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 functions, but its canteen business alone made it by far the biggest shopping concern in the world. The “supplies and shipping” department of the Expeditionary Force canteens had for canteens alone an average annual turnover of approximately £20,000,000. From three to four thousand different articles appeared on the stock sheets. The tonnage handled was enormous, and during the month of Nov. 1918 it reached nearly 12,000 tons, representing 320,000 cases, in France alone. The record week was that ending March 16 1918, just prior to the great German offensive, when 3,643 tons of canteen supplies were landed, and a turnover amounting to £400,000 was reached. The tonnage off-loaded for the year 1918 was 121,000 tons, and comprised over three million packages. The growth of the total sales at canteens and depôts in France is shown by the following figures (by half-years ending at the dates mentioned) :

Profits were kept to a strict minimum, and by a happy decision prices for the same goods were the same on every front.

Another feature of the Expeditionary Force canteen work was that it served the man in the fighting line first and the man in the rear zone second. When in 1917–8, owing to the shipping position, Expeditionary Force canteen supplies had to be restricted, and the complaint came that what supplies did come over were largely absorbed at base and on lines of communication, and the men in the front line got very little, the quartermaster-general ordered that (1) certain luxuries which were in very short supply should go only to the front area canteens and not at all to the base; (2) other goods should go in the proportion of four to front areas and one to the base. Beer was a special problem, as its bulk made demands on tonnage which could no longer be admitted. G.H.Q. did not like the prospect of stopping the soldiers' beer, and accordingly the Q.M.G.'s department took over, in part or in whole, breweries in the army areas and arranged to brew beer locally, importing only the malt and the hops from England. American canteens were, of course, “dry.”

The work of the British Expeditionary Force canteens in France was the most important as regards figures, but probably on the remote fronts it was of greater value in showing the troops that they were still in touch with home. In Egypt and Palestine the organization pushed forward its comforts far into the desert on camel-back, and on these fronts about £5,000,000 a year passed over its counters. On the Mesopotamia front there were 37 canteens, the most remote being at Khaniqin (in Persia); and one flourishing branch was at Qurna, the legendary site of the Garden of Eden, where soldiers could buy most of the fruits of the earth in canned form. A canteen boat was kept plying on the Tigris. The Salonika front and the British front in Italy were also well supplied with canteens.

The work of the British Expeditionary Force canteens was sometimes carried on under conditions of some danger, as forward canteens were never withdrawn on account of hostile shell-fire unless it became very intense. During the German advance in the spring of 1918 the Expeditionary Force canteens lost very heavily in goods. As the enemy came forward and the canteens had to be evacuated the stocks of spirits were destroyed, other goods given away to the troops as they passed, and the residue destroyed by fire.

The British Y.M.C.A. during the war spent a gross of £21,900,000 on canteen work for British troops and war workers. Of this sum £17,300,000 represented refreshments sold. The Y.M.C.A. provided “dry” canteens, amusements and stationery, and in rear areas was in charge of lecture and other educational work. Its free gifts to the troops were valued at nearly £1,000,000, and all profits made at canteens were put back into war work. After the Armistice, when public subscriptions to the Y.M.C.A. fell off, the British War Office, recognizing the importance of its work, advanced to it £700,000 to enable it to continue operations during the period of demobilization. Subsequently £590,000 of this was made a free gift. Y.M.C.A. work was carried on in every theatre of war.

The Church Army provided nearly 2,000 canteen centres for the British army, of which about one-half were in France and others in Mesopotamia, Egypt, Malta, Salonika, Gallipoli, India and at naval bases.

When the American army arrived in France, the U.S. Red Cross had already established and was operating a canteen system for the French army. This system was extended, the existing organization naturally forming a base, since the American Expeditionary Force was superposed on the forces already in the French zone, and at first used the same lines of communication. Military canteens were also established by the troops themselves. But by far the greater part of the canteen work in touch with troops was carried out by the American Y.M.C.A., which, by an army order of Sept. 6 1917, took over responsibility for canteen work generally. The order forbade the establishment of a military canteen where a “Y” was available, and finally over 1,200 canteens or recreation halls were in operation. Affiliated to the Y.M.C.A. and working in connexion with its canteen system were library, educational, athletic and entertainment organizations in profusion. The Y.M.C.A. also cooperated in the work of the French “Foyer du Soldat.” On a smaller scale, similar work was done by the “Knights of Columbus.”  CAPELLO, LUIGI (1859– ), Italian general, was born April 14 1859. He entered the infantry, and his career till he became a general officer was passed in this branch of the service. During the Italo-Turkish War he served in Cyrenaica, and as a major-general he took part in the operations round Derna, commanding a column in the final action of the war in Oct. 1912. In 1913 he was promoted to lieutenant-general. He commanded the 25th Sardinian Div. during the early attacks upon the Carso in the summer of 1915, and the VI. Corps opposite the southern part of the Sabotino-Podgora bridgehead in Sept. 1915. In Aug. 1916, Capello, whose command had been increased to the strength of six divisions, conducted the attack which stormed the bridgehead and led to the capture of Gorizia. A difference of opinion between Cadorna and Capello led to the latter's transference to the Trentino front, where he commanded successively the XXII. and V. Corps in the Asiago uplands. In March 1917 he returned to the Julian front as commander of the “Gorizia Zone” (VIII., VI. and II. Corps), in which capacity he conducted the first phase of the Italian offensive in the following May. In June Capello was given command of the II. Army, which extended from the Plezzo valley to the Vippacco, and in Aug. he directed the attack on the Bainsizza plateau. There was a difference of opinion between Cadorna and Capello regarding the development of the action after the initial success, and this difference became more serious when Cadorna decided to stand on the defensive in view of the forthcoming enemy attack. Capello wished to go on attacking, and it is difficult to avoid the conviction that his belief in his own method of meeting the coming threat prevented him from coöperating whole-heartedly in the plan of his chief. Capello fell ill shortly before the enemy attack was launched and only returned to his post on the very eve of the battle. He was quite unfit for the strain of command, and had to resign after two days. When sufficiently recovered in health he was given the task of creating the new V. Army out of units broken and disbanded by the retreat. To this task he gave all his energy, and in it he achieved remarkable results, but in the spring of 1918, on the constitution of the Caporetto Inquiry Commission, he was put on half-pay, and in July he was retired. After his retirement Capello wrote two books, a reply to the criticisms of the Inquiry Commission, entitled Per la Verità, and Note di Guerra, a work which deals with the Italian campaign as a whole but especially with those operations in which he played an active part. He also took some part in politics, presiding at various important Nationalist and Fascisti meetings.  CAPE PROVINCE (see under, 5.225), the largest of the provinces of the Union of South Africa. At the 1911 census the inhabitants numbered 2,564,965, of whom 582,377 were whites and 1,982,588 coloured, an increase since 1904 of 8.33% in the coloured pop. but of only 0.45% in the white.

Among whites, females exceeded males by 43,623; among the coloured people by 63,782. In 1918 a census of whites only was taken. They then numbered 618,825, an increase of 6.41 % over 1911, affording an example of the abnormal fluctuation to which the white pop. of S. Africa is subject. Of the 1911 pop. 96.47% of the white and 44.20% of the coloured inhabitants returned themselves as Christians. The coloured inhabitants were divided into Bantu 1,519,939, Asiatic 7,690, and “mixed” and other coloured 454,959. This last category included a few thousand Hottentots and Bushmen, but the majority were the mixed white and black “Cape Boy” class commonly called “coloured” in distinction from “natives.” In 1911 of the whole coloured pop. 24,000 were engaged in professions or commerce and 93,000 in industries. Many districts of the province are arid or semi-arid, and over most of its area there are not more than seven persons per sq. mile. The pop. is mainly found in the fertile S. and S.E. coast regions, and of the Bantu in 1911 no fewer than 871,062 lived in the Transkeian territories, where there were 54 persons to the sq. mile. These Bantu are still heathen and nearly all are agriculturists. There were in 1911 only five towns with over 12,000 inhabitants, namely Cape Town (161,759), Kimberley (44,433), Port Elizabeth (37,063), East London (24,606) and Grahamstown (13,830).

Administration.—The affairs of the province are in the hands of a provincial council, elected for three years and not subject to dissolution save by effluxion of time. The qualifications for electors and members of the council are the same as for the members elected by the province to the House of Assembly

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text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Elder, John (fl.1555)


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Page:A colonial autocracy, New South Wales under Governor Macquarie, 1810-1821.djvu/99

 Governor nor magistrates had power to extend the servitude of the convicts by keeping them at Newcastle beyond the term of their original sentences. Often the only evidence before the Commandant of the length of a sentence was the assertion of the men themselves, and rather than incur the responsibility of false imprisonment he had to permit prisoners to return to Sydney.

In all districts of New South Wales, by means of the reports of gaolers and superintendents which were made directly to him, the Governor for all practical purposes exercised a complete and important supervision over the punishment of prisoners by order of the magistrates. The whole management of the gaol-gangs was in his hands. In 1810 that at the Sydney gaol had been the only one, but in 1814 he established gangs at Parramatta and at Windsor and Liverpool, the two towns in the Hawkesbury district. At the same time he limited the numbers in each, a restriction which owing to the smallness of the gaols and the growing population was difficult to maintain. It also made it impossible for the magistrates to carry out his Order in the spirit he wished. For Macquarie's chief object in forming the gaol-gangs was to lessen the necessity of resort to corporal punishment. But when there was no room in the gaols and the gangs were filled, the magistrates could enforce no other punishment.

Macquarie was always inclined to clemency, and in his management of the gaol-gangs Bent considered that he was far too indulgent. The intention was that the men of the gang should work sometimes in chains, always wearing a "parti-coloured" dress, and be closely confined in the gaol at night. Their hours of work also were longer than those of other convicts in Government employ. "At present," wrote Bent in 1815, "the gaol-gang, in common with everything else, is under


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Page:Historical records of the 40th (2nd Somersetshire) regiment.djvu/549

 "No. 41, dated 11th April, 1&81, an entire change occurred in the lille, uniform, badges, and constitution of the corps.

By the new arrangement the 40th Regi- ment and the 82nd * were amalga- mated as a double battalion regiment, under the title of (.) The 40th became the Ist battalion, and the 82nd the 2nd battalion, and a Srd^or militia — battalion was also formed of the 4th Royal Lam cashire Militia (Duke of Lancaster's Own Light Infantry.) The dep6t of two companies from each of the line battalions was continued at Warrington, in Lancashire, and became, with the militia stair, etc, the 40th Regimental District. This radical changii in the titles and constitution of the 40th and 82nd regiments necessitated an entire rearrangement of the honours, badges, etc. belonging to both regiments ; and the following, after consultalion between the afhcers, were adopted and sanctioned by regulation : — Territorial Badges. — On the buttons: The Prince of Wales's Plume above the Sphinx over " Egypt." The whole, with a circle inscribed "South Lancashire Regiment," enclosed with a scroll and two laurel branches isauing from the ends, and the crown over all. On the collars: The Prince of Wales's Plume in gold and silver embroidery, on a blue cloth ground; the scroll in silk itnd the lettering in silver. • The title of "The Prince of Wales's Volunteers," which now became the title of the 40th, on well as the 82nd, was originally granted to the 82nd Regiment. Jarvis, in his history of Ihul cotps, says : — " The KlJnd K<^icii!;iit was chkfly rccruiltti in Oie couniics of York, Lancaster, Lioeolu, Siaffunl, and Wotccslct. Ii wii5 placed on (he cslnMshmcnC of the .Army frrnn £7lh Feliniary, 1793, and w.ts stattnned ai Siamford in December of thai year. Uy Ihe special pcrmixMon of Hit late Majesty King George IV., then Fiinceuf Wales, ihe distinctive appellation of 'The I'rincc of Wales's Voliinlccrs' was acror Jetl to ii at the solicilalion of its (im colonel, Major-Genenl Leigh, a Ecnilemaa of the Prince'^ huusebuld. TltU peiinissioii was confirmed by Kiug William IV. on 20th Deccnibef, 1831, under hU sign manual, of which ibe fbllowiiLg is a copy : — " ' 82nd Regiment to retain the title of " Prince of Wales's Volunieere," in addition to its number, and alto to bear the Princ« of Wales's Plume on the regi- meotal colour and appomiCQent8> '"(Si|ja«d) W.R.'"


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 ERROR ETERNITY Sometimes we may learn more from a man's errors than from his virtues. | author = Longfellow | work = Hyperion. Bk. IV. Ch. III. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 237 }}


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 238 EVENING EVENING

) | topic = | page = }}


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 EVIL

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Evil communications corrupt good manners. / Corinthians. XV. 33. | seealso = (See also {{sc|Menander) Et tous maux sont pareils alors qu'ils sont extremes. All evils are equal when they are extreme. CoRNErLLE—Horace. III. 4. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 239 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Superbia, invidia ed avarizia sono Le tre f aville che hanno i cori accesL Three sparks—pride, envy, and avarice— have been kindled in all hearts. Dante—Inferno. VI. 74. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 239 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = E duobus malis minimum eligendum. Of two evils choose the least. Erasmus—Adages. | seealso = (See also {{sc|Cicero}}) | topic = | page = }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Den Bbsen sind sie los, die Bosen sind geblieben. The Evil One has left, the evil ones remain. Goethe—Faust. I. 6. 174. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 239 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Non e male alcuno nelle cose umane che non abbia congiunto seco qualche bene. There is no evil in human affairs that has not some good mingled with it. Guicciardini—Storia d'ltalia. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 239 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = He who does evil that good may come, pays a toll to the devil to let him into heaven. J. C. and A. W. Hare—Chesses at Truth. P. 444. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 239 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = But evil is wrought by want of Thought, As well as want of Heart! Hood—The Lady's Dream. St. 16. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 239 }}


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User talk:イザヤ

— billinghurst  sDrewth  16:19, 12 December 2010 (UTC)

title: User talk:イザヤ


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User talk:82.114.82.198

Welcome

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title: User talk:82.114.82.198


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User talk:Lincolncooper

— billinghurst  sDrewth  16:21, 12 December 2010 (UTC)

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242

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = This survival of the fittest, which I have here sought to express in mechanical terms, is that which Mr. Darwin has called "natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life." | author = Herbert | work = Spencer—Principles of Biology. Indirect Equilibration. | seealso = (See also {{sc|Darwin)

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Out of the dusk a shadow, Then a spark; Out of the cloud a silence, Then a lark; Out of the heart a rapture, Then a pain; Out of the dead, cold ashes, Life again. John Banister Tabb—Evolution. | note = | topic = | page = 242 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = The Lord let the house of a brute to the soul of a man, And the man said, "Am I your debtor?" And the Lord—"Not yet: but make it as clean as you can, And then I will let you a better." | author = Tennyson | work = By an Evolutionist. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 242 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Is there evil but on earth? Or pain in every peopled sphere? Well, be grateful for the sounding watchword "Evolution" here. | author = Tennyson | work = Locksley Hall Sixty Years After. L. 198. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 242 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Evolution ever climbing after some ideal good And Reversion ever dragging Evolution in the mud. | author = Tennyson | work = Locksley Hall Sixty Years After. L. 200. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 242 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = When I was a shepherd on the plains of Assyria. Thoreau. | seealso = (See also {{sc|Pythagoras}}) | topic = | page = }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = And hear the mighty stream of tendency Uttering, for elevation of our thought, A clear sonorous voice, inaudible To the vast multitude. | author = Wordsworth | work = Excursion. DC. 87. | seealso = (See also {{sc|Arnold)

EXAMPLE Example is the school of mankind, and they will learn at no other. Burke—Letter I. On a Regicide Peace. Vol. V. P. 331. Illustrious Predecessor. Burke—Thoughts on the Cause of the Present Discontents. (Edition 1775) | seealso = (See also {{sc|Fielding, Van Buren}}) | topic = | page = }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Why doth one man's yawning make another yawn? Burton | work = Anatomy of Melancholy. | place = Pt. I. Sec. II. Memb. 3. Subsect. 2. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 242 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = This noble ensample to his sheepe he gaf ,— That firste he wrought* and afterward he taughte. Chaucer—Canterbury Tales. Prologue. L. 496. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 242 }}


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 244 EXPECTATION EXPERIENCE


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256

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Herostratus lives that burnt the temple of Diana; he is almost lost that built it. Sir Thomas Browne—Hydriotaphia. Ch. V. | seealso = (See also {{sc|Cibber) What is the end of Fame? 'tis but to fill A certain portion of uncertain paper: Some liken it to climbing up a hill, Whose summit, like all hills, is lost in vapour: For this men write, speak, preach, and heroes kill, And bards burn what they call their "midnight taper," To have, when the original is dust, A name, a wretched picture, and worse bust. Byron—Don Juan. Canto I. St. 218. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 256 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = I awoke one morning and found myself famous. | author = Byron | work = From Moore's IAfe ofBryon. . | place = | note = | topic = | page = 256 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Folly loves the martyrdom of fame. | author = Byron | work = Monody on the Death of Sheridan. L. 68. . | place = | note = | topic = | page = 256 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = O Fame!—if I e'er took delight in thy praises, 'Twas less for the sake of thy high-sounding phrases, Than to see the bright eyes of the dear one discover She thought that I was not unworthy to love her. | author = Byron | work = Stanzas Written on the Road Between Florence and Pisa. . | place = | note = | topic = | page = 256 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Fame, we may understand, is no sure test of merit, but only a probability of such: it is an accident, not a property of a man. Carlyle—Essay. Goethe. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 256 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Scarcely two hundred years back can Fame recollect articulately at all; and there she but maunders and mumbles. Carlyle—Past and Present. Ch. XVII. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 256 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Men the most infamous are fond of fame, And those who fear not guilt, yet start at shame. Churchill—The Author. L. 233. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 256 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = The aspiring youth that fired the Ephesian dome Outlives, in fame, the pious fool that rais'd it. Colley Ctbber—Richard III. (Altered.) Act III. Sc. 1. | seealso = (See also {{sc|Browne}}) | topic = | page = }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Je ne dois qu'a moi seul toute ma renommee. To myself alone do I owe my fame. Corneille—L'Excuse a Ariste. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 256 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Non 6 il mondam romore altro che un fiato Di vento, che vien quinci ed or vien quindi, E muta nome, perche muta lato. The splendors that belong unto the fame of earth are but a wind, that in the same direction lasts not long. Dante—Purgatoria. XI. 100. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 256 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = La vostra nominanza é color d'erba, Che viene e va; e quei la discolora Per cui ell' esce della terra acerba. | trans= All your renown is like the summer flower that blooms and dies; because the sunny glow which brings it forth, soon slays with parching power. | author = Dante | work = Purgatoria. | place = XI. 115. | note = | topic = | page = 256 }}


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{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = 'Tis hers to pluck the amaranthine flower Of Faith, and round the sufferer's temples bind Wreaths that endure affliction's heaviest shower, And do not shrink from sorrow's keenest wind Wordsworth—Weak i» the WW of Man-


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 FAME FAMILIARITY

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = I hold he loves me best that calls me Tom. Thomas Hetwood—Hierarchy of the Blessed


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 FATE FATE With equal pace, impartial Fate Knocks at the palace, as the cottage gate. Horace—Carmina. I. 4. 17. Francis' trans. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 263 }}

) | topic = | page = }}


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266

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = His very faults smack of the raciness of his good qualities. Washington Irving—Sketch Book. John Bull. | author = | work = | place = | note = | seealso = (See also {{sc|D'Israeli) | topic = | page = 266 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Bad men excuse their faults, good men will leave them. Ben Jonson—Catiline. Act III. Sc. 2. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 266 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Quis tulerit Gracchos de seditione querentes? Who'd bear to hear the Gracchi chide sedition? (Listen to those who denounce what they do themselves.) Juvenal—Satires, n. 24. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 266 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Her new bark is worse than ten times her old bite. | author = Lowell | work = A Fable for Critics. | place = L. 28. | note = | topic = | page = 266 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = You crystal break, for fear of breaking it: Careless and careful hands like faults commit. Martial—Epigrams. Bk. XIV. Ep. 111. Trans, by Wright. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 266 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Qui s'excuse, s'accuse. He who excuses himself, accuses himself. Gabriel Medmer—Tresor des Sentences. | author = | work = | place = | note = | seealso = (See also {{sc|King John) | topic = | page = 266 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Ut nemo in sese tentat descendere, nemo! Sed praecedenti spectatur mantica tergo. That no one, no one at all, should try to search into himself! But the wallet of the person in front is carefully kept in view. Persius—SoUpes. IV. 24. | seealso = (See also {{sc|Catullus}}) | topic = | page = }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Peras imposuit Jupiter nobis duas. Propriis repletam vitiis post tergum dedit; Alienis ante pectus suspendit gravem. Jupiter has placed upon us two wallets. Hanging behind each person's back he has fiven one full of his own faults; in front he has ung a heavy one full of other people's. Piledrus—Fables. Bk. IV. 9. 1. | seealso = (See also {{sc|Catullus) | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = 15 | text = Quia, qui alterum incusat probi, eum ipsum se intueri oportet. Because those, who twit others with their faults, should look at home. Plautus—Truculentus. I. 2. 58. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 266 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Nihil peccat, nisi quod nihil peccat. He has no fault except that he has no fault. Punt the Younger—EpisUes. Bk. IX. 26. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 266 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = The glorious fault of angels and of gods. | author = Pope | work = To the Memory of an Unfortunate Lady. | place = L. 14. | note = | topic = | page = }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = 15 | text = I will chide no breather in the world but myself, against whom I know most faults. As You Like It. Act III. Sc. 2. L. 298. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 266 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Every one fault seeming monstrous tul his fellow-fault came to match it. As You Like It. Act III. Sc. 2. L. 372. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 266 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Chide him for faults, and do it reverently, When you perceive his blood inclined to mirth. Henry IV. Pt. II. Act IV. Sc. 4. L. 37. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 266 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = So may he rest; his faults lie gently on him! Henry VIII. Act IV. Sc. 2. L. 31. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 266 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = And oftentimes, excusing of a fault Doth make the fault the worse by the excuse, As patches set upon a little breach, Discredit more in hiding of the fault, Than did the fault before it was so patched. King John. Act IV. Sc. 2. L. 30. | seealso = (See also {{sc|Meurieb}}) | topic = | page = }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = All's not offence that indiscretion finds. Lear. Act II. Sc. 4. L. 198. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 266 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Condemn the fault, and not the actor of it? Why, every fault's condemn'd ere it be done; Mine were the very cipher of a function, To fine the faults whose fine stands in record, And let go by the actor. | author = | work = Measure for Measure. | place = Act II. Sc. 2. L. 37. | note = | topic = | page = 266 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Go to your bosom; Knock there, and ask your heart what it doth know That's like my brother's fault. | author = | work = Measure for Measure. | place = Act II. Sc. 2. L. 136. | note = | topic = | page = 266 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Roses have thorns, and silver fountains mud; Clouds and eclipses stain both moon and sun, And loathsome canker lives in sweetest bud. All men make faults. | author = | work = Sonnet XXXV. | place = | note = | topic = | page = 266 }}


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 FAVOR PEAR Her only fault, and that is faults enough, Is that she is intolerable curst And shrewd and froward, so beyond all measure That, were my state far worser than it is, I would not wed her for a mine of gold. Taming of the Shrew. Act I. Sc. 2. L. 88. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 267 }}


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268


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 FEAR

FEAR 269


text: Dramatis Personæ/Dîs Aliter Visum; or, Le Byron de nos Jours


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 Rh on you but did not. He is also a happy abstract, known by all his friends as the most innocent forgetter of his own interests. He is nephew to the late Mr. Cowper the poet. You would like him much. I continue painting miniatures, and I improve more and more, as all my friends tell me. But my principal labour at this time is engraving plates for Cowper's Life, a work of magnitude, which Mr. Hayley is now labouring at with all his matchless industry, and which will be a most valuable acquisition to literature, not only on account of Mr. Hayley's composition, but also as it will contain letters of Cowper to his friends—perhaps, or rather certainly, the very best letters that were ever published. My wife joins with me in love to you and Mrs. Butts, hoping that her joy is now increased, and yours also, in an increase of family and of health and happiness.—I remain, dear Sir, ever yours sincerely,

Hayley in 1802 (see note i, p. 88): the Johnson family are unable to say what has become of this likeness.


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Rh (save that a provincial councillor must live in the province in which his constituency is situated). Under this provision in the Cape province natives and other non-white races possess the provincial franchise. At the 1917 registration there were 150,000 white and 30,000 coloured electors. The number of constituencies are also the same as for Parliament. The provincial council has powers of legislation on subjects specifically assigned to it by the Act of Union and on subjects delegated to it by the Union Parliament. These powers include direct taxation within the province in order to raise revenue for provincial purposes and the control of municipalities and other local bodies, and of “elementary education”—which embraces all education other than university. Its enactments are called ordinances, and no ordinance is valid so far as it may be repugnant to an act of the Union Parliament. In short, though a legislative body, the provincial council exercises no authority which Parliament cannot revoke. There is no separate judiciary, or police force, or civil service, nor any separate departments of general government. Moreover, harbours and railways are under the control of the Union Parliament.

The provincial council is presided over by a chairman, elected from its members; and the council also chooses an executive committee of four, who need not be members of the council. The chief executive officer is styled administrator and is chosen by the Union ministry; the administrator is appointed for five years and is irremovable. A provincial auditor is also appointed by the Union ministry and is removable only for reasons which must be submitted to the Union Parliament. The Union ministry likewise appoints an attorney-general as legal adviser.

Revenue.—Under provisions of the Financial Relations Acts of 1913 and 1917 the Union Government pays to the provinces an annual subsidy amounting to one-half of the estimated normal provincial expenditure for the year. This financial dependence of the provinces on the Union Government emphasizes their subordinate position and is a guarantee against any tendency in the provinces to go beyond the scope of local affairs. The subsidies paid to the Cape provincial council varied from £862,000 in 1913–4 to £999,000 in 1917–8; the revenue raised by the province was £405,000 and £426,000 respectively in the years named, but had been as low as £316,000 in 1914–5. Transfer duties and licences (trade, liquor, motor, etc.) were the chief sources of revenue. The chief item of expenditure is on education; thus in 1913–4, out of a total expenditure by the provincial council of £1,142,000, the sum of £853,000 was spent on education. In 1917–8 the figures were:—total expenditure £1,477,000; on education £1,150,000. In 1920–1 the cost of education had risen to £2,163,000, the number of children on the school rolls being 284,000, an increase of about 50,000 since 1913. In primary schools education is free.

History.—Politically the Cape province has had no separate history since the establishment of the Union in 1910. Parties in South Africa are not divided on provincial lines; it may, however, be recorded that the majority of the Cape members of Parliament have favoured the maintenance of the British connexion and the fusion of Dutch and British interests. In the rebellion of 1914 De Wet in his effort to reach German S.W. Africa entered the province and was captured at a place 110 m. W. of Mafeking. In domestic concerns the province showed a progressive attitude, notably in its care for education. Bilingual requirements gave rise to no great difficulty, the provincial council having passed an ordinance in 1921 providing that the medium of instruction up to standard IV. should be the “home language” of the child. Provincial spirit remained keen, but the white inhabitants of the eastern district, who are largely (if not mainly) of British descent, look to the Transvaal and Free State for trade, while with the people of the western part of the province (who, Cape Town apart, are predominantly of Dutch origin) they have practically no commercial intercourse.

Sir N. F. de Waal, who had been colonial secretary in the last ministry of Cape Colony, was the first administrator, and he guided the province through the period of change caused by the establishment of the Union. He served for two successive periods and was reappointed for a third time in 1920. There was no introduction of party politics in the provincial council (as happened in the Transvaal province).

The period 1910–20 witnessed considerable industrial and agricultural development and a significant growth of Ethiopianism and trade unionism among the native and coloured people. These were not features peculiar to the Cape province, though, as the Cape contained a larger proportion of educated natives and there was no colour bar to the exercise of the franchise, the province was the chief centre of native agitation for social and industrial rights. An indication of the activity of the Anglican Church was the creation of two new dioceses, George (1911), and Kimberley and Kuruman (1912).

An event which caused a deep impression on the public mind was the epidemic of influenza in the autumn of 1918. It was estimated that a quarter of the inhabitants suffered and for three or four weeks business in the cities was dislocated, so numerous were the victims.  CAPES, BERNARD EDWARD JOSEPH (1854–1918), British novelist, was born in London Aug. 30 1854 and educated at Beaumont College. He was a nephew of John Moore Capes, a prominent figure in the Oxford Movement, and was brought up a Roman Catholic. Originally intended for the army, he was prevented from taking a commission by a mistake as to the age at which he should have presented himself for examination. He was then put into a tea-broker's office and for some years struggled with uncongenial work, finally abandoning it to study art at the Slade School, London. In 1888 he joined the publishing firm of Eglington & Co. and succeeded Clement Scott as editor of The Theatre. In 1892 the firm came to an end, and he made an unsuccessful experiment in rabbit farming. But in 1896 he won a prize offered by the Chicago Record for a novel of mystery and henceforth devoted his energies to fiction. His novels, 36 in number, were mostly tales of adventure, some of them historical. They include The Lake of Wine (1898); From Door to Door (1900); A Jay of Italy (1905); A Rogue's Tragedy (1906); The Story of Fifine (1914) and Moll Davis (1916). He published also a volume of verse. He died at Winchester Nov. 2 1918.

CAPE TOWN (see 5.252), capital of the Cape province, and seat of the legislature of the Union of South Africa. In 1913 Cape Town municipality was greatly enlarged by the absorption of the suburban municipalities of Green Point and Sea Point, Woodstock, Maitland, Mowbray, Rondebosch, Claremont, Kalk Bay and Muizenberg, with Camps Bay and other adjacent areas. Cape Town thus extends across the Cape Peninsula from Table Bay to False Bay a distance of 17 m.—and covers an area of over 59 sq. miles. Wynberg (between Rondebosch and Muizenberg), though retaining a separate municipality, is a suburb of Cape Town. The pop., including suburbs, 170,083 in 1904 (44,203 whites), was 161,579 in 1911 (85,442 whites and 76,137 coloured). In 1918 the white pop. was 99,693; the coloured (estimate) 82,000.

Business, professional and official life is concentrated in Cape Town and at the docks. The chief feature of the decade 1910–20 was, however, the development of the suburbs, an enterprise in which the municipality took the lead. Cape Town in the season (Oct.–March) is the principal pleasure resort of South Africa.

On the sea front at Table Bay a promenade pier (1,500 ft. long) and esplanade (1,000 yd.) were completed in 1914. The pier replaces the old central jetty and is in a line with Adderley Street and Government Avenue, the principal thoroughfares. To the Houses of Parliament, in Government Avenue, a new wing was added (1910). At the foot of the Avenue is the site of the National Art Gallery. The Max Michaelis collection of Flemish and Dutch masters—including examples of Rembrandt, Frans Hals, Jan Steen and Vandyck—presented to the Union Government in 1912, is in “the Old Town House,” in Greenmarket Square. The building, a fine example of colonial Dutch 18th-century architecture, was transferred to the Government in 1916.

Rondebosch, 5 m. from the centre of the city, is the chief residential suburb. It contains Groote Schuur, formerly the property of Cecil Rhodes; since 1910 the official residence of the Prime Minister of the Union. In 1918 on the incorporation of the South African College (founded at Cape Town 1829) as the university of Cape Town, a site for new buildings—to replace those in the centre of the

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 DRINKING DRINKING


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 TOBACCO TOBACCO


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 city was granted in the grounds of Groote Schuur; £500,000 towards buildings and endowment being provided mainly from bequests by Sir Julius Wernher and Mr. Alfred Beit. In 1912 a Rhodes memorial was unveiled at Groote Schuur by Earl Grey (a former director of the Chartered Company). In front of the memorial, a granite temple in the Doric style approached by a flight of steps, is the equestrian statue of “Physical Energy” by G. F. Watts. In the temple is a bust of Rhodes. Not far from Rondebosch, at Kirstenbosch, are the National Botanical Gardens, established 1913. In Oct. 1918 Cape Town suffered from a great epidemic of influenza, 7,000 deaths occurring in three weeks. In the autumn of 1919 influenza, but in a milder form, again ravaged the city. Cape Town has since 1913 ranked second in importance to Durban among South African seaports, but it is first for passenger traffic. The shortage of shipping did not greatly affect Cape Town until 1918. In that year the total tonnage of cargo landed, shipped and transhipped at Table Bay was 1,070,000, the average for the three previous years being over 1,440,000 tons. In 1918 the net tonnage of shipping entering Cape Town was 2,347,000—British, 1,662,224; foreign, 684,776. In 1919 British shipping had increased to 2,253,000 net tons, while foreign shipping fell to 424,000 net tons. In 1918 the ratable valuation of Cape Town was £21,258,000, municipal revenue £778,000 and indebtedness £4,893,000. In 1919 the ratable valuation was £23,343,000.

Direct communication with the railways of the S.W. Protectorate (ex-German S.W. Africa) was opened in 1915 and in 1918 the railway going north had reached Lualaba (Upper Congo) at Bukama, a distance of 2,598 m. from Cape Town without break of gauge. An aerodrome on the trans-Africa air route was laid out at Young Field, Wynberg, in 1919, and the first airmen to cross the length of Africa, Lieut.-Col. Sir H. A. Van Ryneveld and Flight-Lieut. Sir C.J.Q. Brand, arrived at Wynberg on March 20 1920. A wireless station at Slang Kop, 18 m. S. of Table Bay, was opened in 1911. It has a normal range of 450 m. by day and 1,500 by night.

CAPITALISM.—The meaning of “capital,” in economics, is analyzed in the earlier article under that heading (5.278). But the working of “capitalism” or the “capitalistic system,” as such, had by 1921 become so highly controversial a question as to require here more detailed examination.

The term “capitalism” is generally applied to the system under which the instruments of production are the property of private owners, who usually employ managers and manual workers to carry out production by their means. By production we must include, if this definition is to be correct, the whole of the process by which raw materials are brought to the place of manufacture and worked up into manufactured goods, and the manufactured goods are then distributed to the places where they are wanted and sold to the final consumer through the hands of retailers. The instruments of production thus include not only the land, factories, tools and machinery, and other equipment used in actual manufacture, but the railways, ships and other means of transport, and the warehouses and shops through which the goods finally pass to the consumer.

Private Ownership.—Private ownership of the instruments of production has not been universal in man's economic history, but it has been generally adopted by progressive communities. When “Adam delved and Eve span,” they were “capitalists” in the sense of owning a spade and spinning-wheel and using them for purposes of production; but they used these tools themselves and for the purposes of supplying their own needs. And at a very primitive stage of society, this simply individualistic system by which the capitalist used his own tools and worked for his own needs may be presumed to have been common. When, however, by the development of a wider society the division of labour and the exchange of goods between one member and another of the community began to be practised, the new feature arose by which the producer made and grew goods not only for his own use, but to be exchanged for goods grown or produced by others; and consequently he had to produce something which somebody else wanted if he wished to provide for his own needs to his own satisfaction. Thus we find in the Middle Ages artificers and craftsmen owning their own tools, that is to say, their own capital equipment, and working to produce articles such as armour, farming implements and clothes which they exchanged in return for the food produced by the farmers who would only take the goods produced by the artificers if they were of a kind which pleased their fancy. It is important to note at the outset that the capitalist, whether he works with his capital or sets others to work with it, must invariably direct the work done so as to suit the wishes of a buyer which may or may not be expressed before the making of the article is begun. Capitalism, in the sense of a private ownership of tools and equipment, thus dates from the earliest organization of human economic activity. As soon as a savage had given time and labour to fashioning a weapon with which he could more easily kill or catch animals that he hunted for food or clothing, he had become a capitalist; he had made something which would help him to provide for his own needs and those of his dependents more easily, or by which he could more easily acquire commodities which he could exchange against those owned by other members of his tribe. But capitalism in the modern sense, and as defined above, is usually said to date from the last quarter of the i8th century, when what is called the “Industrial Revolution” began, and by the inventions of machinery and the use of steam industry was reorganized on a new basis.

Capitalist and Worker.—Owing to these developments it was no longer possible for the workman using his own tools and working in his own home to compete with workmen who were assembled in a great factory and worked with machinery which it would not have been possible for their collective resources to buy. Thus arose the distinction between the worker and the capitalist, which had in effect already made considerable progress before the introduction of machinery, but was so rapidly developed after it that modern capitalism is usually so dated. By this system the worker, by which is generally meant the manual worker, is said to have been divorced from the ownership of his tools. The scale of industrial organization became so great that it was only possible for men of great means, or for a collection of people of considerable means, to provide the necessary land, factories and equipment for its working, and also to buy the large quantities of raw material required, to pay the wages of the multitude of workers and managers, and to finance the other expenses during the process of production and up till the time of payment by the final purchaser.

Originally it was usual for the owners of these factories, whether individuals or small bodies working in partnership, to act as managers of the whole concern. The capitalist was at once owner of the factory and machinery, provided the money needed for the financing of the industrial process, and managed and organized the whole enterprise. He was responsible for buying raw materials, paying wages and selling the product to the greatest possible advantage to the other capitalists, merchants and middle-men, who passed it on until it reached the final consumer; he, singly or in partnership, took all the risk of loss involved if the product failed to suit the caprices of the buying public, and took all the profit, if any, that was earned from the enterprise. This profit thus included interest on his money invested, the payment of his salary as organizer and manager, and any extra bonus which his skill might enable him to earn as compensation for the risks run.

Joint Stock System.—As industry developed on a still greater scale it was not possible for this comparatively simple organization to be maintained. When it became a question of building railways, requiring hundreds of millions to finance them, no individual or partnership could supply the necessary funds, and so the joint stock system, which had already been developed on a small scale in mediaeval times, was extended so successfully to industry that the greater part of our industrial activity is now carried on by means of joint stock companies, the extension of which was enormously facilitated by the introduction of the principle of limited liability. Thus the position of the capitalist has become still further defined and differentiated. It is certainly probable that the managers of most of our great industrial concerns hold a certain number of shares in the business which they conduct, and to that extent may be described as capitalists, but the two functions are now quite distinct. The capitalist pure and simple lends money to industry or invests it in industry, using industry in the widest sense of the word to include transport and commerce. The actual management is carried on by officials appointed specially for this purpose under the supervision

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 Thomas Marshe). A new edition followed in 1581. Thomas Newton, in his 'Encomia,' 1589 (p. 128), highly commends the joint labours of Higgins and Udall. Higgins's next undertaking was a translation entitled 'The Nomenclator or Remembrancer of Adrianus Junius, Physician, divided into two Tomes, conteining proper names and apt termes for all things vnder their conuenient titles, London (for Ralph Newberie and Henrie Denham),' 1585, 8vo. The dedication, to Dr. Valentine Dale, is signed 'Joannes Higgins,' and is dated from Winsham, Somerset, 15 Nov. 1584. In 1602 Higgins published at Oxford 'An Answer to W. Perkins concerning Christ's Descension into Hell' (8vo).

Higgins is best known by his elaborate expansions of 'The Mirrour for Magistrates,' originally prepared by William Baldwin, and published in 1559. Baldwin's collection treats of English history from the reign of Richard II onwards. Higgins resolved to write on the beginnings of British history. In 1574 he issued 'The First Parte of the Mirour for Magistrates, containing the Falles of the first Infortunate Princes of this Lande. From the coming of Brute …,' London (by Thomas Marshe), 1574, fol. The volume opens with an induction in imitation of Sackville's well-known poem. Sixteen legends, dealing with Albanact, Locrinus, Bladud, Ferrex, Porrex, Nennius, and the like, are told in verse; and the volume closes with a metrical address by Higgins. Higgins reissued his 'First Parte' in 1575, enlarging his address at the conclusion, and adding a new poem, 'Irenglass.' In 1587 Thomas Newton prepared a collective edition of the original 'Mirrour' and of the various supplementary volumes. For this edition Higgins prepared twenty-three new poems in continuation of the seventeen already published by him. The new series treats of Brennus, Cæsar, Nero, Caracalla, and similar heroes. Thus the first forty poems in Newton's volume are from Higgins's pen, and in a later section appears another new one by him dealing with later history, namely, 'How the Valiant Knight, Sir Nicholas Burdet, Chiefe Butler of Normandy, was slayne at Pontoise, Anno 1441.' Richard Niccols reissued all Higgins's contributions in another collective edition of the 'Mirrour,' published in 1610, and reissued as 'The Falles of Vnfortvnate Princes' in 1619. In 1815 Haslewood once again reprinted the whole work.

A manuscript in Brit. Mus. MS. Cott. Galba, C. iv. 189, entitled 'A Discourse on the ways how to annoy the K. of Spain, and to provide for the restitution of wrongs,' is dated June 1571, and is assigned to 'Mr. Higgins.'

HIGGINS, MATTHEW JAMES (1810–1868), 'Jacob Omnium,' son of Matthew Higgins, by Janette, daughter of James Baillie, second son of Hugh Baillie of Dochfour, Inverness-shire, was born 4 Dec. 1810, at Benown Castle in the county of Meath. His father died soon after his birth. He was educated at a private school near Bath and at Eton. On 22 May 1828 he matriculated at University College, Oxford, but never graduated. At college he preferred hunting to study. He afterwards travelled much in Spain and in Italy, where his three sisters lived in Naples, after their marriage to Italians. In 1838-9 he visited British Guiana, where he had inherited an estate, and repeated the visit in 1846-7. This experience enabled him to keep his estate in good order during the critical period which followed the abolition of slavery, and to write some effective pamphlets upon the difficulties of the sugar-producing colonies. Immediately after his return in March 1847 he offered his services to the relief committee formed on occasion of the Irish famine, and spent several months in Ireland and London in active endeavours to help the sufferers. A letter to the 'Times' of 22 April 1847 (reprinted in his biography) gives a vivid account of the terrible scenes of the time. Higgins, who had been a conservative, followed Peel on the free trade question, and contested Westbury in 1847 on 'Peelite' principles, when he was defeated by James Wilson, afterwards financial minister in India. He never stood again, though he retained a keen interest in politics, and constantly attended debates. He was one of the chief writers in the 'Morning Chronicle,' under [q. v.], then the organ of the Peelites.

On 2 July 1850 he married Emily Blanche, daughter of Sir Henry Joseph Tichborne of Tichborne, and widow of the eldest son of Mr. Benett of Pythouse, Wiltshire. He then moved from 1 Lowndes Square to 71 Eaton Square. He was an exceedingly popular member of society. He was a judge of horses as well as a lover of literature and art, a member of the Philobiblon Society, and one of the original and most agreeable members of the Cosmopolitan Club. His advice was sought by many friends, and he spared no trouble in reconciling disputes and settling business. He had been obliged to take the waters at Homburg in later years, but no cause of


text: 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Capello, Luigi


text: 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Cape Province


text: 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Capes, Bernard Edward Joseph


text: 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Cape Town

title: 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Cape Town


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Rh

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Who soweth good seed shall surely reap; The year grows rich as it groweth old, And life’s latest sands are its sands of gold! Julia C. R. Dorr—To the “Bouquet Club.”

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Look around the habitable world, how few Know their own good, or knowing it, pursue. Dryden—Juvenal. Satire X. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Goodness | page = 327 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = If you wish to be good, first believe that you are bad. Epictetus—Fragments. Long’s trans. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Goodness | page = 327 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = For all their luxury was doing good. Samuel Garth—Cleremont. L. 149. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Goodness | page = 327 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Ein guter Mensch, in seinem dunkeln Drange, Ist sich des rechten Weges wohl bewusst. A good man, through obscurest aspirations Has still an instinct of the one true way. Goethe—Faust. Prolog im Himmel. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Goodness | page = 327 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = And learn the luxury of doing good. | author = Goldsmith | work = The Traveller. L. 22. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Goodness | page = 327 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Impell’d with steps unceasing to pursue Some fleeting good, that mocks me with the view, That, like the circle bounding earth and skies, Allures from far, yet, as I follow, flies. | author = Goldsmith | work = The Traveller. L. 25. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Goodness | page = 327 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = If goodness leade him not, yet wearinesse May tosse him to my breast. | author = Herbert | work = The Pulley. St. 4. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Goodness | page = 327 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Vir bonus est quis? Qui consulta patrum, qui leges juraque servat. Who is a good man? He who keeps the decrees of the fathers, and both human and divine laws. Horace—Epistles. I. 16. 40. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Goodness | page = 327 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = God whose gifts in gracious flood Unto all who seek are sent, Only asks you to be good And is content. Victor Hugo—God whose Gifts in Gracious Flood. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Goodness | page = 327 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = He was so good he would pour rose-water on a toad. Douglas Jerrold—Jerrold’s Wit. A Charitable Man. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Goodness | page = 327 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Can there any good thing come out of Nazareth? John. I. 46. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Goodness | page = 327 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = How near to good is what is fair! Ben Jonson—Love Freed from Ignorance and Folly. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Goodness | page = 327 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Rari quippe boni: numero vix sunt totidem quot Thebarum portæ, vel divitis ostia Nili. The good, alas! are few: they are scarcely as many as the gates of Thebes or the mouths of the Nile. Juvenal—Satires. XIII. 26. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Goodness | page = 327 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Be good, sweet maid, and let who will be clever; Do noble things, not dream them all day long; And so make life, death, and that vast forever One grand, sweet song. | author = Charles Kingsley | work = Farewell. To C. E. G. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Goodness | page = 327 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Be good, sweet maid, and let who can be clever; Do lovely things, not dream them, all day long; And so make Life, and Death, and that For Ever, One grand sweet song. | author = Charles Kingsley | work = Farewell. Version in ed. of 1889. Also in Life. Ed. by his wife. Vol. I. P. 487, with line: “And so make Life, Death, and that vast For Ever.”

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Weiss Dass alle Länder gute Menschen tragen. Know this, that every country can produce good men. Lessing—Nathan der Weise. II. .	 32 Segnius homines bona quam mala sentiunt. Men have less lively perception of good than of evil. Livy—Annales. XXX. 21. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Goodness | page = 327 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = The soil out of which such men as he are made is good to be born on, good to live on, good to die for and to be buried in. | author = Lowell | work = Among my Books. Second Series. Garfield. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Goodness | page = 327 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Si veris magna paratur Fama bonis, et si successu nuda remoto Inspicitur virtus, quicquid laudamus in ullo Majorum, fortuna fuit. If honest fame awaits the truly good; if setting aside the ultimate success of excellence alone is to be considered, then was his fortune as proud as any to be found in the records of our ancestry. Lucan—Pharsalia. IX. 593. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Goodness | page = 327 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = The crest and crowning of all good, Life’s final star, is Brotherhood. Edwin Markham—Brotherhood. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Goodness | page = 327 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = None But such as are good men can give good things, And that which is not good, is not delicious To a well-governed and wise appetite. | author = Milton | work = Comus. L. 702. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Goodness | page = 327 }}


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Elder, John (1824-1869)


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Elder, Thomas


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Elder, William


title: User:DeirdreAnne/Sandbox4


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Elderfield, Christopher


text:
Page:EB1922 - Volume 30.djvu/918

Rh of Mosciska to the S. edge of the Wielki Bloto. This army comprised the Beskiden Corps, the Austro-Hungarian IV., XIX., XVIII. and V. Corps—14 divs. and I Landsturm Hussar brigade.

The Russian front was held by the III. Army from the Vistula to the upper Lubaczówka S. of Zapalów, and by the VII. Army thence to the Wielki Bloto. In all there were 41 inf. and 6 cav. divs. and 9 Reichwehr brigades of which, however, on June 14 two divisions of the XXI. Corps had been transferred to the W. flank of their XI. Army for the counter-offensive against Szurmay.

The general attack by all three armies began on the 13th. That of the IV. Army opened at 5:40 on the 12th with a powerful artillery preparation against the Russian positions at Sieniawa. In the course of the day Lt.-Gen. Behr’s combined corps on the N. wing of the XI. Army succeeded in passing the Lubaczówka, and the Austrian 26th Landwehr Inf. Div. crossed the San at Ubieszyn and Lezachów, S. of Sieniawa, and finally got possession of the last-named place, which was held despite Russian counter-attacks.

At dawn on the 13th the XVII. Corps stormed the strong points of the hostile line at Sieniawa and Jukowa Gora, E. of it. These strong points were technically strengthened. Units of the IX. Corps had meanwhile passed to the E. bank of the San, including the whole of the 10th Div., which came into action in support of the XVII. Corps. On the same day Mackensen and Böhm opened the main attack. The Austro-Hungarian VI. Corps succeeded in pressing forward to Malastów, and to the N. of this the Guard advanced victoriously on Krakowiec. On the other hand, the II. Army at first made little headway until in the night of the 14th the successes of the XI. Army on the previous day began to have an effect. As early as the evening of the 13th the Russians began their retreat, which on the morning of the 14th became general. On this day the XVII. Corps of the IV. Army pushed forward on Cewków and the IX. on Tarnogrod, the northerly advance of the latter being intended to facilitate the advance of the adjoining X. Corps over the San. The objectives of the XI. Army were, to the E., the line Sakny–Krakowiec, and to the N., in conjunction with the IV. Army, the area S. of Lubaczów. The II. Army was to advance beyond Mosciska. By the evening of the I4th the Russians had fallen back behind that town to a new defensive line which they had prepared on the heights W. of Sadowa Wisznia, at Krakowiec and Oleszyce. This line, however, also fell on the 15th. On the previous day the VI. Corps had for the second time succeeded in breaking through the Russian front at Krakowiec, and on the following day the German XXII. Corps did the same in the Niemirow direction, and the German X. Corps in that of Oleszyce and Lubaczów. On the IV. Army front the IX. Corps captured the point d’appui of Pioskorowice, while the XVII. Corps exploited its success at Sieniawa. The Russian resistance also gave way in front of Böhm’s army, which on the 15th had stormed the Russian stronghold W. of Sadowa Wisznia.

On the evening of the 15th and on the 16th, the Russians were in retreat along the whole front. They had once more been beaten decisively in the battles of Przemysl, Mosciska, and the Lubaczówka, and were now in full flight towards Lemberg. There existed now between the victorious Austro-Germans and the capital of Galicia only a single line of defence on the Grodek and Janow marshes of the Wereszyca, on which the 1914 battles of Lemberg and Rawa Ruska had been fought, and on this line the Russians once more attempted to make a stand.

Their losses since the commencement of the spring campaign in Galicia had already amounted to no less than 971 officers and 391,000 men captured, with 304 guns, 763 machine-guns, and vast quantities of other material.

DUNCAN, SARA JEANNETTE, (1861–), British-Canadian author, was born at Brantford, Can., in 1861, the daughter of Charles Duncan, merchant, and married Everard Cotes, Anglo-Indian journalist, late managing-director of the Eastern News Agency, in 1890. She began her literary work as a journalist in connexion with the Washington Post and afterwards the Toronto Globe and Montreal Star, contributing to the latter letters from Japan and the East, afterwards republished as A Social Departure (1890). During her long residence with her husband in India she made a considerable reputation as a novelist of Anglo-Indian life, notably in His Honour and a Lady (1896); Set in Authority (1906); The Burnt Offering (1909) and The Pool in the Desert, a volume of short stories (1903). Her lighter work includes A Voyage of Consolation (1898); Those Delightful Americans (1902) and His Royal Happiness (1915), dramatized and produced in London March 1919. She also wrote The Imperialist (1904), a Canadian novel.

DUNSANY, EDWARD JOHN MORETON DRAX PLUNKETT, (1878–), Irish author, was born in London July 24 1878 and educated at Eton and Sandhurst. He entered the army, holding a commission in the 1st batt. Coldstream Guards, and served in the South African War. He was transferred to the Reserve Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers and was wounded in the World War, April 25 1916. He unsuccessfully contested W. Wilts. in the Conservative interest in 1906.

Amongst his prose works may be mentioned The Gods of Pegana (1905); Time and the Gods (1906); The Sword of Welleran (1908); A Dreamer’s Tales (1910); Tales of War (1918); Unhappy Far-off Things (1919); Tales of Three Hemispheres (1920). His plays include The Glittering Gate (1909); King Argimenes (191); The Gods of the Mountain (1911); The Golden Doom (1912) ; A Night at an Inn (1916) and If (1921).

DUPUIS, JEAN (1828–1912), French traveller, was born at Saint-Just-la-Pendue, near Raonne, France, Dec. 7 1828, and was educated at Tarare (dept. Rhone). In 1858 he went to Egypt as a trader, and from thence to China. His trading journeys took him into many previously unexplored parts of southern China, and in 1871–2 his efforts opened up the Song-koi or Red river to commerce. The foundations of the French possessions in Tongking were thereby laid and Dupuis did much to assist in the conquest of the country (see 27.6 seq.). His explorations are described in the following works: L’ouverture du fleuve Rouge au commerce (1879); Les origines de la question du Tong-kin (1896); Le Tong-kin et l’intervention française (1898) and Le Tong-kin de 1872 à 1886 (1910). Dupuis was in 1881 awarded the Delalande Guérineau prize by the Academy of Sciences in Paris. He died at Monaco Nov. 28 1912.

DURBAN, Natal, S. Africa (see 8.696). Pop. (1911) 34,880 whites and 53,118 natives, Asiatic and coloured. In 1918 the whites numbered 41,865 (with suburbs 48,413), natives (estimated) 26,000 Asiatics; and other coloured persons, 23,750; total 91,615. Durban’s importance and prosperity depends upon its port (Port Natal), but since 1910 it has become a manufacturing place of some note. It is the most compact of the larger S. African towns, the borough covering only 12 square miles.

Chief among modern buildings are the new Town Hall (opened 1910) and the Law Courts. The latter face the Victoria Embankment, a fine thoroughfare along Bay Beach, i.e. the Bay of Natal. At the Point, overlooking the eastern entrance to the harbour, an equestrian statue of Dick King, commemorative of his great ride to seek help for the infant settlement, was erected in 1915. From Ocean Beach a semi-circular pier, over 900 ft. long, encloses a bathing place free from sharks. Ocean Beach, with its esplanade and park and fine hotels, forms the chief attraction during the Durban winter season (May to Sept.) when the mean maximum temperature is 76° F. For horse-racing fixtures Durban ranks only second to Johannesburg among the cities of South Africa.

Vessels are constantly engaged in dredging the bar at the entrance to the harbour; the lowest depth of water at the entrance is 36 ft., the minimum depth at the quayside varies from 22 to 30 ft. The harbour is equipped with every facility for the rapid loading and unloading of ships. At Congella, at the N.E. end of the harbour, some 220 ac. of land had been reclaimed and 3,460 ft. of wharfage provided by 1920. Here timber and bulky goods are handled. Congella is also the centre for manufactures; it has cold-storage accommodation and does a large export trade. It was, however, the development of coaling facilities, made practicable by the nearness of the Natal coalfields, that placed Durban in 1913–4 above Cape Town as premier port of the Union. The coal bunkered at Durban, 1,196,000 tons in 1913, rose greatly during the war, but fell to 608,000 tons in 1918–9. In the same year, however, the export of coal rose to 704,000 tons compared with 261,000 in 1917–8. The rival to Durban for coal exports in South Africa is not Cape Town but Delagoa Bay, which exports the coal from the Transvaal mines. In 1918, in which year there was a great falling off in the number of ships visiting the port, the total tonnage of cargo landed, shipped and transhipped at Durban was 2,373,000—it had been 2,801,000 in 1916. In 1919 shipping increased, the total net tonnage entering the port being 2,959,000, of which 2,562,000 tons were British.

In 1910 a wireless station was opened at Durban; the first in South Africa. It has a normal range of 300 m. by day and 1,000 m. by night. In 1918—year ending July 31—the rateable valuation of Durban was £12,378,000, the revenue £1,095,000 and indebtedness £3,135,000. In that year the net profit on municipal trading was £110,000; in 1920 the municipal valuation was £13,546,000.

DUVENECK, FRANK (1848–1919), American painter (see 8.737), died in Cincinnati Jan. 3 1919. He was awarded a special gold medal at the San Francisco Exposition in 1915, and the same year he presented to the Cincinnati museum a large collection of his own works.

DYEING (see 8.744). The changes which occurred in the practice of dyeing during the years 1900–21 were not numerous

title: Page:EB1922 - Volume 30.djvu/918


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 312 GUTS

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Majestatem res data dantis habet. The gift derives its value from the rank of the giver. Ovid—Epistolce Ex Panto. W. 9. 68. | seealso = (See also {{sc|Seneca) Acceptissima semper munera sunt auctor quse pretiosa facit. Those gifts are ever the most acceptable which the giver makes precious. Ovid—Heriodes. XVII. 71. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 312 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Dicta docta pro datis Smooth words in place of gifts. Plautus—Asinaria. Act III. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 312 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Altera manu fert lapidem, panem ostentat altera. In one hand he bears a stone, with the other offers bread. Plautus—Aulularia. Act II. 2. 18. | seealso = (See also {{sc|Matthew) The horseleech hath two daughters, crying Give, give. Proverbs. XXX. 15. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 312 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Bis dat qui cito dat. He gives twice who gives quickly. Credited to Publtus Mimus by Langids, in Polyanth. Noviss. P. 382. Erasmus— Adagia. P. 265, (Ed. 1579) quoting Seneca. Compare Seneca—De Beneficiis. II. 1. Homer—Iliad. XVIII. 98. Title of epigram in a book entitled Joannis Owen, Oxeniensis Angli Epigrammatum. (1632) P. 148. Also in Manoulus Sacer—Concionum Maralium, Cottectus ex VoluminUms R. P. Hieremice Drexelii. (1644) Euripides—Bhes. 333. Ausonius—Epigram. 83. 1. (Trans.) Alciatus—Emblemata. 162. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 312 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = He always looked a given horse in the mouth. Rabelais—Works. Bk. I. Ch. XI. | seealso = (See also {{sc|Jerome) Back of the sound broods the silence, back of the gift stands the giving; Back of the hand that receives thrill the sensitive nerves of receiving. Richard Realf—Indirection. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = | page = 312 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Fabius Verrucosus beneficium ab homine duro aspere datum, panem lapidosum vocabat. Fabius Verrucosus called a favor roughly bestowed by a hard man, bread made of stone. Seneca—De Beneficiis. II. 7. | seealso = (See also {{sc|Matthew)


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Rh

GHOSTS (See Apparitions)

  (See also )


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392


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414


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436


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458

 * 1) LINCOLN ##

) | topic = Lincoln | page = 458 }}


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Rh


text: Poems (Coates 1916)/Volume I/Memory

title: Poems (Coates 1916)/Volume I/Memory


text: Poems (Coates 1916)/Volume I/Autumn

title: Poems (Coates 1916)/Volume I/Autumn


text: Poems (Coates 1916)/Volume I/Joan of Arc


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Rh

LEE (River)

LEISURE

LEMON

LETTERS (See Post, Writing)

LEVEN (River)

LIBERALITY (See also )

LIBERTY


text: Poems (Coates 1916)/Volume I/Rouen : In the Prison of Joan of Arc


text: Poems (Coates 1916)/Volume I/Once in a Still, Sequestered Place


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INFLUENCE

{{Hoyt quote | num = 3 | text = By the golden chain Homer meant nothing else than the sun. Plato in Kihcher's Magnes Sive de Arte Magnetica. See also Hare's Guesses at Truth. 2nd Series. Ed. 3. P. 377. | seealso = (See also {{sc|Homer) | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Influence | page = 393 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Thou wert my guide, philosopher, and friend. | author = Pope | work = Essay on Man. | place = Ep. IV. L. 390. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Influence | page = 393 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = And the touch'd needle trembles to the pole. Pope;—Temple of Fame. L. 431. | seealso = (See also {{sc|Norris}}) | topic = Influence | page = 393 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = They are like the deaf adder that stoppeth her ear; which will not hearken to the voice of charmers, charming never so wisely. Psalms. LVIII. 4. 5. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Influence | page = 393 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Even as the needle that directs the hour, (Touched with the loadstone) by the secret power Of hidden Nature, points upon the pole: Even so the wavering powers of my soul, Touch'd by the virtue of Thy spirit, flee From what is earth, and point alone to Thee. Quarles—Job Mil. Med. IV. Also in Emblems. Bk. I. Emblem 13. | seealso = (See also {{sc|Norris) Such souls, Whose sudden visitations daze the world, Vanish like lightning, but they leave behind A voice that in the distance far away Sir Henry Taylor—Philip Van Artevelde. Pt. I. Act I. Sc.7. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Influence | page = 393 }}
 * Wakens the slumbering ages.

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = For so the whole round Earth is every way Bound by Gold Chains about the Feet of God. | author = Tennyson | work = Morte D' Arthur. | seealso = (See also {{sc|Homer}}) | topic = Influence | page = 393 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = I am a part of all that I have met. | author = Tennyson | work = Ulysses. | place = L. 18. | note = | topic = Influence | page = 393 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = I thank God that if I am gifted with little of the spirit which is said to be able to raise mortals to the skies, I have yet none, as I trust, of that other spirit, which would drag angels down. Daniel Webster—Second Speech on Foot's Resolution, Jan. 26, 1830. | seealso = (See also {{sc|Dryden}}) | topic = Influence | page = 393 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = It is very true that I have said that I considered Napoleon's presence in the field equal to forty thousand men in the balance. This is a very loose way of talking; but the idea is a very different one from that of his presence at a battle being equal to a reinforcement of forty thousand men. Duke of Wellington—Memorandum. Sept. 18, 1836. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Influence | page = 393 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Controls them and subdues, transmutes, bereaves Of their bad influence, and their good receives. Wordsworth—Character of the Happy WarWhose powers shed round him in the common strife, Or mild concerns of ordinary life, A constant influence, a peculiar grace. Wordsworth—Character of the Happy Warrior. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Influence | page = 393 }}

{{Hoyt topic|Ingratitude}}

{{Hoyt quote | num = 15 | text = Nil homine terra pejus ingrato creat. Earth produces nothing worse than an ungrateful man. Aubonius—Epigrams. CXL. 1. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Ingratitude | page = 393 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Deserted, at his utmost need, By those his former bounty fed; On the bare earth exposed he lies, With not a friend to close his eyes. Dryden—Alexander's Feast. St. 4. Ingratitude's a weed of every clime, It thrives too fast at first, but fades in time. Sam'l Garth—Epistle to the Earl of Godolphin. L. 27. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Ingratitude | page = 393 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = 15 | text = That man may last, but never lives, Who much receives, but nothing gives; Whom none can love, whom none can thank, Creation's blot, creation's blank. Thomas Gibbons—When Jesus Dwelt. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Ingratitude | page = 393 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = A man is very apt to complain of the ingratitude of those who have risen far above him. | author = Samuel Johnson | work = Boswett's Life of Johnson. 1776. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Ingratitude | page = 393 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Nihil amas, cum ingratum amas. You love a nothing when you love an ingrate. Plautus—Persa. II. 2. 46. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Ingratitude | page = 393 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Ingratus est, qui beneficium accepisse se negat, quod accepit: ingratus est, qui dissimulat; ingratus, qui non reddit; ingratissimus omnium, qui oblitus est. He is ungrateful who denies that he has received a kindness which has been bestowed upon him; he is ungrateful who conceals it; he is ungrateful who makes no return for it; most ungrateful of all is he who forgets it. Seneca—De Beneficiis. III. 1. | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Ingratitude | page = 393 }}

{{Hoyt quote | num = | text = Blow, blow, thou winter wind, Thou art not so unkind As man's ingratitude: Thy tooth is not so keen, Because thou art not seen, Although thy breath be rude. As You Like It. Act II. Sc. 7. L. 174 | author = | work = | place = | note = | topic = Ingratitude | page = 393 }}


text: 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Duncan, Sara Jeannette


text: Poems (Coates 1916)/Volume I/Beethoven

title: Poems (Coates 1916)/Volume I/Beethoven


text: Poems (Coates 1916)/Volume I/Immortal

title: Poems (Coates 1916)/Volume I/Immortal


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896

) | topic = | page = 896 }}


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 754


text: 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Dunsany, Edward John Moreton Drax Plunkett, 18th Baron


text: 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Dupuis, Jean


text: 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Durban

title: 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Durban


text: 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Duveneck, Frank


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Elderton, William


text: Poems (Coates 1916)/Volume I/"Ask What You Will"


text:
Page:Language and the Study of Language.djvu/84

62 same or like processes. And, if he work with due caution and logical strictness, his results are no more exposed to question than are those of the geologist, who infers, from the remains of animal and vegetable organisms in deeply-buried rocks, the deposition of those rocks in a period when animal and vegetable life, analogous with that of our own day, was abundant.

If, now, we turn our attention to other portions of our English speech, to those which come to us from the Latin, or which are of an ancient and primitive growth, we note the same condition of things as prevailing there also. The subject admits of the most abundant and varied illustration, but we must limit ourselves to but an instance or two.

In the series of multiplicative numerals, double, triple, quadruple, quintuple, and so on, we have a suffix ple, which is the principal indicator of the grammatical quality of the words. On following them up into the Latin, whence we derive them, we find this brief ending to be a mutilated remnant of the syllable plic, which is a well-known root, meaning 'to bend, to fold.' Double is thus by origin duplic, by abbreviation from duo-plic, and is, in sense, the precise Latin equivalent of our Germanic word two-fold. We still retain the fuller form in duplicate, the learned synonym of double.

Again, one of the oldest words in our familiar speech is am, the first person of the verb to be, nor do we see in it any signs of being otherwise than simple and indivisible. As, however, we trace its history of changes backward, from one to another of the languages with which our own claims kindred, we are enabled to discover that its two sounds are the scanty relics of two separate elements: the first, a, is all that remains of an original syllable as, which expressed the idea of existence; the other, m, represents an ending, mi, which, originally a pronoun, and having the same meaning as the same word, me, still has with us, was employed to limit the predicate of existence to the person speaking; it was, in fact, the suffix universally employed, during the earliest period in the history of our family of languages, to form the first persons singular of verbs. Am, then, really contains a


text: Poems (Coates 1916)/Volume I/Buffalo

title: Poems (Coates 1916)/Volume I/Buffalo


text: Poems (Coates 1916)/Volume I/Natura Benigna


text:
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 94 20.

To.

(of cottages the prettiest),

11th September 1801.

Next time I have the happiness to see you, I am determined to paint another portrait of you from life in my best manner, for memory will not do in such minute operations; for I have now discovered that without nature before the painter^s eye, he can never produce anything in the walks of natural painting. Historical designing is one thing, and portrait-painting another: and they are as distinct as any two arts can be. Happy would that man be who could unite them!

P.S.—Please to remember our best respects to Mr. Birch, and tell him that Felpham men are the mildest of the human race. If it is the will of Providence, they shall be the wisest. We hope that he will, next summer, joke us face to face. God bless you all!


text: Poems (Coates 1916)/Volume I/On the Death of Lady Curzon


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Page:Language and the Study of Language.djvu/85

II.] verb and its subject pronoun, and means 'be-I;' that is, 'I exist.' The third person of the same verb, is, possesses virtually a similar character, although linguistic usage, in its caprice, has dealt somewhat differently with it. As am stands for as-mi, 'be-I,' so is stands for as-ti, 'be-that:' we have, indeed, worn off the second element altogether, so that our is is the actual representative only of the radical syllable as; but by far the greater number of the Germanic dialects, and of the other descendants from the primitive tongue in which was first formed the compound asti, have retained at least the initial consonant of the pronominal suffix: witness the German ist, the Slavonian yest, the Latin est, the Greek and Lithuanian esti, the Sanscrit asti, and so on. It is the same t which, in the form of th or s, still does service in the regular scheme of conjugation of our verbs, as ending of the third person singular present: thus, he loveth or loves.

The examples already given may sufficiently answer our purpose as illustrations of the way in which suffixes are produced, and grammatical classes or categories of words created. The adjectives in ful, or the adjectives in less, form together a related group, having a common character, as derivatives from nouns, and derivatives possessing a kindred significance, standing in a certain like relation to their primitives, filling a certain common office in speech, an office of which the sign is the syllable ful, or less, their final member or suffix. With ly, this is still more notably the case: the suffix ly is the usual sign of adverbial meaning; it makes much the largest share of all the adverbs we have. A final m, added to a verbal root, in an early stage of the history of our mother-tongue, and yet more anciently an added syllable mi, made in like manner the first persons singular present of verbs; as an added s, standing for an original syllable ti, does even to the present day make our third persons singular. All these grammatical signs were once independent elements, words of distinct meaning, appended to other words and compounded with them—appended, not in one or two isolated cases only, but so often, and in a sense so generally applicable, that they formed whole classes of compounds. There


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Eldred, John


text: Poems (Coates 1916)/Volume I/To William Butler Yeats


text: Poems (Coates 1916)/Volume I/Ditty: "My True Love's Eyes"


text: Poems (Coates 1916)/Volume I/Ab Humo

title: Poems (Coates 1916)/Volume I/Ab Humo


text: Poems (Coates 1916)/Volume I/The Christ of the Andes


text: Poems (Coates 1916)/Volume I/Echo Consolatrix


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Eldred, Thomas


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64 was nothing about them save this extensibility of their application and frequency of their use to distinguish their compounds from such as house-top, break-neck, forehead, fortnight, and the others of the same class to which we have already referred. Yet this was quite enough to bring about a change of their recognized character, from that of distinct words to that of non-significant appendages to other words. Each passed over into the condition of a formative element; that is to say, an element showing the logical form, the grammatical character, of a derivative, as distinguished from its primitive, the word to which the sign was appended. There was a time when fear-full, fear-loose, fear-free, free-making, fear-struck, love-like, love-rich, love-sick, love-lorn, were all words of the same kind, mere lax combinations; it was only their different degree of availability for answering the ends of speech, for supplying the perceived needs of expression, that caused two or three of them to assume a different character, while the rest remained as they had been.

Often, as every one knows, there is an accumulation of formative elements in the same word. In truthfully, for example, we have the adverbial suffix ly added to the primitive truthful; in which, again, the adjective suffix ful has performed the same office toward the remoter primitive truth. By the use of a formative element of another kind, a prefix, we might have made the yet more intricate compound untruthfully. Nay, further, truth itself contains a suffix, and is a derivative from the adjective true, as appears from its analogy with wealth from well, width from wide, strength from strong, and many other like words; and even true, did we trace its history to the beginning, we should find ending in a formative element, and deriving its origin from a verbal root meaning 'to be firm, strong, reliable.' The Latin part of our language, which includes most of our many-syllabled words, offers abundant instances of a similar complicated structure. Thus, the term inapplicabilities contains two prefixes, the negative in and the preposition ad which means 'to,' and three suffixes, able, forming adjectives, ty, forming abstract nouns from adjectives, and s, the plural ending, all clustered about the verbal root plic, which we have already


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II.] seen itself forming a suffix, in double, triple, and so forth, and which conveys the idea of 'bending' or 'folding.' By successive extensions and modifications of meaning, by transferral from one category to another through means of their appropriate signs, we have developed this simple idea into a form which can only be represented by the long paraphrase 'numerous conditions of being not able to bend (or fit) to something.'

With but few exceptions—which, moreover, are only apparent ones—all the words of our language admit of such analysis as this, which discovers in them at least two elements, whereof the one conveys the central or fundamental idea, and the other indicates a restriction, application, or relation of that idea. Even those brief vocables which appear to us of simplest character can be proved either to exhibit still, like am for as-mi, the relic of a mutilated formative element, or, like is for as-ti, to have lost one which they formerly possessed. This, then, in our language (as in the whole family of languages to which ours is related), is the normal constitution of a word: it invariably contains a radical and a formal portion; it is made up of a root combined with a suffix, or with a suffix and prefix, or with more than one of each. In more technical phrase, no word is unformed; no one has been a mere significant entity, without designation of its relation, without a sign putting it in some class or category.

It is plain, therefore, that a chief portion of linguistic analysis must consist, not in the mere dismembering of such words as we usually style compounded, but in the distinction from one another of radical and formal elements; in the isolation of the central nucleus, or root, from the affixes which have become attached to it, and the separate recognition of each affix, in its individual form and office. But our illustrations have, as I think, made it not less plain that there is no essential and ultimate difference in the two cases: in the one, as in the other, our process of analysis is the retracing of a previous synthesis, whereby two independent elements were combined and integrated. That this is so to a certain extent is a truth so palpable as to admit of neither


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Eldred, William


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 Rh 21.

To.

19th October 1801.

,—I rejoice to hear that your great work is accomplished. Peace opens the way to greater still. The kingdoms of this world are now become the kingdoms of God and His Christ, and we shall reign with Him for ever and ever. The reign of literature and the arts commences. Blessed are those who are found studious of literature and human and polite accomplishments. Such have their lamps burning and such shall shine as the stars.

Mr. Thomas, your friend to whom you was so kind as to make honourable mention of me, has been at Felpham and did me the favour to call on me. I have promised him to send my designs for Comus when I have done them, directed to you.

Now I hope to see the great works of art, as they are so near to Felpham: Paris being scarce


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66 denial nor doubt. Had there been in the Germanic languages no such adjective as full, no such derivative adjectives as fearful and truthful would have grown up in them; if they had possessed no adjective like, they would never have gained such adjectives as godly and lovely, nor such adverbs as fearfully and truly. So also with friendship, with loved, with am and is, and the rest. No inconsiderable number of the formative elements of our tongue, in every department of grammar and of word-formation, can be thus traced back to independent words, with which they were at first identical, out of which they have grown. It is true, at the same time, that a still larger number do not allow their origin to be discovered. But we have not, on that account, the right to conclude that their history is not of the same character. In grammar, as everywhere else, like effects presuppose like causes. We have seen how the formative elements are liable to become corrupted and altered, so that the signs of their origin are obscured, and may even be obliterated. The full in truthful is easy enough to recognize, but a little historical research is necessary in order to show us the like which is contained in truly. Hateful is, for aught we know, as old a compound as lovely, but linguistic usage has chanced to be more merciful to the evidence of descent in the former case than in the latter. A yet more penetrating investigation is required ere we discover our pronoun me in the word am, or our imperfect did in I loved; and, but for the happy chance that preserved to us the one or two fragmentary manuscripts in which are contained our only records of Mœso-Gothic speech, the genesis of the latter form would always have remained an unsolved problem, a subject for ingenious conjecture, but beyond the reach of demonstration. The loss of each intermediate stage, coming between any given dialect and its remotest ancestor, wipes out a portion of the evidence which would explain the origin of its forms. If English stood all alone among the other languages of the earth, but an insignificant part of its word-history could be read; its kindred dialects, contemporary and older, help us to the discovery of a much larger portion; and the preservation of authentic records of every period of its life would,


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II.] as we cannot hesitate to believe, make clear the rest. There is no break in the chain of analogical reasoning which compels the linguistic student to the conviction that his analyses are everywhere real, and distinguish those elements by the actual combination of which words were originally made up. On this conviction rests, for him, the value of his analytical processes: if they are to be regarded as in part historical and real, in part only theoretical and illusory, his researches into the history of language are baffled; he is in pursuit of a phantom, and not of truth.

Wherever, then, our study of words brings us to the recognition of an element having a distinct meaning and office, employed in combination with other elements for the uses of expression, there we must recognize an originally independent entity. The parts of our words were once themselves words.

Some of the remoter consequences involved in this principle will engage our attention at a more advanced stage of our inquiries into the history of human speech: our present purpose only requires us to notice that, since all known words have been constructed by putting together previously existing items of speech, the combination of old materials into new forms, the making of compounds, with frequent accompanying reduction of one of their members to a merely formal significance, is a very prominent part of the mechanism of language, one of the most fundamental and important of the processes by which are carried on its perpetual growth and change, its organic development. What other processes are the concomitants and auxiliaries of this one we shall go on to inquire in the next lecture.