I do not! And you— Always talking about how much you know about motors, and Eunice Littlefield told me you said the battery fed the generator!"

"You—why, my good woman, you don't know a generator from a differential." Not unreasonably was Ted lofty with her. He was a natural mechanic, a maker and tinkerer of machines; he lisped in blueprints for the blueprints came.

"That'll do now!" Babbitt flung in mechanically, as he lighted the gloriously satisfying first cigar of the day and tasted the exhilarating drug of the Advocate-Times headlines.

Ted negotiated: "Gee, honest, Rone, I don't want to take the old boat, but I promised couple o' girls in my class I'd drive 'em down to the rehearsal of the school chorus, and, gee, I don't want to, but a gentleman's got to keep his social engagements."

"Well, upon my word! You and your social engagements! In high school!"

"Oh, ain't we select since we went to that hen college! Let me tell you there isn't a private school in the state that's got as swell a bunch as we got in Gamma Digamma this year. There's two fellows that their dads are millionaires. Say,

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Rh gee, I ought to have a car of my own, like lots of the fellows."

Babbitt almost rose. "A car of your own! Don't you want a yacht, and a house and lot? That pretty nearly takes the cake! A boy that can't pass his Latin examinations, like any other boy ought to, and he expects me to give him a motor-car, and I suppose a chauffeur, and an areoplane [sic] maybe, as a reward for the hard work he puts in going to the movies with Eunice Littlefield! Well, when you see me giving you—"

Somewhat later, after diplomacies, Ted persuaded Verona to admit that she was merely going to the Armory, that evening, to see the dog and cat show. She was then, Ted planned, to park the car in front of the candy-store across from the Armory and he would pick it up. There were masterly arrangements regarding leaving the key, and having the gasoline tank filled; and passionately, devotees of the Great God Motor, they hymned the patch on the spare inner-tube, and the lost jack-handle.

Their truce dissolving, Ted observed that her friends were "a scream of a bunch-stuck-up gabby four-flushers." His friends, she indicated, were "disgusting imitation sports, and horrid little shrieking ignorant girls." Further: "It's disgusting of you to smoke cigarettes, and so on and so forth, and those clothes you've got on this morning, they're too utterly ridiculous—honestly, simply disgusting."

Ted balanced over to the low beveled mirror in the buffet, regarded his charms, and smirked. His suit, the latest thing in Old Eli Togs, was skin-tight, with skimpy trousers to the tops of his glaring tan boots, a chorus-man waistline, pattern of an agitated check, and across the back a belt which belted nothing. His scarf was an enormous black silk wad. His flaxen hair was ice-smooth, pasted back without parting. When he went to school he would add a cap with a long vizor like a shovel-blade. Proudest of all was his waistcoat, saved for, begged for, plotted for; a real Fancy Vest of fawn with polka dots of a decayed red, the points astoundingly long.

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Rh On the lower edge of it he wore a high-school button, a class button, and a fraternity pin.

And none of it mattered. He was supple and swift and flushed; his eyes (which he believed to be cynical) were candidly eager. But he was not over-gentle. He waved his hand at poor dumpy Verona and drawled: "Yes, I guess we're pretty ridiculous and disgusticulus, and I rather guess our new necktie is some smear!"

Babbitt barked: "It is! And while you're admiring yourself, let me tell you it might add to your manly beauty if you wiped some of that egg off your mouth!"

Verona giggled, momentary victor in the greatest of Great Wars, which is the family war. Ted looked at her hopelessly, then shrieked at Tinka: "For the love o' Pete, quit pouring the whole sugar bowl on your corn flakes!"

When Verona and Ted were gone and Tinka upstairs, Babbitt groaned to his wife: "Nice family, I must say! I don't pretend to be any baa-lamb, and maybe I'm a little cross-grained at breakfast sometimes, but the way they go on jab-jab-jabbering, I simply can't stand it. I swear, I feel like going off some place where I can get a little peace. I do think after a man's spent his lifetime trying to give his kids a chance and a decent education, it's pretty discouraging to hear them all the time scrapping like a bunch of hyenas and never—and never— Curious; here in the paper it says— Never silent for one mom— Seen the morning paper yet?"

"No, dear." In twenty-three years of married life, Mrs. Babbitt had seen the paper before her husband just sixty-seven times.

"Lots of news. Terrible big tornado in the South. Hard luck, all right. But this, say, this is corking! Beginning of the end for those fellows! New York Assembly has passed some bills that ought to completely outlaw the socialists! And there's an elevator-runners' strike in New York and a lot of college boys are taking their places. That's the stuff! And

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Rh a mass-meeting in Birmingham's demanded that this Mick agitator, this fellow De Valera, be deported. Dead right, by golly! All these agitators paid with German gold anyway. And we got no business interfering with the Irish or any other foreign government. Keep our hands strictly off. And there's another well-authenticated rumor from Russia that Lenin is dead. That's fine. It's beyond me why we don't just step in there and kick those Bolshevik cusses out."

"That's so," said Mrs. Babbitt.

"And it says here a fellow was inaugurated mayor in overalls—a preacher, too! What do you think of that!"

"Humph! Well!"

He searched for an attitude, but neither as a Republican, a Presbyterian, an Elk, nor a real-estate broker did he have any doctrine about preacher-mayors laid down for him, so he grunted and went on. She looked sympathetic and did not hear a word. Later she would read the headlines, the society columns, and the department-store advertisements.

"What do you know about this! Charley McKelvey still doing the sassiety stunt as heavy as ever. Here's what that gushy woman reporter says about last night:"

Never is Society with the big, big S more flattered than when they are bidden to partake of good cheer at the distinguished and hospitable residence of Mr. and Mrs. Charles L. McKelvey as they were last night. Set in its spacious lawns and landscaping, one of the notable sights crowning Royal Ridge, but merry and homelike despite its mighty stone walls and its vast rooms famed for their decoration, their home was thrown open last night for a dance in honor of Mrs. McKelvey's notable guest, Miss J. Sneeth of Washington. The wide hall is so generous in its proportions that it made a perfect ballroom, its hardwood floor reflecting the charming pageant above its polished surface. Even the delights of dancing paled before the alluring opportunities for tete-a-tetes that invited the soul to loaf in the long library before the baronial fireplace, or in the drawing-room with its deep comfy armchairs, its shaded lamps just made for a sly whisper of pretty nothings all a deux; or even

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22 in the billiard room where one could take a cue and show a prowess at still another game than that sponsored by Cupid and Terpsichore.

There was more, a great deal more, in the best urban journalistic style of Miss Elnora Pearl Bates, the popular society editor of the Advocate-Times. But Babbitt could not abide it. He grunted. He wrinkled the newspaper. He protested: "Can you beat it! I'm willing to hand a lot of credit to Charley McKelvey. When we were in college together, he was just as hard up as any of us, and he's made a million good bucks out of contracting and hasn't been any dishonester or bought any more city councils than was necessary. And that's a good house of his—though it ain't any 'mighty stone walls' and it ain't worth the ninety thousand it cost him. But when it comes to talking as though Charley McKelvey and all that booze-hoisting set of his are any blooming bunch of of, of Vanderbilts, why, it makes me tired!"

Timidly from Mrs. Babbitt: "I would like to see the inside of their house though. It must be lovely. I've never been inside."

"Well, I have! Lots of—couple of times. To see Chaz about business deals, in the evening. It's not so much. I wouldn't WANT to go there to dinner with that gang of, of high-binders. And I'll bet I make a whole lot more money than some of those tin-horns that spend all they got on dress-suits and haven't got a decent suit of underwear to their name! Hey! What do you think of this!"

Mrs. Babbitt was strangely unmoved by the tidings from the Real Estate and Building column of the Advocate-Times:

And this morning Babbitt was too disquieted to entertain her with items from Mechanics' Liens, Mortgages Recorded, and

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Rh Contracts Awarded. He rose. As he looked at her his eyebrows seemed shaggier than usual. Suddenly:

"Yes, maybe— Kind of shame to not keep in touch with folks like the McKelveys. We might try inviting them to dinner, some evening. Oh, thunder, let's not waste our good time thinking about 'em! Our little bunch has a lot liver times than all those plutes. Just compare a real human like you with these neurotic birds like Lucile McKelvey—all highbrow talk and dressed up like a plush horse! You're a great old girl, hon.!"

He covered his betrayal of softness with a complaining: "Say, don't let Tinka go and eat any more of that poison nut-fudge. For Heaven's sake, try to keep her from ruining her digestion. I tell you, most folks don't appreciate how important it is to have a good digestion and regular habits. Be back 'bout usual time, I guess."

He kissed her—he didn't quite kiss her—he laid unmoving lips against her unflushing cheek. He hurried out to the garage, muttering: "Lord, what a family! And now Myra is going to get pathetic on me because we don't train with this millionaire outfit. Oh, Lord, sometimes I'd like to quit the whole game. And the office worry and detail just as bad. And I act cranky and— I don't mean to, but I get— So darn tired!"

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Some definitions and mathematical relations
§ 4. a. We want to say, that a rotation in a plane corresponds to a certain direction of the perpendicular, and namely it shall be the direction into that side, at which an observer must be located, so that for him the rotation is counter-clockwise.

b. The mutually perpendicular coordinate axes OX, OY, OZ are chosen by us, so that the direction of OZ corresponds to a rotation around a right angle of OX to OY.

c. A space, a surface and a line we denote by the letters $$\tau$$, $$\sigma$$ and $$s$$ throughout, and infinitely small parts by $$d\ \tau$$, $$d\ \sigma$$ and $$d\ s$$.

The perpendicular to a surface will by sketched by n, and is always drawn into a certain side, the "positive" one. As regards the line, a certain direction will be called "positive", and namely we note, when we are dealing with the border line s of a surface $$\sigma$$, the following rule: If P is a fixed point of $$\sigma$$, very near to s, and if a second point Q traverses the nearest part of s in positive direction, then the rotation of PQ shall correspond to the direction of the perpendicular to $$\sigma$$.

As regards a closed surface, the outer side shall be positive.

d. Usually we denote vectors by German letters; these sometimes also serve to denote the magnitude only. By $$\mathfrak{A}_l$$ we understand the component of the vector $$\mathfrak{A}$$ into the direction l; by $$\mathfrak{A}_x, \mathfrak{A}_y, \mathfrak{A}_z$$ therefore the components into the axis-directions.


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 For a vector with components $$X, Y, Z$$ we sometimes also write $$(X, Y, Z)$$.

e. If $$\phi$$ is a scalar magnitude, then we understand by $$\dot{\phi}$$ the derivative with respect to time t. The letter $$\dot{\mathfrak{A}}$$ denotes a vector with components: $$\dot{\mathfrak{A}}_{x}, \dot{\mathfrak{A}}_{y}, \dot{\mathfrak{A}}_{z}$$, or $$\tfrac{\partial\mathfrak{A}_{x}}{\partial t}$$ etc.

f. The expression

we call the "integral of vector $$\mathfrak{A}$$ over the surface $$\sigma$$", and the magnitude

the "line integral of line s".

g. If a vector $$\mathfrak{A}$$ in any point of space is given, then

has everywhere a certain value, independent of the choice of coordinate system. We call this magnitude "divergence" of vector $$\mathfrak{A}$$ and denote it by

For any space limited by a surface $$\sigma$$, the relation is given

when, as already mentioned, the perpendicular n will be drawn into the outside.

h. The magnitudes

can be interpreted as the components of vector $$\mathfrak{B}$$, which (independent from the choses coordinate system) is defined by the distribution of $$\mathfrak{A}$$. We call this vector the rotation of $$\mathfrak{A}$$ and denote it by


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 and its components occasionally by

$$[Rot\ \mathfrak{A}]_{l}.$$

If s is the border line of surface $$\sigma$$, then we have

Furthermore we will easily find

$$Div\ Rot\ \mathfrak{A}=0,$$

and for the components of vector $$Rot\ Rot\ \mathfrak{A}$$

$$\frac{\partial}{\partial x}Div\ \mathfrak{A}-\triangle\mathfrak{A}_{x},$$ etc.

Here, the letter $$\Delta$$ has, like in all our formulas, the meaning

$$\triangle=\frac{\partial^{2}}{\partial x^{2}}+\frac{\partial^{2}}{\partial y^{2}}+\frac{\partial^{2}}{\partial z^{2}}.$$

i. If m and n are scalar magnitudes, then we attribute to the expressions

$$-\mathfrak{A},\ m\ \mathfrak{A},\ m\ \mathfrak{A}\pm n\ \mathfrak{B}$$

the known meanings.

j. By $$[\mathfrak{A}.\mathfrak{B}]$$ we understand the so-called "vector product", namely a vector whose magnitude is given by the area of the parallelogram drawn over $$\mathfrak{A}$$ and $$\mathfrak{B}$$, and whose direction is perpendicular to the plane that is laid trough $$\mathfrak{A}$$ and $$\mathfrak{B}$$, and namely in a way, by that the direction of $$\mathfrak{A}$$ is transformed into the direction of $$\mathfrak{B}$$.

As regards the components it can be written $$[\mathfrak{A}.\mathfrak{B}]_{l}$$; the components into the axis-directions are:

$$\mathfrak{A}_{y}\mathfrak{B}_{z}-\mathfrak{A}_{z}\mathfrak{B}_{y},\ \mathfrak{A}_{z}\mathfrak{B}_{x}-\mathfrak{A}_{x}\mathfrak{B}_{z},\ \mathfrak{A}_{x}\mathfrak{B}_{y}-\mathfrak{A}_{y}\mathfrak{B}_{x}{,}$$

and

$$[\mathfrak{B}.\mathfrak{A}]= - [\mathfrak{A}.\mathfrak{B}].$$

k. The advantage of the previously introduced expressions mainly consists in the fact, that now three equations like

$$\mathfrak{A}_{x}=\mathfrak{B}_{x},\ \mathfrak{A}_{y}=\mathfrak{B}_{y},\ \mathfrak{A}_{z}=\mathfrak{B}_{z}$$

can be summarized in one formula

$$\mathfrak{A}=\mathfrak{B}$$

However, in the course of the investigation we will


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 often use the three individual equations. If they have the same form, so that they transform into one another by cyclic permutation of the letters, then we can restrict ourselves to only writing down the first equation, and to sketch the two others by "etc.".

l. We will often have to consider bodies with molecular structure. Then functions arise, whose value quickly changes in the individual molecules and in the interspaces, and namely in a highly irregular way, as the molecules themselves are not always structured and oriented regularly. In those cases it is recommended, to calculate with averages, which we define as follows:

We describe around center-point P a sphere of area I, and calculate for it, when $$\phi$$ is the magnitude to be considered, the integral $$\int\phi\ d\ \tau$$. Then we call

for which we want to write $$\bar{\phi}$$, the "average of $$\phi$$ at point P".

If we give to the sphere, where ever P may lie, always the same magnitude, then $$\bar{\phi}$$ can obviously only depend on t and the coordinates x, y, z of point P. It is clear that also $$\bar{\phi}$$ will show "rapid" changes from point to point, as long the sphere encloses only a few molecules, yet by a continuing increase the changes will step back more and more. We think for once and for all time a certain R as chosen, which is just as great that — with respect to the degree of exactitude that can be reached by the observations — we can neglect the rapid changes in $$\bar{\phi}$$. Then only the slow changes from point to point remain, that are accessible to our senses, and in all real cases they proceed so slow, that they hardly appear in spaces which are considerably greater as the sphere I. In these cases, $$\bar{\phi}$$


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 will be given only by expression (2), when we don't apply it to the mentioned sphere, but to an arbitrary formed larger space.

Of course $$\bar{\phi}=\phi$$ everywhere, as soon as $$\phi$$ doesn't show rapid changes.

Furthermore we easily find

m. By the average of a vector $$\mathfrak{A}$$ we understand a vector — it may be called $$\bar{\mathfrak{A}}$$ —, whose components are the averages of $$\mathfrak{A}_{x}, \mathfrak{A}_{y}, \mathfrak{A}_{z}$$. Consequently we have


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The equations for the aether.
§ 5. When forming the equations of motion we will express all magnitudes in electromagnetic measure, and preliminarily use a coordinate system that is at rest in the aether. Now according to, two kinds of deviations from the equilibrium state can exist in this medium. The deviation of first kind, which (among others) can be found in the vicinity of any charged body, we call the dielectric displacement; it is a vector quantity and may get the designation $$\mathfrak{d}$$. It is solenoidally distributed in "pure" aether, i.e. in the spaces between the ions, and we have

We now want to assume, that aether exists in the space where an ion is located, and that a dielectric displacement can happen at this place, i.e. that the dielectric displacement caused by a single ion is extended over the interior of the other ions.

The charge of an ion we see as distributed over a certain space; the spatial density may be called $$\rho$$, and we want to assume, that this function steadily goes over to 0 when passing from the interior of the particle into the pure aether.


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 In this assumption, that gives us the advantage that no discontinuities must be considered, there is no essential restriction. Because the charge distribution over a surface and a discontinuity of $$\rho$$ can be treated as limiting cases of states to which that assumption are applicable.

In the cases to be considered, $$\rho$$ is different from zero only in the interior of a very great number of small spaces which are completely mutually separated. Yet we can start with the general case, that an electric density exists in arbitrary great spaces. Since we think of the electric charges as always connected to ponderable matter, then this would correspond to a continuous distribution of matter.

Ponderable matter, which is not charged, has only to be considered by us, when it exerts molecular forces on the ions. Concerning the electric phenomena, it has no influence at all and everything happens, as if the space where it is located would only contain the aether.

Where $$\rho$$ is different form zero, equation (3) is not applicable anymore. According to a known theorem from 's theory, we have for any closed surface $$\sigma$$, when E represents the entire charge in the interior,

or

so everywhere it must be

If the ponderable matter is moving, then — since it carries the charge along with it — at a certain point of space there always exists another $$\rho$$, and soon it is (when we are dealing with mutually separated ions) different from zero here and there. Yet the condition of the aether has constantly to obey equation (I).

§ 6. The change of $$\mathfrak{d}$$, that happens with time at a


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 certain point of space, constitutes an electric current ('s displacement current) that can be represented by $$\dot{\mathfrak{d}}$$. We assume that it exists also in the interior of charged matter. Yet additionally we find a convection current $$\mathfrak{C}$$ there. This is considered by me, when $$\mathfrak{v}$$ is the velocity of ponderable matter, as given in magnitude and direction by

$$\mathfrak{C}=\rho\mathfrak{v}$$

and I put for the total current

In charged matter, $$\mathfrak{v}$$ shall continuously vary from point to point. Additionally the charge of every mass element shall stay unchanged during the motion. Thus $$\rho\omega$$ must be constant, when $$\omega$$ is the — maybe variable — volume of the element.

From this assumption we derive the property of solenoid distribution for the total current, which will be expressed by

§ 7. The second deviation of the equilibrium state of the aether will be determined by the magnetic force $$\mathfrak{H}$$. It depends on the instantaneous current distribution, and satisfies the requirements

whose applicability we also presuppose for the interior of ponderable matter.

Eventually we also assume the relation, for the interior of the ions as well as for the interspaces, by which in 's theory the dielectric displacement


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 is connected with the temporal variation of the magnetic force. The relation reads

if we denote by V the ratio of the electromagnetic and electrostatic units of electricity, or the velocity of light in the aether.

Now we have written down all equations for the aether. If $$\mathfrak{d}$$ and $$\mathfrak{H}$$ for $$t=0$$ are given everywhere, we know for all subsequent instants the motion of charged bodies, and if we also add the requirement, that $$\mathfrak{d}$$ and $$\mathfrak{H}$$ vanish in infinite distance, then these vectors are definitely specified.

Where $$\rho=0$$, the equations go over into the formulas for pure aether, from which it is knowingly given, that the variations represented by $$\mathfrak{d}$$ and $$\mathfrak{H}$$ propagate with the velocity of light.

Since the equations are linear, various solutions can be composed to a more general one by addition. For example, the motion of n ions shall be given, and n value systems of $$\mathfrak{d}$$ and $$\mathfrak{H}$$ shall be found that determine the state of the aether for the case in which only one ion exists, and the others were neglected. Then we obtain by superposition the state of the aether, being in agreement with the motions of all n ions. In this sense we may say, that any ion influences the state of aether in exactly such way, as if the others wouldn't exist.

§ 8. If the ponderable matter is at rest and $$\mathfrak{d}$$ is independent of time, then $$\mathfrak{S}$$ and $$\mathfrak{H}$$ vanish, while $$\mathfrak{d}$$ will be determined by

and

This last equation says, that $$\mathfrak{d}_{x},\ \mathfrak{d}_{y},\ \mathfrak{d}_{z}$$ can be considered as partial derivatives of a single function, which we want to call $$-\tfrac{\omega}{4\pi}$$. We thus put


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and derive from (I)

After we determined $$\omega$$ from that, $$\mathfrak{d}_{x},\ \mathfrak{d}_{y},\ \mathfrak{d}_{z}$$ can be calculated from (6).

The first part of the force acting on ponderable matter.
§ 9. According to the older electrostatics, whose conclusions are in agreement with experience, we obtain the force components that act on the volume element in the case previously considered, when we at first determine the "potential function" by means of 's equation, and then multiply its derivatives by $$-V^{2}\rho\ d\ \tau$$. Since our formula (7) is in agreement with 's equations, the potential function must coincide with $$\omega$$; therefore we have to assume as values of the force components

If the forces, as it is claimed by 's theory, shall be caused by the state of the aether, then it is probable that it depends on the dielectric displacement in the considered volume element. Indeed, when we consider (6), we can write for (8)

Therefore I will assume, that in all cases in which a dielectric displacement exists in element $$d\tau$$, the aether exerts a force with the mentioned components on ponderable matter located at this place, i.e. a force


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 which can be represented for the unit of charge by

$$\mathfrak{E}_{1}=4\pi V^{2}\mathfrak{d}.$$

§ 10. Let two stationary ions with charges e and $$e'$$ be given, whose dimensions are small in relation to distance r. To find the force that acts on the first one, we have to decompose it into space elements, to apply on any of them the previous theorem, and then to integrate. Thereby $$\mathfrak{d}$$ may be considered as composed of the dielectric displacements, that stem from the first and the second particle. We easily find that the first part of $$\mathfrak{d}$$ doesn't contribute anything to the total force. The second part has (within the first ion) everywhere the direction of r and the magnitude $$e'/4\pi r^{2}$$; so e will be repulsed by $$e'$$ by the force

$$V^{2}\frac{ee'}{r^{2}}.$$

As this is in agreement with 's laws, it is clear that the theory of ions, as regards the ordinary problems, leads back to the older way of treatment.

Electric currents in ponderable conductors.
§ 11. In a ponderable conductor, in which a current flows through, and in which innumerable ions are in motion according to our view, $$\mathfrak{d}$$, $$\mathfrak{S}$$ and $$\mathfrak{H}$$ are changing in an irregular way from point to point. Yet from equations (II) and (III) it follows

$$\begin{array}{l} Div\ \bar{\mathfrak{H}} = 0{,}\\ Rot\ \bar{\mathfrak{H}} = 4\pi\bar{\mathfrak{S}}{;}\\ \end{array}$$

since $$\bar{\mathfrak{H}}$$ coincides with $$\mathfrak{H}$$ in measurable distance from the conductor, and the action into the outside will only be determined by the average current $$\bar{\mathfrak{S}}$$. It is this current, with which the ordinary theory (which neglects molecular processes) is dealing.


text:
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 By equation (4) we have

$$\bar{\mathfrak{S}}=\overline{\rho\mathfrak{v}}+\dot{\bar{\mathfrak{d}}}.$$

If the state of flow is stationary, then the observable magnitudes and also the averages are independent of time. Thus it will be

$$\bar{\mathfrak{S}}=\overline{\rho\mathfrak{v}}{,}$$

i.e. only the convection currents cause the action into the outside.

By the definition given in § 4, the components of $$\overline{\rho\mathfrak{v}}$$ are

$$\frac{1}{I}\int\rho\mathfrak{v}_{x}\ d\ \rho\text{, u. s. w.,}$$

or, when $$\rho$$ is different from zero only within the ions, and any ion is displaced without rotation

$$\frac{1}{I}\sum e\mathfrak{v}\text{, etc.,}$$

where e is the charge of an ion, and the sum is related to all charged particles contained in sphere I. We can easily see, that the result can be summarized in the formula

$$\bar{\mathfrak{S}}=\frac{1}{I}\sum e\mathfrak{v}$$

and this remains valid, when we don't interpret I just as a sphere, but as an arbitrary space, whose dimensions (albeit very small) are nevertheless much greater than the average distance of the ions. Of course, then the sum must be extended over the chosen space as well.

If there is a current within a lead wire with cross-section $$\omega$$, then we can take for I the part, that lies between two cross-sections which are mutually distant by ds. Since the magnitude of current will be determined by:

$$i=\omega\bar{\mathfrak{S}}{,}$$

and $$I=\omega\ d\ s$$, thus we obtain


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where $$i\ d\ s$$ is to be considered as a vector in the direction of the current.

The second part of the force acting on ponderable matter
§ 12. A current element as the one previously considered, may be located in a magnetic field generated by external causes. According to a known law it suffers an electrodynamic force

for which we also can write now

or

This action results (according to our view) from the forces, which will be exerted by the aether upon the ions of the current element. It is thus near at hand, to assume for the force acting on a single ion

a hypothesis, which we still want to extend in a way, so that we generally assume a force acting on ponderable matter of the volume element $$d\tau$$

In unit charge this would be

By putting this vector together with $$\mathfrak{E}_{1}$$ that was considered earlier (§ 9), we obtain for the total force exerted on the unit of charge, i.e. for the electric force,


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 We refuse to express the thus stated law by words. By elevating it to a general fundamental-law, we have completed the system of equations of motion (I)—(V), since the electric force, in connection with possible other forces, determines the motion of ions.

Concerning the latter, we still want to introduce the assumption, that the ions never rotate.

The conservation of energy.
§ 13. To justify our hypotheses, it is necessary to show its agreement with the energy law. We consider an arbitrary system of ponderable bodies that contain ions, around which only the aether exists up to an infinite distance, and around it we put an arbitrarily closed surface $$\sigma$$. During an element of time $$dt$$, the work that affects ponderable matter and which stems from $$\mathfrak{E}$$, is

where it is to be noted, that no work is done by the forces (which are derived from $$\mathfrak{E}_{2}$$), because they are always perpendicular to the direction of motion. Furthermore, if dA is the work of all other forces acting on matter, and L is the ordinary mechanical energy of that matter, then

The integral is related to the space filled with ponderable matter; but we can also extend it over the entire space enclosed by $$\sigma$$. All other space integrals in this § are to be understood in the latter sense.