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Wiktionary talk:About Low German

ij/ei
As far as I know Dutch Low German does not use 'ij' to write 'ei'. Ok, "Nijverdal" but that's a loanword. Dutch uses 'ij' to write 'ei' when Low German still says 'ie' (but note 'zeiken'/'eiken'). --129.125.102.126 14:30, 9 December 2012 (UTC)
 * What about loanwords from Dutch? Does it use it there? 14:44, 9 December 2012 (UTC)
 * I gave "Nijverdal". Other loanwords are usually calqued, exceptions are rare:
 * Nijverdal: the calque would be Nuverdal and that's a bit too far from a proper name
 * eiken, eekhoorn: ieken, iekertie(n)
 * zeiken: because of "zeek, zeken, gezeken", one would expect Dutch "zijken", Plat "zieken". Perhaps because "ziek" also means "ill".
 * bijzonder: also pronounced biezonder in Dutch
 * --129.125.102.126 13:26, 28 December 2012 (UTC)

 * OK, I've removed it from the table. If it's not a typical spelling, there's no need to list it in the table even if it occurs in a few words. - -sche (discuss) 19:56, 28 December 2012 (UTC)
 * Thanks for removing it.
 * I would even say that not using "ij" is typical for Dutch Low German: instead of it, one often sees "i'j". --129.125.102.126 00:51, 10 January 2013 (UTC)

RFM discussion of nds, nds-de, nds-nl
After several discussions (see here), the one Low German lect spoken in Germany which the ISO/SIL gave a separate code,, was merged into. All of the Dutch Low German/Saxon lects were merged into. (, which we currently use for a Frisian lect but which the ISO might have intended to signify a Low German lect, is being sorted out separately. And remains unchanged.) Since Wiktionary has long coded the Dutch varieties of Low German as,  is currently used for the German varieties only... but its name implies that it represents all the varieties. Therefore, at CodeCat's suggestion, I created, and we propose that be replaced with. In addition, we propose that be renamed from "Low German" to "German Low German", and that  be renamed from "Dutch Low Saxon" to "Dutch Low German". (Or, if you have a better idea for names, suggest them!) Updating templates like etc. to handle, just as they handle , should not be a problem. - -sche (discuss) 04:47, 18 November 2012 (UTC)
 * I tentatively support. I don't think we can really completely abandon a common code, as there are many etymologies and such that rely on there being a single common Low German language. We could decide to create to stand for the Low German "family" of languages and give it two members, but I'm not sure if that is a good solution.  16:58, 19 November 2012 (UTC)
 * I think it should be possible to pin a lot of etymologies down to one or the other; remember that most things borrowed from the Hansa should be Middle Low German,, not any kind of modern Low German. For the rest, we could either create a family code (we already have etymologies which say things like "from a Germanic language", "from a Slavic language"), or just list both nds-de and nds-nl, the way some etymologies say "from German [x] or Dutch [y]". - -sche (discuss) 06:36, 20 November 2012 (UTC)
 * The end of Middle Low German is normally considered to coincide with the end of the Hanseatic league, so that should be ok. Could you have a look at Category:Terms derived from Low German to see if there are any that don't belong there? We can then have a look at what to do with the remainder. 19:42, 20 November 2012 (UTC)
 * OK. I've reworked steik and changed redda, redde and šaht to show that derivation occurred during the MLG period. I've changed Nele to . That empties cat:Scots, cat:Icelandic and cat:Estonian (for now). I've made a first but not final pass through cat:Danish, moving 4 items to MLG. I also changed bom to, emptying cat:Lower Sorbian. - -sche (discuss) 23:54, 20 November 2012 (UTC)
 * So far, the only entries which apparently derive from modern Low German without clearly deriving from one lect or the other (e.g. Lower Sorbian terms can be assumed to have derived from German Low German) are and . I have put both  and  in those entries for now; this can be changed to a family code if necessary. Also, I've been sorting easy cases first, so there may be more unclear cases. - -sche (discuss) 18:19, 21 November 2012 (UTC)  - -sche (discuss) 19:28, 21 November 2012 (UTC)
 * For the first... is there a date of first attestation? If it was borrowed early enough we'll know it was borrowed straight from MLG. We can also consider how French could have borrowed a Low German word after the time of the Hanseatic league, as the two were not in contact. It's more likely that the borrowing occurred via Dutch, as the two are in direct contact, and certainly not via High German as there are no High German dialects spoken in places with lobsters. 18:49, 21 November 2012 (UTC)
 * Right, I'm rooting around for early attestations of the word to see if that can be determined. So far, the earliest mention I've found is in The Royal Dictionary abridged, in two parts: I. French and English. II. English and French. (5th edition, 1728), which glosses it as "a great lobster". Incidentally, "grote zeekreeft" was how de Vries glosses ; I take it the loanwords are somewhat more specific than the native and, respectively? - -sche (discuss) 19:26, 21 November 2012 (UTC)
 * this site based on Littré cites another reference work, the Encyclopédie Universelle, which has the word attested since 1532 in the form houmar. It claims derivation from Old Norse, but obviously that doesn't stop us from adding "via..." if we know better. - -sche (discuss) 19:45, 21 November 2012 (UTC)
 * That's early enough to be from MLG, and it's actually more likely that it is, because of the /u/ which is retained in MLG but changed to /o/ in Middle Dutch (from which later French homar(d)?). I do believe that the Dutch word, itself, was first borrowed from MLG around the same time, so it's possible that the French word was at first taken straight from MLG, but later re-borrowed or re-formed from the Dutch word. 20:17, 21 November 2012 (UTC)
 * That sounds likely. I've edited and ; please edit them further as you see fit. Btw, I also found this explicitly rejecting direct derivation from Old Norse (which the other dictionary implied by its omission of any "via") and confirming (Middle) Low German as the intermediary. - -sche (discuss) 20:33, 21 November 2012 (UTC)
 * Another candidate for : appelsin (and Apfelsine), which came via Low German from Dutch. - -sche (discuss) 10:30, 23 November 2012 (UTC)
 * If that was borrowed from German Low German, then we have the interesting situation that the word was borrowed from one Low German into the other...
 * Aside from that, I noticed we already have which is supposed to be a single code for Old Saxon, Middle Low German and modern Low German varieties. I'm not really sure how that code could be used, considering that we can't use such a code to specify a term; we can only use it if we don't know the term. Maybe we should get rid of it and use  instead?  14:11, 23 November 2012 (UTC)
 * re appelsin: Yeah, it's a case where a family template, as you suggested earlier, could be neater. Then again, many words can be discerned to have been borrowed between more closely (American English lent British English [[hex]]) or less closely (Dutch sent German [[Küste]]) related lects, so I wouldn't actually mind Apfelsine being " from, from , from ", since we're giving these lects distinct codes, like Luxembourgish vs German. That might even be more appropriate, given that we know it is the case.  could be reserved for unclear cases, like [[melek]].
 * re : I noticed it, it is odd... it was designed to replace, which was designed to let people copy etymologies from dictionaries (especially of French and Norwegian) which indicate loans as "b. all." or "lty." regardless of the era of borrowing. I've been replacing it with more specific things whenever possible; most uses are Scandinavian and should be . I agree that we should orphan and delete it. - -sche (discuss) 22:25, 23 November 2012 (UTC)
 * Now that the etymologies of amper, busserull, byge, lover, snekker and svikk have been changed to use more specific templates, the only pages which use are project pages. - -sche (discuss) 02:50, 26 November 2012 (UTC)
 * Here's an interesting one:, which is said to be from Low German, but only attested since 1678. :/ - -sche (discuss) 10:02, 22 November 2012 (UTC)

What I want to do
Can I just merge nds-de and nds-nl and slap this template onto them? Korn [kʰũːɘ̃n] (talk) 09:28, 4 June 2016 (UTC)

"mi occurs in  Westmünsterländisch, East Frisian, ... .    Other dialectal forms are:   Eastphalian:, , , ".
 * Regarding the spelling, there are differences between Dutch Low German and German Low German. But having many different sections, namely "German Low German", "Dutch Low Saxon" [= Dutch Low German], "Low German", "Plautdietsch" [= Mennonite Low German], is kind of irritating.
 * What if a form appears in more than 10 dialects? Maybe the table would become to long? Maybe a table similar to would be better?
 * How about other dialectal forms (e.g. see mi)? Should they be listed at the beginning? Should there be an own table for alternative forms? Or should there be just one table which mentions dialectal forms? A single template could have "Regions and dialects where this form occurs" at the top, then some kind of break and then it could mention other dialectal forms, like:
 * Greetings, Ikiaika (talk) 12:33, 4 June 2016 (UTC)
 * Alternative forms of the same word are always listed in the beginning. Some words have specific tables for alpha-, beta-, gamma-forms etc., but I don't know which template that is. My table in question is merely a way to a) merge nds-de and nds-nl and b) Prevent s which are two lines long. Korn [kʰũːɘ̃n] (talk) 13:52, 4 June 2016 (UTC)
 * ps.: The table template can be expanded indefinitely, but it will always only be as long as regions entered. Korn [kʰũːɘ̃n] (talk) 13:54, 4 June 2016 (UTC)

 * Which forms would be lemmatized? To lemmatize some words using one form and other words using a different form would make it difficult to compare words in the categories and elsewhere and would in general look (and be) unprofessional. But letting all attested forms of a word host content simultaneously as lemmata would be unworkable and I would oppose it. In particular, would nouns remain capitalized? In the entries of alt forms, I can see how a table like yours would be preferable to a two-line-long list of labels (regardless of whether we merge nds-de and nds-nl), although I think it should perhaps not be collapsed — it seems like important information and is replacing uncollapsed information (the labels). But in the lemma entry (again regardless of whether we merge), I suggest having a table (I presume all these tables go in "usage notes", btw?) similar to de.Wikt's "Dialektausdrücke", listing all regions and which form(s) they use. That would also make more apparent the difference between when a region doesn't use a form (when the region is listed as using another form, or "—"), vs when that region simply hasn't been entered yet (there's a blank space after the region name). - -sche (discuss) 21:33, 4 June 2016 (UTC)
 * I'm completely opposed to lemmatising non-standardised languages at a single form. Your claim that maintaining multiple full entries is unworkable is something I just don't see and would like a reasoning for. That is how things are mostly handled right now. I also plainly don't understand what you mean by 'comparing words in the categories'.
 * As for uncollapsed tables: A full table could carry up to 100 regions, that's too much to have on the site. Even if we artificially limit the number of enterable regions by predefining the regions we accept as single units, we won't make it under 30, because, random example of many, 'Eastwestphalian' for example is massively phonetically different among its dialects, and the grammar is not the same everywhere either. That'd be a problem we'd face for the table as on de.Wikt as well, although I would prefer that style. And usage notes sounds about right. I didn't mean this specific table to be the final solution, I mostly meant to get you to give your okay for replacing the completely alinguistic 'language' codes and  with categories. The lemmatising problems you mentioned...we already have them, so they don't really touch my proposal, though I'm open to debate them. Korn [kʰũːɘ̃n] (talk) 08:22, 5 June 2016 (UTC)
 * ps.: Since I think geographic data doesn't belong in language codes, I'm for merging Plautdietsch in as well. It's hardly more influenced by other languages than the less stellar examples of Low German you hear on NDR. Korn [kʰũːɘ̃n] (talk) 15:10, 5 June 2016 (UTC)

 * To have full entries at woater (Gronings), wotter (Gronings again), water (Achterhooks, Drents, Sallands, Twents, East Veluws), waoter (Drents again, West Veluws), waeter (Drents, Stellingwerfs), wäter (Sallands again, Attem), waoiter (Niekark), and all the (capitalized) forms on the German side, such as Woater (Dithmarschen, Wedemark, Warmia, etc), Water (Low Prussian, etc), Wåter (some Low Prussian dialects), Woter (some dialects), Waoter (some dialects), etc ... and to expect that the shared definitions of these, and especially of words with glosses more complex than just, will somehow stay in sync and not become the disorganized mess other sets of entries have become when such massive content duplication has been attempted ... is not wise and I firmly oppose it. Point taken about the table being potentially very large and needing to be collapsed. Plautdietsch should be a separate discussion, IMO, on account of its separate geographic development, and the general trend (which I have sometimes questioned the wisdom of, even as I have gone along with it) towards giving (Germanic) lects with that kind of separate development separate codes (compare e.g. Transylvanian Saxon and Luxembourgish separate from Moselle Franconian and the other things grouped as gmw-cfr, Pennsylvania German and Volga German separate from Palatine German and the other things grouped as gmw-rfr, etc). - -sche (discuss) 18:41, 5 June 2016 (UTC)
 * You probably are right about synchronicity, mainly because we have no dedicated nds-community for maintenance. Making some dialect standard will invariably piss people off. Further, the entries do not only differ in spelling but also in pronunciation and grammar. Some dialects don't have a dative, some dialects have a dative with another spelling than the dative elsewhere. Plurals differ everywhere. So we have to maintain different entries anyway, don't we? When something is spelled, pronounced and inflected differently, it's not an alternative form, it's just a different word with the same meaning and etymology. (Weird.) CodeCat was right, this is like Bokmål v. Nynorsk. So the problem with lemmatising does not affect my proposal since we already have it, merger or not. In the end, I'm just planning to change headings into categories. Korn [kʰũːɘ̃n] (talk) 19:28, 5 June 2016 (UTC)
 * Giving each entry an inflection table is different from making each entry a lemma with a full compliment of definitions. "Form-of" ("alternative form of", "[dialect] form of", etc) entries usually are given their own inflection tables, and these can potentially have more or fewer inflected forms, so that would not be a problem. (This is true even when the different isn't dialectal, e.g. æsthesia currently lists both a "-s" plural æsthesias and an "-e" plural æsthesiæ, while aesthesia and esthesia currently only list an "-s" plural; in this particular case, maybe "-e" forms of aesthesia and esthesia are also attested, but there are surely similar cases where they aren't which illustrate my point.) Even if there are multiple inflections of one lemma/form, there can be multiple tables, as there are even if the difference is not dialectal (as in ). Re "it's just a different word with the same meaning and etymology": I disagree; compare and  which are spelled, pronounced and inflected (as dēlīniās vs dēlīneās, etc) differently but are alternative forms, or 'ave vs have. You are right that the issue of lemmatization exists whether or not nds-de and nds-nl are merged. - -sche (discuss) 20:36, 5 June 2016 (UTC)
 * If alternative forms get most data of an entry, that solves most of the problems, actually. Just never seen that here. When it comes to choosing the lemma, what's your tendency? Making one dialect the go to one or using a normalisation that everything links to? Also who seems to have an interest in the representation of southern Low German. Korn [kʰũːɘ̃n] (talk) 08:09, 6 June 2016 (UTC)
 * ps.: How about a separate header for dialectal distributions for languages without official codification/clear prestige dialects? Korn [kʰũːɘ̃n] (talk) 09:12, 6 June 2016 (UTC)

Maybe one could use templates for the meanings like one template "template:nds-meanings-water" for all the forms woater, wotter, water etc. But then there would be many templates, and I guess some people would be opposed to this. Also there could be (a) the spelling *Tal without lengthening h (Dehnungs-h), while a short vowel could be marked with a doubled consonant, (b) an unusual grammarian's form *Tāl, *Tâl or *Tál to mark vowel length, and (c) the spelling *Tal without a second l, while a long vowel could be marked by doubled letters. For comparison: Modern High German is inconsequent regarding the marking of vowel length as seen in Zahl vs Wal (the spelling Zal is rare and not used anymore, and Wahl as in Blauwahl is rare and rather a misspelling). Low German without a fixed orthography could have more consequent systems, but it could have different systems. But well, there might be cases when one could argue with area, as that might somewhat correspond to the number of speakers or the number of dialects. A general rule could be that East Frisian and Eastphalian pronouns forms (hör/höhr, mik/mek) aren't the main form. Maybe one could also argue that Westphalian forms usually aren't the main form too (not that I like it, but it could be a logical conclusion):
 * (13:52 and 13:54, 4 June 2016): Okay.
 * (21:33, 4 June 2016), and also @Korn (09:12, 6 June 2016): If there should be a main entry, then IMHO it should be the most common form, and not simply, for example, the Northern Low Saxon form. In this way, no dialect would (directly) be favored over another. For example, mi should be the most common form for the meaning me, while Eastphalian mik, mek, mick, meck and South Westphalian miek should be less common. But well, it might be hard to determine the most common form and there might be cases where a most common doesn't exists. Then it could be an arbitary choice.
 * @Korn (08:22, 5 June 2016): Well, maintaining multiple very similar entries isn't easy (even though it's not necessarily "unworkable"). German Wiktionary's translation tables are a good example for this, e.g. see de:Eigenname and de:Nomen proprium.
 * @Korn (09:12, 6 June 2016): A section like "==== Dialectal distribution ====" instead of "==== Usage notes ====" IMHO makes more sense. But in some cases, it might go hand in hand. Tall (= German Zahl, English number) might have alternative forms like Taal, Tahl or Tal with a long vowel. However, one of these alternative form could be less common, dated or maybe not conforming to Saß' spellings.
 * Greetings, Ikiaika (talk) 04:26, 7 June 2016 (UTC)
 * Let's see: 1. My template should work like the German translation tables, though we probably can still improve it. 2. There would only need to be one template for meanings, everything else will be parameters. 3. The reason I was proposing a header for distribution other than usage notes is that our header 'Alternative forms' is at the top of the page, 'usage notes' are on the bottom, and another header would allow us to place it higher. We can put the collapse into 'Alternative forms' as well, though. 4. 'tal' should have a short vowel mainly, I think long vowels in old short-vowelled a-stems only occur in a small area in southern Westphalia. And most importantly, 5.:
 * The idea of picking the most common form seems a decent option. The question is, by what criterion we pick 'common': Geographical area covered, sheer number of dialects using it, numbers of speakers of the dialect, number of attestations? (Obviously, not all of these are equally feasible.) Korn [kʰũːɘ̃n] (talk) 09:07, 7 June 2016 (UTC)
 * 4. I've seen Taalword in August Marahrens' grammar printed in Altona (mentioning, no usage), Tahlwoort at sass-platt.de, and Tahl besides Tall at platt-wb.de (East Frisian dictionary). So it should also occur outside of Westphalian. But Taal (if attestable) could be an older, dated or obsolete, form, and could be proscribed by Saß' spellings.
 * 4. I've seen Taalword in August Marahrens' grammar printed in Altona (mentioning, no usage), Tahlwoort at sass-platt.de, and Tahl besides Tall at platt-wb.de (East Frisian dictionary). So it should also occur outside of Westphalian. But Taal (if attestable) could be an older, dated or obsolete, form, and could be proscribed by Saß' spellings.
 * 5.
 * Numbers of speakers can change, but are there known numbers anyway? Wikipedia mentions no numbers of speakers for Eastphalian. For Plautdietsch it has 400.000 (English Wikipedia) and 500.000 (German Wikipedia).
 * IMHO the covered area should be no criterion. Russia is big, but just has a population density of 8.4/km², while Japan is small and has a density of 340.8/km². So there could be a great area with just few inhabitants or speakers, while there could be a small area with many inhabitants or speakers.
 * Going by number of dialects could be fine. But well, one could get different numbers of dialects, and it's hard to determine the word forms of all dialects.
 * In the end it's most likely a somewhat arbitary choice. But that's also be the case for German spellings with ph or f (as Geographie or Geografie?), and English spellings with z or s (as normalise or normalize, substantivise or substantivize?).
 * Westphalian has the Westfälische Brechung and is split into several subdialects, thus there might be several subdialectal forms which then are rarer.
 * It maybe has less speakers as Low German often got replaced by High German.
 * Greetings, Ikiaika (talk) 23:04, 7 June 2016 (UTC)

 * If we're replacing (long) context labels with something else like the table proposed above, that table should categorize like the labels do. (Ideally, it could access the label data, perhaps in a way similar to how Template:alternative spelling of/from does.) That way, Category:Mecklenburgisch Low German (etc) continue to exist and be usable by anyone wanting to look over all Mecklenburgisch (etc) words. - -sche (discuss) 03:52, 8 June 2016 (UTC)
 * That sounds less ramshackle than what my template does, but is completely out of my depth of template knowledge. Korn [kʰũːɘ̃n] (talk) 09:46, 8 June 2016 (UTC)
 * Tossing in a random completely out of the box idea: Since I'm totally incapable of actually drawing a linguistic line between Middle Low German and Low German: What if we make both one language, lemmatise at the GML normalisation and then use regionally and chronologically marked declension tables? If we ever have an active NDS community, there will be multiple declension tables anyway, what harm does one more? As someone only wanting to work on Middle Low German, I'm not really fond of the idea of having modern entries clutter my category, but on the other hand I'm also not capable of saying why Westphalian from 1500 gets called one language and Westphalian from 1700 gets called another. If you can think of any pros and cons, let me know. Korn [kʰũːɘ̃n] (talk) 15:48, 8 June 2016 (UTC)

 * Technically, one could simply combine your template with . E.g. instead of , one could use  . But maybe there are people who could help coding and maybe they have better ideas.
 * Differences between GML and NDS could be that NDS often has less cases and that modern NDS includes more foreign (High German) elements. Also ordinal numerals with -te instead of -de could be a NDS feature, maybe also influenced by High German. German has sieb(en)te (with -te) for seventh (7th), and Lasch has GML sevede, sevende (with -de). NDS could have sebende (with -de), sövent, säbent (without the e) and also söbente, säwente (with -te). As for the spellings: I've seen all these NDS spellings (some in Low German texts, some in dictionaries, some in older grammar books), but I don't know if they are all attestable for the English Wiktionary.
 * One con could be that NDS could have words for modern inventions (cars, airplanes) which GML doesn't have.
 * Greetings, Ikiaika (talk) 01:30, 9 June 2016 (UTC)

 * Yes, modern lects have words that MLG doesn't. There is, as Korn notes, overlap between e.g. the Westphalian from 1500 vs 1700, but most chronologically separated languages have such overlap, sometimes after far longer than that 200-year transition — a lot of modern Icelandic is identical to or only slightly different from the Old Norse of a thousand years ago. The differences that motivate scholars to consider them separate in the first place should encourage us to keep them separate. I can think of only two languages where we've merged chronological stages that scholars often keep separate (Latin and Hebrew). - -sche (discuss) 15:14, 9 June 2016 (UTC)
 * What are those differences for Low German, though? Touching on your Plautdietsch/Siebenbürger Sächsisch problem: I'm strictly against drawing invisible lines based on outside factors like geography or commonality of usage. That stuff should be for Wikipedia, not for us, and that stuff is the reason I'm thinking about this merger so much. We're somewhat inconsistent in what we lump together for all the wrong reasons. Korn [kʰũːɘ̃n] (talk) 17:31, 9 June 2016 (UTC)

Also there is a(n) (amateur) made dictionary for Low German from Twistetal. While German ab is aff in six districts, Abend is Oabend, Obend or Ovend depending on the district. So even if we would pick any dialect for the entries, there would be an arbitrary choice between spellings. In some way that is also true for normalised GML, as there sometimes are several nominative forms like dê, di, die (German: der/die).
 * As far as I've heard, Middle Latin is different from from Classical and New Latin (Requested entries (Latin) says there were articles). But from a grammatical point of view, New Latin and Classical Latin is the same.
 * I've looked into Fritz Reuter's works. Even he as a single person has different spellings like Swep and (IMHO rarer) Swäp for German Peitsche or English whip.
 * I've looked into Fritz Reuter's works. Even he as a single person has different spellings like Swep and (IMHO rarer) Swäp for German Peitsche or English whip.
 * Is there a word which in some way is the same as another word, but in another way is different? German gehen means to go by feet, while English go also includes to go by bus or by plane (German: fahren, fliegen). In a similar way, one Low German dialect could have a word with just the the sense to go by feet, while another dialect could have the same word (same spelling etc.) or etymologically seen the same word (e.g. maybe with different spelling), but with further meanings like to go by bus or plane. Maybe such a word could justify different main entries.
 * Regarding differences of NDS and GML:
 * NDS has words for modern things. That is a lexical difference. Also normalising such words could mean to invent spellings. For old languages that's common practice. But for modern ones?
 * NDS might have more foreign words, like Schandor (German: Gendarm, older also Gensd'arm) which should come from French, and most likely words from NHG as nowadays many people don't speak NDS as their native language anymore.
 * NDS has umlauts and clearly marks them, while that might be different in GML. However, Lasch argues that GML had umlauts too and uses umlaut letters as in ös, jük/jüch, jüm, ü̂sik (besides ûsik).
 * NHG and NDS-DE capitalise nouns, while (normalised) MHG and GML only capitalise proper nouns.
 * GML most likely had more cases or a better case dstinction.
 * It seems that NDS ordinals indeed also end in -te (söbente), while Lasch has -de (sevede, sevende). Maybe it was like this: sevende > sevent (dropping the e, terminal devoicing) > sevente (prolongation).
 * Maybe shorter verb forms developed or became more common in NDS. In NHG there were forms like holest, holet, holete for holst, holt, holte (indicative). A NDS grammar mentions similar forms but states that the form without e is the current form, while the form with e is the original form. Lasch mentions forms like makest, maket, makede, which have an e.
 * There could have been sound shifts as from sevede with e and v into söbent(e) with b and ö. However, both b and v occur in NDS, and besides ö there is also be e. NDS forms for the cardinal 7 are söven and söben, but also seben (grammar from Bremen), säben and säwen (grammar and authors from Mecklenburg-Vorpommern).
 * Classical and New Latin could have less differences. The only differences which come into my mind would be (a) a lexical difference, as in New Latin many new (scientific) terms where invented, (b) the differentiation between u and v and i and j, and (c) sometimes capitalisation of nouns in New Latin.
 * -Ikiaika (talk) 02:32, 15 June 2016 (UTC)
 * Orthography is not language. It's completely irrelevant for distinction, especially since both Middle and Mordern Low German have each a plethora orthography systems. New and foreign terminology is irrelevant as well. German now has a word for computer, radio, TV, transsexual, space shuttle, all of which it didn't 1900. That doesn't make it a different language. New terms appear in scores every decade, Middle Low German heaps itself with Latin, German and French loans throughout its existence. Middle Low German also had, without any doubt, rounded front vowels. The number of cases - except for a small minority of dialects, which loses the dative - does not change across the periods. The deletion of /ə/ is a development affecting only the northern halves of northern dialects; it does not usally affect the south, which retain makest, makede et cetera. There is also no development of /v/ into /b/, the spelling ⟨-ben⟩ represents [m̩], which phonemically still is /vn̩/ = //vən//. Lastly, non-native speakers are no sources for languages and of no interest to us. I have to admit that I have no knowledge of the devlopment ordinalia for southern dialects. Of the things you listed, only the ə-drop and the restructured case system seem usable as demarkations for me, but both are restricted to a minority of dialects. Korn [kʰũːɘ̃n] (talk) 16:30, 15 June 2016 (UTC)

 * Concrete proposals: 1. We merge nds-de and nds-nl. 2. We rename nds-nl to Dutch Low German. 3. We lemmatise the form visually closest to the Middle Low German standardised form. (This included favouring non-capitalisation.) 4. If a form closer to the Middle Low German form is added, we migrate the content to it. 5. Alternative forms are listed in a simple table without regional information. 6. Regional information (German Low German, Dutch Low German, Westphalian Low German etc.) is added to the entries by labels and by adding categories. — How's that sound? Point 2 is mainly because half of "Dutch Low Saxon" is Westphalian, but I'm not too invested in this particular issue. Point 3 permits us not having to deal with any modern data while still having an objective criterion. Point 5 is mainly to avoid overkill. Point 6 allows us to retain all the data structures we have and simply add a level to it for the regions/dialects. E.g. I'd imagine Münsterland Low German as a subcategory of German Low German, Westphalian Low German as a subcategory of German Low German, Dutch Low German and plain Low German. Korn [kʰũːɘ̃n] (talk) 10:40, 17 August 2016 (UTC)

Mentionings
WT:CFI: "For all other spoken languages that are living, only one use or mention is adequate, subject to the following requirements: [...] the community of editors for that language should maintain a list of materials deemed appropriate as the only sources for entries based on a single mention" (bolding adding)

So how about adding the following sources to that list which can be found at WT:About Low German (the page doesn't have such a list yet)? -20:16, 23 December 2018 (UTC)
 * August Suerbaum, Sitte und Brauch unserer Heimat, 2nd ed., H. Th. Wenner, Osnabrück, 1982
 * It contains: Sünne Klaus [= HG (der) Nikolaus, Eng. St. Nicholas]; Sünne Matten [Sankt Martin, 11. November]; Pauskegger [= HG Ostereier, Eng. Easter eggs] (also occurs in F. W. Lyra's Briefe, Erzählungen, Gedichte, u. s. w.)
 * According to google it also contains: "Der Neujahrswunsch lautete: „Ik wünske di 'n glücksiäliget nigget Johr.“" [= HG: Ich wünsche dir ein glückseliges neues Jahr; Eng.: I wish thee a blissful new year], i.e. a Low German translation of happy New Year.
 * Elisabeth Jüde, Das Bauerntum des Delbrücker Landes, Köln, 1939
 * It contains, for example, Tuit [= HG Zeit, Eng. time] (in a LG text, but some other LG words are only mentioned in HG texts)
 * Grammars and dictionaries (if they are proper NLG dicts and not mixed dicts, e.g. containing MLG and NLG, or NLG and (regional) HG)

American Low German
How is American Low German treated?

Here an example:
 * 2008, Josef Raab & Jan Wirrer (eds.), Die deutsche Präsenz in den USA / The German Presence in the U.S.A, p. 664:
 * Ein sprachliches Relikt, das im American Low German überdauert hat und in den Herkunftsterritorien heute nicht mehr vorkommt, ist der Gebrauch des Verbums glieken im Sinne von 'gern haben' oder 'gern mögen', [...]

1. ==Low German==

Verb

 * 1)  like

2. ==American Low German==

Verb

 * 1) like

Verb

 * 1)  like

3. (only if the American Low German variety descendants from German Low German and not from Dutch Low German) ==German Low German==

Verb

 * 1)  like

-12:00, 5 January 2021 (UTC)

 * : see query above. ←₰-→ Lingo Bingo Dingo (talk)  18:02, 5 January 2021 (UTC)
 * American Low German is just regular Low German which happens to be in America, just like Dutch Low German is just regular Low German which happens in the Netherlands. I've been proposing to merge everything for years. Glieken is not obsolete outside of America either, at least it wasn't around 1900. Korn [kʰũæ̃n] (talk) 19:24, 5 January 2021 (UTC)

title: Wiktionary talk:About Low German


text: Category:German Low German terms derived from Proto-Indo-European

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
desnoer

Etymology
.

Verb

 * 1) to unknot undo a knot; remove a knot from

title: desnoer


text:
kapsoni

Etymology
From. Compare 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1)  longeing cavesson, lungeing cavesson

title: kapsoni


text:
elephant ear

Etymology
From general resemblance in form.

Noun

 * 1) A funnel cake.
 * 2) A flat, crisp, sugared pastry made of fried dough.
 * 3) A palmier.
 * 4) Any of several plants in tribe  or.
 * 5) A taro plant, of genera, Colocasia, or.
 * 6) Burdock ( spp.).
 * 7) Any bergenia, esp. of species ,
 * 8)  A section of aileron that protrudes beyond the wing.
 * 9)  A reinforcing disk on a missile.
 * 1) Any bergenia, esp. of species ,
 * 2)  A section of aileron that protrudes beyond the wing.
 * 3)  A reinforcing disk on a missile.
 * 1)  A reinforcing disk on a missile.
 * 1)  A reinforcing disk on a missile.

Derived terms

 * ( or )
 * ( or )
 * ( or )

title: elephant ear


text:
ротква

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) radish

title: ротква


text:
desnouement

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) instance of unknotting

title: desnouement


text: clasp knives

title: clasp knives


text: manzellos

title: manzellos


text: clear-air turbulences

title: clear-air turbulences


text: thirty-fourths

title: thirty-fourths


text: call-ins

title: call-ins


text: deoxygluconates

title: deoxygluconates


text: battery electric vehicles

title: battery electric vehicles


text:
Talk:dudette

Tourist? 0.o
The entry says "(in the sense of tourist)"; is "dude" a slang for tourist or has it ever been? --TiagoTiago (talk) 14:32, 9 December 2012 (UTC)
 * Yes, it has been used as a term for a tourist (especially one at a dude ranch), but, in my experience, dudette isn't limited to that sense, so I changed the entry. Chuck Entz (talk) 15:48, 9 December 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:dudette


text:
mirst

Verb

 * 1)  to forget

title: mirst


text: Gissunn

title: Gissunn


text:
Talk:disestablishment

Not just the Church of England
Disestablishment can apply to other quasi-state bodies, for instance the Post Office Packet Service Vernon (talk) 15:50, 9 December 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:disestablishment


text: 蹌踉めく

title: 蹌踉めく


text: Category:Japanese terms spelled with 蹌

title: Category:Japanese terms spelled with 蹌


text: Category:Japanese terms spelled with 踉

title: Category:Japanese terms spelled with 踉


text:
పంచలోహాలు

Noun

 * 1) The five kinds of metals.

title: పంచలోహాలు


text:
よろめく

Verb

 * 1) to stagger
 * 2) to have an affair

title: よろめく


text:
నలభైతొమ్మిదవ

Adjective

 * 1) forty-ninth

title: నలభైతొమ్మిదవ


text: cytozoons

title: cytozoons


text: cytozoa

title: cytozoa


text: Sumatran rhinoceroses

title: Sumatran rhinoceroses


text: togethernesses

title: togethernesses


text: family home evenings

title: family home evenings


text:
నలభైయెనిమిదవ

Adjective

 * 1) forty-eighth

title: నలభైయెనిమిదవ


text:
నలభైయేడవ

Adjective

 * 1) forty-seventh

title: నలభైయేడవ


text:
నలభైయారవ

Adjective

 * 1) forty-sixth

title: నలభైయారవ


text:
నలభైయైదవ

Adjective

 * 1) forty-fifth

title: నలభైయైదవ


text:
heptadiagonal

Adjective

 * 1)  Having nonzero entries along the main diagonal, the three diagonals on either side of the main diagonal, and the three diagonals near each corner, only.

title: heptadiagonal


text:
నలభైనాలుగవ

Adjective

 * 1) forty-fourth

title: నలభైనాలుగవ


text:
User talk:Luceatlux

--Lo Ximiendo (talk) 16:52, 9 December 2012 (UTC)

Your training as a Wiktionarian
As Stephen G. Brown suggested at Conrad.Irwin's talk page, you can find redlink words by searching Dhivehi translations. Feel free to take your time creating a few articles from that search list. Then we can edit your entries so you can see the changes we make. Then you'll understand how some things are managed around here. --Lo Ximiendo (talk) 17:55, 9 December 2012 (UTC)

Dhivehi
is what the code for a basic noun with etymology should look like. Note the ==Dhivehi== and ===Etymology=== headers come before the noun. Mglovesfun (talk) 23:28, 9 December 2012 (UTC)

,, , etc.
Before we could make templates like these, I think we may have to take considerations as to how we display the transliteration, plural form (nouns, but also adjectives?), indefinite form (same here), sentence ending form, etc. Does Dhivehi use postpositions? --Lo Ximiendo (talk) 16:25, 10 December 2012 (UTC)

 * Conversation from facebook. We'll discuss Dhivehi here from now on. :)

 * @Luceatlux: what about the definition in Dhivehi?

 * for example take this word "ha" (ހަ) this word represents the word "six" which is (ހައެއް).

 * We use "ha" like so... "hagondi" means "6 chair"
 * it's not "hae' gondi"
 * nor is it 2 seperate words...

 * @Lo Ximiendo: Are we talking about plural forms of Dhivehi numbers?

 * @Luceatlux: nope. not specifically that

 * @Lo Ximiendo: six chairs? For hagondi?

 * @Luceatlux: for example 2 is (ދެއެއް) "dee'" but we drop the glottal stop at the end and we join the 2 words..

 * dhegondi (dhe 2 gondi chair)

 * when telling the amount of chairs we do not need to pluralize it in Dhivehi... it's assumed that if I say "7 chair" it's plural...

 * @Lo Ximiendo: How about an unspecified amount?

 * @Luceatlux: thats when we use plurals..

 * Gondie' = a chair (ގޮނޑިއެއް)
 * Gondithake' = chairs (ގޮނޑިތަކެއް)

-- Luceatlux (talk) 16:46, 10 December 2012 (UTC)

 * In case you're curious about, it's for Category:Dhivehi conjunctions. --Lo Ximiendo (talk) 16:51, 10 December 2012 (UTC)

---

What about the meaning of the word in divehi?

For example take this word (ރަށްމެދުކުދިން) ra'medhukudhin: Literal meaning (which is useless for Wiktionary) is Island/Village-Center-Children

It's actual meaning is "Bastard Children" or (ބަފާ ނުކަށަވަރުކުދިން) Children who's paternity is unsure.

do we only add the English meaning? --Luceatlux (talk) 18:34, 10 December 2012 (UTC)
 * Yes. Literal meanings and synonyms are okay. --Lo Ximiendo (talk) 18:48, 10 December 2012 (UTC)

what about the meaning in dhivehi? some words need an explanation.. like rannamaari which is a mythical monster --Luceatlux (talk) 19:09, 10 December 2012 (UTC)
 * In the index, you don't have to place a meaning like that, but you can place it in the entry (rannamaari) itself. --Lo Ximiendo (talk) 19:45, 10 December 2012 (UTC)

Shaviyani
A Dhivehi song called "Shaviyani" "The beauty of shaviyani is its usefulness is at the end of words." -Thathu

-- Luceatlux (talk) 18:05, 10 December 2012 (UTC)

Dhivehi verb entries
From what I've read from here, I think we may want to use the gerund form of Dhivehi verbs. Am I right? --Lo Ximiendo (talk) 02:07, 11 December 2012 (UTC)

 * Maybe I don't know what Gerund means.. from what I understand it is the "ING"ing of words. If that is true then, no.

To Swim is (ފެތުން) Fetun When you say "He is swimming." Fatanii (ފަތަނީ).

Hingun = To Walk (ހިނގުން) Duvun = To Run (ދުވުން) Fetun = To Swim (ފެތުން)

I maybe wrong.. so tell me. What did you specifically read from that dictionary?

--Luceatlux (talk) 19:13, 11 December 2012 (UTC)
 * According to that dictionary, the root form of the English verb is the infinitive, while the root form of the Dhivehi verb is the gerund. --Lo Ximiendo (talk) 19:52, 11 December 2012 (UTC)

title: User talk:Luceatlux


text:
నలభైమూడవ

Adjective

 * 1) forty-third

title: నలభైమూడవ


text:
నలభైరెండవ

Adjective

 * 1) forty-second

title: నలభైరెండవ


text:
నలభైయొకటవ

Adjective

 * 1) forty-first

title: నలభైయొకటవ


text: Wiktionary:Foreign Word of the Day/2012/December 14


text:
gijlui

Etymology
From.

Pronoun

 * 1)  Second-person plural personal pronoun (subjective); you guys, you people, you lot, you all, y'all.

Usage notes
See gij.

Synonyms

 * (archaic)
 * (archaic)

title: gijlui


text:
ముప్పైతొమ్మిదవ

Adjective

 * 1) thirty-ninth

title: ముప్పైతొమ్మిదవ


text:
ముప్పైయెనిమిదవ

Adjective

 * 1) thirty-eighth

title: ముప్పైయెనిమిదవ


text:
ముప్పైయేడవ

Adjective

 * 1) thirty-seventh

title: ముప్పైయేడవ


text: פֿאָנען

title: פֿאָנען


text:
wijlui

Etymology
From.

Pronoun

 * 1)  First-person plural personal pronoun (subjective); we.

title: wijlui


text:
ముప్పైయారవ

Adjective

 * 1) thirty-sixth

title: ముప్పైయారవ


text:
zijlui

Etymology
From.

Pronoun

 * 1) Third-person plural personal pronoun (subjective); they.

Usage notes
The word can only be used to refer to persons, not to things.

title: zijlui


text:
ముప్పైయైదవ

Adjective

 * 1) thirty-fifth

title: ముప్పైయైదవ


text:
ului

Etymology
From.

Pronoun

 * 1) Second-person plural personal pronoun (objective); you.

Usage notes

 * See also the usage notes for the word 'gij'.

title: ului


text:
ముప్పైనాలుగవ

Adjective

 * 1) thirty-fourth

title: ముప్పైనాలుగవ


text:
ముప్పైమూడవ

Adjective

 * 1) thirty-third

title: ముప్పైమూడవ


text:
metachromatically

Adverb

 * 1) In a metachromatic manner.

title: metachromatically


text:
ముప్పైరెండవ

Adjective

 * 1) thirty-second

title: ముప్పైరెండవ


text:
Multituberculata

Proper noun
†

Hypernyms

 * ; - subclass; † - infraclass

Hyponyms

 * †, † - suborders

title: Multituberculata


text:
ముప్పైయొకటవ

Adjective

 * 1) thirty-first

title: ముప్పైయొకటవ


text:
Myxinidae

Hypernyms

 * ; Myxini - class; - order

Hyponyms

 * ,, - subfamilies; ; , , , ;  - genera

title: Myxinidae


text:
Madtsoiidae

Etymology
From.

Proper noun
†

Hypernyms

 * ; Serpentes - suborder; - infraorder

Hyponyms

 * Alamitophis,, Herensugea, Kelyophis, , Menarana, Nanowana, Nidophis, Patagoniophis, Rionegrophis, Sanajeh, Wonambi, Yurlunggur

title: Madtsoiidae


text:
Mantidae

Hypernyms

 * ; Pterygota - subclass; Neoptera - infraclass; Polyneoptera - superorder; - order

Hyponyms

 * ,, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , - subfamilies

title: Mantidae


text:
roupily

Adverb

 * 1) In a manner as if affected with roup. In a hoarse or husky manner.

title: roupily


text:
Mecoptera

Etymology
From and.

title: Mecoptera


text:
Megatherium

Etymology
+

Proper noun
†

Hypernyms

 * ; - suborder; † - family;  - subfamily;  - tribe;  - subtribe

title: Megatherium


text:
Melampyrum

Hypernyms

 * ; - tribe

Hyponyms

 * - type species

title: Melampyrum


text: gözyaşını

title: gözyaşını


text: gözyaşları

title: gözyaşları


text:
tweedekker

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) biplane
 * 2) a ship with two decks

title: tweedekker


text:
dubbeldekker

Etymology
From, a loan translation of.

Noun

 * 1) biplane
 * 2) double-decker bus

title: dubbeldekker


text:
obraźliwy

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1) offensive, insulting

title: obraźliwy


text:
dactylographe

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1)  secretary

title: dactylographe


text:
Talk:jegy

"mark" and "note" are much more rare uses of "jegy" than ticket, ticket should be no.1 on the list.

title: Talk:jegy


text:
longvis

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) A lungfish, fish of the subclass Dipnoi.

title: longvis


text:
दिमाग़

Etymology
, from.

Noun

 * 1)  brain, cerebrum
 * 2) conceit, pride
 * 1) conceit, pride

title: दिमाग़


text:
ässänväärä

Noun

 * 1)  A more or less elaborated S-shaped decorative pattern used e.g. in traditional knitting works of the province of Pohjanmaa.

title: ässänväärä


text:
भेजा

Etymology 1
Ultimately, from , whence also and 🇨🇬.

The phonetic changes between Indo-Iranian and Hindi are irregular, and possibly the result of taboo deformation, according to Turner. It is also probably partially due to New Indo-Aryan languages preserving the aspiration in the Indo-Iranian *zǰʰ cluster, which was lost in Sanskrit. A possible development of the Hindi form from Proto-Indo-Iranian is *mazǰʰ- > *mejjh- > *mhĕjj- (through metathesis of the aspiration) > bhej-. Compare the phonetic development of Sanskrit. , borrowed from Persian. Cognate with 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬. , which evolved more predictably from.

Noun

 * 1)  brain

title: भेजा


text:
ungender

Verb

 * 1)  To remove or reverse the gender of.

title: ungender


text:
zinloos geweld

Noun

 * 1) senseless violence; acts of violence committed for a trivial reason

title: zinloos geweld


text:
ਸੁਆਗਤ

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) Welcome, reception

title: ਸੁਆਗਤ


text:
ਜੀ ਆਇਆਂ ਨੂੰ

Interjection

 * 1) welcome please come in

title: ਜੀ ਆਇਆਂ ਨੂੰ


text:
User talk:SoniaSingh04

--Lo Ximiendo (talk) 21:05, 9 December 2012 (UTC)

title: User talk:SoniaSingh04


text:
prosię

Etymology
..

Noun

 * 1) piglet
 * 2)  traitor
 * 1)  traitor

title: prosię


text:
ਨਮਸਕਾਰ

Etymology
From.

title: ਨਮਸਕਾਰ


text:
User:Noommos/common.js

mw.loader.load('//meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Noommos/global.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript');

title: User:Noommos/common.js


text:
feowertiene

Etymology
From. Cognate with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Numeral

 * 1)  fourteen

title: feowertiene


text:
discoursal

Adjective

 * 1) Relating to discourse.

title: discoursal


text:
User:Sotiale/common.js

mw.loader.load('//meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Sotiale/global.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript');

title: User:Sotiale/common.js


text:
Black Forest cake

Noun

 * 1) A Black Forest gâteau

title: Black Forest cake


text:
persoonallinen

Adjective

 * 1) distinctive characteristic or typical to somebody

Usage notes
"Personal" is.

title: persoonallinen


text:
Citations:mantyhose

Noun: "(informal) pantyhose designed for and/or marketed toward men"

 * 2009 — "'Mantyhose', latest fad for men!", The Times of India, 16 January 2009:
 * The site e-MANcipate.net is devoted to "accelerating the acceptance of male pantyhose as a regular clothing item," and features a how-to guide for wearing mantyhose properly.
 * 2009 — Kathleen Cuthbertson, "Men's leggings, called meggings, arrive in Australia", The Daily Telegraph (Australia), 14 April 2009:
 * Hosiery company Ambra has a prototype of pantyhose for men ready - just in case a trend for "mantyhose" erupts.
 * 2009 — Vinay Menon, "Sir, your (fashion) slip is showing", Toronto Star, 7 May 2009:
 * Soon we were getting blitzed by stories about exotic headwear and mantyhose when, not that long ago, we were ridiculed as slobs in tattered baseball caps and mismatched socks.
 * 2009 — Mario Cacciottolo, "What sort of man wears mantyhose?", BBC News Magazine, 29 September 2009:
 * A dapper young man with oversized sunglasses, waistcoat and trilby comes up to ask if I'm wearing mantyhose - he's Anthony Hagan, a 22-year-old student from Tufnell Park, London.
 * 2009 — Fleur Cogle, "'Mantyhose' fad unlikely to hook Timaru blokes", The Timaru Herald, 10 October 2009:
 * Last month London's Selfridges began supplying a line of stockings in black, beige and charcoal, dubbed "mantyhose", exclusively for men.
 * 2012 — Allison Berry, "Introducing Mantyhose. Yes, Mantyhose.", Time, 8 March 2012:
 * Mantyhose – stockings that are specifically designed and marketed to men, as well as unisex versions – are growing in popularity
 * Mantyhose have been popular in Europe – that bastion of progressive, gender-neutral fashion – for years, but have only recently gained traction in the U.S.
 * 2012 — Cavan Sieczkowski, "Mantyhose For Sale: Men In Tights Might Just Be Fashion’s Next Big", International Business Times, 9 March 2012:
 * His mantyhose come in prints like skulls, stars, hearts, polka dots and checkers.
 * 2012 — Maureen Dowd, "Manlashes, Manscara and Mantyhose", The New York Times, 10 March 2012:
 * Their mantyhose are most popular with customers from Germany, France, Scandinavia, Canada and the United States.
 * 2012 — Fred Attewill, "Mantyhose: Fashion-conscious men snapping up pairs of ‘man tights’", Metro (UK), 22 March 2012:
 * The £17-a-pair mantyhose come with patterns such as stars, skulls and stripes and are most popular with customers from Germany, France, Scandinavia, Canada and the US.
 * The £17-a-pair mantyhose come with patterns such as stars, skulls and stripes and are most popular with customers from Germany, France, Scandinavia, Canada and the US.

title: Citations:mantyhose


text:
unbrooding

Adjective

 * 1) Not brooding.

title: unbrooding


text:
mantyhose

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1)  Pantyhose designed for and/or marketed toward men.

Synonyms

 * , guylons

title: mantyhose


text:
މިއުޒިކް

Etymology
Borrowed from.

Noun

 * 1) music

title: މިއުޒިކް


text:
ކަރުނަ

Etymology
, from.

Noun

 * 1) tear drop of liquid from the eye

title: ކަރުނަ


text:
suoranainen

Adjective

 * 1) direct, obvious, patent

title: suoranainen


text:
ކަރުދާސް

Etymology
. Compare 🇨🇬

Noun

 * 1) paper material for writing on

title: ކަރުދާސް


text:
Citations:brosiery

Noun: "(informal) pantyhose designed for and/or marketed toward men"

 * 2012, Daisy Dumas, "'Brosiery' and 'mantyhose' take off as men seek the warmth, comfort... and 'fashion statement' of patterned tights", Daily Mail, 6 March 2012:
 * Mr Cavallini said that his company's 'brosiery' is tested on its male employees and that their research had led to a special, breathable fabric being designed to account for men's higher perspiration levels.
 * 2012, "'Brosiery'...aka tights for men", WTOP.com, 8 March 2012:
 * Brosiery is a budding trend in the U.K. helping men add a layer and make a fashion statement.
 * 2012, James Poulos, "Five Reasons Mantyhose Could Be the Next Spanx", Forbes, 14 March 2012:
 * Whether you’re metro or just hetero, brosiery is about revealing, not concealing.
 * 2012, Rene Cizio, "SPEAK OUT: Should fashionable men wear pantyhose?", The News-Herald, 17 March 2012:
 * Brosiery is a growing trending in the United Kingdom.
 * 2012, Kevin Courtney, "Word on the street Mantyhose", The Irish Times, 31 March 2012:
 * Now we are expected to roll mantyhose, brosiery and guylons over our hairy legs and knobbly knees.
 * 2013, Todd Plummer, "In Brief: DIY Lacoste Polos, Bradley Cooper's Orange Glow, the Rise of Mantyhose", Details, 29 January 2013:
 * Italian specialty legwear manufacturer, Emilio Cavallini, is claiming that sales of "brosiery" and "guylons" are its fastest growing category, accounting for a whopping thirty percent of e-commerce revenue.
 * 2013, Jacob Tomsky, "Jacob Tomsky Wears Mantyhose (Men’s Pantyhose) for a Week", The Daily Beast, 19 February 2013:
 * Also they ride low, and you’ll be doing that shimmy-’em-up move way more than you’re comfortable with. After even a tiny bit of use, they stretch out and sag in the back. I felt like the Coppertone baby with that little dog attached to my brosiery, pulling the little guy toward the surf.

title: Citations:brosiery


text:
Citations:guylons

Noun: "(informal) pantyhose designed for and/or marketed toward men"

 * 2012, "Mantyhose: Are men really ready to wear tights?", The Week, 7 March 2012:
 * I actually think male tights are kind of sexy, says Emily Abbate in The Stir. But mostly, I want my man to wear guylons just to "watch him squirm. Can he get them on without ripping? Will he understand how not easy that is?"
 * 2012, Kevin Courtney, "Word on the street Mantyhose", The Irish Times, 31 March 2012:
 * Now we are expected to roll mantyhose, brosiery and guylons over our hairy legs and knobbly knees.
 * 2012, Jane Wells, "Mantyhose: Time to Hand in Your Man Card?", CNBC, 20 April 2012:
 * Really? I don't even like wearing pantyhose, why would men want to put on “guylons”?
 * 2013, Todd Plummer, "In Brief: DIY Lacoste Polos, Bradley Cooper's Orange Glow, the Rise of Mantyhose", Details, 29 January 2013:
 * Italian specialty legwear manufacturer, Emilio Cavallini, is claiming that sales of "brosiery" and "guylons" are its fastest growing category, accounting for a whopping thirty percent of e-commerce revenue.

title: Citations:guylons


text:
User:MrX

Greetings. My main user page is on Wikipedia. MrX (talk) 23:54, 9 December 2012 (UTC)

title: User:MrX


text:
gaseta

Noun

 * 1) gazette, newspaper, magazine, journal

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) gazette

title: gaseta


text: gasetes

title: gasetes


text:
metrosexually

Adverb

 * 1) In a metrosexual manner.

title: metrosexually


text: Cahuillas

title: Cahuillas


text: Category:Galician terms derived from Japanese


text: Category:Galician terms derived from Japonic languages


text:
subform

Noun

 * 1)  A taxon below the level of form.
 * 2)  A secondary window opened from another (parent) window.

title: subform


text:
不端

Adjective

 * 1) dishonourable; improper

title: 不端


text:
subsp.

Etymology
Abbreviation of or any of its inflected forms.

Noun

 * 1)  A subspecies.

title: subsp.


text:
ssp.

Etymology
Abbreviation of or any of its inflected forms.

Noun

 * 1)  A subspecies.

title: ssp.


text:
dumjš

Etymology
Some researchers consider this term a simple borrowing from. Others derive it (and its parallel o-stem dialectal variant ) from, , from , , whence also (q.v.). The original meaning, possibly influenced by, was apparently “gray, dark brown” (compare 🇨🇬). There apparently is a relation between dark colors and the human spirit or mind (compare 🇨🇬,, or 🇨🇬, ). At this point, 🇨🇬 (compare 🇨🇬) probably influenced the semantic development of. Cognates include 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Adjective

 * 1) stupid, dim-witted, foolish, silly
 * 2) stupid, foolish, silly expressing such qualities
 * 3) stupid, foolish, silly with contents that express such qualities
 * 1) stupid, foolish, silly expressing such qualities
 * 2) stupid, foolish, silly with contents that express such qualities
 * 1) stupid, foolish, silly expressing such qualities
 * 2) stupid, foolish, silly with contents that express such qualities
 * 1) stupid, foolish, silly with contents that express such qualities
 * 1) stupid, foolish, silly with contents that express such qualities

title: dumjš


text: subvar.

title: subvar.


text:
subf.

Noun

 * 1)  subform.

title: subf.


text:
dums

Adjective

 * 1)  stupid, dim-witted, foolish, silly;

title: dums


text:
quiquiriquic

Noun

 * 1) cock-a-doodle-doo

title: quiquiriquic


text: quiquiriquics

title: quiquiriquics


text:
dumjība

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1)  stupidity, foolishness, silliness the quality of one who is stupid, foolish, silly
 * 2) something stupid, foolish, silly
 * 1) something stupid, foolish, silly

title: dumjība


text: dumjībā

title: dumjībā


text: dumjību

title: dumjību


text: dumjības

title: dumjības


text: dumjībās

title: dumjībās


text: dumjībām

title: dumjībām


text: dumjībai

title: dumjībai


text:
Template:nds-pron-a-o

(more on the merger of monophthongal A and O)

title: Template:nds-pron-a-o


text:
dumjums

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) stupidity, foolishness, silliness the quality of one who is stupid, foolish, silly

title: dumjums


text: dumjumu

title: dumjumu


text: Category:German Low German terms derived from Middle Low German


text: dumjumā

title: dumjumā


text: dumjuma

title: dumjuma


text: dumjumam

title: dumjumam


text:
belar

Etymology 1
.

Noun

 * 1) grass

Etymology 2
.

Noun

 * 1)  velar

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) vigil

Etymology
, a variant of.

Verb

 * 1) to baa, to bleat

title: belar


text: mugits

title: mugits


text: rebuznos

title: rebuznos


text:
eguí

Etymology 1
. Restriction of meaning influenced by.

Adjective

 * 1)  mare

Etymology 2
.

Noun

 * 1) neigh

title: eguí


text: eguins

title: eguins


text:
eguinar

Verb

 * 1) to neigh

title: eguinar


text:
aïnar

Verb

 * 1) to neigh

title: aïnar


text:
aïnada

Noun

 * 1) neigh

title: aïnada


text: aïnades

title: aïnades


text:
hyperemesis gravidarum

Etymology
From + 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1)  A rare complication of pregnancy, similar to severe morning sickness, sometimes fatal if left untreated.

title: hyperemesis gravidarum


text:
fiftiene

Etymology
From. Cognate with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Numeral

 * 1)   fifteen

title: fiftiene


text: closet cases

title: closet cases


text:
User:Restu20/common.js

mw.loader.load('//meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Restu20/global.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript');

title: User:Restu20/common.js


text:
lodh

Etymology
From, from , from. Compare 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Verb

 * 1) to tire (someone)
 * 2) to wear (someone) out, fatigue
 * 3) to irk, bother, be tiresome (to someone)

title: lodh


text: Wiktionary:Foreign Word of the Day/2012/December 13


text:
Citations:spectrumy

Adjective: "(informal) having, or showing characteristics of, an autism spectrum disorder"

 * 2011, Claire LaZebnik, Families and Other Nonreturnable Gifts, 5 Spot (2011), ISBN 9781455505500, unnumbered page:
 * I even e-mailed Hopkins to try to get her to back me up, but she wrote back, If Mom decides she wants to kick him out at any point, she will and he’ll be fine. He’s a little spectrumy, but perfectly competent. But so long as she’s happy having him at home, let them have each other. Without any support from the actual neurologist in the family, I gave up.
 * 2011, Nicholas Blincoe, "Zero Degrees of Empathy by Simon Baron-Cohen: review", The Telegraph, 25 April 2011:
 * His quiz was designed to detect autism and my score probably suggests I am “spectrumy” – to use a non-technical term – rather than a psycho.
 * 2011, Melanie Savage, "Local author is a man of many talents", Reminder News, 26 July 2011:
 * Dicks’ third book, “Memoirs of an Imaginary Friend,” is due out in the spring of 2012. The book is told from the point of view of the imaginary friend of a “spectrumy kid,” as Dicks describes him. Max is a highly intelligent child who exhibits symptoms that fall along the Autism spectrum.
 * 2011, Zoe Williams, "TV review: Onion News Network; The Killing", The Guardian, 26 November 2011:
 * that anybody who disagrees or overrules Lund is a steaming fool; and anyone who sticks by her, despite her spectrumy behaviour, is clever and brave.
 * 2012, Carrie Goldman, Bullied: What Every Parent, Teacher, and Kid Needs to Know About Ending the Cycle of Fear, HarperOne (2012), ISBN 9780062205896, unnumbered page:
 * Before the school year began, Francine met with the principal and the kindergarten teacher at the school. From the first moment, the meeting was rancorous. "The principal started telling me that Adam sounded spectrumy and needed occupational therapy and speech therapy, and she had never even met him yet.
 * 2012, Benjamin Wallace, "Are You On It?", New York Magazine, 28 October 2012:
 * (Asperger himself seems to have been a bit spectrum-y as a child, endlessly reciting the verse of Austrian poet Franz Grillparzer, to his classmates’ dismay.)

Adjective: ?

 * 2003, Cara DiPasquale, "Unusual influences", Chicago Tribune, 13 January 2003:
 * "They were more just really interesting desert-like, very spectrumy, ethereal pop songs with some real depth.

title: Citations:spectrumy


text:
spectrumy

Adjective

 * 1)  Having some characteristics of the autism spectrum.
 * 2) * 2011, Claire LaZebnik, Families and Other Nonreturnable Gifts, 5 Spot (2011), ISBN 9781455505500, unnumbered page:
 * I even e-mailed Hopkins to try to get her to back me up, but she wrote back, If Mom decides she wants to kick him out at any point, she will and he’ll be fine. He’s a little spectrumy, but perfectly competent. But so long as she’s happy having him at home, let them have each other. Without any support from the actual neurologist in the family, I gave up.

title: spectrumy


text: Category:Latvian terms prefixed with ap-


text: Category:en:Autism

title: Category:en:Autism


text: Category:Autism

title: Category:Autism


text:
User talk:Wylve

Welcome!

Hello, welcome to Wiktionary, and thank you for your contributions so far. Here are a few good links for newcomers:

 * How to edit a page is a concise list of technical guidelines to the wiki format we use here: how to, for example, make text boldfaced or create hyperlinks. Feel free to practice in the sandbox. If you would like a slower introduction we have a short tutorial.
 * Entry layout explained (ELE) is a detailed policy documenting how Wiktionary pages should be formatted. All entries should conform to this standard, the easiest way to do this is to copy exactly an existing page for a similar word.
 * Our Criteria for inclusion (CFI) define exactly which words Wiktionary is interested in including. There is also a list of things that Wiktionary is not for a higher level overview.
 * If you already have some experience with editing our sister project Wikipedia, then you may find our guide to Wikipedia users useful.
 * The FAQ aims to answer most of your remaining questions, and there are several help pages that you can browse for more information.
 * We have discussion rooms in which you can ask any question about Wiktionary or its entries, a glossary of our technical jargon, and some hints for dealing with the more common communication issues.

Also, please add a BabelBox to your userpage so we can help you with the languages you'll be working in.

I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wiktionarian! If you have any questions, bring them to the Information desk, or ask me on my talk page. If you do so, please sign your posts with four tildes: ~ which automatically produces your username and the current date and time.

Again, welcome! —Μετάknowledge discuss/deeds 03:14, 10 December 2012 (UTC)

Just a note: please create both the simplified and traditional forms of an entry. If you need help doing that, feel free to refer to How to create a Chinese entry, which I have found to be very helpful. 多谢！—Μετάknowledge discuss/deeds 06:48, 10 December 2012 (UTC)

title: User talk:Wylve


text:
User:Restu20

m:User:Restu20 This page is a soft redirect.

title: User:Restu20


text:
貧窮

Adjective

 * 1) poor; impoverished

title: 貧窮


text:
上年

Noun

 * 1)  last year

title: 上年


text:
Thread:User talk:Yair rand/newentrywiz.js/Access from the main page, please?/reply

You mean like by using user js? This'll probably work (add to Special:MyPage/common.js) :


text:
mainīt

Etymology
From, from , from , , (whence also ). Cognates include 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬,, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, (< “which went through many changes, transactions”), 🇨🇬, , 🇨🇬, , 🇨🇬 (< 🇨🇬 ?), 🇨🇬 (< , “change” ?).

Verb

 * 1) to change, to exchange
 * 2) to change, to replace (something, with something else)
 * 3) to change, to replace (with a new one)
 * 4) to change to make something become different
 * 5) to change to move from one place to another
 * 6) to exchange to say one's (opinion, thought) and to hear another person's
 * 1) to change, to replace (with a new one)
 * 2) to change to make something become different
 * 3) to change to move from one place to another
 * 4) to exchange to say one's (opinion, thought) and to hear another person's
 * 1) to change, to replace (with a new one)
 * 2) to change to make something become different
 * 3) to change to move from one place to another
 * 4) to exchange to say one's (opinion, thought) and to hear another person's
 * 1) to change to make something become different
 * 2) to change to move from one place to another
 * 3) to exchange to say one's (opinion, thought) and to hear another person's
 * 1) to change to move from one place to another
 * 2) to exchange to say one's (opinion, thought) and to hear another person's
 * 1) to change to move from one place to another
 * 2) to exchange to say one's (opinion, thought) and to hear another person's
 * 1) to change to move from one place to another
 * 2) to exchange to say one's (opinion, thought) and to hear another person's
 * 1) to change to move from one place to another
 * 2) to exchange to say one's (opinion, thought) and to hear another person's
 * 1) to exchange to say one's (opinion, thought) and to hear another person's
 * 1) to exchange to say one's (opinion, thought) and to hear another person's

Derived terms

 * prefixed verbs:

title: mainīt


text:
User:Wylve

hello. talk. edits. i can speak english  mandarin chinese  cantonese  fluently

title: User:Wylve


text:
junák

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) young man
 * 2) hero
 * 3) member of Junák organization
 * 1) member of Junák organization
 * 1) member of Junák organization

Etymology
, from (from ) +  (masculine nominalizing suffix cognate to Slovak ""). Cognate with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬 (Moravian Czech ), 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) springald

title: junák


text:
User:Salvio giuliano/common.js

mw.loader.load('//meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Salvio giuliano/global.js&action=raw&ctype=text/javascript');

title: User:Salvio giuliano/common.js


text:
User talk:Etym/2012

=May=

Welcome
-Atelaes λάλει ἐμοί 11:58, 11 May 2012 (UTC)

φιλíα
I have deleted this entry, as it was misspelled (the accented iota was actually an accented Latin i). However we have the correct spelling at, which I've recently expanded. Any questions or comments, please let me know. -Atelaes λάλει ἐμοί 11:58, 11 May 2012 (UTC)

=December=

Please stop
You don't seem to know what you're doing. We don't create redirects like that; please see WT:REDIR. We don't transliterate Ancient Greek like that; please see WT:AGRC. Ancient Greek was not pronounced like Modern Greek. Please stop editing things that you don't know anything about or I will have to block you. —Μετάknowledge discuss/deeds 06:21, 5 December 2012 (UTC)

related terms
Hi! This is one of the more confusing things about Wiktionary, but: the "Related terms" sections are for etymologically related terms only, not merely semantically related / coordinate terms, which go in "See also" or even "Coordinate terms" sections (see WT:Wiktionary:Semantic relations for a bit more on "Coordinate terms" sections). Hence I moved things around a bit here. - -sche (discuss) 20:38, 9 December 2012 (UTC)
 * PS, rather than using tags (which tend to go unnoticed), you can post in the Tea Room or WT:RFV if you have doubts about a word's definition. Cheers, :) - -sche (discuss) 20:38, 9 December 2012 (UTC)

I forgot to mention
One more thing: if you don't know what a word means in a language you don't speak, it would be more helpful if you don't add it. For Middle English, instead of creating stubs like this, please check if the Middle English Dictionary has it, and, if so, get information like the part of speech there. Thanks —Μετάknowledge discuss/deeds 06:53, 10 December 2012 (UTC)

title: User talk:Etym/2012


text:
loppukäyttäjä

Noun

 * 1) end user final consumer of a product

title: loppukäyttäjä


text:
Schwartzwald

Etymology
From.

title: Schwartzwald


text:
oppilaanohjaaja

Noun

 * 1) school counselor, guidance counselor professional member of an educational team who assists students in their personal, social, academic, and career development

title: oppilaanohjaaja


text:
full-hearted

Etymology
From 🇰🇲.

Adjective

 * 1) Wholehearted.
 * 2) Full of courage or confidence.
 * 3) Elated.
 * 4) Full of emotion; too much moved for full self-control.

title: full-hearted


text:
motiu

Etymology 1
.

Adjective

 * 1) motive, motional

Noun

 * 1) motive, reason
 * 2) motif

Etymology 2
From, with influence from the preceding.

Noun

 * 1) nickname

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) motive, reason
 * 2) motif

title: motiu


text:
moció

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) movement, motion
 * 2) motion parliamentary action
 * 1) motion parliamentary action

title: moció


text: mocions

title: mocions


text: Template:list:seasons/te

title: Template:list:seasons/te


text:
obligatori

Etymology
.

Adjective

 * 1) mandatory

title: obligatori


text: hyperemeses

title: hyperemeses


text: obligatòria

title: obligatòria


text: obligatoris

title: obligatoris


text: obligatòries

title: obligatòries


text:
panzazo

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) hit, strike or shove (made using the belly)
 * 2) hit, strike (received in the belly)

title: panzazo


text: hyperemeses gravidarum

title: hyperemeses gravidarum


text:
obrellaunes

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) can opener

title: obrellaunes


text:
vermeet

Noun

 * 1)  clothes
 * 2)  gear, stuff
 * 1)  gear, stuff

title: vermeet


text:
Frygien

Proper noun

 * 1) Phrygia

title: Frygien


text:
obscenitat

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) obscenity

title: obscenitat


text: obscenitats

title: obscenitats


text:
obsequiós

Etymology
.

Adjective

 * 1) obsequious

title: obsequiós


text:
obsequiosament

Etymology
From.

Adverb

 * 1) obsequiously

title: obsequiosament


text:
Galaterbrevet

Proper noun

 * 1) The Epistle of Paul to the Galatians.

title: Galaterbrevet


text:
Gallien

Etymology
From.

Proper noun

 * 1)  Gaul.

Proper noun

 * 1) Gaul

Proper noun

 * 1) Gaul

title: Gallien


text:
obstètric

Adjective

 * 1)  obstetric

title: obstètric


text: obstètrica

title: obstètrica


text: obstètrics

title: obstètrics


text: obstètriques

title: obstètriques


text: Category:el:Golf

title: Category:el:Golf


text: Category:el:Ball games

title: Category:el:Ball games


text:
obstructiu

Adjective

 * 1) obstructive

title: obstructiu


text: 贫穷

title: 贫穷


text:
Genèvesjön

Proper noun

 * 1) Lake Geneva

title: Genèvesjön


text: γκρέιπ φρουτ

title: γκρέιπ φρουτ


text:
Genuabukten

Proper noun

 * 1) the Gulf of Genoa

title: Genuabukten


text:
Gibraltar sund

Proper noun

 * 1) the Strait of Gibraltar

title: Gibraltar sund


text:
Godahoppsudden

Proper noun

 * 1) Cape of Good Hope

title: Godahoppsudden


text: Category:Baluchi terms derived from Proto-Iranian


text: Category:Baluchi terms derived from Proto-Indo-Iranian


text: Category:Baluchi terms derived from Proto-Indo-European


text:
өлгөндөн кийин

Adjective

 * 1) posthumous published after a writer's death

title: өлгөндөн кийин


text:
γλύπτρια

Noun

 * 1)  sculptor

title: γλύπτρια


text:
водород бомбасы

Noun

 * 1) hydrogen bomb

title: водород бомбасы


text:
firbound

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1) Bounded or contained by one or many fir trees; confined to the vicinity of fir trees.

title: firbound


text:
imbrim

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) great northern diver
 * 2) * 1751-72, Encyclopédie, André le Breton, Michel-Antoine David, Laurent Durand, Antoine-Claude Briasson, pages 8:566
 * "fr"

- IMBRIM, s. m. (Hist. nat.) nom que l'on donne dans les îles de Feroe ou Farroe à un oiseau de la grosseur d'une oie, qui, dit - on, ne sort jamais de l'eau.

title: imbrim


text: Category:French terms derived from Faroese


text:
бир таңгак куурай

Noun

 * 1) faggot

title: бир таңгак куурай


text:
бир байлам чыбык

Noun

 * 1) faggot

title: бир байлам чыбык


text:
money mule

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1)  A person who transfers stolen or defrauded money or merchandise from one country to another, either in person, through a courier service, or electronically.

title: money mule


text:
Talk:Cygni

i want to find cygnus the star

 * Did you consider looking at the page for Cygnus:? SemperBlotto (talk) 09:33, 10 December 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cygni


text:
unforbid

Adjective

 * 1)  unforbidden

title: unforbid


text:
Talk:proofreading

There is nothing set up to enter translations for the noun. Here is one to start the ball rolling - Norwegian (Bokmål): korrekturlesing (both m and f). Don Hodgkinson.

title: Talk:proofreading


text:
Zululander

Noun

 * 1) A native or inhabitant of Zululand.

title: Zululander


text: Zululanders

title: Zululanders


text:
quinoidal

Adjective

 * 1)  quinoid

title: quinoidal


text:
Megalopidae

Hypernyms

 * ; - order

Hyponyms

 * - sole extant genus
 * (Atlantic tarpon),  - extant speces

Coordinate terms

 * - family

title: Megalopidae


text:
Elopiformes

Hyponyms

 * , - families

title: Elopiformes


text:
Monodontidae

Hypernyms

 * ; - clade;  - suborder

title: Monodontidae


text:
Monarda

Hypernyms

 * ; - subfamily;  - tribe;  - subtribe

Hyponyms

 * - type species; for other species see

title: Monarda


text:
Myopus

Hyponyms

 * - sole accepted species

title: Myopus


text:
unflorid

Adjective

 * 1) Not florid.

title: unflorid


text:
unmorbid

Adjective

 * 1) Not morbid.

title: unmorbid


text:
Myctophidae

Hypernyms

 * ; - subphylum; Gnathostomata - superclass; Pisces - superclass; Actinopterygii - class;  - order

Hyponyms

 * - tpe species;, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , - other species

title: Myctophidae


text:
baraki

Etymology
, which literally means "one who lives in a baraque".

Noun

 * 1)  a poorly educated individual, usually a dirty one with poor clothing tastes; a chav
 * 2)  showman (fairground worker)
 * 3)  gypsy (caravan dweller)

title: baraki


text:
Mydaus

Etymology
From.

Hyponyms

 * - type species

Coordinate terms

 * (hog-nosed skunks), (typical skunks),  (spotted skunks)

title: Mydaus


text:
Myliobatiformes

Hyponyms

 * - sole extant family per Ruggiero

title: Myliobatiformes


text:
Myrmeleontidae

Hypernyms

 * ; - suborder;  - superfamily

title: Myrmeleontidae


text:
calsarcin

Etymology
From, ,.

Noun

 * 1)  Any of a family of sarcomeric calcineurin-binding proteins.

title: calsarcin


text: chemiluminesence

title: chemiluminesence


text:
Myocastor

Etymology
From +.

Hypernyms

 * - class; - subclass;  - infraclass;  - supercohort; Placentalia - cohort;  - order;  - suborder;  - infraorder;  - infraorder;  - superfamily;  - family

Hyponyms

 * - sole species

title: Myocastor


text:
Myocastoridae

Usage notes

 * Sometimes placed in with spiny rats.

Hypernyms

 * ; - suborder;  - infraorder;  - infraorder;  - superfamily

Hyponyms

 * - sole genus, - sole species

title: Myocastoridae


text:
cofractionate

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1) To fractionate a mixture of components together

title: cofractionate


text:
coimmunostaining

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) the immunostaining of multiple proteins at the same time
 * 2) immunostaining using two different immunostains

title: coimmunostaining


text:
costameric

Adjective

 * 1) Relating to costameres.

title: costameric


text:
cytoarchitectural

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1) Relating to cytoarchitecture.

title: cytoarchitectural


text:
holozoan

Noun

 * 1)  Any organism of the clade

title: holozoan


text: hypointensities

title: hypointensities


text:
lamellarity

Noun

 * 1) the condition of being lamellar

title: lamellarity


text:
merosin

Noun

 * 1)  A form of laminin found in placenta, striated muscle, and peripheral nerve

title: merosin


text:
Lockwood

Etymology
From + ; analysable as.

Proper noun

 * 1) A placename:
 * , named after a local family.
 * , named after a local family.

Statistics

 * According to the 2010 United States Census, Lockwood is the 1806th most common surname in the United States, belonging to 19865 individuals. Lockwood is most common among White (87.08%) individuals.

title: Lockwood


text:
myopalladin

Noun

 * 1)  A particular sarcomeric protein

title: myopalladin


text:
neuromorphogenesis

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) morphogenesis of neurons

title: neuromorphogenesis


text:
Template talk:dialectal

Category
I changed it so instead of Category:English dialect terms it produces Category:English dialectal terms. This seems uncontroversial but I'm listing it here anyway. Mglovesfun (talk) 10:36, 10 December 2012 (UTC)

title: Template talk:dialectal


text:
nexilin

Noun

 * 1)  A particular protein that binds actin filaments

title: nexilin


text: Category:Norman gerunds

title: Category:Norman gerunds


text: Category:Gerunds by language

title: Category:Gerunds by language


text: Category:gv:Metallurgy

title: Category:gv:Metallurgy


text: Category:en:Oceanography

title: Category:en:Oceanography


text: Category:en:Puppets

title: Category:en:Puppets


text: Category:Puppets

title: Category:Puppets


text: Category:Oceanography

title: Category:Oceanography


text:
tukkoinen

Adjective

 * 1) congested
 * 2)  stuffy

title: tukkoinen


text:
descreistre

Etymology
From, present active infinitive of , or an internal formation from.

Verb

 * 1) to decrease; to lessen; to diminish

title: descreistre


text:
desverie

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) rage; anger; ire
 * 2) insane or crazy act

title: desverie


text: derverie

title: derverie


text:
Talk:desclamer

Old French
At the risk of being pernickety, I think all the citations at http://micmap.org/dicfro/chercher/dictionnaire-godefroy/desclamer are Anglo-Norman rather than Old French. But there's no real way to tell the two apart, the difference as we define it is geographical, not linguistic. Mglovesfun (talk) 11:47, 10 December 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:desclamer


text:
descipline

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) corporal punishment
 * 2)  massacre; ravaging; destruction
 * 3) rule
 * 4) discipline; strict application of rules

title: descipline


text: Category:Dhivehi terms derived from Hindi


text:
pacsin

Noun

 * 1)  Any of a family of cytoplasmic phosphoproteins that play a role in vesicle formation and transport

title: pacsin


text:
pleiotrophin

Noun

 * 1)  A protein, similar to midkine, that has a number of functions related to heparin

title: pleiotrophin


text:
polyubiquitinylated

Etymology
From.

title: polyubiquitinylated


text:
poststernotomy

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1)  Following a sternotomy

title: poststernotomy


text:
sternotomy

Noun

 * 1)  An incision into the sternum.

Translations

 * Finnish: sternotomia
 * German:
 * Italian:
 * Spanish: esternotomía
 * Turkish: sternotomi

title: sternotomy


text:
precardiac

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1)  anterior to the heart

title: precardiac


text:
premetazoan

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1) Prior to the evolution of metazoans

Noun

 * 1) Any such organism

title: premetazoan


text:
silanize

Verb

 * 1) To treat with a silane

title: silanize


text: silanized

title: silanized


text:
susceptometry

Noun

 * 1)  The measurement of paramagnetic, diamagnetic or ferromagnetic susceptibility

title: susceptometry


text:
tachypacing

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) rapid pacing of the heart induced by a pacemaker

Related terms

 * tachypace

title: tachypacing


text:
tropomodulin

Noun

 * 1)  A protein that binds tropomyosin and thus weakens its interaction with actin.

title: tropomodulin


text: tubulates

title: tubulates


text:
belcheri

Etymology
Named in a pseudo-Latin manner for any of several naturalists named Belcher.

Adjective

 * 1) Belcher (attributive); used in taxonomic names for organisms that often have English names of the form "Belcher's ..."

title: belcheri


text:
వేసవికాలము

Noun

 * 1) summer

title: వేసవికాలము


text: User:Krinkle/blockquote

title: User:Krinkle/blockquote


text:
бљесак

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) flash (of light)
 * 2) glare, shine

title: бљесак


text:
చలికాలము

Noun

 * 1) winter season

title: చలికాలము


text:
Talk:pi

Pi: The Serbocroatian "PI" for the math. constant is in any language the same, as far as I know, maybe "Translingual" may be better.... ? 84.150.20.29 12:57, 10 December 2012 (UTC)

There is also told to be a Sicilian wort pi (=per in italian), e.g. "pi favori" = "per favore" = "please"

Etymology for printing type senses
Ety might need splitting. I'm not sure that it's the same origin as the Greek letter pi. Can also be spelled. Equinox ◑ 18:59, 14 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:pi


text:
bljesak

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) flash (of light)
 * 2) glare, shine

title: bljesak


text:
patulkot

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1) to translate a little, to translate for a short time

title: patulkot


text: Template:list:tastes/te

title: Template:list:tastes/te


text:
iztulkot

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1) to explain, to make clear, to interpret
 * 2) to translate
 * jau 1905. gada revolūcijas priekšvakarā viņš iztulko latviski Ivana Franko stāstu “Meži un ganības” already in 1905, on the eve of the revolution, he translates into Latvian Ivan Franko's story “Forests and Pastures”
 * 1) to translate
 * jau 1905. gada revolūcijas priekšvakarā viņš iztulko latviski Ivana Franko stāstu “Meži un ganības” already in 1905, on the eve of the revolution, he translates into Latvian Ivan Franko's story “Forests and Pastures”
 * 1) to translate
 * jau 1905. gada revolūcijas priekšvakarā viņš iztulko latviski Ivana Franko stāstu “Meži un ganības” already in 1905, on the eve of the revolution, he translates into Latvian Ivan Franko's story “Forests and Pastures”
 * jau 1905. gada revolūcijas priekšvakarā viņš iztulko latviski Ivana Franko stāstu “Meži un ganības” already in 1905, on the eve of the revolution, he translates into Latvian Ivan Franko's story “Forests and Pastures”

title: iztulkot


text:
తీపి

Noun

 * 1) sweetness

Adjective

 * 1) sweet

title: తీపి


text:
pārtulkot

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1)  to translate completely, entirely
 * 2) to translate, to transfer from one symbolic system to another
 * 1) to translate, to transfer from one symbolic system to another
 * 1) to translate, to transfer from one symbolic system to another
 * 1) to translate, to transfer from one symbolic system to another
 * 1) to translate, to transfer from one symbolic system to another
 * 1) to translate, to transfer from one symbolic system to another
 * 1) to translate, to transfer from one symbolic system to another

title: pārtulkot


text:
Talk:нести

"Нести" doesn't mean anything in Serbo-Croatian.There are verbs doneti,naneti,odneti but donesti,nanesti,odnesti are incorrect.Someone should fix this.

 * It was added by Ivan Štambuk, a native speaker. I think you should discuss it with him. —Stephen (Talk) 14:28, 10 December 2012 (UTC)
 * Hrvatski jezični portal mentions it precisely as nesti. --biblbroksдискашн 15:14, 10 December 2012 (UTC)

Then it must be some Croatian word that isn't used in Serbia,Bosnia and Montenegro.That is probably why Ivan,a Croat,added it

To lay eggs in Serbo-Croatian would be nositi/sneti/položiti jaja.Nesti may mean something in Croatia I am not sure I don- 't speak Croatian.

And biblbroks you are probably lying.Serbian isn't your mother tongue,cause if it were you would know this and you wouldn't quote Hrvatski jezički portal.

 * If I knew a word in Croatian that doesn't mean I don't speak Serbian, does it? Here's a screen capture from "Речник српскохрватског књижевног језика" published in 1967 by "Матица српска" and "Матица хрватска" for those of the "неверни Тома" kind. It has a slightly different tone (long instead of short) and it means "to carry" in general, but it is the same word nevertheless. --biblbroksдискашн 19:32, 10 December 2012 (UTC)

Most words on that list are either archaic or exclusively Croatian.That is a fact.These are non-standard words that are not in use.Again I highly doubt you are Serbian or Serbo-Croatian speaker.Not even your name Slobodan Kovacevic can convince me.I can tell you words that are used today that replace those you showed me on the list.

 * Even if it is archaic, it is still a word of that language. Anyway, it is still used today, in Croatian: google search for nesti jaja. The same goes for studeni. --biblbroksдискашн 20:52, 10 December 2012 (UTC)

 * Yes, archaic and dialectal words are valid words, too, and we want them listed here. We do not just list the most common word, we want to list every word, including archaic ones. Wiktionary is not a recommendation on which word to use, it is a dictionary that gives the definition of a word that you might find written in some text, perhaps even an ancient text. —Stephen (Talk) 07:03, 11 December 2012 (UTC)

Well if you want to add archaic,dated and regional words then mark them as such

 * Right, such words are supposed to be marked. —Stephen (Talk) 23:44, 11 December 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:нести


text: Template:sla-verb

title: Template:sla-verb


text: Category:Proto-Slavic headword-line templates


text: Category:Proto-Slavic templates

title: Category:Proto-Slavic templates


text:
ディスクジョッキー

Etymology
Borrowing from.

Noun

 * 1) a disc jockey

title: ディスクジョッキー


text:
iztulkojums

Etymology
From, with from.

Noun

 * 1) interpretation the finished act or result of interpreting

title: iztulkojums


text:
Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/bьrati

Etymology
From, from. The past stem *bьr-a- emerged from zero-grade *br-a- through secondary ablaut.

Verb

 * 1) to pick up
 * 2) to take

Conjugation

 * Iterative *birati

Derived terms

 * (intensive ablaut)
 * *bьrakъ (“marriage”)
 * *bьrakъ (“marriage”)
 * *bьrakъ (“marriage”)
 * *bьrakъ (“marriage”)
 * *bьrakъ (“marriage”)
 * *bьrakъ (“marriage”)
 * *bьrakъ (“marriage”)
 * *bьrakъ (“marriage”)
 * *bьrakъ (“marriage”)
 * *bьrakъ (“marriage”)
 * *bьrakъ (“marriage”)
 * *bьrakъ (“marriage”)
 * *bьrakъ (“marriage”)

Descendants

 * East Slavic:
 * South Slavic:
 * West Slavic:
 * Pomeranian:
 * Sorbian:
 * West Slavic:
 * Pomeranian:
 * Sorbian:
 * West Slavic:
 * Pomeranian:
 * Sorbian:
 * West Slavic:
 * Pomeranian:
 * Sorbian:
 * Pomeranian:
 * Sorbian:
 * Pomeranian:
 * Sorbian:
 * Pomeranian:
 * Sorbian:
 * Sorbian:
 * Sorbian:

title: Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/bьrati


text:
Nones

Etymology 1
From their selection of the option or  of the  on census returns or other surveys of religious affiliation.

Noun

 * 1) Those without any religious affiliation: atheists and others outside any organized religion.
 * 2) * 2004, Patricia O’Connell Killen, Introduction to Religion and Public Life in the Pacific Northwest: The None Zone, page 17:
 * The second is the “Nones” proper, those who in response to the question “What is your religious tradition, if any?” answer “None.” Even among the “Nones” only a small minority identify as atheist or agnostic. In fact, the vast majority of “Nones” claim beliefs and attitudes more like than unlike those of persons inside churches, synagogues, temples, and mosques.

Etymology 2
From its center in the Valley.

Noun

 * 1) A dialect of Italian spoken in parts of Trentino around the Non Valley.

title: Nones


text:
pārtulkojums

Etymology
From, with from.

Noun

 * 1) translation the finished act or result of translating

title: pārtulkojums


text:
Spirulina

Etymology
, after the spiral-shaped bacteria.

Proper noun

 * 1) (Spirulina )

Hypernyms

 * ; - class;  - order;  - family;  - subfamily
 * ; - subclass;  - superorder;  - order

Hyponyms

 * - type species
 * - sole extant family; - sole extant genus;  - sole extant species

title: Spirulina


text:
προγραμματισμός

Noun

 * 1) planning
 * 2)  programming

title: προγραμματισμός


text:
begaze

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1)  To gaze at.

title: begaze


text:
xuull

Etymology
Probably from, from , from.

Noun
)

 * 1) bean

title: xuull


text:
User:Cynwolfe

Actually I'm haec, not hic. Cynwolfe (talk) 14:46, 10 December 2012 (UTC)

 * And obviously there's something I'm not understanding about using this template. Cynwolfe (talk) 14:47, 10 December 2012 (UTC)

title: User:Cynwolfe


text:
γνώστρια

Noun

 * 1) expert

Related terms

 * see:

title: γνώστρια


text:
yulal

Noun

 * 1) A kind of mushroom that grows on oaks

title: yulal


text: iztulkojumu

title: iztulkojumu


text:
Template talk:User la

Usor
Although usor seems correctly formed from the supine stem with the agent suffix, the nonexistence of the word raised a question. Since usus is such a basic concept in Roman law, it seemed as if there ought to be a noun for someone who possessed usus and was thus a "user". Usor must've struck native Latin speakers as an undesirable formation, because they used usuarius as a substantive for someone with the legal right of usus, even though as an adjective usuarius also could describe a thing used, or a slave used.

Anyway, I'm boldly replacing usor (which seems to be a neologism) with usuarius as an actual Latin word that meant "user," as noted here: "Because the term usuarius is derived from usus, which … refers to a use of right or of fact, one can be a 'user' in two different ways" (as a matter of law). Berger's definition of the usuarius in law (Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law, pp. 752 and 755) as someone who could reside in a house or on property, but had no rights of ownership, seems apt for a Wikipedia user. And the usuarius could, for instance, benefit from the "fruits" of the property, though without ownership, he had no right to sell it or lease rights to others: usus was attached to the individual "user." Also amusing is the observation here that the usuarius … could stay on the property only as long as he didn't become molestus, or what we might call disruptive. Later, usuarius seems to have acquired negative connotations of "one who lived off the increments of intellectual capital belonging to others," though given our policies against original research, that too seems apt.

While I'm quite active on Wikipedia, I've contributed to Wiktionary only a very few times, so pardon me if I've committed a faux pas. Cynwolfe (talk) 14:56, 10 December 2012 (UTC)

 * The problem is that usuarius refers to a person with legal rights to property owned by someone else. It's not the meaning intended here. --EncycloPetey (talk) 15:17, 10 December 2012 (UTC)

 * Yes, but it's a real word that in later usage comes to have a broader meaning, as its use as an epithet for Ramus suggests, and usor as far as I can determine is not a real Latin word. If we're looking for modern Latin, usuarius in our sense here is a plausible development, especially since our "user" is based on the contemporary concept of "user rights": I don't own Wikipedia; it's property owned by someone else (the foundation), and I enjoy its benefits. Unless the Vatican has invented usor for this sense, it seems better to use an actual Latin word with a plausible development along the lines of user rights. If you check my contributions at Wikipedia-en, you'll see that my proposal isn't meant to be frivolous. Cynwolfe (talk) 16:17, 10 December 2012 (UTC)

 * I'll want to run a check on my Late and medieval Latin sources, and I have a few the date from around as late as 1600 that I can check. I don't know yet when usor may have entered the language, or whether it is completely unattested. Either way, usuarius just doesn't have the right meaning.

 * And by the way, Wiktionary does not have a policy against original research; that is a purely Wikipedia policy. On Wiktionary, we do a great deal of original research; it simply must be supported by citations/quotations data. --EncycloPetey (talk) 20:17, 10 December 2012 (UTC)

 * OK, I'll beware of that with Wiktionary. I still think our word "user" means "someone who signs up to have user rights", not just "somebody who uses something," and that therefore usuarius is the right word. Let me try to document this better, based on the links above (though there's a lot more):
 * in Roman law, usuarius was someone who had user rights (usus), as distinguished from property rights of ownership. A usuarius was someone entitled to use something, and to get benefits from it that included intangibles such as services (as in the distasteful case of "using" somebody else's servus).
 * Usuarius means "user."
 * By the 17th century, those fluent enough in Latin to employ it for jokes and invective could use usuarius in a metaphorical or non-technical sense of "someone who makes use of". Not only that, but in the case of Petrus Ramus, the "something" the usuarius made use of was specifically what we would call intellectual property, again indicating that "user rights" had a broader meaning applicable here.
 * The word usor doesn't appear in either the OLD or L&S, and since there's no reason to think that Classical Latin had no need for a word to mean "one who uses", it seems that they avoided forming it. They were more likely to use the participle utens, the prevalence of which is indicated by the Italian utente (it:Utente:Cynwolfe).
 * But perhaps the best evidence that usuarius is the correct Latin word for our "user" is usuario in some Romance languages, which preserves the outcome of the semantic development I sketch above. See ca:Usuari:Cynwolfe, es:Usuario:Cynwolfe, pt:Usuário(a):Cynwolfe. It seems to me that in creating New Latin, comparing current usage in Romance languages is better than translating literally from English. At Latin Wikipedia, I regret to say, they seem to have adopted usor, wherever it comes from, when either usuarius or utens (in the sense of 'one who uses') would've reflected better Latinitas. Cynwolfe (talk) 20:51, 10 December 2012 (UTC)

title: Template talk:User la


text:
yulil

Noun

 * 1) The incense cedar.

title: yulil


text: y'ever

title: y'ever


text: iztulkojumi

title: iztulkojumi


text: iztulkojumā

title: iztulkojumā


text: iztulkojuma

title: iztulkojuma


text: iztulkojumam

title: iztulkojumam


text: iztulkojumus

title: iztulkojumus


text:
αγριάνθρωπος

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) rough, savage or brutish man
 * 2) caveman

Related terms
and

title: αγριάνθρωπος


text: iztulkojumiem

title: iztulkojumiem


text:
User talk:DJ EV

--Lo Ximiendo (talk) 15:30, 10 December 2012 (UTC)

title: User talk:DJ EV


text: iztulkojumos

title: iztulkojumos


text: pārtulkojumu

title: pārtulkojumu


text: pārtulkojumi

title: pārtulkojumi


text: pārtulkojumiem

title: pārtulkojumiem


text:
magnipapillatus

Adjective

 * 1)  large-nippled

title: magnipapillatus


text: magnipapillata

title: magnipapillata


text: magnipapillatum

title: magnipapillatum


text:
queenslandicus

Adjective

 * 1)  Queensland

title: queenslandicus


text: queenslandica

title: queenslandica


text: queenslandicum

title: queenslandicum


text: Category:ast:Seasons

title: Category:ast:Seasons


text:
demagliazione

Noun

 * 1) run, ladder (in stockings etc.)

title: demagliazione


text: pārtulkojumā

title: pārtulkojumā


text:
demanializzazione

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) nationalization of private property

title: demanializzazione


text: pārtulkojuma

title: pārtulkojuma


text:
demielinizzazione

Noun

 * 1) demyelination

title: demielinizzazione


text: pārtulkojumus

title: pārtulkojumus


text: pārtulkojumos

title: pārtulkojumos


text: pārtulkojumam

title: pārtulkojumam


text:
durchsuchbar

Adjective

 * 1) searchable

title: durchsuchbar


text:
undurchsuchbar

Adjective

 * 1) unsearchable

title: undurchsuchbar


text:
suchbar

Adjective

 * 1) searchable

title: suchbar


text:
Golfströmmen

Proper noun

 * 1) the Gulf Stream

title: Golfströmmen


text:
aranabilir

Adjective

 * 1) searchable

title: aranabilir


text:
aranamaz

Adjective

 * 1) unsearchable

title: aranamaz


text:
Golgata

Proper noun

 * 1)  Golgotha

Proper noun

 * 1) Golgotha

title: Golgata


text:
Guldkusten

Proper noun

 * 1)  Gold Coast, a former British colony in Africa, consisting of what is now Ghana

title: Guldkusten


text: Bìlǔ

title: Bìlǔ


text: shuǐpào

title: shuǐpào


text: yǎnhù

title: yǎnhù


text:
Macropodus

Hypernyms

 * ; - subfamily

Hyponyms

 * - type species;,  ,   - selected species

title: Macropodus


text:
demuscazione

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) the removal of an infestation of flies

title: demuscazione


text:
denasalizzazione

Noun

 * 1)  denasalization

title: denasalizzazione


text:
denegazione

Noun

 * 1) denegation, denial

title: denegazione


text:
denunciazione

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) denunciation

title: denunciazione


text:
deodorizzazione

Noun

 * 1) deodorization

title: deodorizzazione


text:
deorbitazione

Noun

 * 1) deorbiting (the act of a spacecraft leaving its orbit)

title: deorbitazione


text:
deospedalizzazione

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) dehospitalization (discharge from hospital)

title: deospedalizzazione


text:
depsichiatrizzazione

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) depsychiatrization (the state of no longer needing psychiatric care)

title: depsichiatrizzazione


text:
desemantizzazione

Noun

 * 1)  desemantization (loss of the original meaning of a word, which thus acquires a more general meaning)

title: desemantizzazione


text:
derustizzazione

Noun

 * 1) derusting (the removal of rust from a metal object)

title: derustizzazione


text:
headphone concert

Noun

 * 1) A live music concert and/or performance where the audience, in the same venue as the performing artist(s), listens to the live music and/or sounds through headphones.
 * The Flaming Lips put on the first headphone concert on March 20 1999 at the South By Southwest festival in Dallas.

title: headphone concert


text: divebombing

title: divebombing


text: divebombs

title: divebombs


text: divebombed

title: divebombed


text: cassareeps

title: cassareeps


text:
ascrotal

Adjective

 * 1)  Existing without a scrotum.

title: ascrotal


text: siextiene

title: siextiene


text:
aqtuy

Verb

 * 1)  To vomit, puke, spit out, spit.

title: aqtuy


text:
Genealoge

Noun

 * 1) genealogist

title: Genealoge


text:
Free-Stater

Etymology
or

Noun

 * 1)  One of the antislavery settlers in  in the 1850s.
 * 2)  One of those in Ireland who supported the.
 * 3)  A person from Orange Free State.

title: Free-Stater


text: Free-Staters

title: Free-Staters


text: Genealogen

title: Genealogen


text: Template:User nds-2

title: Template:User nds-2


text: Category:User nds-2

title: Category:User nds-2