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Author:Perceval Gibbon

Works

 * African Items (1903) verse
 * Souls In Bondage (1904)
 * Salvator (1905)
 * Vrouw Grobelaar and Her Leading Cases, aka: Vrouw Grobelaar's Leading Cases (1905) short stories
 * A Treasury of South African Poetry and Verse (1907)
 * The Voorloopers
 * Mimosa
 * The Veldt
 * Voices of the Veldt
 * Komani
 * Jim
 * The Adventures of Miss Gregory (1911) short stories
 * Margaret Harding (1912)
 * The Triumph of the Royal Navy: Official Record of the Surrender of the German Fleet (1918)
 * The Second Class Passenger: Fifteen Stories (1913) PG
 * Those Who Smiled; and Eleven Other Stories (1920) PG
 * Those Who Smiled; and Eleven Other Stories (1920) PG

Individual short stories

 * Vrouw Grobelaar and Her Leading Cases, aka: Vrouw Grobelaar's Leading Cases (1905)
 * Unto the Third Generation
 * The Dream-Face
 * The Avenger of Blood
 * The Hands of the Pitiful Woman
 * Piet Naude's Trek
 * Like Unto Like
 * Counting the Colors
 * The King of the Baboons
 * Morder Drift
 * A Good End
 * Vasco's Sweetheart
 * The Peruvian
 * Tagalash
 * The Home Kraal
 * The Sacrifice
 * The Coward
 * Her Own Story

 * The Adventures of Miss Gregory (1911) (first published as serial short stories in McClure's Magazine, 1910-11)
 * 1) The Adventure on a Portuguese Trader (McClure's Magazine, Sep 1910)
 * 2) The Adventure in the Hotel at Beira  (McClure's Magazine, Oct 1910)
 * 3) A Season of Miracles (McClure's Magazine, Nov 1910)
 * 4) The Adventure with the Slave Dealer  (McClure's Magazine, Dec 1910)
 * 5) Hamid
 * 6) A Dog—and Unclean  (McClure's Magazine, Apr 1911)
 * 7) Eva  (McClure's Magazine Sep 1911)
 * 8) VIII. The Governor of the Gaol (McClure's Magazine Jun 1911)
 * 9) The Elopement  (McClure's Magazine, Jan 1912)
 * 10) The Adventuress  (McClure's Magazine, Nov 1911)
 * 11) The Honest Man (McClure's Magazine Oct 1911)
 * 12) Achievement  (McClure's Magazine, Feb 1912)

 * The Second Class Passenger: Fifteen Stories (1913) PG
 * The Second-Class Passenger (1906)
 * The Sense Of Climax
 * The Trader Of Last Notch (1906)
 * The Murderer
 * The Victim
 * Between The Lights
 * The Master
 * "Parisienne" (1911)
 * Lola (1909)
 * The Poor In Heart
 * The Man Who Knew (1907)
 * The Hidden Way
 * The Strange Patient
 * The Captain's Arm
 * The Widower

 * Those Who Smiled (collection); and Eleven Other Stories (1920) PG
 * Those Who Smiled
 * The Dago
 * Wood-Ladies
 * A Man Before The Mast
 * The Girl
 * The Breadwinner
 * "Plain German"
 * Alms And The Man
 * The Darkened Path
 * Miss Pilgrim's Progress
 * The Connoisseur
 * The Day Of Omens

Works from periodicals

 * The Trader Of Last Notch in McClure's Magazine, Sep 1906
 * The Second-Class Passenger in McClure's Magazine, Oct 1906
 * The Man Who Knew in McClure's Magazine, Jan 1907
 * "The Eleventh Hour," in Harper's Monthly Magazine, Feb 1907
 * "The Dice," in McClure's Magazine Apr 1907
 * "The Weaver's Son," in McClure's Magazine Sep 1907
 * "The Meagre Life," in McClure's Magazine Oct 1907
 * "In the Dark Hour," in McClure's Magazine May 1908
 * "The King of the Baboons," in McClure's Magazine Aug 1908 (included in Vrouw Grobelaar and Her Leading Cases, 1905)
 * "Manasseh," in Harper's Monthly Magazine, Sep 1908
 * "The Buried Anchor," in McClure's Magazine Sep 1908
 * "Bailey's Experiment" in Collier's, Nov 7, 1908
 * Lola in Harper's's Magazine, Jan 1909
 * "The Strange Patient," in Colliers weekly, Nov 27, 1909
 * "The Next Vacancy," in The Saturday Evening Post Aug 13, 1910
 * '"Parisienne",' in Harper's Monthly Magazine, 1910
 * "The Murderer," in Harper's Monthly Magazine, Aug 1912
 * "Ambush," in Harper's Monthly Magazine, Nov 1912
 * "The Master," in Harper's Monthly Magazine, Dec 1912
 * "A Citizen of the Roads," in Harper's Weekly, Jun 21, 1913
 * "The Iron Star," in Harper's Monthly Magazine, Aug 1913
 * "The Darkened Path," in Harper's Weekly, Jan 3, 1914
 * "Spy and Superspy" in Collier's, Sep 25, 1915 (non-fiction?)
 * "The Charmed Life," in Collier's, Oct 9, 1915
 * "The Bad Companions," in The Saturday Evening Post Nov 27, 1920
 * "Money's Worth," in The Saturday Evening Post 1920
 * "Statistics ," in The Saturday Evening Post Dec 18, 1920
 * "Gold That Glitters" in Popular magazine, 20 Jan 1922

title: Author:Perceval Gibbon


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Page:Folk-lore - A Quarterly Review. Volume 4, 1893.djvu/114

 CORRESPONDENCE.

MR. HARTLAND'S "SIN-EATER", AND PRIMITIVE SACRAMENTS.

To the Editor of.

,—Miss Godden's wide reading and rapid induction have anticipated a conclusion which, when I wrote the paper on " The Sin-Eater", had definitely formed itself in my mind, but which I did not feel justified in enunciating for want of evidence. The evidence, however, is accumulating, and I hope to deal with it ere long. Meantime, it Miss Godden would be good enough to direct my attention to any facts of special interest in this connection she would be conferring a favour upon me.

E. Sidney Hartland.

MOUSE-NIBBLING.

To the Editor of.

,—A propos of Prof Rhys's note on the Welsh mouse (p. 383, above), the following notes from the East may be of interest.

Jataka, No. 87 (Fausb., 1, 371, ff), is introduced by the story of a superstitious man. A garment which lay in his coffer was nibbled by a mouse. . . . Thought he to himself, "If this change of raiment remain in the house, great loss will follow. Unlucky that it is, like the goddess of ill-luck herself! I cannot give it to my family or my servants, for whosoever shall receive it will be ruined miserably; it shall be cast out into the place where dead bodies are left to rot."

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 NOTES AND NEWS.

the articles in the forthcoming June number of will be Mr. Ordish's paper on the English Folk-Drama, a continuation of Mr. Dames' Balochi Tales, and a series of articles on Miss Roalfe Cox's variants of Cinderella. Mr. Alfred Nutt will open the series at the March Meeting of the Folk-lore Society with one entitled "Cinderella and Britain".

The Transactions of the Folk-lore Congress of 1891 have been issued to subscribers, and will shortly be published. As there will be a large deficit on the Congress, which can only be covered by the sale of this volume, it is to be hoped that members of the Congress or of the Folklore Society who have not yet subscribed to it will do so at once. The price to such members is half-a-guinea.

work on British Games is now passing through the press, and may be expected shortly. It will be arranged alphabetically under the names of the games and will contain much unpublished material.

volume on Cinderella has been issued to members of the Society as the volume for 1892. It is introduced by an essay by Mr. Andrew Lang, defending his views on Folk-tales against recent criticisms by M. Cosquin and Mr. Joseph Jacobs.

immediately forthcoming works of interest to folk-lorists may be noted:—Rev. James Macdonald, Myth and Religion in S. Africa. G. B. Grinnell, Pawnee Hero


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 Rh Jat, ii, p. 181. A dishonest man, who has been entrusted with some ploughshares, excuses himself for not returning them, on the ground that the mice have nibbled them. The word nibbled may be translated eaten; no doubt, the mice have nibbled it, would ordinarily be reason for throwing anything away.

(This may have passed into a proverb very early: we have in Herondas 3. 76, οί μύς όμοίως τον σίδηρον τρώγουσιν.)

Lastly, in the Tevijja Sutta (trans, by Davids, Sacr. Books, xi, 196), we have a rebuke for such men as get a living " by divinations from the manner in which cloth and other such things have been bitten by rats".

"BOGLES" AND "GHOSTS".

To the Editor of.

,—In the September No. of I have read with interest Mr. Stuart-Glennie's excellent article on "Animism"; and as in a footnote (see foot of page 298, vol. iii, No. 3) he refers to one of the Lincolnshire legends contributed by me, I wish to correct a slight misapprehension, for which I am perhaps myself responsible. I write at a disadvantage, as I have not the original by me to refer to; but if I said what Mr. Stuart-Glennie quotes, I expressed myself badly. I did not mean to assert that "bogles" meant "corpses (or emanations from them), etc. etc. ... till corruption had completed its work", for this would have been a sweeping assertion, and would have inferred that these only were "bogles", and "bogles" were always these.

I meant that these emanations were called "bogles" certainly; but the name was also applied to all kinds of supernatural appearances, and I have heard it used where a sound or voice only was concerned. In fact, I heard no


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Newmanianism/X. The Kingsleyan Controversy

13."It must have taken great gallantry and courage" says Mr. Hutton (p.118, 119) to speak "in an Oxford pulpit at that day (i.e., in Feb. 1843, six months before Newman resigned St. Mary's), as follows :-

"If the truth must be spoken, what are the humble monk and the holy nun, and other regulars, as they were called, but Christians after the very pattern given us in Scripture? ... Did our Saviour come on earth suddenly, as He will one day visit it, in whom would He see the features of the Christians, whom He and His Apostles left behind them BUT IN THEM?".

This is one of the passages which Newman employed to spatter what he called "blots" on Kingsley. His straightforward, English-minded adversary actually thought it strange that a clergyman of the Church of England should use such language! And certainly, since Newman himself held "all along" - and therefore on 5 (or 12) Feb. 1843, the date of this sermon - that no one "could" - i.e. "ought to" - remain "in office in the English Church, wether Bishop or Incumbent" - and therefore in the pulpit of St. Mary, Oxford - unless he were "in hostility to the Church of Rome", it must be confessed that one would suppose Newman himself would be hard put to it to justify the passage above quoted. Two or three months afterwards (May 1843) he asked himself the question, "Is not my present position a cruelty as well as a treachery to the English Church?" If he had put that question to himself in February 1843 and answered it in affirmative, who could have disputed it? Endeavouring to make the kindest answer, what could any man of honour have said to him except this, "Your own conscience must answer this question. We cannot decide it for you"?

Conscious, therefore, of the very critical and painful indecisions of his own mind; aware (at least to some extent) of the very natural suspicions which commonplaces Englishmen entertained about him; and knowing that he had, in the January of that very year, published a "Retractation", in which he had destroyed the last remnant of the basis upon which (on his own showing) he could consistently and honourably use the vantage-ground of the pulpit of St. Mary's, would Newman himself have liked to hear the words "gallant" and "courageous" lavished upon these Romanizing utterances of a quasi-Anglican clergyman? Newman hated humburg and conventionality. It was an "infirmity" with him, he says, to be "rude" to those who paid him excessive deference. I take it that, in this matter, he might have found occasion for displaying his "infirmity".

But what about Newman's actual reply to Kingsley's natural indignation? Unluckily Kingsley did not quote his opponent; he used a loosely-guarded expression which Newman had not employed. "This", says Kingsley, "is his definition of Christians".

Newman, of course, beats up his guard at once:- "This is not the case. I have neither given a definition, nor implied one, nor intended one. .... He ought to know his logic better. I have said that 'monks and nuns find their pattern in Scripture', he adds, ' Therefore, I hold all Christians are monks and nuns". This is Blot one. Now then for Blot two. 'Monks and nuns the only perfect Christians. ... what more?' A second fault in logic. I said no more than that monks and nuns were perfect Christians; he adds 'therefore monks and nuns are not the only perfect Christians'. Monks and nuns are not the only perfect Christians: I never thought so, or said so, now or at any other time".

And such stuff as this went down with the discerning public of 1864!! I have heard that Kingsley was ill at the time. That perhaps, in part, explains the too one-sided result. Judgment, perhaps, went against him by default. I wish he had had a son who might have made answer for him in this and almost every point -except the charge of insincerity, which should have been absolutely disclaimed. It might have runs this :-

"You have not fairly represented the meaning of your words, in asserting 'I said no more than that monks and nuns were perfect Christians'. You went on to say, ' In whom would our Saviour see the features of the Christians, whom He and His Apostles left behind them BUT in THEM?' Now if a man says, 'were would you find the book but in the bookcase?' he means, or at all events ought naturally to be interpreted to mean, that the book would be found in the bookcase, and nowhere else. "For such a statement as this, you have prepared the way by saying that monks and nuns are Christians ' after the very pattern given in Scripture' -which is slightly different from the version given by you in inverted commas, 'I have said that monks and nuns find their pattern in Scripture"'. But you have done more than imply it; you have actually said it in your second clause: ' Where but in them would our Saviour find, &c.,' which ought, if it is to be strictly pressed, to be interpreted as meaning that our Saviour would see the "features, &c.' in the monk and nun and nowhere else. You say you 'never thought so.' Granted. But you said so. And my business is with what you said, not with what yout thought!"

Now it was not at all necessary that Mr. Hutton should have revived the Kingsleyan controversy. But to revive it in this way; to take one of the very quotations on which Kingsley based his case; to give, without comment, the very words which showed that Kingsley was substantially right in this particular point; to omit the natural deduction from these words; and to describe the whole passage as indicating "gallantry and courage" in Newman, evinces a misappreciation of justice so very remarkable, that I know no single epithet whereby to characterize it, except - "Newmanian".

13. Mr. Hutton then refers, at some length (p.121, 122), to the Sermon on Wisdom and Innocence (19 February, 1843) which called forth Kingsley's wrath by this, among other passages in the Sermon :-"What, for instance, though we grant that sacramental confession and the celibacy of the clergy do tend to consolidate the body politic in the relation of rulers and subjects, or, in other words, to aggrandize the priesthood? For how can the Church be one body without such relation?"

Now here Newman made very merry with Kingsley's indignation at the possible effects of such language upon "hot-headed" young men, and scoffed at him in the second person with what will seem (I think) to many of my readers more than "a spice of insolence" :-"Hot-headed young men! Why, man, you are writing a Romance. You think the scene is Alexandria or the Spanish Main, where you may let your imagination revel to the extent of inveracity. It is good luck for me that the scene of my labours was not at Moscow or Damascus. Then I might be one of your ecclesiastical Saints, of which I sometimes hear in conversation, but with whom I am glad to say I have no personal acquaintance. Then you might ascribe to me a more deadly craft than mere quibbling and lying; in Spain I should have been an inquisitor, with my rack in the background; I should have had a concealed dagger in Sicily; at Venice I should have...". And this stuff contiunes for half a page more! And he rates Kingsley soundly for not knowing that, from the year 1841, Pusey and he had given up their theological soirées! As though, by cutting off his tea-parties, a preacher ipso facto excludes Oxford undergraduates from St. Mary's Church!! And this is "Blot twelve" against Kingsley! Surely this "blot", at least, missed its marks.

Here is another unfairness, in connection with the same passage. Newman urges in his behalf that "the sentence in question about Celibacy and Confession of which this writer would make so much, was not preached at all." The sermon was published, he says, after he had given up St. Mary's; and therefore he claimed the right not "to restrain the expression of anything that" he "might hold."

"Good" we reply, "if you give adequate notice to your readers. Become a Romanist, a Mohammedan, a Buddhist, anything if you like; we do not ask you to restrain the expression of ' anything that you might hold '. Only do not publish a volume under false colours as a volume of Anglican sermons".

It may be urged, "He was an Anglican, at the time of publication;" and indeed he expressly declares that he did publish it while an Anglican (Apol. p. 310) "written, preached, and published while I was an Anglican".


text: Author:Wynfrid Laurence Henry Duckworth

title: Author:Wynfrid Laurence Henry Duckworth


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 304 fall of the first French Empire, an endeavour was made to restore the old form of things in Church and State, the popular festivals were for the most part forgotten, or past by unheeded. Old laws, whether ecclesiastical or civil, may be re-enacted, but when a popular rite has been suspended for years, the spirit that animated it has died out, and revival is impossible. Such things exist by living tradition. When the cord that binds the present with the past has once been snapped, no reunion is possible.

Of the Cow-Mass formerly held at Dunkirk we had never heard until we came upon the following account of it in the October number of The Sporting Magazine for 1799. We have no idea who was the writer. That he had himself witnessed the festivity seems highly probable, if not certain, from the way in which he describes it. As he speaks of it as "being continued till lately", it is probable that it went on till the Revolution. Why it was called the Cow-Mass the writer does not inform us, and we, of course, cannot make a reasonable guess as to the origin of the name. Most likely it arose from some local reason, which nobody but one intimately acquainted with the social history of the place can be in a position to explain.

It is difficult to believe that a rite of this kind can have been instituted by Charles the Fifth. Its whole character points to an earlier origin; it may well be, however, that the Emperor patronised it and added to its splendour.

The writer makes a slight slip in speaking of June the 24th as St. John's Day; it is really the Feast of the Nativity of St. John the Baptist. Has not he made two other errors? Have not ideas become inverted in his mind, when he tells us of the Devil "leading St. Michael the Archangel in chains"? We apprehend that the saint was represented as the captor and Lucifer as the prisoner. We think, too, that the flight of Our Blessed Lady and Saint Joseph into Egypt was what was intended to be represented, not the return of the Holy Family therefrom.


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out in 1887. His other works were: 1. 'Remarks on the Production of the Precious Metals,' by Leon Faucher. Translated by Thomson Hankey, jun., 1852. 2. 'Maria Theresa, the Empress Queen,' a lecture, 1859. 3. 'Taxes and Expenditure,' a lecture, 1864. 4. 'Suggestions for improving the Management of Public Business in the House of Commons,' 1876: referring mostly to proceedings on government bills in committee. 5. 'On Bi-Metallism,' 1879. 6. 'Irish Grievances,' 1881 and 1888: in favour of the abolition of the office of lord-lieutenant and the cheapening of private bill legislation. 7. 'London Dinners,' 1883: a bright little paper, which had previously appeared in 'Macmillan's Magazine,' March 1872, pp. 370-5.

[Burke's Landed Gentry, 9th edit.; Peterborough Advertiser, 21 Jan. 1893, p. 6; Times, 16 Jan. 1893, pp. 1, 10; Athenæum, 21 Jan. 1893, p. 89; private information.]  HANNEN, JAMES,  (1821–1894), a life peer, judge, born at Peckham in 1821, was son of James Hannen of Kingswood Lodge, Dulwich, a London wine merchant, and of Susan, the daughter of William Lee of Nayland, Suffolk. He was educated at St. Paul's School from 1831 to 1839, and at Heidelberg University (St. Paul's School Reg. pp. 284, 451). He was admitted student of the Middle Temple on 30 Oct. 1841, was called to the bar on 14 Jan. 1848, and joined the home circuit. He seems to have begun speedily to acquire practice in London, and to have done well as a junior both on circuit and at the Guildhall. He was described by a contemporary as a 'clear but frigid and passionless speaker, accurate, precise, and painstaking, well endowed with practical good sense.' It was 'understood,' with the reserve which in those days was the proper thing in respect of men who hoped for success at the bar, that he reported for the ' Morning Chronicle ' and wrote for the press. About 1863 he was appointed junior counsel to the treasury, or 'attorney-general's devil,' and in 1865 he was a parliamentary candidate in the liberal interest for Shoreham and the rape of Bramber, but without success. His chief public appearance while at the bar was when he appeared as junior to the law officers at the trial of the Manchester fenians in 1867. In 1868 Hannen was appointed a judge of the court of queen's bench, made serjeant-at-law (15 April 1868), and knighted (14 May); and in 1872 judge of the court of probate and the divorce court, on which occasion he was sworn of the privy council. In 1875 he became, by the operation of the judicature acts, president of the probate, divorce, and admiralty division of the high court, and held that office until he was created a lord of appeal in ordinary in 1891; on 27 June 1878 he was elected bencher of the Middle Temple, and in 1888 he was created D.C.L. of Oxford University.

In 1888 Hannen was selected by the government to act as president of the special commission appointed to inquire into the charges brought by the ' Times ' against Charles Stewart Parnell [q. v.] and other Irish nationalists. The other commissioners were Sir J. C. Day and Sir A. L. Smith, both judges of the high court; and it is probable that by their selection of commissioners the government entirely frustrated the intention with which the Special Commission Act had been passed. What they seem to have intended was a commission which should itself inquire and investigate. What the commissioners did was to allow the parties interested to offer such evidence as they chose, and try the case as if it had been an action for libel tried before them as judges without a jury. Hannen presided throughout 129 sittings with all his accustomed dignity and impartiality, though in two or three instances he was unusually and almost inexplicably forbearing when attacks were made upon the constitution or the impartiality of the tribunal. The report was short and of a remarkably negative character, although it definitely established the existence of a treasonable conspiracy among a number of specified persons. It contained a very large number of conclusions of 'not proved,' in regard to allegations as to which a special jury, upon a plea of justification in an action for libel, could hardly have failed to find the justification proved if they had taken the view of the evidence held by the court. This was especially so with regard to the allegations made by the ' Times ' concerning the use made of the funds of the land league and national league.

On 21 Jan. 1891 Hannen was appointed a lord of appeal in ordinary, and was granted the dignity of a baron for life by the style and title of Baron Hannen of Burdock, co. Sussex. In 1892 he was selected to act as arbitrator on behalf of this country in the arbitration at Paris upon the questions at issue between the United Kingdom and the United States as to the rights of seal-fishing in the Behring Sea [cf. art. , Suppl.] His discharge of this laborious duty added still further to his reputation, and was eminently satisfactory to all parties


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 Rh Both these subjects have been represented in works of art, but the former occurs much the more frequently.

"To the Editor of the.

",—The Cow-Mass, a show at Dunkirk, scarce exceeded by any in the known world, being continued till lately, may not be unamusing to your readers. It was first instituted by Charles V to amuse the turbulent and seditious inhabitants of that place.

"This very extraordinary show is on St. John's Day, the 24th of June. The morning is ushered in by the merry peals of the corillons (or bell-pulling). The streets are very early lined with soldiers; and by eight o'clock every house-top and window is filled with spectators, at least forty thousand, exclusive of inhabitants; and about ten o'clock, after High-Mass at the great church, the show begins by the townsmen being classed according to the different trades, walking two-and-two, each holding a burning wax candle, at least a yard long, and each dressed, not in their best apparel, but in the oldest and oddest fashion of their ancestors. After the several companies comes a pageant, containing an emblematical representation of its trade, and this pageant is followed by patron saints, most of which are of solid silver adorned with jewels. Bands of music, vocal and instrumental, attend the companies, the choruses of which are very solemn; then followed the friars and regular clergy, two-and-two, in the habits of their different Orders, slow in their motion, and with the appearance of solemn piety. Then came the abbot in a most magnificent dress, richly adorned with silver and gold, his train supported by two men in the dress of cardinals; the host was borne before him by an old white-bearded man of a most venerable aspect, surrounded by a great number of boys in white surplices, who strewed frankincense and myrrh under his feet, and four men supported a large canopy of wrought silver over his head, while four others sustained a large silver lanthorn, with a light in it, at the end of a pole. They then proceeded to the bottom of the street, where there was elevated a grand altar, ascended by a flight of steps, and there the procession stopped,


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 306 while the abbot came from under his canopy and took the host from the old man; then, ascending the altar, he held up the host in his elevated hands, and the vast multitude instantly fell on their knees, from the house-tops down to the dirt in the streets below. After this solemnity was over, gaiety in the face of everyone appeared, and the procession recommenced; other pageants came forth from the great church, followed by a vast moving machine, consisting of several circular stages. On the bottom stages appeared many friars and nuns, each holding white lilies in their hands, and on the uppermost stage but one were two figures, representing Adam and Eve, and several winged angels, in white flowing garments. On the uppermost stage was one figure only, to represent God, on whom all the eyes of the lower figures were directed, with looks of adoration and humility; and this machine, drawn by horses, was to represent heaven. Then followed on an enormous figure something like an elephant, with a large head and eyes, and a pair of horns, on which several little devils, or rather boys dressed like devils, were sitting. The monster was hollow within, and the lower jaw was movable, by moving of which it frequently exhibited the inward contents, which was filled with full-grown devils, and who poured out liquid fire from the jaws of hell; at the same time the figure was surrounded by a great number of external devils, dressed in crape, with hideous masks and curled tails. But I should have observed that between the figures which represented heaven and hell several young ladies passed with wreaths of flowers on their heads, and palms in their hands, riding in elegant carriages. Then followed old Lucifer himself, armed with a pitchfork, and leading St. Michael the Archangel in chains. Michael and Lucifer were followed by a person dressed in a harlequin's coat hung round with bells, holding a hoop in his hands, through which he frequently jumped, and showed many other feats of activity; but what, or who, he represented, I cannot say. Then came a grand carriage, covered with a superb canopy, from the middle of which hung a little dove; under the dove was a table covered with a carpet, at which were sitting two women dressed in white, and with wings pointing upwards to the dove, and they representing the salutation of the Virgin Mary. Next followed a group of dancing boys surrounding a stable, in which was seen the Virgin,


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 Rh Mary again, and the Child in the manger; and this machine was followed by another fool, like the former, with a hoop and bells.

"The next machine was a fish, fifteen feet long, moved by men on wheels concealed within; upon its back sat a boy, richly dressed, and playing upon a harp. The gold, silver, and jewels which decorated this fish were valued at ten thousand pounds, and were furnished by the city merchants, whose sons and daughters were the principal actors in the show.

"After the fish came another fool with a hoop, as before; then appeared Joseph, as flying from Egypt—a woman representing a virgin with a young child upon her lap, and mounted on an ass, which was led by Joseph, who had a basket of tools on his back, and a long staff in his hand. Joseph and his spouse were attended by several devils, who beat off the people that crowded too close to the procession; these two were followed by a third hoop dancer.

"Then came a large and magnificent carriage, on which sat a penson representing the Grand Monarch on a throne, dressed in his robes, with a crown, ball, and sceptre lying before him on a taole covered with embroidered velvet. His most Christian Majesty was attended by several devils, hoop-dancers, and bannerbearers; then followed another machine, bearing the queen, also in her royal robes, attended by a great many ladies and maids of honour; the jewels of her crown were said to be of vast value. On this stage there was a grand band of music, and many dancers richly attired. Then followed Bacchus, a large, fat figure, dressed in coloured silk, attended by a great number of Bacchanals holding goblets up to their mouths as in the act of drinking, with a few more devils and hoop-dancers.

"Then followed a kind of a sea triumph, in front of which appeared Neptune, with his trident and crown, in a large shell, surrounded by boys dressed in white, who were throwing out and drawing in a deep-sea lead, as sounding for land. After them six men followed in white shirts, with poles twenty-five feet long, decorated with bells and flowers, frequently shaking their poles, or endeavouring to break them: for he who could break one was exempted a whole year from all parish duty.

"The pole-bearers were followed by a large ship, representing a ship of war, drawn on wheels by horses, with sails spread, colours


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 308 flying, and brass guns on board fired off very briskly. On the quarter-deck stood the admiral, captain, and boatswain, who, when he whistled, brought forth the sailors, some dancing, others heaving the log, and the tops filled with boys.

"The ship was followed by the representation of a large wood, with men in it dressed in green; a green, scaly skin was drawn over their own, and their faces were masked, to appear as savages, each squirting water at the people from large pewter syringes. This piece of machinery, which was very noble, was the production of a Jesuits' college, and caused great jollity among the common people. The wood was followed by a very tall man, dressed like an infant in a body-coat, and walking in a go-cart with a rattle in his hand; and this infant was followed by a man fifty-five feet high, with a boy looking out of his pocket shaking a rattle, and calling out, 'Grandpapa! grandpapa!' He was clothed in blue and gold, which reached quite to the ground, and concealed a body of men, who moved it, and made it dance.

"After him followed a figure nearly of the same stature, mounted on a horse of suitable size for the enormous rider, which made a most striking and elegant appearance, both man and horse being executed in a masterly manner; it was made in a moving posture, two of the feet being raised from the ground. Then followed a woman of equal stature, and not inferior in elegance to those which preceded. She had a watch at her side as large as a warming-pan, and her head and breast richly decorated with jewels; her eyes and head turned very naturally; and as she moved along she frequently danced, and not inelegantly. Thus ended the Cow-Mass."—The Sporting Magazine, vol. xv, pp. 26-28.


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 THE GLASS MOUNTAIN.

HE following imperfect variant of The Glass Mountain was related to me when I was a child by a rough, illiterate, farmhouse servant, a native of Brigg in North Lincolnshire, or of one of the adjacent villages. The story has no point of resemblance with any of our local folk-beliefs, so, I imagine, the girl heard it from a member of the colony of Irish labouring people at Brigg, an opinion which is confirmed by the fact that she told the tale with an air of great reserve and mystery, as something particularly extraordinary and uncanny, cautioning me never to “let on” that I was acquainted with it, which she would scarcely have thought of doing had one of our own commonplace traditions of boggard, ghost, or wizard been in question.

The legend ran in this fashion:

A very long time back, I don’t know how long, there was a woman who lived in a lone cottage with her three daughters. Well, one evening when it was getting on to dusk, a man knocked at the door and asked if he could not spend the night there, as he had come a long way, and no other shelter was near at hand. The woman did not much like taking a stranger in, but hers was the only house for miles round, so she could not very well turn him away; and the end of it was she let him lie down by the fire. Then, when morning came, nothing would do for him but he must have the youngest of the three daughters for his wife; and the lass, she liked his looks well enough, so it was settled that way. They were married, and he


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 Rh took her off home with him. A fine, big place she found his house was, with everything in it anybody could want so she thought she should do well enough there. But there was just one thing that was out of the way queer. When the grey of night-time began to come on, the man said to her: "Now, you have got to choose which way it is to be: I must take the shape of a bull either by day or by night, one or the other; how will you have it?" [See the corresponding incident in Campbell's Popular Tales of the West Highlands, vol. i, p. 63.]

"You shall be a bull by day, and a man by night," the girl answered; and so it always was. At sunrise he turned into a bull, then at sundown he was a man again.

Well, use is everything, so after a while his wife got to think as much of him as if he had been like other folks. However, when a year had gone by, and she was likely to have a bairn, she began to think long of seeing her mother and sisters again, and asked her husband to let her go home to them for her confinement. He did not like that: he was quite against it, for fear she should let out what he was. "If you ever opened your mouth to anyone about what you know, ill-luck would come of it," he said.

But still she hankered after her mother, and begged so hard that, being as she was, he could not deny her, and she got her own way.

Well, that time everything went as right as could be. The child was a boy, and fine and proud she was when her husband came to see it. The only trouble she had was that her mother and sisters were as curious as curious to find out why he never came to see her by daylight; and they had no end to their questions. So at last, when she was strong again, she was glad to go away home with him.

Still, the year after, the same thing happened again. She took such a longing to be nursed by her mother when the next bairn was to be born, that, willing or not, her husband had to let her have her liking. "But mind," he


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 324 said, "we shall have the blackest of trouble if you ever tell what you know of me." Then she promised by all that was good to keep a quiet tongue about him; and she held to her word. Whenever her mother and sisters began to wonder and to ask, she put them off with one thing or another, so that when she took her second boy home with her she left them no wiser than they were before.

Well, the next year another child was coming, and then she had just the same tale to her husband: she must go back to her mother, she could not bide away from her.

"If you will, why you will," said the man, "but remember what will come of it if you speak;" and then, though it went sorely against him, he let her and the children go.

This time, do as she would, her mother and sisters gave her no peace; they were fairly bursting with curiousness to know the far-end of her husband's comings and goings; and at last, on the day her third boy was born, they plagued her so much with their inquisitiveness that she could not hold out, and just told them the truth of it. Well, when evening drew on, she thought her husband would be coming to see the child, but the sunset went by, and the dusk went by, and the night went by, without a sight or sign of him. Then, after that, days and days slipped past, but still he stayed away.

When she was up and about again she grew that sick of waiting and waiting, that she took her bairns with her and set off to seek him.....

[Here the story is defective. I believe the wife returned to her husband's house, and, finding it desolate, wandered out into the world in search of him, meeting with adventures analogous to those which befel the heroine of the Leitrim legend. My memory takes up the tale at the point where she is endeavouring to release her husband from the spell which prevents him recognising her.]

So she sat down outside his door, combing her hair, and sang:—


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 Rh

[Compare this rhyme with the ditty sung by the wife in the Welsh story told in Campbell's Popular Tales of the West Highlands, vol. iv, p. 295.]

But his stepmother had given him a sleeping-drink, so he never heard her. … Then on the second night she came to his door again, and sat combing her hair, and sang:—

And this time he turned in his bed and groaned, but his stepmother's sleeping-drink hindered him knowing that he heard his wife's voice. … Then on the third night it was her Ia.st chance, and she sat outside the threshold of his door, and combed her hair, and sang: —

And he started up and opened his chamber door; and so the stepmother's spells were all broken. He had his shape again by day and by night like other men, and they lived with their three children in peace and quietness ever after.

The invocation, "Bare bull of Orange," commencing the night-song of the wife, has always puzzled me; but if the story is of Irish origin, it is possible that the words represent the sound rather than the sense of some phrase difficult to render out of Erse, when the story was put into English form.

Another legend relating to the "Bull of Orange" is to be


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 326 found in the fifth chapter of Mary Hallock Foote's tale, "The Last Assembly Ball," in The Century Magazine, 1889, p. 788. The story is there quoted from a fairy-legend, originally related by an Irish woman from County Tyrone, and is adapted by the person to whom she is supposed to have recounted it, so as to serve as an illustration of a situation in the novel.

This episode in the bull's career is as follows:—

Well, once there was a king who had six beautiful daughters; and in one room of the palace stood the wishing-chair on a dais, with a curtain before it, and on her sixteenth birthday each of the princesses, in turn, was allowed to sit in the wishing-chair and wish the wish of a lifetime. The youngest princess was a mad-cap. She made fun of the stupid old chair, and of her sisters' wishes. .... She said, when her turn came she would wish a wish that would show what the old chair could do.

There was a prince in that county of Ireland very wealthy and powerful, and he was bewitched, so that he was obliged to spend half his time roaming the country in the shape of a terrible wild roan bull, and he was called the Roan Bull of Orange. Now, the youngest princess, w^hen she got into the chair .... wished .... that she might be the bride of the Roan Bull of Orange, and then she flew out of the chair .... and said it was all nonsense—the chair was as deaf as a post, and the Roan Bull would never hear of her wish.

However, he came that night, trampling and bellowing about the house, and demanded the princess. The princess went and hid behind her mother's bed. They took the daughter of the hen-wife instead, and dressed her up in the princess's clothes ....; and when the Bull had carried her on his back across the hills and valleys to his castle, he gave her an ivory wand, and charged her, on her life, to tell him what she would do with it, and she sobbed out she would "shoo" her mother's hens to roost with it. So


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The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Fessenden, Reginald Aubrey

FESSENDEN, Reginald Aubrey, American electrician: b. Milton, Quebec, Canada, 6 Oct. 1866. He was chemist-in-chief in Thomas Edison's laboratory from 1887 to 1890 and the two following years an electrician with the Westinghouse Company of Newark, N. J. He was elected professor of electrical engineering in the Western University of Pennsylvania in 1893. He is the author of many inventions in electrical and chemical engineering and has written numerous scientific papers. From 1900 to 31 Aug. 1902, he was a special agent of the United States Weather Bureau, in charge of investigations in wireless telegraphy as an aid to the collection of daily weather reports.


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 Rh the Roan Bull took her on his back again, and over the mountains with her .... and demanded his princess. After they had heard the hen-wife's daughter's story, they took the daughter of the swineherd, and charged her, if the Roan Bull gave her an ivory wand, she was to say she would guide her milk-white steeds with it; and so should she save the life of her dear little princess. But she thought as much of her own life, it seems, as she did of the princess's, or perhaps she was so frightened she could not speak anything but the truth; for when the Roan Bull gave her the wand, and glared at her with his awful eyes, she .... whispered she would drive her father's pigs with it. So back she went, like the first one .... and this time the Bull fairly raved for his princess. They had an awful night of it in the palace, for the princess had " got her mad up".... She took the Bull by the horns, as it were, and off she went....; and when the wand was given to her, she said, without the least hesitation, that it would be very convenient to beat the maid with who did her hair, when she pulled the tangles in it. So the Roan Bull knew he had got the right one at last.

In this story, also, there is no explanation of the word "Orange". The hero was the "Bull of Orange", but the wherefore remains enveloped in darkness.

.


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title: User:Anypodetos


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The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Fessenden, Thomas Green

FESSENDEN, Thomas Green, American author: b. Walpole, N. H., 22 April 1771; d. Boston, 11 Nov. 1837. He was graduated from Dartmouth College in 1796. He went to London in 1801, and while there published anonymously a satirical poem, ‘Terrible Tractoration’ (1803). He returned to the United States; did literary work in New York; went to Boston and founded the ‘New England Farmer’ (1822). Some of his publications were ‘The American Clerk's Companion’ (1815); ‘The Ladies' Monitor’ (1818); and ‘Laws of Patents for New Inventions’ (1822).


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The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Fessenden, William Pitt

FESSENDEN, William Pitt, American statesman: b. Boscawen, N. H., 16 Oct. 1806; d. Portland, Me., 8 Sept. 1869. He was graduated at Bowdoin College in 1823 and admitted to the bar in 1827. He entered politics and soon acquired a national reputation as a lawyer and a Whig. He was elected to the United States Senate in 1854, and a week after he took his seat made a speech against the Kansas-Nebraska Bill which placed him in the front rank of senatorial orators. During the Civil War he was conspicuous for his efforts to sustain the national credit. He was made Secretary of the Treasury in 1864, and having placed it on a firm basis, resigned in 1865 to return to his seat in the Senate.


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Hannen, James


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Hankey, Thomson


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Hampden, Viscount


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Rh

NOTE III (p. 13).

That the principle of intra-selection is at work in plants just as in animals is seen from other than merely general considerations. Vöchting has recently described some experiments with plants which were kept in a feeble light. These at first showed marked effects therefrom, producing, for instance, flowers that were much below the usual size; they afterwards, however, 'adapted' themselves to the abnormal illumination, and yielded flowers of the normal size. This adaptation is probably to be referred to intra-selection. (Compare Vöchting, 'Ueber den Einfluss des Lichtes auf die Gestaltung und Anlage der Blüthen,' Berlin, 1893, p. 11.)

Moreover, all the various adaptations of the parts of plants to the special influences that affect them, such as gravity, light, moisture, and chemical stimuli, must likewise be referred to the process of intra-selection. The delicate sensitiveness of tissue and protoplasm is hereditary, but it is through the struggle of parts that special adaptation to the actual conditions is secured. To take one example, already quoted above: the form of a tree is adjusted to the gap between other trees—vigorous growth takes place on the side next the light, while the shoots are retarded on the shaded side.

NOTE IV (p. 14).

Wilhelm Roux, Der Kampf der Theile im Organismus. Leipzig, 1881.

In this important treatise the principal subject discussed in addition to that of the spongy substance of bones is the form and branching of the blood-vessels in vertebrates. It is shown that these are constructed on the most suitable mechanical principles. For example, the lumen of a blood-vessel, where it leaves a larger trunk, is not of the usual cylindrical form, but is conical, and thus has the form which a free jet from a round lateral opening in the trunk would


text: Folk-Lore/Volume 4

title: Folk-Lore/Volume 4


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58 assume in virtue of the pressure of fluid from within. The form, moreover, varies according to the angle which the branch makes with the trunk and the relative sizes of the two vessels. There is consequently the smallest possible amount of friction of the blood on the walls of the vessels through which it circulates; and as the number of branches of the vessels is immense, we must acknowledge the importance of an arrangement which largely helps to render possible 'the working of the circulation with a minimum expenditure of vital energy and of the vascular tissue.'

NOTE V (p. 22).

See F. Merrifield, 'The Colouring of Chrysophanus phlaeas as affected by temperature,' The Entomologist, December, 1892, and December, 1893. The results arrived at by this accurate observer agree very well with those I obtained with regard to the same butterfly, a brief account of which is given in The Germ-Plasm: A Theory of Heredity. London, 1893, p. 399.

The fact that a direct action of the temperature is concerned in the case of Polyommatus (Chrysophanus) phlaeas and that the change of colour is not due to some special adaptation is shown by the observations of Fritze, who found the individuals of this species in South Japan were almost entirely black in the warmest part of the summer. Cf Fritze, 'Ueber Saison-Dimorphismus und Polymorphismus bei japanischen Schmetterlingen.' ''Berichte der naturf Ges. zu Freiburg i. Br.'', Bd. VIII, 1894, pp. 152–162.

While referring to Merrifield's valuable researches perhaps I may be allowed to call attention to the inconvenience resulting from recording temperature in degrees of Fahrenheit's scale in such works. Physicists and chemists have long since agreed to make use of the Centigrade scale in their writings; and it would be a great gain to scientific men in all the non-English countries if the zoologists of England and America would also adopt this usage. It is troublesome


text: Folk-Lore/Volume 4/Annual Address by the President


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Rh to have to convert degrees of Fahrenheit into Centigrade, and as a rule a remainder is left, so that one has constantly to work with fractions. Moreover no distinct picture is suggested to the mind of those unaccustomed to the use of Fahrenheit's scale.

NOTE VI (p. 24).

An observation of Dr. Adalbert Seitz, the well-known authority on butterflies, also seems to me to indicate that seasonal dimorphism, dependent on adaptation, may in fact occur. Dr. Seitz relates in his interesting 'Reiseskizzen' (Stettiner entomologische Zeitung, 1893, p. 27) that on the hills near Yokohama, in Japan, numerous butterflies are to be found flying about as late as November. Their 'lower surface is leaf-like, and this is the more noteworthy as the summer-generations of the same butterflies are different in this respect; the autumn-form of Grapta C. aureum has consequently been described as G. pryeri and Terias laeta and T. Jaegeri, which are only different generations of a seasonally dimorphic butterfly, have long been regarded as distinct species.' The author explains the adaptation by referring to the fact that at that time of year even the last remnants of the green leaves have disappeared, while the ground is strewn with withered leaves. It would be interesting to follow out this incidental allusion more carefully. It would not only show how marked and constant the differences between the two generations are, but would also prove the biological value of these differences; for whenever dimorphism depends on processes of selection, each of the forms is an adaptation, and must have a biological significance. For instance, if the colouration of the underside of the summer-generation were of no importance—that is, if the pattern might equally well be leaf-like—it would be difficult to see why the adaptation of the autumn-generation to dried leaves should not have extended to the other generation as well. This consideration is also valid in the case of Vanessa levana-prorsa. We cannot hold the adaptive nature of this seasonal dimorphism


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The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Fessler, Ignaz Aurelius

FESSLER, fĕs'lėr, Ignaz Aurelius, Hungarian historian: b. Czurendorf, 18 May 1756; d. 15 Dec. 1839. He joined the Capuchin order in 1773 and six years later was ordained to the priesthood. In 1784 he sent a letter to Joseph II in which he suggested methods for bettering the education of the clergy and calling attention to irregularities in the monasteries. An investigation followed and Fessler found he had made many enemies. In that year he became professor of Oriental languages and hermeneutics in Lemberg. His tragedy ‘Sidney,’ published in 1788, raised another storm and Fessler fled to Silesia. He was converted to Lutheranism in 1791 and five years later removed to Berlin where he joined the Masonic order and founded a humanitarian society. He held a government post for a time but lost it in 1806 and spent three lean years until summoned to Saint Petersburg in 1809 by Alexander I, who made him court councillor and professor of Oriental languages at the Alexander-Nevski Academy. After many other changes he finally became chief superintendent of the Lutheran communities of Saint Petersburg. He was the author of many works of which his ‘History of Hungary’ is still of value. Consult his ‘Rückblick auf meine Liebzigjährige Pilgerschaft’ (2d ed., Leipzig 1851).


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60 to be proved as long as no explanation is forthcoming of the biological value of the colouration in the spring form V. levana. After the above lecture had been delivered, I received a recent paper by Dr. Brandes ('Der Saison-Dimorphismus bei einheimischen u. exotischen Schmetterlingen'; Halle, 1894), in which it is shown that a series of tropical butterflies are probably seasonally dimorphic in a manner similar to that which I have supposed to occur in Vanessa prorsa, the difference between the two forms being due to the adaptation of one generation to certain seasonal surroundings. Although these cases are not conclusively proved, I do not doubt that a seasonal dimorphism depending on adaptation exists. We must therefore distinguish between two kinds of seasonal dimorphism:—that which is called forth by the direct influence of temperature acting on the germ-plasm and on the growing scales, as well as an adaptive seasonal dimorphism, due to adaptation of both generations to different external surroundings. In the first instance, the temperature is the actual cause of the change in colouration; while in the second case it only serves as the stimulus which decides whether one or the other of two kinds of colouration shall appear.

NOTE VII (p. 28).

Rotifers, as is well known, produce two kinds of eggs, large ones that give rise to females, and small ones from which males arise. According to Maupas ('Sur le detérminisme de la sexualité chez l'Hydatina senta'; Compt. rend, T. 113, pp. 388–390), the same female always brings forth the same kind of eggs—either male alone or female alone; and it can be proved that whether a mother will produce daughter-forms which will bring forth male eggs, or daughter-forms which will produce female eggs, depends on the higher or lower temperature of the water in which the mother lives. We can make the mother produce alternately male-producing daughters or female-producing daughters; so


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Author:Lucy Mary Jane Garnett

Works

 * Women of Turkey and their Folk-lore

title: Author:Lucy Mary Jane Garnett


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Page:Examiner, Journal of Political Economy, v2n07.djvu/1

AND

DEVOTED TO THE ADVANCEMENT OF THE CAUSE OF STATE RIGHTS AND FREE TRADE. The Powers not Delegated to the United States, by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the People. . . ''Amendments to the Constitution, Art. X.''

Freedom of Industry, as sacred as freedom of speech or of the press. . . Jefferson.

AN EXPOSITION Of the Virginia Resolutions of 1798, in a series of Essays, addressed to Thomas Ritchie, by a distinguished citizen of Virginia, under the signature of "," in February, 1833.

No. IV.

In my last letter, sir, I submitted for your solution a proposition which appears to me to place you in considerable difficulty. A lion in the toils might, in perfect consistency with his character, decline all means of escape, through fear of committing his dignity upon an unsuccessful effort. In order that I may reconcile you to this course, (believing that you are already determined on pursuing it,) I proceed to show you that you could not escape, if you would.

You will perhaps say, that although a State has a right to pronounce on the constitutionality of an act of Congress, yet it is, nevertheless, bound to submit to an act so pronounced to be unconstitutional, until the other States shall have sanctioned its decision. This, if it were true, might perhaps afford some ground of apology for the President and Congress. It is this which I have already alluded to, as presenting the only possible chance of escape from the horns of my dilemma. Indeed, sir, it may be useful for you to know, that a great many of the most vociferous denouncers of Nullification go with it, in perfect fellowship, until it reaches this point. I will endeavour now to show that there is no sort of reason for separating here; and if I should succeed in this effort, you may rely upon it, that a vast number who are now in your ranks will desert to mine. I affirm, therefore, that the Resolutions of 1798, so far from countenancing the idea that a State which has pronounced an act of Congress to be unconstitutional, is bound to obey that law, until the other States shall sanction its decision, do distinctly assert the precise reverse. This, I doubt not, I shall prove.

I presume it will readily be admitted, that Madison's Report, which was made expressly to sustain those Resolutions, is a fair interpreter of their meaning. That Report, after stating the proposition, that "where resort can be had to no tribunal superior to the authority of the parties, the parties themselves must be the judges in the last resort, whether the bargain made has been pursued or violated," proceeds thus: "The States, then, being the parties to the Constitutional Compact, and in their sovereign capacity, it follows, of necessity, that there can be no tribunal above their authority, to decide, in the last resort, whether the Compact made by them be violated: and, consequently, that as the parties to it, they must decide, in the last resort, such questions as may be of sufficient magnitude to require their interposition. From this view of the Resolution, it would seem inconceivable that it can incur any just disapprobation from those who, laying aside all momentary impressions, and recollecting the genuine source and object of the Federal Constitution, shall candidly and accurately interpret the meaning of the General Assembly. If the deliberate exercise of dangerous powers, palpably withheld by the Constitution, could not justify the parties to it, in interposing, even so far as to avert the progress of the evil, and thereby to preserve the Constitution itself, as well as to provide for the safety of the parties to it, there would be an end of all relief from usurped power, and a direct subversion of the rights specified or recognized under all the State Constitutions, as well as a plain denial of the fundamental principle on which our independence itself was declared."

This language appears to me to be plain enough for any common understanding. It even goes a bow-shot beyond the Nullification of South Carolina.—That State admits that the other States, acting as such, may overrule her decision; but the Resolutions, as explained by the Report, contemplate such decision as "in the last resort," and therefore, final and conclusive. This must be the correct interpretation, unless the Report, by the term "States" and "parties," intended to limit itself to the plural number, and of course, not to include a single State, acting by itself. This is, at least, a mere quibble, altogether unworthy of the dignity of the subject; but as there appears to be a determination to get rid of our old principles in some way or other, their friends must not neglect their defence, even at those points which would seem to be impregnably intrenched. If, then, the Resolutions do not contemplate the interposition of each State for itself, they must contemplate such interposition either by all the States, or by a majority of the States, or by a plural number, less than a majority of the States. If the first was meant, it was a most useless and a ridiculous parade of argument to prove what is altogether self-evident. Certainly those who made the Government have a right not only to check and control it, but even to unmake it, whenever all of them concur in that wish. If, therefore, this be the meaning of the Resolutions, they only affirm what no one would ever think of denying, and what is equally true of other Governments as of ours. Do the resolutions, then, refer to a majority of the States? The same remark applies here. The right of a majority to rule, is a fundamental principle in all


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The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Festa, Costanzo

FESTA, Costanzo, cōs-tän'zō fes'tä, Italian composer: b. Rome about 1496; d. there, 10 April 1545. He became a member of the pontifical choir 1517, and composed much church music, many madrigals for three voices, motets and litanies, many of his manuscript scores being still preserved in the archives of the pontifical chapel and the Vatican. His ‘Te Deum’ is sung at the election of new popes, the appointment of new cardinals and at the Festival of the Holy Sacrament. It was published in Rome in 1596.


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Page:United States Reports, Volume 545.djvu/987

 Opinion of the Court the common law. Sony Corp. v. Universal City Studios, supra, at 439 (“If vicarious liability is to be imposed on Sony in this case, it must rest on the fact that it has sold equipment with constructive knowledge” of the potential for infringement). Thus, where evidence goes beyond a product’s characteristics or the knowledge that it may be put to infringing uses, and shows statements or actions directed to promoting infringement, Sony’s staple-article rule will not preclude liability.

The classic case of direct evidence of unlawful purpose occurs when one induces commission of infringement by another, or “entic[es] or persuad[es] another” to infringe, Black’s Law Dictionary 790 (8th ed. 2004), as by advertising. Thus at common law a copyright or patent defendant who “not only expected but invoked [infringing use] by advertisement” was liable for infringement “on principles recognized in every part of the law.” Kalem Co. v. Harper Brothers, 222 U.S., at 62–63 (copyright infringement). See also Henry v. A. B. Dick Co., 224 U.S., at 48–49 (contributory liability for patent infringement may be found where a good’s “most conspicuous use is one which will coöperate in an infringement when sale to such user is invoked by advertisement” of the infringing use); Thomson-Houston Electric Co. v. Kelsey Electric R. Specialty Co., 75 F. 1005, 1007–1008 (CA2 1896) (relying on advertisements and displays to find defendant’s “willingness … to aid other persons in any attempts which they may be disposed to make towards [patent] infringement”); Rumford Chemical Works v. Hecker, 20 F. Cas. 1342, 1346 (No. 12,133) (CC NJ 1876) (demonstrations of infringing activity along with “avowals of the [infringing] purpose and use for which it was made” supported liability for patent infringement).


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THOMPSON, CHARLES (1740?–1799), vice-admiral, born about 1740, went first to sea in a merchant ship, but on the imminence of war with France entered the navy on board the Nassau in 1755. In the Nassau, in the Prince Frederick, and afterwards with Captain [q. v.] in the Achilles, he served till 3 Dec. 1760, when he passed his examination, being then, according to his certificate, ‘more than 20.’ On 16 Jan. 1761 he was promoted to be lieutenant of the Arrogant, at first in the Channel and afterwards in the Mediterranean. The Arrogant was paid off at the peace, and in August 1763 Thompson joined the Cygnet sloop, in which he served for five years on the North American station. In July 1768 the Cygnet was sold out of the navy in South Carolina, and Thompson, with the other officers, was left to find his own passage to England, for which a payment of 39l. 0s. 6d. was afterwards made to him. In May 1770 he was appointed to the Salisbury, again on the North American station, and in February 1771 was promoted by Commodore [q. v.] to be commander of the Senegal sloop. Three months later he was appointed by Gambier to be captain of the Mermaid, which he took to England in December 1771. The admiralty refused to confirm this last commission, but promoted him to the rank of captain on 7 April 1772, and appointed him to the Chatham, going out to the West Indies with the flag of Vice-admiral William Parry. From the Chatham he was moved into the Crescent frigate, which he brought home in the summer of 1774. In the following year he was appointed to the Boreas frigate, in which he went out to Jamaica early in 1776. He returned to England with the convoy of merchant ships in October 1777, and was again sent out to the West Indies, where towards the end of 1780 he was moved by Sir George Rodney into the Alcide of 74 guns. He commanded the Alcide in the action off the Chesapeake on 5 Sept. 1781 [see ], with Sir [q. v.] at St. Kitts in January 1782, and in the action of 12 April 1782 [see ]. In 1787 he commanded the Edgar at Portsmouth, and the Elephant during ‘the Spanish armament’ in 1790.

In 1793 he was appointed to the Vengeance, which he took out to the West Indies. There in the following year, as commodore, he took part in the capture of Martinique and Guadeloupe, and the other operations of the squadron under the command of Sir (afterwards Earl of St. Vincent) [q. v.] On 12 April 1794 he was promoted to be rear admiral; he returned to England in 1795 with his flag in the Vanguard, and on 1 June was promoted to be vice-admiral. During 1796, with his flag in the London, he commanded a detached squadron in the Channel and on the coast of France. Towards the close of the year he was sent out to the Mediterranean, and, with his flag in the Britannia, was second in command in the battle of Cape St. Vincent, for which he was made a baronet. He continued with the fleet for some months, but having ‘presumed to censure the execution’ of four mutineers on Sunday, 9 July, Lord St. Vincent wrote home insisting that he should be immediately removed (, ii. 409). Thompson was accordingly recalled, and appointed to a command in the fleet off Brest. He held this during 1798, but his health had for some time been failing, and early in 1799 he was obliged to strike his flag and go on shore. He died at Fareham on 17 March. He married Jane, daughter and heiress of R. Selby of Bonington, near Edinburgh, and left issue.

THOMPSON, EDWARD (1738?–1786), commodore and author, son of a merchant of Hull, received his early education at Beverley and afterwards at Hampstead under Dr. Cox, formerly of Harrow. He is said to have made a voyage to Greenland in 1750. In 1754 he entered on board an East Indiaman and made a voyage to the East Indies. On his return to England he entered on board the Stirling Castle, a 64-gun-ship, being rated midshipman. Two years later, on 16 Nov. 1757, he passed his examination and was promoted to be lieutenant of the Jason, in the North Sea and the Channel; ten days later, in December 1758, he was moved into the Dorsetshire with Captain [q. v.], and in her shared in the long blockade of Brest through the summer of 1759, and in the battle of Quiberon Bay on 20 Nov. In March 1760 he accompanied Denis to the Bellona, in which he stayed till the end of the war. He was then put on half-pay.

He had already shown some turn for literature, and during the next few years devoted himself wholly to it. His amusing satire ‘The Meretriciad’ (1755?), in which he cele-


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  the charms of ‘Kitty’ Fisher and some of her associates, reached a sixth edition in 1765. It was followed by the ‘Demi-Rep’ (1756), by the ‘Courtesan,’ and by several other ‘Meretricious Miscellanies,’ as the author called them. None of these works bore the author's name. They were collected in 1770 under the collective title of ‘The Court of Cupid.’ In the previous year he had issued his boisterous ode entitled ‘Trinculo's Trip to the [Stratford] Jubilee.’ That he was not very judicious in his choice of friends is shown by his dedication of it to ‘John Hall’ [Stevenson, q. v.], to whom he expressed anxiety to ‘laugh to the last like Aretin.’

Of greater interest was his ‘Sailor's Letters, written to his Select Friends in England during his Voyages and Travels in Europe, Asia, Africa, and America, from the year 1754 to 1759’ (2 vols. 12mo, 1767), which depicts the social life of the navy, as well as giving a graphic account of the battle of Quiberon Bay.

In 1771, through the influence, it is said, of Garrick, he was promoted to the rank of commander and appointed to the Kingfisher, a small vessel employed in the North Sea on preventive service. At the end of the year he was moved into the Raven, in which he went out to the Mediterranean, where Sir Peter Denis, the commander-in-chief, promoted him to be captain of the Niger by a commission that was confirmed by the admiralty and dated 2 April 1772. In June he brought the Niger home and was again for some years on half-pay. In 1773 he altered from the old play of [q. v.] ‘The Fair Quaker: or the Humours of the Navy,’ which was produced at Drury Lane on 11 Nov. 1773 and printed within the year. Miss Pope played the title rôle and the revival was a success (, v. 398). It still possesses a certain interest as bearing upon contemporary naval life. In 1775 he published ‘The Case and Distressed Situation of the Widows of the Officers of the Navy,’ dated from ‘St. James's Street,’ and in the following year his two-act masque called ‘The Syrens,’ which was given at Covent Garden, and printed during 1776. The dedication, to Mrs. Vaughan, is dated from Kew.

In May 1778 Thompson was appointed to the Hyæna, a small frigate, which early in 1779 he took out to the West Indies, returning to England with convoy in September. In December the Hyæna was attached to the fleet which under Sir (afterwards Lord Rodney) [q. v.] relieved Gibraltar, and was sent home with despatches. In August 1780 she went out to New York in charge of convoy, and from there to Charlestown and Barbados. On 29 March 1781 Thompson wrote from Barbados, ‘I am now, by command of the admiral, going to take Berbice and establish the colonies of Demerara and Essequibo according to capitulation.’

On this service he continued during the greater part of the year, organising the government of the colonies and taking such measures for their defence as were possible with very inadequate resources. Rodney had returned to England; Sir (afterwards Lord Hood) [q. v.], whom he left in command, had gone to New York, and in November, Thompson, at the very urgent request of the merchants, convoyed their trade to Barbados. Finding that there was no provision for convoying it thence to Europe, he took on himself the responsibility of doing it, and after calling at St. Kitts and vainly endeavouring to persuade the commanding officer of the troops to co-operate with him in an attempt to recover St. Eustatius, he sailed for England, where he arrived in the end of January 1782. Unfortunately, in his absence, the Guiana colonies were captured by a small French squadron; and on 1 April Thompson was tried by court-martial on the charge of having left his station and returned to England without orders. The court, however, pronounced what he had done to be ‘necessary, judicious, and highly meritorious,’ and honourably acquitted him. In the following year he was appointed to the Grampus of 50 guns, in which he went out to the west coast of Africa as commodore of the small squadron there. In 1784 he visited Charles Murray, the British consul at Madeira, and while there wrote his ‘nautic poem’ entitled ‘Bello Monte,’ in which he describes the discovery of the island. He died, unmarried, on board the Grampus on 17 Jan. 1786. His portrait was engraved by A. McKenzie (, p. 381).

Thompson edited ‘The Works of Oldham’ (3 vols. 8vo, 1771); of Andrew Marvell (3 vols. 4to, 1776); and of Paul Whitehead (1777, 4to). His poems, which procured for him in the navy the distinguishing name of Poet Thompson, have been long since deservedly forgotten; but some of his sea songs still find their way into naval song-books, notably ‘Loose every Sail to the Breeze,’ and ‘The Topsail shivers in the Wind.’


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2. Creative Commons licenses
Although the GFDL extended open-content licensing principles outside the domain of software, the license remains tied to a specific context, namely, the licensing of software manuals and other texts. Many provisions of the GFDL, such as the references to “title pages,” “cover texts,” “invariant sections,” are difficult to understand or to apply outside the context of literary works. Thus, although the GFDL represented an important step in the evolution of open-content licensing, it failed to yield a product generally applicable to all varieties of copyrightable work.

Extending open-content licensing more broadly to other types of works became the mission of the nonprofit Creative Commons organization. Creative Commons’s co-founder, law professor Lawrence Lessig, explained that the project aimed to create a commons of expressive works freely available for others to copy and reuse by adopting the same types of licensing arrangements that had proved successful in the FOSS world:

The idea (again, stolen from the FSF [Free Software Foundation]) was to produce copyright licenses that artists, authors, educators, and researchers could use to announce to the world the freedoms that they want their creative work to carry. If the default rule of copyright is “all rights reserved,” the express meaning of a Creative Commons license is that only “some rights [are] reserved.” For example, copyright law gives the copyright holder the exclusive right to make “copies” of his or her work. A Creative Commons license could, in effect, announce that this exclusive right was given to the public.

To appreciate the innovative character of the Creative Commons family of licenses, consider how each of the licenses considered so far joins certain policy decisions together in the terms of the license. In the case of the FOSS licenses, policies surrounding attribution, reciprocity, and commercial use converge, while the GFDL raises the possible prohibition on certain forms of derivative works. Each of the licenses considered previously joins policy decisions on several of those issues together in a single license: GPL-licensed works may be copied for noncommercial purposes, but only on reciprocal terms; BSD-licensed works may be copied for commercial purposes, but only if the licensee provides attribution; and so forth.

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The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Feuerbach, Anselm

FEUERBACH, foi'ėr-bä H, Anselm, German painter: b. Spires, 12 Sept. 1829; d. Venice, 4 Jan. 1880. He studied at the art schools of Düsseldorf and Munich, and later at Antwerp and Paris. He worked at Carlsruhe, Venice, Rome and Vienna. His Roman period was productive of several splendid works, in which are apparent his close study of the Italian masters. He became professor at the Vienna Academy in 1873, but disappointed at the reception of one of his works resigned and removed to Venice. Among his principal works are ‘Iphigenia’ (Stuttgart); ‘Dante at Ravenna’ (Carlsruhe); ‘Medea’ (Munich); ‘The Concert’ (Berlin); ‘The Battle of the Amazons,’ ‘Pieta’ (Munich); ‘Symposium of Plato’ (Carlsruhe); ‘Ariosto at Ferrara’ (Munich).


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 THOMPSON, GEORGE (1804–1878), anti-slavery advocate, born at Liverpool on 18 June 1804, was the third son of Henry Thompson of Leicester. He first became widely known as an advocate of the abolition of slavery in the British colonies. In October 1833 a series of lectures by him led to the formation of ‘the Edinburgh Society for the abolition of slavery throughout the world.’ He also lectured and took part in public discussions in Liverpool, Manchester, Glasgow, Bath, and other places. In September 1834 he undertook a mission to the United States. He engaged with William Lloyd Garrison, Whittier, and the members of the American Anti-Slavery Society in the movement for the abolition of slavery, and was instrumental in forming upwards of three hundred branch associations for that object. He is said to have caused by his speeches the failure of Thomas Jefferson Randolph's so-called ‘Port Natal’ plan of negro emancipation in Virginia. He was denounced by General Jackson in a presidential message. His life was frequently in danger. At the end of 1835 he had to escape from Boston in an open boat to an English vessel bound for New Brunswick, whence he sailed for England. On his return he was received with enthusiasm at Glasgow, Edinburgh, Newcastle-on-Tyne, and other large towns. He revisited America in 1851, and again during the civil war, when a public reception was given to him in the house of representatives, in the presence of President Lincoln and the majority of the cabinet.

Thompson was associated with [q. v.], Sir Joshua Walmsley, and other public men in the National Parliamentary Reform Association. He was a member of the Anti-Cornlaw League, and took part in forming the British India Association, visiting India in order to acquire a knowledge of Indian government. In 1846 he was presented with the freedom of the city of Edinburgh; on 31 July 1847 he was returned to parliament for the Tower Hamlets, retaining his seat till 1852, and about 1870 a testimonial was raised for him by his friends in England and the United States. He died at Leeds on 7 Oct. 1878. In 1831 he married Anne Erskine, daughter of Richard Spry, a minister in the connection of the Countess of Huntingdon. By her he had six children.

Thompson was an admirable speaker, and of attractive manner in society. John Bright ‘always considered him the liberator of the slaves in the English colonies.’

THOMPSON, GILBERT (1728–1803), physician, was born in Lancashire in 1728, and for many years kept a well-frequented school near Lancaster, on retiring from which he went to Edinburgh, and graduated doctor of medicine on 8 June 1753. He then went to London, but, meeting with little encouragement as a practitioner, he for a time served as writing-master in a boarding-school at Tottenham, and subsequently became a dispensing assistant to Timothy Bevan, the druggist. About 1765 his uncle, Gilbert Thompson of Penketh, died and left him 4,000l. He then commenced work as a physician in the city, and eventually attained to a fair practice. He was admitted a licentiate of the College of Physicians on 25 June 1770. He died at his house in Salter's Court, Cannon Street, 1 Jan. 1803. He was a quaker, and is represented as a man of great integrity, of mild and unassuming manners, and possessed of considerable learning and professional skill. He was an intimate friend of the physician, [q. v.] He is said to have been secretary to the Medical Society of London for several years, but there is no entry to this effect in the books of the society; he was a member, and was present at the first meeting in May 1773.

His works were:
 * 1) ‘Disputatio Medica Inauguralis de Exercitatione,’ Edinburgh, 1753, 4to.
 * 2) ‘A Biographical Memoir of the Life and a View of the Character of the late Dr. Fothergill,’ London, 1782, 8vo.
 * 3) ‘Select Translations from Homer and Horace, with original Poems,’ London, 1801, 8vo.

THOMPSON, HARRY STEPHEN MEYSEY (1809–1874), agriculturist, born at Newby Park in Yorkshire on 11 Aug. 1809, was the eldest son of Richard John Thompson (1771–1853) of Kirby Hall, Yorkshire, captain in the 4th dragoons, by his wife Mary, daughter and coheiress of Richard Meysey of Shakenhurst, Worcestershire. After reading at home and under a private tutor near London, Harry entered Trinity College, Cambridge, as a fellow commoner in 1829. For some time he studied entomology under Charles Darwin, and gra-


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 in honours in the mathematical tripos of 1832. He then travelled in Scotland and on the continent, spending part of 1834 in the south of France, and even setting out on a journey to Constantinople. He stayed some time at Pesth, but was prevented by the sickness of a companion from reaching his destination. His letters home show with what keen interest he observed the agricultural methods and practices of foreign countries. On his return home he settled down at Kirby to the ordinary life of a country gentleman, though, but for his father's objections, his ambitions would have been rather directed to a parliamentary and diplomatic career.

Following the example of Arthur Young, Thompson, accompanied by (afterwards Lord Ossington) [q. v.], by Mr. (afterwards Sir John) Lawes, and by others, made a number of practical agricultural tours in various parts of the country. Some of his impressions relative to the agricultural state of Ireland are to be found in ‘Tait's Magazine,’ April 1840.

In 1837 Thompson took an important part in founding the Yorkshire Agricultural Society, of which he was president in 1862, and of which he continued to be the leading spirit till 1870, when pressure of work compelled him to resign.

Thompson was also one of the founders and strongest supporters of the Royal Agricultural Society of England, established in 1838, and he contributed largely to its earlier publications. After the death of [q. v.] in 1855 Thompson conducted the society's journal, first as editor, and then as chairman of the journal committee. After taking an active part in the affairs of the society for thirty-five years he was compelled to resign through ill health in 1873. He was member of council from 27 June 1838 till 3 March 1858, and trustee from 3 March 1858 till his death on 17 May 1874.

In connection with [q. v.], a chemist of York, Thompson began, in the summer of 1845, some experiments as to the power of the soil in absorbing and assimilating ammonia. The series of experiments was never completed. About 1848 a brief outline of the results was communicated to Professor Way and Mr. Huxtable. Professor Way followed up the subject and produced some important results. In 1850 Thompson published an account of his unfinished studies in an open letter to Philip Pusey, which appeared in the ‘Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society’ (xi. 68). This slight experiment contains the germ of one of the most important, if not the most important, of all the scientific investigations connected with the practice of agriculture.

But one of Thompson's most valuable contributions to practical agriculture was the discovery of the great value of covered fold-yards for protecting cattle and for improving the quality of manure. At that time all fold-yards were open to the weather, and the attention of farmers had not been drawn to the damage done by rain and snow to the manure. The first covered yard (made for pigs) is still in existence on the Kirby Hall estate exactly as it was put up. The experiment was so successful that it was soon followed by a larger covered yard for cattle. The fame of these yards spread, they were visited by many agriculturists, and have now become common throughout the country.

Thompson's connection with railways began in 1849. Deeming George Hudson's management of the companies under his charge to be unsatisfactory, Thompson summoned in that year on his own responsibility a meeting of the York, Newcastle, and Berwick shareholders at York, and he secured the deposition of Hudson, and the election of a new board of directors. He refused a seat on the board at the time, but shortly afterwards became chairman of the North Midland Railway Company. When, in 1854, the two companies were amalgamated under the title of the North-Eastern Railway, he became chairman of the united companies. Neither of the two was paying a dividend at the period at which the amalgamation took place; in 1874, when Sir Harry Thompson resigned his seat as chairman, some months before his death, the North-Eastern was paying a dividend of nine and a quarter per cent.

In 1853 Thompson had succeeded, on his father's death, to the family estates; and in 1859 entered parliament as member for Whitby in the liberal interest. He took part especially in legislation bearing on agriculture, the management of railways, and church rating. He held his seat for nearly seven years, but was defeated in 1865. In 1868 he stood for the eastern division of the West Riding of Yorkshire, but was again defeated. He was a justice of the peace, deputy lieutenant, and high sheriff of Yorkshire in 1856.

On 26 March 1874 he was created a baronet. Two months later he died at his seat of Kirby Hall in Yorkshire on 17 May 1874. He was married, on 26 Aug. 1843, to Elizabeth Ann, second daughter of Sir John Croft, bart. By her he had five sons and five daughters. He was succeeded in the baronetcy by his eldest son, Sir Henry Meysey Meysey-Thompson.


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 Thompson's papers in the ‘Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society,’ eighteen in number, deal with many agricultural topics, particularly with questions relating to implements.

There is a portrait of him at Kirby Hall, in the uniform of a captain in the Yorkshire hussar yeomanry, and an enlarged photograph of him in the rooms of the Royal Agricultural Society.

THOMPSON, HENRY (1797–1878), miscellaneous writer, was born in Surrey in 1797. He was admitted to St. John's College, Cambridge, as a pensioner on 29 April 1818, graduating B.A. in 1822, and proceeding M.A. in 1825. In 1820 he competed for Sir William Browne's medal, receiving an extra prize for a Latin ode, and in 1824 he obtained the first members' prize for a Latin essay. He was ordained deacon in 1823 and priest in 1827. After being successively curate of St. George's, Camberwell, Surrey (1824–7), of St. Mary's, Salehurst, Sussex (1827–8), and of Wrington, Somerset (1828–1853), he was appointed vicar of Chard, Somerset, on 14 Sept. 1853, where he resided till his death on 29 Nov. 1878. He left two sons—Henry Bell, vicar of Tatworth, and Christopher.

Thompson was a man of very conservative instincts. In the words of his friend, Edward Augustus Freeman, whom he first met at Hannah More's house at Barley-Wood, he ‘seemed to look at everything in 1878 with exactly the same eyes with which he looked on things in 1839.’ At the same time, Freeman adds, ‘he showed us that past generation in its best colours.’ He was a good classical scholar and knew Hebrew and German.

Thompson was the author of: He published editions of Horace (1853, 8vo), and Virgil (1854, 8vo; 3rd edit. 1862), and also contributed most of the classical articles to the ‘Encyclopædia Metropolitana’ (1824), several of which he afterwards published separately. In 1845 he translated Schiller's ‘Maid of Orleans’ and ‘William Tell,’ and in 1850 he edited a volume of ‘Original Ballads by living Authors,’ to which E. A. Freeman was a contributor of nine poems. Thompson also contributed to ‘Lyra Sanctorum,’ ‘Lyra Eucharistica,’ and to the ‘Churchman's Companion.’
 * 1) ‘Davidica: twelve practical Sermons on the Life of David,’ London, 1827, 8vo.
 * 2) ‘Pastoralia: a Manual of Helps for the Parochial Clergy,’ London, 1830, 12mo; 2nd edit. 1832.
 * 3) ‘The Life of Hannah More,’ London, 1838, 8vo.
 * 4) ‘Concionalia: Outlines of Sermons for the Christian Year,’ London, 1853, 8vo; 2nd edit. 1862; 2nd ser. 1871.

THOMPSON, HENRY LANGHORNE (1829–1856), soldier, born at the cottage, Clumber Park, on 21 Sept. 1829, was the son of Jonathan Thompson of Sherwood Hall, Nottinghamshire, receiver-general of crown rents for the northern counties, by his wife Anne, daughter of Ralph Smyth, colonel in the royal artillery. He was educated at Eton, and on 20 Dec. 1845 received the commission of ensign in the East Indian army. On 20 Aug. 1846 he was appointed to the 68th Bengal native infantry, and on 12 Feb. 1850 was promoted lieutenant. He took part in the second Burmese war in 1852 and 1853, receiving a wound which necessitated his return to England. For his services he received the Pegu medal. In 1854 he volunteered in the Turkish army, received the rank of major, and, after visiting the Crimea, proceeded to Kars, where he arrived in March 1855. Under the command of Colonel Williams (afterwards Sir ) [q. v.], he gave important assistance in strengthening the fortifications. He distinguished himself in repelling the Russian assault on 29 Sept., crushing the Russian columns by his fire from Arab Tabia. His bravery won the admiration of the besiegers, and, on the surrender of Kars in November, Mouravieff, the Russian commander, returned him his sword. On 9 Nov. he was appointed captain unattached in the British army; on 7 Feb. 1856 he received the third class of the Turkish order of Medijie; and on 10 May was nominated an honorary C.B. He died unmarried at 70 Gloucester Street, Belgrave Road, on 13 June 1856, immediately after his return from Russia, where he had been detained a prisoner of war. He was buried in Brompton cemetery. A mural tablet was erected to his memory in St. Paul's Cathedral by public subscription. His letters, which give an interesting account of the siege of Kars, were published in Lake's ‘Kars and our Captivity in Russia’ (2nd ed. 1856).

[Lake's Defence of Kars, 1857; Sandwith's Siege of Kars, 3rd ed. 1856; Smith's Military Obituary, 1856; Times, 14 June 1856; Gent. Mag. 1856, ii. 118; Annual Register, 1856;


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 Chronicle, p. 255; Illustrated London News, 21 June 1856; information kindly given by B. H. Soulsby, esq. (Thompson's nephew).]

THOMPSON, JACOB (1806–1879), landscape-painter, eldest son of Merrick Thompson, a manufacturer of linen check and a well-known member of the Society of Friends, was born in Lanton Street, Penrith, Cumberland, on 28 Aug. 1806. His father was then in prosperous circumstances, but the depression of trade caused by the war of 1812 brought about his failure. Young Thompson's aspirations to become an artist met with little sympathy from his family, and he was apprenticed to a house-painter; but he struggled with energy and perseverance against these adverse influences, and devoted all his leisure time to his favourite pursuit. He at length attracted the notice of Lord Lonsdale, and with his help he came in 1829 to London with an introduction to Sir (1769–1830) [q. v.], and became a student at the British Museum and the Royal Academy.

He began to exhibit in 1824, when he had in the first exhibition of the Society of British Artists a ‘View in Cumberland,’ but he did not send a picture to the Royal Academy until 1832, in which year appeared ‘The Druids cutting down the Mistletoe.’ This was followed in 1833 by a picture containing full-length portraits of the daughters of the Hon. Colonel Lowther. His next exhibit was ‘Harvest Home in the Fourteenth Century,’ which appeared at the British Institution in 1837, and was presented by the artist to his patron, the Earl of Lonsdale. After this date he painted portraits, views of mansions, &c., but he did not exhibit again until 1847, when he sent to Westminster Hall ‘The Highland Ferry-Boat,’ which was engraved in line by [q. v.] ‘The Proposal’ appeared at the Royal Academy in 1848; ‘The Highland Bride,’ likewise engraved by Willmore, in 1851; ‘Going to Church: Scene in the Highlands,’ in 1852; ‘The Hope Beyond,’ in 1853; ‘The Course of true Love never did run smooth,’ in 1854; ‘The Mountain Ramblers,’ in 1855; ‘Sunny Hours of Childhood’ and ‘Looking out for the Homeward Bound,’ in 1856; and ‘The Pet Lamb,’ in 1857. He painted in 1858 ‘Crossing a Highland Loch,’ which was engraved by [q. v.]; but he did not again exhibit until 1860, when he sent to the Royal Academy ‘The Signal,’ which was engraved by Charles Cousen for the ‘Art Journal’ of 1862. In 1864 he had at the academy ‘The Height of Ambition,’ engraved by Charles Cousen for the ‘Art Journal,’ as was likewise by J. C. Armytage ‘Drawing the Net at Hawes Water,’ painted in 1867 for Lord Esher, but never exhibited. ‘Rush Bearing’ and a view of Rydal Mount are among his best works.

In his later years Thompson devoted himself chiefly to landscape subjects with figures, the themes of which were for the most part drawn from the mountains and lakes of Cumberland and Westmoreland, but occasionally from Scotland. His range, however, was limited, and his work was lacking in poetic sympathy. His attempts at classical and scriptural subjects, such as ‘Acis and Galatea,’ exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1849, and ‘Proserpine,’ were not a success. His last work was ‘Eldmuir, or Solitude.’

Thompson died at the Hermitage, Hackthorpe, Cumberland, where he had lived in retirement for upwards of forty years, on 27 Dec. 1879, and was buried in Lowther churchyard. His first wife was a sister of [q. v.], the celebrated calculator and civil engineer.

A portrait of Thompson, drawn on wood by himself, and engraved by W. Ballingall, is prefixed to his ‘Life’ by Llewellyn Jewitt.

THOMPSON, JAMES (1817–1877), journalist and local historian, son of Thomas Thompson, proprietor of the ‘Leicester Chronicle,’ by his wife Elizabeth, daughter of John Garton of Halstead, Leicestershire, was born at Leicester on 6 Dec. 1817. He received his education first at a school kept by Mr. Creaton of Billesdon, and afterwards under the Rev. Charles Berry, minister of the great meeting at Leicester. He adopted his father's profession of journalist, commencing as a reporter, and afterwards assisting in the editorial department. He soon became an able leader-writer, and for more than thirty years wrote nearly all the leading articles of the ‘Leicester Chronicle,’ the chief liberal paper in Leicestershire, which had belonged to his father since 1813. In 1841 he became joint proprietor of this journal with his father, and sole proprietor in 1864. In the same year he purchased the copyright of the ‘Leicestershire Mercury,’ which he united with the ‘Leicester Chronicle.’ In politics he was a liberal and a reformer. He worked actively for the abolition of the corn laws and of church rates,