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Rh comprised gold, silver and sesame oil and probably asphalt and other remunerative minerals from the shores of the Dead Sea. Greek and Roman imports were brought in Attic jars, fragments of which can still be found around Petra. Nabataean forces protected the caravan routes and collected taxes on goods in transit. Presumably the mer- chants spoke not only Arabic and Aramaic but Greek and even Latin. A distinctive Nabataean script gradually differ- entiated itself from the Aramaic and eventually became in turn the source of the Arabic alphabet.

Nabataean religion was of the common Semitic type based on agricultural fertility rites. It preserved elements of the old worship associated with high places and standing stones. At the head of the pantheon stood the sun god Dushara, who was worshipped in the form of an unhewn black stone or obelisk. Associated with him was the moon goddess Allat, chief deity of Arabia. The Aramaean goddess Atargatis became the Nabataean goddess of grain, foliage, fruit and fish. Other deities also correspond to those of Syria and of Arabia. Serpent worship formed a part of this religion. As Hellenistic ways of thought gained favour, these old Semitic deities took on Greek guise, Dushara being equated with Dionysus. Further research would probably reveal a larger measure of Nabataean influence over infant Christianity and Islam than has generally been realized.

The delineation of Nabataean national character in Strabo and Diodorus is doubtless exaggerated but must be basically correct. The general picture is that of a sensible, acquisitive, orderly, democratic people absorbed in trade and agriculture. The society had few slaves and no paupers. The king was so close to his subjects that he often rendered an account of his kingship to the popular assembly.

While Jews and Arabs were troubling the southern and eastern frontiers of Seleucid Syria, the Phoenician ports were regaining their autonomy in the west and a new power was rising to the north. King Tigranes of Armenia overran Rh


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Rh Mesopotamia, then under Parthian rule, and by 85 B.C. was attacking Cilicia and northern Syria. Worn out by civil wars and dynastic feuds, the Syrians were neither able nor eager to offer resistance, and even the Greek cities acquiesced in the new rule. In their southward drive the Armenians reached Acre and thus threatened both the Jewish kingdom and Egypt, where the Ptolemaic house was tottering, but in 69 B.C. the Romans forced their withdrawal from all Syria. Pompey's victories in Asia Minor over Mithradates of Pontus left Syria open to Roman occupation, ending the last throes of its once-glorious Seleucid period.

The Hellenistic civilization enjoyed a far longer span of life in Syria than did Greek political dominance, surviving for nearly a thousand years under Seleucids, Romans and Byzantines, and colouring the Arab civilization which re- placed it in the seventh century of the Christian era. Hellenistic culture was synthetic and eclectic, in contrast to the pure Hellenic culture of Greece, and achieved supremacy not only in Syria but throughout south-western Asia and Egypt. Naturally different parts of Syria re- sponded in differing measure to Hellenistic stimuli. In the north native deities were identified with Greek gods and rechristened, Baal becoming Zeus Olympus. A shrine south of Antioch was given the name of Daphne, the nymph beloved by Apollo and metamorphosed into a laurel tree. Pilgrims flocked from all over Syria to the sanctuary of Apollo there, making it a notorious centre of licentiousness. In fact, northern Syria became a second Macedonia, where the intrusive Greek element made itself thoroughly at home.

The Phoenician cities had already had contacts with the Greek world for several centuries and had no hesitancy in adopting the new synthesis. The Hellenism that developed in Phoenician Syria was more vigorous and productive than that of Aramaean Syria and exhibited none of the internal stresses which characterized contemporary Jewish society. Greek philosophy and literature were assiduously cultivated Rh

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Rh there, no less than in Greek cities such as Antioch. Farther south, Ascalon was a centre of Hellenistic culture, but most of the other coastal cities of Palestine stood desolate, ruined by the militant Maccabean Jews, who also chastised the pro-Hellenes in their own midst and in Samaria and Galilee.

Despite the general recognition of the superiority of Greek literature and civilization, the many educated Syrians who studied Greek and wrote in it produced little of lasting value. Aramaic persisted throughout as the vernacular of the people, who remained Semitic in their customs and manner of living. Basically they were no more Hellenized than modern Syrians were Frenchified. What the introduction of Greek thought did do was to disrupt the purely Semitic political and intellectual structure and to open the door for subsequent Romanizing influences. A thousand years had to pass before a reintegration was pos- sible. Nor has Aramaic literature of Seleucid Syria left any remains, as indigenous literary activity apparently shrank to almost nothing, out of a sense of inferiority. Presumably some was written but did not survive. Certain Hebrew works would have met the same fate had they not found a Greek translator and been accepted among the Apocrypha. One of our main sources of knowledge of this era, i Mac- cabees, was evidently written between 105 and 63 B.C. and translated into Greek from a Hebrew original. Two Hebrew works of the Seleucid era worked their way into the canon: Ecclesiastes, written about 200 B.C. by an aristocratic Hel- lenized Jew, and Daniel, composed in the second pre- Christian century. Of the two, Ecclesiastes has much the closer affinity with Greek thought.

No part of the Seleucid empire developed into a real centre of artistic, literary or scientific creativeness. The kings were never munificent patrons of learning, though they established libraries in the capitals ; Antioch had an outstanding one. Considering the improvement in com- munication and the spread of a common civilization with Rh


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Rh a common speech, learning would have flourished more had it received royal encouragement. Hellenistic Syria pro- duced a couple of historian geographers, a few astronomers, a limited number of poets none of whom was of first rank, and a remarkable number of philosophers mainly of the Stoic school. Almost all belonged to the second or early first century before Christ. Stoicism from the outset estab- lished close connection with the Semitic conception of life and remained throughout its career congenial to the Semitized Greeks as well as to the Hellenized Semites. In its stress on brotherhood and a world state, virtue and ethical living, and in considering all that had to do with the body — strength and weakness, health and sickness, wealth and poverty — as a matter of indifference, this philosophy was in a sense a precursor of Christianity.

The political institutions of the Seleucid realm were a strange mixture of Greco-Macedonian and Syro-Persian elements, among which the latter predominated. At the head of the state stood the king with absolute power. In fact he was the state. All authority stemmed from him. He appointed and dismissed officials at his pleasure. His rule was personal and dynastic based on the right of con- quest and succession. He was surrounded by a divine halo, a heritage from Alexander and the oriental monarchs. The divine descent of the founder of the house was proclaimed early in his career by an oracle and was generally accepted. The native Semitic population maintained an attitude which may best be described as passive acquiescence.

The régime of the palace, with its display of crimson and gold and the conspicuousness of its chamberlains and eunuchs, was more oriental than occidental. On state occasions the monarch wore on his head a diadem, symbol of his royalty. The signet ring also served as emblem of royalty. The monarch's dress remained the old national garb of Macedonia but glorified and made of purple cloth, with all its priestly and regal associations. Splendid banquets Rh


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Rh with lavish gifts and prodigal displays of wealth were, together with hunting and horsemanship, the chief recrea- tion of the king and his court, comprised of the Macedonian nobility and the new official class.

The highest office was that of 'minister for affairs', a continuation of the Persian office of vizir. The hierarchy included the head of the royal chancery, the finance minister, the financial secretary, the quartermaster and the chief physician. In the provinces the officials were satraps, district governors, secretaries and overseers of taxes. The ministry of finance was an especially coveted office. In general, the Seleucids and Ptolemies were monogamous but kept mistresses. Members of both houses practised sister mar- riage, as the Pharaohs and Persian kings had done. Members of the royal family and of the official corps had a plethora of slaves. Hellenistic society everywhere was poor in machines, rich in slaves.

The Seleucid army, which in its early stages consisted of all the male Macedonians and Greeks in the realm, was influential in state affairs, with the cavalry ranking higher and receiving more pay than the infantry. Like the navy, the army was the king's, and provided a principal means by which men could rise to power. Its nucleus was the phalanx, armed with swords and twenty-one-foot-long spears, and protected by helmets and shields. The missile shooters consisted of archers, slingers and javelineers drawn from the non-Hellenic element of the population. The artillery of the Hellenistic kings, including catapults, opened a new chapter in the history of siegecraft and provoked a corresponding improvement in the art of city fortification. Persian and Kurdish bowmen and slingers, Median cavalry and Arabian archers mounted on dromedaries fought along- side Greeks and Syrians.

The camel and horse as instruments of warfare had been known in south-western Asia for centuries, but the elephant was a new feature of the Seleucid army and appears as an Rh


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Rh emblem on their coins. The Syrian kings alone could pro- cure elephants from India, and kept about 500 in a training depot at Apamea. In battle an Indian mahout straddled the neck of the elephant, which carried a wooden tower with four fighting men. The animals were used not only against enemy elephants (the Ptolemies used elephants from Africa), but as a screen against cavalry and to break into fortified positions. In 163 B.C. the Romans sent a mission to destroy the war elephants of Syria, virtually ending the only period in history in which this animal played an important part in warfare outside India.

The same Roman mission which destroyed the war elephants was charged with burning the Seleucid fleet, which had been increased beyond the number allowed to Antiochus III in the treaty of 188. While the fleet played no decisive role in any of the recorded battles, yet it must have had enough nuisance value to necessitate inclusion in the treaty of a clause limiting the number of its units and confining its sphere of activity to Asiatic waters. A small part of it was evidently maintained in the Persian Gulf. On the whole, the function of the navy was to support the army and to protect military transports. It was no doubt manned mostly by Phoenicians. The ships were quinqueremes, having a single row of oars with five men to each oar. They could be used for ramming, a practice in which the Phoenicians excelled.

The unity of the Seleucid empire found expression in the uniformity of its military organization and in the administrative system of the provinces inherited in large part from the Persians. Of the local provincial government not much is known, but it is evident that the old govern- mental machinery was maintained. The administrative division kept its Persian name, satrapy, and was sub- divided into districts for administrative purposes. The royal mint was, of course, at Antioch, but provincial mints existed at Tyre, Sidon, Aradus and other important cities. The Rh


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Rh The commonest adjunct to cereal food was a leaf vegetable. Meat was not in regular demand except among the rich. Of the legumes lentils, beans, kidney beans, chick-peas, vetch and lupin were widely cultivated. Onions, leeks and garlic were relished by the poor. Of the spices coriander, mustard, anise, cumin, ginger and mint flourished in Syria, as did mushrooms, cabbage and radishes. Non-food plants included henna, lilies and papyrus, as well as flax, cotton and hemp for use in making cloth.

The production of dyes in the textile manufacturing districts of Sidon and Tyre seems to have continued under the Romans. Phoenician purple was held everywhere in high esteem. Syria was, with Egypt, the main source of linen goods for the empire, and among the best sources of leather, for tanning which sumac leaves were used, as they are today. All industry was hand production which, lacking machinery and the experimental outlook, remained virtu- ally static. Other Syrian exports included medicinal and aromatic plants, as well as wines popular throughout the whole ancient world. Mineral products comprised asphalt from the Dead Sea region, cinnabar and orpiment for paint- ing, amber, alabaster from Damascus and gypsum. Stone and chalk quarries existed near Antioch. Copper was mined in several localities, largely by slaves under govern- ment supervision. Sidon was especially noted for its bronze and its glass, including the newly invented blown-glass vessels.

Commerce provided the main source of wealth. The richest cities of the Roman Near East were such com- mercial centres as Petra, Palmyra and the Phoenician coast towns. By and large the traders were natives of Syria, though Italians and Greeks competed briefly. Commerce remained as individualistic as industry, with even partner- ships rare. Trade in slaves continued to flourish. Insolvent debtors forfeited their persons to their creditors, and pro- fessional slave traders seized unwary adults, kidnapped infants and bought unwanted ones. Incense and spices from Rh


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Rh southern Arabia and India, perfumes and drugs, oils and unguents all passed through Syria by caravan, leaving prosperity in their wake.. Syrian imports were less romantic — pottery, papyrus and dried fish exceeding silk, jewels and spices in quantity if not in value.

The general aspect of country life in Roman Syria did not radically differ from the earlier pattern. The land was studded with thousands of villages inhabited mostly by peasants living on the produce of the vineyards or farms. No traces of serfdom can be found among these villages ; nor is there record of the presence of public slaves doing menial labour. Little or no money was spent for education, public health or charity. With the peasants lived village specialists — carpenters, blacksmiths, shoemakers and shopkeepers. These villages were as little affected by the Romanizing process as they had been by the Hellenizing process. The villagers, especially those far removed from urban centres, tenaciously clung to their traditional ways of life. Ancient rites and customs persisted unchanged.

Above the peasantry stood the native aristocracy, owners of large land-holdings or flocks of sheep and goats. The members of this class were also leaders in religious affairs. The caravan cities, coastal towns and Greco-Roman colonies housed the rich merchants and industrialists as well as the government officials. The majority of this leisure class devoted themselves to sports, amusements and social func- tions. The climatic conditions and traditional concepts of life, however, made for temperate habits ; and the sense of family loyalty, a most precious element in the legacy of the patriarchal age, never lost its hold upon the people. It is still a living force there.

In the Hellenized or Romanized cities and in the coastal towns amusements were those of the ordinary Greco-Roman type — wrestling, chariot racing, musical competition and theatrical performances. Dromedary racing was popular in the districts bordering the desert. Hunting was the favourite Rh


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 THE WIDOW up with pins. Her face is pitted with the small-pox, but the delicacy of her features shows that she may once have been beautiful; and she has a very fair and well-shaped hand and arm, of which, if I mistake not, the good lady is still a little vain.

I have had the curiosity to gather a few particulars concerning her. She was a great belle in town between thirty and forty years since, and reigned for two seasons with all the insolence of beauty, refusing several excellent offers; when, unfortunately, she was robbed of her charms and her lovers by an attack of the small-pox. She retired immediately into the country, where she some time afterwards inherited an estate, and married a baronet, a former admirer, whose passion had suddenly revived; "having," as he said, "always loved her mind rather than her person."

The baronet did not enjoy her mind and fortune above six months, and had scarcely grown very tired of her, when he broke his

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 THE WIDOW neck in a fox-chase and left her free, rich, and disconsolate. She has remained on her estate in the country ever since, and has never shown any desire to return to town and revisit the scene of her early triumphs and fatal malady. All her favourite recollections, however, revert to that short period of her youthful beauty. She has no idea of town but as it was at that time, and continually forgets that the place and people must have changed materially in the course of nearly half a century. She will often speak of the toasts of those days as if still reigning; and, until very recently, used to talk with delight of the royal family and the beauty of the young princes and princesses. She cannot be brought to think of the present 25


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 THE WIDOW king otherwise than as an elegant young man, rather wild, but who danced a minuet divinely; and before he came to the crown, would often mention him as the "sweet young prince."

She talks also of the walks in Kensington Gardens, where the gentlemen appeared in gold-laced coats and cocked hats, and the ladies in hoops, and swept so proudly along the grassy avenues; and she thinks the ladies let themselves sadly down in their dignity when they gave up cushioned head-dresses and high-heeled shoes. She has much to say, too, of the officers who were in the train of her admirers; and speaks familiarly of many wild young blades that are now perhaps hobbling about watering-places with crutches and gouty shoes.

Whether the taste the good lady had of matrimony discouraged her or not, I cannot say; but though her merits and her riches have attracted many suitors, she has never been tempted to venture again into the happy

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 THE WIDOW state. This is singular, too, for she seems of a most soft and susceptible heart; is always talking of love and connubial felicity; and is a great stickler for old-fashioned gallantry, devoted attentions, and eternal constancy on the part of the gentlemen. She lives, however, after her own taste. Her house I am told, must have been built and furnished about the time of Sir Charles Grandison: everything about it is somewhat formal and stately, but has been softened down into a degree of voluptuousness characteristic of an old lady very tender-hearted and romantic, and that loves her ease. The cushions of the great arm-chairs and wide sofas almost bury you when you sit down on them. Flowers of the most rare and delicate kind are placed about the rooms and on little japanned stands; and sweet-bags lie about the tables and mantelpieces. The house is full of pet dogs, Angola cats, and singing birds, who are as carefully waited upon as she is herself. 27


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 THE WIDOW She is dainty in her living, and a little of an epicure, living on white meats and little lady-like dishes, though her servants have substantial old English fare, as their looks bear witness. Indeed they are so indulged that they are all spoiled, and when they lose their present place they will be fit for no other. Her ladyship is one of those easy-tempered beings that are always doomed to be much liked, but ill-served by their domestics, and cheated by all the world.

Much of her time is passed in reading novels, of which she has a most extensive library, and has a constant supply from the publishers in town. Her erudition in this line of literature is immense; she has kept pace with the press for half a century. Her mind is stuffed with love-tales of all kinds, from the stately amours of the old books of chivalry down to the last blue-covered romance reeking from the press; though she evidently gives the preference to those that came out in the days of her youth,

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 THE WIDOW and when she was first in love. She maintains that there are no novels written nowadays equal to "Pamela" and "Sir Charles Grandison"; and she places the "Castle of Otranto" at the head of all romances.

She does a vast deal of good in her neighbourhood, and is imposed upon by every beggar in the county. She is the benefactress of a village adjoining to her estate, and takes a special interest in all its love affairs. She knows of every courtship that is going on; every love-lorn damsel is sure to find a patient listener and a sage adviser in her ladyship. She takes great pains to reconcile all love quarrels, and should any faithless swain persist in his inconstancy, he is sure to draw on himself the good lady's violent indignation.

I have learned these particulars partly from Frank Bracebridge and partly from Master Simon. I am now able to account for the assiduous attention of the latter to her ladyship. Her house is one of his favourite resorts, 29


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The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Rau, Karl Heinrich

RAU, Karl Heinrich, German political economist: b. Erlangen, 1792; d. 1870. He received his education at the University of Erlangen, was privat docent there in 1812, becoming professor of political economy there in 1818. Four years later he removed to Heidelberg in a similar capacity. In 1835 he founded the Archiv der politischen Oekonomie und Polizeiwissenschaft. He is the author of ‘Ueber das Zunftwesen und die Folgen seiner Aufhebung’ (1816); ‘Grundriss der Kameralwissenschaft und Wirtschaftslehre’ (1823); ‘Lehrbuch der politischen Oekonomie’ (1826-37).


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 THE WIDOW where he is a very important personage. He makes her a visit of business once a year, when he looks into all her affairs; which, as

she is no manager, are apt to get into confusion. He examines the books of the overseer, and shoots about the estate, which, he says, is well stocked with game, notwithstanding that it is poached by all the vagabonds in the neighbourhood.

It is thought, as I before hinted, that the captain will inherit the greater part of her 30


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 THE WIDOW property, having always been her chief favourite, for, in fact, she is partial to a red coat. She has now come to the Hall to be present at his nuptials, having a great disposition to interest herself in all matters of love and matrimony.


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 general by James II till the violent measures of Tyrconnel compelled him to seek refuge in England [see ]. His name was included in the list of persons proscribed by the Irish parliament in 1689, and his estates to the value of 1,700l. per annum sequestered. But after the revolution he was on 30 Oct. 1690 (patent, 21 March 1691) appointed attorney-general of Ireland in the place of Sir Richard Nagle [q. v.], removed, and continued in that office till his resignation on 10 May 1695. Afterwards retiring to his estate at East Sheen in Surrey, he died there on 10 March 1704, and was buried in Mortlake church. By his wife Jane, daughter of Sir Abraham Yarner, of Dublin, whom he married on 4 Aug. 1663, he had several children, of whom his eldest surviving son Henry (1673?–1757) [q. v.], was created Viscount Palmerston.

[Lodge's Peerage, ed. Archdall, v. 235–42; Allibone's Dict. of Authors; Webb's Comp. of Irish Biogr.; Wordsworth's Eccl. Biogr. v. 365; Gilbert's Contemp. Hist. of Affairs; Clarendon State Papers, ii. 134, and authorities quoted.]

TEMPLE, PETER (1600–1663), regicide, was third son of Edmund Temple (d. 1616) of Temple Hall in the parish of Sibbesdon, near Whellesburgh in Leicestershire, and of his wife Elizabeth, daughter of Robert Burgoine of Wroxhall in Warwickshire. Peter, who was born in 1600, was apprenticed to a linendraper in Friday Street, London, but, his elder brothers Paul and Jonathan dying, he inherited the family estate of Temple Hall.

In December 1642, when the association for the mutual defence and safety of the counties of Leicester, Derby, Nottingham, Rutland, Northampton, Buckingham, Bedford, and Huntingdon was formed, Temple was chosen one of the committee. He was at that time the captain of a troop of horse. He was an original member of the committee for the management of the militia for the county of Leicester, formed on 17 Jan. 1643. On 19 Jan. 1644 he was elected high sheriff of Leicestershire (having been appointed to the post by the parliament on 30 Dec. previously), and was deputed to settle the differences between Lord Grey and Richard Ludlam, mayor of Leicester. He was placed on the committee for raising supplies for the maintenance of the Scottish army in the town and county of Leicester, when it was formed in February 1645. His bravery as a soldier has been doubted, and he has been accused of attempting to dissuade Lord Grey from fortifying Leicester and of retiring with his troops to Rockingham on the intelligence of the enemy's advance on the town in May 1645. Even his supporters were unable to advance an adequate reason for his departure for London just before the siege of Leicester (29 May 1645). On 17 Nov. 1645 he was chosen a freeman of the town of Leicester, and elected to represent the borough in parliament, vice Thomas Cooke, disabled to sit on 30 Sept. previously. At about the same time he was military governor of Cole Orton in Leicestershire.

Temple was one of the king's judges. He attended all the sittings of the court save two, was present on 27 Jan. 1648 when sentence was passed, and signed the death warrant on the 29th. On 13 June 1649 he was added to the committee for compounding at Goldsmiths' Hall, and was elected to serve on a sub-committee of the same on 23 June. On 21 July he was petitioning parliament for redress for losses during the war, and was voted 1,500l. out of the sequestrations in the county of Leicester. By 3 Jan. 1650 1,200l. had been paid, and further payment was ordered out of the Michaelmas rents. In December 1650, being then in London, Temple was ordered by the council of state to return to his duties as militia commissioner for the county of Leicester. In July 1659 he was again in London, and was assigned lodgings in Whitehall.

At the Restoration Temple was excepted from the act of oblivion. He surrendered himself on 12 June, in accordance with the king's proclamation of 4 June 1660, and was committed to the Tower. He was excepted from the indemnity bill of 29 Aug. with the saving clause of suspension of execution awaiting special act of parliament. He pleaded ‘not guilty’ when brought to the bar of the sessions house, Old Bailey, on 10 Oct., and when tried on the 16th was condemned to be hanged. Temple then pleaded the benefit of the king's proclamation. He was respited, and remained in the Tower till 20 Dec. 1663, when he died a prisoner. His estate of Temple Hall was confiscated by Charles II, who bestowed it on his brother James, duke of York. It had been in the possession of the Temples for many generations.

Temple married Phœbe, daughter of John Gayring of London, by whom he had three sons, Edmund, John, and Peter (b. 1635). Winstanley (Loyal Martyrology, pp. 141–2) gives a poor character of Temple, as one ‘easier to be led to act anything to which the hope of profit called him,’ and considers him to have been ‘fooled by Oliver into the snare.’

The subject of this article has been confused alike with Sir Peter Temple, the con-


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The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Rau, Charles

RAU, row, Charles, American archæologist: b. Verviers, Belgium, 1826; d. Philadelphia, Pa., 25 July 1887. He was educated at the University of Heidelberg and came to this country in 1848, where he engaged in teaching. From 1875 until his death he was curator in the National Museum at Washington, D. C. and devoted himself to the study of American archæology, on which he became a recognized authority. He wrote ‘Early Man in Europe’ (1876); ‘The Palenque Tablet in the United States National Museum’ (1879); ‘Articles on Anthropological Subjects, 1853-1877’ (1882). He left unfinished a work on the types of early American implements, and what was projected to be an exhaustive record of American archæology. His great library and collections were bequeathed to the National Museum.


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 temporary baronet of Stowe [see, (1634–1697)], and with Sir Peter Temple of Stanton Bury, knt., nephew of the baronet.

[Nichols's Herald and Genealogist, iii. 389–391; Noble's Spanish Armada; Official Lists of Members of Parliament, i. 490; Noble's Lives of the Regicides; Masson's Milton, iii. 402, vi. 43, 54, 93, 115; Nichols's Leicestershire, i. 461, iii. App. 4, 33, iv. 959; Commons' Journals, iii. 354, 576, 638, vi. 267, viii. 61, 63; Nalson's Trial of Charles I; Calendar of Committee for Compounding, pp. 144, 165; Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1650 p. 468, 1659–60 pp. 30, 96, 325, 1663 p. 383; Thompson's Leicester, pp. 377, 381, 386; Trial of the Regicides, pp. 29, 267, 271, 276; Innes's An Examination of a Printed Pamphlet entituled A Narrative of the Siege of the Town of Leicester, p. 5; An Examination Examined, p. 13.]

TEMPLE, RICHARD (1634–1697), politician, born on 28 March 1634, was the son of Sir Peter Temple, second baronet of Stowe, by his second wife, Christian, daughter and coheiress of Sir John Leveson of Walling in Kent (Parish Register of Kensington, Harl. Soc. p. 70).

Although in the visitation of Leicestershire in 1619 the family of Temple is traced back to the reign of Henry III, the first undoubted figure in their pedigree is Robert Temple, who lived at Temple Hall in Leicestershire in the middle of the fifteenth century. He left three sons, of whom Robert carried on the elder line at Temple Hall, to which belonged Peter Temple [q. v.] the ‘regicide,’ while Thomas settled at Witney in Oxfordshire. Thomas Temple's great-grandson Peter became lessee of Stowe in Buckinghamshire, and died on 28 May 1577. He had two sons—John, who purchased Stowe on 27 Jan. 1589–90, and Anthony, father of Sir William Temple (1555–1627) [q. v.] John was succeeded by his eldest son Thomas, who was knighted in June 1603 and created a baronet on 24 Sept. 1611. He married Hester, daughter of Miles Sandys of Latimer, Buckinghamshire, by whom he had four sons. Of these the eldest was Sir Peter Temple, father of Sir Richard (, Hist. of Leicestershire, iv. 958–62;, Three Hundred Years of a Norman House, 1867, pp. 262–88; Herald and Genealogist, 1st ser. iii. 385–97; Notes and Queries, III. viii. 506).

(1592–1653), who was baptised at Stowe on 10 Oct. 1592, represented the borough of Buckingham in the last two parliaments of Charles I, and was knighted at Whitehall on 6 June 1641 (, Book of Knights, p. 196; Official Returns of Members of Parliament, i. 480, 485). He espoused the cause of the parliamentarians, and held the commission of colonel in their army. But on the execution of Charles he threw up his commission, and exhibited so much disgust that information was laid against him in parliament for seditious language (Journals of the House of Commons, vii. 76, 79, 108). He died in 1653, and was buried at Stowe (Stowe MSS. 1077–9).

In 1654 Sir Richard Temple, although not of age, was chosen to represent Warwickshire in Cromwell's first parliament, and on 7 Jan. 1658–9 he was returned for the town of Buckingham under Richard Cromwell. At that time he was a secret royalist, and delayed the proceedings of parliament by proposing that the Scottish and Irish members should withdraw while the constitution and powers of the upper house were under discussion (Hist. MSS. Comm. 5th Rep. pp. 171–2, 7th Rep. p. 483;, Hist. of England, 1849, viii. 566). After the Restoration he was again returned for Buckingham, and retained his seat for the rest of his life, except in the parliament which met in March 1678–9, when he was defeated by the influence of the Duke of Buckingham (Hist. MSS. Comm. 13th Rep. vi. 13, 20). On 19 April 1661 he was created a knight of the Bath. He became a prominent member of the country party, and in 1663 the king complained of his conduct to the House of Commons, who succeeded in effecting an accommodation (Journals of the House of Commons, viii. 502, 503, 507, 511–515; Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1663–4, p. 190;, Diary, ed. Braybrooke, pp. 175, 179, 182, 185). In 1671 a warrant was made out appointing him to the council for foreign plantations, and in the following year he was nominated senior commissioner of customs (ib. 1671 passim;, Book of Dignities, pp. 273–4; Hist. MSS. Comm. 9th Rep. ii. 33). He distinguished himself by his zeal against those accused of participation in the popish plot, and on account of his anxiety to promote the exclusion bill was known to the adherents of the Duke of York as the ‘Stoe monster.’ In February 1682–3 Charles removed him from his place in the customs. He was reinstated in the following year, but was immediately dismissed on the accession of James II (, Brief Relation, 1857, i. 251, 329). After the Revolution he regained his post on 5 April 1689, and held it until the place bill of 1694 compelled him to choose between his office and his seat in parliament (ib. i. 523, iii. 300, 353; Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1689–90, pp. 53, 514, 516).


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 Temple was a prominent figure in the lower house in William's reign. In 1691 he was the foremost to assure the king of the resolution of the commons to support him in the war with France, and in the following year he opposed the triennial bill; his speech is preserved among the manuscripts of the Earl of Egmont (Hist. MSS. Comm. 7th Rep. pp. 204–5, 207, 245). He died in 1697, and was buried at Stowe on 15 May.

By his wife Mary, daughter of Henry Knapp of Rawlins, Oxfordshire, he had four sons: Richard [see ], Purbeck, Henry, and Arthur, who all died without issue. By her he had also six daughters, of whom Hester married Richard Grenville of Wootton, Buckinghamshire, ancestor of the dukes of Buckingham and Chandos. She was created Countess Temple in her own right on 18 Oct. 1749, and died at Bath on 6 Oct. 1752.

Temple was the author of:
 * 1) ‘An Essay on Taxes,’ London, 1693, 4to, in which he opposed the land tax, and also the project of an excise on home commodities.
 * 2) ‘Some short Remarks upon Mr. Lock's Book, in answer to Mr. Launds [i.e.  [q. v.] ], and several other books and pamphlets concerning Coin,’ London, 1696, 4to, in which he attacked the new coinage. The latter pamphlet called forth an anonymous answer entitled ‘Decus and Tutamen; or our New Money as now coined, in Full Weight and Fineness, proved to be for the Honour, Safety, and Advantage of England,’ London, 1696, 8vo.

A folio volume containing collections from Temple's parliamentary papers, and another in his handwriting containing ‘An Answer to a Book entitled the Case Stated of the Jurisdiction of the House of Lords on the Point of Impositions,’ were formerly among the Earl of Ashburnham's manuscripts, and are now in the Stowe collection in the British Museum.

TEMPLE, RICHARD,  (1669?–1749), born about 1669, was the eldest son of Sir  (1634–1697) [q. v.], by his wife Mary, daughter of Henry Knapp of Rawlins, Oxfordshire. He received an ensigncy in Prince George's regiment of foot on 30 June 1685, and was appointed adjutant on 12 April 1687. On 11 July 1689 he obtained a captaincy in Babington's regiment of foot. On 31 Oct. 1694, at the age, according to the college register, of 18, he was admitted fellow-commoner of Christ's College, Cambridge. He took no degree. In May 1697 he succeeded his father in the baronetcy and family estates, and on 17 Dec. he was returned to parliament for the town of Buckingham, his father's constituency, and retained it throughout William's reign. At the time of the general election for Anne's first parliament he was absent from the kingdom, and later was defeated in his candidature for Aylesbury, but was elected for the county on 8 Nov. 1704 by a majority of two votes. He sat for Buckinghamshire in the parliament of 1705, and for the town of Buckingham in those of 1708 and 1710.

On 10 Feb. 1701–2 he was appointed colonel of one of the new regiments raised for the war with France, and was stationed in Ireland (ib. v. 140, 201, 214). He was afterwards transferred to the Netherlands, and served under Marlborough throughout his campaigns. He particularly distinguished himself at the siege of Lille in 1708, and was rewarded by being despatched to Lord Sunderland with the news of the capitulation (Marlborough Despatches, ed. Murray, 1845, i. 224, 542, ii. 530, iv. 274). On 1 Jan. 1705–6 he attained the rank of brigadier-general; on 1 Jan. 1708–9 he was promoted to that of major-general; he was created lieutenant-general on 1 Jan. 1709–10, and in the same year he received the colonelcy of the 4th dragoons (, vi. 548, 686). Sir Richard's military career was interrupted by his political principles. Like his father, he was a staunch whig, and in consequence he was not included in the list of officers nominated to serve in Flanders under the Duke of Ormonde. In 1713 his regiment was given to Lieutenant-general William Evans.

On the accession of George I Temple was at once taken into favour. On 19 Oct. 1714 he was created Baron Cobham of Cobham in Kent, being descended through his grandmother, Christian Leveson, from William Brooke, tenth lord Cobham (1527–1597). He was sent as envoy extraordinary and plenipotentiary to the emperor Charles VI to announce the accession of the new king. After his return he was made colonel of the 1st dragoons in June 1715, and on 6 July 1716 he was appointed a privy councillor. In the same year he became constable of Windsor Castle, and on 23 May 1718 was created Viscount Cobham. On 21 Sept. 1719 he sailed from Spithead in command of an expedition which was originally destined to


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To do

 * Bill Emerson Humanitarian Trust Act
 * Buy American Act
 * Century of Aviation Reauthorization Act
 * Child Care and Development Block Grant Act of 1990
 * Clean Air Act
 * Continued Dumping and Subsidy Offset Act of 2000
 * Controlled Substances Act
 * Defense Base Closure and Realignment Act of 1990
 * Deficit Reduction Act of 1984
 * Demonstration Cities and Metropolitan Development Act of 1966
 * Department of Education Appropriations Act, 2006
 * Department of Homeland Security Appropriations Act, 2007
 * Department of the Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2006
 * District of Columbia Business Corporation Act
 * Dominican Republic-Central America-United States Free Trade Agreement Implementation Act
 * Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965
 * Emergency Supplemental Appropriations Act for Defense, the Global War on Terror, and Hurricane Recovery, 2006
 * Energy Policy and Conservation Act
 * Everglades National Park Protection and Expansion Act of 1989
 * Public Law 90-284. Fair Housing Act
 * Federal-State Extended Unemployment Compensation Act of 1970
 * Federal Activities Inventory Reform Act of 1998
 * Federal Power Act
 * Federal Water Pollution Control Act
 * Financial Services Regulatory Relief Act of 2006
 * Food Stamp Act of 1977
 * Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs Appropriations Act, 2006
 * Gulf Opportunity Zone Act of 2005
 * Help America Vote Act of 2002
 * Highlands Conservation Act of 2004
 * Homeland Security Act of 2002
 * Housing Act of 1954
 * Public Law 95-452. Inspector General Act of 1978
 * Public Law 100-504, Oct. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 2515, S.908 -= Corrupted? =-
 * Interjurisdicitional Fisheries Act
 * Legislative Branch Appropriations Act, 2006
 * Low-Income Home Energy Assistance Act of 1981
 * Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act
 * Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003
 * NAFTA Implementation Act
 * National Capital Transportation Act of 1969
 * National Environmental Policy Act of 1969
 * Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968
 * Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act
 * Pension Protection Act of 2006
 * Post-Katrina Emergency Management Reform Act of 2006
 * Public Works and Economic Development Act
 * Public law (United States)
 * Railroad Retirement Act
 * Railroad Retirement Act of 1974
 * Railroad Unemployment Insurance Act
 * Railway Labor Act
 * Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act of 1974
 * Revenue Reconciliation Act of 1993
 * River and Harbor Act of July 24, 1946
 * Science, State, Justice, Commerce, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2006
 * Tariff Act of 1930
 * Transportation, Treasury, Housing and Urban Development, the Judiciary, the District of Columbia, and Independent Agencies Appropriations Act, 2006
 * Transportation Equity Act of 2005
 * Veterans Benefits Act of 2003
 * Veterans Health Care, Capital Asset, and Business Improvement Act of 2003
 * Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority Compact
 * Workforce Investment Act of 1998

List I

 * Revised Statutes of the United States 2nd Edition, 1878
 * 56th Congress, Ch. 872 National Bureau of Standards Act
 * P.L. 67-85 Act of November 2, 1921
 * P.L. 71-10 Agricultural Marketing Act
 * P.L. 71-325 Perishable Agricultural Commodities Act, 1930
 * P.L. 73-30 Wagner-Peyser Act
 * P.L. 73-479 National Housing Act
 * P.L. 75-162 Railroad Retirement Act of 1974
 * P.L. 75-412 United States Housing Act of 1937
 * P.L. 75-717 Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act
 * P.L. 78-410 Public Health Service Act
 * P.L. 79-291 [International Organizations Immunities Act]
 * P.L. 79-396 Richard B. Russell National School Lunch Act
 * P.L. 79-733 [Agricultural Marketing Act of 1946]
 * P.L. 80-759 Military Selective Service Act
 * P.L. 81-171 Housing Act of 1949
 * P.L. 81-831 Internal Security Act of 1950
 * P.L. 82-183 Revenue Act of 1951 [Jenner Amendment]
 * P.L. 82-414 Immigration and Nationality Act
 * P.L. 83-591 Internal Revenue Code of 1986
 * P.L. 84-885 [State Department Basic Authorities Act of 1956]
 * P.L. 86-372 Housing Act of 1959
 * P.L. 87-293 Peace Corps Act
 * P.L. 87-543 Public Welfare Amendments of 1962
 * P.L. 87-781 Drug Amendments of 1962
 * P.L. 88-525 Food and Nutrition Act of 2008
 * P.L. 89-97 Social Security Amendments of 1965
 * P.L. 89-117 Housing and Urban Development Act of 1965
 * P.L. 89-642 Child Nutrition Act of 1966
 * P.L. 89-695 Financial Institutions Supervisory Act of 1966
 * P.L. 90-248 Social Security Amendments of 1967
 * P.L. 90-321 Consumer Credit Protection Act
 * P.L. 90-448 Housing and Urban Development Act of 1968
 * P.L. 90-486 National Guard Technicians Act of 1968
 * P.L. 91-230 [Education Assistance Programs]
 * P.L. 91-373 Employment Security Amendments of 1970
 * P.L. 91-513 Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970
 * P.L. 91-646 Uniform Relocation Assistance and Real Property Acquisition Policies Act of 1970
 * P.L. 92-203 Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act
 * P.L. 92-318 Education Amendments of 1972
 * P.L. 92-336 [Public Debt Limit—Extension]
 * P.L. 92-463 Federal Advisory Committee Act
 * P.L. 92-603 Social Security Amendments of 1972
 * P.L. 93-66 [Cost-of-Living Increase in Social Security Benefits]
 * P.L. 93-86 Agriculture and Consumer Protection Act of 1973
 * P.L. 93-113 Domestic Volunteer Service Act of 1973
 * P.L. 93-134 Indian Tribal Judgment Funds Use or Distribution Act
 * P.L. 93-233 [Social Security Benefits—Increase]
 * P.L. 93-288 The Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act.
 * P.L. 93-638 Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act
 * P.L. 94-114 [Indian Tribes—Submarginal Lands]
 * P.L. 94-135 Older Americans Amendments Act of 1975
 * P.L. 94-202 [Social Security—Hearings and Review Procedures]
 * P.L. 94-375 Housing Authorization Act of 1976
 * P.L. 94-437 Indian Health Care Improvement Act
 * P.L. 94-566 Unemployment Compensation Amendments of 1976
 * P.L. 98-21 Social Security Amendments of 1983
 * P.L. 98-64 [Per Capita Payments to Indians]
 * P.L. 98-369 Deficit Reduction Act of 1984
 * P.L. 98-432 Shoalwater Bay Indian Tribe—Dexter-by-the-Sea Claim Settlement Act
 * P.L. 98-473 [Continuing Appropriations for Fiscal Year 1985]
 * P.L. 98-500 Old Age Assistance Claims Settlement Act
 * P.L. 98-602 [Wyandotte Tribe of Oklahoma]
 * P.L. 99-130 [Mdewakanton and Wahpekute Eastern or Mississippi Sioux]
 * P.L. 99-146 [Chippewas of Lake Superior]
 * P.L. 99-177 [Public Debt Limit Increase]
 * P.L. 99-264 White Earth Reservation Land Settlement Act of 1985
 * P.L. 99-272 Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1985
 * P.L. 99-319 Protection and Advocacy for Mentally Ill Individuals Act of 1986
 * P.L. 99-335 Federal Employees' Retirement System Act of 1986
 * P.L. 99-346 Saginaw Chippewa Indian Tribe of Michigan Distribution of Judgment Funds Act
 * P.L. 99-377 [Chippewas of the Mississippi]
 * P.L. 99-425 Human Services Reauthorization Act of 1986
 * P.L. 99-509 Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1986
 * P.L. 99-643 Employment Opportunities for Disabled Americans Act
 * P.L. 99-660 Title IV-Health Care Quality Improvement Act of 1986
 * P.L. 100-139 Cow Creek Band of Umpqua Tribe of Indians Distribution of Judgment Funds Act of 1987
 * P.L. 100-177 Public Health Service Amendments of 1987
 * P.L. 100-203 Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1987
 * P.L. 100-204 Foreign Relations Authorization Act, Fiscal Years 1988 and 1989
 * P.L. 100-235 Computer Security Act of 1987
 * P.L. 100-300 International Child Abduction Remedies Act
 * P.L. 100-360 Medicare Catastrophic Coverage Act of 1988
 * P.L. 100-383 [Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians]
 * P.L. 100-581 [Indian Reorganization Act Amendments]
 * P.L. 100-628 Stewart B. McKinney Homeless Assistance Amendments Act of 1988
 * P.L. 100-690 Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988
 * P.L. 100-713 Indian Health Care Amendments of 1988
 * P.L. 101-41 Puyallup Tribe of Indians Settlement Act of 1989
 * P.L. 101-42 Coquille Restoration Act
 * P.L. 101-201 [Agent Orange Settlement Payment]
 * P.L. 101-239 Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1989
 * P.L. 101-277 [Indian Claims: Distribution of Funds to Seminole Indians]
 * P.L. 101-508 Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990
 * P.L. 101-625 Cranston-Gonzalez National Affordable Housing Act
 * P.L. 102-394 Departments of Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 1993
 * P.L. 103-66 Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993
 * P.L. 103-296 Social Security Independence and Program Improvements Act of 1994
 * P.L. 103-432 Social Security Act Amendments of 1994
 * P.L. 104-191 Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996

Publication of Certain Laws of 106th Congress

 * Pub. L. 106-554, Sec. 1(b), Dec. 21, 2000, 114 Stat. 2763, provided that: "In publishing this Act in slip form and in the United States Statutes at Large pursuant to section 112 of title 1, United States Code, the Archivist of the United States shall include after the date of approval at the end appendixes setting forth the texts of the bills referred to in subsection (a) of this section [enacting into law H.R. 5656, H.R. 5657, H.R. 5658, H.R. 5660, H.R. 5661, H.R. 5662, and H.R. 5663 of the 106th Congress, as introduced on Dec. 14, 2000, and H.R. 5666 and H.R. 5667 of the 106th Congress, as introduced on Dec. 15, 2000, except that the text of H.R. 5666, as so enacted, shall not include section 123] and the text of any other bill enacted into law by reference by reason of the enactment of this Act."

 * Pub. L. 106-553, Sec. 1(b), Dec. 21, 2000, 114 Stat. 2762, provided that: "In publishing this Act in slip form and in the United States Statutes at Large pursuant to section 112 of title 1, United States Code, the Archivist of the United States shall include after the date of approval at the end appendixes setting forth the texts of the bills referred to in subsection (a) of this section [enacting into law and  of the 106th Congress, as introduced on Oct. 25, 2000]."

 * Pub. L. 106-429, Sec. 101(a) [title V, Sec. 595(b)], Nov. 6, 2000, 114 Stat. 1900, 1900A-60, provided that: "In publishing the Act in slip form and in the United States Statutes at Large pursuant to section 112, of title 1, United States Code, the Archivist of the United States shall include after the date of approval at the end appendixes setting forth the texts of the bill referred to in subsection (a) of this section [enacting into law of the 106th Congress, as introduced on Sept. 28, 2000]."

 * Pub. L. 106-429, Sec. 101(b), Nov. 6, 2000, 114 Stat. 1900, provided that: "In publishing this Act in slip form and in the United States Statutes at Large pursuant to section 112 of title 1, United States Code, the Archivist of the United States shall include after the date of approval at the end an appendix setting forth the text of the bill referred to in subsection (a) of this section [enacting into law of the 106th Congress, as introduced on Oct. 24, 2000]."

 * Pub. L. 106-398, Sec. 2, Oct. 30, 2000, 114 Stat. 1654, provided that: "In publishing this Act in slip form and in the United States Statutes at Large pursuant to section 112 of title 1, United States Code, the Archivist of the United States shall include after the date of approval an appendix setting forth the text of the bill referred to in section 1 [enacting into law of the 106th Congress, as introduced on Oct. 6, 2000]."

 * Pub. L. 106-387, Sec. 1(b), Oct. 28, 2000, 114 Stat. 1549, provided that: "In publishing this Act in slip form and in the United States Statutes at Large pursuant to section 112 of title 1, United States Code, the Archivist of the United States shall include after the date of approval at the end an appendix setting forth the text of the bill referred to in subsection (a) of this section [enacting into law of the 106th Congress, as introduced on Oct. 6, 2000]."

 * Pub. L. 106-377, Sec. 1(b), Oct. 27, 2000, 114 Stat. 1441, provided that: "In publishing this Act in slip form and in the United States Statutes at Large pursuant to section 112 of title 1, United States Code, the Archivist of the United States shall include after the date of approval at the end appendixes setting forth the texts of the bills referred to in subsection (a) of this section [enacting into law and  of the 106th Congress, as introduced on Oct. 18, 2000]."

 * Pub. L. 106-346, Sec. 101(b), Oct. 23, 2000, 114 Stat. 1356, provided that: "In publishing the Act in slip form and in the United States Statutes at Large pursuant to section 112 of title 1, United States Code, the Archivist of the United States shall include after the date of approval at the end an appendix setting forth the text of the bill referred to in subsection (a) of this section [enacting into law of the 106th Congress, as introduced on Oct. 5, 2000]."

 * Pub. L. 106-113, div. B, Sec. 1000(b), Nov. 29, 1999, 113 Stat. 1536, provided that: "In publishing the Act in slip form and in the United States Statutes at Large pursuant to section 112, of title 1, United States Code, the Archivist of the United States shall include after the date of approval at the end appendixes setting forth the texts of the bills referred to in subsection (a) of this section [enacting into law, H.R. 3422, H.R. 3423, H.R. 3424, H.R. 3425, H.R. 3426, H.R. 3427 (as amended), H.R. 3428, and S. 1948 of the 106th Congress, as introduced on Nov. 17, 1999]."

Commemorative Works by Congress
Adams Memorial.
 * Public Law 107-62, Nov. 5, 2001, 115 Stat. 411;
 * Public Law 107-315, Dec. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 2763;
 * Public Law 108-7, div. F, title I, Sec. 142, Feb. 20, 2003, 117 Stat. 244.

African-Americans Civil War Union Memorial.
 * Public Law 102-412, Oct. 14, 1992, 106 Stat. 2104.

Air Force Memorial.
 * Public Law 103-163, Dec. 2, 1993, 107 Stat. 1973;
 * Public Law 106-302, Oct. 13, 2000, 114 Stat. 1062;
 * Public Law 107-107, div. B, title XXVIII, Sec. 2863(a)-(e), Dec. 28, 2001, 115 Stat. 1330-1332.

American Armored Force Memorial.
 * Public Law 99-620, Nov. 6, 1986, 100 Stat. 3493.

Benjamin Banneker Memorial.
 * Public Law 105-355, title V, Sec. 512, Nov. 6, 1998, 112 Stat. 3266.

Black Revolutionary War Patriots Memorial.
 * Public Law 99-500, Sec. 101(h) [title I, Sec. 118], Oct. 18, 1986, 100 Stat. 1783-242, 1783-266, and
 * Public Law 99-591, Sec. 101(h) [title I, Sec. 118], Oct. 30, 1986, 100 Stat. 3341-242, 3341-266;
 * Public Law 99-558, Oct. 27, 1986, 100 Stat. 3144;
 * Public Law 99-590, title VIII, Secs. 801, 802, Oct. 30, 1986, 100 Stat. 3339;
 * Public Law 100-265, Mar. 25, 1988, 102 Stat. 39;
 * Public Law 103-321, Sec. 1(a)(1), Aug. 26, 1994, 108 Stat. 1793;
 * Public Law 104-333, div. I, title V, Sec. 506, Nov. 12, 1996, 110 Stat. 4155;
 * Public Law 105-345, Sec. 1, Nov. 2, 1998, 112 Stat. 3205;
 * Public Law 106-442, Nov. 6, 2000, 114 Stat. 1926.

Disabled Veterans' LIFE Memorial.
 * Public Law 106-348, Oct. 24, 2000, 114 Stat. 1358;
 * Public Law 109-396, title II, Sec. 201, Dec. 15, 2006, 120 Stat. 2713.

Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial.
 * Public Law 106-79, title VIII, Sec. 8162, Oct. 25, 1999, 113 Stat. 1274;
 * Public Law 107-117, div. A, title VIII, Sec. 8120(a), (b), Jan. 10, 2002, 115 Stat. 2273, 2274;
 * Public Law 109-220, May 5, 2006, 120 Stat. 335.

Francis Scott Key Memorial.
 * Public Law 99-531, Oct. 27, 1986, 100 Stat. 3022.

Frederick Douglass Memorial and Gardens.
 * Public Law 106-479, Nov. 9, 2000, 114 Stat. 2184.

George Mason Memorial.
 * Public Law 101-358, Aug. 10, 1990, 104 Stat. 419;
 * Public Law 102-277, Apr. 28, 1992, 106 Stat. 127;
 * Public Law 105-182, Sec. 1, June 19, 1998, 112 Stat. 516.

Japanese American Patriotism in World War II Memorial.
 * Public Law 102-502, Oct. 24, 1992, 106 Stat. 3273;
 * Public Law 104-333, div. I, title V, Sec. 514, Nov. 12, 1996, 110 Stat. 4165.

Korean War Veterans Memorial.
 * Public Law 99-572, Oct. 28, 1986, 100 Stat. 3226;
 * Public Law 100-202, Sec. 101(f) [title II, Secs. 1, 2], Dec. 22, 1987, 101 Stat. 1329-195, 1329-196;
 * Public Law 100-230, Secs. 1, 2, Jan. 5, 1988, 101 Stat. 1563;
 * Public Law 100-267, Mar. 28, 1988, 102 Stat. 41;
 * Public Law 105-262, title VIII, Sec. 8122, Oct. 17, 1998, 112 Stat. 2332.

Lincoln Memorial, "I Have a Dream Speech" Commemorative Plaque.
 * Public Law 106-365, Oct. 27, 2000, 114 Stat. 1409;
 * Public Law 108-352, Sec. 4, Oct. 21, 2004, 118 Stat. 1395.

Mahatma Gandhi Memorial.
 * Public Law 105-284, Sec. 1, Oct. 26, 1998, 112 Stat. 2701.

Martin Luther King, Jr. Memorial.
 * Public Law 104-333, div. I, title V, Sec. 508, Nov. 12, 1996, 110 Stat. 4157;
 * Public Law 105-201, Sec. 1, July 16, 1998, 112 Stat. 675;
 * Public Law 106-176, title I, Sec. 108, Mar. 10, 2000, 114 Stat. 26;
 * Public Law 108-125, Sec. 1, Nov. 11, 2003, 117 Stat. 1347;
 * Public Law 109-54, title I, Sec. 134(c), Aug. 2, 2005, 119 Stat. 527.

National Peace Garden.
 * Public Law 100-63, June 30, 1987, 101 Stat. 379;
 * Public Law 103-321, Sec. 1(a)(3), (b), Aug. 26, 1994, 108 Stat. 1793;
 * Public Law 105-202, July 16, 1998, 112 Stat. 676.

Thomas Paine Memorial.
 * Public Law 102-407, Oct. 13, 1992, 106 Stat. 1991;
 * Public Law 102-459, Oct. 23, 1992, 106 Stat. 2268;
 * Public Law 103-422, Oct. 25, 1994, 108 Stat. 4356;
 * Public Law 106-113, div. B, Sec. 1000(a)(3) [title I, Sec. 142], Nov. 29, 1999, 113 Stat. 1535, 1501A-171.

Tomas G. Masaryk Memorial.
 * Public Law 107-61, Nov. 5, 2001, 115 Stat. 410.

Ukrainian Famine-Genocide Victims Memorial.
 * Public Law 109-340, Oct. 13, 2006, 120 Stat. 1864.

Victims of Communism Memorial.
 * Public Law 103-199, title IX, Sec. 905, Dec. 17, 1993, 107 Stat. 2331;
 * Public Law 105-277, div. A, Sec. 101(e) [title III, Sec. 326], Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681-231, 2681-291.

Vietnam Women's Memorial.
 * Public Law 100-660, Nov. 15, 1988, 102 Stat. 3922;
 * Public Law 101-187, Nov. 28, 1989, 103 Stat. 1350.

Women in Military Service for America Memorial.
 * Public Law 99-500, Sec. 101(h) [title I, Sec. 117], Oct. 18, 1986, 100 Stat. 1783-242, 1783-266, and
 * Public Law 99-591, Sec. 101(h) [title I, Sec. 117], Oct. 30, 1986, 100 Stat. 3341-242, 3341-266;
 * Public Law 99-590, title IX, Secs. 901, 902, Oct. 30, 1986, 100 Stat. 3339;
 * Public Law 99-610, Nov. 6, 1986, 100 Stat. 3477;
 * Public Law 103-321, Sec. 1(a)(2), Aug. 26, 1994, 108 Stat. 1793;
 * Public Law 103-337, div. B, title XXVIII, Sec. 2855, Oct. 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 3073.

World War II Memorial.
 * Public Law 103-32, May 25, 1993, 107 Stat. 90;
 * Public Law 103-422, Oct. 25, 1994, 108 Stat. 4356;
 * Public Law 106-58, title VI, Sec. 652, Sept. 29, 1999, 113 Stat. 480;
 * Public Law 106-117, title VI, Sec. 601(b), Nov. 30, 1999, 113 Stat. 1578;
 * Public Law 107-11, May 28, 2001, 115 Stat. 19.

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 attack Coruña. Finding that place too strong, however, he attacked Vigo instead, captured the town, and destroyed the military stores accumulated there (Addit. MS. 15936, f. 270). On 10 April 1721 he was appointed colonel of the ‘king's own’ horse, in 1722 comptroller of the accounts of the army, and governor of Jersey for life in 1723 (Hist. MSS. Comm. 11th Rep. iv. 138).

Until 1733 Cobham, with the rest of the whigs, supported Walpole's ministry. In that year he strongly opposed Walpole's scheme of excise (ib. 8th Rep. i. 18). This difference led to others, and, in consequence of a strongly worded protest against the protection of the South Sea Company's directors by the government, Lord Cobham and Charles Paulet, third duke of Bolton [q. v.], were dismissed from their regiments. In the case of an old and tried soldier like Lord Cobham this proceeding caused a great sensation. Bills were introduced in both houses to take from the crown the power of breaking officers, and motions were made to petition the king to inform them who had advised him to such a course. By breaking with Walpole Cobham forfeited the favour of the king; but by opposing the excise he gained the esteem of the Prince of Wales, and by assailing the South Sea Company he obtained the sympathy of the people. In association with Lyttelton and George Grenville, he formed an independent whig section, known as the ‘boy patriots,’ which in 1735 was joined by William Pitt (, Memoirs, i. 165, 215, 245, 250, 288, 291;, Life of Walpole, 1798, pp. 406, 409; Gent. Mag. 1734, passim).

On 27 Oct. 1735 Cobham attained the rank of general. During the rest of Walpole's ministry he maintained his attitude of opposition, and in 1737 joined in a protest against the refusal of the upper house to request the king to settle 100,000l. a year on the Prince of Wales out of the civil list (, Memoirs, iii. 89–90). After Walpole's downfall a coalition was effected among Lord Wilmington, the Pelhams, and the prince's party, which Cobham joined. He was created a field-marshal on 28 March 1742, and on 25 Dec. was appointed colonel of the first troop of horse-guards. On 9 Dec. following, however, he resigned his commission, owing to the strong objections he conceived to employing British troops in support of Hanoverian interests on the continent (Addit. MS. 32701, f. 302).

In 1744, on the expulsion from the cabinet of John Carteret, lord Granville, the chief supporter of the continental policy, the greater part of the whig opposition effected a coalition with the Pelhams, in which Lord Cobham joined on receiving a pledge from Newcastle that the interests of Hanover should be subordinated to those of England. On 5 Aug. he was appointed colonel of the 1st dragoons, which was exchanged in the following year for the 10th.

Cobham died on 13 Sept. 1749, and was buried at Stowe. He married Anne, daughter of Edmund Halsey of Stoke Pogis, Buckinghamshire, but had no issue. According to the terms of the grant he was succeeded in the viscounty and barony by his sister Hester, wife of Richard Grenville of Wootton, Buckinghamshire. He was succeeded in the baronetcy by his cousin, William Temple, great-grandson of Sir John Temple of Stanton Bury, who was the second son of Sir Thomas Temple, the first baronet.

Cobham rebuilt the house at Stowe and laid out the famous gardens. He was a friend and patron of literary men, whom he frequently entertained there. Both Pope and Congreve celebrated him in verse—Pope in the first of his ‘Moral Essays,’ and Congreve in ‘A Letter to Lord Cobham’ (1729). Richard Glover dedicated to him his ‘Leonidas.’ Pope was a frequent visitor at Stowe, and Congreve was honoured by a funeral monument there distinguished by its singular ugliness (, Works, ed. Scott, index;, Works, ed. Elwin, index; , Life of Pope, 1769, p. 212; Egerton MS. 1949, ff. 1, 3).

Cobham was a member of the Kit-Cat Club, and his portrait was painted with those of the other members by Sir Godfrey Kneller [q. v.] It was engraved by Jean Simon, and in 1732 by John Faber the younger. Another portrait, painted by Jean Baptiste Van Loo, was purchased for the National Portrait Gallery in June 1869; it was engraved by George Bickham in 1751, and by Charles Knight in 1807 (, British Mezzotint Portraits, pp. 380, 1120;, Cat. of British Portraits, p. 257).

[Prime's Account of the Temple Family, New York, 3rd edit. 1896; G. E. C[okayne]'s Peerage, ii. 324–5; Collins's Peerage of England, ed. Brydges, ii. 414–15; Whitmore's Account of the Temple Family, 1856, p. 6; Coxe's Memoirs of the Pelham Administration, 1829, i. passim; Edye's Records of the Royal Marines, i. index; Beatson's Political Index, ii. 115; Memoirs of the Kit-Cat Club, 1821, pp. 118–19; Glover's Memoirs, 1814, passim; Doyle's Official Baronage, i. 419; Mahon's Hist. of England, 1839, i. 170, 511, ii. 256, 262–4; Gent. Mag. 1748, p. 23; Gibbs's Worthies of Buckinghamshire, p. 106; Notes and Queries, 3rd ser. ii. 391; Brit. Museum Addit. MSS. 5795 f. 371, 5938; Egerton MS. 2529, f. 86; Stowe MSS. 248 f. 24, 481 ff. 89–156.]


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The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Rattray, William Jordan

RATTRAY, răt'rā, William Jordan, Canadian journalist: b. London, England, 1835; d. Toronto, Canada, 26 Sept. 1883. He went to Canada with his parents in 1848, was graduated from the University of Toronto in 1858 and engaged in journalism as an editorial writer on the Toronto Mail. He also contributed to the Canadian Monthly and other periodicals and established a reputation as an able defender of Christianity against agnosticism. Author of ‘The Scot in British North America’ (4 vols., 1883).


text:
The Widow (Irving)

 * "The Widow", in Bracebridge Hall (1822)
 * "The Widow", in The Perverse Widow and The Widow (1909)

title: The Widow (Irving)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Teilo


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Telfair, Charles


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Telfer, James


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Telford, Thomas


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Tempest, Pierce


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Temple, Henry (1673?-1757)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Temple, Henry (1739-1802)


text:
The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Rattlewing

RATTLEWING, a duck. See.


text:
The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Rattlesnake root

RATTLESNAKE ROOT. See.


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Temple, Henry John


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Temple, John


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Temple, Peter


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Temple, Richard (1634-1697)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Temple, Richard (1669?-1749)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Temple, Thomas


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The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Rattlesnake

RATTLESNAKE, a distinctively American group of poisonous serpents characterized by a peculiar horny rattle appended to the tail. They belong to the suborder Solenoglypha, all the members of which are poisonous and have the fang-bearing maxillary bones erectile. To this suborder belong the Old World families of Viperidæ (vipers) and the Crotalidæ, or pit-vipers, which inhabit both hemispheres. The latter have the maxillary bone deeply excavated to lodge a sensory pit of unknown function opening on the face between the eye and nostril. There are two subfamilies, the Lachesinæ, which have no caudal rattle, and the Crotalinæ, or rattlesnakes. The former includes the copperhead, water moccasin and fer-de-lance (qq.v.), the banana snake, whose presence in bunches of this fruit so often causes consternation on fruit ships and in storage houses, and numerous others of tropical America, India and the Malay Islands.

The Crotalinæ, or rattlesnakes, represent the highest type of serpent development and specialization. The caudal rattle, from which they take their name, consists of a series of dry horny epidermal rings so loosely fitted that any movement causes them to knock together with a sharp rustling rattle. They are formed in the following manner: Several of the terminal vertebræ of the tail are coalesced to form a dilated vertically enlarged plate. This is covered with a thick vascular skin so cut by an annular constriction as to form a larger anterior, and a smaller posterior knob, which together may be considered to be a mold on which the joints of the rattle are formed. The epidermis covering this region is especially thick, and in the young snake forms a button

and ring, which are the only indications of the rattle. When the snake sloughs the horny covering is loosened here as elsewhere and a new layer is formed beneath it; but instead of being cast off with the rest of the epidermis, the open end of the old horny ring fits over and by its elasticity clasps the new knob at the end of the tail, and by this means remains attached. With each subsequent molt a new ring and button are added, the latter serving to hold its predecessor in the series, and which continues to increase in size with the growth of the snake and its caudal knob. As well-fed snakes may slough three or four times a year, and as the rings sooner or later become worn out and detached, it is evident that the popular belief that the number of joints in the rattle indicate the years of the snake's age is unfounded. Rattles of more than 12 joints are rare, but one having 21 is known. When the snakes are irritated or angry, the end of the tail is more or less elevated and vibrated rapidly, producing a sound audible at a distance of 30 or 40 paces. Many snakes, both venomous and innocuous, have this habit of vibrating the tip of the tail when angry and many have a hard horny spur or cap at its end, but no others retain this through a succession of molts. Many fantastic theories have been proposed in explanation of the utility of the rattle, but it is probably little more than a recognition character, which helps to bring the sexes together and to segregate the species. However, it is probable that its sounding formerly saved the lives of many rattlesnakes by warning large animals acquainted with their deadly powers from the vicinity, but since the advent of the white man it has had a precisely opposite result.

Poison. — The venom apparatus of the rattlesnakes is the most complete and effective contrivance imaginable for injecting the poisonous fluid into the circulation of a victim. The maxillary bones are very short and are freely movable on an articulation with the prefontals. Upon them are attached the venom fangs at such an angle that with the movements of the maxillary they may be depressed in a fold of mucous membrane or erected vertically in the very front of the mouth in a most effective position for striking. The tooth substance of the fang is folded into a tubular form, with an opening at the base to receive the end of the venom duct and another near the front face of the needle-pointed tip. Behind the functional fang, which may be nearly an inch long in large snakes, is a succession of smaller reserve fangs, which become functional in order as their predecessors are lost. The venom gland, which corresponds to the parotid salivary gland of other animals, is situated on the cheek and has a duct running to a sinus at the base of the fang. All of the muscles and other parts are so arranged that the same movements that open the mouth and press the horizontal pterygoid bones forward to erect the maxillaries with their fangs also compress the poison gland and squeeze out its secretion. Cope describes the biting movement as three-fold: “First, there is the spring of the body, which never exceeds two-thirds of its length; second, the bite proper, caused by the seizing of the jaws; and, third, the clutch with the fangs themselves, which are moved freely backward and forward.” This movement

of the fangs may be easily seen by holding a rattlesnake so that it cannot strike, when drops of the pale yellow venom may be seen to fall from their tips and are sometimes blown from the mouth by forcible expirations. The active principles of the venom are several soluble proteids, one of which has a disorganizing effect on tissues with which it comes in contact and another is a powerful heart and respiratory depressor. The immediate effect of a bite is severe burning pain followed in 10 or 15 minutes by prostration, with dizziness, vomiting and cold sweats; the heart action is very feeble and the pupil dilated. This condition gives way in from 12 to 15 hours to one of fever and difficult respiration, while the part affected becomes greatly swollen and the neighborhood of the wound suppurates. Death may occur in either of these stages or as a result of secondary gangrene. Treatment to be effective must be prompt and thorough. A ligature should be applied above the wound and the latter enlarged with a clean knife until the blood flows freely. Permanganate of potash, bleaching powder, chromic acid, silver nitrate or other substances which render the active albumens insoluble should be applied to the wound. Small and frequent doses of whisky, strychnine or ammonia should be administered as a stimulant, but an excess of alcohol may increase the depression. Every effort should be made to press or draw the poison from the wound before the ligature is removed, but sucking with the mouth is always dangerous.

Species of Rattlesnake. — Of rattlesnakes three species of Sistrurus and 16 of Crotalus have been described, three of which are South and Central and the rest North American. None occurs in the West Indies. The species of Sistrurus are small snakes with the snout and frontal region of the head covered with large plates. The ground rattlesnake or massasauga (S. catenatus) is found on low prairie lands from Ohio and Minnesota southward, but is now rare or exterminated in all settled parts. It reaches a length of three feet and is not considered especially dangerous. About six young are born alive in September; and this is one of the snakes for which it is pretty clearly established that the newly-hatched young seek refuge from danger in the mouth and gullet of the mother. A related species (S. miliarius) is found in the Southern States.

In the genus Crotalus the entire top of the head is covered with small scales. The common or banded rattlesnake (C. horridus) was formerly abundant throughout the entire eastern United States and it is the only species found in southern New England and the Middle States, but has been largely exterminated by the white man and his companion, the hog. The latter in roaming the woods in search of mast, etc., never fails to kill and devour the rattlesnake whenever possible. It is commonly believed that the hog is immune to snake-bites, but the truth is that the poison is dissipated in the thick skin and layer of subcutaneous fat and never reaches the vascular tissues beneath. This rattlesnake prefers sparsely wooded rocky ridges with sunny exposures and in such localities is still common in the mountains from Pennsylvania to Tennessee. It is a sluggish and generally peaceful creature, and seldom bites

except to secure food, unless it be trod upon or startled. When about to strike it coils with the head in the middle and elevated and the rattle sounding, delivers a lightning-like blow and immediately recoils or slowly retreats. It seldom attacks without provocation or follows a foe. All kinds of small mammals, especially mice, and occasionally birds, are its food, and it drinks water freely. The cold months of the year are passed in hibernation and frequently large numbers of these snakes congregate in caves or beneath rocks for this purpose. Mating takes place in the early summer and about September from six to nine young about nine inches long are born alive. A length of five feet is sometimes attained, but ordinary examples seldom exceed four. Among the natural enemies of the rattlesnake are the kingsnake and blacksnake, birds of prey and herons. The diamond or water rattlesnake (C. adamanteus) reaches a length of more than eight feet and a circumference of 15 inches and is not only the largest of the rattlesnakes, but the bulkiest of all poisonous snakes, being exceeded in length only by the slender snake-eating cobra. It inhabits the Southern States and is particularly abundant on the Florida Keys. Except that it prefers the vicinity of water, in which it swims freely, its habits are much like those of the common species. Because of its great size, and the large amount of venom that it secretes, this is an extremely dangerous reptile; it is also sometimes inclined to be aggressive. The prairie rattlesnake (C. confluentus) inhabits most parts of the Western plains and deserts and is exceedingly abundant in unsettled regions. This is the species which plays a part in the famous triple alliance of prairie-dog, owl and rattlesnake, which, although popularly supposed to be a most amicable arrangement, is at best a state of armed neutrality and frequently of open warfare. The owls and snakes seek the burrows of the marmot as safe retreats and nesting sites, as well as for the purpose of feeding on the young marmots, while the latter frequently show their resentment of the intrusion in a variety of ways. A very distinct species is the horned rattlesnake (C. cerastes), in which the superciliary scales are produced into a pair of prominent horns surmounting the eyes. It is abundant in the desert region of the Southwest, especially about Death Valley, and is known in Arizona as “sidewinder” from its peculiar habit of retreating sidewise from an intruder. Several other species inhabit these hot dry regions.

Service to Man. — Rattlesnakes possess a certain economic importance. As checks on the increase of the native mice and rats, they, in common with many other snakes, perform an important service. Their venomous qualities are such a menace to man and beast as to render their destruction both expedient and certain in all thickly settled districts. By the Indians and by the whites in certain parts of the South their flesh is relished; an oil or salve, supposed by the credulous to possess peculiar medicinal virtues, is claimed to be manufactured from their livers and other fatty parts; and the use of the skin for making purses, belts and other small articles is well known. Certain tribes of Indians employ these snakes in their ceremonials and others formerly poisoned the tips of their war-arrows with rattlesnake venom, while the rattles always figured among the charms of the medicine-man.

Bibliography. — Cope, 'Report U. S. National Museum for 1898'; Stejneger, 'The Poisonous Snakes of North America' (1893); Mitchell and Reichert, 'Researches Upon the Venom of Poisonous Serpents' (Washington 1886); Ingersoll, 'Country Cousins' (New York 1885).


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Baldwin, John


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Baldwin, Richard


text: Author:John Percy Moore

title: Author:John Percy Moore


text:
Author:Luigi Ferri

Works

 * La Psicologia di Pietro Pomponazzi (1876)
 * La Psychologie de l'Association (1883)

title: Author:Luigi Ferri


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 SYNOPTICAL TABLE OF CONTENTS.


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 Rh and killed a very large bear, which made eight we had now killed in this hunt.

The next morning we entered the harricane again, and in a little or no time my dogs were in full cry. We pursued them, and soon came to a thick canebrake, in which they had stopped their bear. We got up close to him, as the cane was so thick that we couldn't see more than a few feet. Here I made my friend hold the cane a little open with his gun till I shot the bear, which was a mighty large one. I killed him dead in his tracks. We got him out and butchered him, and in a little time started another and killed him, which now made ten we had killed; and we knowed we couldn't pack any more home, as we had only five horses along; therefore we returned to the camp and salted up all our meat, to be ready for a start homeward next morning.

The morning came, and we packed our horses with meat, and had as much as they could possibly carry, and sure enough cut out for home. It was about thirty miles, and we reached home the second day. I had now accommodated my neighbor with meat enough to do him, and had killed in all, up to that time, fifty-eight bears during the fall and winter.

As soon as the time come for them to quit their houses and come out again in the spring, I took a notion to hunt a little more, and in about one month I killed forty-seven more, which made one hundred and five bears which I had killed in less than one year from that time.

 JOHN JAMES AUDUBON

[ John James Audubon was born near New Orleans in 1780 of French and Spanish extraction. He was educated in Paris, where he had lessons in painting from the celebrated painter J. L. David. Returning to America in 1798, he settled on an estate of his father's near Philadelphia, and gave himself up to the study of natural


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 THE CELTIC REVIEW

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 PUBLISHED QUARTERLY

 * PROFESSOR MACKINNON

 * MISS E. C. CARMICHAEL

VOLUME IV

JULY 1907 TO APRIL 1908

EDINBURGH: NORMAN MACLEOD, 25 GEORGE IV. BRIDGE

LONDON: DAVID NUTT, 57-59 LONG ACRE, W.C.

DUBLIN: HODGES, FIGGIS & CO., LTD., 104 GRAFTON ST.

title: Page:The Celtic Review volume 4.djvu/8


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The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Rattigan, William Henry

RATTIGAN, William Henry, English jurist: b. Delhi, British India, 4 Sept. 1842; d. London, 4 July 1905. He was educated at King's College, London; admitted to the bar in 1873; served four times as judge of the chief court of Punjab; was additional member of the supreme legislative council of India 1892-93, and member of the Punjab legislative council 1898-99. In 1895 he was knighted and in 1901 became member of Parliament for northeast Lanarks. He published ‘De Jure Personarum’ (1873); ‘The Science of Jurisprudence’ (3d ed, 1892); ‘Private International Law’ (1895), etc.


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122 impressed by the sculpture, and the following groups in succession is what I see (according to notes taken on the spot, while another convalescent in a black gown looked as if he'd expire before they got him back to the hospital)—

Major-General Andrew Hay.—Officer in uniform falling sideways, in most awkward position, and supported awkwardly by big, naked man on left (why naked?), who holds the Major-General as if he's got something in his hands in which he is not interested, and which he doesn't know what to do with. Supporter seemingly blind and sea-sick; lips suggest exhausted disgust. If he has any expression at all, it is the expression of a tired man who is doing a useless and idiotic thing, and knows it, and can't help himself. On the right stands the figure of a private, holding his chin and looking as if he is sorry he got the Major into his present fix. In the background to the right the usual squeezed-out little row of wooden undersized soldiers charging. The rank looks as if it's skewered.

Sir Thomas Picton.—Dressed as Alexander the Great, or something, with a property helmet on and little else. Inevitable angel handing him a wreath across the head of a lion. Lion looks currishly, maliciously inclined to bite because the wreath isn't meat. Behind Sir Thomas, and leaning familiarly on his shoulder, a naked girl, with wings on, stands cross-legged; she has a woolly head, and all the points of a third-rate Sydney barmaid in the old sub-letting days.


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Rh Lord Rodney.—Figure of Lord Rodney up in the background. Angel standing on right, with hand thrown back towards Rodney's waistcoat, and dictating to angel on left, who sits with a book and pencil, and looks up at angel as if to ask, "You surely don't want me to write down that?" The whole suggests the designing of a new uniform on a tailor's dummy.

Lord Rodney wears the indignant and dignified expression of a local magnate who is stopped by a beggar in his own grounds. Sir Thomas Picton wears something more like a string of small sausages bunched up than a beard, and an expression of quiet annoyance. Others regard their angels with looks more or less pained and idiotic, though some of the expressions would be natural to men accosted by strange ladies wearing wings.

Now, let any intelligent Englishman who reads this go into St. Paul's and look at these groups, and decide as to whether the sculptors were impudent humbugs, or I'm one.

How contemptible this "art" would seem by the side of the statue of Burke and Wills (the Australian explorers) in Melbourne, or of Bobbie Burns in Ballarat (the statue with a twinkle in the eye), or a hundred others in Australia.

Talking of statues, there is often, from one point of view, an unforeseen effect which is not possible in pictures—a point of a cocked hat, for instance, which suggests a beak, or a rapier sticking out behind, and giving the figure a tail. There is in the statue of Lord


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text:
Author:Cecil Charles Windsor Aldin

Works

 * Sleeping Partners
 * Old English Sports And Pastimes. London: Lawrence & Bullen, 1901
 * as illustrator:
 * The Perverse Widow and The Widow (1909), by Richard Steele and Washington Irving
 * Everyday Characters by Winthrop Mackworth Praed

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124 Nelson, on a tall column in Trafalgar Square, an effect which is greatly admired by the Americans who patronize Morley's Hotel on the Strand side of the Square. There is a similar—or even more so—effect in the statue of Captain Cook in Sydney, seen from one point of view. It's strange that these things are never foreseen. The sculptors must have had a rough time amongst their friends.

The Misguide Book says: "Generally speaking, the monuments in the Cathedral are more interesting from personal associations than from great artistic merit but some of the groups display vigorous action, and the likenesses are well preserved," etc., etc. You've read the same sort of stuff before. If the likenesses are preserved, then most of the heroes must have been born idiots. From my point of view, most of the statuary in St. Paul's is crude and—no, not theatrical—it doesn't even deserve that term. Reversing time, I would say that it belongs to the concert hall, living-picture school—the whole business has a concert-hally atmosphere. And I needn't have reversed time either, for the sentiment of the British Empire of to-day is popular concert hall sentiment. We can't get any lower, and that's some comfort.

When I look at a stone angel I mostly see a shallow-brained, soulless artist or sculptor's model in part of a sheet, and with a pair of wings. The stone angel business has been carried to a sickening extent in St. Paul's. If it were not so concert-hally, and thus beneath contempt, I would call it—well, Jack, I would call it blasphemy—and you know I'm no saint. To


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The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Rattazzi, Urbano

RATTAZZI, rạt-tät'sē, Urbano, Italian statesman: b. Alessandria, 29 June 1808; d. Frosinone, 5 June 1873. He studied law at Turin and, after practising with marked success at the capital and at Casale, was elected a member of the Sardinian Parliament from his native town in 1848. He allied himself with the Liberal party and attained such speedy recognition that in August he was made Minister of Public Instruction. He left office after a few days, but in December of the same year assumed the portfolio of the Interior under Gioberti, exchanging it later for that of Justice. On the fall of the Gioberti ministry, Rattazzi was entrusted with the formation of a new cabinet (February 1849) but the disaster of Novara in the following month robbed him of power. From Democrat he now turned Moderate Liberal and formed the party of the left centre whose coalition with the right centre under Cavour (q.v.), the so-called “connubio” brought about the fall of the d'Azeglio Cabinet in November 1852 and the organization of a new ministry by Cavour. Rattazzi gave up the presidency of the Chamber to become in 1853 Minister of Justice, and later, of the Interior, and in the second capacity precipitated a bitter struggle with the Clerical party by the introduction of a law providing for the partial secularization of church property and restricting the

influence of the religious associations. He left the cabinet in 1858 but in July of the following year, after Villafranca, succeeded Cavour as head of the cabinet, only to give place to his predecessor within six months. His opposition to the cession of Savoy and Nice to France led to his retirement in 1860, but changing his views on this policy he became president of the lower chamber in the first Italian Parliament and in March 1862 succeeded Ricosoli in the government, retaining for himself the portfolios of Foreign Affairs and of the Interior. His course in checking the patriotic agitation against the Austrians in Lombardy and the papal rule in Rome brought him great unpopularity and in December 1862 he retired from office. Once more he succeeded Ricosoli, as Premier, in 1867, but again had to yield to the storm of popular anger aroused by his hostile attitude toward Garibaldi (q.v.) and he resigned in October of the same year.


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Rh see everywhere crude angels in stone in senseless attendance on stone gods supposed to represent dead heroes, who were only lucky to be leaders, who were no braver than thousands who fought under them, and some of whom were greater cowards in domestic life than the majority. As our friend, the shearer's cook at Come-by-Chance Station, used to say, "There's more money and sympathy wasted over dead an' rotten humbugs than there is common justice done to straight honest living men." It's the way of all the world, and all time. Make gods of the dead! Crucify the living.

If a man's name cannot live in the history of a nation it cannot live in a stone idol.

Londoners admit that the statuary in St. Paul's is notoriously bad. Then why is it there? Why is it not broken up and buried, and something sensible put in its place? Or is it an object lesson of the times when conceited, untalented humbugs, with nothing but "cheek" to recommend them, got by influence and court favour large sums of the public money for spoiling marble, while men who had the genius to put life and sense in stone were left to starve and eat their hearts out in garrets, or drink themselves to hell in wine cellars?

There is no escape from a superstition called Wren in London. Going round with my literary friend the other day, he pointed and said—

"Do you see that spire?"

"Yes."

"Perfect! by Wren."

The spire looked all right—anyway, I couldn't


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126 any alteration on the spot. Looking at it later on, I had to admit that it was beautiful.

By and by he pointed to another spire.

"See that spire?"

"Yes."

"Horrible—by So-and-So."

It did look ugly. After a while he pointed again.

"See that spire?"

"Yes."

"By Wren—perfect. Slightly different in design from the other."

There was a slight difference. Later on we came to Westminster Abbey.

"See that tower?"

"Yes."

"Restored by Wren. But—" (he hesitated), "but the top doesn't somehow seem——"

It didn't seem to fit the bottom. That's what he meant. But he was too much a Londoner, and too great a worshipper of Wren, to see where the trouble was. I think I saw it at once. Wren had simply taken the tops of four spires he had on hand and put one on each corner of the tower. If ever a pun was justified, Wren was an inspired man. He wasn't a tower man, and in restoring the Abbey he wasn't laying to his book. He was working on his reputation—or, maybe, he was hard up at the time.

I'll take you into Westminster Abbey when I'm in a more cheerful frame of mind.