text:
Page:Horse shoes and horse shoeing.djvu/28

 employed to ride and drive him without a bit in his mouth, but no invention or device of man could have compensated for the absence of his solid, hoof-cased foot. From the earliest ages, the attention of horsemen and horse-loving nations has been directed to the conservation or perfectioning of those attributes which make this everwilling slave so worthy of our admiration and gratitude; and those horses which had the best conformation, and proved themselves fleetest and hardiest, were ever selected as models for breeding and purchasing. And curiously enough, though it was not to be wondered at, nearly every one of the ancient writers, when speaking of the horse, centre their attention on his feet; no matter how beautifully formed the other points of his conformation may have been, if his feet were defective, all was bad. The excellent horseman and gallant soldier, Xenophon, to whose extant treatises on the horse we are indebted for so much of what we know of equestrian matters in the ancient world, tersely specifies how essential even in his day, when the uses of this animal were more limited, it was that he have good feet, or there was no profit in him. He says: 'In respect to the horse's body, then, we assert that we must first examine the feet; for as there would be no use in a house, though the upper parts were extremely beautiful, if the foundations were not laid as they ought to be, so there would be no profit in a war-horse, even if he had all his other parts excellent but was unsound in his feet; for then he would be unable to render any of his other good qualities effective.'

And from the days of Xenophon to the present, when


text:
Page:Horse shoes and horse shoeing.djvu/29

 the uses of the horse have been so multiplied and so much more necessary for our business or pleasure, the truth of this advice has been daily receiving confirmation, until the aphorism 'No foot, no horse,' has become a painful reality in modern days, though it is but a re-echo of what was enunciated centuries beyond two thousand years ago.

For the manifestation of his strength and the due performance of his useful qualities, the horse must, therefore, rely upon the soundness of his feet, as in them are concentrated the efforts created elsewhere; and on them depend not only the sum total of these propulsive powers being properly expended, but also the solidity and just equilibrium of the whole animal fabric. So that it is wisely considered that the foot of the horse is one of the most, if not the most, important part of all the locomotory apparatus; and that all the splendid qualities possessed by the noble creature may be diminished in value or hopelessly lost, if through disease or accident, natural or acquired defects, or other causes, this organ fails to perform its allotted task.

Seeing, then, the great interest which attaches to this animal, in its being of all creatures most concerned with man in promoting a progressive and long-continued civilization, and to the means and appliances which the lord of the creation has from time to time brought to bear in increasing the utility (would I could say comfort and happiness!) of this devoted servant, I have entered on the present inquiry into the origin and early history of what is generally looked upon as a humble art; for the simple reason that it affords us a glimpse, or rather a faint idea, of an obscure occupation, a modest handicraft,

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Page:Horse shoes and horse shoeing.djvu/30

 a hundred-fold the value of the horse, and testifies to what an apparently insignificant operation very much of our immense progress in civilization has depended. I refer to the art of shoeing, by which, in arming that portion of the horse's hoof coming in contact with the ground, and sustaining the whole weight, while it receives the full force of the propelling power, would (in our northern climate, at least) under the strain of loadbearing or draught, soon be destroyed, and the animal rendered useless, injury is not only averted, but the utility and power of the horse are largely increased.

An art which has exerted some influence on the destinies of man, and lent its aid to the restless wave of human action, deserves some notice from those who care to note the sources and influences on which improvement and increased communication have relied; and if this be a modest one, it is at least endowed with all the more interest in consequence of its being so closely related to the conservation of the best qualities of the noblest quadruped on earth.

In a state of nature the hoof requires no protection. The solidity and toughness of its inferior border; the absence of artificial roads; nothing but the weight of the body to be supported; and the matter of which the horny case is composed never being subjected to any other influences than those which it is naturally adapted to resist, all tend to obviate any injurious amount of attrition in the roaming-at-will life of the feral horse. But in connection with climate, domestication alters, more or less, the conditions on which the horn depends for its integrity as an efficient protection to the highly sensitive


text:
Page:Horse shoes and horse shoeing.djvu/31

 and vascular textures it encloses. In eastern countries, where the climate is dry and the earth elastic and soft, and where the equine species is usually wiry and firm in its organization, with dense inflexible hoofs, an armature of any kind is seldom, if ever, required. Not unfrequently, however, we learn that the care and attention of the people who so employ horses is bestowed on the quality and resistance of the hoof; and as this has an important bearing on our inquiry, we will notice a few of the authorities who mention the fact. Thevenot informs us that the Persians cared little for shoes for their horses; the Ethiopians, in the time of Ludolphus, although they seldom rode, did not employ any defence for the hoofs, and when they had to travel over rough and stony ground, they dismounted and sat on the backs of mules, leading their horses in hand, so that these might tread lighter, and do their hoofs less damage. 'They do not defend their horses' hoofs with iron shoes; if they travel over rough and uneven ground, they lead them, and ride mules.' The same authority asserts that the Tartars, who ride so much, never shod their steeds. 'In the winter time, when, on account of the frost, roads are rough and hard, they cover their horses' feet with the recently flayed hide of cattle, if nothing else is at hand.'

A recent traveller in Abyssinia states that the horses


text:
Page:Horse shoes and horse shoeing.djvu/32

 and mules of that country are not shod. The wandering Mongols who roam between the Great Wall of China, the desert of Gobi, and the Russian frontier, with their flocks of sheep and droves of horses and cattle, do not employ shoes for their hardy but uncouth solipedes, according to the account of my friend and fellow-traveller, Mr Michie. Whenever a pony selected from a drove has become footsore from being ridden too long a time, the rider dismounts, a fresh steed is caught from the crowd, and the hoof-worn one is set at large again, to recover as it best may the loss it has sustained. So that a traveller often requires to change his invaluable steed when crossing these inhospitable wilds. But in this there does not appear to be any difficulty, as an exchange can be readily effected by paying a slight difference to the nomadic owner of a drove, who knows that by allowing the lame creatures to pasture quietly for a few weeks, they will soon have replaced the lost horn, and be as serviceable as ever.

It would appear, however, that horses are sometimes shod here, but they may only be Russian ones. Timkowski in travelling through this country, and when at a halting-place, writes: 'While the smith was shoeing our horses, a lama, who kept walking about, and seemed very attentive to what he was doing, suddenly mounted his horse and galloped away. It was afterwards discovered that this priest had stolen one of the smith's tools.'

Marco Polo, in the 13th century, travelling in Badakshan, says: 'The country is extremely cold, but it breeds


text:
The New International Encyclopædia/Gossamer

GOSSAMER (ME. gossomer, gosesomer, goose-summer, from gos, goose + somer, summer; so called on account of the downy appearance, and the time of coming). A light filamentous substance, which often fills the atmosphere to a remarkable degree during fine weather in autumn, or is spread over the ground, stretching from leaf to leaf and from plant to plant, loaded with dewdrops, which glisten and sparkle in the sunshine. It is produced by small spiders of many species, and is said to be produced by young and not by mature spiders, a circumstance which, if

placed beyond doubt, would help to account for its appearance at a particular season of the year. The threads of gossamer are so delicate that a single one cannot be seen unless the sun shines on it; but being driven about by the wind, they are often beaten together into thicker threads and flakes. They are often to be felt on the face when they are scarcely visible. The spiders which produce these threads shoot them out from their spinnerets, a viscid fluid being ejected with great force, which becomes a thread; sometimes several such threads are produced at once in a radiating form, and these, being caught by the ascending current of heated air, are borne up, and the spider along with them. See.


text:
Page:Horse shoes and horse shoeing.djvu/33

 very good horses, which run with great speed over these wild tracts without being shod with iron.'

The Tanghans, or Tibetan ponies Hooker saw in the Himalayas, are described as wonderfully strong and enduring. 'They are never shod, and the hoof often cracks and they become pigeon-toed.'

Horses are never shod in the Moluccas, or the Straits of Malacca. With regard to Java, Sir Stamford Raffles says: 'Horses are never shod in Java, nor are they secured in the stable as is usual in Europe and Western India. A separate enclosure is appropriated for each horse, within which the animal is allowed to move and turn at pleasure, being otherwise unconfined. These enclosures are erected at a short distance from each other, and with separate roofs. They are generally raised above the ground, and have a boarded floor.' The same kind of floor is in use at Manilla.

Lichtenstein remarks of the Cape of Good Hope horses, that, owing to their being accustomed from their youth to seek their nourishment upon dry mountains, they are easily satisfied, and 'grow so hard in the hoofs that there is no occasion to shoe them'.

Anderssen, describing some of his journeys in South Africa, says: 'On an after-occasion, I remember to have performed upwards of ninety miles at a very great pace, only once or twice removing the saddle for a few minutes. And be it borne in mind that the animals were young, in-


text:
Page:Horse shoes and horse shoeing.djvu/34

 differently broken in, unshod and had never been stall-fed.’

Dr Browne reports of the horses in Jamaica: ‘They are generally small, but very sure-footed and hardy, which renders them extremely fit for those mountainous lands; and their hoofs are so hard that they seldom require shoes; but this is the effect of the heat of the country and dryness of the land.’

Iron shoes are not used for horses in Japan, and Head, in his ride across the Pampas of South America, tells us that shoes are utterly unknown to all the South American country horses. ‘But even when unshod, the wear of their boundless plains, on which scarcely a stone is seen, is so insignificant, that to keep the hoofs of a proper length, they have even to be shortened by the hammer and chisel.’ Another traveller in that region asserts that the mule of the Peruvian Sierras, with its massy and wellrounded hoof, needs no shoes on hard or soft ground, in summer or in winter.

Clark says of the north of Sweden: ‘Neither the men nor their horses are shod, but go bare-footed. In some parts of Sweden, as at Naples, the hinder feet only of the horses are left unshodden; but here horses of a beautiful breed were put to our waggon, without a shoe to any of their feet, as wild and fleet as Barbs;’ and again, when entering Finland from Sweden, he writes: ‘The horses are, as usual, small, but beautifully formed, and very fleet. The peasants take them from the forests when they are


text:
Page:Horse shoes and horse shoeing.djvu/35

 wanted for travellers, and, with very little harness, fasten them to the carriage. In this state, they are without shoes, and seem perfectly wild; but it is surprising to observe how regularly and well they trot.’ Brooke, however, remarks, that ‘so dangerous are the wolves in some parts of Sweden that the peasants, on turning their horses out, generally tip their feet with iron, by which means of defence they are frequently enabled to beat off their ferocious assailants.’

It is well known that in many southern regions there is but little need for any attempt at shoeing. The littoral of Libya, and some parts of Arabia and Persia, furnish examples. In Tartary, whole tribes ride horses without shoes of iron, and in Senegal the French squadron of Spahis have no farriers, for the simple reason that they have no shod horses. In the East Indies, among some races shoeing is far from general.

So we can easily understand, that in certain parts of the world, horses have been and can be made serviceable to a certain extent without employing an iron defence. If one may judge from the paintings of Ancient Egypt and the sculptures of Assyria, where we see the horse portrayed with great skill, and with that minute perception of his external form which seems to us even now very remarkable, no protection for the hoof was ever had recourse to, and no remains of anything bearing a resemblance to such an appliance have been found. And though these countries were acquainted with many arts,


text:
Page:Horse shoes and horse shoeing.djvu/36

 and had attained a comparatively advanced state of civilization, in which the horse played no insignificant part, yet in the absence of this craft, even with their favourable climate and soil, the use of this animal must have been but limited, compared to what it is in our own days. It is only when we reach the period in which the ancient Greeks begin to figure in history, that doubts and inquiries arise among modern investigators with regard to a real iron or other metal shoe being employed; and for nearly two hundred years, various writers have spared neither time nor patience in attempting to arrive at some definite conclusion as to whether or not the Greeks and Romans were cognisant of this art, or at what period it first became known.

With the spread of civilization, the demands upon the services of the horse became, doubtless, very much extended; and the diversity of climate, as well as of races, would lead one to suppose that greater wear and modifications, more or less wrought in the nature and consistency of the hoof, must at an early period have rendered some kind of defence absolutely necessary; and that this again would be mentioned in the writings of men who largely devoted their attention to the welfare of this animal. Nevertheless, the antiquity of shoeing, notwithstanding the well-directed labours of many learned men, is yet a subject admitting of considerable diversity of opinion, simply because of the absence of written documents, or records of a positive character, by which this art could be traced to its origin in any particular part of the world. True, there


text:
Page:Horse shoes and horse shoeing.djvu/37

 would not probably be much gain in finally deciding as to which race of the human family, or to what age, the successful utilization of the horse by arming its hoofs with a hard rim of metal is due; and it would, perhaps, be more satisfactory and instructive to trace briefly the progress of the art from its earliest known introduction into the social economy of civilized nations, up to the present time, than attempt to seek its inventors in the perplexing obscurity surrounding this subject. But, as before noticed, the interest which attaches to all that pertains to the horse, and particularly to the management of its feet, by those people who were among the first to discover the beauties and merits of that noble animal, and to press its strength, fleetness, courage, and endurance


text:
Page:Horse shoes and horse shoeing.djvu/38

 into their service, is a great inducement to review, in as graphic a manner as possible, all that has been said in relation to the existence, non-existence, or status of this art among them. And in this inquiry the poet, painter, and sculptor have some interest, inasmuch as the correctness or incorrectness of their delineations, when this apparently trifling detail comes to be treated, will depend. This will be exemplified hereafter.

It is a remarkable circumstance that, considering the mighty influence the horse has been called on to exercise on the destiny of nations and the progress of civilization from the earliest times,—at one period an important adjunct to luxury, as well as a mainspring of utility; at another, an essential element in the arts of peace, and a still more potent one in that of war,—the first written indication of horse-shoeing (as we now understand the term) is only found in the annals of a comparatively recent period. The knowledge of being able to defend from undue wear and injury such an important organ as the horse's foot, and by such an efficacious, yet simple means, one would think indispensable to those who, in primitive times, so largely employed horses, and sought from them such important services. Such is not the case, however, if an entire omission of the fact in their writings or on their monuments be received as proof; and though several authors of some weight have in recent years asserted that the ancients were acquainted with this art, and have adduced evidence which appears to substantiate their opinion, yet a careful examination of the times and the meaning of the texts has, in nearly every case, tended to lead others to the opposite conclusion.


text:
The New International Encyclopædia/Gosse, Edmund William

GOSSE, Author:Edmund Gosse (1849—). An English author. He was born in London, September 21, 1849, the son of Philip Gosse, the naturalist. Though he did not have the advantage of a university education, he has received, in recognition of his services to letters, the degree M.A. (1885) from Cambridge, and the degree LL.D. (1899) from Saint Andrews. In 1867 he was appointed assistant librarian in the British Museum; in 1875, translator to the Board of Trade; and in 1884, Clark lecturer in English literature at Trinity College, Cambridge. In 1884 he visited the United States, lecturing at Harvard, Yale, Johns Hopkins, and other colleges. He is distinguished both as poet and as critic, his chief works being Madrigals, Songs, and Sonnets (1870); On Viol and Flute (1873); Northern Studies (essays on Scandinavian literature, 1879); Thomas Gray (1882); Seventeenth Century Studies (1883); Congreve (1888); History of Eighteenth Century Literature (1889); The Secret of Narcisse (1892); In Russet and Silver (1894); The Jacobean Poets (1894); Critical Kit-Kats (1896); Short History of English Literature (1897); Life and Letters of Dr. John Donne (1899); and An Illustrated History of English Literature, in collaboration with Garnett (1902).


text:
Page:Horse shoes and horse shoeing.djvu/39

 That shoeing was not known to Old Testament people, no one has yet, so far as I am aware, offered a doubt. Deborah (B.C. 1296) sings, ‘Then were the horse-hoofs broken by the means of their prancings, the prancings of their mighty ones;’ or, as it might perhaps more correctly be rendered, ‘Then did the horses’ hoofs smite the ground, and were broken from the haste of their riders.’ Isaiah (. 760), in the grandly prophetic language in which he foreshadows the downfall of Jerusalem by the armies of Rome, mentions the hoofs of their horses and what was esteemed their best quality. He says, ‘Whose arrows are sharp, and all their bows bent, their horses’ hoofs shall be counted like flint, and their wheels like a whirlwind.’ And Jeremiah (. 607), when foretelling the punishment of the Philistines, says: ‘At the noise of the stamping of the hoofs of his strong horses, at the rushing of his chariots.’

It is in Homer (B.C. 1000) that we find some investigators contending for the first notice of a metallic footdefence. Among these appear Fabretti, Bourgelat, Montfauçon, Cuming, and a few others. In reality, however, it was Eustathius, who lived in the 12th century, who, in his Commentaries on Homer, first speaks of that poet mentioning horses as shod. In the ‘Iliad’ (Book xi., lines 150-2) occurs the passage noted by Eustathius:


text:
Page:Horse shoes and horse shoeing.djvu/40

 And this striking picture has been thus translated by a recent and celebrated scholar :

This it will be readily perceived is an error. The passage, literally rendered, ought to read something like the following : ‘Foot on foot and horse on horse, they perished forcibly while flying; and under them the dust arose from the plain, and the loud-sounding (crushing or thundering) feet of the horses raised it.’

The word is ἐρίγδουποι. Another translator of the Iliad renders this passage :

In another place (Book viii., lines 44-5) Bourgelat, Cuming, and others, found their opinion in favour of the Greeks having shod their horses at this early period, on the fact that Homer speaks of Jove's horses as

The translation of χαλχόποδ’ ῖππω is correct, and is rendered so by Chapman, an old versifier :

The ‘brass-hoof’ was undoubtedly used by Homer in a metaphorical sense to denote firmness and solidity, not


text:
Page:Horse shoes and horse shoeing.djvu/41

 a hoof shod with brass; it was meant to convey an idea of the really good qualities of the horn in those days, and which, not being garnished with a defence of brass or bronze, was ever in danger of being destroyed when of a weak nature. Besides, brazen-footed and solid or strongfooted (χρατερωνυξ) appear to be synonymous terms; thus (in Book xxii., lines 192-3) he sings of the time

And again (Book xxiv., line 331), strong-hoofed mules are mentioned. The terms were used for many purposes, but never as an indication of shod hoofs. Homer made Achilles and Stentor brazen-voiced. Bulls, fabular stags, and horses, had solid or metallic feet. Thus Pindar (B.C. 520) tells us that Bellerophon was enjoined to sacrifice a strong-footed bull to the mighty encircler of the earth before subduing the winged horse Pegasus; and we find that the Grecian heroes who went in search of the golden fleece would all have been destroyed by the brazen-footed bulls, from whose nostrils flames issued, had not Medaea interposed and driven away these taurine monsters belonging to King Ætes. Virgil frequently mentions animals of various kinds with metal feet, and Ovid also alludes to them oftener than once. And an older authority than


text:
Page:Horse shoes and horse shoeing.djvu/42

 either of these, and next to Homer himself, the prophet Micah (B.C. 710), exclaims: ‘Arise and thresh, O daughter of Zion: for I will make thine horn iron, and I will make thy hoofs brass: and thou shalt beat in pieces many people.'

So that really there is no foundation for supposing that the words quoted bear any reference whatever to shoeing. Homer is very minute in some of his descriptions of horses, chariots, armour, and equipment, but there is nothing particular in his poem to lead any one to suspect that the steeds of his warriors were shod. Had they been so, or had he been aware of the art, we can scarcely doubt but he would have introduced some notice of it; entering as he does into so many particulars about horses, which were, next to man, the chief figures in his word-pictures. For instance, he speaks of the method of securing horses; Neptune's team was stabled in a cave

After driving the brazen-footed steeds through the sea, skimming the waves of blue, Neptune takes them to his retreat, then

As Homer's famous epic describes the misfortunes and the siege of Troy, occurring about twelve hundred years before our era, it is important that the words supposed to denote shoeing be properly understood.


text:
Page:Horse shoes and horse shoeing.djvu/43

 A passage from the Greek poet Tryphiodorus has often been quoted to support the argument in favour of Homer's brazen-footed horses being provided with shoes; and it has been asserted from this passage that shoes of a description similar to those now in use were known at the siege of Troy, because this poet, when speaking of the fabrication of the Trojan horse, mentions that the artist did not forget to put the metal or iron on the hoofs of that wooden machine, in order to make the resemblance more complete. It must be remembered, however, that Tryphiodorus flourished at some period between the third and sixth centuries of our era, when, as will be shown hereafter, this art was not unknown; and as the poem is of comparatively modern date, he may have introduced imaginary shoes to make his picture more complete, just as some of the modern translators of the Iliad have done, but without the slightest authority, to prove that these were in use at the time of the war between the Greeks and Trojans.

In his verses, however, I can find no proof of any such intention, nor any mention of an iron rim for the wooden horse's hoofs.

A literal translation of the original Greek is as follows: ‘Then at length he finished the work, the hoofs appearing not without brass, and shone forth, being covered with tortoise-shell.’ Dr Merrick, who furnishes a Latin and English version, renders the passage thus:

There has been nothing more advanced, so far as I


text:
Page:Horse shoes and horse shoeing.djvu/44

 am aware, to prove that the ancient Greeks were cognizant of hoof defences, as we now employ them, except the finding of a horse's hoof (of stone?) in the ruins of the Parthenon. In alluding to this, Mr Syer Cuming, who appears to have taken some interest in the subject, asks, ‘Does not Homer allude to shoes when he speaks of “brazen-footed horses?” (χαλκοποδες ἱπποι). Mr Cureton informs me that he has seen horse-shoes of bronze.’

And at a later period he writes, ‘Since the publication of my paper a few facts have come to light, which tend to prove in an eminent degree the assertion therein advanced, namely, that the horses of the classic ages were shod in a similar way to those of our own day. At the time the paper was produced, we had little to countenance the idea that the early Greeks protected the feet of their steeds with metallic shoes, beyond the bare fact that some ancient horse-shoes of bronze were known to be in existence, and the poetical mention of “brazen-footed horses” in the Iliad (viii. 41, xiii. 23). Within these few years, however, Mr Charles Newton, while Vice-consul at Mytilene, found among the fragments of the Parthenon, a horse's hoof with holes all around the inside, clearly indicating where a metallic shoe had been fastened, and it is quite unlikely that any such defence should appear upon a statue if a similar article had not been in actual use at the time.'

It must be confessed that the discovery of a horse's foot among the world-renowned ruins of the Parthenon, with what appeared to be holes all round the inside only,


text:
Page:Horse shoes and horse shoeing.djvu/45

 is no indication whatever that a metallic shoe had ever been fastened to it. Had such an article been used, the ancient Greeks would have left us more indisputable proof than a few holes only round the inside of the hoof of one of their statues. The holes were doubtless made for some other purpose, and it, is to be regretted that no description beyond this is to be found. This, however, will be referred to hereafter.

An allusion to hoofs of horses is frequently discovered in the Greek poets and writers of a later date than the days of Homer, but all negative the idea that they had any brass, bronze, or iron protection. Aristophanes (b.c. 427), for example, in his Comedy of the ‘Knights,’ makes the chorus address Neptune as the god ‘who loves the noise of the hoofs of horses and their neighing.’ Further reference to the noise made by the hoofs of horses will be furnished when we speak of the Romans.

The strongest evidence that shoeing was not practised among the Greeks of this period, is to be found in the great attention paid to the nature and durability of the hoofs by horsemen and others, and this testimony one would think perfectly convincing. Of these we may select Xenophon, the celebrated Athenian General, in whose eloquent writings enough will be found to satisfy the most incredulous in this respect. This celebrated cavalry officer appears to have carefully studied that animal's character and habits, and all the precepts he gives in his treatise on horsemanship are dictated with an amount of wisdom and humanity which has not, perhaps, been excelled since his day. The safety and comfort of that animal and his rider were ever before him, and his


text:
Page:Horse shoes and horse shoeing.djvu/46

 was principally directed to make the horse particularly adapted for war, as the importance of cavalry was beginning to be perceived by the Greeks in their contests with that nation of horsemen, the Persians. He displays great judgment when specifying the proper form and disposition of parts which collectively make up the nearest approach to a perfect horse, and markedly shows to what a high degree in that distant age this kind of knowledge was cultivated; indeed, from his writing, we are led to infer, that in his time, and perhaps for long before, there were accomplished horse-breakers and public riding masters, as well as men who were excellent judges of horses' qualities.

Xenophon's instructions are well worthy of a place in every treatise on horses and horsemanship, and as his chief experience was no doubt derived while following the profession of arms, and during his command of the cavalry in conducting and covering the glorious retreat of the Ten Thousand Greeks from the interior of Persia, abundant opportunities must have presented themselves to justify him in afterwards urging on the attention of those who had the care of horses, the most scrupulous circumspection in the preservation of their hoofs; thus strongly indicating that shoes were not in use.

In advising as to the good ‘points’ to be sought for in a horse, he employs the clearest terms to express his meaning. ‘A person,’ he says, ‘may form his opinion of the feet by first examining the hoofs; for thick (or strong) hoofs are much more conducive to firmness than thin ones; and it must not also escape his notice whether the hoofs are high or low, as well before as behind; for high


text:
Page:Horse shoes and horse shoeing.djvu/47

 hoofs (that is, concave or hollow-soled hoofs) raise what is called the frog (χελιδούα) far above the ground; and low ones tread equally on the strongest and weakest parts of the foot, like in-kneed men, or like cripples among men, who limp on parts which were never intended by nature to support them. Simo says that horses which have good feet may be known by the sound; and he says this with great justice, for a hollow hoof rings against the ground like a cymbal.’ It is somewhat strange to find Markham, in the 17th century, laying stress on this sounding property of a good hoof: ‘If a horse's hoofs be rugged, and as it were seamed one seam over another, and many seams; if they be dry, full and crusty, or crumbling, it is a sign of very old age: and on the contrary part, a smooth, moist, hollow, and well-sounding hoof is a sign of young years.’

Xenophon continues: ‘As attention must be paid to the horse's food and exercise, that his body may be vigorous, so must care be likewise taken of his feet. Damp and smooth stable-floors injure even naturally good hoofs; and to prevent them from being damp, they ought to be sloping; to prevent them from being smooth, they should


text:
The New International Encyclopædia/Gosse, Nicolas Louis François

GOSSE, (1787-1878). A French historical painter, born in Paris, where he studied at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts and under Vincent, and became a skilled representative of the academic style prevailing in his earlier period. His principal works include: “Napoleon I. and Queen Louise at Tilsit,” “Meeting of Napoleon and Alexander of Russia at Erfurt,” and “Louis Philippe Declining the Crown of Belgium Offered to His Son,” all in the Historical Museum at Versailles; and “Entry of the Duke of Angoulême into Madrid,” a wall painting in the Hôtel de Ville, Paris.


text:
Page:Horse shoes and horse shoeing.djvu/48

 have irregularly-shaped stones inserted in the ground (or be paved), and close to one another, similar to a horse's hoofs in size; for such stable floors give firmness to the feet of horses that stand on them.’ In alluding to grooming a horse out of doors, he continues: ‘The ground outside the stable may be put into excellent condition, and serve to strengthen the horse's feet, if a person throws down in it, here and there, four or five measures full of round stones, large enough to fill the two hands, and each about a pound (?) in weight; surrounding them with an iron rim, so that these may not be scattered; for as the horse stands on these, he will be in much the same condition as if he were to travel part of every day on a stony road.

Isaac Vossius observes on this passage, that Xenophon speaks of iron shoes ωερι ιωωιχης, where he directs the hoofs of horses to be protected with iron ωεριχηδωαι σίδηρου. This is the iron hoop to bind the stones. He also says that in an old manuscript of the Greek Hippiatrics in his possession, which was illustrated with paintings, the marks and traces of the nails that pierced their hoofs were plainly seen. No reliance can be placed on this author's statements, unfortunately, for marks on a hoof in an old drawing are no great proofs of shoeing; and besides, the strange construction he puts on Xenophon's words, furnishes another instance of how little he could be received as an authority on such a subject. He was remarkable for believing the strangest inconsistencies, and almost anything but the truth; which caused Charles II. to say of him, ‘This learned divine is a strange man; he believes everything but the Bible.’


text:
Page:Horse shoes and horse shoeing.djvu/49

 The Greek warrior adds: ‘A horse must also move his hoofs when he is rubbed down, or when he is annoyed with flies, as much as when he is walking; and the stones which are thus spread about strengthen the of the feet.’ In another book he repeats the suggestion as to the improvement of the feet by this kind of pavement, and adds, ‘He that makes trial of this suggestion will give credit to others which I shall offer, and will see the feet of his horse become firm.' The word Στρογγύλους, here employed to denote firmness, has evidently the same signification as the Latin word teres: that is, something smooth, round, and of a proper shape, indicative of strength, soundness, and durability.

It is curious to note a similar expression in use at the present day among the Arabs of the Sahara. ‘The hoof round and hard. The hoof should resemble the cup of a slave. They walk on hoofs hard as the moss-covered stones of a stagnant pool. The frogs hard and dry. The frogs concealed beneath the hoofs are seen when he lifts his feet, and resemble date-stones in hardness.’

Furthermore, Xenophon says: ‘Those horses whose feet are hardened with exercise, will be as superior on rough ground to those which are not habituated to it, as persons who are sound in their limbs to those who are lame.’ In the same work, when treating of the duties pertaining to a commander of cavalry, he dwells on the necessity of attending to the horses' feet: ‘You must pay attention to their feet, so that they (the horses) may be in a condition to be ridden even on rough ground, knowing


text:
DPR Korea Designation of Origin Act

 * As adopted by Act N°3964 by the Presidium of the Supreme Assembly, 27 Aug. Juche 92 (2003).
 * Approved by the Cabinet decision No. 70 on November 17, 2003
 * Came into force from December 22, 2003

=Chapter 1. Fundamentals of the Designation of Origin Act= The Democratic People’s Republic of Korea(hereinafter referred to as the DPRK) Designation of Origin Act is intended to establish a strict system and order in the application for and the examination of the registration of the place name of origin and the protection of the rights to the place name of origin, thereby contributing to the preservation of the quality of special products and to the protection of the interests of the institutions, enterprises and organizations turning out special products.
 * Article 1

The place name of origin is the name of the place printed on a well-known special product. The place name of origin shall be the geographical name of a particular country or region where a special product is originated endowed with its own peculiar qualitative characteristics by the unique natural and geographical environment, and technical and functional conditions.
 * Article 2

Proper application for the registration of a place name of origin is an important condition for a timely evaluation of the place name of origin for registration. The state shall set correct procedures of application for the registration of he place name of origin and demand their strict observance.
 * Article 3

The evaluation of the place name of origin for registration is an important work of confirming and registering the place where a speciality is produced. The state shall increase the responsibility and role of the registration organ of the place name of origin and ensure scientific accuracy and impartiality in the evaluation.
 * Article 4

It is a consistent policy of the DPRK to protect the right to the place name of origin. The state shall protect by law the right to the place name of origin.
 * Article 5

The state shall improve and strengthen the work concerning the place name of origin in keeping with the development of the national economy and the increased production of well-known specialities.
 * Article 6

The state shall develop exchange and cooperation with foreign countries and international organizations in the work concerning the place name of origin.
 * Article 7

=Chapter 2. Application for registration of the place name of origin = Application for registration of the place name of origin is the first process of the work concerning the place name of origin. The institution, enterprise or organization that wishes to identify the place name of origin in a special product shall submit an application for the registration of the place name of origin to the registration organ of the place name of origin.
 * Article 8

The application shall contain the name and address of the applicant and the place of production of the special product, accompanied by documents specifying the technical and functional characteristics, method of production and the natural and geographic factors.
 * Article 9

Foreign institutions, enterprises, organizations and citizens that wish to have a place name of origin registered in the DPRK shall submit an application in Korean to the registration organ of the place name of origin through an agency. In this case they shall attach a verification certificate of the registration of the place name of origin in their own country and a letter of attorney.
 * Article 10

If any mistake is found in the application, the registration organ of the place name of origin shall send it back or have it corrected within 3 months. If they are not corrected within 3 months because of an unavoidable reason, the period for correction may be extended by 2 months.
 * Article 11

The date of application for the registration of a place name shall be the date when the registration organ of the place name of origin receives the application. Even when an application has been corrected and submitted again within the set time, the date of application shall be the date when the application is first received.
 * Article 12

Upon acceptance of the application, the registration organ of the place name of origin shall issue the applicant institution, enterprise or organization with a receipt. The receipt shall state the date of receipt and the serial number.
 * Article 13

The institutions, enterprises and organizations may have the place name of origin that has been registered with the registration organ of the place name of origin registered in a foreign country through an international organization or an agency.
 * Article 14

=Chapter 3. Evaluation of the place name of origin for registration = Correct evaluation of the place name of origin for registration is the basic task of the registration organ of the place name of origin. The registration organ of the place name of origin shall examine the application within 6 months of its reception.
 * Article 15

The registration organ of the place name of origin may request the applicant institution, enterprise or organization for materials necessary for the evaluation. The applicant institutions, enterprises and organizations should provide the registration organ of the place name of origin with the materials required in time.
 * Article 16

The following geographic names shall not be registered as place names of origin; The registration organ of the place name of origin shall evaluate the application in time either to approve or reject it and notify the applicant of the decision.
 * Article 17
 * 1) A geographic name of a speciality that has not been produced in a special natural and geographic environment or technical and functional condition, or that is not well known for a certain period.
 * 2) A geographic name that is not recognized by the state or is false.
 * 3) A geographic name contrary to the laws, public morality, manners and customs of the DPRK.
 * 4) A geographic name which has been registered as a trademark or which may infringe upon a trademark right.
 * 5) A geographic name identical with or similar to a place name of origin already registered.
 * Article 18

The registration organ of the place name of origin shall register the approved place names of origin in the register of place names of origin and issue a certificate of registration to the applicants. The registered place names of origin shall be made public through information bulletins.
 * Article 19

The institutions, enterprises and organizations that have grievances against the registered place name of origin may lodge complaint with the registration organ of the place name of origin within 6 months of the announcement of the registration. The registration organ of the place name of origin shall consider the complaint and notify the result to the institution, enterprise or organization that has lodged the complaint and that has had the place name of origin registered.
 * Article 20

In case the registration of a place name of origin is rejected, the applicant may request reevaluation within 6 months of the notification of rejection. The registration organ of the place name of origin shall evaluate the request and inform the result to the applicant. The result of the reevaluation of the registration organ of the place name of origin shall be confirmed within 2 months if no other complaint is lodged.
 * Article 21

The institutions, enterprises and organizations that do not agree to the result of the reevaluation may complain against it within 2 months of its notification. The registration organ of the place name of origin shall examine the complaint and notify the result to the applicant.
 * Article 22

=Chapter 4. Protection of the rights to the place name of origin = The protection of the rights to the place name of origin is an important requirement of the work concerning the place name of origin. The registration organ of the place name of origin and relevant institutions shall see that no infringement is made on the interests of the institutions, enterprises or organizations that hold the rights.
 * Article 23

The rights to the place name of origin shall be held by the institutions, enterprises or organizations that have had the place name of origin registered.
 * Article 24

The holder of the rights to the place name of origin shall exercise the right; The term of protection of the place name of origin shall be from the date of application for registration to the date of termination of the use of the place name of origin.
 * Article 25
 * 1) To use or to permit others to use the registered place name of origin.
 * 2) To demand an end to the practices of infringement on the rights to the place name of origin or claim indemnity.
 * 3) To withdraw the registration of the place name of origin.
 * Article 26

The institutions, enterprises and organizations that hold the rights to the place name of origin shall submit an application to the registration organ of the place name of origin for any change of the name, address and others within the term of protection. The registration organ of the place name of origin shall enter the changes in the register.
 * Article 27

Institutions, enterprises and organizations should conclude a contract with the right holder if they want to use the place name of origin. In this case a relevant document should be submitted to the registration organ of the place name of origin.
 * Article 28

The institutions, enterprises and organizations that are permitted to use the place name of origin shall be responsible for the quality of the special product with the place name of origin. The holders of the rights to the place name of origin may cancel the permission to use the place name of origin if the institutions, enterprises and organizations permitted to use the place name of origin are not able to ensure due quality of the special product.
 * Article 29

The right to the place name of origin may not be transferred to other institution, enterprise or organization, nor may the registered place name of origin be changed.
 * Article 30

The institutions, enterprises and organizations should submit to the registration organ of the place name of origin a written application for the withdrawal of registration of the place name of origin if they wish to cancel their right to a place name of origin. In this case the registration certificate of the place name of origin should be attached.
 * Article 31

The right to the place name of origin shall be invalid if the registration has been cancelled or the place name of origin has not been used for 5 years since the date of registration.
 * Article 32

=Chapter 5. Guidance and control of the administration of the place name of origin = Strengthening guidance and control of the administration of the place name of origin is an essential requirement in ensuring the quality of the specialty and promoting the development of the national economy. The state shall strengthen guidance and control of the work concerning the place name of origin.
 * Article 33

The work concerning the place name of origin shall be guided by the guidance institution of the place name of origin under the unified guidance of the Cabinet. The guidance institution of the place name of origin shall regularly control and guide the work related with the place name of origin. The guidance institution of the place name of origin shall correctly designate the place name of origin in conformity with the characteristics of the specialty, and regularly announce the applications for registration, registration, change and cancellation of the place name of origin.
 * Article 34
 * 1) The acts of using, copying, exhibiting, distributing, adapting, translating, selling or telecasting a software,
 * 2) The acts of altering the name of a software developer or a software,
 * 3) The acts of exporting or importing a software,
 * 4) The acts of destroying or removing protection devices of software technology and offering such technology.
 * Article 35

Institutions, enterprises and organizations shall pay in time the fees concerning the place name of origin to the registration organ of the place name of origin. The fees concerning the place name of origin shall be set by the price fixing institution.
 * Article 36

Institutions, enterprises and organizations shall not illegally designate, print or sell the place name of origin nor use the place name which is identical with or similar to the place name already registered.
 * Article 37

The work concerning the place name of origin shall be supervised and controlled by the guidance institution of the place name of origin and the relevant supervision and control institutions. The guidance institution of the place name of origin and the relevant supervision and control institutions shall strictly supervise and control the realities of application, registration and protection.
 * Article 38

In case the procedures of registering and using the place name of origin have been violated, the registration of the place name of origin shall be cancelled or its use terminated.
 * Article 39

Any infringement on the interests of the institutions, enterprises and organizations that hold the right to the place name of origin shall result in fining, compensation for the damage and confiscation of the illegal products.
 * Article 40

Administrative or penal responsibility shall, depending on the gravity, be imposed on the officials of the institutions, enterprises and organizations, and individual citizens responsible for the grave consequences caused through the violation of this law.
 * Article 41.

Any dispute concerning the place name of origin shall be settled by consultation. In case of failure in consultation, the dispute shall be submitted to the guidance institution of the place name of origin for settlement. If the dispute is not settled by the guidance institution of the place name of origin it may be referred to a court or an arbitration body for settlement.
 * Article 42

조선민주주의인민공화국 원산지명법

title: DPR Korea Designation of Origin Act


text: Talk:DPR Korea Designation of Origin Act


text:
The New International Encyclopædia/Gosse, Philip Henry

GOSSE, (1810-88). An English naturalist, born at Worcester, England. From 1827 to 1835 he lived in Newfoundland as a merchant, from 1835 to 1838 in Canada as a farmer, and from 1838 to 1839 in Alabama as a teacher. In 1844 he visited Jamaica to study the birds there. He was an accurate observer of animal life, and a voluminous and most agreeable writer. In 1856 he was made F.R.S. Gosse did a great work in advancing and popularizing marine zoölogy, and the influence he exerted was widespread and lasting. Among his publications are: The Canadian Naturalist (1840); Birds of Jamaica (1851); Natural History (1848-51); Marine Zoölogy (1856); Evenings with the Microscope (1859); Letters from Alabama (1859).


text:
Amanda Acquisition Corp. v. Universal Food Corp.

Amanda Acquisition Corporation, Plaintiff-Appellant:

Michael B. Apfeld, William H. Levit, Jr., Godfrey & Kahn, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

Gregory B. Joseph, Stephen Lew, Honey L. Leichner, Claire S. Hancock, Michael C. Cooper, Eric S. Sherby, Alan V. Goldman, Fried, Frank, Harris, Shriver & Jacobson, New York, New York.

Universal Foods Corporation:

John R. Dawson, David E. Beckwith, Michael Fischer, Maureen A. McGinnity, Michael P. Van Alstine, Foley & Lardner, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

Michael Schwartz, Wachtel, Lipton, Rosen & Kitz, New York, New York.

Barbara Robbins, Peter C. Hein, William C. Sterling, Richard H. Weiss, Robert A. Ragazzo, Stephen R. Neuwirth, Wachtell, Lipton, Rosen & Katz, New York, New York.

Jonathan I. Blackman, Clearly, Gottlieb, Steen & Hamilton, New York, New York.

Attorney General of the State of Wisconsin, Intervenor: Donald J. Hanaway, AG, Daniel D. Stier, Office of the Attorney General, Wisconsin Department of Justice, Madison, Wisconsin.

Bauer, Chief Judge, Easterbrook, Circuit Judge, and Will, Senior District Judge.


text: Page:Edward Buttoneye and his adventures.djvu/26


text: Page:Edward Buttoneye and his adventures.djvu/24


text: Page:Edward Buttoneye and his adventures.djvu/22


text: Page:Edward Buttoneye and his adventures.djvu/20


text: Page:Edward Buttoneye and his adventures.djvu/17


text: Page:Edward Buttoneye and his adventures.djvu/15


text: Page:Edward Buttoneye and his adventures.djvu/13


text: Page:Edward Buttoneye and his adventures.djvu/11


text: Page:Edward Buttoneye and his adventures.djvu/10


text: Page:Edward Buttoneye and his adventures.djvu/6


text:
Page:Edward Buttoneye and his adventures.djvu/8

 And, though he never could explain, I don't mind telling you That in that box he had been lain By those who made him, limb and brain, And stitched his eyes on, too. It's odd, you'll think, they joined his toes And gave him such a head and nose.

But there on the broad countryside Was he, a homeless lad. Another might have sat and cried, But Edward, no. "Whate'er betide, If work is to be had, I'll take," thought he, "what Fortune brings And live in hopes of better things."

A farmhouse stood not far away, So first there Edward tried, And was engaged to herd by day And night the farmer's sheep, which stray, Whene'er they can, and hide. And so a paper Edward bought And sat and watched and read and thought.


text:
Page:Edward Buttoneye and his adventures.djvu/9

 He read through each advertisement To see if he could find A place he thought would suit his bent, In which he could be quite content And cultivate his mind. —He read so hard and thought so deep He quite forgot about the sheep.

But when at last he looked around, His flock could not be seen. He shouted, called, and searched the ground, The sheep were nowhere to be found (They knew that he was green); And when in fear he ventured back, I scarce need say he got the sack.

He went away with many sighs And sight a little dim, But suddenly, to his surprise, A woolly head with shining eyes Peered through the hedge at him. "If you will let me come with you," It said, " I always will be true."


text:
Page:Edward Buttoneye and his adventures.djvu/12

 Our Edward with delight agreed; "It looks," he thought, "quite tame; A counsellor and friend I need, Besides, it may serve as a steed." And so he asked its name. "I'm Horace, so they all allege," It said, and scrambled through the hedge.


text:
Page:Edward Buttoneye and his adventures.djvu/14

 So side by side, o'er hill and dale, The gallant heroes strode, And Horace frisked his stumpy tail And joked with every frog and snail And chaffed each slug and toad. But silent Edward longed for fame And by great deeds to make a name.

He also wished he had a hat —The day was very warm— But soon he ceased to think of that, For lo! beside the road there sat Two maids of sweetest charm. 'Twas saucy Sue and modest Moll, Who sported a red parasol.

Then Edward's heart beat high with pride, He drew himself erect And said to Horace, "Quick, now! stride As if you wore Newfoundland hide And follow with respect." But, 'spite of all their dashing air, The maids preserved their glassy stare.


text:
Page:Edward Buttoneye and his adventures.djvu/16

 A flush o'erspread poor Edward's cheek, He walked on very fast, And Horace followed, very meek. But all at once they heard a shriek From the fair dames they'd passed: —Enraged to see their sunshade red, A wild bull charged with lowered head. "Ah, here's my chance," brave Edward, cried, And, counting not the cost, He rushed back to the maidens' side; To stop the bull he vainly tried And was most painfully tossed. "Alas!" he thought, "no luck to-day; —But they, at least, have got away."


text:
Page:Edward Buttoneye and his adventures.djvu/18

 Sad Horace hastened to the spot And rendered him first aid, Then set off at his quickest trot For help. Poor Edward groaned a lot: "Why was I ever made?" —I'm not surprised he had the hump, He came down such an awful bump.