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Rh "So off I went to Dowland in post-haste; found out where the fox was lying, turned him out of a furzebush, ran him one hour and forty minutes—a blaze of scent all the way—and took him up alive before the hounds on the very earths I had so lately quitted; where, unfortunately for him, a couple of scoundrels had remained on the watch, and had consequently headed him short back from that stronghold."

But Russell had not yet finished with the fox-killers, for he says: "The very next day after the run from Brimblecombe, a man came to Iddesleigh on purpose to inform me that the bell was going at Beaford, and that a fox had been traced into a brake near that hamlet. The brake, in reality, though not far from Iddesleigh, was in Mr. Glubb's country; but feeling sure that the necessity of the case would justify the encroachment, I let out the hounds at once, and hurried to the spot with all speed.

"On arriving at the brake I found only one man near it; and he, placed there as sentinel, was guarding it from disturbance with a watchful eye. I asked him to tell me where the fox was, but he gave me a very impertinent answer. Pulling out half a crown, I said, ’There, my man, I'd have given you that if you had told me where he was.' The fellow's eye positively sparkled at sight of the silver. 'Let me have it, then,' he replied, 'and I will show you where he is to a yard.'

"I ran that fox an hour, and lost him near where he was found. Then, just as I was calling the hounds away to go home, down came a crowd of men, women, and children to see this fox murdered. Many of them had brought their loaded guns, were full of beer, and eager for the fray. And when they discovered that I had disturbed their fox, as they were pleased to designate him, their language was anything but choice.


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Haddock

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Haddock


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542 "A strapping young fellow, one of the principal farmers in the parish, came up to me and said, ’Who are you, sir, to come here and spoil our sport?' 'You would have spoiled mine,' I replied, 'if you could.' 'We'll shoot them foxes whenever we can that I'll promise you,' he said in an angry tone. At that moment one of the hounds began to howl. I looked round, saw she was in pain, and asked in a threatening manner, 'Who kicked that hound?'

"No one spoke for half a minute, when a little boy said, pointing to another, 'That boy kicked her.' ’Did he?' I exclaimed. 'Then 'tis lucky for him that he is a little boy.' 'Why?' said the farmer with whom I had been previously talking. ’Because,' I replied, 'if a man had kicked her I would have horse-whipped him on the spot.' ’You would find that a difficult job if you tried it,' was his curt answer. I jumped off my horse, threw down my whip, and said, ’Who's the man to prevent me?'

"Not a word was spoken. I stood my ground, and one by one the crowd retired, the young farmer amongst the number; and from that day forward I secured for myself not only the goodwill and co-operation but the friendship of some of the best fox-preservers that the county of Devon has ever seen."

I have thought it as well to let Mr. Russell tell his own story. If the reader considers this a dignified scene for a clergyman to be engaged in I beg to differ from him. In 1832, after he had been six years at Iddesleigh, Mr. Russell moved to Tordown, a lone country house in the parish of Swymbridge, and in 1833, the perpetual curacy of Swymbridge and Landkey becoming vacant, he was appointed to the benefice by the Dean of Exeter, and there he remained almost till his death.

"When I was inducted," wrote he, "to this incumbency there was only one service here every Sunday—


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Rh morning and evening alternately with Landkey—whereas now, I am thankful to say, we have four services every Sunday in Swymbridge alone."

This shows that Parson Jack was not a mere mighty hunter before the Lord. He was a sincerely good man up to his lights, and never neglected a duty for the sake of a gallop after his hounds.

When he lost Mr. Sleeman he advertised for another curate in the North Devon Journal. "Wanted a curate for Swymbridge; must be a gentleman of moderate and orthodox views."

Mr. Hooker, vicar of Buckerell, was standing in a shop door in Barnstaple shortly after the appearance of this advertisement, when he was accosted by Will Chappie, the parish clerk of Swymbridge, who entered the grocer's shop. "Hav'ee got a coorate yet for Swymbridge, Mr. Chappie?" inquired the grocer in Mr. Hooker's hearing. "No, not yet, sir," replied the sexton, "Master's 'nation particler, and the man must be orthodox."

"What does that mean?" inquired the grocer.

"Well, I recken it means he must be a purty good rider."

And Mr. Chappie was not far out. A curate did apply and breakfasted with Russell. The meal over, two likely-looking hunters were brought round ready to be mounted. "I'm going to take 'ee to Landkey," explained Russell. Off they rode. The young cleric presently remarked, "How bare of trees your estate is," as they crossed the lands belonging to Russell.

"Ah!" responded the sportsman, "the hounds eat 'em." Coming to a stiff gate, Russell, with his hand in his pocket, cleared it like a bird, but looking round, saw the curate on the other side crawling over the gate, and crying out, "It won't open."


text:
United States Code/Title 42/Chapter 85/Section 7407

§ 7407. Air quality control regions CAA § 107

(a) Responsibility of each State for air quality; submission of implementation plan
Each State shall have the primary responsibility for assuring air quality within the entire geographic area comprising such State by submitting an implementation plan for such State which will specify the manner in which national primary and secondary ambient air quality standards will be achieved and maintained within each air quality control region in such State.

(b) Designated regions
For purposes of developing and carrying out implementation plans under section 7410 of this title—
 * (1) an air quality control region designated under this section before December 31, 1970, or a region designated after such date under subsection (c) of this section, shall be an air quality control region; and
 * (2) the portion of such State which is not part of any such designated region shall be an air quality control region, but such portion may be subdivided by the State into two or more air quality control regions with the approval of the Administrator.

(c) Authority of Administrator to designate regions; notification of Governors of affected States
The Administrator shall, within 90 days after December 31, 1970, after consultation with appropriate State and local authorities, designate as an air quality control region any interstate area or major intrastate area which he deems necessary or appropriate for the attainment and maintenance of ambient air quality standards. The Administrator shall immediately notify the Governors of the affected States of any designation made under this subsection.

(d) Designations

 * (1) Designations generally
 * (A) Submission by Governors of initial designations following promulgation of new or revised standards
 * By such date as the Administrator may reasonably require, but not later than 1 year after promulgation of a new or revised national ambient air quality standard for any pollutant under section 7409 of this title, the Governor of each State shall (and at any other time the Governor of a State deems appropriate the Governor may) submit to the Administrator a list of all areas (or portions thereof) in the State, designating as—
 * (i) nonattainment, any area that does not meet (or that contributes to ambient air quality in a nearby area that does not meet) the national primary or secondary ambient air quality standard for the pollutant,
 * (ii) attainment, any area (other than an area identified in clause (i)) that meets the national primary or secondary ambient air quality standard for the pollutant, or
 * (iii) unclassifiable, any area that cannot be classified on the basis of available information as meeting or not meeting the national primary or secondary ambient air quality standard for the pollutant.
 * The Administrator may not require the Governor to submit the required list sooner than 120 days after promulgating a new or revised national ambient air quality standard.
 * (B) Promulgation by EPA of designations
 * (i) Upon promulgation or revision of a national ambient air quality standard, the Administrator shall promulgate the designations of all areas (or portions thereof) submitted under subparagraph (A) as expeditiously as practicable, but in no case later than 2 years from the date of promulgation of the new or revised national ambient air quality standard. Such period may be extended for up to one year in the event the Administrator has insufficient information to promulgate the designations.
 * (ii) In making the promulgations required under clause (i), the Administrator may make such modifications as the Administrator deems necessary to the designations of the areas (or portions thereof) submitted under subparagraph (A) (including to the boundaries of such areas or portions thereof). Whenever the Administrator intends to make a modification, the Administrator shall notify the State and provide such State with an opportunity to demonstrate why any proposed modification is inappropriate. The Administrator shall give such notification no later than 120 days before the date the Administrator promulgates the designation, including any modification thereto. If the Governor fails to submit the list in whole or in part, as required under subparagraph (A), the Administrator shall promulgate the designation that the Administrator deems appropriate for any area (or portion thereof) not designated by the State.
 * (iii) If the Governor of any State, on the Governor’s own motion, under subparagraph (A), submits a list of areas (or portions thereof) in the State designated as nonattainment, attainment, or unclassifiable, the Administrator shall act on such designations in accordance with the procedures under paragraph (3) (relating to redesignation).
 * (iv) A designation for an area (or portion thereof) made pursuant to this subsection shall remain in effect until the area (or portion thereof) is redesignated pursuant to paragraph (3) or (4).
 * (C) Designations by operation of law
 * (i) Any area designated with respect to any air pollutant under the provisions of paragraph (1)(A), (B), or (C) of this subsection (as in effect immediately before November 15, 1990) is designated, by operation of law, as a nonattainment area for such pollutant within the meaning of subparagraph (A)(i).
 * (ii) Any area designated with respect to any air pollutant under the provisions of paragraph (1)(E) (as in effect immediately before November 15, 1990) is designated by operation of law, as an attainment area for such pollutant within the meaning of subparagraph (A)(ii).
 * (iii) Any area designated with respect to any air pollutant under the provisions of paragraph (1)(D) (as in effect immediately before November 15, 1990) is designated, by operation of law, as an unclassifiable area for such pollutant within the meaning of subparagraph (A)(iii).
 * (2) Publication of designations and redesignations
 * (A) The Administrator shall publish a notice in the Federal Register promulgating any designation under paragraph (1) or (5), or announcing any designation under paragraph (4), or promulgating any redesignation under paragraph (3).
 * (B) Promulgation or announcement of a designation under paragraph (1), (4) or (5) shall not be subject to the provisions of sections 553 through 557 of title 5 (relating to notice and comment), except nothing herein shall be construed as precluding such public notice and comment whenever possible.
 * (3) Redesignation
 * (A) Subject to the requirements of subparagraph (E), and on the basis of air quality data, planning and control considerations, or any other air quality-related considerations the Administrator deems appropriate, the Administrator may at any time notify the Governor of any State that available information indicates that the designation of any area or portion of an area within the State or interstate area should be revised. In issuing such notification, which shall be public, to the Governor, the Administrator shall provide such information as the Administrator may have available explaining the basis for the notice.
 * (B) No later than 120 days after receiving a notification under subparagraph (A), the Governor shall submit to the Administrator such redesignation, if any, of the appropriate area (or areas) or portion thereof within the State or interstate area, as the Governor considers appropriate.
 * (C) No later than 120 days after the date described in subparagraph (B) (or paragraph (1)(B)(iii)), the Administrator shall promulgate the redesignation, if any, of the area or portion thereof, submitted by the Governor in accordance with subparagraph (B), making such modifications as the Administrator may deem necessary, in the same manner and under the same procedure as is applicable under clause (ii) of paragraph (1)(B), except that the phrase “60 days” shall be substituted for the phrase “120 days” in that clause. If the Governor does not submit, in accordance with subparagraph (B), a redesignation for an area (or portion thereof) identified by the Administrator under subparagraph (A), the Administrator shall promulgate such redesignation, if any, that the Administrator deems appropriate.
 * (D) The Governor of any State may, on the Governor’s own motion, submit to the Administrator a revised designation of any area or portion thereof within the State. Within 18 months of receipt of a complete State redesignation submittal, the Administrator shall approve or deny such redesignation. The submission of a redesignation by a Governor shall not affect the effectiveness or enforceability of the applicable implementation plan for the State.
 * (E) The Administrator may not promulgate a redesignation of a nonattainment area (or portion thereof) to attainment unless—
 * (i) the Administrator determines that the area has attained the national ambient air quality standard;
 * (ii) the Administrator has fully approved the applicable implementation plan for the area under section 7410 (k) of this title;
 * (iii) the Administrator determines that the improvement in air quality is due to permanent and enforceable reductions in emissions resulting from implementation of the applicable implementation plan and applicable Federal air pollutant control regulations and other permanent and enforceable reductions;
 * (iv) the Administrator has fully approved a maintenance plan for the area as meeting the requirements of section 7505a of this title; and
 * (v) the State containing such area has met all requirements applicable to the area under section 7410 of this title and part D of this subchapter.
 * (F) The Administrator shall not promulgate any redesignation of any area (or portion thereof) from nonattainment to unclassifiable.
 * (4) Nonattainment designations for ozone, carbon monoxide and particulate matter (PM–10)
 * (A) Ozone and carbon monoxide
 * (i) Within 120 days after November 15, 1990, each Governor of each State shall submit to the Administrator a list that designates, affirms or reaffirms the designation of, or redesignates (as the case may be), all areas (or portions thereof) of the Governor’s State as attainment, nonattainment, or unclassifiable with respect to the national ambient air quality standards for ozone and carbon monoxide.
 * (ii) No later than 120 days after the date the Governor is required to submit the list of areas (or portions thereof) required under clause (i) of this subparagraph, the Administrator shall promulgate such designations, making such modifications as the Administrator may deem necessary, in the same manner, and under the same procedure, as is applicable under clause (ii) of paragraph (1)(B), except that the phrase “60 days” shall be substituted for the phrase “120 days” in that clause. If the Governor does not submit, in accordance with clause (i) of this subparagraph, a designation for an area (or portion thereof), the Administrator shall promulgate the designation that the Administrator deems appropriate.
 * (iii) No nonattainment area may be redesignated as an attainment area under this subparagraph.
 * (iv) Notwithstanding paragraph (1)(C)(ii) of this subsection, if an ozone or carbon monoxide nonattainment area located within a metropolitan statistical area or consolidated metropolitan statistical area (as established by the Bureau of the Census) is classified under part D of this subchapter as a Serious, Severe, or Extreme Area, the boundaries of such area are hereby revised (on the date 45 days after such classification) by operation of law to include the entire metropolitan statistical area or consolidated metropolitan statistical area, as the case may be, unless within such 45-day period the Governor (in consultation with State and local air pollution control agencies) notifies the Administrator that additional time is necessary to evaluate the application of clause (v). Whenever a Governor has submitted such a notice to the Administrator, such boundary revision shall occur on the later of the date 8 months after such classification or 14 months after November 15, 1990, unless the Governor makes the finding referred to in clause (v), and the Administrator concurs in such finding, within such period. Except as otherwise provided in this paragraph, a boundary revision under this clause or clause (v) shall apply for purposes of any State implementation plan revision required to be submitted after November 15, 1990.
 * (v) Whenever the Governor of a State has submitted a notice under clause (iv), the Governor, in consultation with State and local air pollution control agencies, shall undertake a study to evaluate whether the entire metropolitan statistical area or consolidated metropolitan statistical area should be included within the nonattainment area. Whenever a Governor finds and demonstrates to the satisfaction of the Administrator, and the Administrator concurs in such finding, that with respect to a portion of a metropolitan statistical area or consolidated metropolitan statistical area, sources in the portion do not contribute significantly to violation of the national ambient air quality standard, the Administrator shall approve the Governor’s request to exclude such portion from the nonattainment area. In making such finding, the Governor and the Administrator shall consider factors such as population density, traffic congestion, commercial development, industrial development, meteorological conditions, and pollution transport.
 * (B) PM–10 designations
 * By operation of law, until redesignation by the Administrator pursuant to paragraph (3)—
 * (i) each area identified in 52 Federal Register 29383 (Aug. 7, 1987) as a Group I area (except to the extent that such identification was modified by the Administrator before November 15, 1990) is designated nonattainment for PM–10;
 * (ii) any area containing a site for which air quality monitoring data show a violation of the national ambient air quality standard for PM–10 before January 1, 1989 (as determined under part 50, appendix K of title 40 of the Code of Federal Regulations) is hereby designated nonattainment for PM–10; and
 * (iii) each area not described in clause (i) or (ii) is hereby designated unclassifiable for PM–10.
 * Any designation for particulate matter (measured in terms of total suspended particulates) that the Administrator promulgated pursuant to this subsection (as in effect immediately before November 15, 1990) shall remain in effect for purposes of implementing the maximum allowable increases in concentrations of particulate matter (measured in terms of total suspended particulates) pursuant to section 7473 (b) of this title, until the Administrator determines that such designation is no longer necessary for that purpose.
 * (5) Designations for lead
 * The Administrator may, in the Administrator’s discretion at any time the Administrator deems appropriate, require a State to designate areas (or portions thereof) with respect to the national ambient air quality standard for lead in effect as of November 15, 1990, in accordance with the procedures under subparagraphs (A) and (B) of paragraph (1), except that in applying subparagraph (B)(i) of paragraph (1) the phrase “2 years from the date of promulgation of the new or revised national ambient air quality standard” shall be replaced by the phrase “1 year from the date the Administrator notifies the State of the requirement to designate areas with respect to the standard for lead”.
 * (6) Designations
 * (A) Submission
 * Notwithstanding any other provision of law, not later than February 15, 2004, the Governor of each State shall submit designations referred to in paragraph (1) for the July 1997 PM2.5 national ambient air quality standards for each area within the State, based on air quality monitoring data collected in accordance with any applicable Federal reference methods for the relevant areas.
 * (B) Promulgation
 * Notwithstanding any other provision of law, not later than December 31, 2004, the Administrator shall, consistent with paragraph (1), promulgate the designations referred to in subparagraph (A) for each area of each State for the July 1997 PM2.5 national ambient air quality standards.
 * (7) Implementation plan for regional haze
 * (A) In general
 * Notwithstanding any other provision of law, not later than 3 years after the date on which the Administrator promulgates the designations referred to in paragraph (6)(B) for a State, the State shall submit, for the entire State, the State implementation plan revisions to meet the requirements promulgated by the Administrator under section 7492 (e)(1) of this title (referred to in this paragraph as “regional haze requirements”).
 * (B) No preclusion of other provisions
 * Nothing in this paragraph precludes the implementation of the agreements and recommendations stemming from the Grand Canyon Visibility Transport Commission Report dated June 1996, including the submission of State implementation plan revisions by the States of Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, or Wyoming by December 31, 2003, for implementation of regional haze requirements applicable to those States.

(e) Redesignation of air quality control regions

 * (1) Except as otherwise provided in paragraph (2), the Governor of each State is authorized, with the approval of the Administrator, to redesignate from time to time the air quality control regions within such State for purposes of efficient and effective air quality management. Upon such redesignation, the list under subsection (d) of this section shall be modified accordingly.
 * (2) In the case of an air quality control region in a State, or part of such region, which the Administrator finds may significantly affect air pollution concentrations in another State, the Governor of the State in which such region, or part of a region, is located may redesignate from time to time the boundaries of so much of such air quality control region as is located within such State only with the approval of the Administrator and with the consent of all Governors of all States which the Administrator determines may be significantly affected.
 * (3) No compliance date extension granted under section 7413 (d)(5) [1] of this title (relating to coal conversion) shall cease to be effective by reason of the regional limitation provided in section 7413 (d)(5) [1] of this title if the violation of such limitation is due solely to a redesignation of a region under this subsection.


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544 "Not it," was the reply; "and if you can't leap a five-barred gate like that, I'm sure you can't preach a sermon. Good-bye."

It is not my intention to give a detailed life of the Rev. John Russell. His memoirs by the author of Old Dartmoor Days, published in 1878, are very full. They are very laudatory, written as they were whilst Russell was alive. Cromwell when being painted was asked by the artist about his mole. "Paint the mole and all," was the Protector's reply. But others are not so strong-minded and do not care to have portraits too realistic. In 1880, Russell was appointed to Black Torrington.

When he was over eighty he rode a poor hack from Black Torrington to Mr. Williams, at Scorrier, to judge puppies, and Mrs. Williams was alarmed, as the old man was not well on arriving. She proposed to send him back by rail, fearing lest he should be seriously—fatally, perhaps—ill in her house. But although very poorly, he refused, and with one day between, rode home, something like seventy miles each journey.

He died in 1883, 3 May, in the arms of his medical attendant, Dr. Linnington Ash, at Black Torrington, and was buried at Swymbridge.

After the best type of the hunting parson we come to one of the worst, who exercised a good deal of influence over Russell, when he was young, at Southmolton. This was John Froude, vicar of Knowstone, who had succeeded his father, the elder John Froude, in September, 1803, and who held the incumbency, a veritable incubus to it, for forty-nine years till his death, on 9 September, 1852.

Russell himself says: "My head-quarters (after having been ordained) were at Southmolton; and I hunted as many days in every week as my duties would


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Rh permit with John Froude, with whom I was on very intimate terms. His hounds were something out of the common; bred from old staghounds—light in colour and sharp as needles, plenty of tongue, but would drive like furies. He couldn't bear to see a hound put his nose on the ground and ’twiddle his tail.' 'Hang the brute,' he would say to the owner of the hounds, 'get me those who can wind their game when they are thrown off.'

"Froude was himself a first-rate sportsman, but always acted on the principle of 'kill un, if you can; you'll never see un again.'

"He had an old liver-coloured spaniel, a wide ranger, and under perfect command. He used to say he could hunt the parish with that dog from the top of the church tower. You could hear his view-halloo for miles, and his hounds absolutely flew to him when they heard it. Let me add, his hospitality knew no bounds."

John Froude belonged to a clever family, that produced Archdeacon Froude, rector of Dartington and father of Hurrell and James Anthony, the historian. He had been well educated, and was a graduate of Oxford University. It is said that he had met with great disappointment in love, and early in life retired into what was, in the beginning of the nineteenth century, the great retirement from the world of culture and intellectual activity, Knowstone-cum-Molland.

Knowstone stands high on a bleak and wind-swept hill, reached even at this day by a narrow and arduous and often a rough road, when torn up by a descending torrent after a storm. Molland lies distant three and a half miles on a brook flowing down from bleak moors into the Yeo. A sheltered and pleasant spot, with an interesting church, containing Courtenay monuments.

Froude's church preferment was at the time


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546, and he was, moreover, in possession of some considerable private fortune in addition to his professional income. He had few educated people residing in his neighbourhood. With the quiet, inoffensive clergy about he would not associate; with others he could not, as they held themselves aloof from him. He soon came to associate almost entirely with the rough farmers who inhabited the Exmoor district, and he grew to resemble them in mind, language, habits of life and dress. From them he was principally differentiated by his native wit, his superior education, and his exceeding wickedness.

I have said that there were some with whom he could not associate. Such was the Hon. Newton Fellowes, afterwards Earl of Portsmouth, but at that time a young man with a love of sport, which he maintained to the last, and then without much token of brains, but he developed later. Him Froude detested, mainly because Newton Fellowes busied himself to improve the roads, so that, when at Eggesford, he could drive about the country in his four-in-hand; partly, also, because he was never invited to cross the threshold of Eggesford. He revenged himself with his tongue.

One day he was dining at the ordinary at the George Hotel in Southmolton when Newton Fellowes was there as well. The latter was telling the assembled farmers how he had fallen over a hurdle in a race a few days earlier. "And as the mare rolled," added he, "I thought I had broken my neck," and he put his hands to his throat to emphasize the remark. Whereupon Froude, speaking loud enough to command attention, exclaimed: "No, no, Newton, you will never break your neck; we have scriptural warrant for that."

"How so?"

"The Lord preserveth them that are simple."


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Rh The story stuck to Lord Portsmouth for life. Nor did Prebendary Karslake fare much better. Karslake was a scholar, a good speaker, rector of two parishes, and Prebendary of Exeter Cathedral. He took pupils, and prepared them for Oxford. He was rural dean and inspector of schools, and also chairman of the quarter sessions, farmed largely, and was a keen, all-round sportsman, and very intimate with Newton Fellowes, wherefore Froude hated him.

It was at another farmers' dinner at the "George" that Froude left his mark upon him. Karslake was not present at this dinner.

Two farmers were engaged in dispute, and one said to the other: "I don't care for your opinion, for Mr. Karslake says otherwise, and he knows."

"What!" shouted Froude; "do 'ee quote that little Billy Karslake? He is no better than another—a stone jackass."

Then a dozen voices together asked: "Why is Parson Karslake like a stone jackass?"

"Well," said Froude, "'tis plain enough, surely. He ain't handsome, he ain't useful, he's main stupid, but he's gallous mischievous."

The nickname of the "stone jackass" stuck to the Prebendary for life. But worse treatment was in store for him.

He was a most active magistrate, and the date of the occurrence I am about to mention was somewhere between 1835 an d 1840, before the railways penetrated into the West Country.

It must be understood that Froude fascinated his neighbours, overawing them as a snake is said to fascinate a mouse. If he told them to do a thing, or to keep silent, he was obeyed. They dared not do otherwise.


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548 One evening a young farmer arrived at Mr. Karslake's door, at Meshaw, and entreated an interview on urgent business. On being admitted he told the magistrate that an atrocious crime had been undoubtedly perpetrated at Knowstone that very day. A little girl of eleven years of age had left the village in the afternoon to return to her parents, who occupied a small farm-house a mile or two distant, and had not been seen since. When search was made for her, on the roadside were found a child's shoe and a bonnet stained with blood, but no body could be discovered. Karslake took the matter up. He was in the saddle from morning till night, the local constables were stirred up, but all in vain. No further traces of the child were to be found, no clue to the mystery discovered. Karslake then, at his own expense, went up to London, and returned with a first-class detective from Bow Street. But in vain. He was as unable to unriddle the mystery as were the local constables.

About ten days later the baffled magistrate was sitting hearing cases in the court-house at Southmolton, wearied and dejected at his failure, when Mr. Froude walked in, accompanied by a child. "Good morning, Mr. Karslake. I am told you've been looking for a little maid lately, and I've brought this one for you to see, in case her's the one you be wanting."

The child had been kept secreted at the rectory, and the parents had lent themselves to the deception, they being tenants and allies of the rector. What the cost was to Mr. Karslake in money, vexation, wear and tear, and ridicule to which he was particularly sensitive nobody knows; but one can conceive his annoyance when the whole court-house—bench and audience—broke out into a roar of laughter at his expense, he being chairman.


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Hackberry

title: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Hackberry


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Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 25.djvu/10

 Dumbarton Castle in 1824. Harris is described as a man of unaffected bearing, kindly disposition and simple manners, and an excellent officer. Though economical he was never penurious. He is said to have lent his prize-money to the Madras government when short of cash, at considerable personal loss; and the accumulations of the bazaar fund during his Madras command he distributed among various charities. He nevertheless acquired considerable wealth, his personalty at his death being sworn under 90,000l. In a passage in his will he ascribed his 'rise from nothing to affluent fortune' to economy 'and willing privation from self-indulgence all through a long life.'

Harris married, 9 Dec. 1779), Ann Carteret, youngest daughter and heiress of Charles Dixon of Hath, and by her had William George, second lord Harris [q. v.], and three other sons and four daughters. He died at Belmont, Kent, in May 1829.

[A Life of Lord Harris (London, 1840), with portrait, was compiled by the late Right Hon. Stephen Lushington, sometime governor of Madras, who was Harris's son-in-law and private secretary at Madras. It contains a refutation of some statements made in Theodore Hook's Life of Sir David Baird. Particulars of Harris's services are also to be found in Cannon's Hist. Recs. fith Fusiliers, pp. 37-54, and 73rd foot, and in Philippart's Roy. Military Calendar, 1820, i. 35l; also in Ross's Cornwallis Corresp. vol. ii.; Mill's Hist. India, vols. v. vi.; Marquis Wellesley's Desp. vol. i.; Gurwood's Well. Desp. vol. i. (introduction); Gent. Mag. 1829, pt. ii. 80, where are extracts from Harris's will. A letter from Harris appears in Blackwood's Mag. 1827. Harris's correspondence with the Marquis Wellesley is among the Mornington Papers in the British Museum, Addit. MSS. 13668 and 13727-9. Some of his letters on the state of Mysore form Addit. MS. 13665.]  HARRIS, GEORGE (1794–1859), unitarian minister, born at Maidstone in Kent on 15 May 1794, was son of Abraham Harris, unitarian minister at Swansea for upwards of forty years. George was at the age of fourteen placed in a Manchester warehouse in Cheapside, London, but, wishing to enter the unitarian ministry, gave up his place at a considerable pecuniary sacrifice. In his eighteenth year he entered the Islington Academy, then under the superintendence of John Evans (1767–1827) [q.v.]. In November 1812 he matriculated at Glasgow University, having obtained a bursary on the foundation of Dr. Williams's trust, and attended classes in Glasgow during three winter sessions. His studies were much interrupted by numerous engagements as a preacher and lecturer. The Scottish Unitarian Association was formed in July 1813. Harris was one of its originators, and was for three years its secretary. He also spent much time in establishing unitarian churches, principally in Paisley, Greenock, and neighbouring towns, and in directing unitarian stations, now numbering forty-two, in different parts of Scotland. In 1816 he issued ‘A Statement of the Principles of Unitarian Christianity addressed to the Inhabitants of Greenock and Port Glasgow, and to the Friends of Free Inquiry throughout Scotland, by a Unitarian,’ a clear and concise manual of unitarian teaching. By his exertions a unitarian chapel was erected in Port Glasgow. It was opened by him in January 1822; the sermon which he preached on the occasion was published. At this period he also published ‘Select Pieces for Reading and Recitation.’

In April 1817 Harris was invited to become minister of Renshaw Street Chapel, Liverpool, then vacant by the resignation of the Rev. Robert Lewin. He was inducted in July, and his strong convictions soon engaged him in numerous controversies. Many even of his own brethren censured his imprudent and needlessly severe attacks on evangelical doctrine. His pamphlet, ‘Unitarianism, the only Religion which can become Universal,’ and a course of Sunday evening lectures, afterwards published with notes and an appendix in an octavo volume, under the title of ‘Unitarianism and Trinitarianism contrasted,’ called forth trenchant replies. Dr. James Barr of Oldham Street Presbyterian Church, Dr. John Stewart of Mount Pleasant Secession Church, and Mr. Jones of St. Andrew's Church were his most prominent opponents. In 1818 Harris planned a ‘Unitarian Christian Association’ for the dissemination of unitarian literature, and he travelled through Lancashire and Cheshire to gain for it sympathy and support.

In the summer of 1821 a division occurred in the Bank Street unitarian congregation, Bolton, and in 1822 Harris accepted an invitation to become minister of the seceders. They first met at the Cloth Hall, but in 1823 the Moor Lane Church was purchased from the Scottish presbyterians. Harris was known in Manchester as ‘the intrepid champion of Socinianism.’ In 1822 he published ‘The Lancashire and Cheshire Unitarian Association, and the Christian Reflector vindicated;’ in 1823 he published an account of the formation of the Moor Lane congregation, some statements in which provoked replies from other clergymen; and in 1824 appeared ‘Christianity defended.’ In 1824 a speech by him in Manchester led to a long


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Rh Froude had a nicely adjusted scale of punishments for all who offended him, and he had ready assistants to administer them.

From his first arrival at Knowstone he encouraged about him a lawless company of vagabonds who, when they were not in prison, lived roughly at free quarters at the rectory, and from thence carried on their business of petty larceny; and who were, moreover, ready to execute vengeance upon the rector's enemies, and these enemies, although they lived in continual terror, were numerous.

His satellites ran errands, beat covers, broke in horses, did light farm-work, and found hares for the hounds, which were kept at the rectory.

Blackmore has described him and his gang in The Maid of Sker, in which he calls Froude Parson Chowne. If Froude desired to damage an obnoxious farmer who did not pay his tithes punctually, or who had otherwise offended him, he gave a hint, and the man's ricks were burnt, or his horses houghed.

As Henry II did not order the murder of Becket, but threw out a hint that it would be an acceptable thing to him to be rid of the proud prelate, so was it with Parson Froude. He never ordered the commission of a crime, but he suggested the commission. For instance, if a farmer had offended him, he would say to one of these men subject to his influence, "As I've been standing in the church porch, Harry, I thought what a terrible thing it would be if the rick over yonder of Farmer G—— were to burn. 'Twould come home to him pretty sharp, I reckon."

Next night the rick would be on fire.

Or he would say to his groom, "Tom, it's my tithe day, and we shall sit on purty late. There's Farmer Q—— behindhand again: this is the second half-year.


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 , which was afterwards published under the title of ‘The Manchester Socinian Controversy,’ and indirectly caused the famous Dame Hewley suit [see ].

In September 1825 Harris resigned his charge in Bolton, and removed to Glasgow, his wife's native place. He preferred the call to Glasgow to one from London, ‘because,’ he said, ‘he wished to stand in the front of the battle.’ The evangelical revival led by Chalmers was then at its height, but Harris attracted immense audiences, and during the sixteen years of his Glasgow ministry obtained for unitarian principles a position of prominence not hitherto reached in Scotland.

In 1841 Harris removed to Edinburgh to assist in reviving the unitarian congregation. He laboured for four years, though not so successfully as in Glasgow, and in 1845 he accepted an invitation to become the minister of Hanover Square Chapel, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Here he showed much of his youthful enthusiasm and energy; he was eminently successful, a handsome and commodious church being erected in 1854, and a large congregation gathered. He died on 24 Dec. 1859.

Harris was constantly writing, lecturing, or preaching, and advocating Sunday-schools, benevolent funds, tract and book societies, and institutions for mutual improvement. He threw himself into many political and sanitary, educational, and moral movements. He was a keen radical, active for the repeal of the corn laws, on behalf of which he drew up the first petition sent from Scotland. Upon the Rathcormac ‘massacre’ in Ireland in the seizure of tithes (18 Dec. 1834), he denounced church establishments with great vigour, and took an active share in promoting many other movements. Though decidedly combative, he was naturally genial and warm-hearted. He had a fine presence, a clear, forcible style, and much natural oratory. In Scotland he was called ‘the devil's chaplain,’ to which it was replied: ‘The Prince of Darkness must be a gentleman if his chaplains are like George Harris.’ His chief publications, in addition to the works already named, were: 1. ‘The Great Business of Life,’ 1847. 2. ‘Christian Unitarianism New Testament Christianity,’ 1848. 3. ‘The Doctrine of the Trinity,’ 1853. 4. ‘The Christian Character, as illustrated in the Life and Labours of the late Rev. William Turner,’ 1859. For twenty-one years Harris was editor of the ‘Christian Pilot and Pioneer.’

[Christian Reformer and Christian Freeman, 1860; North of England papers at the time of Mr. Harris's death; Record of Unitarian Worthies, 1874.]  HARRIS, GEORGE FRANCIS ROBERT, third (1810–1872), governor of Madras, grandson of Sir George Harris [q. v.], the first baron, was born at Belmont, Kent, 14 Aug. 1810. His father, William George Harris [q. v.], the second baron, was a general in the army. Harris was educated successively at Eton; at a private tutor's (the Rev. John Shaw, at Potton, Bedfordshire), where he began a lifelong friendship with Charles John Canning, afterwards Earl Canning [q. v.]; and at Oxford, where he matriculated at Merton College 2 Feb. 1829. He soon migrated to Christ Church, where he proceeded B.A. in 1832, and was in later life created D.C.L. (1863). At Christ Church Harris was contemporary with Lords Elgin, Dalhousie, and Canning. After taking his degree Harris fell into delicate health, and resided for some time at Pau, where he received a testimonial from the British residents for services in connection with the work of the church of England. Succeeding to the peerage in 1845, he was sent in the following year to Trinidad as governor. In 1854 he was appointed governor of Madras; during his rule there the police administration underwent thorough reform. Later on the sepoy revolt and its consequences distracted Upper India, and, for a moment, threatened to involve the Deccan in political rebellion (Despatch of Major C. Davidson, dated 2 Aug.) In spite of this serious danger Harris forwarded important reinforcements to his friend Canning, and the Madras fusiliers played a very prominent part in the recovery of Cawnpore and Lucknow.

Trotter describes Harris as ‘an able and fearless ruler in a time of need’ (India under Victoria, ii. 119). In 1859 he returned to England and was made a G.C.S.I. Harris, who had attracted the especial regard of the prince consort, was, by the particular request of the dying prince, made chamberlain to the Princess of Wales on her marriage. Harris was a whig, but did not take an active part in politics; he was for some time deputy-chairman of the London, Chatham, and Dover railway, and died at Belmont, the seat of his family, on 23 Nov. 1872. He was a typical English gentleman, honourable, brave, and manly; somewhat reserved in manner, and faithful to all his duties. He married, 16 April 1850, Sarah, daughter of George Cummins, archdeacon of Trinidad; by her he had one daughter, and an only son, George Robert Canning Harris, who succeeded him, and is now (1894) governor of Bombay.


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550 You'll be in the room: if I scratch my nose with my fork you'll know that he has not paid up. Dear me! what a shocking thing were his linch-pin to be gone, and he going down Knowstone Hill, and in such a dark night—and the wheel were to come off."

And certainly if Tom saw the vicar put his silver fork to his nose, so certainly would Farmer Q—— be thrown out of his trap by the wheel coming off, to be found by the next passer along the road with dislocated thigh, or broken arm and collarbone.

A gentleman near had offended him. This person had a plantation of larch near his house. Froude said to Tom, "Bad job for Squire——, if his larch lost their leaders!" Next morning every larch in the plantation had been mutilated.

The Rev. W. H. Thornton says in his delightful book, Reminiscences of an Old West-country Clergyman: "He always had around him a tribe of vagabonds, whom he harboured. They beat the covers when he shot, they found hares for his hounds to hunt, they ran on his errands, they were the terror of the countryside, and were reputed to commit crimes at their master's instigation. He never paid them anything, or spared or sheltered them from punishment. Sometimes they were in gaol, and sometimes out. They could always have as much bacon, potatoes, bread and cheese, and cider at his house as they pleased, as well as a fire to sit by, and a rough bed to lie down upon.

"Plantations were burned, horses mutilated, chimneys choked, and Chowne's men had the credit of these misdeeds, which were generally committed to the injury of some person with whom Chowne had quarrelled.

"I have known him say to a young farmer: 'John, I like that colt of yours. I will give you twenty-five pounds for him.' The owner had replied that it was


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Harris, George (1794-1859)


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Rh not money enough, and Chowne had retorted, 'You had better let me have him, Jack. I have noticed that when a man refuses an offer for a horse from me, something goes wrong with the animal. It is very curious really that it should be so, but so it is.' And the horse would be sent to him for twenty-five pounds.

"He was frequently engaged in litigation, and one day Mr. Cockburn (afterwards Lord Chief Justice of England, but then a wild young fellow enough) was engaged against him, and Chowne lost his case. Cockburn then, or so it is said, left the court in the Castle of Exeter in order to have some luncheon.

"In the castle yard he saw an old countryman in yellow leggings and a long blue coat, who had an ash sapling in his hand. As the great lawyer passed him, whack! down came the stick across the silk gown upon his shoulders.

"'Be you the young rascal who spoke up against me in court just now?' ’I suppose that you are Parson Chowne,' said Cockburn. 'I was against you, and I am very glad that I succeeded; and now I am inclined to have you up for striking me.'

"'No you won't,' was the reply, 'you shall come and have luncheon with me instead. You are a deuced clever young chap, and I am hanged if ever I have a case on again without employing you. So come along, you little beggar, and I will stand you a bottle of port.' Cockburn went, and frequently afterwards he would stay with Chowne."

The following story shall be told as near as may be in the words of the farmer who was present when occurred the incident he related.

"On Saturday last Mr. Froude drove a fox from Molland to ground in Parson Jekyll's Wood at Tar Steps. He was going to dig him out, and the men had


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552 commenced to work, when down came Mr. Jekyll in a thundering passion. Mr. Froude and he bean't over friendly, best of times; and the earth is used by the vixens. There was a litter of cubs there only last season. Mr. Jekyll, hearing the hounds stop, came out at once to us, in a tear; I was there myself and I heard him. 'Mr. Froude,’ says he, 'I thought you knew better than to go digging in another man's country without special permission to do so, and late in the season too, with cubs already about. If you don't desist and take yourself off, I'll summons you; so blow your horn, sir, and leave.' 'I have a terrier to ground, sir,' replied Froude, ’and I mean to dig him out.' ’If you go away,' said the other, ’the terrier will come out. In no case will I allow you to continue to dig.' With that the old man, Parson Froude, grew white with passion, and says, 'And do you dare risk a quarrel with me, Mr. Jekyll? Do you not know that to-night on my return I have only to say at Knowstone, Bones, bones at Hawkridge! and, mind you, name no names, and your carcase will be stinking in a ditch within the week?'

"Then he got on his horse and rode down to Winsford and obtained a search warrant from S. Mitchell to search Tar Steps Rectory for his terrier, which he took oath he believed to be there, stolen by Mr. Jekyll and concealed on the premises. And he brought back Floyd, the Winsford constable, with him to Tar Steps; and we all thought Mr. Jekyll would have had a fit, he was that furious, while they searched the house down to the very cellars, and shook up the rector's old port wine, on suspicion that he might have hidden the terrier in the back of the bin. But the best of the joke was that there had been no terrier out with the hounds that day, and of course none had been put into the hole.


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Jewitt, Llewellynn Frederick William


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Rh So Parson Froude had sworn to what he knew well was a lie."

Froude had a horse to sell, and one cold morning a gentleman named Houlditch, of Wellington, drove over in a gig from Tiverton to Knowstone, and requested to be shown the horse without delay. Froude, loud in protestations of hospitality, refused his request. "I dine at one o'clock, you've had a cold drive, and no man knows better than do I what them hills is like that you've come over. So, if you can put up with roast ribs of beef, sir, and a mouldy Stilton cheese to follow, us will top up with a drop of something hot, and then Jack Babbage, my huntsman, shall show 'ee the horse."

After hearing from Mr. Houlditch that he was looking for a hunter, they sat down together to dinner, and the parson firmly but politely pressed his ale upon the guest. This ale was of Froude's own brewing. When new it did not readily proclaim its potency, and the rector never gave warning nor spoke of its strength. It was excellent, soft as milk. The day had been cold, and the drive had been long.

When a strange and unaccustomed glare had come into Mr. Houlditch's eyes, Froude ordered Jack Babbage to bring out the horse, and giving his guest a hand to steady him, the two went into a field near the rectory. In this field some hurdles "feathered" with gorse bushes were set up, and Babbage, always shouting as he neared a jump, rode the horse repeatedly over the obstacles, and galloped him round. Then Froude invited Mr. Houlditch to try the horse himself, but he was too fuddled to mount, and he bought the beast for £50, a long price in those days, and was driven back by the post-boy to the "Angel" at Tiverton. The horse, at his charges, was sent to Wellington at once.

A week later came a letter with the Wellington


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554, which Froude threw into the fire unopened. A few days later came a second letter, then a third, and all shared the same fate.

Finally, one day an angry man drove up from Tiverton—it was Houlditch himself. "You don't seem to care to reply to my letters, Mr. Froude," said he, "so I have come in person to ask you whether or not you will take back your horse which you sold me ten days ago, for he is blind."

"Sir," said Froude, "you asked me for a hunter, and one that could jump, and I sold you a hunter that could jump. You saw the horse, and it was a bargain. You did not ask me if it could see. Jump he can, as you observed. When you ride him, carry a knife with you, and when you come to a fence you just jump off his back and cut a furze-bush. Put that down before the fence and canter the old horse up and speak sharp to him, same as Babbage did, and so soon as he feels the prickles about his legs he will jump."

"Will you take the horse back? " roared Houlditch.

"Certainly I will."

"And repay me my £50?"

"Certainly not. I cashed your cheque, sir, last week, and with the money paid my butcher. A deal is a deal."

The story comes with the authority of Jack Babbage, confirmed by Mrs. Froude, after her husband's death. The incident occurred late in the rector's life, after he was married.

Froude's shamelessness was phenomenal. On one occasion he sold some keep on the glebe at Knowstone by auction, and a neighbouring farmer purchased a field of swede turnips under condition that he should remove them before a stated day.

The time limit was nearly expired, when Froude


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the gods of the Gaedhil invaded Ireland they are said to have found the Fir Bolg in possession and fought them to a finish. Though there can be no doubt that the Fir Bolg were a real tribe group, ill-defined, but, if one may use the term, “non-Milesian,” and some have even imagined that the Tuatha Dé Danann were also a human race (which is hard indeed to suppose possible), it is evident that the story is of a war of gods, not a mere mortal struggle. That the new faith took over the older sanctuaries was only to be expected, and, in the case of the Celts, as of most polytheists, the line of least resistance was to try and reconcile their new-come gods with those of the soil. The sanctuary and assembly place of Tailltiu, at Oristown and Telltown, in Co. Meath, has preserved a most illuminating tradition, which it is well to study in some detail.

The pagan Irish had a pantheon formed of divergent and even discordant elements. We have mountain deities like

title: Page:Folklore1919.djvu/475


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Rh found the purchaser and the men in the field carting away the roots. The rain was falling in torrents, the crop was heavy, and it was a dirty job.

Froude rode into the field and shouted to the farmer (with the usual expletives with which he garnished his discourse), bidding him desist.

"But, sir," said the man, "the time is nearly up, and I am bound to go on, or I shall forfeit my purchase."

Froude then called him a—— fool, reminded him that he had known him from his cradle and his father before him, and bade him go home and wait for finer weather to pull his turnips and take them away.

The appointed day soon came and passed, and the following morning the farmer, feeling a little uneasy, rose early and rode off to his turnips. The field was full of sheep when he arrived, and they were all marked J.F. Calling his dog, the farmer opened the gate and proceeded to turn them out.

Then Froude, on horseback, came from an ambush, and cracking his whip and swearing horribly, rode at him, and dared him to remove the sheep. The man was terrified and went home, fearing lest worse should befall him. Next day was Saturday, and Southmolton Market, and the young man, bursting with his sense of wrong, rode into the town to proclaim his woes. As he entered from the bottom of the long street he saw Mr. Froude in the midst of a cluster of sporting farmers, the allies of the rector, and as the injured man approached, Froude stretched out the finger of scorn, and cried, "Look there! See to un! See to the biggest fule in Devonshire as buys a vield of swedes and leaves 'em to another man to stock—a gurt natural ass!" This sally was answered by a peal of laughter, and the victim, turning his head down street, galloped away.


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556 In The Maid of Sker, Blackmore tells the story of Parson Chowne (Froude) having driven a horse mad by putting a hemp-seed into its eye. This story, I was informed by one who had every occasion to know the circumstances, is true. Froude had set his heart on buying a horse at Southmolton Fair, but Sir Walter Carew out-bid him and secured the beast. Froude shortly after was again in Southmolton, and ascertained that Sir Walter was in the inn, at the ordinary, taking his lunch. He went into the stable, and saw that the baronet had ridden in on the coveted horse. Froude gave the ostler a shilling to do him some trifling errand, and during his absence so treated the unfortunate animal that it went almost mad with pain, and on the way home threw its rider.

Henry Phillpotts was consecrated Bishop of Exeter in the year 1831, and he soon came into collision with Froude; but the Bishop was a formidable antagonist, and Froude shunned him, and would not attend his visitations.

The following story has been frequently told; but the version here given is as related half a century ago by Jack Russell and by Babbage, and confirmed by Prebendary Matthews, who succeeded Froude at Knowstone.

The Bishop held a visitation at Southmolton, and Froude sent a note to say that he could not attend, as he was indisposed.

The Bishop remained the night at Southmolton, and next morning early started for Tiverton in a carriage, and as Knowstone was not much out of the way, he ordered the driver to turn up the hill to the village. Mr. Froude was in the dining-room talking to Babbage, and the hounds on the lawn, when one of his rascally retainers ran in to inform the rector that


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110 Febra, Echtge, Mís, Clíu and others, and river goddesses like Sinann, Segais and Boand, also the mound gods, viros side, like Oengus of the Brug and Bodb Dearg. Under this term Síd were eventually included a swarm of gods, also, unlike the former classes, adored in Britain and on the continent of Europe. Such were Lug, Béli, Nuada, Net, Ogma, Segomo, Nemed, Ana or Dana, and Brigid or Brigendo. There are even as in the epithet of Lug, “master of sciences” and patron of shoemakers; Nuada, “silver arm,” “Lord of the Wolf,” and the warrior catching the salmon in presence of Nuada) hints of common tradition and ritual in Ireland and abroad, though ritual was probably the feature, next to images, least tolerated by the otherwise wonderfully patient, tactful and tolerant Church of Ireland, as founded by Patrick in the fifth century. To show how the ritual of the marriage of the gods. Lug and Nuada, with personifications of Ireland, Eriu and Fál, was continued by the irregular, temporary marriages celebrated in the Telltown “Fair,” is the object of this essay.

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Rh the Bishop was in the village inquiring for the rectory. Babbage hurried the hounds into kennel, and Froude went to bed.

A good-looking housekeeper (for Froude married very late in life) met his lordship at the door, and answering his inquiry after the rector, said that Mr. Froude was unwell in bed.

"May I trouble you to tell him that his bishop wishes to see him, and will visit him in his bedroom?"

The woman went upstairs, and the Bishop, waiting in the hall, overheard the conversation which ensued.

"Bishop says, sir, as, he must come upstairs if you can't come down."

"Tell his lordship, Mary, that I don't know what's the matter with me, but it's something infectious—scarlet fever, I reckon—and maybe he'll catch it if he comes up here."

However, Henry Phillpotts was not to be dissuaded, and he mounted the stairs and seated himself by the bed.

"What will your lordship take?" asked Froude, showing his head only above the clothes. "It's cruel cold; a drop of brandy hot will help to keep off the infection."

"Nothing, thank you, Mr. Froude. I take this opportunity to tell you that strange stories concerning you meet my ears."

"Perhaps your lordship prefers whisky," said Froude, "with a slice of lemon in your grog."

"Mr. Froude, I beg you to desist. I am here to inquire into the truth of the stories repeated concerning you."

"My lord, I've also heard strange tales about your lordship. But among gentlemen, us don't give heed to all thickey tittle-tattle. Perhaps you'd prefer gin—


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558 London or Plymouth, my lord? You'll excuse me, my lord; I be terrible bad, and I be afraid you'll catch the infection—pleased to have seen you—good-bye"; and he ducked his head under the bedclothes.

"I knawed he'd come," said Froude to Russell after the visit; "but I reckon he'll never come again: the air of Knowstone be too keen for he."

One day his lordship ran against Froude in Fore Street of Exeter. The vicar had with him a greyhound, commonly known in Devonshire as a "long dog." It was on this occasion that the Bishop tackled him for keeping a pack of harriers, as already related. After that said Henry of Exeter, "And pray, Mr. Froude, what manner of dog do you call that?"

"Oh, that's what volks do call a long dog, my lord, and ef yeu will just shak yeur appern to un, he'll go like a dart."

The Weekly Times of Exeter kept an eye on Froude's doings and misdoings, and published them under the heading of "Knowstone Again." But Froude was too sly to enable the Bishop to find an occasion to proceed against him; the people of Knowstone were too much afraid of his vengeance to dare to give evidence.

Froude married a Miss Halse, the pretty sister of two well-known yeomen of Anstey. She was quite young enough to have been his daughter, and they had no children perhaps fortunately. The circumstances of the marriage are said to have been these. Froude had paid Miss Halse some of his insolent attentions, that meant, if they meant anything, a certain contemptuous admiration. The brothers were angry. They invited him to their house, made him drunk, and when drunk sign a paper promising to marry their sister before three months were up or to forfeit £20,000. They took care to have this document well attested, and next


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United States Code/Title 11/Chapter 5/Section 523

§ 523. Exceptions to discharge

 * (a) A discharge under section 727, 1141, 1228 (a), 1228 (b), or 1328 (b) of this title does not discharge an individual debtor from any debt—
 * (1) for a tax or a customs duty—
 * (A) of the kind and for the periods specified in section 507 (a)(3) or 507 (a)(8) of this title, whether or not a claim for such tax was filed or allowed;
 * (B) with respect to which a return, or equivalent report or notice, if required—
 * (i) was not filed or given; or
 * (ii) was filed or given after the date on which such return, report, or notice was last due, under applicable law or under any extension, and after two years before the date of the filing of the petition; or
 * (C) with respect to which the debtor made a fraudulent return or willfully attempted in any manner to evade or defeat such tax;
 * (2) for money, property, services, or an extension, renewal, or refinancing of credit, to the extent obtained by—
 * (A) false pretenses, a false representation, or actual fraud, other than a statement respecting the debtor’s or an insider’s financial condition;
 * (B) use of a statement in writing—
 * (i) that is materially false;
 * (ii) respecting the debtor’s or an insider’s financial condition;
 * (iii) on which the creditor to whom the debtor is liable for such money, property, services, or credit reasonably relied; and
 * (iv) that the debtor caused to be made or published with intent to deceive; or
 * (C)
 * (i) for purposes of subparagraph (A)—
 * (I) consumer debts owed to a single creditor and aggregating more than $500 for luxury goods or services incurred by an individual debtor on or within 90 days before the order for relief under this title are presumed to be nondischargeable; and
 * (II) cash advances aggregating more than $750 that are extensions of consumer credit under an open end credit plan obtained by an individual debtor on or within 70 days before the order for relief under this title, are presumed to be nondischargeable; and
 * (ii) for purposes of this subparagraph—
 * (I) the terms “consumer”, “credit”, and “open end credit plan” have the same meanings as in section 103 of the Truth in Lending Act; and
 * (II) the term “luxury goods or services” does not include goods or services reasonably necessary for the support or maintenance of the debtor or a dependent of the debtor.
 * (3) neither listed nor scheduled under section 521 (1) of this title, with the name, if known to the debtor, of the creditor to whom such debt is owed, in time to permit—
 * (A) if such debt is not of a kind specified in paragraph (2), (4), or (6) of this subsection, timely filing of a proof of claim, unless such creditor had notice or actual knowledge of the case in time for such timely filing; or
 * (B) if such debt is of a kind specified in paragraph (2), (4), or (6) of this subsection, timely filing of a proof of claim and timely request for a determination of dischargeability of such debt under one of such paragraphs, unless such creditor had notice or actual knowledge of the case in time for such timely filing and request;
 * (4) for fraud or defalcation while acting in a fiduciary capacity, embezzlement, or larceny;
 * (5) for a domestic support obligation;
 * (6) for willful and malicious injury by the debtor to another entity or to the property of another entity;
 * (7) to the extent such debt is for a fine, penalty, or forfeiture payable to and for the benefit of a governmental unit, and is not compensation for actual pecuniary loss, other than a tax penalty—
 * (A) relating to a tax of a kind not specified in paragraph (1) of this subsection; or
 * (B) imposed with respect to a transaction or event that occurred before three years before the date of the filing of the petition;
 * (8) unless excepting such debt from discharge under this paragraph would impose an undue hardship on the debtor and the debtor’s dependents, for—
 * (A)
 * (i) an educational benefit overpayment or loan made, insured, or guaranteed by a governmental unit, or made under any program funded in whole or in part by a governmental unit or nonprofit institution; or
 * (ii) an obligation to repay funds received as an educational benefit, scholarship, or stipend; or
 * (B) any other educational loan that is a qualified education loan, as defined in section 221(d)(1) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, incurred by a debtor who is an individual;
 * (9) for death or personal injury caused by the debtor’s operation of a motor vehicle, vessel, or aircraft if such operation was unlawful because the debtor was intoxicated from using alcohol, a drug, or another substance;
 * (10) that was or could have been listed or scheduled by the debtor in a prior case concerning the debtor under this title or under the Bankruptcy Act in which the debtor waived discharge, or was denied a discharge under section 727 (a)(2), (3), (4), (5), (6), or (7) of this title, or under section 14c(1), (2), (3), (4), (6), or (7) of such Act;
 * (11) provided in any final judgment, unreviewable order, or consent order or decree entered in any court of the United States or of any State, issued by a Federal depository institutions regulatory agency, or contained in any settlement agreement entered into by the debtor, arising from any act of fraud or defalcation while acting in a fiduciary capacity committed with respect to any depository institution or insured credit union;
 * (12) for malicious or reckless failure to fulfill any commitment by the debtor to a Federal depository institutions regulatory agency to maintain the capital of an insured depository institution, except that this paragraph shall not extend any such commitment which would otherwise be terminated due to any act of such agency;
 * (13) for any payment of an order of restitution issued under title 18, United States Code;
 * (14) incurred to pay a tax to the United States that would be nondischargeable pursuant to paragraph (1);
 * (14A) incurred to pay a tax to a governmental unit, other than the United States, that would be nondischargeable under paragraph (1);
 * (14B) incurred to pay fines or penalties imposed under Federal election law;
 * (15) to a spouse, former spouse, or child of the debtor and not of the kind described in paragraph (5) that is incurred by the debtor in the course of a divorce or separation or in connection with a separation agreement, divorce decree or other order of a court of record, or a determination made in accordance with State or territorial law by a governmental unit;
 * (16) for a fee or assessment that becomes due and payable after the order for relief to a membership association with respect to the debtor’s interest in a unit that has condominium ownership, in a share of a cooperative corporation, or a lot in a homeowners association, for as long as the debtor or the trustee has a legal, equitable, or possessory ownership interest in such unit, such corporation, or such lot, but nothing in this paragraph shall except from discharge the debt of a debtor for a membership association fee or assessment for a period arising before entry of the order for relief in a pending or subsequent bankruptcy case;
 * (17) for a fee imposed on a prisoner by any court for the filing of a case, motion, complaint, or appeal, or for other costs and expenses assessed with respect to such filing, regardless of an assertion of poverty by the debtor under subsection (b) or (f)(2) of section 1915 of title 28 (or a similar non-Federal law), or the debtor’s status as a prisoner, as defined in section 1915 (h) of title 28 (or a similar non-Federal law);
 * (18) owed to a pension, profit-sharing, stock bonus, or other plan established under section 401, 403, 408, 408A, 414, 457, or 501(c) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, under—
 * (A) a loan permitted under section 408(b)(1) of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, or subject to section 72(p) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986; or
 * (B) a loan from a thrift savings plan permitted under subchapter III of chapter 84 of title 5, that satisfies the requirements of section 8433(g) of such title;
 * but nothing in this paragraph may be construed to provide that any loan made under a governmental plan under section 414 (d), or a contract or account under section 403(b), of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 constitutes a claim or a debt under this title; or
 * (19) that—
 * (A) is for—
 * (i) the violation of any of the Federal securities laws (as that term is defined in section 3(a)(47) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934), any of the State securities laws, or any regulation or order issued under such Federal or State securities laws; or
 * (ii) common law fraud, deceit, or manipulation in connection with the purchase or sale of any security; and
 * (B) results, before, on, or after the date on which the petition was filed, from—
 * (i) any judgment, order, consent order, or decree entered in any Federal or State judicial or administrative proceeding;
 * (ii) any settlement agreement entered into by the debtor; or
 * (iii) any court or administrative order for any damages, fine, penalty, citation, restitutionary payment, disgorgement payment, attorney fee, cost, or other payment owed by the debtor.
 * For purposes of this subsection, the term “return” means a return that satisfies the requirements of applicable nonbankruptcy law (including applicable filing requirements). Such term includes a return prepared pursuant to section 6020(a) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, or similar State or local law, or a written stipulation to a judgment or a final order entered by a nonbankruptcy tribunal, but does not include a return made pursuant to section 6020(b) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, or a similar State or local law.

 * (b) Notwithstanding subsection (a) of this section, a debt that was excepted from discharge under subsection (a)(1), (a)(3), or (a)(8) of this section, under section 17a(1), 17a(3), or 17a(5) of the Bankruptcy Act, under section 439A [1] of the Higher Education Act of 1965, or under section 733(g) [1] of the Public Health Service Act in a prior case concerning the debtor under this title, or under the Bankruptcy Act, is dischargeable in a case under this title unless, by the terms of subsection (a) of this section, such debt is not dischargeable in the case under this title.

 * (c)
 * (1) Except as provided in subsection (a)(3)(B) of this section, the debtor shall be discharged from a debt of a kind specified in paragraph (2), (4), or (6) of subsection (a) of this section, unless, on request of the creditor to whom such debt is owed, and after notice and a hearing, the court determines such debt to be excepted from discharge under paragraph (2), (4), or (6), as the case may be, of subsection (a) of this section.
 * (2) Paragraph (1) shall not apply in the case of a Federal depository institutions regulatory agency seeking, in its capacity as conservator, receiver, or liquidating agent for an insured depository institution, to recover a debt described in subsection (a)(2), (a)(4), (a)(6), or (a)(11) owed to such institution by an institution-affiliated party unless the receiver, conservator, or liquidating agent was appointed in time to reasonably comply, or for a Federal depository institutions regulatory agency acting in its corporate capacity as a successor to such receiver, conservator, or liquidating agent to reasonably comply, with subsection (a)(3)(B) as a creditor of such institution-affiliated party with respect to such debt.

 * (d) If a creditor requests a determination of dischargeability of a consumer debt under subsection (a)(2) of this section, and such debt is discharged, the court shall grant judgment in favor of the debtor for the costs of, and a reasonable attorney’s fee for, the proceeding if the court finds that the position of the creditor was not substantially justified, except that the court shall not award such costs and fees if special circumstances would make the award unjust.

 * (e) Any institution-affiliated party of an insured depository institution shall be considered to be acting in a fiduciary capacity with respect to the purposes of subsection (a)(4) or (11).


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 Robin Hood's lieutenant, Little John, shot an arrow thither while standing on Dublin bridge.

Robin Hood also entered at an early date into the popular celebrations of May-day. He was one of the mythical characters whom the populace were fond of personating in the semi-dramatic devices and morris-dances performed at that season. The May celebration was at times called Robin Hood's Festival. Sir John Paston mentions, in a letter dated Good Friday 1473, that he had kept a servant three years to play 'Robyn Hod' in Maytime (Paston Letters, ed. Gairdner, iii. 89). Printed accounts for the parish of Kingstonon-Thames from 1507 to 1526 show frequent payments to persons playing Robin Hood on May-day. Bishop Latimer, preaching before Edward VI, told the story that, having arranged to preach at a village church, he found the door locked, and the parishioners gone abroad 'under the pretence of gathering for Robin Hood,' i.e. for the May-games. Robin was equally popular in the May-day celebrations of Scotland. In April 1577 and April 1578 the general assembly requested the king to prohibit plays of 'Robin Hood, King of May,' on the sabbath. Similarly, 'Robene Hude' is named as a Scottish dance in Wedderbum's 'Complainte of Scotland,' 1549. In France from the thirteenth century onwards rural celebrations of Whitsuntide include motets and pastourelles with Robin as their hero, and Robin was usually associated with a ladylove, Marion. In England, at the end of the middle ages, a cognate character, Maid Marian, usually appears in the May-games at the side of Robin Hood. No trace of the lady has been recovered in English literature earlier than about 1500, when 'some mery fit of Maide Marian or els of Robin Hood' is mentioned by Alexander Barclay in his fourth eclogue appended to his 'Ship of Fooles.' She probably came to England from France. Friar Tuck and Little John, the legendary companions of Robin Hood, who were also personated in the May-games, doubtless owed their origin to mythological processes, similar to those which produced the hero himself. Robin Hood's other companions, Much, the Miller's son, and William Scathlock or Scarlock, have no pretensions to be reckoned historical. Robin Hood figures in numerous proverbial expressions, such as 'Many men talk of Robin Hood that never shot in his bow,' or 'Tales of Robin Hood are good for fools' (, Remains), but none are capable of historical interpretation.

The arguments in favour of Robin Hood's historical existence, although very voluminous, will not bear scholarly examination. Mediæval historians practically ignore him. But 'Rymes of Robyn Hood and Randolf, erle of Chestre,' according to the author of 'Piers Plowman,' were popular with the English peasantry about 1377 (Passus v. 11. 401, 402). Although English chroniclers of the fifteenth century overlook him, several Scottish writers of that date mention him as a popular ballad hero, and describe him as a famous robber. Wyntoun, in his 'Chronicle of Scotland' (dated about 1420), writes that in 1283 Lytill Ihon and Robyne Hude Waytheinen [i.e. outlaws] ware commendyd gude, In Vngilwode and Barnysdale Thai oysyd all this tyme thare trawale. In 1417, according to Stow, a thief was known in Surrey and Sussex under the counterfeit name of Friar Tuck, who appears in the ballads as one of Robin Hoods chief companions (Annals, 1631, p. 352 b). In 1439 a petition was presented to parliament for the arrest of a robber named Piers Venables, who with other; 'misdoers. . . wente into the wodes' in Derbyshire, 'like as it hadde be Robyn-hode and his meyne' (Rot. Parl. v. 16). Bower, writing about 1445 in continuation of Fordun's 'Scotichronicon,' and Major in his 'Historia Majoris Britanniæ' (written about 1500)—both Scotchmen—refer to the popularity of ballads about Robin Hood. John Bellenden, the Scottish translator of Boece's Latin 'History of Scotland' in 1533, remarks that Robin Hood was the subject of 'many fabillis and mery sportis soung amang the vulgar pepyll.' A connected life, in ballad verse, of the hero, compiled out of older ballads about 1495, was entitled 'A Lytell Geste of Robyn Hoode,'and was first printed by Wynkyn de Worde. A similar compilation appeared at Edinburgh in  1508, and was reissued with variations by William Copland in London about 1550. According to the 'Geste,' which first supplies details of his history, Robin Hood's home was in Barnsdale, a woodland region in the West Riding of Yorkshire, south of Pontefract and north of Doncaster. He protects a knight, Sir Richard-at-the-Lee, from the extortions of the abbot of St. Mary's, York; kills his sworn foe the sheriff of Nottinghamshire, who attempts to arrest him; is visited by 'King Edward in disguise, who, delighted with his archery and courtesy, takes him into his household; finally returns to the greenwood; and, going to the prioress of Kirklees (between Wakefield and Halifax) to be let blood, is there treacherously bled to death at the suggestion of a knight, Sir


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 Roger of Doncaster. Although many places mentioned in the 'Gest' can be identified in the West Riding and its neighbourhood, the topography is vague throughout. In many later ballads Robin Hood is located in Sherwood Forest, and more rarely in Plumpton Park, Cumberland, and there are signs that the compiler of the 'Gest' had carelessly combined extracts from ballads which are no longer extant connecting the hero with Sherwood and Plumpton. Numerous additions were made to the Robin Hood literature in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Broadside ballads, a few of which show traces of a late mediæval origin, recklessly amplified the legends and adapted adventures from the biographies of semi-historical personages, such as Fulk-Fitzwarine, Hereward the Wake, and Wallace. Finally, Robin was represented as of noble descent, and was raised to the peerage as Earl of Huntingdon. But scepticism on the subject was prevalent even among sixteenth-century men of letters, and 'a tale of Robin Hood' was often used as a synonym for a fabulous story (cf., Rede me, 1525; Harington, Orlando, 1590, p. 391; and other references in Ritson, xvii, xcii, sq.) In Shakespeare's 'As You Like It,' on the other hand, the old duke is said to live in the forest of Arden with 'a many merry men,' 'like the old Robin Hood of England (act ii. sc. i.)

The dramatists continued the balladmakers' work. A rude dramatic manuscript fragment, dated in 1475, and belonging to Dr. W. Aldis Wright of Trinity College, Cambridge, deals with Robin Hood's adventures with Guy of Gisborne. At the end of Copland's edition of the 'Geste' is 'The Playe of Robyn Hode,' which recites the story of the hero and the potter. Peele, in his 'Edward I' (1593), introduces a dramatic device based on the same story (Works, ed. Bullen, i. 140 sq.) 'A Pleasant conceited Comedie of George-A-Greene, the Pinner of Wakefield,' printed in 1599, is partly constructed out of the ballad of 'Robin Hood and the Pinder of Wakefield.' 'The Downfall of Robert, Earl of Huntington, afterward called Robin Hood of Merrie Sherwood' (1601), by Anthony Munday, and ' The Death of Robert, Earl of Huntington, otherwise called Robin Hood of Merrie Sherwood' (1601), by Munday and Chettle, wildly travesty historical legends, and make Robin Hood a rival with King John for the hand of Maid Marian, who is absurdly identified with Matilda, daughter of Robert Fitzwalter [q. v.] (cf., Old Plays, 1874, viii. 210 sq.) Munday, in 1615, again utilised the Robin Hood legends in 'Metropolis Coronata,' a pageant prepared for the lord mayor's induction into office. Nine other similar dramatic pieces, dating between 1600 and 1784, are enumerated by Ritson (lxvlxxii.) About 1632 Martin Parker published 'A True Tale of Robin Hood' in verse, which he professed to have 'carefully collected out of the truest writers of our English chronicles.' In 1670 a new collection of ballads, entitled 'Robin Hood's Garland,' first appeared, and was afterwards frequently reprinted. In 1678 'The Noble Birth and Gallant Achievements of that Remarkable Outlaw Robin Hood,' retold in prose all that had been previously stated in verse, and its information was repeated in numberless chapbooks. One little volume (1752) combined accounts of Robin Hood and James Hind [q.v.] as 'two noted robbers and highwaymen.'

Late historians and antiquaries take Robin Hood's career very seriouslv. A prose life in Sloane MS. 780, ff. 46-8, constructed from the ballads in the seventeenth century, and printed in Thoms's 'English Prose Romances' (ii. 124-37), states that Robin Hood was born about 1160 'at Lockesley in Yorkeshyre, or after others in Notinghamsh.' Loxley has been discovered to be the name of a very small hamlet near Sheffield, and Robin Hood's fame is said to be locally great there; but the biography is clearly unauthentic and uncorroborated. Major, who acknowledged that Robin Hood was only known to him as a ballad-hero ('Rebus huius Roberti gestis tota Britannia in cantibus utitur'), first suggested that he lived in Richard I's time. This suggestion has been adopted by Grafton, Holinshed, Stow, and the author of the Sloane MS., while according to an obiter dictum of Sir Edward Coke (3 Institutes, 197), based on such authorities, 'this Robin Hood lived in the reign of King Richard the first.' Leland was of opinion that Robin Hood was of noble lineage (Collectanea, i. 54), and Grafton adds, on the authority 'of an olde and auncient pamphlet,' that he was created an earl. Fuller includes him in his 'Worthies of Nottinghamshire ' (1662). Dr. Stukeley, credulously accepting the legend, found or fabricated an absurd pedigree making Robin Hood grandson both of Ralph Fitz-othes or Fitzooth, a Norman companion of William the Conqueror and of Geoffrey of Mandeville [q. v.] (, Palœographia Britaunica, No. i. 115). Francis Peck (1692-1743), who always spells the surname Whood, prepared a new edition of the 'Garland' about 1735 (cf. Brit. Mus. Addit. MS. 28638), and was not more critical than Stukeley. Martin Parker, in his 'True Tale' (1632?), first suggested a date of death (4 Dec. 1198), and concocted an epitaph which (he stated) was formerly to be read at Kirklees. Thoresby,in his 'Ducatus Leodensis' (1715),


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 p. 91, described a tombstone near Kirklees with an illegible inscription as the hero's grave, and supplied in his appendix (p. 576) an obviously spurious epitaph, which gave the date of his death as 18 Nov. 1247; this was stated by Thoresby to have been found among the papers of, dean of York [q. v.] (cf., Sepulchral Monuments, p. cviii). Ritson, in his 'Collection of the Ballads' (1795), quoted at length the conclusions of his antiquarian predecessors, and treated Robin Hood as strictly historical.

Thierry in his 'Conquête de l'Angleterre,' 1830, identified Robin Hood with the chief of a troop of Saxon bandits (cf. Ivanhoe). Subsequently it was suggested that he was a leader of the exhæredati, or proscribed followers of Simon de Montfort, who were reduced to great straits after the battle of Evesham in 1264 (London and Westminster Review, March 1840, repr. by Gutch, i. 112 sq.) Joseph Hunter, in 1852, tried to show that Robin Hood was contemporary with Edward II, was an adherent of [q. v.] in the insurrection of 1322, and afterwards entered the king's household. Edward II certainly made a progress in Yorkshire, Lancashire, and Nottinghamshire, where Robin Hood's exploits are chiefly located in the ballads, in the autumn of 1323, and exchequer documents prove that a person named Rooyn Hode subsequently received payment as a 'vadlet' or 'porteur du chambre' in the royal household between 24 March and 22 Nov. 1324. On the last date 'Robyn Hode, jadys un des porteurs, pour cas qil ne poait pluis travailler,' received 5s. But other official documents show that the name Robert Hood was not uncommon in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, and there is nothing whatever to prove that the 'porteur' Robin Hood had any connection with the reputed outlaw, while the other Robert Hoods of the time held official positions which adequately differentiate them from the ballad hero. The 'Lytell Geste' undoubtedly connects the hero with a King Edward; but another early ballad associates him more definitely with Queen Catherine, apparently queen of Henry V, who flourished a century later, and a third Scottish ballad describes his courtship with Jack Cade's daughter. Hunter's theory, although more ingenious than the other historical and antiquarian theories, rests on no more secure foundation.

 HOOD, SAMUEL (1762–1814), vice-admiral, third son of Samuel Hood of Kingsland, Dorset, and younger brother of Captain  (1758-1798) [q. v.], was born on 27 Nov. 1762. He entered the navy in 1776 on board the Courageux with his cousin Samuel (afterwards Lord) Hood. In 1778 he was moved into the Robust with Alexander Hood, the future Lord Bridport, and in her was present in the action off Ushant 27 July 1778. In 1779-80 he served in the Lively sloop in the Channel; and in October 1780 was appointed to the Barfleur, again with Sir Samuel Hood, going out to the West Indies as second in command. He was shortly afterwards promoted to be lieutenant; and continuing in the Barfleur, was present in the several actions with De Grasse—off Martinique, 29 April 1781; off Cape Henry, 5 Sept. 1781; and at St. Kitts, 25-6 Jan. 1782. On 31 Jan. he was promoted by his cousin to the nominal command of the Renard sloop, then lying as a hospital ship at Antigua. Hood remained in the Barfleur as a volunteer, and was thus present in the actions off Dominica on 9 and 12 April, and at the capture of the French squadron in the Mona passage on 19 April 1782. He continued in the Barfleur till the conclusion of the war, when he joined the Renard and took her to England. He then went to France, and in a two years' residence acquired an intimate knowledge of the language. On his return to England in 1785 he was appointed to the Weasel sloop on the Halifax station, and was there, 24 May 1788, posted to the command of the Thisbe frigate, which he brought home and paid off in the autumn of 1789. In May 1790 he commissioned the Juno, a 32-gun frigate, in which he went out to Jamaica. On 3 Feb. 1791, while lying in St. Anne's harbour, he succeeded, during a violent storm and at great


text: Folk-Lore/Volume 31/Obituary/Vincent Arthur Smith


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Rh morning presented it to Mr. Froude, who had forgotten all about it. He was very angry, blustered, cajoled, tried to laugh it off—all to no purpose. He was constrained to marry her. And he seems to have been really fond of her. Certain it is that she was warmly attached to him, and after his death would speak of him as her "dear departed saint," which implies a singular misappropriation of terms, and confusion of ideas.

The following story is on the authority of Jack Russell. He had called one day at Knowstone Parsonage, and found Froude sitting over his fire smoking and Mrs. Froude sitting in the corner of the room against the wall. Her husband had his back towards her. Russell was uneasy, and asked if Mrs. Froude was unwell. Froude turned his head over his shoulder, and asked: "Mrs. Froude, be you satisfied or be you not? You know the terms of agreement come to between us when we married, that I were never to be contradicted and disagreed with. If you are not satisfied you can go back to your friends; I don't care a hang myself whether you stay or whether you go."

"I am content," said the lady faintly.

"Very well," said Froude; "then we'll have a drop of ale, Jack. Go and fetch us a jug and mugs, madam."

His harriers were kept in such a wretched, rattle-trap set of kennels that they occasionally broke loose. This occurred on a certain Sunday, and just as Froude was going up into the pulpit the pack went by. He halted with his hand on the rail, turned to the clerk, and said: "That's Towler giving tongue. Run—he's got the lead, and will tear the hare to bits."

Accordingly the clerk left his desk and went forth, and succeeded in securing the hare from the hounds,


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560 hunting on their own head. He brought the hare into the church and threw it under his seat till the sermon was done, the blessing given, and the congregation dismissed.

When Froude got old he was forced by the Bishop to have a curate. "I don't care to keep dogs to do the barking for me, no fye," said he, "but I can't help it. You see, I just maintains a rough boy to do the work now, and I sits in the vestry and hears un tell."

Between services one Sunday, Froude gave his young curate, who was dining with him and some of his farmer friends, too much of his soft but strong ale. He disliked the young fellow, who was a bit of a clown and uncouth, and did it out of malice. The curate, quite ignorant of the headiness of the ale, inadvertently got fuddled.

The conversation turned on a monstrous pig that Froude had killed, and which was hung up in his outhouse, and he invited his guests to accompany him and view the carcase, and estimate the weight. One thought it weighed so many stone, others thought differently. Froude said that it weighed just the same as his curate, who was fat. The rough farmers demurred to the rector's estimate, and, finding an empty corn-sack, they thrust the intoxicated ecclesiastic into it, and, hanging him up to the end of the beam, shouted with delight as the curate brought the weight down. Meantime the bells were ringing for evensong, but they left the curate hung up in the sack, where he slept uncomfortably. The congregation assembled for service, and waited. Froude would not officiate, and the curate was incapable of doing so.

Mr. Matthews, afterwards Prebendary of Exeter, had been dining at Southmolton in Froude's company, and Froude undertook to drive him back to Knowstone in


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Rh his gig, where Mr. Matthews was to sleep the night. Froude had drunk too much, but insisted on driving home himself. At the bottom of the long street the road crosses the river, and the bridge is set on at an angle to the road. The horse was a spirited animal, and was going home. So down the street they went at a spanking pace, and over the bridge with a whir. Froude had fallen asleep already, but Matthews seized the reins and guided the animal, and thus they narrowly escaped destruction.

Froude slept on, and, arriving at Knowstone, Matthews went in to prepare the young wife to get the rector to bed.

"Oh, what is the matter?" cried Mrs. Froude, when she was informed that her husband was not very well, and had better be put to bed. "Oh! dear lamb"—Mrs. Froude was not happy in her choice of descriptive epithets—"dear lamb, are you ill? Oh dear! dear!" "Nonsense," retorted Froude, "I bain't ill. I’m only drunk, my dear, that's all."

One day he was riding on the quay at Barnstaple, and asked some question of a bargeman in his boat. The fellow gave him a rude answer. Thereupon Froude leaped his horse down into the barge, and thrashed the man.

In the end, Froude gave up doing duty, and retired into a small house in Molland, as more sheltered than Knowstone. In The Maid of Sker, Blackmore represents him as torn to pieces by his hounds. Actually this was not the occasion of his death. Before his parlour window grew a peculiarly handsome trimmed box-tree. Now Froude had done a mean and cruel act to a young farmer near, tricking him out of a considerable sum of money. One night the box-tree was pulled up by the roots and carried away, no one knew


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 him and his story. It's funny. He can't be real. They ain't nobody that old, and if they was, he couldn't be that spry. What's the name o' this here guy that went to Florida after a fountain of youth?"

"Ponce de Leon," Supplied Crayne. "The island he searched for was said to lie in the Bahama group, and was called Bimini."

"Well, this Captain Methusaleh that we've hooked up with must have been readin' about this here Bimini and never woke up."

Dodging bergs and floes along the Labrador coast and into the ice of Baffin Bay, Commander Crayne had leisure to read the notes made by Captain Ek—one page in his native Norwegian, the translation in quaint English on the opposite page—and again he marveled as observations taken on their trip corresponded. The Aurora was equipped with the latest inventions of science for "finding" ice.

A sonic depth-finder interested Murphy and a Swedish scientist, Bjornsen, deeply, but Crayne learned that Captain Ek had a weird instinct which acted more quickly than the instruments. He was standing with the captain in the bridge one moonlight night when suddenly, Captain Ek jerked the engine-room telegraph and jammed the wheel hard over. A few moments later Murphy rushed up and stood at the rail staring over the sea. It was several minutes before the gigantic ghostly mass of ice appeared faintly luminous against the stars.

"Lucky you felt her chill," yelped Murphy. "We heard the engine telegraph before that berg made a sign on the jigger."

"I need no such contraptions," said the old man to Crayne.

"I've noticed that, sir," Crayne answered, "but how do you get warning?"

"They tell me—the children of light."

Crayne was silent. Captain Ek had used that term in his story of the Sea of Light, beyond the magnetic pole. The cold air off the vast ice-cap of Greenland was crisp and electric. Crayne wondered if it affected the old man as the moon is said to affect animal life of the lower orders, and those whose wits are wandering. Even he began to feel the "wingedness" of his flesh in that electric-charged air of high latitudes.

It was under the great hills of Meteorite Island that Crayne realized that Captain Ek's story had a considerable foundation of truth, for the ship was hailed by Eskimos on shore with undoubted welcome.

At Cape York, kayaks darted about the Aurora and shouts of "Nalegak" greeted them. They hailed Captain Ek as a great chieftain. Landing, the party was escorted enthusiastically to the village and a feast provided in a large communal igloo. The laughing, chattering Eskimos were instantly interested in Murphy, who had brought a banjo and regaled them with jazz, but, missing the Captain, Crayne went in search of him and found him on a gray point of rock in the starlight, his arms outstretched while he repeated in a sonorous voice Norwegian words, as of pleading and passion.

He turned casually to Crayne. "They know I am coming, my friend; the

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