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Executive Order/1862/000001.0

__NOINDEX__

, October 20, 1862.

The insurrection which has for some time prevailed in several of the States of this Union, including Louisiana. having temporarily subverted and swept away the civil institutions of that State, including the judiciary and the judicial authorities of the Union, so that it has become necessary to hold the State in military occupation, and it being indispensably necessary that there shall be some judicial tribunal existing there capable of administering justice, I have therefore thought it proper to appoint, and I do hereby constitute, a provisional court, which shall be a court of record, for the State of Louisiana; and I do hereby appoint Charles A. Peabody, of New York, to be a provisional judge to hold said court, with authority to hear, try, and determine all causes, civil and criminal, including causes in law, equity, revenue, and admiralty, and particularly all such powers and jurisdiction as belong to the district and circuit courts of the United States, conforming his proceedings so far as possible to the course of proceedings and practice which has been customary in the courts of the United States and Louisiana, his judgment to be final and conclusive. And I do hereby authorize and empower the said judge to make and establish such rules and regulations as may be necessary for the exercise of his jurisdiction, and empower the said judge to appoint a prosecuting attorney, marshal, and clerk of the said court, who shall perform the functions of attorney, marshal, and clerk according to such proceedings and practice as before mentioned and such rules and regulations as may be made and established by said judge. These appointments are to continue during the pleasure of the President, not extending beyond the military occupation of the city of New Orleans or the restoration of the civil authority in that city and in the State of Louisiana. These officers shall be paid, out of the contingent fund of the War Department, compensation as follows:

The judge at the rate of $3,500 per annum; the prosecuting attorney, including the fees, at the rate of $3,000 per annum; the marshal, including the fees, at the rate of $3,000 per annum; and the clerk, including the fees, at the rate of $2,500 per annum; such compensations to be certified by the Secretary of War. A copy of this order, certified by the Secretary of War and delivered to such judge, shall be deemed and held to be a sufficient commission.

Let the seal of the United States be hereunto affixed.

By the President: , Secretary of War.

title: Executive Order/1862/000001.0


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Page:Catholic Encyclopedia, volume 2.djvu/546

 BENOIT BENTHAMISM was made imperial architect by Emperor Henry III and. as such, supervised the construction of numer- ous castles and churches in the empire. When the Rhine, which flowed close to the Cathedral of Speyer. threatened to imdermine the foimdation of that building, Benno saved the majestic structure by changing the course of the river. In 1047 he became teacher at the Benedictine school of Goslar (Hanover) and. shortly after, was made head master of the cathedral school at Hildesheim. In 1051 he accom- panied .zelin. bishop of that see, on the emperors Hungarian campaign and upon his retimi was made provost of the Cathedral of Hildesheim and arch- priest at Goslar. In 1069 Benno was consecrated Bishop of Osna- bruck. then vacant through the death of Benno I. During the conflict between Gregory ^11 and Henry IV. Benno for a long time sided with the emperor, ^"hen. at the SjTiod of Wonns. in 1076. Gregory ^^I was deposed. Benno. like most other German bishops, signed the formula of deposition and incurred eccle- siastical excommunication. With some other well- meaning excommimicated bishops, Benno hastened to Italy, where the pope freed them from the ban at Canossa. before Henrj- himself arrived there to feign repentance. After the emperor's second excom- munication, Benno tried to bring about a reconcilia- tion, but. seeing the insincerity of the emperor, gave up in despair and retired to the monastery of Iburg. which he had founded in 1070. In a Uttle house near the monastery he lived according to the rule of the monks during the week, while on Simdays and holydays he assisted at his cathedral in Osnabruck. Benno's piety and justice made liim much beloved by his flock. Strunck (.Westphalia Saucta. Pader- lx)m. 1S55) aiid Heitemeyer (Die Heihgen Deutsch- lands, Paderbom. 1SS9) include him in the list of saints. Kerler (Die Patronate der Heiligen, LTm, 1905) says that he is invoked against grasshoppers, because he once dispersed them bj' his prayers. Thtex. ilUthea. rfes hist. Vereins zu 'Osr^h^uck' IX, 1-243; Wattexbach, GfJichichisqiieUen im Mitulalter (Berlin. 1S94^. II. iiL The most important s.>iirce is Vita Bennonis. by NoRBERT, a contemporarv of Benno and third ,bbot of Itjurg <10So-Ill

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text: In defense of Harriet Shelley, and other essays/Private History of the "Jumping Frog" Story


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Author:Mary Wortley Montagu

Works

 * Letters of the Right Honourable Lady M--y W---y Me: Written During Her Travels in Europe, 1763 external source
 * The poetical works of the Right Honourable lady M--y W--y M--e, 1781 external source
 * The works of the Right Honourable Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, 1803:
 * vol 1 MEMOIRS OF LADY MARY WORTLEY MONTAGU., LETTERS WRITTEN BEFORE THE YEAR 1717., & THE ENCHIRIDION OF EPICTETUS.
 * vol 2 VOLUME THE SECOND. CONTAINING LETTERS DURING MR. WORTLEY'S EMBASSY.
 * vol 3 VOLUME THE THIRD. CONTAINING LETTERS I. DURING MR. WORTLEY'S EMBASSY ; II. TO THE COUNTESS OF MAR, AT PARIS ; III. TO MR. WORTLEY.
 * vol 4 LETTERS DURING HER RESIDENCE ABROAD, FROM 1746 TO 1756.
 * vol 5 VOLUME THE FIFTH. CONTAINING I. LETTERS TO MR. WORTLEY AND TO THE COUNTESS OF BUTE, DURING HER LAST RESIDENCE ABROAD. II. POEMS. III. ESSAYS. IV. INDEX TO THE FIVE VOLUMES.
 * The Reasons that Induced Dr S to write a Poem call'd the Lady's Dressing room
 * Epistle from Mrs. Yonge to Her Husband

Works about Montagu

 * Lady Mary Wortley Montagu and Her Times, by George Paston, 1907 external source
 * Lady Mary Wortley Montagu in: With the wits; by Paul Elmer More, 1919 external source
 * Portrait of Lady Mary Wortley Montagu by Iris Barry, 1928 external source

title: Author:Mary Wortley Montagu


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Page:Collected Works of Dugald Stewart Volume 1.djvu/27

Rh judge, whether the objections which I am now to state to the foregoing extracts be as sound and decisive as I apprehend them to be.

Of these objections a very obvious one is suggested by a consideration, of which D'Alembert himself has taken notice,—that the three faculties to which he refers the whole operations of the understanding are perpetually blended together in their actual exercise, insomuch that there is scarcely a branch of human knowledge which does not, in a greater or less degree, furnish employment to them all. It may be said, indeed, that some pursuits exercise and invigorate particular faculties more than others; that the study of History, for example, although it may occasionally require the aid both of Reason and of Imagination, yet chiefly furnishes occupation to the Memory; and that this is sufficient to justify the logical division of our mental powers as the ground-work of a corresponding Encyclopedical classification. This, however, will be found more specious than solid. In what respects is the faculty of Memory more essentially necessary to the student of history than to the philosopher or to the poet; and, on the other hand, of what value, in the circle of the sciences, would be a collection of historical details, accumulated without discrimination, without a scrupulous examination of evidence, or without any attempt to compare and to generalize? For the cultivation of that species of history, in particular, which alone deserves a place in the Encyclopedical Tree, it may be justly affirmed, that the rarest and most comprehensive combination of all our mental gifts is indispensably requisite.

Another, and a still more formidable objection to Bacon's


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Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 56.djvu/457

 Thompson. See also Thomson, Tompson, and Tomson. Thompson, Sir Benjamin, Count von Rumford (1753-1814) 205 Thompson, Benjamin (1776 P-1816). .208 Thompson, Charles (1740 P-1799). . .209 Thompson, Charles (1791-1843). See under Thompson, John (1785-1866). Thompson, Charles Thurston (1816-1868). See under Thompson, John (1785-1866). Thompson, Edward (1738 P-1786). . . 209 Thompson, George (1804-1878). . .211 Thompson, Gilbert (1728-1803). . .211 Thompson, Sir Harry Stephen Meysey (1809- ) 211 Thompson, Henry (1797-1878). . .213 Thompson, Henry Langhorne (1829-1856). 213 Thompson, Jacob (1806-1879). . .214 Thompson, James (1817-1877). . .214 Thompson, Thomson, or Tomson, John (A. ) 215 Thompson, Sir John, first Baron Haversham (1647-1710) 215 Thompson, John (1776-1864). . . .216 Thompson, John (1785-1866). . . .217 Thompson, Sir John Sparrow David (1844- ) 217 Thompson, John Vaughan (1779-1847). . 218 Thompson, Sir Matthew William (1820-1891) 220 Thompson, Pishey (1784-1862). . .220 Thompson, Samuel (1766-1837). . .221 Thompson, Theophilus (1807-1860). . 222 Thompson, Thomas (1708 P-1773). . .222 Thompson, Thomas (1817-1 878). See Thomson. Thompson, Sir Thomas Boulden (1766P-1828). 223 Thompson, Thomas Perronet (1783-1869). 224 Thompson or Thomson, Sir William (1678- ) 226 Thompson, William (1712 P-1766 ? ). .227 Thompson, William (1730 P-1800). . .227 Thompson, William (1805-1852). . .227 Thompson, William (1811-1889). . .228 Thompson, William Hepworth (1810-1886). 228 Thorns, William John (1803-1885). . .230 Thomson. See also Thompson, Tompson, and Tomson. Thomson, Alexander (1763-1803). . .232 Thomson, Alexander (1817-1875). . . 232 Thomson, Allen (1809-1884). . . .233 Thomson, Andrew Mitchell (1779-1831). . 234 Thomson, Anthony Todd (1778-1849). . 235 Thomson, Charles Edward Poulett, Baron Sydenham (1799-1841). . . .236 Thomson, Sir Charles Wyville (1830-1882). 237 Thomson, David (d. 1815). See under Thom- son, George (1757-1851). Thomson, David (1817-1880). . . .238 Thomson, Sir Edward Deas (1800-1879). 239 Thomson, George ( ft. 1643-1668). . .240 Thomson, George (jtf. 1648-1679). . .240 Thomson, George (1782 P-1838). .241 Thomson, George (1757-1851). . .242 Thomson, George (1799-1886). . . .242 Thomson, Henry (1773-1843). . . .244 Thomson, Henry William (Byerley) (1822- 1867). . . . . . . . 245 Thomson, James (1700-1748). . . .246 Thomson, James (1786-1849) .... 254 Thomson, James (1788-1850) .... 255 Thomson, James ( 1768-1855) .... 255 Thomson, James (1834-1882). . . .256 Thomson, James (1800-1883). . . .257 PAGB 257 258 259 260 260 Thomson, James (1822-1892). Thomson, James Bruce (1810-1873) Thomson, John (1778-1840). Thomson, John (1805-1841). Thomson, John (1765-1846). Thomson, John Cockburn (1834-1860 Se under Thomson, Henry William (By rlev Thomson, Joseph (1858-1894). Thomson, Katharine (1797-1862). Thomson, Richard (d. 1613). Thomson, Richard (1794-1865) Thomson, Robert Dundas (1810-1864) Thomson, Robert William (1822-1873) Thomson, Thomas (1768-1852) Thomson, Thomas (1773-1852) Thomson, Thomas (1817-1878) Thomson, Thomas Napier (1798-1869) Thomson, William (1746-1817) Thomson, William (1802-1852) Thomson, William (1819-1890) Thorburn, Grant (1773-1863). Thorburn, Robert (1818-1885) Thoresby, John (d. 1373) Thoresby, Ralph (1658-1725). Thorie or Thorius, John ( A. 1590-1611) Tborius, Raphael, M.D. (d. 1625) Thorkill. SeeThurkill. Thorn, Sir Nathaniel (d. 1857) Thorn, William ( A. 1397). See Thome Thorn, Sir William (1781-1843). Thornborough, John (1551-1641). Thornbrough, Sir Edward (1754-1834) Thornbury, George Walter (1828-1876) Thorndike, Herbert (1598-1672). Thome, James (1795-1872) Thorne, James (1815-1881) Thome, John (d. 1573). Thorne, Robert (d. 1527) Thome, William ( A. 1397) Thorne, William (1568 P-1630) Thornhill, Sir James ( 1675-1734). Thornhill, William (j. 1723-1755) Thornton, Bonnell (1724-1768) Thornton, Sir Edward (1766-1852) Thornton, Edward Parry (1811-1893) Thornton, Gilbert de (d. 1295) Thornton, Henry (1760-1815). Thornton, John (1720-1790). See under Thornton, Henry. Thornton, John (1783-1861). See under Thornton, Samuel. Thornton, Robert (/. 1440). Thornton, Robert John ( 1768 P-1837). Thornton, Samuel (1755-1838) Thornton, Thomas (d. 1814). Thornton, Thomas (1757-1823) Thornton, Thomas (1786-1866) Thornton, Sir William (1779 P-1840). Thornton, William Thomas (1813-1880) Thornycroft, Mary (1814-1895). rhornycroft, Thomas (1815-1885). Thorold, Anthony Wilson (1825-1895). Thorold, Thomas ( 1 600-1664 ). See Carwell. Thoroton, Robert (1623-1678) Thoroton, Thomas (1723-1784) Thorp, Charles (1783-1862). Thorpe, Benjamin (1782-1870) Thorpe, Francis (1595-1665). Thorpe or Thorp, John de, Baron Thorpe (d. 1324) 3' Thorpe, John (fl. 1570-1610). . . .818 Thorpe, John (1682-1 750). . .320 o o 2 265 266 267 268 268 269 271 272 273 274 275 276 279 280 280 282 284 284 286 287 289 290 292 293 293 294 295 295 295 297 297 299 299 300 301 304 306 307 307 308 309 310 811 312 812 314 314 315 316


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Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 56.djvu/456

 Thanet, Earl of. See Tufton, Sackville, ninth Earl (1767-1825). Thaun, Philip de ( ft. 1120). See Philip. Thayre, Thomas (fl. 1603-1625). . .107 Theakston, Joseph (1772-1842). . .108 Theed, William (1764-1817). See under Theed, William (1804-1891). Theed, William (1804-1891). . . .108 Theinred (fl. 1371) 109 Thellusson, Peter (1737-1797). . .109 Thelwall, Algernon Sydney (1795-1863). See under Thelwall, John. Thelwall, Eubule (1562-1630). . . .110 Thelwall, John (1764-1834). . . .110 Theohald or Tedbaldus (d. 1161). . .113 Theobald, Lewis (1688-1744). . . .118 Theodore (602 P-690) 122 Theodore, Anthony (d. 1756). See under Frederick, Colonel (1725 P-1797). Therry, John Joseph (1791-1864). . .126 Therry, Sir Roger (1800-1874). . .126 Thesiger, Alfred Henry (1838-1880). . 127 Thesiger, Sir Frederick (d. 1805). . . 127 Thesiger, Frederick, first Baron Chelmsford (1794-1878) 128 Thew, Robert (1758-1802). . . .129 Theyer, John (1597-1673). . . .130 Thicknesse, formerly Ford, Ann (1737-1824). 130 Thicknesse, George (1714-1790). . .131 Thicknesse, Philip (1719-1792). . .132 Thierry, Charles Philip Hippolytus, Baron de (1793-1864). . . ." . . .134 Thiinelbv, Richard (1614-1680). See Ashby. Thirlby/Styan (1686 P-1753) . . . .134 Thirlby or Thirleby, Thomas (1506 P-1570) Thirlestane, Lord Maitland of. Sec Maitland, Sir John (1545 P-1595). Thirlwall, Connop (1797-1875) . . .138 Thirhvall, Thomas (d. 1827). See under Thirlwall, Connop. Thirning, William (d. 1413) . . . .141 Thistlewood, Arthur (1770-1820) . . .142 Thorn, Alexander (1801-1879) . . .145 Thorn, James (fl. 1815). See under Thorn, James (1802-1850). Thorn, James (1802-1850) . . . .145 Thorn, John Hamilton (1808-1894) . .146 Thorn, John Nichols (1799-1838). See Tom. Thorn, Walter (1770-1824). See under Thorn, Alexander. Thorn, William (1798 P-1848) . . .147 Thomas, Earl of Lancaster (1277 P-1322) . 148 Thomas of Brotherton, Earl of Norfolk and Marshal of England (1300-1338) . .152 Thomas of Woodstock, Earl of Buckingham and Duke of Gloucester (1355-1397) . .153 Thomas, Duke of Clarence (1388 P-1421). 158 Thomas of Bayeux (d. 1100). . . .160 Thomas (d. 1114) 163 Thomas, known as Thomas a Becket (1118 ?- ) Thomas, known as Thomas Brown ( fl. 1170). Thomas, called of Beverley (/. 1174). Thomas of Ely (fl. 1175). Thomas (/. 1200 ? ) Thomas Wallensis or of Wales (d. 1255). See Walleys. Thomas of Erceldoune, or Thomas the Rhymer (/. 1220 P-1297 ? ). See Erceldoune. Thomas of Corbridge (d. 1304). See Cor- bridge. 173 173 173 174 Thomas the Englishman (d. 1310). See Jorz or Joyce, Thomas. Thomas Hibernicus or de Hibernia ( fl. 1306- 1316), known also as Palmeranus or Pal- merston 174 Thomas de Hibernia (d. 1270). See under Thomas Hibernicus. Thomas de la More (./?. 1327-1347). See More. Thomas of Hatfield (d. 1381). See Hatfield. Thomas of Ashborne (fl. 1382). . .175 Thomas Asheburne (fl. 1384). See under Thomas of Ashborne. Thomas of Newmarket (fl. 1410 ?). . . 175 Thomas Netter or Walden (d. 1430). See Netter. Thomas the Bastard (d. 1471). See Faucon- berg, Thomas. Thomas ab leuan ap Rhys (d. 1617 ?). . 175 Thomas of St. Gregory (1564-1644). See Hill, Thomas. Thomas, Arthur Goring (1850-1892). . 176 Thomas, David (1760 P-1822). . .176 Thomas, David (1813-1894). . . .177 Thomas, Edward (1813-1886). . .178 Thomas, Elizabeth (1677-1731 ). .178 Thomas, Ernest Chester (1850-1892). . 179 Thomas, Francis Sheppard (1794 P-1857). 180 Thomas, Frederick Jennings (1786-1855). 180 Thomas, George (1756 P-1802). . .181 Thomas, George Housman (1824-1868). . 182 Thomas, Honoratus Leigh (1769-1846). . 182 Thomas, John (1691-1766). . .183 Thomas, John (1696-1781). . .183 Thomas, John (1712-1793). . .184 Thomas, John (1813-1862). . .184 Thomas, John (1795-1871). . .185 Thomas, John (1821-1892). . .185 Thomas, John Evan (1809-1873). . .186 Thomas, John Fryer (1797-1877). . .186 Thomas, John Wesley (1798-1872). . .187 Thomas, Joshua (d. 1759 ?). See under Thomas, Joshua (1719-1797). Thomas, Joshua (1719-1797). . . .187 Thomas, Lewis (/. 1587-1619). . .188 Thomas, Matthew Evan (1788 P-1830). . 188 Thomas, Sir Noah (1720-1792). . .188 Thomas, Owen (1812-1891). . . .189 Thomas, Richard (1777-1857). . .189 Thomas, Samuel (1627-1693). . . .190 Thomas, Sidney Gilchrist (1850-1885). . 190 Thomas, Thomas (1553-1588). . . .192 Thomas, Vaughan (1775-1858). . .193 Thomas, William (d. 1554). . . . 193 Thomas, William (1593-1667). . .196 Thomas, William (1613-1689). . . 197 Thomas, William, D.D. (1670-1738). . 199 Thomas, William (fl. 1780-1794). . .199 Thomas, William (Islwyn) (1832-1878). 200 Thomason, Sir Edward (1769-1849). .200 Thomason, George (d. 1666). . . .201 Thomason, James (1804-1853). . .202 Thomasson, Thomas (1808-1876). . .203 Thomlinson or Tomlinson, Matthew (1617- ) 204 Thomlinson, Robert (1668-1748). . . 205 Thomond, Marquis of. See O'Brien, James, third Marquis (1769-1855). Thomond, Earls of. See O'Brien, Murrough, first Earl (d. 1551) ; O'Brien, Conor, third Earl (1534P-1581); O'Brien, Donough, fourth Earl (d. 1624) ; O'Brien, Barnabas, sixth Earl (d. 1657).


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Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 38.djvu/460

 PAGE Montagu, William (1720?-! 757). . .273 Montagu, William, fifth Duke of Manchester (1768-1843) 274 Montague. See also Montagu. Montague, Henry James (1843 P-1878), whose real name was Mann ..... 275 Montaigne or Mountain, George (1569-1628). 276 Montalba, Henrietta Skerrett (1856-1893). 277 Monte, Robert de (1110 P-1186). See Robert. Monte, William du (d. 1213). See William. Monteage, Stephen (1623 P-1687). . .278 M (rateable, Barons. See Stanley, Edward (d. 1523) ; Parker, William (d. 1622); Spring- Rice, Thomas, first Lord (1790-1866). Monteath, George Cunningham (1788-1828). 278 Monteath, Sir Thomas (1787-1868). See Douglas, Sir Thomas Monteath. Montefiore, Sir Moses Haim (1784-1885) . 278 See Men- 282 283 283 Monteith, Robert (ft. 1621-1660) teith. Monteith, William (1790-1864) . Montez, Lola (1818-1861). See Gilbert, Marie Dolores Eli/a Rosanna. Montfichet, Richard de (d. 1268) . 281 Montfort, Almeric of (d. 1292 ?) Montfort, Eleanor of ( 1 252-1 282) Montfort, Guy of (1243 P-1288 ?) Montfort, Henry of (1238-1265) Montfort, Simon of, Earl of Leicester (1208 ?- ) ........ Montfort, Simon of, the younger (1240-1271) . 295 Montgomerie, Sir Alexander de, of Ardrossan, first Lord Montgomerie ( d. 1470 ?) . . 296 Montgomerie, Alexander (1556P-1610 ?) .297 Montgomerie or Seton, Alexander, sixth Earl of Eglinton (1588-1661) . . . .298 Montgomerie, Alexander, ninth Earl of Eg- linton (1660 P-1729) . . . . .300 Montgomerie, Alexander, tenth Earl of Eglin- ton (1723-1769) ...... 301 Montgomerie, Archibald, eleventh Earl of Eglinton in the peerage of Scotland (1726- ) . ... . . . Montgomerie, Archibald William, thirteenth Earl of Eglinton and first Earl of Winton in the peerage of the United Kingdom (1812- Montgomerie, Hugh, third Lord Montgomerie and first Earl of Eglinton (1460 P-1545). 304 Montgomerie, Hugh, third Earl of Eglinton (1531P-1585). . . . . .305 Montgomerie, Hugh, seventh Earl of Eglinton (1613-1669) ..... S. .306 Montgomerie, Hugh, twelfth Earl of Eglinton (1739-1819) . . . . & . .307 Montgomerie, Sir John, ninth of Eaglesham and first of Eglinton and Ardrossan (d. 1398?) ........ Montgomerie, Robert (d. 1609). . . Montgomerie, Robert (d. 1684). . . Moutgomerie, Thomas George (1830-1878). 311 Montgomery, Earls of. See Herbert, Philip, first Earl (1584-1650) ; Herbert, Henry, sixth Earl (1693-1751); Herbert, Henry seventh Earl (1734-1794) ; Herbert, George Augustus, eighth Earl (1759-1827). Montgomery, Countess of. See Clifford, Anne (1570-1676). Montgomery, Henry, LL.D. (1788-1865). Mont -ornery, Hugh of, Earl of Shrewsbury (a. 1098). See Hugh. Montgomery, Hugh, third Viscount Mont- 309 310 PAGE gomery of the Ards, and first Earl of Mount Alexander (1623 ?-1663). . . .315 Montgomery or Montgomerie, Sir James, tenth Baronet Of Skelmorlie (d 1694). . .316 Montgomery, James (1771-1854). . .317 Montgomery, Sir James William (1721-1803) 320 Montgomery, Richard (1736-1775). . 320 Montgomery, Sir Robert, eleventh Baronet of Skelmorlie (1680-1731). . . .321 Montgomery, Robert (1807-1855). . .322 Montgomery, Sir Robert (1809-1887). . 323 Montgomery, Roger of, Earl of Shrewsbury (d. 1094)". See Roger. Montgomery, Walter (1827-1871)$ whose real name was Richard Tomlinsbn . . . 324 Montgomery, William (1633-1707) . . 325 Monthermer, Ralph de, Earl of Gloucester and Hertford (d. 1325?) 326 Montjoy. See Mount) oy. Montmorency, Hervey de (fl. 1169). See Mount-Maurice. Montresor, James Gabriel (1702-1776) . . 327 Montresor, John (1736-1788?) . . .328 Montrose, Dukes of. See Lindsay, David, fifth Earl of Crawford and first Duke (1440P-1495); Graham, James, first Duke of the Graham line (d. 1742) ; Graham, James, third Duke (1755-1836) ; Graham, James, fourth Duke (1799-1874). Montrose, Marquises of. See Graham, James, first Marquis (1612-1650) ; Graham, James, second Marquis (1631 P-1669). Montrose, Earl of. See Graham, John, third Earl (1547?-! 608). Moodie, Donald (d. 1861) . . . .329 Moodie, John Wedderburn Dunbar (1797- ). See under Moodie, Donald. Moodie, Mrs. Susannah (1803-1885). See under Moodie, Donald. Moody, John (1727 P-1812). . . .331 Moody, Richard Clement (1813-1887). .332 Moon, Sir Francis Graham (1796-1871). . 333 Moone, Peter (fi. 1548). . . . .334 Moor. See also Moore and More. Moor, Edward (1771-1848). . . .334 Moor, James (1712-1779). . . .335 Moor, Michael (1640-1726). . . .336 Moor, Robert (1568-1640). . . .336 Moor, Thomas de la (fi. 1327-1347). See More. Moorcroft, William (1765 P-18'25). . .337 Moore. See also Moor and More. Moore, Albert Joseph (1841-1893 ). . .338 Moore, Ann ( /Z. 181 3) 339 Moore, Arthur (1666 P-1730). . . .340 Moore, Aubrey Lackington (1848-1890). . 342 Moore, Sir Charles, second Viscount Moore of Drogheda (1603-1643) .... 342 Moore, Charles, sixth Earl and first Marquis of Drogheda (1730-1822). . . .344 Moore, Charles (181 5-1881). . . .344 Moore, David (1807-1879). . . .345 Moore, Dugald (1805-1841). . . .345 Moore, Sir Edward (1530 P-1602). . .346 Moore, Edward (1712-1757). . . .347 Moore, Edwin (1813-1893). See under Moore, William (1790-1851). Moore, Eleanora, otherwise Nelly (d. 1869). 348 Moore, Sir Francis (1558-1621). . .348 Moore, Francis (1657-1 715?). . . .349 Moore, Francis (^.1744). . . . 349 Moore, Sir Garret, Baron Moore of Mellifont, Viscount Moore of Drogheda (1560 P-1627) 350


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Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 38.djvu/228

 were all indebted to him for preferment. Pope, however, holds up Halifax's patronage of men of letters to the bitterest scorn in the 'Epistle to Dr. Arbuthnot' (lines 231-248)

and Swift declares that the only encouragements which Halifax ever gave to learned men were 'good words and good dinners' (, Works, x. 303). Halifax seems, however, to have made some effort to retain Swift's services on the whig side in 1710. 'He was,' says Swift, 'continually teasing me to go to his house,' He went to see him at Hampton Court in October 1710 (Halifax was then ranger of Bushey Park), and the statesman proposed as a toast 'the resurrection of the whigs,' which, Swift remarks, 'I refused, unless he would add their reformation too ; and I told him he was the only whig in England I loved or had any good opinion of' (Journal to Stella). He was the last of Swift's friends among the prominent whigs. The Duchess of Marlborough, in a most unflattering account of his character, spitefully declares 'he was so great a manager 'that when he dined alone' he eat upon pewter for fear of lessening the value of his plate by cleaning it often,' that 'he was a frightful figure, and yet pretended to be a lover, and followed several beauties, who laughed at him for it,' and that 'he was as renowned for ill-breeding as Sir Robert Walpole is' (Private Corr. of the Duchess of Marlborough, ii. 147-8).

He married, in February 1688 (, i. 432), Anne, daughter of Sir Christopher Yelverton, hart., of Easton Maudit, Northamptonshire, and widow of Robert, third earl of Manchester [see under, second ], by whom he had no issue. His wife died in July 1698. After her death Halifax formed an extraordinary intimacy with Isaac Newton's niece, 'the gay and witty' Catherine Barton. She was the second daughter of Robert Barton of Brigstock, Northamptonshire, by his second wife, Hannah, daughter of the Rev. Barnabas Smith, rector of North Witham, Lincolnshire. Whether the attachment was purely platonic or not it is now impossible to say. The scandal of the day stigmatised her as his mistress. Professor De Morgan, who minutely investigated the subject in 'Newton, his Friend, and his Niece' (1885), came to the conclusion that she was privately married to Halifax. Colonel Chester gives some cogent reasons to show that she was not his wife (Westminster Abbey Registers, p. 354). That she was his mistress it is difficult to believe, seeing that her uncle, whose character is above reproach, must have connived at such an intimacy had it existed. His earldom and viscounty became extinct upon his death, but the barony of Halifax devolved upon his nephew, George Montagu, who was created Viscount Sunbury and Earl of Halifax on 14 June 1715, died in 1739, and was father of George Montagu Dunk, second earl of Halifax of the second creation [q. v.] Halifax acted as chairman of the committees of the House of Lords appointed from time to time to inquire into the state of the records, and is said to have suggested the purchase of the Cotton. MSS. with a view to the formation of a public library. He appears also to have been one of the principal promoters of Rymer's 'Fœdera,' the origin of which has been erroneously attributed to Harley (, Syllabus of Hymens Fœdera, 1869, i. vii-xiv). His collection of prints, medals, and coins was sold in 1740, and his collection of manuscripts relating to public affairs in 1760. His poems, which have little merit (in spite of Addison's description of their author as 'the greatest of English poets'), were published in a collected form, under the title of 'The Works and Life of the Right Hon. Charles, late Earl of Halifax, including the History of his Lordship's Times,' London, 1715, 8vo ; second edition (with a slightly altered title), London, 1716, 8vo. They are to be found in Chalmers's 'English Poets ' and similar collections. There is a half-length portrait of Halifax by Sir Godfrey Kneller at Trinity College, Cambridge. It has been engraved by Smith (1693), G. Vertue (1710), Vandergucht (1715), T. Faber (1782), Pierre Brevet, and others. [The Works and Life of the Right Hon. Charles, late Earl of Halifax, 1715; Burnet's History of his own Time, 1883, vols. iv. v. vi. ; Luttrell's Brief Relation, vols. iii. iv. v. vi. ; Swift's Works, 1814 ; Coxe's Memoirs of the Duke of Marlborough, 1818-19; Coxe's Shrewsbury Correspondence, 1821 ; Private Corr. of Sarah. Duchess of Marlborough, 1838; Diary of Mary, Countess Cowper, 1864 ; Calamy's Historical Account, 1830 ; Sir David Brewster's Memoirs of Isaac Newton, 1855; Lord Macaulay's History of England, 1st edit. vols. ii. iv. v. ; Lord Stanhope's Reign of Queen Anne, 1872 ; Ranke's History of England, 1875, vol. v. ; Rogers's Historical Gleanings, 1869, Istser. pp. 3-45 ; Macky's Memoirs, 1733, pp. 51-4; Biographia Brit. 1760, v. 3149-57; Chalmers's Biog. Dict. 1815, xxii. 256-60; Johnson's Works, 1810. x. 43-8; Park's edition of Walpole's Catalogue of Royal and Noble Authors, 1806, iv.


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Rh that in this case the sex is determined before the egg, concerning which the decision is made, has come into existence. This remarkable and rare arrangement is beyond doubt connected in the first place with the peculiar smallness of the males, and with the dimorphism of the eggs which is conditioned by this. We may go the length of asking why those daughters which yield male eggs are produced when the temperature of the water is high, and why those which give rise to female eggs are produced when the temperature is low:—this could hardly be a chance effect of temperature, but is much more likely to be due to an adaptation to the peculiar conditions of life in these animals. Sexual reproduction seems often to take place late among the rotifers, when the colony has almost reached the height of its development; but this will usually coincide with the occurrence of the highest temperature, so that, by the arrangement referred to, it is secured that the males appear at the most suitable time. If this interpretation is the correct one, we may understand why it happens that in this case the determination of sex is dependent on temperature, and why the higher and lower temperature produce the effects described.

NOTE VIII (p. 28).

Watasé, in a paper which appeared in 1892, 'On the Phenomena of Sex-Differentiation' (Journ. of Morphology, vol. vi. Boston, 1892), attempted, in a manner not quite clear to me, to conceive of sexuality itself as a phenomenon dependent on stimulus. With such a view I cannot agree, as will appear more plainly further on in this lecture.

NOTE IX (p. 31).

The experiments with Musca vomitoria, here described in outline, were made in the year 1884 and 1885 and have not hitherto been published, as I intended to extend them in another direction.


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62 NOTE X (p. 31).

The normally-fed fly larvae required just as much time for their development into the adult form as those that were poorly fed—namely 206 hours; and they fed almost continually during the whole time. The ill-fed larvae were only allowed to feed for 138–150 hours, i.e. six-tenths to seven-tenths of the normal time. But these figures express the difference in the feeding of the two lots very imperfectly: the difference was, in fact, much greater, as is evident from the fact that the ill-fed larvae grew much more slowly and remained much smaller than the others. We may therefore say that at any stage in the 138–150 hours of their larval life they were less capable of taking nourishment than they would have been had they been of normal size on reaching this stage.

NOTE XI (p. 35).

I formerly indicated, not without good reason, that the eggs break down to help in sustaining the animal: this is at any rate the result of their disintegration, though perhaps it is simply an unavoidable and not an intentional one. The flies already referred to furnished another proof as to the extent in which the maturation of egg-cells depends on food. I had begun my experiments by endeavouring to find out whether the flies would reproduce at all in confinement: this could not be predicted of them, for many insects—butterflies, for instance—in general do not do so. And, in fact, it seemed at first as if the same would be true in this case also; for, in spite of abundant feeding with carrots and sugar, more than a month passed without any eggs being produced. As soon, however, as I introduced some meat into the case containing flies, they all darted down upon it, and greedily sucked its juice. In their craving for flesh they crowded on to the piece; and the result was that in a week afterwards a great number of eggs were laid. The quantity of nitrogenous food had therefore been too small, and without it the eggs could


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BULLETIN

Editor-in-Chief.

Associates.

Business Managers.

Free to Honorary Members and to Active Members not in arrears for dues.

Advertising rates will be sent on application.

Advertisements and subscriptions should be sent to the Business Managers.

Exchanges should be sent to the Editor-in-Chief.

Notes of interest and striking ornithological photographs or illustration are solicited from members.

When extra copies are desired, they should be ordered at the time of communicating the article.

Write plainly and confine your article to one side of the sheet.

Copyright, 1899, by the Cooper-Ornithological Club.

EDITORIAL NOTES.

To those who have followed the reports of the Cooper Ornithological Club for six years past our will need no introduction. It but marks a new era in the publication of the Club's proceedings, for which we have hitherto been dependent upon space afforded by current magazines, and to whose publishers the Club acknowledges its indebtedness. The service thus secured has been as generous as we could consistently expect, but our increasing needs have proven this method of publication wholly inadequate. The has taken form in response to a general demand, and the initial issue represents fairly the standard which shall characterize the numbers about to follow.

The will occupy a sphere necessarily its own; its object being to represent generally the great West, and primarily the Cooper Ornithological Club. It is conceded that the West is rich in its possibilities of new discoveries, both in faunal forms and data regarding the life histories of many species, and through the field work of a widely distributed corps of members, the Club hopes to present many papers of special value to science. The support of all who are interested in securing these results will be generously reciprocated and the will be found not only valuable to members of the Club and to Californian students of birds, but will prove indispensable to Ornithologists and Oologists of the entire country who would keep in touch with the progress of science in the great West. Descriptions of new birds, and their nests and eggs will be contributed from time to time by active field workers. Let us record your prompt response to these efforts.

We present to our readers with this issue a portrait of that veteran Californian worker, Dr. J. G. Cooper, which is here published for the first time. The biographical data secured by Mr. W. O. Emerson, an old friend of the Doctor's, was collected in part some time since by Dr. Cooper, who, in anticipation of his decline, had brought together the results of his life's work. Dr. Cooper, now 68 years of age, is partially paralyzed and enfeebled, and as the winter of his well-spent life draws near, his legion of friends will wish him days of sweet peace and immunity from pain.

Mr. Shields' contribution on the rather remarkable nesting habits of the Fulvous Tree Duck in this issue, imparts to science many interesting facts heretofore unknown, notably the manner of nesting and the number of eggs deposited by this species. It serves to illustrate the opportunity for research which lies within the grasp of almost every bird student.

Our cover design, representing the California Condor, is the production of Mr. W. Otto Emerson, one of California's favored bird artists. Mr. Emerson's home is adorned with many charming bird paintings from his own brush and which show the elegance and grace of the careful observer.

Short notes are solicited from members, who will be surprised at the many items of interest they will discover in the past season's field notes alone. These should be sent in immediately. We shall make this an interesting feature of the, although many notes for this issue are inadvertently crowded out.

The San Francisco Chronicle, of Nov 26th, prints under the caption "A Successful Crusade against Jays and Hawks" an account of a game hunt held recently by the Petaluma Sportsmen's Club, when its members turned out on a raid against all hawks and bluejays. The joint bag showed 821 bluejays and 51 hawks "of various kinds" slaughtered on the plea that "each would have destroyed at least five quail's eggs during the next breeding season." The ignorance displayed by this star organization is deplorable in the extreme, and each member should enrich his library with a few of the government publications on the raptorial birds and bluejays and their food habits, thus rendering himself more capable of exercising the discretion necessary to the proper use of a gun. The stands for bird protection, and will strenuously oppose wanton slaughter at all times regardless of its source. We highly commend the excellent work done and the fearless stand taken in this matter by Recreation of New York City.

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Rh not come to maturity; for the ovaries of flies are fully formed though very small when the insects escape from the pupa. In later experiments, when the flies were fed from the first with sugar and meat-juice, the eggs developed very rapidly in the ovaries, and the first deposit occurred as early as ten days after metamorphosis.

It therefore appears that however rich the food of the larvae of these flies may be, it is only sufficient to form the ovaries, and not to bring any part of the egg-cells to maturity; and this seems to be equally true of bees and ants. Rich food is necessary in the imago-stage if the egg-cells are to ripen; and this probably explains the fact that the worker bees and ants as a rule produce no eggs: for they have usually to work hard to provide themselves with food, while the queens are supplied with rich food even in the imago-stage. It does exceptionally happen that the workers take rich food and exhibit an increased metabolism; and then they too bring the germs in their few egg-tubes to maturity, and lay eggs. Possibly we may explain Wasmann's experiments in a similar manner. (Cf. E. Wasmann (S. J.), 'Parthenogenesis bei Ameisen durch künstliche Temperaturverhältnisse,' Biol. Centralbl. Bd. xi. No. 1, Febr. 1, 1891). He frequently observed the production of eggs by the worker ants of several species he examined when the temperature was artificially raised. Warmth increases and accelerates metabolism and consequently stimulates the appetite. Moreover the experiment affected different species in different degrees, and this can be explained by the supposition that the ovaries had degenerated in different degrees. When they contain no egg-tubes at all, as in the case of Tetramorium caespitum, even the richest nourishment is of no avail to cause the production of eggs.

NOTE XII (p. 39).

In my book on The Germ-Plasm, I have simply spoken of double or multiple determinants as the foundation of dimorphism or polymorphism in the idioplasm. I conceived


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64 dimorphism to originate in such a way that the determinants of an id first became double, and subsequently the doubled determinants varied in different directions. Repeated consideration of the facts now leads me to hold the modified view of this text as more accurate. I now suppose that constitutional dimorphism of a species—even sexual dimorphism—is due to homologous determinants varying differently in different ids: so that, for example, one id contains 'male' and another 'female' determinants of the reproductive organs, of the genital ducts, or of the pattern of wings, and so on. In like manner I imagine that every other kind of dimorphism of polymorphism has originated by the different variation of corresponding determinants of the various ids. Seasonal dimorphism alone, so far as it depends only on the direct effects of external influences, implies no difference in the ids of the germ-plasm. Compare The Germ-Plasm, pp. 379, 380.

My present view seems to have the advantage of simplicity, as it does not require the hypothesis of a doubling of the determinants involved prior to the different variations—a complication that, as I was quite aware, could not well be accounted for. It permits, too, a perfectly gradual increase of the differentiation of the ids until a complete distinction arises in all the determinants of the id, so that two or more essentially different kinds of id constitute the germ-plasm. Moreover even a complete separation of these into two groups is possible, and must actually occur among species with male and female eggs.

This view of the facts also affords a deeper insight into the causes of the determination of sex. For if there are special 'male' and 'female' ids, the number of them in certain circumstances will give the decision as to whether the developing organism shall be male or female. For though in some cases sex is probably or even certainly determined by external influences which affect the egg, these are not to be regarded as the only or even principal cause of the decision in all cases: we are here concerned with an adaptation to special circumstances. In the case of human beings it appears very obvious that in a certain sense sex may be


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Rh hereditary:—I mean that the determination of sex may be dependent on the composition of the germ. The fact that many families consist chiefly either of male or of female children could hardly be accounted for in connection with any external influences. If, however, we conceive of the germ-plasm as composed of 'male' and 'female' ids, the numerical relations of these will usually be as 1:1. But deviations in this respect will occur, and may be increased by means of the processes of 'reducing division' and 'amphimixis'; and when a certain point has been reached they may lead to all or the majority of the children of the same parents being of one sex. I hope to treat of this matter in greater detail on another occasion.

The idea that sexual dimorphism is based on the presence of more or less markedly different 'male' and 'female' ids in the idioplasm, harmonizes very well with the occasional determination of sex by external influences. Just as the 'worker-ids' of the bee become active by the poor food-supply of the larva, while the 'queen-ids' remain inactive, it would seem to be possible that in the case of the frog abundant nourishment in the larval stage should usually lead to 'female' ids becoming active, while meagre feeding leads to a preponderance of 'male' activity. In like manner it is possible that in the case of the bee any factor that is connected with the act of fertilization might be the means of stimulating the female-ids to activity.

NOTE XIII (p. 43).

I am quite aware that pathological abnormalities occur in which entire parts or organs may be wanting. But such cases do not contradict the view of the phyletic nature of the process by which typical parts become rudimentary, to which I have given expression on p. 35. It is true that the brain may be partly or altogether wanting in a human embryo or may be abnormally small, or defects may occur in the heart, or larger or smaller regions of the limbs may be wanting;


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66 but such abnormalities are never due to a general insufficiency of nourishment. They may depend, as E. Ziegler shows (Lehrbuch der path. Anat. 1892, p. 369), either on the transmission of abnormal primary constituents of the germ, on primary pathological variations of the germ, or on external injuries: thus, for instance, a constriction of the limbs of the embryo by the umbilical cord or the egg membranes may occur.

NOTE XIV (p. 43).

Until lately it had only been demonstrated in the case of bees that food differences determined whether the female larvae should become workers or queens. The quality and quantity of the food which the different kinds of bee-larvae receive is accurately known, chiefly owing to the beautiful researches of Planta. In the case of ants there is a lack of evidence; but very valuable and definite infomation has recently been obtained on this point as regards termites, concerning which we were previously very ignorant. Grassi and Sandias's observations in Catania ('Costituzione e sviluppo della Società dei Termitidi. Osservazione sui loro costumi etc.'; Catania 1893, Atti dell' Acad. Gioenia di Sc. nat. Vol. VI e, VII) have shown that, in the Sicilian termites, the egg, like that of the bee, contains the primary constituents of each kind of individual. Whether the development of the male is determined by the absence of fertilization must still be left an open question; but it has been definitely established that the larvae of the fertile females receive far more abundant and more nourishing food than do the young which will give rise to workers or soldiers. Moreover, even at a later stage, the larvae can at will be reared either as fertile forms or as barren workers or soldiers; and here again it is a nutritious secretion of the insect itself which leads to the production of the sexual form. just as in the case of bees, the larvae for three days are all fed with this nutritive secretion, after which time only those which are destined to become sexual forms continue to receive it regularly, the


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Rh others getting it not at all or only in small quantities. The sensitiveness of the larva to differences in nutrition must, however, be more finely graduated in termites than in bees; for Grassi has shown that even the distinction between workers and soldiers is under the control of the food providers. If the soldiers are taken away from them, they make new ones from other larvae.

NOTE XV (p. 44).

Herbert Spencer has attempted to weaken my reference to the social insects as an illustration of the metamorphosis of an organism taking place apart from any transmission of acquired characters (Cf. Weismann, 'The All-Sufficiency of Natural Selection; a Reply to Herbert Spencer,' Contemp. Rev., Sept. and Oct., 1893), by maintaining that the characters of the neuters had originated while all the females were still prolific. I will not deny the possibility of some of the peculiarities of the workers having actually originated as far back as this, though it would be difficult or even impossible to be at all certain on this point. But it seems to me that there is no room for doubt that the greater part of the characteristics of the workers have arisen later—that is, during and after the formation of castes. Herbert Spencer looks upon the infertility as a direct consequence of inadequate nourishment of the larvae. I have just shown that this cannot be so; but if, for a moment, we assume the contrary, how could we account for the instinct of the workers at the present day, which leads them to take far less food than the fertile females when in the imago-stage? Surely this cannot be explained by the meagreness of the nourishment during the larval stage! In my experiments with flies, at any rate, those which were poorly fed showed no less appetite as imagines than their sisters which had been well fed as larvae. Or ought we to suppose that the habit dates from ancient times, when all the females instinctively took but little food? In this case they would


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 THE CONDOR. Bulletin of the Cooper Ornithological Club, '''A BI-MONTHLY EXPONENT OF CALIFORNIAN ORNITHOLOGY. '''

Vol.3 No.4 Santa Clara, Cal., July-August, 1901. $1.00 a Year

Breeding of Hesperocichla naevia in California. WALTER K FISHER, STANFORD UNIVERSITY, CAL.

THE WRITER spent the greater part of June 1899 at various points in the heavily forested redwood belt, from Humboldt Bay to Crescent City. This belt is comparatively narrow and occupies the low hills and valleys next to the coast. It is a region of dense, luxuriant vegetation, and is a humid division of the Canadian zone. It is not strange therefore that the varied thrush ( Hesperocichla naevia) should be found breeding here. On June 11, 1899, while collecting in the still dark redwood forest along Lindsay Creek (perhaps five miles north of Vance, Mad River, Humboldt Co.) the writer was surprised suddenly by the outcries of two varied thrushes, which dashed at him from above, much after the fashion of hysterical robins. One of these birds ( No. 165248 U.S. Nat. Mus.) was promptly shot, but the male, whose bright colors rendered him conspicuous in the somber forest, slipped away at once, There can be little doubt that the nest was close at hand, for the actions of the birds plainly betokened this. A more or less hasty search failed to reveal it, however, a fact not surprising at least to those who are familiar with the region.

Again on June 28 at the mouth of Redwood Creek, Humboldt Co. (in an air-line about 25 miles north of the previous locality) a male varied thrush was seen. This bird flew into a maple with its bill full of food, but the characteristic haste of a stage-driver rendered further investigation impossible. The presence of such a bird breeding in this region only tends to emphasize the distinct boreal nature of the belt. In this same locality one finds, Bonasa umbellus sabini, Columba fasciata, Colaples cafer saluratior, Contopus borealis, Perisoreus obscurus, Melospiza melodia morphna, Anorthura hiemalis pacifica, Parus rufescens, Hylocichla ustulata, Hylocichla aonalaschkae and even other boreal forms.

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 ===The Santa Cruz Song Sparrow, with notes on the Salt Marsh Song Sparrow=== BY JOSEPH GRINNELL.

Melospiza melodia santaecruis new subspecies.

''Subsp. Char. -Relationship apparently nearest to Melospiza melodia cooperi'', from which it differs in smaller size, in much narrower and weaker bill, and in the greater extent and intensity of the brown markings.

Type-- 3 ad., No. 4292, Coil. J. G.; San Francisquito Creek, near Palo Alto, California; June 2, 1900; collected by J. Grinnell. Coloration--Feathers on top of the head with narrow sooty streaks, broadly edged with chestnut; narrow median crown-stripe drab gray; feathers of mantle, broadly streaked with sooty and latterally margined with hazel and clay color. Wing-coverts, secondaries and tail feathers broadly edged with bright hazel. Postocular and rictal stripes, chiefly hazel. Superciliary stripe, drab gray. Breast and sides narrowly and sparsely streaked with sooty, the streaks running forward into well-defined maxillary stripes; most of these blackish markings are bordered narrowly with bright hazel. Flanks and crissum clay color, streaked with sooty sepia. Rest of under parts pure white. Range--Along the fresh-water streams heading in the Santa Cruz Mountain Region, from San Francisco south to Monterey Bay. Measurements--The following are the average measurements in inches of all the adult skins available of the four southern coast races of ''Melospiza melodia. ''

Trying the male female symbols

Subspecies. I,ocality Skins. Wing. Tail. Culmen, Depth Skins. Wing. Tail. Culmen. Depth of Bill of Bill cooperi { Pasadena and x5 2.47 2.8x .47 .28 6 2.33 2.64 .45 .27 vicinity 3 3 sanlcecrucis { Fresh-water 2.41 2.66 .45 .25 II 2.31 2.58 .45 .25 streams P.A. c c ? ? (Salt marshes 20 2.28 2.46 .44 .24 15 2.18 2.36 .43 .23 pusilhda - S.F.Bay near 3 ? ? [ Palo Alto. Salt marshes 3 2.28 2.50 -43 .23 2 2.15 2.37 -43 .23 samuelis St. Vincent, 3 3  9 Marin Co. REMARKs--This is another case serving to give the fauna of the Santa Cruz Mountain Region an insular complexion. The Song Sparrows from that vicinity have been variously referred to samuelis and heermanni, but upon comparison with either of these the distinctions are readily perceived. In the neighborhood of Palo Alto the habitats of santacrucis and pusillula are immediately adjoining. San Francisquito Creek at its mouth forms a slightly elevated delta sloping away gently into the surrounding salt marsh. Santa Cruz Song Sparrows are abundant and constant residents from the source of this stream in the Sierra Mnrena, to the final limit of the willows at its mouth. At this latter point we have the interest- ing problem of two "subspecies" breedin literally within a stone's-throw of each other. I have in mind a particular area near the foot of the Embarcadero Road, where a salt slough, its banks matted with Salicornia, winds along a willow thicket. Here on May 1i, and on several previous occasions throughout the year, I shot typical specimens of both ibztsi/ltla and sazlacricis xx ithin a few yards of each other, but [ have never found either one in the habitat of the other. The full-fledged young of both forms, which are as easily distinguishable as the adults, were secured in numbers, but those of sanlacrucis always in the willows of the creek and the weed-patches adjoining, while those of pusillula invariably came from the Salicornia beds. Briefly, [ have no evidence whatever that pusillula and' sanlacrucis interbreed. The latter, however, is obviously in geographical continuity with cooperi to the south, and probably with the still larger heermanni of the Sacramento-San Joaquin Basin. But what has been the derivation of the Salt Marsh Song Sparrow? I have no material whatever to show that either of the small marsh forms, samuelis and pusillula, intergrades with

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68 not have reproduced, as the workers at the present day cannot mature the scanty egg-cells present in their few egg-tubes. And we must not forget the double, or—in the case of some ants and the termites—three-fold forms of the workers, to which I referred in this connection in my essay! But I may spare myself further reply to the completely untenable contentions of Mr. Spencer, for Mr. Platt Ball has already admirably answered him in a paper on 'Neuter Insects and Lamarckism' (Nat. Science, vol. iv., Febr., 1894). One of the questions put to Spencer by Ball is quite sufficient to show the utter weakness of the position of Lamarckism:—if their characteristics did not arise among the workers themselves, but were transmitted from the pre-social time, how does it happen that the queens and drones of every generation can give anew to the workers the characteristics which they themselves have long ago lost?

That I am not alone in regarding the case of the neuters of ants and termites as affording a proof against the theory of the inheritance of acquired characters is also seen by reference to Prof Lloyd Morgan's book on 'Animal Life and Intelligence' (London, 1890–91). Although this author is still doubtful whether we are right in not acknowledging the Lamarckian principle, he also cites the case of the soldiers of certain ants (Oedocoma cephalotes) possessing enormous heads and mandibles as furnishing an argument against the views of Herbert Spencer. "The possession of these parts so inordinately developed must necessitate many correlated changes. But these cannot be due to inherited use, since such soldiers are sterile’ (loc. cit., p. 213). A good dialectic combatant might certainly maintain in opposition to this argument that this supposed sterility is not proved:—although soldier-ants in all known cases have been found to be sterile, it is known that ordinary workers often lay single eggs; and this may not be an exception,—as is assumed by the opponents of the Lamarckian principle,—but may, in fact, be the rule. Such unfertilized eggs produced by the workers may be destined to give rise to the males of the colony, and thus the changes acquired


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Rh in the individual life of the worker may have been transmitted to the next generation.

Such views have, indeed, been expressed to me privately, and my reply to them would be as follows. In the first place, the whole argument does not hold good in the case of bees, because it is certain that the males arise from eggs laid by the queen. Secondly, it is not tenable as regards ants, for the workers of one species at least (Tetramorium caespitum) possess no egg-tubes at all, and consequently cannot produce any eggs. This state of things could not have occurred if the formation of the colonies depended on the production of the males by the workers only. The gradually decreasing number of egg-tubes in the ovaries of the workers in the different species proves, on the contrary, that these egg-tubes are valueless for the maintenance of the species in the struggle for existence.


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—————

AUGUST WEISMANN


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 Oxford

HORACE HART, PRINTER TO THE UNIVERSITY


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 1894

IN THE SHELDONIAN THEATRE, MAY 2, 1894

London

HENRY FROWDE, AMEN CORNER, E.C.

OXFORD: CLARENDON PRESS DEPOSITORY, 116 HIGH STREET

1894


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Works

 * Studies in the theory of descent, (1882) (translator Raphael Meldola)
 * The Effect of External Influences upon Development
 * Essays upon Heredity (1889)
 * The Germ-Plasm: A Theory of Heredity

title: Author:August Weismann


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Rh which they could not approach; they also caught a frog, but lost it out of their game bag.

July 10. Could I describe one of these dismal gales which blow ever and anon over this desolate country, it would in all probability be of interest to one unacquainted with the inclemency of the climate. Nowhere else is the power of the northeast gale, which blows every week on the coast of Labrador, so keenly felt as here. I cannot describe it; all I can say is that whilst we are in as fine and safe a harbor as could be wished for, and completely land-locked all round, so strong does the wind blow, and so great its influence on our vessel, that her motion will not allow me to draw, and indeed once this day forced me to my berth, as well as some others of our party. One would imagine all the powers of Boreas had been put to work to give us a true idea of what his energies can produce, even in so snug a harbor. What is felt outside I cannot imagine, but greatly fear that few vessels could ride safely before these horrid blasts, that now and then seem strong enough to rend the very rocks asunder. The rain is driven in sheets which seem scarcely to fall on sea or land; I can hardly call it rain, it is rather a mass of water, so thick that all objects at any distance from us are lost to sight every three or four minutes, and the waters comb up and beat about us in our rock-bound harbor as a newly caged bird does against its imprisoning walls. The Great Black-backed Gull alone is seen floating through the storm, screaming loudly and mournfully as it seeks its prey; not another bird is to be seen abroad; the Cormorants are all settled in the rocks close to us, the Guillemots are deep in the fissures, every Eider Duck lays under the lee of some point, her brood snugly beneath her opened wings, the Loon and the Diver have crawled among the rankest weeds, and are patiently waiting for a return of fair weather, the Grouse is quite hid under the creeping willow, the Great Gray Owl is perched on the southern declivity of

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394 some stupendous rock, and the gale continues as if it would never stop. On rambling about the shores of the numerous bays and inlets of this coast, you cannot but observe immense beds of round stone of all sizes, some of very large dimensions rolled side by side and piled one upon another many deep, cast there by some great force of nature. I have seen many such places, and never without astonishment and awe. If those great boulders are brought from the bottom of the sea, and cast hundreds of yards on shore, this will give some idea of what a gale on the coast of Labrador can be, and what the force of the waves. I tried to finish my drawing of the Loon, but in vain; I covered my paper to protect it from the rain, with the exception only of the few inches where I wished to work, and yet that small space was not spared by the drops that fell from the rigging on my table; there is no window, and the only light is admitted through hatches. July 11. The gale, or hurricane, or whatever else the weather of yesterday was, subsided about midnight, and at sunrise this morning it was quite calm, and the horizon fiery red. It soon became cloudy, and the wind has been all round the compass. I wished to go a hundred miles farther north, but the captain says I must be contented here, so I shall proceed with my drawings. I began a Cormorant and two young, having sent John and Lincoln for them before three this morning; and they procured them in less than half an hour. Many of the young are nearly as large as their parents, and yet have scarcely a feather, but are covered with woolly down, of a sooty black. The excursions brought in nothing new. The Shore Lark has become abundant, but the nest remains still unknown. A tail feather of the Red-tailed Hawk, young, was found; therefore that species exists here. We are the more surprised that not a Hawk nor an Owl is seen, as we find hundreds of sea-birds devoured, the wings only remaining.

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Rh July 12. At this very moment it is blowing another gale from the east, and it has been raining hard ever since the middle of the day. Of course it has been very difficult to draw, but I have finished the Cormorant. John and Lincoln brought in nothing new, except the nest and ten eggs of a Red-breasted Merganser. The nest was placed near the edge of a very small fresh-water pond, under the creeping branches of one of this country's fir-trees, the top of which would be about a foot above ground; it is like the Eider's nest, but smaller and better fashioned, of weeds and mosses, and warmly lined with down. The eggs are dirty yellow, very smooth shelled, and look like hen's-eggs, only rather stouter. John lay in wait for the parent over two hours, but though he saw her glide off the nest, she was too wary to return. I saw a Black-backed Gull plunge on a Crab as big as my two fists, in about two feet of water, seize it and haul it ashore, where it ate it while I watched it; I could see the Crab torn piece by piece, till the shell and legs alone remained. The Gull then flew in a direct line towards her nest, distant about a mile, probably to disgorge her food in favor of her young. Our two young Gulls, which we now have had for nearly a month, act just as Vultures would. We throw them a dead Duck or even a dead Gull, and they tear it to pieces, drinking the blood and swallowing the flesh, each constantly trying to rob the other of the piece of flesh which he has torn from the carcass. They do not drink water, but frequently wash the blood off their bills by plunging them in water, and then violently shaking their heads. They are now half fledged. July 13. When I rose this morning at half-past three, the wind was northeast, and but little of it. The weather was cloudy and looked bad, as it always does here after a storm. I thought I would spend the day on board the "Gulnare," and draw at the ground of my Grouse, which I had promised to Dr. Kelly. However, at seven the wind

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396 was west, and we immediately prepared to leave our fine harbor. By eight we passed the "Gulnare," bid her officers and crew farewell, beat out of the narrow passage beautifully, and proceeded to sea with the hope of reaching the harbor of Little Macatine, distant forty-three miles; but ere the middle of the day it became calm, then rain, then the wind to the east again, and all were sea-sick as much as ever. I saw a Lestris near the vessel, but of what kind I could not tell, it flew like a Pigeon Hawk, alighting on the water like a Gull, and fed on some codfish liver which was thrown overboard for it,—and some Thalassidroma, but none came within shot, and the sea was too rough to go after them. About a dozen common Crossbills, and as many Redpolls (Fringilla [Acanthis] linaria) came and perched on our top-yards, but I would not have them shot, and none were caught. Our young men have been fishing to pass the time, and have caught a number of cod.

July 14. The wind blew cold and sharp from the northeast this morning, and we found ourselves within twenty miles of "Little Macatine," the sea beating heavily on our bows, as we beat to the windward, tack after tack. At noon it was quite calm, and the wished-for island in sight, but our captain despairs of reaching it to-day. It looks high and horribly rugged, the highest land we have yet seen. At four o'clock, being about a mile and a half distant, we took the green boat, and went off. As we approached, I was surprised to see how small some Ducks looked which flew between us and the rocks, so stupendously high were the rough shores under which our little bark moved along. We doubled the cape and came to the entrance of the Little Macatine harbor, but so small did it appear to me that I doubted if it was the harbor; the shores were terribly wild, fearfully high and rugged, and nothing was heard but the croaking of a pair of Ravens and their half-grown brood, mingling with the roar of the surf against the rocky

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Rh ledges which projected everywhere, and sent the angry waters foaming into the air. The wind now freshened, the "Ripley's" sails swelled, and she was gently propelled through the water and came within sight of the harbor, on the rocks of which we stood waiting for her, when all of a sudden she veered, and we saw her topsails hauled in and bent in a moment; we thought she must have seen a sunken rock, and had thus wheeled to avoid it, but soon saw her coming up again and learned that it was merely because she had nearly passed the entrance of the harbor ere aware of it. Our harbor is the very representation of the bottom of a large bowl, in the centre of which our vessel is now safely at anchor, surrounded by rocks fully a thousand feet high, and the wildest-looking place I ever was in. After supper we all went ashore; some scampered up the steepest hills next to us, but John, Shattuck, and myself went up the harbor, and after climbing to the top of a mountain (for I cannot call it a hill) went down a steep incline, up another hill, and so on till we reached the crest of the island, and surveyed all beneath us. Nothing but rocks—barren rocks—wild as the wildest of the Apennines everywhere; the moss only a few inches deep, and the soil or decomposed matter beneath it so moist that, wherever there was an incline, the whole slipped from under our feet like an avalanche, and down we slid for feet or yards. The labor was excessive; at the bottom of each dividing ravine the scrub bushes intercepted our way for twenty or thirty paces, over which we had to scramble with great exertion, and on our return we slid down fifty feet or more into an unknown pit of moss and mire, more or less deep. We started a female Black-cap Warbler from her nest, and I found it with four eggs, placed in the fork of a bush about three feet from the ground; a beautiful little mansion, and I will describe it to-morrow. I am wet through, and find the mosquitoes as troublesome as in the Floridas.

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Rh


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 July 15. Our fine weather of yesterday was lost sometime in the night. As every one was keen to go off and see the country, we breakfasted at three o'clock this morning. The weather dubious, wind east. Two boats with the young men moved off in different directions. I sat to finishing the ground of my Grouse, and by nine had to shift my quarters, as it rained hard. By ten John and Lincoln had returned; these two always go together, being the strongest and most active, as well as the most experienced shots, though Coolidge and Ingalls are not far behind them in this. They brought a Red-necked Diver and one egg of that bird; the nest was placed on the edge of a very small pond, not more than ten square yards. Our harbor had many Larus zonorhynchus (Common Gull); the captain shot one. I have never seen them so abundant as here. Their flight is graceful and elevated; when they descend for food the legs and feet generally drop below the body. They appear to know gunshot distance with wonderful precision, and it is seldom indeed that one comes near enough to be secured. They alight on the water with great delicacy, and swim beautifully. Coolidge's party brought a nest of the White-crowned Bunting (Fringilla leucophyrs) and three specimens of the bird, also two Charadrius semipalmatus. They found an island with many nests of the Phalacrocorax diloplus but only one egg, and thought the nests were old and abandoned. One of the young Ravens from the nest flew off at the sight of one of our men, and fell into the water; it was caught and brought to me; it was nearly fledged. I trimmed one of its wings, and turned it loose on the deck, but in attempting to rejoin its mother, who called most loudly from on high on the wing, the young one walked to the end of the bowsprit, jumped into the water, and was drowned; and soon after I saw the poor mother chased by a Peregrine

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Rh Falcon with great fury; she made for her nest, and when the Falcon saw her alight on the margin of her ledge, it flew off. I never thought that such a Hawk could chase with effect so large and so powerful a bird as the Raven. Some of our men who have been eggers and fishermen have seen these Ravens here every season for the last eight or nine years. July 16. Another day of dirty weather, and all obliged to remain on board the greater portion of the time. I managed to draw at my Grouse and put in some handsome wild peas, Labrador tea-plant, and also one other plant, unknown to me. This afternoon the young men went off, and the result has been three White-crowned Buntings, and a female Black-capped Warbler. Our captain did much better for me, for in less than an hour he returned on board with thirty fine codfish, some of which we relished well at our supper. This evening the fog is so thick that we cannot see the summit of the rocks around us. The harbor has been full of Gulls the whole day. The captain brought me what he called an Esquimau codfish, which perhaps has never been described, and we have spirited him. We found a new species of floweret of the genus Silene but unknown to us. We have now lost four days in succession. July 17. The mosquitoes so annoyed me last night that I did not even close my eyes. I tried the deck of the vessel, and though the fog was as thick as fine rain, these insects attacked me by thousands, and I returned below, where I continued fighting them till daylight, when I had a roaring fire made and got rid of them. The fog has been as thick as ever, and rain has fallen heavily, though the wind is southwest. I have drawn five eggs of land-birds: that of Falco columbarius, Fringilla leucophyrs, Anthus spinoletta, Sylvia striata, and Fringilla savanna, I

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10 classification, may be derived from the very imperfect and partial analysis of the mind which it assumes as its basis. Why were the powers of Abstraction and Generalization passed over in silence?—powers which, according as they are cultivated or neglected, constitute the most essential of all distinctions between the intellectual characters of individuals. A corresponding distinction, too, not less important, may be remarked among the objects of human study, according as our aim is to treasure up particular facts, or to establish general conclusions. Does not this distinction mark out, with greater precision, the limits which separate philosophy from mere historical narrative, than that which turns upon the different provinces of Reason and of Memory?

I shall only add one other criticism on this celebrated enumeration, and that is, its want of distinctness, in confounding together the Sciences and the Arts under the same general titles. Hence a variety of those capricious arrangements, which must immediately strike every reader who follows Bacon through his details; the reference, for instance, of the mechanical arts to the department of History; and, consequently, according to his own analysis of the mind, the ultimate reference of these arts to the faculty of Memory: while, at the same time, in his tripartite division of the whole field of human knowledge, the art of Poetry has one entire province allotted to itself. These objections apply in common to Bacon and to D'Alembert. That which follows has a particular reference to a passage already cited from the latter, where, by some false refinements concerning the nature and functions of Imagination, he has rendered the classification of his predecessor incomparably more indistinct and illogical than it seemed to be before.

That all the creations, or new combinations of Imagination, imply the previous process of decomposition or analysis, is abundantly manifest; and, therefore, without departing from the common and popular use of language, it may undoubtedly be said, that the faculty of abstraction is not less essential to the Poet, than to the Geometer and the


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400 also outlined in the mountainous hills near our vessel, as a background to my Willow Grouse. John and Coolidge with their companions brought in several specimens, but nothing new. Coolidge brought two young of the Red- necked Diver, which he caught at the bottom of a small pond by putting his gun rod on them,—the little things diving most admirably, and going about the bottom with as much apparent ease as fishes would. The captain and I went to an island where the Phalacrocorax dilophus were abundant; thousands of young of all sizes, from just hatched to nearly full-grown, all opening their bills and squawking most vociferously; the noise was shocking and the stench intolerable. No doubt exists with us now that the Shore Lark breeds here; we meet with them very frequently. A beautiful species of violet was found, and I have transplanted several for Lucy, but it is doubtful if they will survive the voyage. July 18. We all, with the exception of the cook, left the "Ripley" in three boats immediately after our early breakfast, and went to the main land, distant some five miles. The fog was thick enough, but the wind promised fair weather, and we have had it. As soon as we landed the captain and I went off over a large extent of marsh ground, the first we have yet met with in this country; the earth was wet, our feet sank far in the soil, and walking was extremely irksome. In crossing what is here called a wood, we found a nest of Parus hudsonicus, containing four young, able to fly; we procured the parents also, and I shall have the pleasure of drawing them to-morrow; this bird has never been figured that I know. Their manners resemble those of the Black-headed Titmouse, or Chickadee, and their notes are fully as strong, and clamorous, and constant as those of either of our own species. Few birds do I know that possess more active powers. The nest was dug by the bird out of a dead and

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Rh rotten stump, about five feet from the ground; the aperture, one and a quarter inches in diameter, was as round as if made by a small Woodpecker, or a Flying-squirrel. The hole inside was four by six inches; at the bottom a bed of chips was found, but the nest itself resembled a purse formed of the most beautiful and softest hair imaginable,—of Sables, Ermines, Martens, Hares, etc.; a warmer and snugger apartment no bird could desire, even in this cold country. On leaving the wood we shot a Spruce Partridge leading her young. On seeing us she ruffled her feathers like a barnyard hen, and rounded within a few feet of us to defend her brood; her very looks claimed our forbearance and clemency, but the enthusiastic desire to study nature prompted me to destroy her, and she was shot, and her brood secured in a few moments; the young very pretty and able to fly. This bird was so very gray that she might almost have been pronounced a different species from those at Dennysville, Me., last autumn; but this difference is occasioned by its being born so much farther north; the difference is no greater than in Tetrao umbellus in Maine, and the same bird in western Pennsylvania. We crossed a savannah of many miles in extent; in many places the soil appeared to wave under us, and we expected at each step to go through the superficial moss carpet up to our middles in the mire; so wet and so spongy was it that I think I never labored harder in a walk of the same extent. In travelling through this quagmire we met with a small grove of good-sized, fine white-birch trees, and a few pines full forty feet high, quite a novelty to us at this juncture. On returning to our boats the trudging through the great bog was so fatiguing that we frequently lay down to rest; our sinews became cramped, and for my part, more than once I thought I should give up from weariness. One man killed a Falco columbarius, in the finest plumage I have ever seen. I

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402 heard the delightful song of the Ruby-crowned Wren again and again; what would I give to find the nest of this northern Humming-Bird? We found the Fox-colored Sparrow in full song, and had our captain been up to birds' ways, he would have found its nest; for one started from his feet, and doubtless from the eggs, as she fluttered off with drooping wings, and led him away from the spot, which could not again be found. John and Co. found an island with upwards of two hundred nests of the Lams canus, all with eggs, but not a young one hatched. The nests were placed on the bare rock; formed of seaweed, about six inches in diameter within, and a foot without; some were much thicker and larger than others; in many instances only a foot apart, in others a greater distance was found. The eggs are much smaller than those of Larus marinus. The eggs of the Cayenne Tern,

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text: Folk-Lore/Volume 4/The Cow-Mass

title: Folk-Lore/Volume 4/The Cow-Mass


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Rh were also found, and a single pair of those remarkable birds, which could not be approached. Two Ptarmigans were killed; these birds have no whirring of the wings, even when surprised; they flew at the gunners in defence of the young, and one was killed with a gun-rod. The instant they perceive they are observed, when at a distance, they squat or lie flat on the moss, when it is almost impossible to see them unless right under your feet. From the top of a high rock I had fine view of the most extensive and the dreariest wilderness I have ever beheld. It chilled the heart to gaze on these barren lands of Labrador. Indeed I now dread every change of harbor, so horribly rugged and dangerous is the whole coast and country, especially to the inexperienced man either of sea or land. The mosquitoes, many species of horse-fly, small bees, and black gnats filled the air; the frogs croaked; and yet the thermometer was not high, not above 55°. This is one of the wonders of this extraordinary country. We have returned to our vessel, wet, shivering with cold, tired, and very hungry. During our absence the cook caught some fine lobsters; but fourteen men, each with a gun, six of which were double-barrelled, searched all day for game, and have not averaged two birds apiece, nineteen being all that were shot to-day. We all conclude that no one man could provide food for himself without extreme difficulty. Some animal was seen at a great distance, so far indeed that we could not tell whether it was a Wolf or a Caribou. July 19. So cold, rainy, and foggy has this day been that no one went out shooting, and only a ramble on shore was taken by way of escaping the motion of the vessel, which pitched very disagreeably, the wind blowing almost directly in our harbor; and I would not recommend this anchorage to a painter naturalist, as Charles Bonaparte calls me. I have drawn two Parus hudsonicus, and this evening went on shore with the captain for exercise, and enough have I had. We climbed the rocks and followed

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text:
Author:Louisa Stuart Costello

Works

 * The Maid of the Cyprus Isle, 1815
 * Specimens of the Early Poetry of France, 1835
 * A Pilgrimage to Auvergne, 1842, vol. 1 and vol. 2
 * "Popular Song of the Bourbonnais", in Ainsworth's magazine : a miscellany of romance... London, 1842. Vol. 1 (p. 25),
 * "Legends of the Monts-Dores" in Ainsworth's Magazine : a Miscellany of Romance, Literature and Art. London, 1842. Vol. 1 : 1. The Pic du Capucin (p. 38-44), 2. La Malroche (p. 160-162), 3. The Spirit of Lake Pavin and the Lady of Vassivière (p. 304-308)
 * Memoirs of eminent Englishwomen, 1842

title: Author:Louisa Stuart Costello


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 404 from one to another, crossing fissures, holding to the moss hand and foot and with difficulty, for about a mile, when suddenly we came upon the deserted mansion of a Labrador sealer. It looked snug outside, and we entered it. It was formed of short slabs, all very well greased with seal oil; an oven without a pipe, a salt-box hung on a wooden peg, a three-legged stool, and a wooden box of a bedstead, with a flour-barrel containing some hundreds of seine-floats, and an old Seal seine, completed the list of goods and chattels. Three small windows, with four panes of glass each, were still in pretty good order, and so was the low door, which moved on wooden hinges, for which the maker has received no patent, I'll be bound. This cabin made of hewn logs, brought from the main, was well put together, about twelve feet square, well roofed with bark of birch and spruce, thatched with moss, and every aperture rendered air-tight with oakum. But it was deserted and abandoned; the Seals are all caught, and the sealers have nought to do here now-a-days. We found a pile of good hard wood close to this abode, which we will have removed on board our vessel to-morrow. I discovered that this cabin had been the abode of two French Canadians; first, because their almanac, written with chalk on one of the logs, was in French; and next, the writing was in two very different styles. As we returned to our vessel I paused several times to contemplate the raging waves breaking on the stubborn, precipitous rocks beneath us, and thought how dreadful they would prove to any one who should be wrecked on so inhospitable a shore. No vessel, the captain assured me, could stand the sea we gazed upon at that moment, and I fully believed him, for the surge dashed forty feet or more high against the precipitous rocks. The Ravens flew above us, and a few Gulls beat to windward by dint of superior sailing; the horizon was hid by fog, so thick there, and on the crest of the island, that it looked like dense smoke. Though I

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Rh wore thick mittens and very heavy clothing, I felt chilly with the cold. John's violin notes carry my thoughts far, far from Labrador, I assure thee. July 20. Labrador deserves credit for one fine day! To-day has been calm, warm, and actually such a day as one might expect in the Middle States about the month of May. I drew from half-past three till ten this morning. The young men went off early, and the captain and myself went to the island next to us, but saw few birds: a Brown Lark, some Gulls, and the two White-crowned Buntings. In some small bays which we passed we found the stones thrown up by the sea in immense numbers, and of enormous size. These stones I now think are probably brought on shore in the masses of ice during the winter storms. These icebergs, then melting and breaking up, leave these enormous pebble-shaped stones, from ten to one hundred feet deep. When I returned to my drawing the captain went fishing, and caught thirty-seven cod in less than an hour. The wind rose towards evening, and the boats did not get in till nine o'clock, and much anxiety did I feel about them. Coolidge is an excellent sailor, and John too, for that matter, but very venturesome; and Lincoln equally so. The chase, as usual, poor; two Canadian Grouse in moult,—these do moult earlier than the Willow Grouse, —some White-throated Sparrows, Yellow-rump Warblers, the Green Black-cap Flycatcher, the small Wood Pewee (?). I think this a new species, but cannot swear to it. The

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. But this is not the doctrine of D'Alembert. On the contrary, he affirms, that Metaphysics and Geometry are, of all the sciences connected with Reason, those in which Imagination has the greatest share; an assertion which, it will not be disputed, has at first sight somewhat of the air of a paradox; and which, on closer examination, will, I apprehend, be found altogether inconsistent with fact. If indeed D'Alembert had, in this instance, used (as some writers have done) the word Imagination as synonymous with Invention, I should not have thought it worth while (at least so far as the geometer is concerned) to dispute his proposition. But that this was not the meaning annexed to it by the author, appears from a subsequent clause, where he tells us, that the most refined operations of reason, consisting in the creation of generals which do not fall under the cognizance of our senses, naturally lead to the exercise of Imagination. His doctrine, therefore, goes to the identification of Imagination with Abstraction; two faculties so very different in the direction which they give to our thoughts, that (according to his own acknowledgment) the man who is habitually occupied in exerting the one, seldom fails to impair both his capacity and his relish for the exercise of the other.

This identification of two faculties, so strongly contrasted in their characteristical features, was least of all to be expected from a logician, who had previously limited the province of Imagination to the imitation of material objects; a limitation, it may be remarked in passing, which is neither sanctioned by common use, nor by just views of the philosophy of the Mind. Upon what ground can it be alleged that Milton's portrait of


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406 young of the Tawny Thrush were seen with the mother, almost full-grown. All the party are very tired, especially Ingalls, who was swamped up to his arm-pits and was pulled out by his two companions; tired as they are, they have yet energy to eat tremendously. July 21. I write now from a harbor which has no name, for we have mistaken it for the right one, which lies two miles east of this; but it matters little, for the coast of Labrador is all alike comfortless, cold and foggy, yet grand. We left Little Macatine at five this morning, with a stiff southwest breeze, and by ten our anchor was dropped here. We passed Captain Bayfield and his two boats engaged in the survey of the coast. We have been on shore; no birds but about a hundred Eider Ducks and Red-breasted Mergansers in the inner bay, with their broods all affrighted as our boats approached. Returning on board, found Captain Bayfield and his lieutenants, who remained to dine with us. They were short of provisions, and we gave them a barrel of ship-bread, and seventy pounds of beef. I presented the captain with a ham, with which he went off to their camp on some rocks not far distant. This evening we paid him a visit; he and his men are encamped in great comfort. The tea-things were yet arranged on the iron-bound bed, the trunks served as seats, and the sail-cloth clothes-bags as pillows. The moss was covered with a large tarred cloth, and neither wind nor damp was admitted. I gazed on the camp with much pleasure, and it was a great enjoyment to be with men of education and refined manners, such as are these officers of the Royal Navy; it was indeed a treat. We talked of the country where we were, of the beings best fitted to live and prosper here, not only of our species, but of all species,

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Rh and also of the enormous destruction of everything here, except the rocks; the aborigines themselves melting away before the encroachments of the white man, who looks without pity upon the decrease of the devoted Indian, from whom he rifles home, food, clothing, and life. For as the Deer, the Caribou, and all other game is killed for the dollar which its skin brings in, the Indian must search in vain over the devastated country for that on which he is accustomed to feed, till, worn out by sorrow, despair, and want, he either goes far from his early haunts to others, which in time will be similarly invaded, or he lies on the rocky seashore and dies. We are often told rum kills the Indian; I think not; it is oftener the want of food, the loss of hope as he loses sight of all that was once abundant, before the white man intruded on his land and killed off the wild quadrupeds and birds with which he has fed and clothed himself since his creation. Nature herself seems perishing. Labrador must shortly be depeopled, not only of aboriginal man, but of all else having life, owing to man's cupidity. When no more fish, no more game, no more birds exist on her hills, along her coasts, and in her rivers, then she will be abandoned and deserted like a worn-out field. July 22. At six this morning, Captain Bayfield and Lieutenant Bowen came alongside in their respective boats to bid us farewell, being bound westward to the "Gulnare." We embarked in three boats and proceeded to examine a small harbor about a mile east, where we found a whaling schooner of fifty-five tons from Cape Gaspé in New Brunswick. When we reached it we found the men employed at boiling blubber in what, to me, resembled sugar boilers. The blubber lay heaped on the shore in chunks of six to twenty pounds, and looked filthy enough. The captain, or owner, of the vessel appeared to be a good, sensible man of that class, and cut off for me some strips of the skin of the whale from under the throat, with large

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text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Filmy Ferns


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408 and curious barnacles attached to it They had struck four whales, of which three had sunk and were lost; this, I was told, was a very rare occurrence. We found at this place a French Canadian, a Seal-catcher, who gave me the following information. This portion of Labrador is free to any one to settle on, and he and another man had erected a small cabin, have Seal-nets, and traps to catch Foxes, and guns to shoot Bears and Wolves. They carry their quarry to Quebec, receive fifty cents per gallon for Seal oil, and from three to five guineas for Black and Silver-Fox skins, and other furs in proportion. From November till spring they kill Seals in great numbers. Two thousand five hundred were killed by seventeen men in three days; this great feat was done with short sticks, each Seal being killed with a single blow on the snout, while resting on the edges of the field ice. The Seals are carried to the camp on sledges drawn by Esquimaux dogs, that are so well trained that on reaching home they push the Seals off the sledge with their noses, and return to the hunters with despatch. (Remember, my Lucy, this is hearsay.) At other times the Seals are driven into nets one after another, until the poor animals become so hampered and confined that, the gun being used, they are easily and quickly despatched. He showed me a spot within a few yards of his cabin where, last winter, he caught six Silver-gray Foxes; these had gone to Quebec with his partner, who was daily expected. Bears and Caribous abound during winter, as well as Wolves, Hares, and Porcupines. The Hare (I suppose the Northern one) is brown at this season, and white in winter; the Wolves are mostly of a dun color, very ferocious and daring. A pack of about thirty followed a man to his cabin, and have more than once killed his dogs at his very door. I was the more surprised at this, as the dogs he had were as large as any Wolves I have ever seen. These dogs are extremely tractable; so much so that, when harnessed to a sledge, the

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