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320 down to work in the morning, or enter the factory gate at the same time, feel certain that they will have trouble with their work on that day. I have never succeeded in discovering why this should be so.

The following are some of the persons or objects considered as unlucky for first-footers:—Thieves; persons who walked with their toes turned in; persons who were deformed, or whose senses were impaired—cripples, for instance; a stingy man; an immoral man; a false pretender to religion; the hangman; the gravedigger; the midwife (New Machar); women generally; and all who were suspected of being addicted to witchcraft; those whose eyebrows met, and males who had red hair. Among animals, the cat, the pig, and the hare.

The cat is universally held in detestation by first-footers in Aberdeenshire. In the parish of Rathen, the Rev. Dr. Cock tells me he has heard of the cat being immediately shut up whenever anyone dies in a house, to prevent its jumping over the corpse; because, if it was allowed to do so, and then got out, the first person who met it would be struck blind. So much for the cat's first-foot.

Various devices have been tried to render innocuous the meeting with persons or things of evil repute. If it is a person, the thing is to "have the first word of him". Some people spit; others make a cross on the road and spit. It is generally the custom to spit over the track of an unlucky animal when it presents itself. In Tarland, two twigs of rowan crossed and tied with a red thread is used as a specific. But in a great many places the people, very rightly thinking that prevention is better than cure, take means to prevent an unlucky first-foot presenting himself at all. Thus, in New Machar, when the midwife was seen approaching, people shut their doors and paid no attention to her knocks. In some places it was customary to fasten the house door of a reputedly unlucky person from the outside. For instance, my mother tells me that fifty years ago, when she was a girl, and went a good deal to Fort


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Rh William, it was a regular practice for those starting upon an expedition of any kind to go by stealth the evening before, and nail up the door of the man who performed as district-hangman, and who was regarded as a most ill-omened first-foot. In some of the fishing villages of the coast I have heard of a boat being drawn up against the door of a churlish individual to prevent his getting out. But generally speaking the belief in the first-foot has vanished, like Hans Breitmann's famous party, and "goned" away, like the lager beer, away to the Ewigkeit.

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text: Folk-Lore/Volume 4/First-footing in Aberdeenshire


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Babes of the Future

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Eugenics Education Society of Great Britain, 6 York Buildings, Adelphi, London, Dec. 11, 1912.

To the Editor of The New York Times:

As there appears to be a good deal of doubt on both sides of the Atlantic with regard to the objects and methods of eugenic societies, perhaps you will be good enough to give me an opportunity of stating briefly what they should be in our opinion.

The main aim of the eugenist is to insure the interests of the unborn of the future always being held in view in connection with all our social customs and all our legislation. For the sake of our fellow-creatures of to-day and to-morrow every effort should without doubt be made to improve the environment of mankind by rational methods. But, as regards the more distant future, we can now practically only beneficially affect the great stream of humanity through the agency of heredity. We desire therefore greatly to increase the sense of responsibility in connection with all matters pertaining to human parenthood, to spread abroad a knowledge of the laws of heredity as far as now known, and to encourage further research in that domain of science.

With regard to this last point, about which there is little controversy, scientific investigation must remain to a great extent in the hands of such bodies as the Carnegie Institute of Washington, which is pouring forth such a volume of admirable work. Eugenic societies may perhaps play a useful part in collecting material, such as carefully compiled human pedigrees, and in impressing on the public the scientific value of such information when accurately rendered. By means of such co-operation between the general public and the expert investigator progress may be greatly facilitated.

As to our other aims, they will become more definite as our knowledge increases. We can, however, positively affirm that we do advocate any interference whatever with the free selection of normal mates in marriage. But we firmly believe that, if the moral sense of the nation could be aroused to the importance of the eugenic problem, great benefits would result. These advantages, we hold, would arise because the fit, if suitably mated, would recognize more clearly than they do at present the moral evil of avoiding the duties of parenthood; whilst if not already mated, they would more often refuse to mate with the unfit. Again, as regards the unfit in body, they would more often refrain from marriage for fear of passing on their defects to future generations.

Hence we regard the educational campaign which we are carrying on as being of the greatest practical importance. There will no doubt always remain a class quite outside the pale of all moral influence, and of these there will be a small proportion who, if they become parents, are certain to pass on some grievous mental or bodily defect to a considerable proportion of their progeny. Here and here only must the law step in. As to whether surgical sterilization should ever be enforced on such persons we have still an open mind, but certainly not till further information on this subject is available. Unquestionably these unfortunates must be treated with all practical consideration, and must be made to feel that they are not being punished for a crime, yet sufficient control must be maintained over them in institutions or elsewhere to prevent them from breeding.

Finally, we advocate economic forces being brought to bear in certain directions; as for instance, in making taxation, and also the pay of employees in all public services, vary somewhat with the size of the family to be maintained, and in administering the poor law so as not to encourage reproduction on the part of degenerate paupers.

These are, in brief, the aims of our societies, for which we appeal for widespread sympathy.

 * LEONARD DARWIN, President

title: Babes of the Future


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 Rh possessed great abundance of cattle, yet he was childless. He daily asked for the prayers of mendicants, that God might give him a son. One day a faqīr came along and begged from him, saying, "O prophet Drīs! in God's name give me something!" But Drīs replied, "Here have I been giving and giving day by day, in God's name, and yet I have no son. I will give you nothing." The faqīr said, " I will pronounce a blessing on you, and God will give you a son." Then he blessed him, and said, "I have presented you with forty sons in one day."

The prophet's wife conceived, and bore forty sons at a birth. Then the prophet consulted with his wife, and said, "We cannot keep forty sons. This is what we must do : keep one, and take the other nine-and-thirty out into the wilderness and leave them there." So the mother kept one, and the nine-and-thirty he took out and left in the wilderness. After a year had passed, a goatherd happened to drive out his flock to graze to the spot where the prophet had cast away his offspring, and what should he see but forty children, save one, all playing there together! The goatherd was frightened, for, he thought, "This place is waste and deserted, who can those children be? Are they jinns, or some other of God's mysteries?" In the evening he told his master that he had seen forty children in the wilderness, and knew not what they were. The news of this spread among the people, and at last came to the ears of Drīs the prophet. He said, "I will ask the goatherd about it," but in his own heart he knew they were his children. He went and inquired of the goatherd, who said, "I will send away my flock, and go myself with you, and show you the place." So Drīs set out with the goatherd, and he showed him the place ; but now there was no one there, though their tracks could be seen. Drīs sat down there, and the goatherd drove away his flock. Drīs hid himself and waited, hoping for them to come. Then he saw the children coming towards him, and perceived


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 296 that they were indeed his children, and were all one like the other. He came out and showed himself, and said, "I am your father, you are my children," but the children took to flight. He called after them, "Do not go! come back!" but they would not stop, and ran off. Drīs waited there a night and a day, hoping they would come back, but they did not again come to play in that place. Drīs then returned to his home, and went to a mulla and told him the whole story, and asked how he could get possession of the children. The mulla said, "The only way you can get them is this : let their mother take out their brother, the one you have with you, and go to the spot where they play, and put him down there and hide herself. When the children come to play they will see their brother, and perhaps they may be attracted by him and stay there. If she sees that they are staying, let her show herself but say nothing ; and if they run away, let her speak thus, 'For ten months I bore you in my womb, now give me my rights.' They can be secured in no other way." The mother then took her son, and carried him out to the playing-spot, and put him down and hid herself. The children appeared, and began to play with their brother. Then she came out of her hiding-place, and they all ran away, and she cried out, "I bore you in my womb for ten months, do not go, but give me my rights." Then the children came back, and she petted them and gave them some sweetmeats she had brought with her, and made them accustomed to her. When they had got to know her, she took them away with her and brought them home. The prophet Drīs was very glad, and gave away much in charity in God's name. He taught all the forty to read the Kurān, and say their prayers in the mosque. But the angel Arzāīl (Izrāīl) received an order from God to take the breath of all the forty at the same time ; and a few days after their breath left them, and they died, and they carried them out and buried them. Then the prophet Drīs said to his wife, "I can no longer stay in this country;


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 MAGIC SONGS OF THE FINNS. V.

XLI.— (Läävamato)

(a.) SERVING-GIRL was sitting upon a cloud, a woman upon the edge of a [rain]bow. The girl was combing her head, was brushing her hair with a copper comb, with a silver brush. A hair loosened from the brush, a tooth broke off the comb and fell down to the clear and open sea, to the illimitable waves. A wind rocked it to and fro, a current jolted it ashore into a hole in a stone, to the vicinity of a thick stone. Then it twisted itself into a ‘distaff’, changed itself into a snake, stretched itself out towards a cattle-shed, took its departure into a cowhouse, into the litter of a shed, under the scaly husks of hay. Then it rustled into bins, darted along like a lizard, and placed itself under rafters, under the milk of a barren cow It lived at the feet of old women, was always at the women’s heels, used to crawl to the milk-pails, crept lightly to the butter-tubs.

(b.) An old woman that lived near a sound was combing her head with a silver brush, with a copper comb. A bristle


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Send Greetings to Edison

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Special to The New York Times

WEST ORANGE, N.J., Oct. 21. - This was "Edison Day" at the Panama Pacific Exposition in San Francisco, where Mr. and Mrs. Edison are guests, and to celebrate it here a telephone connection was made between Mr. Edison's home and the fair grounds. While the inventor, aided with a special sound amplifier, listened in San Francisco, a long message from Miller Reese Hutchinson, Superintendent of the Edison Works, was transmitted by Mr. Edison's own phonograph.

The message congratulated Mr. Edison on the thirty-sixth anniversary of his invention of the incandescent light, and told him that several hundred of his friends had gathered in his home to do him honor.

Mr. Edison's reply was received by his latest invention, the telescribe, and later every one in the room received a cylinder on which the words of the inventor had been transcribed automatically.

Among those who journeyed to Edison's home and found the streets about it lighted by 5,000 candle-power lights, while immense searchlights played on it from the roof of the laboratory, were: Charles and Theodore Edison, Mr. and Mrs. Thomas A. Edison, Jr., Mr. and Mrs. William Edison, the last two being children by the inventor's first wife; John B. Miller, brother of Mrs. Edison; Charles Edison Poyer, a nephew of the inventor; Mr. and Mrs. Henry Nicholl of New York, Mrs. Nicholl being a sister of Mrs. Edison; Dr. Peter Cooper Hewitt, Spencer Miller, and Dr. Elmer L. Sperry of the Naval Advisory Board, themselves inventors; Benjamin S. Whitehead of Newark; Captain George E. Burd, U.S.N.; Charles Wirt of Philadelphia; M.F. Moore of Rosell, an electrical expert; T. Comerford Martin and Edward H. Johnson of New York, Mr. and Mrs. Frank A. Potter of East Orange, Dr. G.F. Kunz, Mrs. and Mrs. George Merck of Llewellyn Park, Dr. and Mrs. John H. Bradshaw of Orange, and Mrs. William G. Bee, whose husband was at the other end of the wire with Mr. Edison.

Among the old associates of Mr. Edison were George F. Morrison of Harrison, general manager of the Edison Lamp Works; Dr. Frank A. Sprague of New York, Sidney B. Payne of the General Electric Company of Schenectady, J.C. Walker, lighting expert; Charles Bradley, William J. Hammer, Charles L. Clarke, John Ott of West Orange, who has been with Mr. Edison forty years, the longest term of any in his employ.

Others included Dr. Schuyler S. Wheeler, President of the Crocker Wheeler Company; W.H. Coade, also of that company; Mr. and Mrs. W.P. Hutchinson of Mobile, Ala.; Mr. and Mrs. Tebbetts, also of Mobile; the Rev. Dr. Stephen Joseph Herben, pastor of the Orange Methodist Church supported by the Edisons; Gerrard S. Swope, Vice President of the Western Electric Company; Frederick A. Stevenson, general superintendent of the American Telephone and Telegraph Company; Henry F. Thurber, Vice President of the New York Telephone Company, and the corps of engineering experts at the Edison works.

The wire worked perfectly and the voices of all those who spoke were heard distinctly. Mr. Edison's voice preserved all its characteristics in the transmission over 3,400 miles, and those who knew him instantly recognized the speaker. Mr. Edison, in turn, assured those in this laboratory that he heard perfectly. Mr. Edison then said:

"It may seem strange to those who know of my work on the telephone carbon transmitter that this is the first time I have ever carried on a conversation over the telephone. Trying to talk 3,400 miles on my first attempt at a telephone conversation seems to be a pretty big undertaking, but  the engineers of the Bell System have made it easier to talk 3,400 miles than it used to be to talk thirty-four miles.  In my research work I have spent a great many years listening to the phonograph, but it gives me a singular sensation to sit here in California and hear the phonograph over the telephone all the way from Orange, N.J. I heard the record of Hutch's talk very plainly.  I should now like to hear a musical record."

"That's fine," he said, after a record had been played. He was asked to play the record back from San Francisco and a machine at that end was started and the West Orange audience heard the music.

After several had spoken to Mr. Edison he was compelled to leave to attend a dinner in his honor at the exposition. Earlier he had had a private conversation with his son Charles.

title: Send Greetings to Edison


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User:Sije/Mishneh Torah/The Book of Holiness/Laws of Forbidden Intercourse/Chapter Thirteen

Chapter Thirteen
(1) Israel entered the covenant by three means: Circumcision, immersion, and sacrifice. (2) Circumcision took place in Egypt, as it says, "but no uncircumcised man shall eat of it" (Exodus 12:48). Moses circumcised them because they had all stopped circumcising in Egypt except for the tribe of Levi, about whom it is said, "and Your covenant they preserved" (Deuteronomy 33:8). (3) Immersion took place in the wilderness before the giving of the Torah, as it says, "consecrate them today and tomorrow, and they shall wash their cloaks" (Exodus 19:10). And sacrifice too, as it says, "And he sent the lads of the Israelites and they offered up burnt offerings" (Exodus 24:5)—they brought the sacrifices on behalf of all Israel.

(4) The same is true for all generations: When a gentile wishes to enter the covenant and reside under the wings of the Divine Presence, and accepts the yoke of the Torah upon himself, he requires circumcision and immersion and to offer a sacrifice, and if she is female then immersion and a sacrifice, as it says, "one statute for you and for the proselyte" (Numbers 15:15)—Just as you were with circumcision and immersion and offering a sacrifice, so will the proselyte for all generations be with circumcision and immersion and offering a sacrifice. (5) What is the sacrifice of the proselyte? A burnt-offering of an animal, or two turtledoves or two young pigeons, both of them for burnt-offerings. But today when there is no sacrifice one requires circumcision and immersion, and when the Temple is built he will bring his sacrifice.

(6) A proselyte who has been circumcised but not immersed, or who has immersed but not been circumcised, is not a proselyte until he is circumcised and immerses. And he must immerse in the presence of [a court of] three. Because the matter requires a court we do not immerse him on the Sabbath, nor on a holiday, nor at night. But if they immersed him, he is nevertheless a valid proselyte.

(14) Do not imagine that Samson the savior of Israel, or Solomon the King of Israel and beloved of God, married foreign women without conversion. Rather, the truth is as follows: When a male or female proselyte comes to be converted, the proper procedure is for the court to check him, lest he come to enter the religion because of money that he will receive or power that he will acquire; or out of fear. If he is male, they check that he has not set his eyes upon a Jewish woman. And if she is a woman, they check that she has not set her eyes on one of Israel's young men.

If no ulterior motive was found, they inform them of the weight of the Torah's yoke and how difficult it is for people to keep it, so that they will reconsider. But if they accepted this and did not leave, and the court saw that they have repented out of love, then we accept them, as scripture says, "When Naomi saw how determined she was to go with her, she ceased to argue with her" (Ruth 1:18).

(15) It is for this reason that the court did not accept proselytes throughout the era of David and Solomon. In David's days lest they came out of fear, and in Solomon's days lest they came for the sake of the kingdom and the great good that Israel enjoyed. For anyone who comes from the gentiles for worldly reasons is not one of the righteous proselytes. Nevertheless, many proselytes converted before laymen during the days of David and Solomon, and the great court was wary of them: They did not reject the since they had already immersed, but they did not draw them close until their future behavior became clear.

(16) Since Solomon converted women and married them, just as Samson too converted and married, and it is well known that they converted for ulterior motives, and it was not the court who converted them—scripture regards them as gentiles, and forbidden. Furthermore, their later behavior proved their initial intentions, since they serves their foreign gods and built shrines for them; scripture blames Solomon for building them, as it says, "At that time Solomon built a shrine" (1 Kings 11:7).

(17) A proselyte who was not investigated, or was not informed of the commandments and their penalties, but was circumcised and immersed before three laymen—he is considered a proselyte. And even if it becomes known that he converted for ulterior motives, he has left his gentile status for being circumcised and immersed, but we remain wary of him until his righteousness is proven. Even if he returned to idolatry he is like an apostate Jew, his marriage is valid, and we are obligated to return his lost object. Since he immersed he became an Israelite. This is why Samson and Solomon kept their wives, even though their secret was revealed.

(18) This is why the Sages said: Proselytes are as terrible for Israel as leprosy. For most of them come with ulterior motives and deceive Israel, and it is terribly hard to keep separate from them after they have converted. Learn from what took place in the wilderness with the golden calf and the graves of desire. And similarly for most of the trials [in the wilderness], the rif-raf were the first to be involved.


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User:Sije/Mishneh Torah/The Book of Holiness/Laws of Forbidden Intercourse/Chapter Fourteen

Chapter Fourteen
(1) How do we accept righteous proselytes? When he comes to be converted, and the court investigates him but finds no ulterior motive, we say to him: "Why have you come to be converted? Don't you know that at this time Israel is harshly oppressed and harried, suffering terrible afflictions?" If he replied, "I know this, but I am not worthy" then we accept him immediately.

(2) We inform him of the principles of the religion, which are the unity of God and the prohibition of idolatry, and we elaborate upon this at great length. And we inform him of a few light commandments and a few severe commandments, but we do not dwell upon this at length. We inform him of the transgressions regarding gleaning, the forgotten sheaf, the corner of field, and the tithe of the poor. And we inform him of the penalties for the commandments.

How is this done? We tell him: "Know that until you came to this religion, if you ate forbidden fat you were not liable to be punished with karet. If you violated the Sabbath, you were not liable to be stoned. But now, after you convert, if you eat forbidden fat you are liable to be punished with karet, and if you violate the Sabbath you are liable to be stoned." But we do not press him too much, and we are not exacting with him, lest this pressure cause him to leave the good path for the way of evil. For at first we must draw a person with soft, pleasing words, as it says, "I drew them with human ties" and then "with cords of love" (Hosea 11:4).

(3) Just as we inform him of the punishments for the commandments, so do we inform him of their rewards. And we inform him that through keeping these commandments he will merit the life of the World to Come, and that the only perfectly righteous man is a wise person who keeps these commandments and understands them. (4) So we say to him: "Know that the World to Come is kept hidden away for the righteous alone, and they are Israel. And although you see Israel suffering in this world, this is a good that is kept hidden away for them, because they cannot enjoy great good in this world like the other nations, lest their hearts become haughty and they err, thereby losing the reward of the World to Come, as it says, "And Jeshurun fattened and kicked" (Deuteronomy 32:15). (5) But the Holy One, blessed be He, spares them from the the full extent of affliction, so that they do not perish. Rather, all the other nations will perish and they will still stand." And we elaborate on this matter at great length, in order that he find it pleasing.

If he reconsidered, and decided not to accept, he may go his own way. But if he accepted we do not keep him waiting, but rather circumcise him immediately, and if he was already circumcised we take drops of the blood of the covenant from him. We let him tarry until he is completely healed, and then we immerse him. (6) Three judges stand over him and inform him of a few light commandments and a few severe commandments a second time, as he stands in the water.

If she was a woman, women sit her down in the water up to her neck, while the judges are outside. They inform her of a few light commandments and a few severe commandments while she sits in the water, and then she immerses before them, while they turn their faces away and leave, so that they cannot see her when she rises from the water.


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--Zyephyrus (talk) 20:21, 15 January 2011 (UTC)

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216 past, Celtic speech has been heard. The Cornish, too, has become extinct within the memory of the present generation; the Irish is rapidly on its way to the same fate; the Gaelic will not survive the complete taming and civilization of the Highlands; the French is likely to crowd out the patois of the Breton peasant; and it is greatly to be doubted whether even the Welsh people, passionate as is the attachment with which at present they cling to their peculiar speech, will continue always to refuse the advantages that would accrue to them from its relinquishment, and a more thorough fusion with the greater community of speakers of English to which they form an adjunct. There has never been a homogeneous, independent, and cultivated Celtic state, capable of protecting its idiom from the encroachment of other tongues; and only such protection, now unattainable, can, as it seems, save Celtic speech from utter extinction.

There is no small difficulty in treating satisfactorily the documents which illustrate the history of the Celtic languages, owing to the prevalence of a peculiar and strongly-marked linguistic disease, well known among philologists as "Celtomania," which has been very apt to attack students of the subject—especially such as were of Celtic extraction, but in some degree foreigners also—leading them wildly to exaggerate the antiquity and importance of the Celtic civilization, language, and literature. We have had Celtic set up as the most primitive and uncorrupted of tongues, spoken by generations long anterior to the oldest worthies whom history, sacred or profane, recognizes, and furnishing the only sure foundation to universal etymology; we have had ancient inscriptions and difficult texts, of the most diverse origin and distant locality, explained out of Celtic into high-sounding phrases, of true Ossianic ring; we have had the obscure words of various languages traced to Celtic roots, provided with genealogies from an Irish or Welsh ancestor—and much more of the same sort. Sober and unprejudiced inquiry cuts down these claims to greatly reduced, though still respectable, dimensions.

So completely were the Gaulish dialects of northern Italy, France, and Spain wiped out by the Latin, so few traces of


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VI.] them are left to us, either in the later idioms of the Latin or in fragments of writings, inscriptions, and coins, that it is still a matter of doubt and question among Celtic scholars to which of the known divisions of Celtic speech, the Gadhelic or the Cymric, they belonged, or whether they did not constitute a third division, coördinate with these. Aside from the exceedingly scanty and obscure Gallic epigraphical monuments, and the few single words preserved in classic authors, the earliest records, both of Irish and Welsh speech, are glosses, or interlinear and marginal versions and comments, written by Celtic scholars upon manuscripts which they were studying, in old times when Wales and Ireland, especially the latter, were centres of a lively literary and Christian activity. Of these glosses, the Irish are by far the most abundant, and afford a tolerably distinct idea of what the language was at about the end of the eighth century. There is also an independent literary work, a life of Saint Patrick, which is supposed to belong to the beginning of the ninth century. The other principal Gadhelic dialect, the Scotch Gaelic, presents us a few songs that claim to be of the sixteenth century. The Ossianic poems, which excited such attention a hundred years ago, and whose genuineness and value have been the subject of so lively discussion, are probably built upon only a narrow foundation of real Gaelic tradition.

In the Cymric division, the Welsh glosses, just referred to, are the oldest monuments of definite date. Though hardly, if at all, less ancient than the Irish, coming down from somewhere between the eighth and the tenth centuries, they are very much more scanty in amount, hardly sufficient to do more than disprove the supposed antiquity of the earliest monuments of the language that possess a proper literary character. For long centuries past, the Welsh bards have sung in spirit-stirring strains the glories and the woes of their race; and it is claimed that during much more than a thousand years, or ever since the sixth century, the era of Saxon invasion and conquest, some of their songs have been handed down from generation to generation, by a careful and uninterrupted tradition. And the claim is probably well


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218 founded: only it is also pretty certain that, as they have been handed down, they have been modernized in diction, so that, in their present form, they represent to us the Welsh language of a time not much preceding the date of the oldest manuscripts, or of the twelfth to the fourteenth centuries. The later Welsh literature, as well as the Irish, is abundant in quantity. The Cornish, also, has a tolerably copious literature of not far from the same age; its earliest monument, a Latin-Cornish vocabulary, may be as old as the twelfth century. The language of Brittany, the Armorican—which is so closely allied with the two last-mentioned that it cannot well be regarded as a remnant and representative of the Celtic dialects of Gaul, but must rather belong to colonists or fugitives from Britain—is recorded in one or two brief works going back to the fourteenth century, or even farther.

We come next to the Romanic branch, as we have called it when briefly noticing its history at an earlier point in our discussions. Of the languages which compose it, and whose separate currents of linguistic tradition we trace backward until they converge and meet in the Latin, two, the Rhæto-Romanic in southern Switzerland and at the head of the Adriatic, and the Wallachian of the northern provinces of Turkey, have no literature of any antiquity or independent value. The other five—the Italian, French, Provençal, Spanish, and Portuguese—all emerged out of the condition of vulgar patois, and began to take on the character of national cultivated languages, at not far from the same time, or in the eleventh, twelfth, and thirteenth centuries. There are fragments of French texts dating from the tenth century, but the early French literature, abundant and various, and, in its romances, attaining a wonderfully sudden and general popularity throughout cultivated Europe, belongs to the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. The Provençal poetry, consisting of the songs of the troubadours, whose chief activity was displayed at the court of Toulouse, in southern-most France, was wholly lyrical in form, and amatory or satirical in content: it finished its brilliant but brief career, of about three hundred years, in the fourteenth century. The


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VI.] culture of Italian begins at the court of Frederic II., about A.D. 1200, and within a century and a half of that time lived, sang, and narrated the three greatest writers of Italy—Dante (ob. 1321), Petrarch (ob. 1374), and Boccaccio (ob. 1375). The Spanish heroic legend commences in the twelfth century; and there are monuments of Portuguese speech of about the same time. Among these languages, the French is that which has undergone most change during the historical period; the oldest French and Provençal form a kind of middle term between the modern language and the ancient Latin, illustrating the transition from the latter to the former.

But if we have called the branch of Indo-European speech to which these tongues belong the Romanic, we have done so out of regard to its later history and present constitution, and not altogether properly. To the student of Indo-European philology, these are the recent branchings of a single known stock, the Latin; to trace their development is a task of the highest interest, a whole linguistic school in itself; they furnish rich and abundant illustration of all the processes of linguistic growth: but, as regards any direct bearing upon the history of Indo-European speech, they have value only through the Latin, their common parent. The remoter relations of the Latin itself receive light from various sources. In its familiar classic form, it represents to us the speech of the learned and educated Romans of a century or two before the Christian era; it is somewhat refined by literary culture from the diction of the oldest authors whose works have come down to us, in fragments or entire—as Livius Andronicus, Plautus, Terence—and is far more notably changed from the language of earlier Roman times—as is shown by the yet extant monuments, like the inscription on the Duilian column (about B.C. 260), that on the sarcophagus of a founder of the Scipio family (a little older than the last mentioned), and especially the Salian hymn and song of the fratres arvales, of yet earlier but uncertain date, in which the best Latin scholar would find himself wholly at fault without the traditional interpretation which is handed down along with them: in these monuments is preserved to us


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220 many an antique form, giving valuable hints respecting the grammatical and phonetic development of the language. Their evidence is supplemented in a very important manner by that of other kindred Italian dialects. The Oscan or Opican of southern Italy was the language of the Samnites and their allies, from whose hands Rome wrung after a severe and often doubtful struggle the dominion of the peninsula: it was not disused as the official speech of some of the southern provinces until less than a hundred years before Christ; and coins and inscriptions dating from the two or three preceding centuries still teach us something of its structure and character. The Umbrian, the tongue of north-eastern Italy, is yet more fully represented to us by the Euguvine tablets, inscribed with the prayers and ceremonial rules of a fraternity of priests, and supposed to be as old as the third and fourth centuries before our era. Of the Volscian dialect, also, and the Sabine or Sabellian—the former being more akin with the Umbrian, the latter with the Latin—some exceedingly scanty relics have been discovered. The interpretation and comprehension of all these—resting, as it does, solely upon comparison with the Latin and other more distantly related tongues—is at present, and is likely always to remain, incomplete and doubtful; but they are of essential importance, both in explaining some of the peculiarities of the Latin, and in fixing its position as one of a group of kindred dialects occupying the greater portion of the Italian peninsula, and hence most suitably to be denominated the Italic group. The theory that the Latin was produced by a mixture of somewhat discordant elements—of Roman, Sabine, and Oscan; or of these and Etruscan—brought together by historical circumstances, and finally fused into homogeneousness, is one which belonged to a former stage of linguistic science, and is now rejected as uncalled-for and groundless. Yet more untenable, and wanting even a semblance of foundation, is the derivation of Latin from Greek, a favourite dogma of times not long past, but at present abandoned by every comparative philologist whose opinion is of the slightest value.

In the Greek language, we reach an antiquity in the


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Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 03.djvu/145

Bannerman Henry Mackenzie, with whom, and with Blair, Cullen, Erskine, and Craig, he lived on terms of intimate friendship. Much of his spare time was spent in the gratification of his literary tastes, and his papers in the ‘Mirror’ and ‘Lounger’ display much genial wit and sprightliness. He was one of the originators of the Highland Society in 1784, and he was an original member of the Bannatyne Club, which, at its institution, was limited to thirty-one members. For some years he remained the sole survivor of the old literary society of Edinburgh, whose mild splendours were eclipsed by the brilliant achievements of the succeeding generation with whom he mingled during the latter period of his life. He was among the last of the Scotch gentlemen who combined in their manners dignity and grace with a homely simplicity now for ever lost, and could make use of the graphic and strong vernacular Scotch in the pure and beautiful form in which, for many years after the union, it continued to be the current speech of the Scotch upper classes.

[Kay's Series of Original Portraits and Caricature Etchings, edition of 1877, ii. 370–71; Gent. Mag. New Series, i. 105.]  BANNERMAN, ANNE (d. 1829), Scottish poetical writer, published at Edinburgh in 1800 a small volume of ‘Poems,’ which was followed in 1802 by ‘Tales of Superstition and Chivalry.’ In December 1803 she lost her mother, and about the same time her only brother died in Jamaica. She was thus left without relatives, and in a state of destitution. Dr. Robert Anderson, writing to Bishop Percy 15 Sept. 1804, says: ‘I have sometimes thought that a small portion of the public bounty might be very properly bestowed on this elegantly accomplished woman. I mentioned her case to Professor Richardson, the confidential friend and adviser of the Duke of Montrose, a cabinet minister, who readily undertook to co-operate in any application that might be made to government. The duke is now at Buchanan House, and other channels are open, but no step has yet been taken in the business. … Perhaps an edition of her poems by subscription might be brought forward at this time with success.’ The latter suggestion was acted upon, and about 250 subscribers of a guinea were obtained for the new edition of the ‘Poems,’ including the ‘Tales of Superstition and Chivalry,’ which was published at Edinburgh in 1807, 4to, with a dedication to Lady Charlotte Rawdon. Shortly afterwards Miss Bannerman went to Exeter as governess to Lady Frances Beresford's daughter. She died at Portobello, near Edinburgh, on 29 Sept. 1829 (Glasgow Courier).

[Nichols's Illustrations of Literary History, vii. 97, 112, 123, 129, 133, 135, 138, 164, 181, 182; Cat. of Printed Books in Brit. Mus.; Biog. Dict. of Living Authors (1816), 13.]  BANNERMAN, JAMES, D.D. (1807–1868), theologian, son of Rev. James Patrick Bannerman, minister of Cargill, Perthshire, was born at the manse of Cargill, 9 April 1807, and after a distinguished career at the university of Edinburgh, especially in the classes of Sir John Leslie and Professor Wilson, became minister of Ormiston, in Midlothian, in 1833, left the Established for the Free church in 1843, and in 1849 was appointed professor of apologetics and pastoral theology in the New College (Free church), Edinburgh, which office he held till his death, 27 March 1868. In 1850 he received the degree of D.D. from Princeton College, New Jersey. He took a leading part in various public movements, especially in that which led in 1843 to the separation of the Free church from the state, and subsequently in the negotiations for union between the nonconformist presbyterian churches of England and Scotland. His chief publications were: 1. ‘Letter to the Marquis of Tweeddale on the Church Question,’ 1840. 2. ‘The Prevalent Forms of Unbelief,’ 1849. 3. ‘Apologetical Theology,’ 1851. 4. ‘Inspiration: the Infallible Truth and Divine Authority of the Holy Scriptures,’ 1865. 5. ‘The Church: a Treatise on the Nature, Powers, Ordinances, Discipline, and Government of the Christian Church,’ 2 vols. 8vo; published after his death in 1868, and edited by his son. 6. A volume of sermons (also posthumous) published in 1869. In 1839 he married a daughter of the Hon. Lord Reston, one of the senators of the College of Justice.

[Preface to The Church, by his son; Omond in Disruption Worthies, 1876; Scott's Fasti Eccl. Scot. pt. i. 303.]  BANNERMANN, ALEXANDER (fl. 1766), engraver, was born in Cambridge about 1730. He engraved some plates for Alderman Boydell, ‘Joseph interpreting Pharaoh's Dream,’ after Ribera; the ‘Death of St. Joseph,’ after Velasquez; and ‘Dancing Children,’ after Le Maire. For Walpole's ‘Anecdotes of Painters’ he also engraved several portaits. In 1766 he was a member of the Incorporated Society of Artists; in 1770 he is known to have been living in Cambridge. In Nagler's dictionary (ed. 1878) is a long list of his works; there are good specimens in the print room of the British Museum.


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VI.] recorded history of Indo-European speech considerably higher than we have anywhere else attained. The exact date of its earliest monuments, the grand and unrivalled poems of Homer, the Iliad and Odyssey, cannot, it is true, be determined; but they go back, doubtless, to near the beginning of the thousand years before Christ's birth. From the different parts of Greece, too, as of Italy, we have received records of dialects that subsisted side by side through all the earlier periods of the country's history, until at length (about B.C. 300) the political importance and superior literature of Athens made her idiom, the later Attic, the common language of cultivated Greeks everywhere. The earlier Attic is found first in the writings of the great dramatists, beginning about five centuries before Christ: it is more nearly akin with the earlier Ionic of Homer and Hesiod (before 700 B.C.), and the later Ionic of Herodotus (about 400 B.C.), than with the Doric of Alcman, Pindar, and Theocritus (600-250 B.C.), or the Æolic of Alcæus and Sappho (about 600 B.C.). The differences of the Greek dialects are quite insignificant as compared with those of the Italic, yet they are of no small service to the historical student of the Greek language, since each brings to his knowledge some elements less corrupted and modernized than are to be found in the others, or in the later common tongue.

The modern Greek has also its dialects, respecting which little is known in detail; and it has, besides, its common tongue, the Romaic (as it is ordinarily styled), spoken and written by all the educated Greeks of the present day. This Romaic is very much less altered from the ancient classic language, as spoken by Plato and Demosthenes, than are the modern Romanic languages from the speech of Virgil and Cicero. The difference of the two is even so slight that a party in Greece are now engaged in making the somewhat pedantic and utopian effort to eliminate it altogether, to make the turbulent population of the present petty and insignificant kingdom talk and write as did their heroic forefathers, when, though feeble in numbers, they were the foremost community of the world. Small result is to be looked for from this experiment; should it prove successful, it will


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222 be the first time that such a thing has been accomplished in all the history of language.

Of the Asiatic branches of our family, the one which lies nearest us, the Iranian, or Persian, may first engage our attention. Its oldest monuments of well-determined date are the inscriptions—cut on the surface of immense walls of living rock, in the so-called cuneiform characters—by which the Achæmenidan sovereigns of Persia, Darius, Xerxes, and their successors, made imperishable record for posterity of their names and deeds. Fifty years ago, these inscriptions were an unsolved and apparently insoluble enigma; now, by a miracle of human ingenuity and patience, not without the aid of a combination of favouring circumstances wholly impossible at any earlier period, almost every word and every character is fully laid open to our comprehension, and they have been made to yield results of great value both to linguistic and to national history. The oldest of them come from a time about five centuries before Christ, and their extent is sufficient to give us a very distinct idea of the language of those Persians against whom the Greeks so long fought, first for independence, then for empire.

Of about the same age, and even, probably, in part considerably older, are the sacred Scriptures of the religion established by Zoroaster (in his own tongue, Zarathustra)—the book called the Avesta, or Zend-Avesta. The dialect in which these writings are composed goes usually by the name of the Zend; it is also styled the Avestan, and sometimes the Old Bactrian, from the country Bactria, the north-eastern-most region of the great Iranian territory, which is supposed to have been its specific locality. They have been preserved to us by the Parsis of western India, who fled thither from their native country after its reduction under Mohammedan vassalage in the seventh century of our era, and who have ever since faithfully maintained, under Hindu and British protection, the rites of the Magian faith, the pure worship of Ormuzd (Ahura-Mazda, 'the mighty spirit') through the symbol of fire. The Avesta shows two dialects, a younger and an older; some of its hymns and prayers possibly go back to the time of Zoroaster himself—whatever that may


text:
Author:Richard Verstegen

Works

 * The Post of the World
 * Restitution of Decayed Intelligence in Antiquities concerning the most noble and renowned English Nation
 * Sundry Successive Regal Governments in England

title: Author:Richard Verstegen


text:
Author:Justus Friedrich Carl Hecker

Works

 * Epidemics of the Middle Ages

title: Author:Justus Friedrich Carl Hecker


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Gossamer

title: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Gossamer


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Gosse, Edmund


text: 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Gosse, Philip Henry


text:
The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Gosse, Edmund William

GOSSE, gŏs, Edmund William, English literary critic and poet: b. London, 21 Sept. 1849. From 1875-1904 he was translator to the Board of Trade, and since 1904 has been

librarian to the House of Lords. In 1884-85 he lectured in the United States. He has made a special study of Scandinavian literature, and published ‘Studies in the Literature of Northern Europe’ (1879). Other works of his are ‘Life of Gray’ (1882); ‘Seventeenth Century Studies’ (1883); ‘From Shakespeare to Pope’ (1885); ‘Life of Congreve’ (1888); ‘History of Eighteenth Century Literature’ (1890); ‘Life of Philip Henry Gosse, Naturalist’ (1890); ‘Gossip in a Library’ (1891); ‘Questions at Issue’ (1893); ‘The Jacobean Poets’ (1894); ‘History of Modern English Literature’ (1897); ‘Coventry Patmore’ (1904); ‘Father and Son’ (1907), a delightful piece of autobiography which was crowned by the French Academy in 1913; ‘Portraits and Studies’ (1912); ‘Collected Essays’ (5 vols., 1913). He published his ‘Collected Poems’ in 1896.


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Middleton, Charles (1726-1813)


text:
User talk:92.23.94.252

Welcome

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title: User talk:92.23.94.252


text:
User talk:75.150.224.233

Welcome

Hello, and welcome to Wikisource! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers:

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User talk:199.89.180.254

Welcome

Hello, and welcome to Wikisource! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are a few good links for newcomers:

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plus thanks for the patrol and undo. :-) — billinghurst  sDrewth  23:49, 15 January 2011 (UTC)

title: User talk:199.89.180.254


text:
User:DeirdreAnne/backlinks

* Author:Anastasius II --> Pope Anastasius II (author page with no works on WS) (Jayvdb added links to works on author page and I added backlink) * Author:Washington Allston --> Washington Allston (added link to WS) * Author:Winthrop Ames --> Winthrop Ames (added backlink) * Author:Francis William Lauderdale Adams --> Francis William Lauderdale Adams (no works by but links about on the WS author page) (added backlink)
 * Author:Valery Alekseyev --> Valery Alekseyev (author page with no works on WS, dab on WP)
 * Author:James Anderson --> James Anderson (doesn't appear to have an article on WP, the link here is to a dab but this person isn't listed)
 * Author:Abd-ar-Rahman III --> Abd-ar-Rahman III (author page with no works on WS)
 * Author:Abd-ar-Rahman IV --> Abd-ar-Rahman IV (author page with no works on WS)
 * Author:Alcuin --> Alcuin (backlink exists, why is this reporting?)
 * Author:Abd-ar-Rahman V --> Abd-ar-Rahman V (author page with no works on WS)
 * Author:Jos√© de Acosta --> Jos√© de Acosta
 * Should be Author:José de Acosta >José de Acosta (one redlinked work listed on WS Author page)
 * Author:Thomas Aird --> Thomas Aird (has a link to WS already, why is this reporting?)
 * Author:Erik Acharius --> Erik Acharius (one redlinked work listed on WS author page)
 * Author:Adrian V --> Pope Adrian V (author page with no works on WS)
 * Author:Alexander IV --> Alexander IV (author page with no works on WS)
 * Author:Alaric --> Alaric (Author page with no works on WS, w:Alaric is a dab, there are multiple Alaric's even who were Visigoth kings - needs sorting out if we're going to keep it)
 * Author:Cecil Aldin --> Cecil Aldin (backlink exists, why is this reporting?)
 * Author:Salvador Allende --> Salvador Allende (had a link to the work, changed to the author)

title: User:DeirdreAnne/backlinks


text:
Page talk:The Harvard Classics Vol. 51; Lectures.djvu/324

Paste text for anyone who wishes to construct the diagram

(Getting an Income (.Business Economics) [Utilising an Income (Home Economics) {Direct Taxation { i Indirect ' Public Revenue Royalties Economics or, The Art of Household " Management ' Finance (How the' state can- Public Domain manage its ^Public Trading own affairs) k. Public Expenditure By encouraging the production of Public wealth (Political ' Economy) By facilitating the exchange of com- modities Social EC on- om (How the By securing an advantageous distribu- tion of wealth general wel- fare may be By directing the wise consumption of . wealth
 * promoted)


text:
Author:Hugo de Vries

Works

 * Species and varieties, their origin by mutation

title: Author:Hugo de Vries


text:
Author:Francis Maitland Balfour

Works

 * The Works of Francis Maitland Balfour
 * Volume 1
 * Volume 2
 * Volume 3
 * Volume 4

title: Author:Francis Maitland Balfour


text:
Template talk:NYT ext link

Lifting to style
With our linking from author pages we have been trying to add more rigour to these links. If you have a look at The Times link, DNB link, EB1911 link you will see examples of the detail to which we have been progressing. Thanks. — billinghurst  sDrewth  00:49, 16 January 2011 (UTC)

 * Feel up to the task of aligning this to article link and the hierarchy in place today? Happy to do a bot run for you if required so you can work on the important things. Thanks. — billinghurst  sDrewth  03:41, 20 May 2021 (UTC)
 * doesn't really look like this template is the same kind as article link, it links to the NYT website rather than our mainspace? Inductiveload— talk/contribs 03:58, 20 May 2021 (UTC)
 * Negligible use. We can move the template to "NYT ext link" and run the bot through, and take over the name. Almost thinking that our external non-WMF linking templates would do well to be of the nomenclature "... ext link", knowing that some of them are my work too. — billinghurst  sDrewth  05:17, 20 May 2021 (UTC)

 * ✅ and NYT link is now in place. Not sure what to do about the articles which aren't in the date hierarchy. Inductiveload— talk/contribs 20:31, 20 May 2021 (UTC)
 * Thanks. One mouthful at a time. Fix the underlying so the crap stops getting worse, and build from there. — billinghurst  sDrewth  02:29, 21 May 2021 (UTC)

title: Template talk:NYT ext link


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Clare, Richard de (d.1090?)


text: Author talk:William Allan Neilson

title: Author talk:William Allan Neilson


text:
Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 40.djvu/158

  :: but after 1868).
 * 1) 'Two Lectures on the Currency,' Oxford, 1859.
 * 2) 'Two Lectures on the History and Conditions of Landed Property,' Oxford, 1860.
 * 3) 'Three Lectures on Taxation, especially that of Land,' Oxford, 1861.
 * 4) 'Relations of Law and Equity as affected by Statute of Uses,' 1801.
 * 5) 'Two Lectures on Trades Unions,' Oxford, 1862.
 * 6) 'Somnium Ricardi,' 1863.
 * 7) 'Law of Entail,' London, 1865.
 * 8) 'Observations on the Reorganisation of our Courts of Justice,' 1868.
 * 9) 'Specimens of Composition in Prose and Verse,' Oxford, 1874.
 * 10) 'Oratio in Collegio Orielensi' (anon.), Oxford, 1875.
 * 11) 'Besika Bay, a Dialogue,' Oxford, 1877.
 * 12) 'Universities Reform Bill,' Oxford, 1877.

NEAVES, CHARLES, (1800–1876), Scottish judge, son of Charles Neaves, a solicitor of Forfar, who was afterwards clerk of the justiciary court, Edinburgh, belonged to an old Forfarshire family long settled in the town of Forfar. The original name of Neave was altered to Neaves by the father. Charles, born in Edinburgh on 14 Oct. 1800, was educated at the high school and university there, and after a brilliant academical career was called to the bar in 1822. He soon gained an extensive practice, and even in his early years was engaged in many difficult and important cases. At that time legal pleadings before the court were written, and the literary ability of Neaves speedily declared itself. In 1841 he was appointed advocate-depute when Sir [q. v.] was lord-advocate, and he retained this position for four years. From 1845 till 1852 he was sheriff of Orkney and Shetland. On the resignation of Lord President [q. v.] in May 1852 Neaves was appointed solicitor-general for Scotland in Lord Derby's administration. He held office till Derby's resignation in January 1853; and in the following April was made a judge in the court of session, taking the title of Lord Neaves, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Cockburn. Five years afterwards he was appointed a lord of justiciary, and he filled this office until his death on 23 Dec. 1876. His widow, who survived him, was a daughter of Coll Macdonald of Dalness, writer to the signet, and one of his daughters was married to John Millar, lord Craighill, a judge of the court of session.

In his profession Neaves was regarded as one of the greatest ‘case lawyers’ of his day. His tenacious memory enabled him to quote apposite decisions with unfailing accuracy, and he was one of the foremost authorities on criminal law in Scotland. His reputation as a literary man was almost equally great. For more than forty years he was a regular contributor of prose and verse to ‘Blackwood's Magazine,’ though only a few of his poetical contributions have been republished. One of his favourite studies was philology, and his articles in ‘Blackwood’ on Grimm's philological works are still quoted as authoritative. As a humorist Neaves enjoyed a wide reputation. Many of his most brilliant satires have been published in the volume entitled ‘Songs and Verses, Social and Scientific’ (Edinburgh, 1868, 2nd edit. 1872). His wide knowledge of the classics was shown in his volume on ‘The Greek Anthology,’ 1870 (in Blackwood's ‘Ancient Classics’), which contains many graceful translations and elaborate notes. For more than fifty years he was a prominent figure at all the public literary functions in Edinburgh. He was present at the Theatrical Fund banquet in 1827, when Scott acknowledged the authorship of the ‘Waverley Novels;’ at the banquet given in honour of Dickens in 1841; at the similar function in recognition of Thackeray in 1857; and he presided at the Leyden centenary celebration in 1875. He received the degree of LL.D. from Edinburgh University in 1860 and was elected lord rector of St. Andrews University in 1872. Many of the voluminous manuscripts which he left behind, especially his translations and notes on Greek epigrams not included in his ‘Anthology,’ would be worthy of publication.

Neaves's principal works besides those noticed are:
 * 1) ‘On Fiction as a Means of Popular Teaching,’ Edinburgh, 1869.
 * 2) ‘A Glance at some of the Principles of Comparative Philology,’ Edinburgh, 1870.
 * 3) ‘Lecture on Cheap and Accessible Pleasures,’ Edinburgh, 1872.
 * 4) ‘Inaugural Address as Lord Rector of the University of St. Andrews,’ Edinburgh, 1873.

NECHTAN, a Pictish personal name, of which there are many examples variously spelt in the ‘Chronicles of the Picts in Scotland,’ besides others in Ireland; it is supposed to survive in the Irish and Scottish clan names Macnaghten or Macnaughten, and the place names Dunnichen (Dun-nechtan) and Nechtans Mere in Forfarshire, and perhaps Naughton in Fifeshire. Of the many persons so called, only two are of historical import-


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Page:Dictionary of National Biography. Sup. Vol I (1901).djvu/96

Alfred she collected materials for a history of needlework, which she published in handsome form in 1886 under the title of 'Needlework as Art.' In society, as well as in art circles, Lady Marian Alford was noted for refinement and dignity, and for her powers of conversation. She died at her son's house, Ashridge, Berkhampstead, on 8 Feb. 1888, and was buried at Belton near Grantham. Of her two sons the elder, John William Spencer Brownlow Egerton-Cust, succeeded his grandfather as second Earl Brownlow, and, dying unmarried in 1867, was succeeded by his younger brother, Adelbert Wellington Brownlow Cust, third and present Earl Brownlow.

[Private information and personal knowledge.]  ALFRED ERNEST ALBERT, and  (1844–1900), second son of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert, was born at Windsor Castle on 6 Aug. 1844. In 1856 Lieutenant (afterwards Sir John) Cowell of the royal engineers was appointed his governor, and in October 1857 he was established at Alverbank, a cottage near Gosport, where he was prepared for the navy by the Rev. William Rowe Jolley, a chaplain and naval instructor. It was the wish of the prince consort that the boy should pass the usual entry examination, which he did in August 1858, when he was appointed to the Euryalus, a 50-gun screw frigate, specially commissioned by Captain John Walter Tarleton, well known as a good and careful officer. The Euryalus went in the first instance to the Mediterranean, and afterwards to the Cape of Good Hope and Natal, giving the young prince the opportunity for an excursion into the Orange Free State. On his return to Cape Town he tilted (on 17 Sept. 1860) the first load of stones into the sea for the breakwater in Table Bay. From the Cape the Euryalus went to the West Indies, and returned to England in August 1861. The prince was then appointed to the St. George with Captain the Hon. Francis Egerton for service in the Channel, North America, West Indies, and the Mediterranean, being, by the special desire of his father, treated on board as the other midshipmen; on shore he occasionally took his place as the son of the queen. It was not, however, considered necessary, or indeed advisable, to subject him to the prescribed limits of age and service.

In the winter of 1862-3 a prospect of securing a foreign throne was suddenly presented to Prince Alfred, and as suddenly withdrawn. The citizens of the kingdom of Greece, having deprived their despotic king, Otho, of the crown, marked their confidence in England by bestowing the dignity on the queen of England's second son by an overwhelming majority of votes, cast on an appeal to universal suffrage (6-15 Dec. 1862). The total number of votes given was 241,202; of these Prince Alfred received 230,016. His election, which was hailed throughout Greece with unqualified enthusiasm, was ratified by the National Assembly (3 Feb. 1863). The queen was not averse to Prince Alfred's acceptance of the honour, but Lord Palmerston, the prime minister, with Earl Russell, the foreign secretary, knew that the proposal contravened an arrangement already entered into with Russia and France, whereby no prince of any of these countries could ascend the throne of Greece. Accordingly, the crown was refused. At Lord Russell's suggestion, however, negotiations were opened with Prince Alfred's uncle, Duke Ernest of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, with a view to his filling the vacant office, but it was deemed essential that Duke Ernest, who was childless, should, if he assented, renounce at once his duchy of Saxe-Coburg in favour of his nephew, Prince Alfred. This condition Duke Ernest and his council declined to entertain, and the Greek throne was finally accepted (30 March 1863) by (William) George, second son of Prince Christian of Sleswig-Holstein-Glücksburg, who, in accordance with an earlier treaty, soon became king of Denmark (15 Nov. 1863). Meanwhile Alexandra, the sister of the, newly chosen king of Greece and daughter of Prince Christian, married, on 10 March 1863, Prince Alfred's brother, the Prince of Wales. One result of these transactions was the formal execution by the Prince of Wales, who was the next heir to his uncle Ernest of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha in the succession to the throne of that duchy, of a deed of renunciation, which transferred his title in the duchy to Alfred, his next brother (19 April 1863). After more than thirty years the deed took effect (, Memoirs, p. 567;, Memoirs, iv. 85-90 ; , History of Greece, vii. 289 seq.)

Meanwhile, Prince Alfred steadily pursued his career in the British navy. On 24 Feb. 1863 he was promoted to be lieutenant of the Racoon with Captain Count Gleichen [see, Suppl.] In her he continued for three years, and on 23 Feb. 1866 he was promoted to be captain (passing over the intermediate rank of commander). At the same time he was granted by


text:
Talk:Don Pacifico Speech

25 or 29 June 1850? Drutt (talk) 01:22, 16 January 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Don Pacifico Speech


text: Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Neate, Charles (1806-1879)


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text: Page:Chinese materia medica (1911).djvu/567


text: Talk:Cartoon portraits and biographical sketches of men of the day


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 Alfred  an income of 15,000l. a year, dating back to the day of his majority (6 Aug. 1865), and on the queen's birthday (24 May 1866) he was created Duke of Edinburgh and Earl of Ulster and Kent. The orders of the Garter, Thistle, and St. Patrick, Grand Cross of the Bath, St. Michael and St. George, Star of India, Indian Empire, and all the principal foreign orders were conferred on him. In March 1866 he was elected master of the Trinity House ; in June he received the freedom of the city of London.

In January 1867 he commissioned the Galatea, and in her visited Rio Janeiro, the Cape, Adelaide, Melbourne, Tasmania, and Sydney. At this last place he was shot in the back by an Irishman named O'Farrell (12 March 1868). The wound was fortunately trifling, but the indignation excited was very great, and O'Farrell was tried, convicted, and executed in the course of a few weeks. The Galatea returned to England in the summer of 1868. After a short stay she again sailed for the far East, visiting India, China, and Japan, where the duke was honourably received by the Mikado. The Galatea returned to England and was paid off in the summer of 1871. In February 1876 the duke was appointed to the ironclad Sultan, one of the fleet in the Mediterranean under Sir Geoffrey Thomas Phipps Hornby [q. v. Suppl.] With Hornby he proved himself an apt pupil. He attained a particular reputation for his skill in manoeuvring a fleet, and that not as a prince, but as a naval officer.

On 30 Dec. 1878 he was promoted, by order in council, to the rank of rear-admiral, and in November 1879 was appointed to the command of the naval reserve, which he held for three years. During that period he mustered the coastguard ships each summer, and organised them as a fleet in the North Sea or the Baltic. On 30 Nov. 1882 he was promoted to be vice-admiral, and from December 1883 to December 1884 commanded the Channel squadron. From 1886 to 1889 he was commander-in-chief in the Mediterranean, and it was specially at this time that his skill in handling a fleet was most talked of. It was commonly said that, with the exception of Hornby, no one in modern times could be compared with him. On 18 Oct. 1887 he was made an admiral, and from 1890 to 1893 he was commander-in-chief at Devonport. On 3 June 1893 he was promoted to the rank of admiral of the fleet.

A little more than two months afterwards, 22 Aug. 1893, on the death of his father's brother, he succeeded him as reigning duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, in virtue of the renunciation in 1863 by his brother, the Prince of Wales, of the title to that duchy. The question was then raised whether as a German sovereign prince he could retain his privileges as an English peer or his rank as an English admiral of the fleet. This last he was permitted to hold by an order in council of 23 Nov. 1893, but it was understood that he had no longer a voice or seat in the House of Lords. He relinquished, too, the income of 15,000l. which had been settled on him on attaining his majority, but kept the further 10,000l. which was granted on his marriage in 1874, as an allowance to keep up Clarence House, London, where he resided for a part of each year. In Germany there were many who affected to resent the intrusion of a foreigner among the princes of the empire ; but among his own subjects he speedily overcame hostile prejudices, adapting himself to his new duties and new surroundings, and taking an especial interest in all that concerned the agricultural and industrial prosperity of the duchies. A keen sportsman, a man of refined tastes, passionately fond of music, and a good performer on the violin, he was yet of a somewhat reserved disposition which prevented him from being so popular as his brothers ; but by those who were in a position to know him best he was admired and esteemed. He died suddenly at Rosenau, near Coburg, on 30 July 1900 of paralysis of the heart, which, it was understood, saved him from the torture of a slow death by an internal disease of a malignant nature. He was buried on 4 Aug. in the mausoleum erected by his uncle Duke Ernest II in the cemetery at Coburg.

Duke Alfred married, at St. Petersburg on 23 Jan. 1874, the Grand Duchess Marie Alexandrovna, only daughter of the Tsar of Russia, Alexander II, and left by her four daughters, three of whom married in their father's lifetime, in each case before completing their eighteenth year. The eldest daughter. Princess Marie Alexandra Victoria (b. 29 Oct. 1875), married, 10 Jan. 1893, Ferdinand, crown prince of Roumania; the second daughter, Princess Victoria Melita (b. 25 Nov. 1876), married, on 19 April 1894, her first cousin Louis, grand duke of Hesse; the third daughter, Princess Alexandra Louise Olga Victoria (b. 1 Sept. 1878), married the Hereditary Prince of Hohenlohe-Langenburg on 20 April 1896; the fourth daughter, Princess Beatrice Leopoldine Victoria, was born on 20 April 1884.

Duke Alfred's only son, Alfred Alexander William Ernest Albert, born on 15 Oct.


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 1874, died of phthisis at Meran on 6 Feb. 1899. The succession to the duchy of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha thus passed, on the renunciation both of Duke Alfred's next brother, the Duke of Connaught, and of his son, to Duke Alfred's nephew, the Duke of Albany, posthumous son of his youngest brother, Leopold, duke of Albany, Queen Victoria's youngest son.

A portrait of the duke by Von Angeli, dated 1875, is at Windsor, together with a picture of the ceremony of his marriage at St. Petersburg, which was painted by N. Chevalier.

 ALLAN, HENRY MARSHMAN HAVELOCK (1830–1897), general. [See ]  ALLARDYCE, ALEXANDER (1846–1896), author, son of James Allardyce, farmer, was born on 21 Jan. 1846 at Tilly-minit, Gartly, parish of Rhynie, Aberdeenshire. Receiving his first lessons in Latin from his maternal grandmother (, An Aberdeenshire Village Propaganda), he was educated at Rhynie parish school, Aberdeen grammar school, and the university of Aberdeen. In 1868 he became sub-editor of the 'Friend of India' at Serampore, Bengal. Lord Mayo appreciated him so highly that he offered him an assistant-commissionership, but he kept to journalism. He was on the 'Friend of India' till 1875, having apparently at the same time done work for the 'Indian Statesman.' In 1875 he succeeded John Capper as editor of the 'Ceylon Times,' and one of his early experiences of office was tendering an apology to the judicial bench for contempt (London Times, 25 April 1896). Returning to Europe, he was for a time at Berlin and afterwards in London, where he wrote for 'Fraser's Magazine,' the 'Spectator,' and other periodicals. In 1877 he settled at Edinburgh as reader to the house of Messrs. William Blackwood and Sons, and assistant-editor of 'Blackwood's Magazine.' He died at Portobello on 23 April 1896, and was buried in Rhynie parish churchyard, Aberdeenshire.

When comparatively young Allardyce married his cousin, Barbara Anderson, who survived him. There was no family.

Allardyce wrote:
 * 1) ‘The City of Sunshine,’ 1877; 2nd edit. 1894; a vivacious tale of Indian life and manners.
 * 2) ‘Memoir of Viscount Keith of Stonehaven Marischal, Admiral of the Red,’ 1882; a trustworthy work.
 * 3) ‘Balmoral, a Romance of the Queen's Country,’ 1893; a Jacobite tale.
 * 4) ‘Earlscourt, a Novel of Provincial Life,’ 1894.

In 1888 he edited two works of rare value and interest (each in 2 vols. 8vo): (1) the Ochtertyre MSS. of John Ramsay under the title of ‘Scotland and Scotsmen in the Eighteenth Century,’ and (2) ‘Letters from and to ’ [q. v.] Allardyce regularly wrote political and literary articles for ‘Blackwood's Magazine,’ and his skill in handling a short story is illustrated in the third series of ‘Tales from Blackwood.’ At the time of his death he was preparing the volume on Aberdeenshire for Messrs. Blackwood's series of county histories.

 ALLEN, GRANT (1848–1899), man of letters and man of science, whose full name was Charles Grant Blairfindie Allen, was born at Alwington, near Kingston in Canada, on 24 Feb. 1848. He was the second but only surviving son of Joseph Antisell Allen, a clergyman of the Irish Church who emigrated to Canada in 1840, and survived his son by eleven months, dying at Alwington, near Kingston, in Canada, on 6 Oct. 1900. His mother (Charlotte Catherine Ann) was the only daughter of Charles William Grant, fifth baron de Longueuil, a title created by Louis XIV in 1700, and the only one in Canada that is officially recognised. The mother's family of the Grants came to Canada from Blairfindie in Scotland.

Grant Allen (as he always styled himself) spent the first thirteen years of his life among the delightful surroundings of the Thousand Isles, on the Upper St. Lawrence, where he learnt to love animals and flowers. His earliest teacher was his father. In about 1861 the family moved to Newhaven, Connecticut, where he had a tutor from Yale. In the following year they went again to France, and he was placed for a time in the Collège Impérial at Dieppe, before being finally transferred to King Edward's School, Birmingham. In 1867 he was elected to a postmastership at Merton College, Oxford. His undergraduate career was hampered by an early marriage—his first wife was always an invalid and soon died; but he gained a first class in classical moderations, and a second class in the final classical school after only a year's reading. In 1871 he graduated


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 Rh of war. On one occasion Smith was able to answer the challenge of a scoffer who thought to name an exceptional article of commerce—a human skeleton—which it would be beyond his power to supply, by displaying in his office two or three waiting to be packed for transit.

Smith's absorption in the intricate details of the firm's general operations prevented him from paying close attention to the minutiæ of the publishing department; but the fascination that it exerted on him never slept, and he wisely brought into the office one who was well qualified to give him literary counsel, and could be trusted to keep the department faithful to the best traditions of English publishing. His choice fell on William Smith Williams, who for nearly thirty years acted as his 'reader' or literary adviser. The circumstances under which he invited Williams's co-operation illustrate the accuracy with which he measured men and their qualifications. At the time the two met, Williams was clerk to Hullmandel & Walter, a firm of lithographers who were working for Smith, Elder, & Co. on Darwin's 'The Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle.' On assuming the control of the Cornhill business Smith examined with Williams the somewhat complicated accounts of that undertaking. After very brief intercourse he perceived that Williams was an incompetent bookkeeper, but had exceptional literary knowledge and judgment. No time was lost in inducing Williams to enter the service of Smith, Elder, & Co., and the arrangement proved highly beneficial and congenial to both. William Smith Williams (1800-1875) played a useful part behind the scenes of the theatre of nineteenth-century literature. He was by nature too modest to gain any wide recognition. He began active life in 1817 as apprentice to the publishing firm of Taylor & Hessey of Fleet Street, who published writings of Charles Lamb, Coleridge, and Keats, and became in 1821 proprietors of the 'London Magazine.' Williams cherished from boyhood a genuine love of literature, and received much kindly notice from eminent writers associated with Taylor & Hessey. Besides Keats, he came to know Leigh Hunt and William Hazlitt. Marrying at twenty-five he opened a bookshop on his own account in a court near the Poultry, but insufficient capital compelled him to relinquish this venture in 1827, when he entered the counting-house of the lithographic printers, Hullmandel & Walter, where Smith met him. At that time he was devoting his leisure to articles on literary or theatrical topics for the 'Spectator,' 'Athenæum,' and other weekly papers. During the thirty years that he spent in Smith's employ he won, by his sympathetic criticism and kindly courtesy, the cordial regard of many distinguished authors whose works Smith, Elder, & Co. published. The paternal consideration that he showed to Charlotte Brontë is well known; it is fully described in Mrs. Gaskell's 'Life' of Miss Brontë. 'He was my first favourable critic,' wrote Charlotte Brontë in December 1847; 'he first gave me encouragement to persevere as an author. When she first saw him at Cornhill in 1848, she described him as 'a pale, mild, stooping man of fifty.' Subsequently she thought him too much given to 'contemplative theorising,' and possessed by 'too many abstractions.' With Thackeray, Ruskin, and Lewes he was always on very friendly terms. During his association with Smith he did no independent literary work beyond helping to prepare for the firm, in 1861, a 'Selection from the Writings of John Ruskin.' He was from youth a warm admirer of Ruskin, sharing especially his enthusiasm for Turner. Williams retired from Smith, Elder, & Co.'s business in February 1875, and died six months later, aged 75, at his residence at Twickenham (21 Aug.) His eldest daughter was the wife of Mr. Lowes Dickinson, the well-known portrait painter; and his youngest daughter, Miss Anna Williams, achieved distinction as a singer. But Smith delegated to none the master's responsibility in any branch

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Author:Henry Theodore Tuckerman

Works

 * The Life of John Pendleton Kennedy (1871)
 * The Italian Sketch-book
 * Isabel, or Sicily
 * Thoughts on the Poets
 * The Book of the Artists
 * Leaves from the Diary of a Dreamer

Poetry

 * Mary
 * The Ringlet
 * To an Elm
 * Tri-Mountain
 * Love and Fame
 * Greenough's Washington
 * Greenough's Washington

title: Author:Henry Theodore Tuckerman


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Author:Henry Thomas Buckle

Works

 * The History of Civilization in England (1857-1871)
 * Essays, 1863
 * The miscellaneous and posthumous works of Henry Thomas Buckle, 1872
 * The life and writings of Henry Thomas Buckle, 1880
 * Library Illustrative of Social Progress

Works about Buckle

 * Buckle as a Chess Player
 * Buckle as a Chess Player
 * Buckle as a Chess Player
 * Buckle as a Chess Player

title: Author:Henry Thomas Buckle


text: User talk:Eliyak/Archives

title: User talk:Eliyak/Archives