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United States Code/Title 28/Appendix/Federal Rules of Civil Procedure/Rule 16

Rule 16. Pretrial Conferences; Scheduling; Management

(a) Purposes of a Pretrial Conference. In any action, the court may order the attorneys and any unrepresented parties to appear for one or more pretrial conferences for such purposes as:
 * (1) expediting disposition of the action;
 * (2) establishing early and continuing control so that the case will not be protracted because of lack of management;
 * (3) discouraging wasteful pretrial activities;
 * (4) improving the quality of the trial through more thorough preparation; and
 * (5) facilitating settlement.

(b) Scheduling.
 * (1) Scheduling Order. Except in categories of actions exempted by local rule, the district judge—or a magistrate judge when authorized by local rule—must issue a scheduling order:
 * (A) after receiving the parties’ report under Rule 26 (f); or
 * (B) after consulting with the parties’ attorneys and any unrepresented parties at a scheduling conference or by telephone, mail, or other means.
 * (2) Time to Issue. The judge must issue the scheduling order as soon as practicable, but in any event within the earlier of 120 days after any defendant has been served with the complaint or 90 days after any defendant has appeared.
 * (3) Contents of the Order.
 * (A) Required Contents. The scheduling order must limit the time to join other parties, amend the pleadings, complete discovery, and file motions.
 * (B) Permitted Contents. The scheduling order may:
 * (i) modify the timing of disclosures under Rules 26 (a) and 26 (e)(1);
 * (ii) modify the extent of discovery;
 * (iii) provide for disclosure or discovery of electronically stored information;
 * (iv) include any agreements the parties reach for asserting claims of privilege or of protection as trial-preparation material after information is produced;
 * (v) set dates for pretrial conferences and for trial; and
 * (vi) include other appropriate matters.
 * (4) Modifying a Schedule. A schedule may be modified only for good cause and with the judge’s consent.

(c) Attendance and Matters for Consideration at a Pretrial Conference.
 * (1) Attendance. A represented party must authorize at least one of its attorneys to make stipulations and admissions about all matters that can reasonably be anticipated for discussion at a pretrial conference. If appropriate, the court may require that a party or its representative be present or reasonably available by other means to consider possible settlement.
 * (2) Matters for Consideration. At any pretrial conference, the court may consider and take appropriate action on the following matters:
 * (A) formulating and simplifying the issues, and eliminating frivolous claims or defenses;
 * (B) amending the pleadings if necessary or desirable;
 * (C) obtaining admissions and stipulations about facts and documents to avoid unnecessary proof, and ruling in advance on the admissibility of evidence;
 * (D) avoiding unnecessary proof and cumulative evidence, and limiting the use of testimony under Federal Rule of Evidence 702;
 * (E) determining the appropriateness and timing of summary adjudication under Rule 56;
 * (F) controlling and scheduling discovery, including orders affecting disclosures and discovery under Rule 26 and Rules 29 through 37;
 * (G) identifying witnesses and documents, scheduling the filing and exchange of any pretrial briefs, and setting dates for further conferences and for trial;
 * (H) referring matters to a magistrate judge or a master;
 * (I) settling the case and using special procedures to assist in resolving the dispute when authorized by statute or local rule;
 * (J) determining the form and content of the pretrial order;
 * (K) disposing of pending motions;
 * (L) adopting special procedures for managing potentially difficult or protracted actions that may involve complex issues, multiple parties, difficult legal questions, or unusual proof problems;
 * (M) ordering a separate trial under Rule 42(b) of a claim, counterclaim, crossclaim, third-party claim, or particular issue;
 * (N) ordering the presentation of evidence early in the trial on a manageable issue that might, on the evidence, be the basis for a judgment as a matter of law under Rule 50 (a) or a judgment on partial findings under Rule 52 (c);
 * (O) establishing a reasonable limit on the time allowed to present evidence; and
 * (P) facilitating in other ways the just, speedy, and inexpensive disposition of the action.

(d) Pretrial Orders. After any conference under this rule, the court should issue an order reciting the action taken. This order controls the course of the action unless the court modifies it.

(e) Final Pretrial Conference and Orders. The court may hold a final pretrial conference to formulate a trial plan, including a plan to facilitate the admission of evidence. The conference must be held as close to the start of trial as is reasonable, and must be attended by at least one attorney who will conduct the trial for each party and by any unrepresented party. The court may modify the order issued after a final pretrial conference only to prevent manifest injustice.

(f) Sanctions.
 * (1) In General. On motion or on its own, the court may issue any just orders, including those authorized by Rule 37 (b)(2)(A)(ii)–(vii), if a party or its attorney:
 * (A) fails to appear at a scheduling or other pretrial conference;
 * (B) is substantially unprepared to participate—or does not participate in good faith—in the conference; or
 * (C) fails to obey a scheduling or other pretrial order.
 * (2) Imposing Fees and Costs. Instead of or in addition to any other sanction, the court must order the party, its attorney, or both to pay the reasonable expenses—including attorney’s fees—incurred because of any noncompliance with this rule, unless the noncompliance was substantially justified or other circumstances make an award of expenses unjust.


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184 "I suppose the ladies have been besieging our poor Abramka?"

"I really can't tell you. So far as I am concerned, I have scarcely looked at what he made for me."

"Hm, how's that? Didn't you order your dress from Moscow again?"

"No, it really does not pay. I am sick of the bother of it all. Why all that trouble? For whom? Our officers don't care a bit how one dresses. They haven't the least taste."

"Hm, there's something back of that," thought Mrs. Shaldin.

The captain's wife continued with apparent indifference:

"I can guess what a gorgeous dress you had made abroad. Certainly in the latest fashion?"

"I?" Mrs. Shaldin laughed innocently. "How could I get the time during my cure to think of a dress? As a matter of fact, I completely forgot the ball, thought of it at the last moment, and bought the first piece of goods I laid my hands on."

"Pink?"

"Oh, no. How can you say pink!"

"Light blue, then?"

"You can't call it exactly light blue. It is a very undefined sort of colour. I really wouldn't know what to call it."

"But it certainly must have some sort of a shade?"

"You may believe me or not if you choose, but really I don't know. It's a very indefinite shade."

"Is it Sura silk?"

"No, I can't bear Sura. It doesn't keep the folds well."

"I suppose it is crêpe de Chine?"

"Heavens, no! Crêpe de Chine is much too expensive for me."

"Then what can it be?"

"Oh, wait a minute, what is the name of that goods? You know there are so many funny new names now. They don't make any sense."

"Then show me your dress, dearest. Do please show me your dress."

Mrs. Shaldin seemed to be highly embarrassed.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Author:Thomas Pitt Taswell-Langmead

Works

 * English Constitutional History: From the Teutonic Conquest to the Present Time
 * Parish registers: a plea for their preservation

title: Author:Thomas Pitt Taswell-Langmead


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Morgan much clerical preferment. He became rector of Walwyn's Castle, Pembrokeshire, 12 Feb. 1529-30; prebendary of Spaldwick in the diocese of Lincoln, 13 Dec. 1532 (, Cathedrals, p. 232); prebendary of St. Margaret's, Leicester, also in the diocese of Lincoln, 7 June 1536 (ib. p. 202); canon of Bristol, 4 June 1542 (ib. p. 791); prebendary of the collegiate church of Crantock in Cornwall, 1547; canon of Exeter, 1548; rector of Mawgan, Cornwall, 1549, and of St. Columb Major, Cornwall, 1550; prebendary of Hampton in Herefordshire, 1 March 1551 (ib. p. 574).

Upon the deprivation of Robert Ferrar [q. v.] he was appointed by Queen Mary bishop of St. David's in 1554, which see he held until he was deprived of it, on the accession of Elizabeth, about midsummer 1559. He then retired to Wolvercote, near Oxford, where some relatives, including the Owens of Godstow House, resided. He died at Wolvercote 23 Dec. 1559, and was buried in the church there.

John Foxe, in his 'Acts and Monuments of the Church' (sub anno 1558), like Thomas Beard in his 'Theatre of God's Judgments,' i. cap. 13, states that Morgan was 'stricken by God's hand' with a very strange malady, of which he gives some gruesome details; but Wood could find no tradition to that effect among the inhabitants of Wolvercote, though he made a careful inquiry into the matter. Wood mentions several legacies left by Morgan, proving 'that he did not die in a mean condition.'

[Wood's Athenæ Oxon. ii. 788, Fasti i. 67; Boase's Register of the Univ. of Oxford, p. 124; Foster's Alumni Oxon.; Owen's Pembrokeshire, 1892, p. 240; Coote's English Civilians; Freeman and Jones's History of St. Davids.]

 MORGAN, HENRY (1635?–1688), buccaneer, lieutenant-governor of Jamaica, eldest son of Robert Morgan of Llanrhvmny, Glamorganshire,was born about 1635 (, Limbus Patrum Morganiæ, p. 315). While still a mere lad he is said to have been kidnapped at Bristol and sold as a servant at Barbados, whence, on the expiration of his time, he found his way to Jamaica and joined the buccaneers. His uncle, Colonel Edward Morgan, went out as lieutenant-governor of Jamaica in 1664 (ib. ff. 189-90), and died in the attack on St. Eustatius, in July 1665 (Cal. State Papers, America and West Indies, 10 May 1664, No. 739 ; 23 Aug., 16 Nov. 1665, Nos. 1042, 1085, 1088). But Henry Morgan had no command in this expedition; and although the presence of at least three Morgans in the West Indies at Morgan the time renders identification difficult, it is possible that he was the Captain Morgan who, having commanded a privateer from the beginning of 1663, was, in January 1665, associated with John Morris and Jackman in their expedition up the river Tabasco in the Bay of Campeachy, when they took and plundered Vildemos; after which, returning eastwards, they crossed the Bay of Honduras, took Truxillo, and further south, went up the San Juan river in canoes as far as Lake Nicaragua, landed near Granada, which they sacked, and came away after overturning the guns and sinking the boats (ib. 1 March 1666, No.J1142). This appears the more probable, as the later career of John Morris was closely connected with that of Henry Morgan (ib. 7 Sept. 1668, No. 1838 ; 12 Oct. 1670, No. 293).

After the death of Colonel Edward Morgan, the governor of Jamaica, Sir Thomas Modyford [q. v.], commissioned a noted buccaneer, Edward Mansfield, to undertake the capture of Curaçoa, early in 1666. In that expedition Henry Morgan is first mentioned" as commanding a ship, and he was with Mansfield when he seized the island of Providence or Santa Catalina, which the Spaniards had taken from the English in 1641. Leaving a small garrison in the island, Mansfield returned to Jamaica on 12 June (ib. 16 June 1666, No. 1216), but shortly afterwards, falling into the hands of the Spaniards, he was put to death (ib. No. 1827), and the buccaneers elected Morgan to be their 'admiral.' Santa Catalina was retaken by the Spaniards in August 1666. In the beginning of 1668 Morgan was directed by Modyford to levy a sufficient force and take some Spanish prisoners, so as to find out their intentions respecting a rumoured plan for the invasion of Jamaica. Morgan accordingly got together some ten ships with about five hundred men, at a rendezvous on the south side of Cuba, near the mouth of the San Pedro river. There, finding that the people had fled, and had driven all the cattle away, they marched inland to Puerto Principe, which, owing to its distance from the coast, had hitherto escaped such visits. The people mustered for the defence, but were quickly overpowered. The town was taken and plundered, but was not burnt on payment of a ransom of a thousand beeves, and Morgan was able to send Modyford word that considerable forces had been levied for an expedition against Jamaica.

Morgan himself, with his little fleet, sailed towards the mainland and resolved to attempt Porto Bello, where not only were levies for the attack on Jamaica being made, but where, it was said, several Englishmen  VOL. XXXIX


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 THE PLACE AND FUNCTIONS OF VOLUNTARY ASSOCIATIONS. Introduction to exhibit of concrete institutions—Definition—Principles of classification—Prevalence in the United States—Four normal uses; satisfaction of local and transient needs, criticism, experimentation and supplementary action—A buses—Prospect.

wrote of a much neglected class of institutions: "Nothing, in my opinion, is more deserving of our attention than the intellectual and moral associations of America. The political and industrial associations of that country strike us forcibly, but the others elude our observation, or, if we discover them, we understand them imperfectly, because we have hardly ever seen anything of the kind. It must, however, be acknowledged that they are as necessary to the American people as the former, and perhaps more so.

"In democratic countries the science of association is the mother of science; the progress of all the rest depends upon the progress it has made.

"Among the laws which rule human societies there is one which seems to be more precise and clear than all others. If men are to remain civilized, or to become so, the art of associating together must grow and improve in the same ratio in which the equality of conditions is increased."

It is a part of the plan of this journal to publish descriptions, estimates and criticisms of many forms of free cooperation for human ends. The theorist and the practical man are alike bewildered by the teeming variety of organizations which solicit attention and funds. It is believed that brief but adequate treatment of various typical agencies of amelioration and satisfaction may prove helpful in fixing the rank of conflicting and


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 1666 to be allowed to hold it in commendam, State Papers, Dom. Car. II, clix. 58). The definite union of the archdeaconry with the bishopric was accomplished by Morgan's successor. He was long engaged in litigation with Thomas Jones (1622–1682) [q. v.], who held the living of Llandyrnog, which was usually held by the bishops of Bangor in commendam because of its convenience for residence. Jones brought a charge against the bishop and two others early in 1669 in the court of arches (Elymas the Sorcerer, p. 29).

Morgan died 1 Sept. 1673, and was buried on 6 Sept. in the grave of Bishop Robinson, on the south side of the altar (for two different inscriptions see Lansdowne MS. 986, fol. 168). He effected considerable restorations in Bangor Cathedral, and gave an excellent organ. A preacher in English and Welsh, he is said to have worn himself away by his pulpit exertions. He left 'several things' fit for the press, but forbad their publication.

Morgan married Anne, daughter and heiress of William Lloyd, rector of Llanelian, Anglesey, and left four sons: (1) Richard, died young; (2) Owen, of Jesus College and Gray's Inn (1676), and attendant on Sir Leoline Jenkins at the treaty of Nimeguen, died 11 April 1679; (3) William (b. 1664), LL.B. of Jesus College, Oxford (1685), later chancellor of the diocese of Bangor; (4) Robert D.D. (b. 1665), of Christ Church, Oxford, canon of Hereford 1702, and rector of Ross, Herefordshire. Of four daughters: (1) Margaret was wife of Edward Wyn; (2) Anna, wife of Thomas Lloyd of Kefn, registrar of St. Asaph; (3) Elizabetha, married Humphrey Humphreys, dean of Bangor; and (4) Katherine, who died unmarried, was buried with her father.

MORGAN, SYDNEY, (1783?–1859), novelist, was the eldest child of  [q. v.], by his wife Jane Mill, daughter of a Shrewsbury tradesman, who was once mayor of that town, and was a distant relative of the Mills of Hawkesley, Shropshire. According to her own account but she was constitutionally inexact, avowed a scorn for dates, and sedulously concealed her age—Lady Morgan was born in Dublin one Christmas day, about 1785. The year generally given for her birth is 1783. Croker maliciously alleged that she was born on board the Dublin packet in 1775. Mr. Fitzpatrick adopts Croker's date (, Lady Morgan, 1860, p. 111). To a considerable extent she was brought up in the precincts of theatres and in the company of players; but she was put to various schools near or in Dublin, and very soon proved herself a bright and amusing child. She went with her father into the mixed society which he frequented, at first in Sligo and afterwards in Dublin. His affairs becoming hopelessly involved, and for a time (1798-1800) she was governess in the family of Featherstone of Bracklin Castle, Westmeath, and elsewhere. She is said to have appeared on the stage, though this cannot be verified; but she attracted considerable notice wherever she went by her wit and spirits, and by her dancing, singing, and playing upon the harp. She soon began to write verse of a sentimental character, and published her first volume in March 1801. She also collected a number of Irish tunes, wrote English words to them, and subsequently published them, an example speedily followed by Moore, Stevenson, and others. Excited by the report of Fanny Burney's gains she then took to fiction, and wrote in 1804 'St. Clair, or the Heiress of Desmond,' a trashy imitation of the 'Sorrows of Werther;' it was translated into Dutch. In 1805 appeared her 'Novice of St. Dominick,' in four volumes, a work of slight merit, yet not unsuccessful. It was published in London, and was read several times by Pitt in his last illness. To her is attributed the 'Few Reflections' which was issued in the same year on Croker's anonymous 'Present State of the Irish Stage;' but her next avowed work was the one which made her famous, 'The Wild Irish Girl,' published in 1806. It was very rhapsodical and sentimental, but it contained descriptions of real power, and may almost be called a work of genius, though misguided genius. Philips, her former publisher, refused it on account of its too openly avowed 'national' sentiments; but when Johnson, Miss Edgeworth's publisher, offered her three hundred guineas for it, Philips claimed and


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BUSINESS MEN AND SOCIAL THEORISTS.

of two very respectable classes of the community are apt to find themselves in hostile attitudes in the discussion of contemporary social questions—the scientific student of social phenomena and the "captain of industry." Has the student of sociology a right to discuss the central theme of his field of research? This is the matter in dispute. Professor Laughlin (Mill, Political Economy, p. 523) says: "The laborer, if he would become something more than a receiver of wages, in the ordinary sense, must move himself up in the scale of laborers until he reaches the skill and power also to command manager's wages. . . . . It leads directly to the means by which the lower classes may raise themselves to a higher position —the actual details of which, of course, are difficult, but, as they are not included in political economy, they must be left to sociology—and forms the essential basis of hope for any proper extension of productive coöperation." This definition of the limits of economics and of the duty of sociology, made by a master, we accept; but find ourselves resolutely opposed at the very point where our discussion begins to have a real living human interest. What is urged against our discipline and our method?

It would be strange if the "captain of industry" did not sometimes manifest a militant spirit, for he has risen from the ranks largely because he was a better fighter than most of us.


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Remarks on the 20th Anniversary of the Apollo 11 Moon Landing

Thank you all very, very much. And thank you, Mr. Vice President, for your introduction and for undertaking to head the National Space Council and for already demonstrating your skill for leadership there. And thanks to all of you, who have braved the weather to join us today.

Behind me stands one of the most visited places on Earth, a symbol of American courage and ingenuity. And before me stand those on whose shoulders this legacy was built: the men and women of the United States astronaut corps. And we are very proud to be part of this unprecedented gathering of America's space veterans and to share this stage with three of the greatest heroes of this or any other century: the crew of Apollo 11.

It's hard to believe that 20 years have passed. Neil [Armstrong] and Buzz [Aldrin], who originated the moonwalk 15 years before Michael Jackson ever even thought of it. [Laughter] And Michael Collins, former director of this amazing museum and the brave pilot who flew alone on the dark side of the Moon while Neil and Buzz touched down — Mike, you must be the only American over age 10 that night who didn't get to see the Moon landing. [Laughter]

And later this evening after the crowd disperses and the Sun goes down, a nearly full Moon will rise out of the darkness and shine down on an America that is prosperous and at peace. And for those old enough to remember that historic night 20 years ago, step outside tonight with your children or your grandchildren, lift your eyes skyward, and tell them of the flag — the American flag — that still flies proudly in the ancient lunar soil. And for those who were not yet born or then too young to recall — you who are the children of the new century, raise your eyes to the heavens and join us in a great dream, an American dream, a dream without end.

Project Apollo, the first men on the Moon — some called it quixotic, impossible — had never been done. But America dreamed it, and America did it. And it began on July 16th, 1969. The Sun rose a second time that morning as the awesome fireball of the Saturn V lifted these three pioneers beyond the clouds. A crowd of one million, including half of the United States Congress, held its breath as the Earth shook beneath their feet and our view of the heavens was changed forevermore.

Three days and three nights they journeyed. It was a perilous, unprecedented, breathtaking voyage. And each of us remember the night. Barbara and our daughter, Dorothy, were with me in our red-brick house right here on the outskirts of Washington, where we moved up here to represent Houston in the United States Congress. Our 12-year-old kid, Marvin, was on a trip out West with family friends and remembers stopping at a roadside motel to watch. Second boy, Jeb, 16 that summer — teaching English and listening by radio in a small Mexican village where electricity had yet to arrive.

The landing itself was harrowing. Alarms flashed, and a computer overload threatened to halt the mission while Eagle dangled thousands of feet above the Moon. Armstrong seized manual control to avoid a huge crater strewn with boulders. With new alarms signaling a loss of fuel and the view now blocked by lunar dust, Mission Control began the countdown for a mandatory abort.

America, indeed the whole world, listened — a lump in our throat and a prayer on our lips. And only 20 seconds of fuel remained. And then out of the static came the words: "Houston — Tranquility Base here: The Eagle has landed."

Within one lifetime, the human race had traveled from the dunes of Kitty Hawk to the dust of another world. Apollo is a monument to our nation's unparalleled ability to respond swiftly and successfully to a clearly stated challenge and to America's willingness to take great risks for great rewards. We had a challenge. We set a goal. And we achieved it.

So, today is not only an occasion to thank these astronauts and their colleagues — the thousands of talented men and women across the country whose commitment, creativity, and courage brought this dream to life — it's also a time to thank the American people for their faith, because Apollo's success was made possible by the drive and daring of an entire nation committed to a dream.

In the building behind me are the testaments to Apollo and to what came before — the chariots of fire flown by Armstrong, Yeager, Lindbergh, and the Wrights. And in the National Archives, across the great expanse of grass, are preserved the founding documents of the idea that made it all possible — the world's greatest experiment in freedom and diversity. And here, standing between these twin legacies, is a fitting place to look forward to the future, because the Apollo astronauts left more than flags and footprints on the Moon; they also left some unfinished business. For even 20 years ago, we recognized that America's ultimate goal was not simply to go there and go back, but to go there and go on. Mike Collins said it best: "The Moon is not a destination; it's a direction."

And space is the inescapable challenge to all the advanced nations of the Earth. And there's little question that, in the 21st century, humans will again leave their home planet for voyages of discovery and exploration. What was once improbable is now inevitable. The time has come to look beyond brief encounters. We must commit ourselves anew to a sustained program of manned exploration of the solar system and, yes, the permanent settlement of space. We must commit ourselves to a future where Americans and citizens of all nations will live and work in space.

And today, yes, the U.S. is the richest nation on Earth, with the most powerful economy in the world. And our goal is nothing less than to establish the United States as the preeminent spacefaring nation.

From the voyages of Columbus to the Oregon Trail to the journey to the Moon itself: history proves that we have never lost by pressing the limits of our frontiers. Indeed, earlier this month, one news magazine reported that Apollo paid down-to-earth dividends, declaring that man's conquest of the Moon "would have been a bargain at twice the price." And they called Apollo "the best return on investment since Leonardo da Vinci bought himself a sketch pad." [Laughter]

In 1961 it took a crisis — the space race — to speed things up. Today we don't have a crisis; we have an opportunity. To seize this opportunity, I'm not proposing a 10-year plan like Apollo; I'm proposing a long-range, continuing commitment. First, for the coming decade, for the 1990's: Space Station Freedom, our critical next step in all our space endeavors. And next, for the new century: Back to the Moon; back to the future. And this time, back to stay. And then a journey into tomorrow, a journey to another planet: a manned mission to Mars.

Each mission should and will lay the groundwork for the next. And the pathway to the stars begins, as it did 20 years ago, with you, the American people. And it continues just up the street there, to the United States Congress, where the future of the space station and our future as a spacefaring nation will be decided.

And, yes, we're at a crossroads. Hard decisions must be made now as we prepare to enter the next century. As William Jennings Bryan said, just before the last turn of the century: "Destiny is not a matter of chance; it is a matter of choice. It is not a thing to be waited for; it is a thing to be achieved."

And to those who may shirk from the challenges ahead, or who doubt our chances of success, let me say this: To this day, the only footprints on the Moon are American footprints. The only flag on the Moon is an American flag. And the know-how that accomplished these feats is American know-how. What Americans dream, Americans can do. And 10 years from now, on the 30th anniversary of this extraordinary and astonishing flight, the way to honor the Apollo astronauts is not by calling them back to Washington for another round of tributes. It is to have Space Station Freedom up there, operational, and underway, a new bridge between the worlds and an investment in the growth, prosperity, and technological superiority of our nation. And the space station will also serve as a stepping stone to the most important planet in the solar system: planet Earth.

As I said in Europe just a few days ago, environmental destruction knows no borders. A major national and international initiative is needed to seek new solutions for ozone depletion and global warming and acid rain. And this initiative, "Mission to Planet Earth," is a critical part of our space program. And it reminds us of what the astronauts remember as the most stirring sight of all. It wasn't the Moon or the stars, as I remember. It was the Earth — tiny, fragile, precious, blue orb — rising above the arid desert of Tranquility Base.

The space station is a first and necessary step for sustained manned exploration, one that we're pleased has been endorsed by Senator Glenn, and Neil Armstrong, and so many of the veteran astronauts we honor today. But it's only a first step. And today I'm asking my right-hand man, our able Vice President, Dan Quayle, to lead the National Space Council in determining specifically what's needed for the next round of exploration: the necessary money, manpower, and materials; the feasibility of international cooperation; and develop realistic timetables — milestones — along the way. The Space Council will report back to me as soon as possible with concrete recommendations to chart a new and continuing course to the Moon and Mars and beyond.

There are many reasons to explore the universe, but 10 very special reasons why America must never stop seeking distant frontiers: the 10 courageous astronauts who made the ultimate sacrifice to further the cause of space exploration. They have taken their place in the heavens so that America can take its place in the stars.

Like them, and like Columbus, we dream of distant shores we've not yet seen. Why the Moon? Why Mars? Because it is humanity's destiny to strive, to seek, to find. And because it is America's destiny to lead.

Six years ago, Pioneer 10 sailed beyond the orbits of Neptune and of Pluto — the first manmade object to leave the solar system, its destination unknown. It's now journeyed through the tenures of five Presidents — 4 billion miles from Earth. In the decades ahead, we will follow the path of Pioneer 10. We will travel to neighboring stars, to new worlds, to discover the unknown. And it will not happen in my lifetime, and probably not during the lives of my children, but a dream to be realized by future generations must begin with this generation. We cannot take the next giant leap for mankind tomorrow unless we take a single step today.

To all of you here, our able director of NASA and others who've served so well — to all of you here, and especially the astronauts: We wish you good luck in your quests, wherever that may take you. Godspeed to you, one and all, and God bless the United States of America. Thank you all very, very much.


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 382 was in course of ever-changing manifestations before Humanity was, and will continue through other manifestations when Humanity has ceased to be.

"To recognitions of this order the anti-theological bias is a hindrance. Ignoring the truth for which religions stand, it undervalues religions in the past, thinks they are needless in the present, and expects they will leave no representatives in the future. Hence mistakes in sociological reasonings."

It is true that the anti-theological disposition agrees with the ultra-theological disposition in insisting that the two forms of explanation are mortal foes. Materialism leaves no room for the theological rationale because it identifies the phenomena with this ground. Pantheism seems to involve the same confusion. Strict Positivism denies the possibility of knowing this ground of being, and thoroughgoing Agnosticism discourages attempts to formulate intelligible statements of its nature.

This is not the place for a discussion as to the truth or falsehood of the metaphysics of Comte, Spencer or Spinoza. The various positions are mentioned simply to indicate their relations to the exclusively theological mode of representing the origin and ends of events in the cosmic order. While the "scientific" mind rests contented with a complete statement of the causes which lie within the range of observed phenomena, the "theological" mind is prone to resent such interpretation as irreligious. But the antagonism lies rather in the false attitude of controversialists than in the essence of the problem. The tasks of the sciences and of metaphysics are both necessary and both legitimate.

One of the evil results of antagonism is a partial and inadequate science, a seriously mutilated theory. The demands of the intellect are never fully met until the phenomenal and the philosophical explanations are made as complete and consistent as the limitations of our faculties admit.

Serious practical evils arise from the confusion and antagonism of partial views. Men who regard each other with suspicion and jealousy on theoretical grounds are incapable of complete social cooperation, and out of such disputes arise wasteful and hurtful division of the forces of social amelioration.

The immense motive force of the religious organizations will be


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 AND

THEIR ORIGIN,

HISTORY, USES, AND ABUSES.

BY

GEORGE FLEMING, F.R.G.S., F.A.S.L.,

MEMBER OF COUNCIL OF THE ROYAL COLLEGE OF VETERINARY SURGEONS; VETERINARY

SURGEON, ROYAL ENGINEERS;

AUTHOR OF 'TRAVELS ON HORSEBACK IN MANTCHU TARTARY', ETC

WITH 210 ILLUSTRATIONS.

LONDON:

CHAPMAN AND HALL,

193, PICCADILLY.

1869.

[All Rights Reserved.]


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Por un clavo te pierde una herradura, por una herradura un Cavallo, por un Cavallo un Cavallero.— Old Spanish Proverb.

A little neglect may breed great mischief. For want of a nail the shoe was lost; for want of a shoe the horse was lost; and for want of a horse the rider was lost, being overtaken and slain by the enemy; all for want of a little care about a horse-shoe nail.— Benjamin Franklin.

A proper mode of shoeing is certainly of more importance than the treatment of any disease, or perhaps of all the diseases incident to horses. The foot is a part that we are particularly required to preserve in health; and if this art be judiciously employed, the foot will not be more liable to disease than any other.—Professor E. Coleman.


text: The New Student's Reference Work/Haydn, Joseph


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Rh "I am so sorry I can't. It is way down at the bottom of the trunk. There is the trunk. You see yourself I couldn't unpack it now."

The trunk, close to the wall, was covered with oil cloth and tied tight with heavy cords. The captain's wife devoured it with her eyes. She would have liked to see through and through it. She had nothing to say in reply, because it certainly was impossible to ask her friend, tired out from her recent journey, to begin to unpack right away and take out all her things just to show her her new dress. Yet she could not tear her eyes away from the trunk. There was a magic in it that held her enthralled. Had she been alone she would have begun to unpack it herself, nor even have asked the help of a servant to undo the knots. Now there was nothing left for her but to turn her eyes sorrowfully away from the fascinating object and take up another topic of conversation to which she would be utterly indifferent. But she couldn't think of anything else to talk about. Mrs. Shaldin must have prepared herself beforehand. She must have suspected something. So now Mrs. Zarubkin pinned her last hope to Abramka's inventiveness. She glanced at the clock.

"Dear me," she exclaimed, as if surprised at the lateness of the hour. "I must be going. I don't want to disturb you any longer either, dearest. You must be very tired. I hope you rest well."

She shook hands with Mrs. Shaldin, kissed her and left.

Abramka Stiftik had just taken off his coat and was doing some ironing in his shirt sleeves, when a peculiar figure appeared in his shop. It was that of a stocky orderly in a well-worn uniform without buttons and old galoshes instead of boots. His face was gloomy-looking and was covered with a heavy growth of hair. Abramka knew this figure well. It seemed always just to have been awakened from the deepest sleep.

"Ah, Shuchok, what do you want?"

"Mrs. Shaldin would like you to call upon her," said Shuchok. He behaved as if he had come on a terribly serious mission.


text: The New Student's Reference Work/Hayes, Rutherford Birchard


text: The New Student's Reference Work/Hayne, Robert Young


text: The New Student's Reference Work/Hayes, Isaac Israel


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 Morton cataloguing them. Daniel Wray wrote to John Nichols, 29 Sept. 1771, that Morton had imported the ‘League and Covenant of 1638, the original upon a giant skin of parchment, signed by a handsome number.’

 MORTON, JOHN (1420?–1500), archbishop of Canterbury and cardinal, was born in Dorset, at either Bere Regis or Milborne St. Andrew, about 1420. He was the eldest son of Richard Morton, who belonged to a Nottinghamshire family which had migrated to Dorset (, Dorset, ii. 594). His family has been traced back to Edward III's time. He was educated at Cerne Abbey, a house of Benedictines near his home, and, going to Oxford, joined Balliol College, and proceeded D.C.L. He had chosen the profession of law, which necessarily made him take orders, and he appears as commissary for the university in 1446 (Munimenta Academica, Rolls Ser., ii. 552). He removed to London, but kept up his connection with the university (ib. p. 584), practising chiefly as an ecclesiastical lawyer in the court of arches. Here he came under the notice of Bourchier, archbishop of Canterbury, who became his patron. Morton was at once admitted to the privy council, and was appointed chancellor of the duchy of Cornwall and a master in chancery. From this time he had much preferment, and was a great pluralist. In 1450 he became subdean of Lincoln, in 1453 he held the principalship of Peckwater Inn at Oxford and the living of Bloxworth in Dorset. In 1458 he became prebendary of Salisbury and Lincoln, resigning his subdeanery at Lincoln.

In the struggle between Lancaster and York, Morton followed the Lancastrian party, though for a short time accepting the inevitable ascendency of the Yorkists. He was probably with the Lancastrians on their march from the north early in 1461, and after the second battle of St. Albans, being chancellor to the young Prince Edward, he took part in the ceremony of making him a knight. After the accession of Edward IV he was at Towton in March 1461, and must have been in actual risk of his life. He was reported to be captured (Paston Letters, ed. Gairdner, ii. 7), but followed Margaret and Prince Edward for some time in their subsequent wanderings. He was naturally attainted, and lost all (, Lancaster and York, ii. 283). When Margaret and De Breze made their descent on England in the autumn of 1462, Morton met them, and he sailed with them from Bamborough to Sluys, when Margaret went to throw herself upon the Duke of Burgundy's mercy in July or August 1463 (ib. p. 296 ; in Wars of the English in France, Rolls Ser., ii. ii. 781). He seems to have had no share in the outbreaks which resulted in the battles of Hedgeley Moor and Hexham. He lived, like Sir John Fortescue and other Lancastrians (cf. Arch. Journal, vii. 171), with Margaret at St. Mihiel in Bar. But when Warwick and Clarence decided to join the Lancastrians, Morton bore a large part in the reconciliation, and must have been well known to Louis XI. He left Angers on 4 Aug. 1470, and landed at Dartmouth with Warwick on 13 Sept. He was at once sent in advance, with Sir John Fortescue, to London, to prepare for Warwick's march thither, and this seems to confirm Campbell's statement that he was popular at this period, though he certainly was not so later. After the battle of Barnet (April 1471) he went to Weymouth, to meet the queen and Prince Edward, and with them passed to his old school at Cerne, and thence to Beaulieu. When the battle of Tewkesbury seemed to have ended the wars of the Roses, Morton submitted. He petitioned (Hot. Parl. vi. 26), and his attainder was reversed. Bourchier was still his friend, and collated him in 1472 to the rectory of St. Dunstan's-in-the-East. In the same year he received the prebend of Isledon in St. Paul's Cathedral, which he resigned on receiving that of Chiswick in the following year. On 16 March 1472-3 he became master of the rolls, his patent being renewed in 1475. Edward, who was always wisely forgetful of the past history of his opponents, thoroughly trusted him, and sent him in 1474 on an embassy to the emperor and the king of Hungary, to secure their adhesion to the league which England had made with Burgundy against Louis XI of France. He seems to have returned very quickly (Paston Letters, iii. 123), and was made archdeacon of Winchester and Chester the same year. In 1475 he was one of the counsellors who arranged the treaty of Pecquigny, and was bribed like the rest (, Richard III, p. 33). He performed a doubtful service to the Lancastrian cause at the same time by arranging for Queen Margaret's ransom. Morton continued to accumulate preferments, and on 31 Jan. 1478-9 became bishop of Ely, in succession to William Gray. He comforted Edward when dying


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1825.] therefore, need not detail his past vagaries, repeat his political creed, and dilate on his universal suffrage and annual parliaments, or his other schemes of public ruin. We need not say that he is destitute of the confidence of Parliament and the country; and that he can scarcely espouse any cause whatever, without rendering it odious in the eyes of both. If there were two men in the British empire whom the Catholics, on the score of interest alone, ought to have shunned above all others, these men were William Cobbett and Sir Francis Burdett.

To identify themselves with these two individuals to the utmost point, seemed to be the great object of the Catholics. O'Connell, their acknowledged leader, acquainted the House of Lords that he was the advocate of universal suffrage and annual parliaments. He wandered about from one public meeting to another, to utter silly slang in favour of liberty, which was as repugnant to Whiggism as to Toryism; and which had been uttered by the Liberals before him, until the very groundlings disdained to listen to it. He could only cry up revolutionists and republicanism ; he could only worship a species of liberty the very reverse in shape and principles to that of Britain.

To that tribunal, therefore, which alone could relieve the Catholics—to that tribunal which, however the question of right might stand, they well knew would only decide in their favour from receiving satisfactory evidence that their religious and political feelings were unexceptionable, they brought only evidence to prove that they were a religious and political faction of the most dangerous character. That tribunal, upon listening to them, was told that they wished the Irish Church to be robbed, and the constitution to be altered: that they detested Bible and Missionary Meetings, and the Protestant religion; and that they were enamoured with the schemes of Radicalism: that, as a religious body, they meant to support those who were labouring to root up, by piecemeal, the established church; and that, as a political body, they meant to support those who were attempting to pull to pieces the constitution.

The leaders of the Catholics were noblemen, and men of liberal education —they were men of age and experience—they were men perfectly exempted from the control of their humble and ignorant brethren ; yet no body of men in the universe ever made a display of ignorance, folly, and imbecility, equal to this: It is amazing—it is incomprehensible. If they had wished to unite the British nation against them, and to convince Parliament and the Executive that it would be ruinous to relieve them from the disabilities, they would have done what they did, to have taken the wisest method. If "this ought not to be charged upon insincerity, or weakness of intellect, but upon the debasing influence of Catholicism, we regret, from our souls, that any of our fellow-subjects should be subject to the influence of such a religion.

In other times, Parliament would scarcely have listened to the claims of the Catholics after witnessing such an exhibition. The sight of the old spirit of Popery, holding its faggot in one hand, and waving the blood-stained banner of Reform in the other, would have been quite sufficient to deter any member from risking his reputation with the country by becoming its champion. But the nation happened to be in the midst of an outrageous fit of "liberality," the mania had excessive power in the House of Commons, and it was declared to be in the highest degree "illiberal" to keep the Catholics under disabilities. The Catholic question was, therefore, brought before this House in due form; its passage through it was characterized by various most remarkable circumstances.

Almost the first duty that Parliament had to discharge after its assembling, was to put down the Catholic Association: an association which practically comprehended the Catholics of the three kingdoms. It was put down on the avowed ground, that it was following the most unconstitutional and dangerous conduct, and putting the public peace in jeopardy. This Association had vilified in every way the religion of Britain, the British people, and the British government; it had displayed political principles perfectly at variance with the principles of the British constitution, and it had exhibited almost everything that is supposed to disqualify men for being British legislators and ministers. Yet no sooner had the Rh


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 to lay the grievances of the anti-jesuit and loyal section of the clergy before Clement VIII. Mush has left a record of these negotiations, which were protracted at Rome for nine months, in a 'Diary,' which is preserved among the Petyt MSS. in the Inner Temple (No. 538, vol. liv. ff. 190-9). Soon after the settlement of the dispute Mush became an assistant to the archpriest in accordance with the terms of the papal brief, which directed that three of the appellants should be so appointed on the first vacancies and he continued for many years to take a leading part in the government of the clergy.

Mush resided chiefly in Yorkshire, and was there the spiritual director of Mrs. Anne Clithero the martyr, whose life he wrote. Bishop Challoner, who writes with respect of Mush's missionary labours, says (i. 189) that 'after having suffered prisons and chains, and received even the sentence of death, for his faith, he died at length in his bed in a good old age in 1617.'

Mush was author of 'The Life and Death of Mistris Margaret Clitherow, who for the Profession of the Catholike Faith was Martyred at York in the Eight and Twentith Yeare of the Raine of Qu. Elizabeth in the yeare of our Lord God, 1586. Written presently after her death by her Spiritual Father, upon Certaine Knowledge of her Life and the Processes, Condemnation, and Death.' It was edited from the original manuscript by William Nicholson of Thelwall Hall, Cheshire, and printed by Richardson & Son, Derby, in 1849. Mush also wrote, according to Dodd, an account of the sufferings of the catholics in the northern parts of England, and a treatise against Thomas Bell, formerly a fellow student at Rome and missionary in Yorkshire, who joined the church of England and wrote several books of controversy. But neither of these works of Mush appears to be extant.

A work of more historical importance was his well-written treatise, which he dedicated to the pope, in defence of his brethren of the secular clergy in their conflicts with the Jesuits and Blackwell, giving the text of the appeal and ending with a letter of an earlier date, 1598, written by himself to Monsignor Morro, reviewing the causes of the dissensions at the English College at Rome. It is entitled 'Declaratio Motuum ac Turbationum quse ex controversiis inter jesuitas iisq. in omnibus faventem D. Georg. Blackwellum, Archipresbyterum et Sacerdotes Seminario rum in Anglia, ab obitu illmi Cardlia Alani pise Memorise ad annum usque 1601. Ad S. D. N. Clementem octavum exhibita ab ipsis sacerdotibus qui schismatis, aliorumq. criminum sunt insimulati. Rhotomagi apud Jacobum Molæum' [but probably London], 1601.

 MUSHET, DAVID (1772–1847), metallurgist, eldest son of William Mushet and Margaret Cochrane, was born at Dalkeith, near Edinburgh, on 2 Oct. 1772, and brought up as an ironfounder. In February 1792 he was engaged as accountant at the Clyde Iron Works, where he soon became so interested in the processes of the manufacture that when in 1793 a reduction was made in the staff, and he was left almost sole occupant of the office, he began a series of experimental researches on his own account. In this he was at first encouraged by his employers, and was allowed to teach assaying to the manager's son; but later on, without cause assigned, he was prohibited, and his studies had to be prosecuted after office hours. By dint of sheer hard work, frequently labouring into the early morning, he became in a few years one of the first authorities at home and abroad upon all points connected with the manufacture of iron and steel. His employers becoming jealous of him, he was dismissed from the Clyde Iron Works in 1800. The following year, when engaged with partners in erecting the Calder Iron Works, he discovered the 'Black-band Ironstone,' and showed that this so-called 'wild coal' was capable of being used economically. Though it brought nothing to Mushet, this discovery was of immense value to others, owing to the extent of the deposit.

A series of some thirty papers by Mushet in the 'Philosophical Magazine' shows that he was at the Calder Iron Works till 1805, when he came to England. In 1808 he dates from the Alfreton Iron Works, Derbyshire, while from 1812 to 1823 he is described as 'of Coleford, Forest of Dean,' and he is said to have possessed extensive property in that district. In 1843 he gave valuable evidence in the hot-blast patent case tried at Edinburgh (Report of Trial Neilson v. Baird & Co., Edinburgh, 1843, pp. 48, 312).

The chief of Mushet's inventions, all of which relate to improvements in the methods of manufacturing iron and steel, was perhaps the one patented in 1800 for the preparation


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Y store is spent; I am fain to borrow:

Give me to drink of a vintage fine!

Pour me a draught—a draught of To-morrow,

Brimming and fresh from a rock-cool shrine:

Nectar of earth,

For the longing and dearth

Of a heart still young,

That waiteth and waiteth a song unsung!

Glad be the strain!

In the cup pour no pain:

Leave at the brim not a taste of sorrow!

Spring would I sing! For the bird flies free,

The sap is astir in the oldest tree,

And the Maiden weaves,

Mid a laughter of leaves,

The bud and the blossom of joys to be! . ..

Ay, Winter took all;

But I heard the Spring call,

And my heart, denied,


text: User:Inductiveload/Scripts/Page namespace editor


text: The Genealogy of Morals

title: The Genealogy of Morals


text: The Genealogy of Morals/Preface

title: The Genealogy of Morals/Preface


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title: The Genealogy of Morals/Second Essay


text: The Genealogy of Morals/First Essay

title: The Genealogy of Morals/First Essay


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 28 The abbot of York also complains of Wolsey's seizure of Romburgh Priory, in Suffolk, which was a cell of St. Mary's Abbey. He says, that on the 11th of September 1528, certain officers of the cardinal came to the priory, read the authority of the pope and king, "entered into the same priory, and that done, took away as well the goods moveable of the said priory . . . and also certain muniments, evidences, and specialities touching and appertaining unto our monastery, which we had lately sent unto our said prior and brethren there." The cell, he says, had been given to them by Alan Niger, earl of Richmond, 400 years before, and the abbey was burdened, by reason of the gift, with masses, suffrages, and alms. Further, as the revenues of the priory do not amount to more than £30, the abbot offers "towards your special, honourable, and laudable purpose concerning the erection and foundation of the said college and school . . . 300 marks sterling, which shall be delivered" at once, if the monastery is spared. The representation was of no avail, and Romburgh was annexed to the Ipswich college.

The papal permissions to alienate monastic property thus obtained only served to increase Wolsey's desire for further dissolutions. In October 1528, Clement VII. was being worried and bullied by the cardinal's agents in the matter of the divorce. In turn they were threatening, exhorting, and beseeching the pope to comply with Henry's royal will, and even if necessary permit him to have two wives at once. Wolsey also instructed his agents to make further overtures to allow him to take monastic property. On behalf of the king they presented a petition that certain religious houses might be given over to support the king's colleges at Windsor and at Cambridge. These two establishments the agents represented as having been founded by the grandparents of the English king, for education and for the support in old age of court officials. The pope was informed that the foundations were now reduced to poverty, and that Henry could not finish the work through want of means. Clement VII. was, no doubt, only too willing at this critical time to give way in any possible matter to the English king. Hence, "because of all that Henry had


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 Rh done against heresy and for the Holy See," he granted him permission to suppress monasteries to the value of 8000 ducats, provided that there were not six religious in them and that the inmates found homes in other religious houses.

At the same time also the king and cardinal told their agent, Casali, to suggest a measure of wholesale suppression, so that more cathedrals might be established with the monastic property. The question was mooted in the consistory, and, according to the agent, all present seemed ready to assent to the king's desire. "As it is a matter, however," he writes, "of the greatest importance, it should be granted with greater authority than could be done then. Power might be asked for the legates to decide which monasteries were best fitted to be erected into cathedrals, to arrange the revenues, &c., and then the whole referred to the pope for confirmation. Cardinal S. Quatuor and De Monte advise this, thinking it too important to be finally settled except in consistory, the pope being present, lest it should be thought that the legates were influenced by private interest." He concludes by asking to be informed of the exact nature of the king's requests.

At the same time the writer of the above letter to the king sends another to the cardinal. He tells his master that he has "showed his Holiness the integrity of his intentions towards the Church." He has also pointed out the need of reformation in the English monasteries, "and the suitableness of the present time, when a legate had gone to England," so that Wolsey might not be suspected of acting for his own advantage. Casali thought that the pope was persuaded of the necessity of the erection of new cathedrals and the reform of monasteries; but "he considered for some time the alleged necessity of suppressing monasteries of any order." The writer added: "I am sure the matter will be managed with dexterity." What this kind of "dexterity" was likely to be can be understood from a letter of Gregorio Casali, the brother of the former writer. In this he says that he "has told his brother the protonotary and Vincent (his nephew) that importunity is the only way to get anything from the pope."


text: The Genealogy of Morals/Peoples and Countries


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1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Johns Hopkins University

JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY (see 15.460) moved in 1916 to its new site at Homewood in the northern suburbs of Baltimore,

and all departments were established there except those of graduate chemistry, medicine and hygiene. On the resignation in Jan. 1913 of Dr. Remsen, Dr. Frank J. Goodnow, who had been associated with the faculty of Columbia since 1883, took his place as president in Oct. 1914.


text: Index:U.S. Department of the Interior Annual Report 1876.djvu


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1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Johnson, Hiram Warren

JOHNSON, HIRAM WARREN (1866-), American politician, was born at Sacramento, Cal., Sept. 2 1866. He entered the university of California but did not finish his course. He became a reporter, at the same time studying law in his father's office; was admitted to the bar in 1888; and practised with his father and his brother in Sacramento. In 1902 he established his office in San Francisco, where he became widely known for the vigour and success with which, as prosecuting attorney, he proceeded against dishonest public officials and corporations. He was elected governor of California for the term 1911-5; and in 1912 was an unsuccessful candidate for vice-president (on the ticket with Theodore Roosevelt), as the nominee of the short-lived National Progressive party, which he had helped to organize. As governor he signed in 1913 the Webb anti-alien bill, designed to prohibit the ownership of land in California by Japanese, although the President had asked for delay. He was reëlected governor 1915-9 but resigned in 1917, having been elected a U.S. senator. He opposed many of the policies of President Wilson's administration and declared that a league of nations would involve the United States in European wars. At the Republican National Convention in 1920 he had considerable support as presidential candidate, especially from those opposed to the League of Nations and the Treaty of Peace as submitted to the Senate.


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Mudge  drawing, and for this purpose placed them before leaving college under Mr. Dawson of the ordnance survey for a course of practical study. Mudge's management of the cadets was so successful that in 1817 Lord Chatham wrote to express his high satisfaction at the result.

In 1813 it was determined to extend the meridian line into Scotland. Mudge superintended the general arrangement of the work, and in some cases took the actual measurement. It is to Mudge that Wordsworth alludes in his poem on 'Black Combe,' written in 1813. On the extension of the English arc of meridian into Scotland, the French Bureau des Longitudes applied for permission for Jean Baptiste Biot to make observations for them on that line. These observations were carried out by Biot, with the assistance of Mudge and of his son Richard Zachariah [q. v.], at Leith Fort on the Forth, and Biot assisted Mudge in extending the arc to Unst in the Shetland islands.

On 4 June 1813 Mudge was promoted brevet-colonel, and on 20 Dec. 1814 regimental colonel. In 1817 he received from the university of Edinburgh the degree of LL.D. In 1818 he travelled in France for the benefit of his health, and on his return was appointed a commissioner of the new board of longitude. In 1819 the king of Denmark visited the survey operations at Bagshot Heath, and presented Mudge with a gold chronometer. In May of this year he commenced the survey of Scotland, and on 12 Aug. he was promoted major-general. He died on 17 April 1820. With an amiable disposition and an even temper he was a careful and economical administrator.

Mudge's portrait was painted in 1804 by James Northcote, R.A., and the picture is in the possession of his granddaughter, Sophia Elizabeth, widow of the Rev. John Richard Bogue. Mudge married Margaret Jane, third daughter of Major-general Williamson, R.A., who survived him four years. He left a daughter, two sons in the royal engineers, one in the royal artillery, and one in the royal navy.

Mudge contributed to the Royal Society's 'Transactions:' 1. 'Account of the Trigonometrical Survey made in 1797, 1798, and 1799.' 2. 'Account of the Measurement of an Arc of the Meridian from Dunnose, Isle of Wight, to Clifton in Yorkshire.' 3. 'On the Measurement of Three Degrees of the Meridian conducted in England by William Mudge.'

Besides the maps of the survey published under his direction, he published: 1. 'General Survey of England and Wales,' pt. i. fol. 1805. 2. ' An Account of the Trigonometrical Survey carried on by Order of the Master-General of H.M. Ordnance in the years 1800-1809, by William Mudge and Thomas Colby.' 3. 'An Account of the Operations carried on for accomplishing a Trigonometrical Survey of England and Wales from the commencement in 1784 to the end of 1796. First published in, and now revised from, the "Philosophical Transactions," by William Mudge and Isaac Dalby. The Second Volume, continued from 1797 to the end of 1799, by William Mudge. The Third Volume, an Account of the Trigonometrical Survey in 1800, 1801, 1803 to 1809, by William Mudge and Thomas Colby,' 3 vols. 4to, London, 1799-1811. 4. ' Sailing Directions for the N.E., N., and N.W. Coasts of Ireland, partly drawn up by William Mudge, completed by G. A. Fraser,' 8vo, London, 1842.

 MUDGE, WILLIAM (1796–1837), commander in the navy, born in 1796, third son of Major-general William Mudge [q. v.], was promoted to be lieutenant in the navy on 19 Feb. 1815. In August 1821 he was appointed first lieutenant of the Barracouta, with Captain Cutfield, employed on the survey of the east coast of Africa under Captain W. F. Owen [q. v.] He was afterwards moved into the Leven under the immediate command of Owen, and on 4 Oct. 1825 was promoted to the rank of commander. He was then appointed to conduct the survey of the coast of Ireland, on which he was employed till his death at Howth, on 20 July 1837. He was buried with military honours in the ground of the cathedral at Howth on 24 July.

In addition to 'Sailing Directions for Dublin Bay and for the North Coast of Ireland,' which were officially published, 1842, Mudge contributed several papers (mostly hydrographic) to the 'Nautical Magazine;' and to the Society of Antiquaries, in November 1833, an interesting account of a prehistoric village found in a Donegal bog (Archæologia, xxvi. 261). He married in 1827 Mary Marinda, only child of William Rae of Blackheath, by whom he had a large family. He has been confused with his father (e.g. in Brit. Mus. Cat.), whose work, it will be seen, was entirely geodetic. [Flint's Mudge Memoirs; Marshall's Roy. Nav. Biog. xii. (vol. iv. pt. ii.) 175, Gent. Mag.


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1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Korbay, Francis

KORBAY, FRANCIS (1846-1913), Hungarian musician, was born at Budapest in 1846. He was a godson of Liszt, of whose music he became a well-known interpreter. He had many

successful European tours, and was also extremely popular in England. Korbay wrote many pianoforte pieces and songs, but he is best known by his collections of Magyar folk-songs, which have attained a very wide popularity. He died in London, which for many years was his home, March 9 1913.


text: Index:U.S. Department of the Interior Annual Report 1877.djvu


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1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Körber, Ernst, Ritter von

KÖRBER, ERNST, (1860-1919), Austrian statesman, was born at Trent on Nov. 6 1860, the son of an officer. He entered the State service in 1872, became Minister of Commerce (Nov. 30 1897-March 5 1898); Minister of the Interior (Oct. 2-Dec. 21 1899); Prime Minister (Jan. 18 1900-Dec. 31 1904 and Oct. 28-Dec. 20 1916); deputy curator of the Academy of Sciences (1904-19).

Körber represented the old Austrian tradition of faithful public service; his aim being to ward off by a comprehensive scheme of administrative reform the obvious crumbling of the old system of centralized Government. His Studies in administrative reform, published in 1904, involved an indictment of the administration unheard of hitherto in Austrian official circles; he wanted to do away with the “notorious double-tracking” of the parallel administration of the central State and its units, to make a sharp distinction between their respective competence, and to establish a sort of clearing-house of the mixed jurisdictions, leaving intact the whole of the rights of both the State and the unit. This great work remained unachieved, because none of the separate nationalities was prepared to make the necessary sacrifice, even in return for compensation. He tried, with “passionless perseverance,” to set Parliament functioning again, seeking to win support by granting large State credits for Alpine railways and Galician waterways; but his success was short-lived, and the delays in the execution of the canalization schemes, which were increasingly costly as time went on, even led to special obstruction on the part of the Poles. The concessions which he made to each national group led to corruption (the purchase of votes by concessions, parliamentary “milking”). After the murder of Stürgkh, Francis Joseph summoned him to the rescue of the State (Oct. 1916), but on the old Emperor's death the new monarch quickly got rid of his unaccommodating adviser. He died in Vienna, March 6 1919.


text: Index:Notes on the Ornithology of Southern Texas.djvu


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1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Keltie, Sir John Scott

KELTIE, SIR JOHN SCOTT (1840-), British geographer, was born at Dundee March 29 1840. He was educated at Perth, and afterwards at St. Andrews and Edinburgh. In 1861 he joined the editorial staff of W. & R. Chambers, of Edinburgh, and from 1871 to 1884 was employed by Macmillan & Co., being also for some years the sub-editor of Nature. In 1880 he was appointed editor of the Statesman's Year Book. He became in 1884 inspector of geographical education in connexion with the Royal Geographical Society, becoming librarian of the society in 1885

and its secretary in 1892. This position he held till 1915, whe he was appointed joint-editor of the Geographical Journal. In 1917 he retired and in 1918 was knighted. Sir John Keltie has been the recipient of many honours from learned societies, including the Cullum gold medal of the American Geographical Society and the gold medals of the Paris and Royal Scottish Geographical Societies (1915), besides the Victoria medal of the Royal Geographical Society (1917). In 1897 he was president of the geographical section of the British Association. His best-known book is The Partition of Africa (1894), which is one of the standard works on the subject. He has also published A History of the Scottish Highlands and Clans (1874); Report on Geographical Education (1886); Applied Geography (1890; new ed. 1908) and The History of Geography (with O. J. R. Howarth, 1914); besides many articles in scientific and geographical journals. He acted during the winter of 1918-9 as a geographical adviser to the historical section of the Foreign Office.


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N Radnor Valley, from the world apart,

The little Church stands peaceful as of old,

Guarding her memories yet half untold,

Deep in the silent places of her heart.

Life comes, and passes by her, as it wills;

But musing on loved things evanishèd,

She keeps the generations of the dead,—

Herself unchanged amid her beauteous hills:

Unchanged, though full of change her days have been,

Since builded here, ere Washington was born,

She seemed the home of exiled hearts forlorn—

The open portal to hope's fair demesne.

Close as the ivy that adorns her walls,

So grateful thoughts have twined themselves and clung

About this lowly sanctuary, sprung

From that necessity which ever calls


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Black Colossus

 * /Chapter I /
 * /Chapter II /
 * /Chapter III /
 * /Chapter IV /

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Rogues in the House

 * /Chapter I /
 * /Chapter II /
 * /Chapter III /

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I am going to tell you the story of a dear, good little girl, called Curly Locks. Of course that was not her name; her real name was Alice, but she was called Curly Locks because she had such beautiful hair, which hung down her back in golden ringlets. Some people think that the good children are in story-books; that there were no real good children. Yes, I have actually heard some grown-up people say this, that all the live children were bad, and all the good ones were in story-books. Now I think that people who believe this, must have been very bad themselves when young, and so have a bad opinion of children generally. Curly Locks was an unusually good child, good enough to write a whole book about. Never shall I forget the first time I ever saw her, for never did I see a prettier picture, no, not in all the art galleries of Europe. She was sitting in a large velvet chair sewing doll-clothes, at the same time singing a sweet song, stopping now

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Rh The soul of man to seek for something higher—

Anhungered for a more celestial bread

Than that wherewith his earthly life is fed—

And faith was kindled here, and patriot fire!

Yea; from this sacred pile, in days gone by,

Brave men, to duty nobly dedicate,

Went forth to strive against despotic fate—

Content for liberty to live—or die.

Some came not back; but some returned, victorious,—

Needing nor badge nor ribbon on the breast,—

To find here by the little Church their rest:

Heroes and martyrs lowly—yet how glorious! . ..

Healed of all hurt, emparadised afar

Though they abide, yet to our reverent sight,

About their graves there lingers still a light

Which is not as the light of moon or star;

And very peaceful after stormy days,

And sturdy as the antique oaks remain,

Which sentinelled the burial of Wayne,—

Illustrious beyond the need of praise,—


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 :: great difficulties he had to contend with on first entering upon office at St. Paul's.
 * 1) 'In Mortem Serenissimæ Reginæ Elizabethæ Nænia consolans,' London, 1603, small 4to, followed by a version in English.

MULGRAVE,. [See, first , 1563–1646; , second , 1611–1658; , 1755–1831.]

MULGRAVE,. [See, 1744–1792, naval commander.]

MULHOLLAND, ANDREW (1791–1866), cotton and linen manufacturer, born at Belfast in 1791, came of an old Ulster family. His father, Thomas, was in 1819 head of Messrs. Thomas Mulholland & Co., a firm of cotton manufacturers of Union Street, Belfast (cf. Belfast Directory, 1819, p. 52). Andrew was posted in this firm, which, on the death of his father, was carried on by himself and a brother under the title of Messrs. T. & A. Mulholland. On 10 June 1828 their cotton mill in York Street was burnt down. No machinery had yet been introduced into the manufacture of linen at Belfast, but Andrew had observed that the supply of yarns made by hand was quite insufficient to meet the demands of the Belfast spinners, and that quantities of flax were shipped across to Manchester to be spun and reimported as yarn. He accordingly determined in 1828 to set up flax-spinning machinery in a small mill in St. James's Street, and subsequently devoted the rebuilt mill in York Street to the same purpose. The first bundle of flax yarns produced by machinery in Belfast was thrown off in 1830 from the York Street mill; Messrs. Murland, however, dispute priority with the Mulhollands in the introduction of machinery. After his brother Thomas's death Andrew carried on the business single-handed. For some years he enjoyed with very profitable results almost a monopoly in the new industry which he had set on foot, and the firm still remains one of the principal concerns in Belfast. On the grant of a corporation to Belfast in 1842 Andrew became a member of it, was mayor in 1845, and presented the town with the organ in Ulster Hall at a cost of 3,000l. In 1860 he retired to Springvale, Ballywalter, co. Down, and subsequently became justice of the peace, deputy-lieutenant, and served as high sheriff for Down and Antrim. He died on 24 Aug. 1866 at Springvale, aged 73. He married in 1817 Eliza, daughter of Thomas McDonnell of Belfast. His eldest son, John (b. 1819), assisted Cobden in his negotiation of a commercial treaty with Napoleon III in 1860, entered parliament as member for co. Down in 1874, sat for Downpatrick 1880–5, and was in 1892 raised to the peerage of the United Kingdom under the title of Baron Dunleath of Ballywalter.

MULLEN, ALLAN (d. 1690), anantomist, [See .]

MULLENS, JOSEPH (1820–1879), missionary, born in London on 2 Sept. 1820, entered Coward College in 1837, and in 1841 graduated B.A. at the London University. In June 1842 he offered himself to the London Missionary Society (congregationalist) for service in India, and after spending one session at Edinburgh in study of mental philosophy and logic, he was ordained to the congregationalist ministry 5 Sept. at Barbican Chapel, and sailed for India in the company of the Rev. [q. v.] Arriving in Calcutta, he entered on his work at Bhowanipore, where he married Lacroix's daughter in 1845. In 1846 he succeeded to the pastorate of the native church at the same place. He remained there twelve years. During this period he prepared a series of statistics of missions in India and Ceylon.

In 1858 he returned to England, and in 1860 took a prominent part in the missionary conference in Liverpool. In 1861 he received from William College, Massachusetts,


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4 and then to tell dollie to be good and go to sleep, though poor dollie looked as if she was not very comfortable. I have tried to show you in the picture here how she looked, but the picture of a pretty little girl could never be as pretty as the little girl herself.

Curly Locks lived in a very large city and went to a Kindergarten. Do you go to a Kindergarten, little Reader? I hope so, for they are the nicest places in the world for small children. I must tell you about a party that the children had who went to the Kindergarten with Curly Locks. Some kind ladies wished to have a free Kindergarten for little boys and girls who were not able to pay, so it was suggested that there should be a children's fete at one of the ladies' houses who lived a short distance in the country.

To make it more interesting, they concluded that the children should wear fancy costumes.

Well, it was a beautiful sight: so many little people dressed in so many different styles; there were Lords and Ladies, princes and peasants, and all sorts of characters represented; but I will not describe any except that of Curly Locks. She went as the "Mary that had the little Lamb, whose fleece was white as snow." Fortunately a few weeks before the fete came off, her uncle, who lived in the country, sent her for a present the dearest little white lamb. Oh! how Curly Locks

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 MULCASTER, RICHARD (1530?–1611), schoolmaster and author, is commonly said to have been a native of Carlisle. But his most recent biographer, R. H. Quick, on evidence supplied by one of his descendants, considers his birthplace to have been ‘the old border tower of Brackenhill Castle, on the river Line.’ His father, William Mulcaster, was of an old border family, who traced back their history to the time of William Rufus, and had been active in repelling the incursions of the Scots. Richard, born in 1530 or 1531, was sent to Eton, where Udall was head-master from 1534 to 1543. From Udall he may have caught some tincture of the severity he afterwards himself showed as a schoolmaster, as well as his fondness for dramatic composition. In 1548 Mulcaster was elected scholar of King's College, Cambridge, but soon migrated to Christ Church, Oxford, where in 1555 he was elected a student, and proceeded M.A. in the following year. While still in residence he added to his classical studies an acquaintance with Hebrew and other oriental languages, which won from Hugh Broughton the commendation that he was one of the best Hebrew scholars of his age. In 1559 he was working as a schoolmaster in London. The date is fixed by a passage in his ‘Positions,’ published in 1581, in which he speaks of having been engaged in teaching twenty-two years. His reputation as a teacher became so well known that when, in 1561, the newly founded school of the Merchant Taylors was ready to be opened, Mulcaster was appointed (24 Sept.) its first head-master. In this capacity he served till 1586 with great ability and benefit to the school, though his rugged temper produced occasional friction between him and the governing body. There is good reason to believe that Spenser the poet was one of his earliest pupils. On 28 June of that year he sent in his resignation, and on the following 8 Nov. a successor was appointed. His farewell to the school was the bitter apophthegm, quoted also by Bishop Pilkington, ‘Fidelis servus perpetuus asinus.’

Wilson, the historian of Merchant Taylors' School, says that immediately on leaving that school Mulcaster became surmaster of St. Paul's (p. 1177); but this is to all appearance an error (, Admission Registers, p. 29). He was made vicar of Cranbrook, Kent, 1 April 1590, and prebendary of Gatesbury, Sarum, 29 April 1594. On 5 Aug. 1596, being then at least in his sixty-sixth year, he was elected high-master of St. Paul's School. He held the office for twelve years more, till his resignation in the spring of 1608. In 1598 Elizabeth, who had always shown a kindly interest in his welfare, had presented him to the rectory of Stanford Rivers in Essex. On 6 Aug. 1609 he lost his wife Katherine, with whom he had been united fifty years, and he recorded his loss in a feeling epitaph. He himself died on 15 April 1611, and was laid by his wife's side, in the chancel of Stanford Rivers Church, 26 April, but no memorial marks the spot.

Mulcaster's work as a teacher has not yet been fully appreciated. Fuller (who mistakenly calls him a Westmoreland worthy) has told us how far the ‘prayers of cockering mothers prevailed with him,’ which was just as far, in truth, as the ‘requests of indulgent fathers, rather increasing than mitigating his severity on their offending child.’ Yet his memory was revered by some of his greatest scholars. Bishop Andrewes kept his portrait over his study door, and, besides many substantial acts of friendship to him during his life, left his son, Peter Mulcaster, a legacy at his death.

In several respects Mulcaster's views on education were in advance of his age. He taught his boys music and singing, and had a hand in the ‘Discantus, Cantiones, &c.,’ of Tallis and Bird (cf., Liber Fam. Camden Soc.). His pupils frequently performed masks, interludes, and the like before Elizabeth and the court. He insisted on the importance of physical training, and asserted the right of girls to receive as good a mental education as boys. If he would not ‘set young maidens to public grammar schools,’ it was only because that was ‘a thing not used in my country.’ He advocated a system of special training for men designed to be schoolmasters.

He wrote:
 * 1) ‘Positions, wherein those primitive Circumstances be examined, which are necessarie for the Training up of Children, either for Skill in their Book or Health in their Bodie,’ &c., London, 1581, small 4to, dedicated to Queen Elizabeth. Hazlitt and Lowndes mention editions of 1587 and 1591; it was re-edited by Quick in 1888.
 * 2) ‘The First Part of the Elementarie, which entreateth chefelie of the right Writing of our English Tung,’ London, 1582, small 4to. No second part of this is known to have appeared.
 * 3) Latin verses prefixed to Baret's ‘Alvearie,’ 1580; Ocland's ‘Anglorum Prœlia’ and ‘Eirenarchia,’ 1580 and 1582; Hakluyt's ‘Voyages,’ and others.
 * 4) ‘Catechismus Paulinus, in vsum Scholæ Paulinæ conscriptus, ad formam parui illius Anglici Catechismi qui pueris in communi precum Anglicarum libro ediscendus proponitur,’ London, 1599, reprinted 1601, small 8vo; preface dated 17 Nov. 1599, in which he speaks of the


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126 Old Radnor Church bestows her benison,

Calling to us who from the past yet borrow,

To love the right and, living for the morrow,

Fulfil the hopes of heroes that are gone.

So, through whate'er of change the future brings,

Shall she our memories and faiths defend,—

A temple of the highest to the end,

Immortal through the love of deathless things!


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Rh loved it, and how delighted she was when her mother told her that she could take it to the party with her.

She had named it Snow Drop, because it looked so pure and white when she first saw it. She had to have it washed for the party though, or she could not have sung "its fleece was white as snow." You can not keep lambs white in large cities very well. Snow Drop was worthy his name though, when dressed for the party—he had a blue ribbon with a tiny silver bell around his neck. I think Curly Locks with her little lamb at her side, was more admired than any other character at the fête, and she enjoyed it all so much—the little children, the green grass, the bright flowers, the music, the ice-cream—oh! it was all a delight to her, and the fresh air brought such a pretty pink color to her cheeks, that Papa said when school was out, she could go and make her kind uncle a visit in the country.

Well, Curly Locks dreamed of the country all that night, and in a few weeks her Mamma and Papa took her to her uncle's. I could not begin to tell you of all the pleasures she had during the time she was there, but I will try and tell what she liked best. She had a cousin near her own age named Harry, and they often went fishing together. There was a creek near the house, and as it was not dangerous, her Mamma was not afraid

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 , among other papers, one, in 1818, ‘On the Ancient Geography of Central and Eastern Asia, with Illustrations derived from Recent Discoveries in the North of India’ (Trans. viii. 171–203). In 1817 he enlarged and completed Dr. Leyden's ‘Historical Account of Discoveries and Travels in Africa.’ Similar works by him on Asia and North America followed; the former being published in three volumes at Edinburgh in 1820 (cf. Quarterly Review, xxiv. 311–41), and the latter in London in 1829.

Murray's magnum opus was the 'Encyclopedia of Geography, a Description of the Earth, physical, statistical, civil, and political' (London, 1834), of which the purely geographical part was written by himself, while Sir W. Hooker undertook the zoological, Professor W. Wallace the geological, and V. W. Swainston the astronomical departments. A supplement was published in 1843. The work contained eighty-two maps and over a thousand woodcuts. It was well received, and an American edition (1843) in three volumes, edited by Thos. G. Bradford, had a large sale. Murray also contributed largely to the press, and in the Edinburgh Cabinet Library there appeared compilations by him on the history or geography of the Southern Seas' (1826), the 'Polar Seas' 1830), 'British India' (1832), 'China' (1836), 'British America' (1839), 'Africa' (1830), 'The United States' (1844). Many of these volumes had the advantage of contributions on natural history by Jameson, Traill, J. Nicol, and others. Murray was for a time editor of the 'Scots Magazine,' and was a fellow of the Royal Geographical Society of London. His connection with Constable's 'Edinburgh Gazetteer ' caused him to figure in in the celebrated tory squib, written by Hogg and others, called ‘Translation from an Ancient Chaldee MS.’ (ch. iii. 47–8), which appeared in ‘Blackwood's Magazine’ for October 1817. He died after a short illness, while on a visit to London, in Wardrobe Place, Doctors' Commons, on 4 March 1846. T. Constable refers to him as ‘an eminent geographer, whose extreme modesty prevented his being known and honoured as he deserved to be’ (''Arch. Constable and his Friends'', ii. 381).

Besides the works mentioned Murray's chief publications were: 1. ‘A Catechism of Geography,’ 4th ed. enlarged, Edinb. 1833, 12mo, 7th ed. 1842. 2. ‘Travels of Marco Polo,’ amended and enlarged, with notes,’ 1844 8vo, 1845 12mo. Posthumously: 3. ‘The African Continent: a Narrative of Discovery and Invention … with an Account of recent exploring expeditions by J. M. Wilson,’ 1853, 8vo. 4. ‘Pictorial History of the United States of America to the close of Pres. Taylor's Admin. … with Additions and Corrections by H. C. Watson,’ illustrated, Boston, Massachusetts, 1861, 8vo.

 MURRAY, JAMES (d. 1596), of Pardovis, author of the placards against Bothwell, was third son of Sir William Murray of Tullibardine, by Catherine, daughter of Sir Duncan Campbell of Glenurchy. He was a younger brother of Sir William Murray of Tullibardine [q. v.], comptroller. On 24 Aug. 1564 Mary queen of Scots wrote to Elizabeth for a passport for him to trade with England for the space of one year (Cal. State Papers, For. Ser. 1564-5, entry 632). The real purpose of the pass seems, however, to have been to permit him to proceed on a private embassy of the queen of Scots to France. In February 1565 he returned from France as a messenger from Bothwell to the queen in regard to the conditions of Bothwell's return to Scotland (ib. entry 1017), and on 30 May a pass was obtained for him to go back again through England to France (ib. entry 1207). Notwithstanding his previous relations with Bothwell, Murray, after the murder of Darnley, became his determined enemy. When the privy council on 12 Feb. published a proclamation announcing a reward of two thousand merks Scots for the discovery of the perpetrators of the crime, placards were on the 16th affixed on the Tolbooth declaring the murderers to be Bothwell, Sir James Balfour, and others. On the proclamation of a reward for the name of the person who had issued the placards, another was affixed in which the author expressed his willingness to disclose himself and to make good his accusation, provided the money were placed in an honest man's hands. In March Murray announced that he was the author of the placards (Drury to Cecil, 21 March 1567, ib. entry 1034), and on 14 March an order was issued by the privy council to prevent him leaving the country (Reg. P. C. Scotl. i. 500). Nevertheless Murray succeeded in escaping arrest, and even offered to furnish proofs at the trial of Bothwell of the guilt of Bothwell and his accomplices, provided his own safety were guaranteed, but the queen declined to agree to these conditions (Drury to Cecil, 27 March and 2 April, Cal. State Papers, For. Ser. 1566-8, entries 1052 and


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 from the Reformation to the present Time. By a Clergyman,’ 3 vols., Newcastle, 1771–2, 8vo. 6. ‘The Travels of the Imagination, a true Journey from Newcastle to London in a Stage Coach, with Observations upon the Metropolis. By J. M.,’ London, 1773, 8vo; 2nd edit., London, 1828, 8vo. 7. ‘ΕΙΚΩΝ ΒΑΣΙΛΙΚΗ, or the Character of Eglon, King of Moab, and his Ministry, wherein is demonstrated the Advantage of Christianity in the exercise of Civil Government,’ Newcastle, 1773. 8. ‘Lectures to Lords Spiritual, or an Advice to the Bishops concerning Religious Articles, Tithes, and Church Power. With a Discourse on Ridicule,’ London, 1774, 12mo. 9. ‘A grave Answer to Mr. [John] Wesley's calm Address to our American Colonies. By a Gentleman of Northumberland,’ 1775. 10. ‘Lectures upon the most remarkable Characters and Transactions recorded in the Book of Genesis,’ 2 vols. Newcastle, 1777, 12mo. 11. ‘The Magazine of Ants, or Pismire Journal,’ Newcastle, 1777, 8vo. 12. ‘Lectures on Genius,’ 2 vols. 1777, 8vo. 13. ‘Lectures upon the Book of the Revelation of John the Divine,’ 2 vols. Newcastle, 1778, 12mo. 14. ‘The New Maid of the Oaks, a Tragedy, as lately acted near Saratoga … By Ahab Salem,’ London, 1778, 8vo (cf., Biog. Dram. 1812, iii. 79). 15. ‘An Impartial History of the present War in America,’ 2 vols., Newcastle [1778], 8vo, and again [1780], 8vo. 16. ‘Sermons to Ministers of State,’ Newcastle, 1781, 12mo. 17. ‘Sermons for the General Fast Day,’ London, 1781, 8vo. 18. ‘The Fast, a Poem.’ 19. ‘A Course of Lectures on the Philosophy of the Human Mind.’ This and the three following works were left in manuscript. 20. ‘Lectures on the Book of Job.’ 21. ‘A Journey through Cumberland and the Lakes.’ 22. ‘A Journey to Glasgow.’

In 1798 R. Smith, bookseller of Paisley, republished his ‘Sermons to Doctors in Divinity,’ ‘Lectures to Lords Spiritual,’ ‘An Evening Lecture delivered in 1780,’ and ‘An Address to the Archbishops and Bishops.’ William Hone republished the ‘Sermons to Asses,’ 1817, ‘Sermons to Doctors in Divinity,’ 1817, ‘Sermons to Ministers of State,’ 1817, ‘New Sermons to Asses,’ 1817, and ‘Lectures to Lords Spiritual,’ 1818. These he collected together in one volume, with a portrait of the author and an original sketch of his life. Murray was one of the principal editors of the ‘Freeman's Magazine, or the Constitutional Repository,’ Newcastle, 1774.

His portrait, prefixed to the ‘History of the American War,’ was painted by Van Cook, and engraved by Pollard. Though not a very good likeness, it is better than that given by Hone. There is also an engraved portrait prefixed to the second edition of ‘Travels of the Imagination.’

 MURRAY, JAMES (1725?–1794), general, governor of Quebec and of Minorca, born about 1725, was fifth son of Alexander, fourth lord Elibank, and his wife Elizabeth, daughter of George Stirling, surgeon, and M.P. for Edinburgh city. He was brother of Henry Murray, fifth lord Elibank, and of Alexander Murray (1723–1777) [q. v.] There is some ambiguity in the date of his first commission, as there are several officers of the name undistinguishable in the entry and commission books. Probably he was the James Murray who, on 2 Feb. 1740, was appointed second lieutenant in Wynyard's marines (Home Office Military Entry Book, xviii. 12). Henry Murray was lieutenant-colonel of that regiment. In a memorial to Ligonier in 1758 James Murray states that he had then served nearly twenty years as a commissioned officer, and had been present with the 15th foot throughout all its service in the West Indies, Flanders, and Brittany during the last war (Addit. MS. 21628, f. 302). These services included the Carthagena expedition and subsequent operations in the east of Cuba, the defence of Ostend in 1745 by a mixed force of British and Austrians under Count Chanclos, and the L'Orient expedition of 1748 (, Hist. Rec. 15th Foot). At L'Orient Murray was captain of the grenadier company of the 15th, which attacked the French with great gallantry when many of the other troops shamefully misbehaved. Murray became major in the 15th in Ireland in the following year, and on 5 Jan. 1751 purchased the lieutenant-colonelcy. He commanded the regiment in the Rochfort expedition of 1757, and was a witness for the defence at the ensuing trial of Sir John Mordaunt (1697–1780) [q. v.] He took the regiment out to America in 1757, and commanded a brigade at the siege of Louisburg, Cape Breton, in 1758. Wolfe wrote to Lord George Sackville. afterwards Germain, from Louisburg: 'Murray, my old antagonist, has acted with infinite spirit. The public is much indebted to him for great services in advancing. . . this siege' (Hist. MSS. Comm. 9th Rep. pt. iii. p. 76 a). Murray was one of the three bri-


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Rh parents. He crawled into one of the small openings, and went so far that he could not find the way out, as there were winding passages which seemed to open into large rooms. When he found himself lost, he began to cry with all his might, which reached the others with a faint, sad sound. His father called in a terribly loud voice for him to stand still, as he might, by trying to get out, get into worse danger, perhaps fall into some water and drown himself. Well, it did not take long for his Papa, with a light, to find him; but it was long enough to frighten them all badly—especially his Mamma, who made Harry promise he would never again play hide and seek in a cave. And that night, when Harry and Curly Locks said their prayers, they thanked God that Harry was safe at home and not lost in a dark and dismal cave.

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Rh to the cave and Mamma and Auntie are going too, and they are harnessing the old white horse to the Jersey wagon now, and we are going to take our dinner! Harry stopped for want of breath, when Curly Locks said good-bye to the pigeons and went with all haste back to the house with Harry. There, sure enough, was old whitey and the Jersey standing at the front door all ready, and the two Mammas busy putting up a luncheon. Now, are ready, and off they go—the two little ones in front, with Uncle and the two Mammas on the back seat. It was a lovely day, just warm enough to be pleasant. After a ride of several miles they reached the cave, which was on the farm of a friend of Uncle's. They first went to the house, where they were warmly welcomed, and invited to take dinner, but for the children's sake they declined, for as Harry said, that would spoil the picnic altogether. Well! said the good-natured farmer, then we will go with you—which they did with their two little girls,—and a nice time they had. The mouth of the cave was quite large and opened into an immense chamber, and all about there were small openings; peeping into these, you could see nothing but darkness. The cave had only been discovered a short time, and was a great mystery to every one. After dinner, Harry proposed that they should play hide and seek in the cave, which was the cause of a great shock to his

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8 for her to go. To be sure there were only small fish in this creek, but they were small children, and could not have caught large fish had there been any. Sometimes when tired of fishing, they would put their rods on the grass, and hunt pretty pebbles and small shells in the sand—this was great fun for Curly Locks—better than fishing, and she carried home with her that Fall several bottles of pretty stones and shells, into which she poured a little clear water, which made them look much brighter.

One of her greatest delights was feeding the pigeons. Her cousin Harry had a great flock of them—most of which were white, but he had all varieties; and fine specimens they were; there were fan-tails, pouters, tumblers, top-knots, and others. If you don't know the meaning of pouters and tumblers, ask your Papa and he will tell you.

Every time Curly Locks went near the barn, which was their home, they would fly down to her, and a noise they would make! She would take them in her hands and talk to them, and they would talk back, but Curly Locks did not understand pigeon talk, so I cannot tell you what they said, though I have no doubt but that they were thanking her for feeding them.

She was feeding them one morning when Harry came running to her, his face beaming with pleasure: oh! Curly Locks! come! come quickly, Papa is going to take us

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Little Curly Locks

Ricitos

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