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 but the good sense of the people. A death's head and cross bones were not blazoned on my banners.'

He called the great demagogue a 'big beggarman,' who gathered 'rint' from the wretched Irish peasantry by promising to procure a 'repale' for them, which he knew he should never get.

Altogether, Mr. Disraeli had much the best of the correspondence. Few men could write a better letter of accusation or of vindication; and he has been charged with the authorship of the 'Runnymede' letters, which appeared in the 'Times.' They are inferior to the letters of 'Junius,' but they display great powers of invective; and, on internal evidence only, most people would say they were written by Disraeli.

Mr. Disraeli first sat in Parliament for Maidstone, in 1832; and his speeches are, perhaps, the best efforts of his genius. He is a splendid Parliamentary debater, and a perfect master of epigrammatic phrases that stick wherever they are applied. When he wrote 'Tancred,' it was his opinion that 'we sadly lack a new stock of public images. The current similes, if not absolutely counterfeit, are quite worn out. They have no intrinsic value, and serve only as counters to represent the absence of ideas. The critics should really call them in.' No man has done more to replace the old images with new ones than the author of 'Tancred.' Perhaps 'Tancred' is the best book of imagination, and 'Coningsby' of political life, that their author has produced. The style of all his novels is sparkling and clever sometimes, at others turgid and over-daubed with colour.

It is curious that the best specimen of Disraeli's style that can be given in a few lines is not Disraeli's at all, but Thackeray's. In his 'Novels by Eminent Hands,' he has 'Codlingsby: by the Right Hon. B. Shrewsberry'—a wonderfully good imitation in caricature of Disraeli's style.

They entered a moderate-sized apartment—indeed Holywell-street is not above a hundred yards long, and this chamber was not more than half that length—and fitted up with the simple taste of its owner.

The carpet was of white velvet—laid over several webs of Aubusson, Ispahan, and Axminster, so that your foot gave no more sound as it trod upon the yielding plain than the shadow which followed you—of white velvet painted with flowers, arabesques, and classic figures by Sir William Ross, J. M. W. Turner, R.A., Mrs. Mee, and Paul Delaroche. The edges were wrought with seed-pearl, Valenciennes lace, and bullion. The walls were hung with cloth of silver, embroidered


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 with gold figures, over which were worked pomegranates, polyanthuses, and passion-flowers, in ruby, amethyst, and smaragd. The drops of dew which the artificers had sprinkled on the flowers were of diamonds. The hangings were overhung with pictures yet more costly. Giorgione the gorgeous, Titian the golden, Rubens the ruddy and pulpy (the Pan of painting), some of Murillo's beatified shepherdesses, who smile on you out of darkness like a star; a few score of first-class Leonardos, and fifty of the masterpieces of the patron of Julius and Leo, the imperial genius of Urbino, covered the walls of the little chamber. Divans of carved amber, covered with ermine, went round the room, and in the midst was a fountain pattering and babbling into jets of double-distilled otto of roses.

'Pipes, Goliath!' Rafael said gaily, to a little negro with a silver collar (he spoke to him in his native tongue of Dongola); 'and welcome to our snuggery, my Codlingsby.'

Her hair had that deep glowing tinge in it which has been the delight of all painters, and which therefore the vulgar sneer at. It was of burning auburn, meandering over her fairest shoulders in twenty thousand minute ringlets; it hung to her waist, and below it. A light-blue velvet fillet, clasped with a diamond aigrette, valued at two hundred thousand tomauns, and bought from Lieutenant Vicovich, who had received it from Dost Mahomet, with a simple bird of Paradise, formed her head-gear. A sea-green cymar, with short sleeves, displayed her exquisitely-moulded arms to perfection, and was fastened by a girdle of emeralds over a yellow-satin frock. Pink-gauze trousers, spangled with silver, and slippers of the same colour as the band which clasped her ringlets (but so covered with pearls, that the original hue of the charming papoosh disappeared entirely), completed her costume. She had three necklaces on, each of which would have dowered a princess; her fingers glittered with rings to their rosy tips; and priceless bracelets, bangles, and armlets wound round an arm that was winter than the ivory grand-piano on which it leaned.

Compare Thackeray's admirable caricature with Disraeli's own serious production:

A fountain rose in the centre of the quadrangle, which was surrounded by arcades. Ranged round this fountain, in a circle, were twenty saddled steeds of the highest race, each held by a groom, and each attended by a man-at-arms. All pressed their hands to their hearts as the Emir entered, but with a gravity of countenance which was never for a moment disturbed. Whether their presence were habitual, or only for the occasion, it was unquestionably impressive. Here the travellers dismounted, and Fakredeen ushered Tancred through a variety of saloons, of which the furniture, though simple, as becomes the East, was luxurious, and, of its kind, superb; floors of mosaic marbles, bright carpets, arabesque ceilings, walls of carved cedar, and broad divans of the richest stuffs of Damascus.

'And this divan is for you,' said Fakredeen, showing Tancred into a chamber, which opened upon a flower-garden, shaded by lemon trees. 'I am proud of my mirror,' he added, with some exultation, as he called Tancred's attention to a large French looking-glass, the only one in Lebanon. 'And this,' added Fakredeen, leading Tancred through a suite of marble chambers, this is your bath.'

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 In the centre of one chamber, fed by a perpetual fountain, was a large alabaster basin, the edges of which were strewn with flowers just culled. The chamber was entirely of porcelain; a golden flower on a ground of delicate green.

'I will send your people to you,' said Fakredeen, 'but in the mean time there are attendants here, who are, perhaps, more used to the duty;' and so saying, he clapped his hands, and several servants appeared bearing baskets of curious linen, whiter than the snow of Lebanon, and a variety of robes.'

And this passage is equalled by hundreds of others profusely strewn through all his works.

You feel, all the while you are reading his books, that the author is laughing at you. There is an air of insincerity about them all; there is not a passage in one of the romances that ever moved the passions of a boarding-school miss. They are very unreal, and very clever; but with all the splendour and wealth of his Eastern imagination, Mr. Disraeli has a fine sense of genuine English humour. What is finer in this way than the talk of the two servants, Mr. Freeman and Mr. Trueman, that Tancred takes with him to Palestine? They are so inimitably true as portraits of the English upper servant.

When Tancred's life is in danger in an Arab encampment where he is wounded and a prisoner, they come in a great state to explain that they don't know how his boots are to be blacked, for in the night these savages have drunk up all the blacking. On another occasion they go to stay at a 'superb Saracenic castle.'

It strikes Freeman and Trueman thus:

 'This is the first gentleman's seat I've seen since we left England,' said Freeman.

'There must have been a fine coming of age here,' rejoined Trueman.

'As for that,' replied Freeman, 'comings of age depend in a manner upon meat and drink. They ain't in noways to be carried out with coffee and pipes. Without oxen roasted whole, and broached hogsheads, they ain't in a manner legal.'

The servants' Paradise is meat and drink in England or in Palestine, and Tancred's gentlemen were sorely tried with the coffee and pipes.

They are at a great feast at the castle, when the following conversation occurs:

'And the most curious thing,' said Freeman to Trueman, as they established themselves under a pine-tree, with an ample portion of roast meat, and armed with their travelling knives and forks—'and the most curious thing is, that they say these people are Christians! "Who ever heard of Christians wearing turbans?'


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 'Or eating without knives and forks?" added Trueman.

'It would astonish their weak minds in the steward's room at Bellamont, if they could see all this, John,' said Mr. Freeman pensively. 'A man who travels has very great advantages.'

'And very great hardships too,' said Trueman. 'I don't care for work, but I do like to have my meals regular.'

'This is not bad picking, though,' said Mr. Freeman; 'they call it gazelle, which I suppose is the foreign for venison.'

'If you called this venison at Bellamont,' said Trueman, 'they would look very queer in the steward's room.'

'Bellamont is Bellamont, and this place is this place, John,' said Mr. Freeman. 'The Hameer is a noble gentleman, every inch of him, and I am very glad my lord has got a companion of his own kidney. It is much better than monks and hermits, and low people of that sort, who are not by no means fit company for somebody I could mention, and might turn him into a Papist into the bargain.'

'That would be a bad business,' said Trueman; 'my lady could never abide that. It would be better that he should turn Turk.'

'I am not sure it wouldn't,' said Mr. Freeman. 'It would be in a manner more constitutional. The Sultan of Turkey may send an Ambassador to our Queen, but the Pope of Rome may not.'

'I should not like to turn Turk,' said Trueman, very thoughtfully.

'I know what you are thinking of, John,' said Mr. Freeman, in a serious tone. 'You are thinking if anything were to happen to either of us in this heathen land, where we should get Christian burial.'

'Lord love you, Mr. Freeman, no I wasn't. I was thinking of a glass of ale.'

'Ah!' sighed Freeman, 'it softens the heart to think of such things away from home, as we are. Do you know, John, there are times when I feel very queer—there are indeed. I catched myself a singing "Sweet Home" one night, among those savages in the wilderness. One wants consolation, John, sometimes one does, indeed; and, for my part, I do miss the family prayers and the home-brewed.'

No author has ever done better in portraying the characteristic feeling of the servants' hall; and at the other social extreme, Mr. Disraeli has had more practice than any other novelist. He has put more dukes, duchesses, lords, and ladies, more gold and jewels, more splendour and wealth into his books than anybody else has attempted to do. They are full of them. They are full, too, of his peculiar opinions about the race from which he has sprung. 'Race,' he tells us, 'is the only truth.' 'The Jews are the aristocracy of nature—the purest race, the chosen people.'

Whatever fate his fame as a statesman and a novelist may meet with at the hands of the future, there is, then, one thing at least he can never lose—his connection with the aristocracy of nature.


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 Brian BRIAN (926–1014), king of Ireland, known in Irish writings as Brian Boroimhe (Cogadh Gaedhel re Gallaibh, Rolls Series, p. 208), Boroma ('Tigernachi Annales' in Bodleian MS. Rawlinson B 488), most comonly in earlier books as Brian mac Cennedigh (Book of Leinster, facsimile, fol. 309 a;, ed. O'Conor, pp. 266, 268), and in English writings as Bryan mac Kennedy and Brian Boru, was a native of the northern part of Munster, and was of the royal descent of Thomond, of the family known as Dal Cais, who claimed the right of alternate succession to the kingship of Cashel, as the chief kingship of Munster is usually called by the Irish writers. His father was Cenneide, son of Lorcan, and Brian, who was born in 926, was the youngest of three sons. The time of Brian's youth was one of continued harrying of Ireland by the Danes, whose hold on the sea-ports of the country had been steadily increasing since their first invasion in 795, and from Limerick they made many plundering expeditions into the country of the Dal Cais. Brian's elder brother Mathgamhain became head of the tribe, and under him Brian's life as a warrior began ; but when Mathgamhain made peace Brian continued the war by expeditions from the mountains of Clare, but was unable to make way against the Danes, and at last, with only a few followers left, had to take refuge with his brother. The war soon began again, and Mathgamhain succeeded in seizing Cashel and the vacant kingship of Munster. The Danes of Limerick with many native Irish allies marched against the king of Cashel and his brother, and were defeated at Sulcoit in Tipperary. This battle, fought about 968, was the first of Brian's victories over the Danes, and was followed by the sack of Danish Limerick. In 976 a conspiracy of rival chiefs in Munster led to the murder of Mathgamhain, and Brian became chief of the Dal Cais with an abundant inheritance of wars. Succession to the kingship of Cashel was alternate between the Dal Cais and the Eoghanacht, that is between the tribes north of the plain in the middle of which the rock of Cashel rises and those south of it. Maelmuadh, Mathgamhain's murderer, was the next heir of the Eoghanacht, and became king after the murder. Brian defeated and slew him in a pitched battle at Belach Lechta, in the north of the present county Cork, in 978, and thus himself became king of Cashel. He had, however, much hard fighting before he was able to obtain hostages, in proof of submission, from all the tribes of Munster. Constant warfare made the Dal Cais more and more formidable, and having obtained recognition throughout Munster, Brian first led them against Gillapatric, king of Ossory, and then marching into Leinster was, in 984, acknowledged as king by its chiefs. His successes had evidently determined him to extend his sway over as much of Ireland as he could.

Brian sailed up the Shannon from his stronghold at Killaloe, and with varying success ravaged Meath, Connaught, and Breifne, and at length entered into an alliance with Maelsechlainn mac Domhnaill, chief king of Ireland. The Leinstermen with the Danes of Dublin rose against Brian in the year 1000, and, with the help of the king of Ireland, he defeated them with great slaughter at Glenmama in Wicklow, and immediately after marched into Dublin. Sitric the Danish king submitted to Brian, who took a Danish wife and gave an Irish one to Sitric. He now thought himself powerful enough to end his alliance with Maelsechlainn, and sent a body of Danes into Meath towards Tara. Tara had long been an uninhabited green mound, as it is at this day, and its possession was only important from the fact that it was associated with the name of sovereignty and with the actual possession of the rich pastures by which it is surrounded. Maelsechlainn defeated the first force sent against him, but Brian advanced at the head of an army of Munstermen, Leinstermen, Ossorymen, and Danes, and Maelsechlainn retired to his stronghold of Dun na Sciath on Loch Ennell, and sent for help to his natural allies, Aedh, king of Ailech, and Eochaidh, king of Uladh, and to Cathal, king of Connaught ; but all in vain, and he was obliged to offer hostages to Brian. Thus, in the eyes of the Irish, Brian became chief king of Ireland, and the Clonmacnois historian, Tigernach, has at the end of the year 1001 the entry 'Brian Borama regnat' (Bodleian MS. Rawlinson B 488, fol. 15 b, col. ii. line 31). He next made war on the west, received submission from the Connaughtmen, and was thus actual lord of Ireland from the Fews mountains in Armagh southwards. The men of western and central Ulster under the king of Ailech, and those of Dalriada and Dalnaraide under the king of Uladh, still resisted him, but they were also at war with one another, and in 1004 met in battle at Craebh Tulcha and were both slain. Brian at once marched through Meath to Armagh, where he made an offering of gold upon the altar of the great church and acknowledged the ecclesiastical supremacy of Armagh in the only charter of his, the original of which has survived to our day. The charter is in the handwriting of Maolsuthain, Brian's confessor, and is on fol. 16 b of the 'Book of


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fifteen years Mr. Hollingshead has been an active literary and public man. His literary career was begun much later than that of several of his contemporaries, but by his industry and ability he speedily succeeded in placing himself in the van. And in that particular walk of life to which he has devoted his energies, he may be placed in the first rank.

John Hollingshead was born in London in September 1829. He is the son of Mr. Henry Randall Hollingshead; and being intended by his father for a City life, he was educated with this end in view at Homerton. His family have been connected for many generations with City and business circles, and at an early age Mr. Hollingshead was placed with a London firm. But his literary tastes were so strong that he decided to embark on what is to ninety-nine aspirants out of a hundred the frailest bark that ever was launched—literary pursuits.

Having left his desk and the Gillott of commerce, he took up the quill of the man of letters; and when only twenty-six years of age, he had made such headway that his performances strongly recommended him to the late Charles Dickens, who engaged him permanently for the staff of 'Household Words.' Mr. Hollingshead was also a contributor to many leading papers, magazines, and reviews,—among which we may mention the 'Daily News,' 'London Review,' 'Punch,' ' Athenæum,' 'Times of India,' 'Cornhill Magazine,' 'All the Year Round,' and to the columns of 'Once a Week.' Mr. Hollingshead was—we suppose is—a philosophical Radical, and in all the publications he wrote for he religiously preserved his political consistency. He was the devoted disciple of J. Bentham when that worthy was neglected. He can now see Jeremy's image every time he walks on the pavement in front of the façade of Burlington House. Many of Mr. Hollingshead's most successful papers were written with the intention of making popular the principles of Mill and Bentham; and it appears that


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Works

 * On the Canal: A Narrative of a Voyage from London to Birmingham (1858)
 * Under Bow Bells: A City Book for All Readers (1860)
 * Rubbing the Gilt Off: A West End Book for All Readers (1860)
 * Odd Journeys in and out of London (1860)
 * Ragged London in 1861 (1861)
 * Ways of Life (1861)
 * Underground London (1862)
 * Miscellanies: Stories and Essays (1874)
 * Footlights (1883)
 * Niagara Spray (1890)
 * The Story of Leicester Square (1892)
 * My Lifetime (1895)
 * A Lyceum Historiette (1899)
 * "Good Old Gaiety": An Historiette and Remembrance (1903)
 * My Lifetime (1895)
 * A Lyceum Historiette (1899)
 * "Good Old Gaiety": An Historiette and Remembrance (1903)

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 Brewster of original character, scientific tendencies, and inventive genius. Chief among these was James Veitch, a self-taught man astronomer and mathematician. From this man David Brewster received his first lessons in science. Veitch gave the boy many suggestive hints while he was engaged, when but ten years of age, in the manufacture of a telescope, which, in writing to a friend in 1800, he says had 'a greater resemblance to coffins or waterspouts than anything else.' In 1793, at the early age of twelve, David went to the university of Edinburgh, where he heard the lectures of Playfair, Robinson, Dugald Stewart, and others. The young scholar prepared for a position in the established church of Scotland, of which his father was a strenuous supporter. In 1802 Brewster, who had been for some time a regular contributor to the 'Edinburgh Magazine,' became its editor. In 1799 he engaged in tuition, becoming a tutor in the family of Captain Horsbrugh of Pirn in Peeblesshire, which situation he held until 1804. He wrote some love poetry to ' Anna,' a daughter of Captain Horsbrugh, who died at an early age, which was published in the 'Edinburgh Magazine,' and also printed in a separate form.

Having been licensed by the presbytery of Edinburgh, Brewster preached his first sermon in March 1804 in the West Kirk, before a large congregation, amongst whom were numbers of his fellow-students and many literary and scientific men. The Rev. Dr. Paul says of this effort : 'He ascended the pulpit, and went through the whole service, for a beginner, evidently under excitement, most admirably.' After this he preached frequently in Edinburgh, Leith, and elsewhere, and his ministrations were very successful, but they became a source of pain and discomfort to himself. He never preached without severe nervousness, which sometimes produced faintness. This weakness and the constant fear of failure led Brewster eventually to decline a good presentation and to abandon the clerical profession. In 1800 he was made an honorary M. A. of Edinburgh.

In 1804 he entered the family of General Diroon of Mount Annan in Dumfriesshire as tutor. There he remained till 1807, continuing his scientific studies and literary pursuits with but little interruption, as we find from his regular correspondence with Mr. Veitch. In 1805, on the resignation of Professor Playfair, Brewster was spoken of as a candidate for the chair of mathematics in the university of Edinburgh, and he received promises of support from Herschel and other well-known men of science. Mr. (afterwards Sir John) Leslie had the better claim to the chair, and was elected ; but, owing to some unguarded expression in his work on the 'Nature and Propagation of Heat,' a cry of 'heresy' was raised. 'A Calm Observer' published a pamphlet professing to adopt 'a mode of discussion remote from personal invective.' This pamphlet, which created an intense excitement, was by David Brewster. In 1807 he became a candidate for the chair of mathematics in St. Andrews, but without success. He was, however, made LL.D. of that university, and shortly after an M.A. of Cambridge ; he was also elected a non-resident member of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. At this time he was induced to undertake the editorship of the 'Edinburgh Encyclopaedia,' which occupied him for twenty-two years. In 1809 he visited London, and he left a diary minutely recording his experiences. Under 31 July 1810 we find 'Married, set off to the Trosachs,' the lady being Juliet, the youngest daughter of James Macpherson, M.P., of Belleville, better known as 'Ossian Macpherson.'

In 1813 Brewster sent his first paper to the Royal Society of London on 'Some Properties of Light.' In the same year he published a 'Treatise on New Philosophical Instruments.' Failing health indicated the necessity of repose from mental labour, and a continental tour was ordered by his medical advisers. In July 1814 he started for Paris, where he made the acquaintance of Biot, La Place, Poisson, Berthollet, Arago, and many other of the French celebrities of science. Brewster also visited Switzerland, established friendships at Geneva with Prévost and Pictet, and made many important observations on the rocks and glaciers of the Alps. In 1814 he returned to work, with unabated ardour for experimental inquiry. This showed itself in a series of papers contributed to the Royal Society, most of them on the 'Polarisation of Light,' which were continued through several years. In addition he published many other memoirs in the 'Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh.'

In 1815 Brewster became a fellow of the Royal Society, and the Copley medal was bestowed upon him. This was followed three years later by the Rumford medal, and subsequently by one of the Royal medals, in each case for discoveries in relation to the polarisation of light. In 1810 the French Institute awarded him half of the prize of three thousand francs given for the two most important discoveries in physical science made in Europe.

In this year Brewster invented the ka-


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Rh country, pending the time when he should be able to take the field (November 1792). Robert Rayment, economist and statistician, offered his treatise on English finances (August 1792). Eight days later he joined with Watt, Gamble, and Anviside (Handyside?) in a gift of 1315 francs for the families of those who fell in the attack on the Tuileries. Major Cartwright sent a bundle of political tracts to the committee which was drafting the Constitution (August 1789). Cartwright was grievously disappointed at the excesses of the Revolution. Jeremy Bentham sent his book on prisons (December 1791), expressing a wish to come over and establish a prison on his own system, and to act gratuitously as keeper. The Revolution was destined to multiply prisons, but not on Bentham's system. Dr. George Edwards, an admirer of Franklin's theories of medicine, presented the Convention in 1793 with his political and economic works, and with an outline of a Constitution. Sir Joseph Banks is said to have presented as a tree of liberty the bean-tree which, till about five years ago, flourished in the quadrangle of the Paris National Library. I have not been able to verify this statement, but in 1802, when elected an Associate of the Institute, Banks scandalised his colleagues of the Eoyal Society by a letter of acknowledgment, in which he stated that France, during the most frightful convulsions of the


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Rh preservation of political liberty by the separation of political powers did not commend itself to his mind. Dormant under the Consulate and the Empire, the influence of Montesquieu arose to renewed and more powerful life at the Restoration, and was, during the first half of the nineteenth century, the inspiration of all constitutional monarchists, both in France and in other European countries.

The influence of Montesquieu on methods of study was as important, though not as immediate, as his influence on the course of political thought. Of the historical and comparative method, in their application to Law and Politics, he was, as has been justly remarked, rather a precursor than a founder. His apreciation of the historical method was imperfect, and his application of it defective. It was not until the expiration of a century after his death that the importance and significance of either the historical or the comparative method was fully realized. But in the meantime his central doctrine, that the true spirit and meaning

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36 of a law or constitution cannot be grasped without careful study of all its surroundings and all its antecedents, had sunk deeply into the minds of students, and prepared the way for and gave an enormous stimulus to those methods of study which are now recognized as indispensable to any scientific treatment either of Law or of Politics.

Within the last half-century societies for the study of Comparative Law and Comparative Legislation have come into existence in France, England, Germany and elsewhere, and have done, and are doing, work of the greatest interest and utility. Some of them approach their subject mainly from the point of view of the lawyer or the jurist, and devote their attention primarily to those branches and aspects of the subject which fall within the domain either of private or of criminal law. Others look primarily at the constitutional and administrative experiments which are being tried by the legislatures of different countries, and thus deal with their subject as a branch of political science. Their areas of study overlap each other, and the point of view is not quite the same. Within each area they have collected and compared a vast quantity of facts which form an indispensable preliminary to, and constitute the raw material for, a scientific treatment of the studies with which they are concerned. The task that remains for the scientific jurist and for the political philosopher is to elicit, in the spirit of Montesquieu, but with fuller knowledge, and

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 Brewster leidoscope, which he patented; but, from some defect in the registration of the patent, it was quickly pirated, and he never realised anything by it. His 'Treatise on the Kaleidoscope ' was published in 1819.

The 'Edinburgh Magazine' was published from 1817 under the name of the 'Edinburgh Philosophical Journal,' and Brewster edited it in conjunction with Professor Jameson, the mineralogist, and afterwards alone, the name being again changed (1819) to the 'Edinburgh Journal of Science.' Not only was the number of papers published by Brewster at this period of his life remarkable, but the investigations which were required, and the discoveries especially in the delicate subject of optics which they recorded were in every way extraordinary. In 1813 he commenced to publish in the 'Philosophical Transactions' a communication 'On some Properties of Light,' and in the two succeeding years he furnished no less than nine papers on analogous subjects. After this the phenomena of double refraction engaged his attention, and his discoveries occupied several additional papers.

In 1820 Brewster became a member of the Institute of Civil Engineers in London. In 1821 he was active in founding the Royal Scottish Society of Arts, of which he was named director ; and in 1822 he became a member of the Royal Irish Academy of Arts and Sciences. In this year he edited a translation of Legendre's 'Geometry,' and also four volumes of Professor Robinson's 'Essays on Mechanical Philosophy.' In 1823 he edited Euler's 'Letters to a German Princess,' writing copious notes and a life of the author. Between 1819 and 1829 he appears to have relaxed a little, but he wrote 'On the Periodical Colours produced by Grooved Surfaces ;' he investigated 'Elliptic Polarisation by Metals,' 'The Optical Nature of the Crystalline Lens,' 'The Optical Conditions of the Diamond,' and 'The Colours of Film Plates.' Beyond these the only paper communicated to the Royal Society was one 'On the Dark Lines of the Solar Spectrum,' in which he was associated with Dr. John Hall Gladstone. In 1825 Brewster was made a corresponding member of the French Institute, and honours from all parts of the world were crowded upon him. There was never any long intermission in his researches. In 1827 he published his account of a new system of illumination for lighthouses, which led to a successful series of experiments under his direction in 1833.

In 1831 the British Association for the Advancement of Science was organised, chiefly by a few scientific men who assembled at the archiepiscopal palace near York, Brewster being among them. The first meeting was held in York, when 325 members enrolled their names. Brewster was especially active, and he strove most zealously to advance the long-neglected interests of science. In this year William IV sent to Brewster the Hanoverian order of the Guelph, and shortly afterwards an offer of ordinary knighthood followed, the fees, amounting to 109l., being remitted.

Sir David Brewster's busy pen now produced his 'Treatise on Optics' (1831) in Lardner's 'Cabinet Encyclopaedia,' a volume of 526 pages, in which every phenomenon connected with catoptrics or dioptrics known up to the time of its publication was described with remarkable clearness and precision. About the same time he wrote for Murray's 'Family Library' his 'Life of Sir Isaac Newton,' and his 'Letters on Natural Magic.' In 1855 he proved the correspondence between Newton and Pascal produced by M. Chasles to be a forgery. An accident arising through an explosion nearly robbed Brewster of his eyesight ; but his sight was eventually restored.

In 1836 Brewster went to Bristol to attend the sixth meeting of the British Association, being the guest of Mr. Henry Fox Talbot at Laycock Abbey. Mr. Talbot was engaged on his earliest experiments on photography, and his explanations of his immature processes, and the inspection of even the imperfect pictures which he produced, were sufficient to create in Brewster's mind a strong desire to work on the chemistry of light. He never found the time required for the practice of the art, but he wrote on the subject, and in 1865 received a medal from the Photographic Society of Paris.

Brewster was in receipt of an annual grant from the government of 100l. In 1836 this was increased by an additional grant of 200l. a year. In 1838 he received from the crown the gift of the principalship of the united college of St. Salvator and St. Leonard in the university of St. Andrews. This appointment relieved him from embarrassments, and he was glad to take possession of his house at St. Andrews. Brewster had published his 'Treatise on Magnetism' in the seventh edition of the 'Encyclopædia Britannica.' His labours were, however, interrupted by the illness of his wife. Her failing health caused him to remove her to Leamington, and leaving her in charge of a medical friend, he, with his daughter, attended the twelfth meeting of the British Association at Manchester, where he made the acquaintance of Dr. Dalton, which led


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54, had never ceased to possess his esteem, his firm conviction being that she contained many good citizens, who would infallibly get the upper hand, and restore the reign of virtue, justice, and honour.

The voluntary offerings, both from natives and foreigners, show a marked falling off as the Revolution progressed, or rather deteriorated. Towards the end of the list comes Mrs. Freeman Shepherd, in all probability the Harriet Augusta Freeman who in 1797 translated Mercier's fanciful picture of Paris in the year 2440. She had been a boarder at the English Benedictine nunnery. Two letters addressed to her there, confiscated with other papers and preserved at the National Archives, show that she solved problems in geometry, and in a playful vein discussed metaphysical questions. She was a warm admirer of Robespierre, and in January 1792 wrote him a letter chiding him for not having cashed a cheque which she had forwarded him.

"I do not like dissimulation," she said. "I never practise it on any occasion towards anybody, and I do not tolerate its being practised towards me. You have used it, sir, with me; you have deceived me. You made me believe that you accepted for public purposes a small offering, and you have not accepted it. The debtor and creditor account just transmitted to me by my banker, according to his usual custom, proves this." Robespierre, it appears, had called on her and told her what he intended to do with the money.


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Rh "Do not thus distrust the English; do not treat with this humiliating disparagement the stammering accents of good-will of an Englishwoman towards the common cause of all nations. The French were formerly famous for their politeness to the weaker sex, thereby the more sensitive to affront. Alas for us if the Revolution, deprives us of this precious privilege. But I claim a juster right: do not to others as you would not be done by." It is odd to find the golden rule enforced by a philo-Jacobin on the incorruptible Robespierre. He was apparently still obdurate, for a month later la Citoyenne Freeman, patriote anglaise, presented the Convention, through Beurnonville, with 200 francs towards buying shoes for the volunteers. This may, however, have been a second gift. It is the last English subscription down to the end of the Terror. Robespierre, even if he declined the gift, paid the writer the attention of preserving her letter, for it was found among his papers. It was not published in the selection issued by his enemies immediately after his fall, but was printed in 1828, the signature, however, being travestied into "Theeman Shephen," a blunder repeated by his biographer Hamel. Either the original or a duplicate figured in a sale of autographs at Paris in 1874. Mrs. Freeman seems to have escaped the incarceration which befell English residents, but I cannot ascertain when she returned to England. Her


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56 of 1797 is dated London, and is dedicated to Sir John Cox Hippisley, also, as we have seen, an eye-witness of the beginning of the Revolution. If there is an element of vanity in some of the gifts I have enumerated, many show a touching sincerity and enthusiasm. But what are we to say of the thousand pairs of soldiers' shoes sent in November 1792 by the London Constitutional Information Society, to be followed by six weekly cargoes of the same kind? Lewis Goldsmith alleges, on the authority of Talleyrand, that France paid for these shoes, as also for the expenses of the deputations who in 1792 congratulated the Convention on the abolition of monarchy. Neither Goldsmith nor Talleyrand bears a high character for veracity, but it is not easy to see why they should invent such a statement, which would render even more burlesque President Grégoire's reply, "The shades of Pym, Hampden, and Sidney hover over your heads, and the moment is doubtless approaching when Frenchmen will go and congratulate the National Convention of Great Britain." Anyhow, it appears that the shoes were seized in the Thames by the English Government. Turning from donors to suppliants, we meet with Christopher Potter, who in 1791 petitioned the Assembly for a fifteen years' patent for his porcelain processes, promising a quarter of the profits to the


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 Brewster to his investigating the conditions of the eye on which colour-blindness or Daltonism depended. He published an article on the subject in the 'North British Review.'

In 1843 the conflict which had prevailed for ten years in the church of Scotland was brought to a close by 474 ministers retiring from the old church of Scotland, protesting against the grievances of church patronage. Brewster had taken part in every step of the 'long conflict,' as it was called ; he signed the Act of Protest ; with his elder brother he walked in the solemn procession which left St. Andrews Church on 18 May, and he attended every sitting of that first assembly of the Free church of Scotland. The prominent position taken by Brewster in this movement caused in 1844 proceedings to be commenced against him by the established presbytery of St. Andrews, aided by the university, to eject him from his chair. The case, however, was quashed in the residuary assembly because he had not signed the formal deed of demission.

For Professor Napier's 'Edinburgh Review' Brewster wrote twenty-eight articles. In 1844 the 'North British Review' was started under the editorship of the Rev. Dr. Welsh. Brewster became a regular and constant contributor. Professor Fraser, who was editor of the 'North British Review' in 1850 and the seven following years, says : 'He contributed an article to each number during the time I was editor, and in each instance, after we had agreed together about the subject, the manuscript made its appearance on the appointed day with punctual regularity ;' and Professor Blackie, who edited the 'Review' from 1860 to 1863, writes : 'Sir David Brewster was ever remarkable for the carefulness of his work, the punctuality with which it was delivered, never behind time, never needing to write to the editor for more time or more space - a model contributor in every way.'

On 27 Jan. 1850 Lady Brewster died and was laid to rest beneath the shade of the abbey ruins of Melrose. In April Brewster, with his daughter, went abroad for change of air and scene. He renewed his acquaintance with Arago, which had begun in 1814 ; he visited M. Gay-Lussac just before his death, and met the Swiss philosopher, M. de la Rive.

In 1851 he was president of the meeting of the British Association at Edinburgh. In his address he pleaded with much earnestness 'for summoning to the service of the state all the theoretical and practical wisdom of the country,' and for the extension of the advantages of education. 'Knowledge is at once the manna and the medicine of our moral being.' The pen of Brewster was singularly prolific. Between 1806 and 1868 he communicated no less than 315 papers on scientific subjects most of them bearing upon optical investigations to the transactions of societies, and to purely scientific journals. Beyond these he wrote seventy-five articles for the 'North British Review,' twenty-eight articles for the 'Edinburgh Review,' and five for the 'Quarterly Review.' The most lasting monument to his fame, however, will certainly be his beautiful investigations into the phenomena of polarised light. He shared also with Fresnel the merit of elaborating the dioptric system for the improvement of our lighthouses; and he divided with Wheatstone the merit of introducing the stereoscope, the lenticular instrument belonging especially to Brewster.

Besides the above he wrote in 1841 and 1846 'Martyrs to Science,' or lives of Galileo, Tycho Brahe, and Kepler ; and in 1854 an answer to Whewell's 'Plurality of Worlds' entitled 'More Worlds than One, the Creed of the Philosopher and the Hope of the Christian.'

In 1860 he was appointed vice-chancellor of the university of Edinburgh, and in that capacity presided at the installation of Lord Brougham as chancellor. Brewster in this year became an active member of the National Association of Social Science, and was afterwards chosen as vice-president. In this year he was made M.D. of the university of Berlin. He was at this time a frequent visitor to London, taking the greatest interest in the scientific societies of that city. In 1864 he was appointed president of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. In the spring of that year he was attacked, while residing in Edinburgh, with one of his seizures of prostrating illness, from which, although he appeared to rally, he never entirely recovered.

The 'lighthouse controversy' was to Brewster, in his latter days, a source of annoyance. It was a great comfort to him when the council of the Inventors' Institute in 1864, after examining the merits of the investigations made by Fresnel and others, reported that the introduction of the holophotal system into British lighthouses was due to the persevering efforts of Brewster. In June of this year a neglected cold fell heavily on Brewster's aged frame, and rendered him so feeble that he could not walk far, or labour in his library, without great fatigue. This state continued until 1867, when 'he was unable to play his quiet game at croquet.' Believing himself to be a dying man, he gave instruction to a young


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Rh nation. Though not a baker, he once contracted to supply the troops at Colchester with bread. He was an unsuccessful candidate for Cambridge in 1780, and in the following year headed the poll at Colchester, but the House of Commons seated his opponent, a naval officer, afterwards made a baronet. Sir Edmund Affleck. Jokes were cut on Potter's polling batches of electors after baking batches of bread. When the Revolution stopped the porcelain works at Chantilly, established by the Condé who succeeded Orleans as Louis XV.'s Prime Minister, Potter reopened them, and turned out 9000 dozen plates a month. He informed the Assembly that he had adopted France, the country of the arts, as his own, and was employing 500 workmen. His petition was referred to a committee, but nothing beyond compliments apparently came of it. Potter, however, prospered, and prosperity made him venturesome. He had invented new colouring processes, and he established other factories at Montereau and Porges. These did not pay, and in 1800 ruined Chantilly. The mayor reopened the works in order to give the villagers employment, but after nine years had to give them up, and it was not till the Restoration that the manufacture revived. Potter was doubtless the man who waited on Lord Malmesbury at Paris in October 1796 with an offer from Barras to conclude peace for a bribe of half a million. Malmesbury suspected a trap, and describes the


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 2. A. obovata, Labill. Pl. Nov. Holl. i. 29, t. 37. A shrub of 3 or 4 ft. with erect virgate branches, glabrous or minutely hoary-pubescent when young. Leaves rather crowded, entire, obovate, obtuse or with a callous point, contracted at the base but usually sessile, $1/2$ to $3/4$ in. long, obscurely 3-nerved, the nerves converging at the apex and usually visible only on the under side. Peduncles axillary, solitary, 1 to 2 lines long. Inner bracts 2 to 3 lines long and almost acute, outer ones short and obtuse. Perianth about 1 in. long, silky-pubescent or villous, the tube dilated above the middle, then recurved and constricted at the base of the laminæ. Lower anther linear and sterile. Style bearded with few hairs, the dilated end broadly elliptical, compressed but thick, the stigmatic slit descending about half way down the upper face and bordered by raised margins. Fruit oblong, obtuse, about 3 lines long, glabrous or nearly so.—R. Br. in Trans. Linn. Soc. x. 151; Prod. 367; Meissn. in Pl. Preiss. i. 511, and in DC. Prod. xiv. 311.

.—Perianth-tube nearly straight, not enlarged above the middle. Anthers all four perfect. Style-end slightly thickened, not compressed, the stigmatic slit or line descending down the upper side.

3. A. cuneata, Labill. Pl. Nov. Holl. i. 28, t. 36. A shrub of 3 to 6 ft., the branches and foliage silky-tomentose. Leaves cuneate, the broad end truncate, with 3 to 7 obtuse crenatures, contracted at the base into a short petiole, the whole leaf $3/4$ to 1 in. long, rather thick, veinless or obscurely 3- or 5-nerved. Peduncles solitary in the axils, slender, often longer than the petioles. Bracts acute, the inner ones enlarged to 3 lines long under the fruit. Perianth about 1 in. long, silky-pubescent, the tube slender and straight or slightly enlarged below the middle after flowering, the laminæ bearded inside behind the anthers which are all perfect. Style-end scarcely thickened. Fruit oblong, about $1/4$ in. long.—R. Br. in Trans. Linn. Soc. x. 152; Prod. 367; Meissn. in Pl. Preiss. i. 511, ii. 247 and in DC. Prod. xiv. 312; A. flabellifolia, Knight, Prot. 96; A. crenata, Willd. in Spreng. Syst. i. 472.

4. A. Cunninghamii, ''Meissn. in Pl. Preiss. i. 513, and in DC. Prod.'' xiv. 313. A tall erect shrub, the branches and foliage tomentose and often sprinkled with a few fine spreading hairs, the older leaves less tomentose but hoary. Leaves crowded, once or twice trifid or pinnate


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58 scheme as insensé; but the venality of Barras is now so notorious that a different view may be taken. One Melville of Boston likewise offered to effect peace for £15,000,000, telling Malmesbury that he arranged peace between Portugal and France by giving the Directory ten or twelve millions. The treaty, however, was not ratified by Portugal. As for Potter, he ultimately returned to England, and died in 1817. He was very clever at mental arithmetic.

On the 22nd June 1792, François Bernet, vicar of Sainte-Marguérite, Paris, and chaplain of a section of the National Guards, waited on the Assembly with his wife, Lydia Kirkham, and three children, the youngest an infant in arms. Lydia, of English extraction but born in France, was first the wife of Thomas Lovesuch, a mercer and cap-maker at Popincourt, who fell one night into a sandpit, and died from the effects of the fall. The two elder children were his. Bernet had been twelve years a priest, but had previously been a soldier, and had written against priestly celibacy. Addressing the Assembly, he spoke of his affection for his wife, and said he had been rebuked by the Vicar-General, the Archbishop's deputy, for his marriage, but had replied that nothing would have been said if he had taken a housekeeper. He asked for the repayment of 330 francs which as chaplain he had expended in holding services. "I have married," he said, "this


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Rh woman, who is a Protestant, but her religion does not impair mine." He was admitted to the honours of the sitting, but does not seem to have obtained any grant, for at the end of 1792 a subscription was started for Lydia. The appeal stated that the family occupied a room in a cottage in Montmartre Quarries, and that Bernet was reduced to working on the land. Our old friend Nicholas Gay, "known for his love of liberty and as a worthy cosmopolite," had been one of the first to subscribe (40 francs), and it was proposed to buy a cottage and piece of ground, so that the children would be taught by this honest couple to study two books only, that of Nature and the French Constitution. Lafayette gave 25 francs, Cloots 20 francs, the actor Talma 10 francs, and Manneville of Boulogne 5 francs. Bernet is next heard of in December 1793 as vicar of Ecottes, near Calais. Questioned by Lebou or his satellites, he protested that he had long ago unfrocked himself by marrying a Protestant, and had no altar but Nature. He was nevertheless, in April 1794, denounced as one of the priests who had been clandestinely celebrating mass, but does not seem to have been arrested, and poor Lydia disappears from history. Bernet was not the first priest to contract matrimony. In December 1791, a priest in the Hérault wrote a letter to the Jacobin Club, stating that in


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The Big Lie

"The great masses will more easily fall victims to a big lie than to a small one."

Adolf Hitler said that, and he broadcast the Big Lie to the world. The Hitler Gang joined in. The Big Lie growing bigger. The Nazi voices are still now, but the Big Lie lives. New faces, new voices: Stalin and the Stalin Gang. The Big Lie, bigger and bigger.

(Nuremberg Rallies) Hitler built an altar to the Big Lie. It was at Nuremberg.

(May Day parades) Stalin built an altar to the Big Lie. It is in Red Square.

The parades are longer, the bands play louder.

(Forced labour in Nazi Germany) "The German people feel happy and content. They know that the Führer will always find ways and means to overcome economic needs."

(Forced labour in the Soviet Union) "The new socialist economy provides citizens with every opportunity to lead a prosperous and cultured life."

(Sham elections in Nazi Germany) There were elections in Germany: phony elections, window dressing for the Big Lie. ("Ja, ja, ja, ja....") One candidate: Adolf Hitler and Nazism - or else!

(Sham elections in the Soviet Union) Elections in Russia: phony elections, window dressing.("Da, da, da, da....") One candidate: Stalin and Communism - or else!

(Nazi show trials) There were courts in Germany: phony courts, phony justice. Phony judges who ranted at the defendants on cue.

(Communist show trials) The Communists have courts too.

(Hitler Youth, Wehrmacht, SS parades) Hitler said: "When the German Reich gives a guarantee of peace, that means it also abides by it."

(Young Pioneers and Red Army parades) Stalin said: "The whole world is aware that the Soviet Union demobilized its forces after the war."

And so an iron curtain fell across Europe, an iron curtain dividing the free world from the slave world.

This is the slave world.

(Badly stocked Soviet food shops) "Communism means not poverty and privation, but the abolition of poverty and privation. The organization of a well-to-do and cultured life for all members of society."

(Animated maps showing Soviet annexations in black, and puppet regimes in grey) This is the slave world, and see how it spread. Some areas were gobbled up. Some became Russian-dominated satellites, in Europe and in Asia.

"We do not covet a hand's breadth of foreign land. The Communist state has no need for foreign expansion.  It needs no colonial territory."

This is the hub around which the satellites must revolve, and to the Kremlin came their puppet leaders, to sign away their nation's freedom.

 * Bulgaria: "The Soviet Union has shown by its deeds that it respects the freedom of all nations." Thus the Big Lie came to Bulgaria.
 * Poland: "Union and friendship with the Soviet Union has brought the Polish people freedom and independence." Thus the Big Lie came to Poland.
 * Romania: "The Soviet government does not pursue the aim of altering the existing social structure of Romania." Thus the Big Lie came to Romania.
 * North Korea: "The Korean people themselves must be allowed to settle their internal affairs." Thus the Big Lie came to North Korea.
 * Red China: "The great Chinese people are not alone. They can and will rely more and more on the Soviet Union."  Thus the Big Lie came to China.

Sold out - the people of satellite Poland. Sold out to the pattern of parades, the posters of Stalin and Lenin, the Big Lie set to marching tempo, the funeral march of a nation's freedom. Sold out.

Sold out - the people of satellite Romania. "The Romanian people have marched under the leadership of their workers' party, along the correct path of consolidating their fraternal bond with the Soviet Union." Sold out.

Sold out - the people of satellite Hungary. "There is no area of Hungarian socialist life which does not receive constant invaluable assistance from the Soviet Union." Sold out.

Sold out - the people of satellite China. "Every day the working people of the Chinese People's Republic are expressing a fervent desire to master the Russian language - the language of Lenin and Stalin - in order to assimilate still more successfully, the very rich experience in socialist construction of the peoples of the USSR" Sold out.

Sold out - the people of satellite North Korea. "The glorious Korean People's Republic works side by side with the Soviet Union." Sold out.

Sold out - the people of Czechoslovakia. "The Czechoslovakian people treasure as the apple of their eye, alliance and friendship with the great Soviet Union." Sold out.

This is the funeral march of Jan Masaryk, who could not live with the Big Lie. It is also the funeral march of Czechoslovakia's freedom, which is to follow the body of this man into the grave.

One nation behind the Iron Curtain refused to die. The beginning was the same - no Communist leader followed the patterns of the Big Lie more perfectly than Marshal Tito of Yugoslavia.

Like all the others Tito made the pilgrimage to Moscow - "Tito has a brilliant talent for army leadership. He has great personal courage combined with great charm, and the talents of an outstanding politician and stateman."

The something went wrong - wrong for Russia. For the first time the Iron Curtain was pushed back - a slave had escaped. The Russians had new words to describe Tito:

"The coward Tito is a hireling spy and murderer, a bankrupt fascist, a traitor to his country."

In Yugoslav schools, Yugoslav textbooks replaced Russian textbooks.

"The meaning and significance of the fascist crusade against culture launched by the Titoites are becoming increasingly clear."

Yugoslav grain would feed Yugoslavians. It would not feed Russians while Yugoslavians starved.

"The working people of Yugoslavia are rising in struggle against terror and oppression. For bread and their vital rights."

In Yugoslavia the Big Lie had failed.

The Communist have a Bigger Lie - the lie of the dove. Their biggest lie of all. At endless rallies they proclaim it - "Peace, peace". A great and a beautiful word, "peace". But when the Communists mouth it, it means war!

"The bulk of expenditure in the USSR is for the national economy, and for social and cultural undertakings." (Soviet armaments production)

"The whole world is aware that the Soviet Union demobilized its forces after the war." (Soviet military parades)

This is the word, and this is the deed. War in Greece, Communist war.

The dove that goes *BOOM*.

Peace rallies hide the deed with words. Talk peace, act in the ways of war.

"The Soviet Union spends its basic funds on peaceful construction. The entire mode of life of the Soviet people excludes the possibility of attacking other peoples."

This is the word, and this is the deed. War in Indochina, Communist war.

The dove that goes *BOOM*.

Peace rallies hide the deed with words.

"Expenditure is for peaceful production. The Soviet Union pursues a policy of peace."

This is the word, and this is the deed. War in Korea, Communist war.

This is the deed.

The dove that goes *BOOM*.

Peace petitions hide the deed with words. Sign your name hopefully on the line that says "peace" and you sign your life away in Soviet war!

"We do not want war, and we shall do everything possible to avert it. The Soviet Union pursues without retreating a policy of peace and friendship."

This is the word, and this is the deed. War in China, Communist war.

Beware the Big Lie. Beware the dove that Goes *BOOM* !

title: The Big Lie


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60 the previous August he petitioned the Assembly to abolish clerical celibacy; that nothing had been done, but that he had married, and that an expected infant would be named Mirabeau. He wished Brissot to be godfather, and the Assembly godmother.


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Portal:Adenanthos obovatus

 * Labillardière, Jacques (1805), Novae Hollandiae plantarum specimen 1. (French)
 * Adenanthos obovata published on page 29 and figured in plate 37.

 * Knight, Joseph (1809) On the cultivation of the plants belonging to the natural order of Proteeae
 * Adenanthes (sic) obovata described on page 96.

 * Brown, Robert (1810), "On the Proteaceae of Jussieu" in Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 10
 * Adenanthos obovata described on page 151.

 * Brown, Robert (1810) Prodromus florae Novae Hollandiae et Insulae Van Diemen. (Latin)
 * Adenanthos obovata described on page 367.

 * Meissner, Carl (1845), "Adenanthos" in Lehmann, Johann Georg Christian and Preiss, Ludwig, Plantae Preissianae sive Enumeratio plantarum quas in Australasia occidentali et meridionali-occidentali annis 1838-1841 1. (Latin)
 * Adenanthos obovata described on page 511.

 * Meissner, Carl (1856) "Adenanthos" in de Candolle, A. P. (ed) Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis 14. (Latin)
 * Adenanthos obovata described on page 311;

 * Bentham, George (1870) Flora Australiensis 5
 * Adenanthos obovata described on page 352.

 * Nelson, Ernest Charles (1978). "A taxonomic revision of the genus Adenanthos Proteaceae". Brunonia 1: 303–406.
 * Adenanthos obovata described on pages 329–331 (not in the public domain)

title: Portal:Adenanthos obovatus


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 IV.


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User talk:GCarty

— billinghurst  sDrewth  14:36, 27 December 2010 (UTC)

title: User talk:GCarty


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 though the great humorist had little sympathy with the school himself, he let his collaborates say what he liked on the subject in 'All the Year Round.'

In 1859 some of his most popular papers were first collected and published in separate form, with the title of 'Under Bow Bells.' This volume contained the well-known essay called 'The City of Unlimited Paper,' which had attracted a great deal of attention in the monetary panic of 1857.

'Rubbing the Gilt off,' which appeared in 1860, was a collection of clever political essays, written in a very lively style—very readable, even to people who do not care about politics—and dedicated to John Bright, at a time when the ex-Cabinet Minister had apparently about as much chance of being made Archimandrite as President of the Board of Trade.

This book was followed by a collection of travels entitled 'Odd Journeys,' and by a volume of humorous papers entitled 'Ways of Life.' In the same year (1861) 'Ragged London' appeared. This was the reproduction of a series of letters which were published originally in the 'Morning Post.' The author's other publications are a collection of humorous stories entitled 'Rough Diamonds,' and two volumes of miscellaneous essays called 'To-day.'

Mr. Hollingshead is likewise a successful dramatist; and when the Exhibition of 1862 was projected he was called upon by the Commissioners to write the historical introduction to the official catalogues work done in 1851 by Mr. Cole, C.B.

In 1866, in connection with Mr. Dion Boucicault, he had carried through an agitation which resulted in dramatic free trade; and the attention of capitalists having been drawn to the want of first-class theatres in London, several have been built since that date. The Gaiety Theatre, in the Strand, is the best and most successful of the new theatres. Mr. Hollingshead opened it in December 1868, and is still lessee and manager of this, one of the most popular of our London playhouses. He has so played his part as manager as to please every taste, and has always secured the services of a first-rate company. His new dramas have been written by Robertson, Charles Reade, Gilbert, Oxenford, Byron, and Boucicault; and his company has included the names of Toole, Wigan, Boucicault, Charles Mathews, Mrs. Boucicault, Miss Neilson, and Miss Farren.


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, who was born at Holmwood in Surrey in 1843, received his education at Eton and Oxford. He left the University without taking a degree, and in 1861 published his first poems—'The Queen Mother,' and 'Rosamond.'

These first efforts were not received with much favour either by the critics or by the general public; but, four years afterwards, the publication of 'Atalanta in Calydon' at once placed the young and ardent poet in the first rank among our living bards.

He was enabled to dispute the laurels with Browning and Tennyson. The feeling and inspiration of the 'Atalanta' are thoroughly Greek, and it is written in rich yet simple English, artfully elaborated into most liquid verse.

There is no poet whose verses are more beautifully liquid and flowing than Mr. Swinburne's, and this quality is quite distinctive of him. His power of rhyming is wonderful. 'Sestina,' the poem published in the early part of 1872, bears witness to this, as there are only two rhymes all through it.

Subsequently to the publication of 'Atalanta in Calydon,' Mr. Swinburne produced (in 1865) 'Poems and Ballads.' However beautiful many of the poems in this volume were, their charm was destroyed by others which were neither wholesome nor good.

Of late, Mr. Swinburne has turned over a new leaf, and all his recently published verses are as unobjectionable in matter as they are poetic in inspiration and finished in execution. Whatever else may be urged against Mr. Swinburne's writings, it can never be denied that they are the productions of a true poet.


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 by Mr. Furnivall. Bale, who attributes the 'Complaynt' and the 'Lamentacion,' but not the two 'Supplications,' to Brinkelow, says that he also wrote an 'Expostulation addressed to the Clergy,' which now appears to be lost.

 BRINKLEY, JOHN, D.D. (1763–1835), bishop of Cloyne and first astronomer royal for Ireland, was born at Woodbridge in Suffolk, and owed to the influence and aid of Mr. Tilney of Harleston, under whose care he was educated, the means of supporting himself at Cambridge. He graduated at Caius College as senior wrangler and first Smith's prizeman in 1788, became a fellow of his college, proceeded M.A. in 1791, and D.D. in 1806. He contributed to the 'Ladies' Diary' from 1780 or 1781 to 1785, and acted as assistant at Greenwich while preparing for his degree. To Maskelyne's recommendation he owed his appointment, in 1792, as Andrews professor of astronomy in the university of Dublin, with the title, added on the death of Ussher, of 'Astronomer Royal for Ireland,' and the direction of the college observatory at Dunsink, near Dublin. Its sole equipment consisting at that time of a transit instrument, he had leisure to improve his knowledge of the higher mathematics, in which, as well as in acquaintance with the works of foreign analysts, he far excelled most of his contemporaries. The fruits of his inquiries were imparted to the Royal Irish Academy in a series of communications from 1797 to 1817, and to the Royal Society in 1807 in a paper entitled 'An Investigation of the General Term of an Important Series in the Inverse Method of Finite Differences' (Phil. Trans. xcvii. 114), of which the object was to surmount a difficulty remaining after Lagrange's investigation in the 'Berlin Memoirs' for 1772.

In the middle of 1808 a splendid altitude and azimuth circle, eight feet in diameter, ordered from Ramsden in 1788, and, after many delays, completed by his successor Berge, was set up at Dunsink, and Brinkley lost no time in turning it vigorously to account for the purposes of practical astronomy. His supposed discovery of an annual (double) parallax for α Lyræ of 2".52 was laid before the Royal Society in 1810 (Phil. Trans. c. 204), and he announced in 1814 (Trans. R. Irish Ac. xii. 33) similar and even larger results for several other stars. Their validity was disputed by Pond, and careful observations, made with a view to test it during several years, proved at Greenwich consistently adverse, at Dublin strongly confirmatory (Phil. Trans. cviii. 275, cxi. 327). In 1822 Brinkley described before the Royal Irish Academy a delicate instrumental investigation of solar nutation, heretofore known in theory only. If, he urged, his instrument were competent to exhibit the minute variations in the places of the stars produced by this cause, a fortiori it could be depended upon for the larger amounts ascribed to parallax (Trans. R. Irish Ac. xiv. 3, 1825). The argument seemed at the time unanswerable, and was fortified by his seemingly successful disengagement from the Greenwich observations themselves of a parallax for α Lyræ not differing sensibly from that inferred at Dublin (''Mem. R. A. Soc.'' i. 329). The controversy, which was conducted on both sides with moderation and candour, terminated in 1824 with Brinkley's reassertion of his conclusion of fourteen years previously. Yet he was undoubtedly mistaken, although the source of his mistake remains obscure. The inquiry, however, was eminently useful in bringing about a closer scrutiny of instrumental defects and uranographical corrections, and so clearing the ground for further research. Brinkley's communications on the subject were honoured in 1824 by the Royal Society (of which body he had been elected a fellow in 1803) with the Copley medal. He presided over the Royal Irish Academy from 1822 until his death, and acted as vice-president of the Astronomical Society 1825-7, and as its president for the biennial period 1831-3.

In 1814 he published a new theory of astronomical refractions deduced from his own observations, with tables to facilitate their calculation (Trans. R. I. Ac. xii. 77) ; the same volume contains his catalogue of forty-seven fundamental stars. Fresh determinations by him of the obliquity of the ecliptic and of the precession of the equinoxes appeared respectively in 1819 and 1828 (Phil. Trans. cix. 241 ; Trans. R. I. Ac. xv. 39) ; and his constants of aberration and lunar nutation were adopted by Baily in the Astronomical Society's Catalogue, the former deduced from 2,633, the latter from 1,618 comparisons of various stars. He observed the great comet of 1819, and computed elements for it, and for the comet observed by Captain Hall at Valparaiso in 1821 (Quart. Jour. of Science, ix. 164 ; Phil. Trans. cxii. 50).


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text: Dramatis Personæ/Mr. Sludge, "The Medium"


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 IV.

ENTHUSIASTS.

Stone—Helen Williams—Mary Wollstonecraft—Oswald—Christie.

motto from Carlyle aptly describes one, and that the most to be respected, class of the motley flock of foreigners attracted to Paris by the great upheaval. Among them was John Hurford Stone, whom a family tradition represents as assisting at the capture of the Bastille, but who cannot be positively traced in Paris till three years later. He was born at Tiverton in 1763, lost his father in childhood, and was sent up to London with his brother William to assist in the business of their uncle, William Hurford, the son of a Tiverton serge-maker, who had become a coal merchant. Stone, according to information furnished me by a kinsman, was very clever and cultured, and had advanced far beyond the Unitarian doctrines of his family. He was one of Dr. Price's congregation in London. He induced his uncle to embark in speculations which ultimately proved ruinous. In October 1790 he presided at a dinner given by


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64 the Society of Friends of the Revolution (of 1688) to a deputation from Nantes. They wrote home that he was thoroughly acquainted with all the European languages and literatures, and that on dining at his house they met the leading men of letters. The poet Rogers may have been one of the number, for he knew Stone well, and twelve months later, dining with him, met Fox, Sheridan, Talleyrand, Madame de Genlis, and Pamela, "quite radiant with beauty." In September 1792, Stone, as we learn from a letter from Bland Burges to Lord Auckland, was in Paris, whence in the following November he wrote to dissuade Sheridan from accepting French citizenship, which the Convention intended conferring on him and Fox. "Obscure and vulgar men and scoundrels"—does he include Paine?—having already received the distinction, he had persuaded Brissot to defer the proposal, especially as it would be made a handle of by the Tories. In the same month he presided at a dinner of British residents in Paris to celebrate French victories. Paine was present, as also Lord Edward Fitzgerald, whom Stone introduced to his future wife, Pamela. Stone was well acquainted with Madame de Genlis, Pamela's adoptive mother, and on having to quit Paris, she intrusted her manuscripts to him. He handed them over to Helen Maria Williams, who on the eve of a threatened domiciliary visit burnt them. The


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Rh "scribbling trollop," as Walpole styles De Genlis, never forgave him for this holocaust; yet he advanced 12,000 francs with a view to procuring her husband's escape from prison. In February 1793, Stone and about forty fellow-countrymen arrived at Dover, though without the passports then necessary under the Traitorous Correspondence Act. The captain pleaded that they had embarked at Calais during his absence on shore, and, spite of his objection to receiving them, had forced him to sail. This pretended compulsion was probably a prearranged comedy. Some of the party were "kept rolling about the vessel" for three days off Dover before they were permitted to land. Stone must have speedily returned to Paris, for he gave evidence in May 1793 in favour of General Miranda, suspected of royalism. He had heard Miranda argue in favour of a republic at Turnbull's dinner-table in London when Talleyrand was present, and he knew that his London friends included Fox, Sheridan, Priestley, and Pigott. Stone also seems to have been present at Charlotte Corday's trial, his open admiration for her rendering him in danger of arrest. As it was, he was not exempted from the wholesale arrest of British subjects in October 1793, as hostages for Toulon. After seventeen days at the Luxembourg, he was, however, released. He was again arrested, together with his wife, in April 1794, but liberated next day on condition of


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76 my horse. I abandoned the bridle when we came to those ascents, and wound my hands in the horse's mane to keep from sliding entirely off, while the animal took his own way. All this was such variety and excitement I was delighted, and forgot my terror of the morning.

We found a bit of lovely road, which only those who go hundreds of miles under a blazing sun can appreciate fully. The sunshine came flickering down through the branches of the trees and covered the short grass with checkered light and shade. Here we dawdled, and enjoyed looking up at the patches of blue sky through great grown-up tree-tops. It was like a bit of woods at home, where I never thought to be grateful for foliage, but took it as a matter of course. My husband remembered my having put some biscuit in the leather pocket on my saddle, and invited himself to luncheon at once. We dismounted, and threw ourselves on the ground to eat the very frugal fare.

After resting, we gave ourselves the privilege of a swift gallop over the stretch of smooth ground before us. We were laughing and talking so busily I never noticed the surroundings until I found we were almost in the midst of an Indian village, quite hidden under a bluff. My heart literally stood still. I watched the general furtively. He was as usual perfectly unmoved, and yet he well knew that this was the country where it was hardly considered that the Indian was overburdened with hospitality. Oh, how I wished ourselves safely with the column, now so far away! There were but few occupants of the village, but they glowered and growled, and I could see the venomous glances they

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is the only son of the late Captain Robert Higgin, of Lancaster. He was born in 1823. His mother was a member of the family of Lord Bellew, in Ireland; and he has assumed his mother's maiden name. He was educated at the Grammar School, Lancaster, and entered at St. Mary's Hall, Oxford, in 1842. Here he became a regular speaker at the Union Debating Society, and in 1848 he was ordained a curate at St. Andrew's, Worcester. In 1850, he became curate at Prescot, whence he went out to the East Indies as a chaplain in the following year. He was attached to St. John's Cathedral, Calcutta, from that date till 1855, when he returned to England, and undertook a temporary engagement at St. Philip's, Regent-street. Here he gained great celebrity for his powers of oratory; and, after having held some temporary clerical appointments, he became in 1862 incumbent of Bedford Chapel, Bloomsbury.

Mr. Bellew is the author of a novel entitled 'Blount Tempest,' 'The History of Holland House,' and other works.

Some four years since, Mr. Bellew retired from the incumbency of Bedford Chapel, and embraced the Catholic faith.

As a skilful elocutionist and successful reader, Mr. Bellew is in all probability without a rival; and he excels alike in humorous and pathetic pieces, as all who have had the pleasure of listening to him in two such entirely opposite pieces as 'Horatius' and 'The Charity Dinner' can testify. It may be questioned if any single reader has ever succeeded in gathering together such large and appreciative audiences as Mr. Bellew; and his popularity, instead of being on the wane, appears to increase daily. Personally, Mr. Bellew is a handsome man, with a commanding presence—natural gifts which he turns to the greatest advantage on the platform.


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 Blakey, Eustace Henry, 2s. Robert Healey, of Stockholm, cler. , matric. 11 Oct., 1884, aged 19; B.A. 1887.  Blakiston, Arthur Tyton, o.s. Arthur Browne, of St. Andrew's, London, gent. , matric. 26 June, 1854, aged 19.  Blakiston, George David, 1s. George Francis, of Bell Broughton, co. Worcester, cler. , matric. 26 Oct., 1824, aged 19.  Blakiston, George Francis, s. John, of St. Andrew's, Holborn, Middlesex, cler. , matric. 2 July, 1776, aged 17; B.A. 1780, M.A. 1784, B.D. 1789, D.D. 1806.  Blakiston, Herbert Edward Douglas (? Dent), 1s. Douglas Yeoman, of Hastings, cler. , matric. 15 Oct., 1881, aged 19: B.A. 1886, a clerical fellow June 1887, born 5 Sep., 1862. See Foster's Our Noble and Gentle Families.  [5]

Blakiston, John, s. John, of St. Andrew's, Holborn, London, cler. , matric. 20 April, 1768, aged 16; B.A. 1772, M.A. 1785.  Blakiston, Robert, 5s. Milburn, of South Shields, co. Durham, gent. , matric. 7 June, 1832, aged 20; B.A. 1836, M.A. 1840, rector of Ashington with Buncton, Sussex, 1845, rural dean 1852, died 1 Feb., 1871.  Blakiston, Rochfort Folliott, 1s. Matthew Folliott, of Stoke, co. Stafford, arm. , matric. 20 Jan., 1880, aged 19; B.A. 1883, of the Middle Temple 1882. See Foster's Baronetage.

Blamire, William, s. William, of Dalston, Cumberland, arm. , matric. 21 Oct., 1808, aged 18; of Thackwood and the Oaks, Cumberland, J.P., high sheriff, M.P. 1831-2, and for East Cumberland 1832-6, chief tithe commissioner 1836, died s.p. 12 Jan., 1862.

Blanch, George Ernest, 1s. — B., of Malvern, co. Worcester, gent. , matric. 12 Oct., 1883, aged 19; scholar 1883, B.A. 1886.
 [10]

Blanch, William, s. William, of Wootton, co. Gloucester, arm. , matric. 14 March, 1759, aged 18.

Bland, Francis Davison, 1s. Philip Davison, of Leeds, cler. , matric. 21 May, 1872, aged 18; of the Inner Temple 1876.

Bland, George, M.A., Cambridge (B.A. 1828, M.A. 1831), ad eundem, 25 Oct., 1832, canon of Durham, archdeacon of Northumberland.

Bland, Godfrey, s. Thomas, of Kippax Park, co. York, arm. , matric. 23 Oct., 1810, aged 18; of Lincoln's Inn 30 June, 1813.

Bland, Henry, s. Henry, of Doncaster, co. York, doctor. , matric. 11 July, 1722, aged 19; B.A. 1726.
 [15]

Bland, James, s. Henry, of London, arm. , matric. 12 July, 1742, aged 17.

Bland, Isaac Hudson, 3s. William, of Orton, Westmoreland, gent. , matric. 25 Oct., 1880, aged 20; exhibitioner 1880, B.A. 1884, M.A. 1887.

Bland, John, s. John, of Kippax Park, co. York, baronet. , matric. 28 Jan., 1739-40, aged 18; 7th baronet, died unmarried.

Bland, John Davison, 1s. Thomas Davison, of Castleford, Yorks, arm. , matric. 20 Jan., 1871, aged 18; B.A. 1875, of Kippax Park, Yorks.

Bland, Nathaniel, s. Francis, of St. Oswald's, Chester (city), gent. , matric. 20 Oct., aged 18; B.A. 1790.
 [20]

Bland, Nathaniel, o.s. Nathaniel, of Liverpool, arm. , matric. 15 Oct., 1821, aged 18; B.A. 1825, M.A. 1845.

Bland, Philip Thomas Davison, 7s. Thomas D., of Kippax Park, co. York, arm. , matric. 30 Jan., 1843, aged 18; B.A. 1847, M.A. 1850, rector of Draycott-le-Moors 1870.

Bland, Ralph Milbanke, 7s. Thomas D., of Kippax Park, co. York, arm. , matric. 30 May, 1844, aged 18; B.A. 1848.

Bland, Thomas, s. Joseph, of Strickland Parva, Westmoreland, pleb. , matric. 16 Feb., 1741-2, aged 18; B.A. 19 March, 1745-6, M.A. 1749.

Bland, Thomas Davison, 1s. Thomas, of Kippax, co. York, arm. , matric. 28 April, 1831, aged 18; B.A. 1835, of Kippax Park, died 10 Jan., 1885.
 [25]

Blandford, George, Marquis of. 1784. See.

Blandford, George Fielding, o.s. George, of Hindon, Wilts, gent. , matric. 10 May, 1848, aged 19; B.A. 1852, M.A. 1857, B.Med. 1857, D.Med. 1867.

Blandford, Henry Weare, 1s. Henry W., of Weston Bamfylde, Somerset, gent. , matric. 18 Oct., 1843, aged 18; B.A. 1847, fellow 1851, M.A. 1854, rector of Fryerning, Essex, 1861, until his death 22 Aug., 1869.

Blandford, Henry Weare, 1s. Henry Weare, of Fryerning, Essex, cler. , matric. 11 Oct., 1884, aged 21; B.A. 1887.

Blandford, William, s. William, of Shaftesbury, Dorset, gent. , matric. 12 April, 1783, aged 26.
 [30]

Blandford, William, Marquis of, 1730. See.

Blandy, Fettiplace, s. John, of Kimberie, Berks, arm. , matric. 31 May, 1717, aged 18. See Berry's Berks, 144.

Blandy, Francis Jackson, s. John, of Reading, Berks, gent. , matric. 26 June, 1818, aged 16; B.A. 1822, M.A. 1825, vicar of Netheravon, Wilts, 1838, until his death 17 Jan., 1869.

Blandy, John, s. John, of Berks, arm. , matric. 14 Dec., 1728, aged 19; B.C.L. 1736.

Blandy, John, s. John, of Kingston, Berks, arm. , matric. 11 Nov., 1735, aged 18.
 [35]

Blandy, John Cecil, 2s. William Frank, of Reading, arm. , matric. 18 Oct., 1880, aged 18.

Blandy, Richard Newdigate, 4s. William, of Jersey, arm. , matric. 17 Oct., 1876, aged 19; scholar 1876, B.A. 1880, M.A. 1883, bar.-at-law, Inner Temple, 17 Nov., 1883. See Foster's Men at the Bar.

Blandy, William Charles, 1s. William Frank, of Reading, arm. , matric. 13 Oct., 1877, aged 17; B.A. 1881, M.A. 1884.

Blandy, William Frank, 1s. William, of Reading, Berks, gent. , matric. 26 June, 1843, aged 18; B.A. 1847, M.A. 1850.

Blane, Henry, 5s. William, of Winkfield, Berks, arm. , matric. 19 Jan., 1830, aged 18; B.A. 1833, M.A. 1836, ad eundem Durham university, 1839, rector of Folkton, co. York, 1856. See Foster's Baronetage.
 [40]

Blane, William George, 1s. Gilbert James, of Bombay, arm. , matric. 12 June, 1867, aged 19; B.A. 1871, bar.-at-law, Inner Temple, 1873, died 17 July, 1876. See Foster's Baronetage.

Blanford, Samuel, s. Nathan, of London, gent. , matric. 31 May, 1731, aged 17.

Blanford, William West, 1s. William, of St. Thomas's, Winchester, Hants, gent. , matric. 17 June, 1826, aged 21; B.A. 1836, M.A. 1838, vicar of Holy Trinity, Hinckley, co. Leicester, 1872-4, died 4 Oct., 1882.

Blanshard, Charles Thomas, o.s. Richard Hardy, of Leeds, cler. , matric. 3 Nov., 1871, aged 19; scholar 1871, B.A. 1874, M.A. 1882.
 [ 121 ]


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 Beckford, William, s. Peter, of Isle of Jamaica, arm. , matric. 17 Dec., 1725, aged 17; B.A. 1729, M.A. 1732, of Fonthill Abbey, Wilts, M.P. Shaftesbury 1747-54, London 1754-70, lord mayor 1763 and 1770, in which latter year of office he died 21 June. See Foster's Peerage,.  Beckford, William, s. Richard, of Isle of Jamaica, arm. , matric. 17 March, 1762, aged 17; created M.A. 6 April, 1765.  Beckingham, Stephen, s. Stephen, of St. Giles, London, arm. , matric. 9 July, 1748, aged 18.  Beckles, Henry, s. Thomas, of Isle of Barbados, gent. , matric. 24 Oct., 1751, aged 19.  Beckles, William Augustus, 5s. Edward Hyndman, formerly bishop of Sierra Leone. , matric. 19 April, 1873, aged 23.  [5]

Beckley, Henry, 3s. Thomas, of Lymington, Hants, arm. , matric. 13 May, 1823, aged 18; B.A. 1827.  Beckley, Thomas, s. Thomas, of Lymington, Hants, gent. , matric. 8 July, 1808, aged 18; B.A. 1812, M.A. 1815.  Beckman, William, s. Diaderick, of Wapping, Middlesex, gent. , matric. 4 June, 1761, aged 18.

Beckton, Arthur Curtis, 1s. Joseph, of Eccles, co. Lancaster, gent. , matric. 4 Dec., 1882, aged 18; B.A. 1886.

Beckwith, Edward George Ambrose, s. Edward James, of Oxford (city), cler. , matric. 4 May, 1814, aged 19; B.A. 1818, M.A. 1823.
 [10]

Beckwith, Edward (James), s. Edward, of Norwich (city), pleb. , matric. 6 Feb., 1787, aged 16, B.A. 1790; M.A. 1793, minor canon St. Paul's Cathedral and of Westminster Abbey. Bloxam, vols. i., ii.

Beckwith, Ernest George, 3s. George Langton, of Blymhill, Salop, cler. , matric. 9 Dec., 1881, aged 18; B.A. 1886.

Beckwith, George, 1s. Edward George, of Christ Church, Surrey, cler. , matric. 23 Oct., 1854, aged 19; clerk 1855, B.A. 1858, M.A. 1861, minor canon Winchester Cathedral 1860, chaplain of St. Mary's College, Winchester, 1863, died 15 May, 1877.

Beckwith, George Langton, 3s. Henry Arthur, of York (city), cler. , matric. 25 June, 1844, aged 17; B.A. 1848, M.A. 1851, vicar of Collingham, Yorks, 1874.

Beckwith, Henry Arthur, s. John Christmas, of St. Luke's, Norwich, doctor. , matric. 31 March, 1814, aged 17; B.A. 1818, M.A. 1820. ''Coll. Reg.'', vols. i., ii.
 [15]

Beckwith, Henry William, 1s. Henry, of Stockton, co. Durham, gent. , matric. 6 Dec., 1838, aged 18; B.A. 1843, M.A. 1853, rector of St. Mary, Bishop-hill-the-Elder, York, 1854, until his death 28 March, 1871.

Beckwith, Herbert Birley, 4s. George Langton, of Shifnal, co. Stafford, cler. , matric. Oct., 1883, aged 19.

Beckwith, John, s. Edward, of Norwich (city), gent. , matric. 1 July, 1803, aged 43; Mus. Bac & Mus. Doc. 5 July, 1803, organist of St. Peter, Mancroft, Norwich. 1794, of Norwich Cathedral 1808, died 3 June, 1809, buried as John Christmas Beckwith.

Beckwith, John, y.s. Edward Lonsdale, of Surbiton, Surrey, arm. , matric. 16 Oct., 1880, aged 19; B.A. 1884.

Beckwith, Samuel Boydell, o.s. Samuel, of Brompton, Middlesex, arm. , matric. 18 Nov., 1822, aged 18; B.A. 1827.
 [20]

Beckwith, Sidney, 1s. Thomas Percival, of Chelsea, Middlesex, arm. , matric. 26 Oct., 1885, aged 18.

Beckwith, Thomas Percival, 1s. Thomas, of St. George's, Bloomsbury, London, arm. , matric. 15 May, 1845, aged 18; B.A. 1849, M.A. 1852, bar.-at-law, Lincoln's Inn, 8 May, 1851. See Foster's Men at the Bar.

Beckwith, William, s. Woodifield, of Easington, co. Durham, arm. , matric. 9 May, 1791, aged 18; of Thurcroft, Yorks, and of Trimdon, co. Durham, died 31 Dec., 1847, leaving issue.

Beddard, Frank Evers, 1s. John, of Dudley, co. Worcester, gent. , matric. 13 Oct., 1876, aged 18; B.A. 1880, M.A. 1883.
 [24]

Beddington, Charles Lindsay, 2s. Samuel Henry, of London, gent. , matric. 27 Oct., 1884, aged 17; of the Inner Temple 6 Jan., 1885.

Beddington, George Stuart, 1s. Samuel Henry, of London, gent. , matric. 27 Oct., 1884, aged 19.

Beddoes, Thomas, s. Richard, of Shiffnal, Salop, gent. , matric. 15 Nov., 1775, aged 15; B.A. 1779, M.A. 1783, M.B. & M.D. 1786, a celebrated physician, died 24 Dec., 1808.

Beddoes, Thomas Lovell, 1s. Thomas, of Clifton, co. Gloucester, doctor. , matric. 1 May, 1820, aged 16; B.A. 1825, M.A. 1828.

Beddome, Rev. John Arthur, 2s. Richard Boswell, of Clapham, London, gent. , matric. 8 Dec., 1857, aged 25; B.A. 1861, M.A. 1865, died 22 Feb., 1876.

Beddoes, William Francis, 1s. William Minton, of Wistanstow, Salop, M.D., matric. 13 Oct., 1876, aged 18; exhibitioner 1876, B.A. 1880, M.A. 1883, bar.-at-law, Inner Temple, 25 June, 1884. See Foster's Men at the Bar.
 [30]

Beddy, Joseph Fawcett, M.A., Dublin (B.A. 1831, M.A. 1834), ad eundem 30 March, 1854, P.C. St. Thomas's, Monmouth.

Bedford, Albert Edward Riland, 4s. William Kirkpatrick Riland, of Portobello, Scotland, cler. , matric. 21 Jan., 1884, aged 19; B.A. 1886, born 27 Dec., 1864.

Bedford, Arthur, s. Robert, of St. Thomas, Bristol, Somerset, pleb. , matric. 20 March, 1728-9, aged 18; B.A. 7 March, 1732-3.

Bedford, Arthur, s. John, of London, arm. , matric. 19 Oct., 1790, aged 20.

Bedford, Arthur William, 1s. William Fanshawe, of Cheltenham, arm. , matric. 1 June, 1882, aged 18; B.A. 1855.
 [35]

Bedford, Bedford, o.s. Christopher, of St. John's, Manchester, gent. , 1821, assumed the name of, which see.

Bedford, Bernard Francis Riland, 6s. William Kirkpatrick Riland, of London, cler. , matric. 20 Oct., 1886, aged 18; born 16 Jan., 1868.

Bedford, Rev. Charles, 2s. James Gower (or Gover), of Twyford, Hants, cler. , matric. 23 Jan., 1836, aged 18; B.A. 1839, died 11 April, 1878.

Bedford, Edward, s. Henry, of Sadbury, co. Gloucester, cler. , matric. 8 April, 1717, aged 17; B.A. 1720.

Bedford, Edward Henry, 1s. John, of Sargeant's Inn, London, arm. , matric. 6 July, 1821, aged 19.
 [40]

Bedford, Frederick William, LL.D., Dublin (B.A. 1850, LL.B. 1853, LL.D. 1858), ad eundem 4 May, 1859.

Bedford, Rev. Henry, LL.B., Cambridge (LL.B. 1857, LL.D. 1866), ad eundem 11 July, 1857.

Bedford, Rev. James Gower (or Gover), s. James, of Portsea, Hants, gent. , matric. 17 Dec, 1804, aged 19; B.A. 1808, died 30 March, 1871.

Bedford, Rev. John, 1s. Thomas, of Whittlesea, co. Cambridge, cler. , matric. 24 March, 1855, aged 18; B.A. 1860, M.A. 1861, principal of South Norwood College 1882.
 [ 86 ]


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 Bellas, Thomas, s. Richard, of Brampton, Westmoreland, pleb. , matric. 24 Oct., 1758, aged 18; B.A. 1762, M.A. 1766.  Bellas, Thomas, s. Richard, of Brampton, Westmoreland, gent. , matric. 31 May, 1809, aged 19; B.A. 1813, M.A. 1816, vicar of St. Michael's, Bongate, 1823, until his death 15 March, 1880.  Bellasis, George, s. Joseph Bellas, of Long Marton, Westmoreland, pleb. , matric. 27 Nov., 1749, aged 18; B.A. 1753, M.A. 1756, B. & D.D. 1767, rector of Yattendon, vicar of Basilden and Ashampstead, Berks, altered the spelling of his name by warrant 29 May, 1792, died 24 Jan., 1802, father of Edward Bellasis, serj.-at-law.  Bellasis, George Hutchins, s. John, of Bombay, East Indies, arm. , matric. 29 Jan., 1798, aged 19; of Holly Hill, Bowness, died 4 Jan., 1822.  Bellasis, Joseph Harvey, s. George (Bellasis), of Yattenden, Berks, doctor. , matric. 12 July, 1775, aged 16; colonel E.I.C.S., killed at the head of his regiment in storming a fort near Lahore, Dec, 1799. See Foster's Yorkshire Collection.  [5]

Bellerby, Edward Johnson, 1s. William Benson, of Pickering, Yorks, gent. , matric. 5 Feb., 1877, aged 18; Mus. Bac. 1879.  Bellers, Simon, s. John, of co. Worcester, pleb. , matric. 29 Oct., 1731, aged 19.  Bellers, William, 'illuminator,' 'privilegiatus,' 9 April, 1734.

Bellett, George, 1s. George, of Bridgnorth, Salop, cler. , matric. 18 Oct., 1854, aged 19; B.A. 1859, M.A. 1861.

Bellett, Rev. Henry Richard, 4s. George, of Bridgnorth, Salop, cler. , matric. 2 May, 1865, aged 18; B.A. 1869.
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Bellett, Rev. John Crosthwaite, o.s. Thomas, of Bandon, Ireland, cler. , matric. 30 May, 1849, aged 19; B.A. 1854, M.A. 1856.

Bellett, Richard (Baron), s. Thomas, of Batheaston, Somerset, gent. , matric. 9 Feb. 1795, aged 17; B.A. 1798.

Bellew, John, s. John, of Barnstable, Devon, gent. , matric. 27 Oct., 1784, aged 17.

Bellew, John, 1s. William, of Exeter (city), gent. , matric. 30 Nov., 1821, aged 18.
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Bellew, John Chippendall (Montesquieu), 1s. Robert Higgin, of Lancaster (town), arm. , matric. 9 Feb., 1843, aged 19; chaplain of St. John's Cathedral, Calcutta, 1851, minister of St. Mark's, Hamilton Terrace, 1857-62, and of Bedford Chapel, Bloomsbury, 1862-8, a well-known public reader, assumed the surname of Bellew in lieu of Higgin 1845, died 19 June, 1874, father of Kyrle Bellew, actor. See Foster's Peerage,

Bellew, Thomas, s. William, of Cheriton, Devon, arm. , matric. 21 Oct., 1774, aged 18.

Bellewes, George Oliver, 1s. George, of Blackheath, Kent, cler. , matric. 22 Oct., 1880, aged 18; B.A. 1884, M.A. 1887, bar.-at-law, Middle Temple, 7 July, 1886.

Bellhouse, Albert Turner, 5s. William, of Manchester, gent. , matric. 20 Oct., 1860, aged 18; B.A. 1864, M.A. 1867.

Bellhouse, Charles Hatton, 1s. James, of Manchester, arm. , matric. 14 Oct., 1864, aged 19.

Bellhouse, Walter, 1s. Ernest, of Altrincham, Cheshire, gent. , matric. 23 Oct., 1885, aged 18.
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Belli, Charles Almeric, s. John, of Bath (city), arm. , matric. 8 June, 1810, aged 18; B.A. 1814, M.A. 1816, rector of Pagglesham, 1822-60, vicar of South Weald, Essex, 1823-77, precentor St. Paul's Cathedral, 1819, died 6 Jan., 1886. See Alumni West.

Belli, Frederick Macquoid, 4s. William Hallowes, of Hoogley, East Indies, arm. , matric. 16 June, 1859, aged 19.

Bellingham, Henry Alan, 1s. Alan, of Castle Bellingham, co. Louth, Bart. , matric. 14 Oct., 1865, aged 19; B.A. 1869, M.A. 1873, bar.-at-law, Lincoln's Inn, 17 Nov., 1875, M.P. co. Louth, 1880, private chamberlain to Pope Leo XIII. See Foster's Baronetage.

Bellis, James Robert, s. Francis William, of Bombay, East Indies, arm. , matric. 14 Jan., 1804, aged 18.

Bellis, William Russell, s. Francis William, of Bombay, East Indies, arm. , matric. 14 Jan., 1806, aged 20.
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Bellot, Charles Fillan, 2s. Lewis Frederick, of London, gent. , matric. 16 Oct., 1869, aged 19; B.A. 1874, curate of St. Paul, Covent Garden, 1886.

Bellot, Hugh Hale Leigh, o.s. William Henry, of Leamington Priors, co. Warwick, M.D., matric. 16 Oct., 1880, aged 18; B.A. 1884.

Bellow, Rev. William, 2s. John, of Adderbury, Oxon, gent. , matric. 10 Dec., 1863, aged 19; B.A. 1867, M.A. 1871.

Bellyse, Edwin Reginald, o.s. Edwin Swinfer, of Wybunbury, Cheshire, cler. , matric. June, 1876, aged 20; B.A. 1881, M.A. 1883.

Belshaw, Barker, s. George, of St. Mar., White. Chap., Noting. (sic), gent. , matric. 28 Feb., 1726-7, aged 19.
 [30]

Belson, Frederick, y.s. George John, of St. Margaret's, Rochester, arm. , matric. 28 April, 1826, aged 17; B.A. 1830.

Belson, George de Veulle, 1s. Henry George, of St. Helier's, Jersey, cler. , matric. Oct., 1878, aged 18;, B.A. 1881, M.A. 1885.

Belson, William Eveleigh, 1s. Henry Fage, of Rochester, Kent. , matric. 27 Feb., 1845, aged 18; B.A. 1849, M.A. 1852, vicar of Lyneal with Colemere, Salop, 1874-84.

Belward, Rev. Henry Belward Moyse, s. Richard Moyse, of Yarmouth, Norfolk, gent. , matric. 30 March, 1811, aged 19; of Mettingham, Suffolk, took the additional name of by royal licence 13 July, 1813, died 22 June, 1873.

Bellward, John, s. Jona., of Beccles, Suffolk, pleb. , matric. 19 May, 1743, aged 17; B.A. 18 March, 1746-7.
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Benbow, Edward, 3s. John, of St. George the Martyr, Queen's Square, London, arm. , matric. 6 March, 1823, aged 16; B.A. 1828, M.A. 1829, of Lincoln's Inn, 21 June, 1824.

Benbow, John Edward, 1s. John, of Cowley, Middlesex, arm. , matric. 9 March, 1878, aged 19.

Benbow, William, s. Thomas, of Wolverhampton co. Stafford, gent. , matric. 7 Dec., 1732, aged 17; B.A. 1736.

Benbow, William Leonard, 4s. John, of Uxbridge, Middlesex, merchant. , matric. Oct., 1882, aged 19; B.A. 1886.

Bence, Christopher Joseph Edmunson, 2s. Samuel, of Marshfield, Wilts, gent. , matric. June, 1851, aged 23.
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Bence, Henry Alexander Starkie, 1s. Henry of Thorington, Suffolk, arm. , matric. 10 April, 1835, aged 18; B.A. 1839, of Thorington Hall, Suffolk, died 30 May, 1881.
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Page:Boots and Saddles.djvu/90

Rh cast on us as I meekly followed. I trembled so I could barely keep my seat as we slowly advanced, for the general even slackened his speed, to demonstrate to them, I suppose, that we felt ourselves perfectly at home. He said "How," of course, which was his usual salutation to them. An echoing "how" beside him proved that I still had power of utterance. When we came to one Indian, who looked menacingly at us and doggedly stood in our road, the officer with us declared that I accompanied my "how" with a salaam so deep that it bent my head down to the pommel of my saddle! At all events, I meant, if politeness would propitiate, not to be deficient in that quality at such a critical moment.

In a few moments, which seemed however a lifetime, we saw the reason why the village appeared so empty. Men, women, and children had gone nearly to the top of the bluff, and there, with their bodies hidden, were looking off at a faint cloud of dust in the distance.

My husband, appreciating my terror, quickly assured me it was the 7th Cavalry. Even then, what a stretch of country it seemed between us and that blessed veil of sand, through which we perceived dimly that succor was at hand.

My horse was rather given to snuggling, and pressed so against the general that he made his leg very uncomfortable sometimes. But then, in my terror, it seemed to me an ocean of space was dividing us. I longed for the old Puritan days, when a wife rode on a pillion behind her liege as a matter of course.

I found courage to look back at last. The bluff was crowned with little irregularities, so still they seemed

title: Page:Boots and Saddles.djvu/90


text:
Author:John Chippendall Montesquieu Bellew

Works

 * Blount Tempest
 * The History of Holland House


text: Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715-1886/Bellew, John Chippendall


text: Author talk:John Chippendall Montesquieu Bellew