text:
User talk:Emi-Ireland

Chuck Entz (talk) 01:54, 27 May 2014 (UTC)

Category boilerplate
Would you please on the other categories you created too? — Keφr 07:50, 14 August 2014 (UTC)

Keφr, thank you. I did as you suggested. Please let me know if you see any other things that need to be corrected. I'm a newbie and want to make sure I'm not making a mistake that later will have to be rectified for hundreds of words. I hope you see this; I am trying to figure out where to answer you. Emi-Ireland (talk) 21:46, 14 August 2014 (UTC)
 * I think it's commendable that you want to be so cautious. Not everyone is, and that can cause frustration sometimes. For now I think it's best if you look to the existing things (entries, categories) for other languages, and then copy it and modify it to suit your language. For example, if you ever want to create Category:Wauja numerals, then you can look at the contents of Category:English numerals for an example, and copy the code that is there while changing the language code. —CodeCat 21:56, 14 August 2014 (UTC)

Thank you, CodeCat. That was useful advice. I have started a numerals category. Emi-Ireland (talk) 03:41, 15 August 2014 (UTC) By the way, does anyone know why when I mouse over "Wauja" on this page: https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Cardinal_numbers_0_to_9, the alt text says "this page does not exist"? Emi-Ireland (talk) 04:01, 15 August 2014 (UTC)
 * The same reason the link is red: no one has created a dictionary entry for the term Wauja.Chuck Entz (talk) 04:28, 15 August 2014 (UTC)

I did create an entry yesterday: https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/wauja#Wauja. Maybe I did not code it properly. Or perhaps it needs time to update across wiktionary? Emi-Ireland (talk) 15:18, 15 August 2014 (UTC)
 * I don't think you should be leaving extra information on category pages. It's unlikely that someone will notice them there. It's better to put the information in the entries themselves, or in an appendix page. —CodeCat 15:22, 15 August 2014 (UTC)
 * First of all, Wiktionary is case sensitive, so edits to wauja have no effect on links to Wauja. Secondly, the point of the link provided by the template is to refer people to the English-language entry on the language, if there is one, in case they've never heard of the language. Chuck Entz (talk) 17:42, 15 August 2014 (UTC)

Links to categories
Start the link with a colon: Category:Wauja numerals. — Ungoliant (falai) 15:30, 15 August 2014 (UTC)

Thank you for answering my question before I even had time to ask it! Also, thanks very much for advising me about where to put various types of information. I want to make sure I understand your comment. Which extra information are you referring to? Are you referring to the Usage Notes on Wauja Numerals I posted about 1 minute ago on this page: https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Wauja_numerals ? The Wauja have only about a dozen cardinal numbers. For each entry, I wanted to include a link back to the general usage notes on numbers. If this is not the correct place for me to ask such questions, please let me know.Emi-Ireland (talk) 15:36, 15 August 2014 (UTC)
 * If you want to add the same usage note to many pages, it would be best to create a template for them. You can then transclude the template onto many pages easily. —CodeCat 15:38, 15 August 2014 (UTC)

 * Information like that is usually present in the Appendix namespace, for example: Appendix:Portuguese nouns, Appendix:English verbs. It’s uncommon for categories to have any content other than the catboiler template and the entries (which are listed automatically). — Ungoliant (falai) 15:43, 15 August 2014 (UTC)

Thanks for the helpful advice. I will move the explanatory content from the Category page to an appendix page. Regarding using a template: is it considered bad form to include the same info on multiple pages? Because the explanation of how the Wauja use numbers is a fairly long paragraph. Should I simply put that paragraph on an appendix page and link to it from all the cardinal number lemma pages? Or is it OK to have the same thing appear on every cardinal number lemma page? Thanks very much for your advice. Emi-Ireland (talk) 15:49, 15 August 2014 (UTC)
 * That’s up to you. Here’s an example of what CodeCat is saying: . It is used in the pages, , and . — Ungoliant (falai) 15:53, 15 August 2014 (UTC)

Thank you for the example, Ungoliant. Yes, I think I will make a template. The Wauja are much less reliant on numbers than are speakers of English, and that needs to be put in context. Their language is very rich and complex, but in their daily life, they traditionally had little need for numbers above five. During the past generation, however, they have been brought into the Brazilian cash economy to some degree, and this has suddenly created a linguistic need for using and understanding numbers in the hundreds and thousands. It will be interesting to see how the young generation of Wauja handles this.Emi-Ireland (talk) 16:47, 15 August 2014 (UTC)

Friendly advice, per WT:WWIN "Wikitionary is not Wikipedia". Specifically, a lot of the content you added in this (particularly the culture section) does not belong in a dictionary. It may be of use on Wikipedia though. :) User: PalkiaX50 talk to meh 21:03, 17 August 2014 (UTC)

I understand. I'll remove it. Certainly the history of jaguars in relation to the community should go elsewhere. But it seems there are some gray areas here. I think that to understand the meaning of the word jaguar yanumaka in Wauja, it is relevant to know that the jaguar is a symbol of inherited chiefly rank. It is not a definition of the word, but a symbolic association that is so important that jaguar ornaments are used to convey a message to all who visit the village that a certain man is the chief. In other words, the Wauja word has strong symbolic associations that the English word does not. These symbolic associations are not literal definitions of the word. Nonetheless, I understand the need to respect the culture of Wiktionary, and will remove all the historical and cultural material. If I put the cultural material in Wiktionary, is there any way to keep it in one grouping by culture, comparable to a grouping by language in Wiktionary? Thanks.Emi-Ireland (talk) 22:05, 17 August 2014 (UTC)
 * Would a definition like this work for yanumaka? # chief, leader —CodeCat 22:12, 17 August 2014 (UTC)

Well, that's an interesting question. The problem is, you would never say, "He's a yanumaka." or "He's like a yanumaka." Grammatically, you could construct such a sentence, but it wouldn't make sense to a Wauja. That is simply not a way the word can be used. However, Wauja can -- and do -- sing verses that are ostensibly about jaguars, but that everyone listening knows is in direct reference to the chief and no one else. I think I need to have a separate space, outside Wiktionary, where I can elaborate such things. The problem is, I can put up a site in WordPress, but after I'm gone, it will not persist. I guess a book would make the record permanent, but the Wauja themselves (and indigenous people generally) use the Internet much more than books. Also, the things I am removing from yanumaka are the very things that the Wauja themselves would think were important and want to keep in. I do understand, however, that Wiktionary can't be everything to everyone. Is there a way to use Wikipedia as a place to record ethnographic information about the Wauja in English, Portuguese, and Wauja? The idea is to have the information equally accessible to Wauja and non-Wauja. Academic ethnographies printed in books are not nearly as accessible as web pages that are maintained by a community.Emi-Ireland (talk) 22:46, 17 August 2014 (UTC)

 * Such poetic allusions happen in every language, even English. Medieval European texts are full of such symbolism. So is Shakespeare for that matter, and many religious texts. But even modern texts are full of references that are assumed understood. Understanding them requires understanding the context, the culture in which it was written. Because we live in the culture they're written in, we don't even realise that they might be incomprehensible to someone else, because it's obvious to us. I don't know if that means it's lexically significant to include it in a dictionary entry, though. —CodeCat 22:38, 17 August 2014 (UTC)

One thing occurs to me... for endangered languages, Wiktionary is an important linguistic a cultural revitalization tool. Could there be a way to allow (for endangered languages, at least) to include cultural and historic information that could be hidden if the user preferred not to see them? Because endangered languages have so little content written in them or about them. It's mostly bibles or inscrutable linguistic treatises by non-native speakers.

My current plan is to get a thousand words in the Eng/Wauja site, and then start setting up Eng/Port, and keep adding to both sites. Next year, I will be visiting the community and training young people to work on their own incubator site, all in Wauja. If historic and cultural information cannot be included in the English/Wauja and Portuguese/Wauja sites, could it perhaps be included in the all-Wauja site? Because that would be of much greater benefit to the Wauja community. Thanks for any ideas you can offer.Emi-Ireland (talk) 22:46, 17 August 2014 (UTC)

 * You might check out Wikibooks. I hope my edit didn't come as too much of a shock, but I wanted to show what a typical dictionary entry would be like. There's room for some of the stuff I removed to be incorporated into the definition or perhaps a usage note, but the important thing to remember is that dictionaries are about the words, not the things the words refer to.Chuck Entz (talk) 22:47, 17 August 2014 (UTC)
 * To elaborate: I think you should have the bulk of your information at wikibooks (www.wikibooks.org), and have the Wiktionary entries on the words link to it, just as I put a link to the Wikipedia entry. Chuck Entz (talk) 22:57, 17 August 2014 (UTC)

 * OK, will do. Thanks for taking the time to explain to me what I need to do. In looking at my other entries, it appears I was filling in this additional information only for animals. I didn't do it for other kinds of terms. I will be mindful of that going forward. I would be grateful if you looked at some of my other entries (non-animal lemmas) and let me know if they are OK. I want to make sure I am on the right track going forward. Emi-Ireland (talk) 23:15, 17 August 2014 (UTC)

Thanks for providing an example. Is it considered bad form to provide external links to more information?Emi-Ireland (talk) 22:55, 17 August 2014 (UTC)
 * It's ok, within reason. Links to sister projects- including Wikibooks- are routine. As for other sites, subject-matter links should be used sparingly, but are ok as long as they don't dominate the entry. Since we're so limited in our scope, it can be helpful to link to more comprehensive sources. I removed your references mostly because they seemed to be for the purpose of backing up the encyclopedic content rather than as sources for further information. Since Wiktionary is usage-based, rather than authority-based, there's normally no need to include references for definitions, except examples of usage. With less-documented languages such as this, though, there may be no usage in citeable form, so a dictionary will do. It's also routine to link to authoritative dictionaries, lexicons, etc. to give more information on a term. The only external links that are inherently bad form are to commercial and ideological sites that are trying to sell something or to push an agenda. Chuck Entz (talk) 23:44, 17 August 2014 (UTC)

Regarding Shakespeare, you are right, all languages and cultures make use of symbolism. I guess I would say that if the cultural context is radically different, you need more explanatory notes. You need lots of notes to read Chaucer, even more for Beowulf. Without explanatory notes, it doesn't make much sense.Emi-Ireland (talk) 22:51, 17 August 2014 (UTC)
 * But "different" is relative, and Wiktionary tries to be agnostic about that. It's aimed at English speakers, but not necessarily people born and raised in Anglo-Saxon-Norman culture. People in India will make very different allusions and references that a speaker in Scotland might not understand, despite it being English. —CodeCat 23:16, 17 August 2014 (UTC)

That's true. Thanks for the feedback. I'm glad you guys pointed out your concerns before I had gone too far down that path.Emi-Ireland (talk) 23:29, 17 August 2014 (UTC)

Some notes
I made some changes to -naun.
 * 1) I wrapped the definition in the template, which is short for . This template should be used when the definition is not actually a meaning but more of a description of what something is or how something is used.
 * 2) I also changed the headings; according to WT:ELE (the main policy for entry layout), headings should only have the first word capitalized, and certain headings should be level 4 (with ====).
 * 3) I added a   parameter to the  template. This simply tells it to add a second category to the entry. In this case I've added Category:Wauja inflectional suffixes, which seems fitting because this is apparently a plural suffix. There are also categories for other types of suffix depending on what kind of words they form, such as Category:English noun-forming suffixes.

I also have some notes about the long list of related terms. —CodeCat 02:12, 12 November 2014 (UTC)
 * 1) Words that are actually derived from something use the "Derived terms" heading instead.
 * 2) For suffixes, you can also use this instead of listing all the terms manually. On a line right below the "Derived terms" header, write: . This will automatically show a list of all the pages in Category:Wauja words suffixed with -naun, which is much easier than having to maintain the list manually.
 * 3) More importantly though, if this is simply an inflectional suffix, then it is probably better not to use a category for it at all. We don't put all the English plural noun forms into Category:English words suffixed with -s; just imagine how big such a category would be! So what I would recommend is to use this on the entry yamukunauntope: . After all the word was formed by adding -tope to the plural, not by first creating the plural. The plural already existed before.

Yes you are right on all counts. This is very helpful. I will remove the list of words and put it in my personal "words to post" list. Then the words will show up on the appropriate category page. The list is somewhat useful (unlike a list of English words suffixed with -s) because only a few categories of nouns can take plural at all. Emi-Ireland (talk) 02:55, 12 November 2014 (UTC)

I changed the Etymology for yamukunauntope as suggested. Makes more sense this way. People can still find the singular if they care to do so.Emi-Ireland (talk) 03:00, 12 November 2014 (UTC)
 * An alternative you could try is, instead of categorising the plural forms, categorise the singular. Many languages divide lemmas of words based on the type of inflected forms they take. For example, there's Category:Dutch nouns with plural in -en, Category:Finnish kala-type nominals or Category:Latin second conjugation verbs. So if you think it's better, you can make a category like Category:Wauja nouns with plural in -naun or if you don't need to be specific, Category:Wauja nouns with plural. There is no ready-made category for this, so you'll have to add the parent categories yourself if you create it. —CodeCat 03:04, 12 November 2014 (UTC)

Thanks, that sounds like a very good idea. I noticed that some of my -naun plurals (seen here https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Wauja_non-lemma_forms) are not showing up on the page "Wauja words suffixed with -naun" (at https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Wauja_words_suffixed_with_-naun) Shouldn't they be listed there, as with any other suffix? Emi-Ireland (talk) 03:18, 12 November 2014 (UTC)
 * They don't just magically appear in such a category. You have to use a template that's designed to add them. That's what or  or  does. Quite often, half of what templates do is add entries to categories. Some of them, such as  can do quite a variety of categories, depending on the parameters, while others are very simple and straightforward. Chuck Entz (talk) 03:34, 12 November 2014 (UTC)
 * Thank you, Chuck, that's what I needed. I put in an etymology for amunaunaun, and it did the trick.Emi-Ireland (talk) 03:50, 12 November 2014 (UTC)

Question about adding a parameter to create a footer link to the other suffix category
One last question tonight -- I like yamukunauntope much better now with your edits. It's cleaner and more concise. However, at the bottom of the page, there's a link to "Wauja words suffixed with -tope," but no longer a link to "Wauja words suffixed with -naun". This word has two suffixes and it's good to keep track of that. Some words have three or more suffixes and it will be interesting to monitor which can combine with which, in what sequence, and which are never seen together. Is there some way I can add a parameter to one of the templates on the page that will not add anything to this entry except a link at the bottom: "Wauja words suffixed with -naun"? Thanks for all your advice. It is a challenge to keep up! Emi-Ireland (talk) 04:40, 12 November 2014 (UTC)
 * There is no clear answer to this because it depends on how you interpret "suffixed with". So far, most people on Wiktionary have interpreted it to mean "this word was created by adding this suffix". In the case of yamukunauntope, the suffix -naun was already there, so it wasn't created by adding it. Therefore it's not added to the category. There are probably some people who think that the categories should show all the affixes that a word contains rather than only those which were used to create the word from its parts. So this is really something that might need a Beer Parlour discussion first as there are probably a lot of arguments in favour of one approach or the other, and also many possible ways to solve it. —CodeCat 14:46, 12 November 2014 (UTC)

Miscellanea

 * aminya — 6K worth of examples is an overkill, and the first definition suggests that this is a particle, not an adverb.
 * Category:wau:Obligatory Possession — category names of this form are reserved for topical, not grammatical categories.
 * Please stop making links to nonexistent sections in your edit summaries.
 * What kind of reference is '"Aminya pagatapai" written by Tukupe Waura, Facebook IM with E. Ireland, 10/09/2014.'?

— Keφr 13:11, 31 December 2014 (UTC)

Thanks for your comments, as always.

 * Re: examples for entry aminya: I normally use fewer examples. In the case of this word, there is not a ready gloss in English. It can be translated many ways. I will look through the examples and see which, if any, are redundant and can be deleted or used for another lemma, instead. An important goal in contributing to Wiktionary is language sustainability for an endangered language and the people who speak it. For the grandchildren of today's fluent speakers, thorough documentation via examples is critical. Entries without examples are of minimal value, at best. From the perspective of endangered languages, the problem is not that there are too many documented examples, but that there are too few. Native North Americans who are working on language revitalization in their communities have impressed upon me that detailed examples, and variety of examples, are what is needed, along with good audio recordings. Your comment, however, suggests that "too many examples" is indeed a problem for Wiktionary admins, and I want to understand your concerns and abide by community norms. I had not considered, for instance, that 6K might be seen as a problem. Is it a server load issue?  I understand that millions of 6K increments add up. In any case, I will make sure that my examples are not redundant.
 * Have you looked into using something like ? There is no documentation for it yet, but the syntax looks like = . I think it would show the grammatical structure much more clearly and concisely than a series of examples (which for the reader, especially one not familiar with the language, essentially means guesswork) could. — Keφr 06:07, 1 January 2015 (UTC)

 * Re: adverb vs. particle: aminya is hard to pin down. I would say it's not a particle, since a particle is "a minor function word that has comparatively little meaning and does not inflect, in particular." This is not the case with aminya, a negator, which completely changes the meaning of the associated verb clause, and also makes the statement imperative or conditional. The closest English equivalents are "not" (an adverb) and "don't", "shouldn't", "mustn't", etc. (all verb constructions). It cannot be a verb, as it does not inflect. Of course, lack of inflection is not a property exclusive to particles. I will ask Alexandra Aikhenvald, an authority on Arawak languages, how she advises that I label it.
 * I think words that determine a verb's mood (especially in a visibly grammatical way) are typically labelled particles, since this quality is not typical of adverbs (even though you could argue that words like denote some kind of modality). English "mustn't", "shouldn't" and "don't" are contractions of an auxiliary verb and a particle. Maybe this is a "predicative" (I saw this part of speech proposed once for some language, it might have been Slovene)? Maybe a defective verb? How similar is this word to other (words that can doubtlessly be called) adverbs? Does it occupy the adverb slot in standard word order? Can it modify an adjective? Does it even make sense to apply "Indo-European" part of speech classification to Wauja? And so on. — Keφr 06:07, 1 January 2015 (UTC)

 * Re: request not to use "obligatory possession" as a category: OK, I'll abide by that. I was under the impression that I could create custom categories, but apparently I was mistaken.  That being the case, is there any way that I can somehow tag or mark or categorize certain entries to allow me to sort them into a group, and see them listed together on one page, the same way you can do for suffixes?  An important feature of Arawak languages is that nouns fall into classes according to how they are inflected.  It would be useful to be able to click on a link and see several hundred nouns meeting certain criteria, then click another link to compare that group to another such set. Is that possible on Wiktionary?
 * I did not say that this sort of category is undesirable — maybe it is. I am saying that it uses the wrong naming convention: prefixing by language code is reserved for topical categories, not grammatical ones. Though in fact, we do have a fairly elaborate category boilerplate system, and it would be nice to integrate it into that. Also, I dislike using the term "possession" for the word. I suggest something like "Wauja nouns taking an obligatory possessive". — Keφr 06:07, 1 January 2015 (UTC)

 * Re: links to nonexistent sections in my edit summaries. Being relatively new to Wiktionary, I mistakenly thought that on a page with entries in multiple languages, it was expected that I would add the code for my language along with all the others. I did not realize this applied only to languages with their own dictionary, but now I do. If this is not the issue you are flagging, please give me an example so that I will understand.
 * This is not what I was referring to. Every time you put something between  and , you link to a section whose name is between those two markers. These are not mere boilerplate you put there to show off your markup-savviness. — Keφr 06:07, 1 January 2015 (UTC)
 * Ah, thanks for the clarification. That's very different from the conventions I am familiar with as a web developer. When you code CSS, a "comment" is anything put between  and , and it is ignored by the browser. It's seen only by those who look for it. You put comments in there as a courtesy to the coders who may have to edit your work at a later date, so they can understand how you intended the code to be structured.  Clearly-commented code is one aspect of doing the job well. So I assumed the "edit summary" was supposed to contain a few words summarizing the edit I had just made.  Apparently this is not the case.
 * No, you still failed to get it. Edit summaries are for precisely what you described. I was pointing out that the semantics of  in edit summaries are different from CSS (which I know quite well, you need not explain it to me). Look at [ the history of this page] and see.
 * I looked at the history and see "Miscellanea: head to wall. thump. thump. thump. thump. thump." next to your name. This does not help me understand.  I will research this over the weekend and find out what you are trying to say.  BTW, why did you change what I had written on my talk page? Was it because of the link? Thanks.  Emi-Ireland (talk) 22:23, 2 January 2015 (UTC)
 * To the left of that is an arrow. If you click the arrow, you are taken to this very section, as you can see in the browser's status bar. Now look at the other arrows in edit summaries and see where they take you. — Keφr 00:29, 3 January 2015 (UTC)
 * Also, could you put a tower on your user page? I would appreciate it. — Keφr 18:29, 2 January 2015 (UTC)

 * Re: reference to non-published works: Wauja is an endangered language. To date, there are no published works (other than a few medical information leaflets) by native speakers written in Wauja. (There are bible translations written by English-speaking missionaries with translation assistance from Wauja speakers, but that is not the same as a bible written by a native speaker of Wauja.) The Wauja have a rich literary tradition, but it is oral. This means that all examples refer to utterances that are recorded and transcribed or, in recent years, gleaned from emails and other written electronic communications. I regularly communicate in written Wauja with native speakers via email, Skype, Facebook and Facebook IM. Since these short texts are written by the native speakers themselves, and not transcribed by me or another non-native-speaker, such email and Facebook IM communications are perhaps even more authoritative than the other forms of reference I have used (such as transcripts of recordings by village elders, which I transcribed.) Emi-Ireland (talk) 19:15, 31 December 2014 (UTC)
 * For WT:LDLs a single citation will suffice, even a mention (i.e. from a dictionary). I am of the opinion that in a wiki, "mommy told me" is not an acceptable reference. The risk of perpetrating hoaxes is too high to allow that. — Keφr 06:07, 1 January 2015 (UTC)

You raise an important point, and I address it below. (I will think about your other points above and respond after speaking to some colleagues.)

Existing references in Wauja
I respect your desire to avoid any risk of invalid entries. That certainly is important, not only for this Wauja Wiktionary, but for the future of Wiktionary as a whole. With this in mind, the issue we must address together is that, for this endangered language, with its rich oral tradition, there are — as yet — no dictionaries or published works to cite. There are none. (Except perhaps for one 4-5 page pamphlet for health workers, written by native speakers, which I am using as a reference mainly for anatomical vocabulary. There are some problems even with that thin publication, as it was written in Portuguese by Brazilian doctors, and translated to Wauja by young Wauja health workers. I recall how difficult and awkward it was for them to translate bizarre concepts such as "the food pyramid" and "carbohydrates" into Wauja, which does not need or use these concepts, much less have vocabulary to describe them. The result, overall, is not an authoritative reference for the Wauja language.)

So although I would gladly follow your very reasonable advice ("a single citation will suffice, even a mention (i.e. from a dictionary)"), alas, I cannot, at least until the Wauja publish in their language. Does that mean the language should not be documented on Wiktionary? Of course not! All the more reason to document it. I am sure we agree on that. In fact, I believe that having a robust Wauja Wiktionary will make it more likely that the Wauja will publish in their language, and that we will be able to cite published works someday soon.

Let's agree on what we can use for references, given the issue we are facing – a rich oral tradition, but the complete absence of published works authored by native speakers. Until now, I have relied mostly on:

 * 1) transcribed oral communications that have been recorded during public performances by skilled and linguistically authoritative storytellers and other elders and,
 * 2) written electronic communications produced by the first generation of literate native speakers of Wauja. These are written by young Wauja adults whose first language is Wauja, but who have learned Portuguese well enough to be sent out to the border towns to continue their formal education, whether high school or university.

Which sources are most reliable and authoritative?
Each of these sources has advantages and disadvantages. The audio recordings of elders speaking in public are very authoritative linguistically, but they represent only one kind of speech (formal). Typically, they are orations, and they underrepresent natural conversational patterns used in daily life. In addition, there is the problem of transcription. When I first transcribed these recordings thirty years ago, there were no literate Wauja at all, and so the transcription had to be done by a non-native speaker (me). I speak Wauja, but I am not a native speaker. Therefore, although I consider my transcripts worthy references (they have all been checked phonetically by native speakers), I consider emails from young literate Wauja in some ways more authoritative than anything I personally transcribe.

That's because even if I transcribe the sounds perfectly and translate the meaning perfectly (a tall order), I might well put the breaks between words in different places than a native speaker would do. In fact, because the current generation of Wauja speakers is the FIRST ever to read and write, I find that there is wide latitude in how different native-Wauja-speaking writers put the sounds of their language into written letters. Perhaps somewhat like the authors of old English texts, who often were not uniform in how they spelled words, so are the Wauja today in a protean stage of adopting literacy. After all, they don't even have a dictionary. (I'm trying to help them remedy that.)

Yet, despite these minor inconsistencies, every written text by an articulate and knowledgeable native speaker is valuable because it is unfiltered by non-native speakers. I realize that people typically do not write emails carefully, and often misspell words. That's why I never use such communications unless I have specifically checked the spelling and the utterance with the author. Each utterance that has been checked is associated with a named person in the published lemma, and they know that. (The only exceptions are statements that must be anonymous because of their content, to avoid embarrasing any individual. I have not needed to do that yet, but I know that such instances will arise.)

Request for suggestions I can implement
I have responded in detail to your comment because I want to assure you that I fully share your concern that each Wiktionary entry be reliably and responsibly referenced. I hope that you now understand some of the constraints I am working under, given that there are no published works by native speakers. If you can suggest specific ways I can improve the way I reference entries, I would be grateful. Specifically, if carefully-checked written communications that I receive from articulate native speakers are not acceptable, please let me know what is. I feel uncomfortable giving greater priority to my own transcriptions than to written communications authored by native speakers. They are both valuable for documenting the language, but surely written artifacts produced entirely by native speakers and unfiltered by outsiders should not be discarded.

Why Wiktionary is particularly important for endangered language communities
I am very committed to documenting Wauja in Wiktionary, precisely because I want the Wauja themselves (and the world) to have full global access and fully shared opportunities to participate in this project. I want to abide by Wiktionary community norms, and I also hope the Wiktionary community will welcome the Wauja project, and allow the Wauja language to be documented, despite the lack of published works. Some of my academic colleagues are skeptical that Wiktionary is a good platform for what I am trying to do, saying that Wiktionary cannot accommodate the special requirements of documenting an endangered language. But I don't want another proprietary project on a proprietary platform that ultimately does not give native speakers full participation in building their own lexicon, and ultimately is inaccessible to the people who need it most. I want the three planned Wauja Wiktionary sites to show that you can have a globally-accessible open-source platform, full language-community participation from anywhere in the world, and outstanding scholarship.

I have been skyping the Wauja over the holidays, and they are very excited about the three-part project that we are planning: (1) the Wauja-English dictionary, already underway; (2) a Wauja-Portuguese dictionary (to be launched in 2015), and (3) a Wauja-Wauja dictionary with a Wauja interface (perhaps launched in 2016). Too often, despite the best intentions of outside linguists, speakers of endangered languages have not had access to tools that would allow them to participate fully in building their own lexicons. Wiktionary is the antidote to that. But to make this possible, the Wiktionary community must understand that building a lexicon for an endangered language with an exclusively oral tradition requires methodologies that may be somewhat different from those suitable for languages with an established tradition of literacy.

In the summer of 2015, I will travel to Brazil to train a team of young lexicographers on Wiktionary norms and on how to post lemmas on the Wauja-Portuguese site. This project will be led by a Wauja village schoolteacher who is also a third-year university student in Language and Literature at the state university near his reserve. He and his colleagues, on their own initiative, have already convened a two-day open meeting on orthography, attended by members of all three villages, who patiently sat through two days of discussions on spelling, all while crammed into a single schoolroom in the sweltering heat. These people are committed! This meeting was convened precisely because newly-literate people are spelling things inconsistently. He and the other young schoolteachers are thrilled that they will be trained to manage the Wauja-Portuguese site, and ultimately build a Wauja-Wauja one (perhaps starting 2016). They are amazed and delighted that there will be no printing and distribution costs as they create and maintain a digital dictionary that can be used in their bilingual curriculum.

How Wiktionary and Endangered Languages can strengthen each other
I am doing my very best with each entry I post, but I know that the Wauja eventually will suggest corrections and improvements to my contributions. That is as it should be. As the community gradually works out the details of their orthography, the spellings of certain entries will change. Those corrections will make the current site even better. In the meantime, if you see ways I can improve my methods, please give me specific suggestions that will contribute to the success of this project, and that take account of the special constraints of documenting a language that does not have a written tradition. Wauja has a magnificent oral literary tradition, by the way. It's a shame I have to frame the discussion around whether they "lack writing," or whether their first hard-won attempts at writing, using email and other digital tools, are "acceptable" (to us) or not in documenting their own language. Instead, I respectfully request that we find ways to carefully and responsibly document everything that they do have, and in so doing, perhaps help them keep it.

Emi-Ireland (talk) 22:26, 2 January 2015 (UTC)
 * You have good reasons for the choices you've made, but I have to admit that the whole Wauja project is technically in violation of our Criteria for inclusion. This isn't, by itself, a fatal problem: the CFI are the result of community consensus, and can be modified by the community. So far, those of us who have been watching this unfold have simply held back on enforcing some of the rules, but someone of a perverse/contrarian disposition (we have a few) could request verification for any or all of the Wauja entries, and the admins would be forced to delete them.
 * I think it may be time to bring this to the Beer parlour and make it official. It would probably also require a formal vote. I would guess the simplest route to take would be declaring that we would accept certain sources for verification even though they don't meet the requirements of our CFI. This might require some extra safeguards to avoid leaving us open to future fraud, as Kephir alluded to. It would also help to minimize the possibility of w:Wikipedia:Randy from Boise-type issues with people who know nothing about Wauja saying "if they can make edits not based on published sources, why can't I?"
 * The main obstacle I see is the "no original research" principle, which is one of the philosophical pillars of all Wikimedia projects. We allow more leeway in that respect due to the highly condensed and synthesized nature of dictionary entries, but we can't ignore it entirely.
 * Even if we end up with the worst-case scenario of the Wauja project being rejected, the data would be retrievable for a while as part of the XML dumps, and the wikimedia software can be used by non-Wikimedia sites, so it might be possible to revive it somewhere else. I hope it doesn't come to that, though. Chuck Entz (talk) 23:57, 2 January 2015 (UTC)

 * Thank you, Chuck, for your very reasonable, thoughtful, and constructive comments. I agree with all of them, and was just about to ask you whether I could post my comments in the Beer Parlour. If I cut out the details, people may not fully understand why the current inclusion criteria, though perfectly reasonable for languages with a written tradition, effectively prevent languages that have an exclusively oral tradition (such as Wauja), from being included in any meaningful way. Let me know whether I should point to this page, or copy and paste my comments to the Beer Parlour.

 * Off the top of my head, I think we can set up general criteria that would avoid any "Randy from Boise" issues. For instance, in the absence of published materials written by native speakers, it seems reasonable for Wiktionary to ask for documentation supporting a certain percentage of entries, randomly chosen by an admin serving a quality control or auditing function. The contributor would comply by providing documentation for the entries under consideration. This could include original audio and video recordings in the endangered language, transcripts, digital manuscripts and communications. I have written up some additional ideas, but will sleep on it before posting them here tomorrow. Thanks again for your candid and very helpful comments. Emi-Ireland (talk) 05:20, 3 January 2015 (UTC)

Chuck, I'm thinking through the distinction between LDLs and Languages without a Written Tradition (which I'll call LWTs). LWTs are a subset of LDLs. Many LDLs have an extensive written tradition, and can indeed be referenced with published sources. LWTs, on the other hand, by definition, do not have a written tradition and therefore do not have a body of publications authored by native speakers of that language. I think the current LDL criteria are probably appropriate for any LDL language with an establish written tradition. The issue is LWTs. Obviously, we cannot ask languages without publications to reference only publications. I am thinking through the issues and possible solutions and will post my suggestions in the next day or so. Emi-Ireland (talk) 22:03, 3 January 2015 (UTC)

Request to Add New Subcategory "LWT" Within LDL
This is a request for the Wiktionary Community to consider adding a new subcategory, Languages without a Written Tradition (LWT), under LDL (Less Documented Languages).

What is an "LWT"?
An LWT is a language that has an oral tradition, but has no tradition of writing and no written publications authored by native speakers. LWTs are a subset of LDLs. (Note that documents authored in other languages by outsiders and merely translated by native speakers, such as the Bible and government documents, are not suitable as sources for documenting a language.)

Why not Simply Call LWTs "Unwritten Languages"?
The term "unwritten" can be misleading, because the boundary between languages that are "unwritten" and languages that are "written" is actually quite fuzzy. Presumably we can all agree that a language community that has no writing system, no notion of literacy, and has never had its speech transcribed by outsiders can be considered an "unwritten language."

But when that community is visited by linguists who develop an orthography, and (perhaps imperfectly) transcribe some words and phrases from the spoken language into written form, perhaps publishing the results, what then? Is this language "written," even if no one in the language community is literate, and the published "results" contain the errors of a non-native speaker? Some of you might call such a language "written," and others just as reasonably might say it is "unwritten."

Let us now consider a third example. What about a small indigenous language community in Brazil that is completely unfamiliar with writing, and yet, through a process of increasing contact with the national society, develops an orthography and village schools, where children are taught to read and write in both their indigenous language and Portuguese? Obviously, when nearly every child can write words in their own language, the language cannot be considered an "unwritten language." Yet is it a "written" language? Does it have great literature? Yes, in oral form. Poetry? Absolutely, in oral form. Historical narratives, sacred texts, genealogies, song lyrics, compendiums of botanical and zoological knowledge? Yes, all in oral form. What, then, is written in this language? Aside from basic word lists and literacy primers modeled on Portuguese examples, virtually nothing — yet. Today's young adults are the first literate generation.

This is the case with Wauja, an Arawak language spoken by 400 indigenous people in lowland Amazonia. Although Wauja was "unwritten" a generation ago, today it is "written," in the sense the children are taught basic literacy in their village schools. However, as yet — and this doubtless will change — there is no written tradition in this language, no body of publications authored by native speakers. All their literature is still in oral form.

For the purposes of Wiktionary, the key issue is not whether a missionary or professional linguist has phonetically transcribed snippets from the language, but whether there exists a body of work authored by native speakers that is large enough to provide references for every word in the language. For languages like English, Chinese, and all "major" languages, the answer is yes. These languages have extensive written traditions. For thousands of small and endangered languages, the answer is no. These are languages with rich intellectual and literary traditions — in oral form. Such languages may have some (recently-acquired) knowledge of writing, but they have no tradition of writing. This presence or lack of native-speaker-authored published references is the distinction that matters for the Wiktionary community, at least in reference to inclusion criteria.

Why is the Subcategory LWT Needed?
LWTs, by definition, lack a body of published sources authored by native speakers. As a result, it is not possible to use published sources to attest to Wiktionary entries for LWTs. Nevertheless, LWTs are important members of the family of human languages, with rich literary and intellectual traditions, and they deserve to be included in Wiktionary. In fact, these LWTs are typically endangered languages spoken by language communities that are most in need of the permanent, globally accessible, open source, cultural commons platform that only Wiktionary can provide. Therefore, it is proposed that the Wiktionary community define this limited category of languages (LWTs) and agree upon attestation criteria that are sensible and appropriate for such languages.

Can LWTs Meet Current Attestation Standards?
Current Wiktionary attestation standards call for verification either through widespread use (hard to verify for a language without publications) or "use in permanently recorded media, conveying meaning, in at least three independent instances spanning at least a year (different requirements apply for certain languages)." For spoken languages that are living [but not well documented on the Internet], only one use or mention is adequate, subject to the following requirements:

 * the community of editors for that language should maintain a list of materials deemed appropriate as the only sources for entries based on a single mention,
 * each entry should have its source(s) listed on the entry or citation page, and
 * a box explaining that a low number of citations were used should be included on the entry page (such as by using the LDL template).

Assuming that the first bulleted requirement above refers to a list of materials that are permanently available online, probably most LWTs cannot meet this requirement. For example, in the case of the Wauja language, spoken as a first language by 400 people in the Amazonian rainforest, there are hundreds of audio recordings, and several dozen carefully transcribed traditional stories, but none of them currently are available online. (Though they could be made available to Wiktionary admins upon request.)

Before these stories are posted online, the community must agree that they are correctly transcribed. That's because they were first recorded and transcribed several decades ago by an anthropologist (myself, in this case), at a time before any Wauja were able to read and write. Today, there is a cadre of young university-educated Wauja bilingual schoolteachers who are deeply committed to standardizing their orthography and documenting their language. However, this process takes time, because it is not decided by fiat. Instead, the Wauja, like many communities that speak LWTs, take time to reach decisions through building consensus. It's a chicken-and-egg situation. Without a standard orthography, it's hard to build a dictionary, but without a dictionary, it's hard to standardize the orthography.

Proposed Attestation Standards for LWTs
To allow responsible documentation to proceed within Wiktionary while members of LWT communities increasingly move toward standard orthography, publications by native speakers, and full compliance with Wiktionary LDL attestation standards, the following interim attestation standards for LWTs are proposed:
 * The community of editors for that language should maintain a list of materials deemed appropriate as the only currently existing sources for entries.
 * These sources may include audio or video recordings of native speakers, and transcripts of such recordings.
 * Sources also may include direct quotes from letters and written messages produced by literate native speakers, provided that the quoted material is archived online and annotated as described below.
 * All sources must include mention of the date of the recording or transcription, names of the native speakers recorded, the location of the recording, the name of the person making the recording, and location where the source is archived, if not online.
 * Once the transcript has been authorized by the language community as a faithful transcription, the names of community members involved in verifying the transcription also must be noted, and a copy must be posted to a permanent online location, such as Wikisource.
 * If Wiktionary admins find any reason to doubt the authenticity of the sources cited, they shall be allowed to examine the source material.

The overall goal of attestation standards for LWTs is to ensure responsible and reliable attestation for LWT entries, while making Wiktionary the best platform for documenting the world's many LWTs.

Honoring the "No Original Research" Principle
For a language with a written tradition, it is appropriate to refer to published sources written in that language. However, for a language that consists of an exclusively oral tradition, it is appropriate to refer to authoritative oral sources that have been recorded and transcribed. To ensure that the "no original research" principal is honored, transcriptions of traditional stories, historical narratives, public oratory, and sacred incantations performed by elders before an audience can be given priority as sources, since these linguistic sources are particularly authoritative and reliable for LWTs.

Proposed Standard for Transitioning from LWTs to LDLs
When a language has a sufficient body of publications (authored by native speakers) so that every word in the language can be referenced to a published work authored by native speakers, that language is no longer an LWT.

In practical terms, there is no hard and fast cut-off point, but perhaps we can say that once an LWT community has achieved a minimum threshold of 3,000 entries in Wiktionary, the community will have become aware of the importance of lexicography and its methods, and it will have benefited greatly from using Wiktionary to document, analyze, and teach literacy in their language. The language community will have had an opportunity to standardize their orthography, properly review transcriptions of older recordings of traditional oral literature, have native speakers produce new publications based on new recordings, and permanently archive online all such transcripts and publications. As a result, this language community will be considered capable of meeting LDL attestation standards going forward.

"There are two words currently in the Wauja Wiktionary that I know to be incorrect"
Please post an explanatory note on the Talk pages for those two words, so that anybody working on Wauja in future will be alerted to the problem. Thanks! Equinox ◑ 22:56, 3 February 2015 (UTC)

 * I would be glad to do so, but I don't think I have a recording of the first word, and given the issues regarding attestation, I want to be meticulous about that. The second word would surely be in a recording of a sacred story that I am currently having converted from tape to digital format. In the meantime, I could ask one of the Wauja schoolteachers, who is a native speaker and a leader of the team who is developing a standard Wauja orthography, to write the word in an email, but Kephir has objected to my referencing email communications from native speakers, so I will avoid that unless I hear otherwise from the Wiktionary community. When I return to Brazil in September 2015, I can record the Wauja pronouncing the word and writing it on the blackboard of their village school, and use that as a source, if you think it would be accepted. At this time, I am adding only words that are recorded from orations by native speakers, transcribed, with the transcriptions verified by native speakers. Emi-Ireland (talk) 23:33, 3 February 2015 (UTC)

 * You can basically say what you want on Talk pages. They are for discussion; they don't have the status of entries. Equinox ◑ 23:36, 3 February 2015 (UTC)
 * OK, then, I will be glad to post a note. I just posted notes on three pages. Emi-Ireland (talk) 00:47, 4 February 2015 (UTC)

 * January 2017 update: In 2016 I met with four native speakers of Wauja (Kupatopenu, Kuratu, Atapucha and Tukupe) and showed them several words that I found in the Wiktionary Wauja language site that I believed were incorrectly spelled. They all agreed that the following misspelled words need to be corrected: a'napi, e'pi, unɨ, kamá. I am moving the four words and requesting that the old pages, confirmed by native speakers to be incorrect, be deleted. Explanation is below.
 * CORRECTION: When I tried to move unɨ (incorrect) to uno (correct) and kamá (incorrect) to kamo (correct), I discovered that I could not move them, because the target pages already existed (for other languages). I therefore simply copied the contents of the pages that were misspelled to the existing pages that used correct spelling. I am now requesting that the redundant pages using incorrect spelling (unɨ and kamá) be deleted.
 * Emi-Ireland (talk) 18:37, 20 January 2017 (UTC)

 * a'napi This word is currently incorrect and should be spelled anapi. Written Wauja does not use single quotes or apostrophes in any word. The incorrect current version, a'napi, appears to simply be the IPA phonetic transcription that was copied from elsewhere and pasted here. However, when written in Wauja, words are not marked for stress as they are in IPA. I am moving this page to anapi, which 4 native speakers have confirmed to be the correct spelling, and requesting that a'napi be deleted.

 * e'pi This word is currently incorrect and should be spelled epi. The current incorrect spelling (e'pi) appears to simply be the IPA phonetic transcription that was copied from elsewhere and pasted here.

 * unɨ This word is currently incorrect and should be spelled uno, as the Wauja use "o" for the sound IPA describes as ɨ. They do NOT use "ɨ" in their orthography because it is incompatible with standard keyboards. Published source showing the correct spelling: See first line on p. 160, "Negation in Wauja discourse," by C. Ball, in Negation in Arawak Languages, edited by Lev Michael, Tania Granadillo, Boston: Brill, 2014 https://books.google.com/books?id=FJMXAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA160&lpg=PA160&dq=wauja+uno&source=bl&ots=Fm6RnKzvaS&sig=BRLoXaO4c7Tt9KZ_p11lFg39qNw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj26dr0-s_RAhVQ3yYKHRROB4YQ6AEIGjAA#v=onepage&q=wauja%20uno&f=false

 * kamá This is not correct. The correct spelling of this word is kamo and the IPA phonetic transcription is /ˈka.mɨ/. This is a common word and I have confirmed with multiple native speakers that it must be changed to kamo. I also have found a more recent source that spells the word correctly. See p. 243 in Burst of Breath: Indigenous Ritual Wind Instruments in Lowland South America by By John G. Neihardt, U. of Nebraska Press, 2011: "the demiurge kamo (sun) brought light to the world, allowing the Wauja to become humans and enter this world." https://books.google.com/books?id=B-WMynNYAB0C&pg=PA414&lpg=PA414&dq=kamo+wauja&source=bl&ots=02fq-8IDRn&sig=JJYGE-bgdCwf-3FLZnGNaSzzs6o&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjt1P_E9s_RAhUIWSYKHWQ3D8oQ6AEIHjAA#v=onepage&q=kamo%20wauja&f=false
 * --Emi-Ireland (talk) 05:35, 20 January 2017 (UTC)

Whichever Admin just deleted the indirect for kajujuto-monhonja, Thank You!
After attempting to correct a typo in a page name I created a while back, I relaized it became a redirect. So I searched for advice given me (in 2014, by Chuck Entz) that I vaguely remembered. By the time I found it, some admin had already deleted the redirect page. Fast work! I wanted to thank the admin, but could not find his or her name, because I couldn't find the redirect page, as it had been deleted. So here's my Thank You. I assume the right admin will notice this message soon enough, as some of you seem to have near-telepathic powers! --Emi-Ireland (talk) 22:45, 18 December 2016 (UTC)

Leftovers from page moves
When you move a page, the old name is not deleted, but is kept as a redirect to the new name. For regular dictionary entries, this is usually undesirable, so could you add the template to the old pages after you move them? —CodeCat 00:35, 23 January 2017 (UTC)

 * Hi CodeCat!
 * I apologize, when I didn't see the old page in my list of lemmas, I mistakenly thought it was gone. When I now search within search results, I see it still exists. I have added the delete template to four pages that I moved today. I have a few more corrections to make, based on input from native speakers who reviewed the Wiktionary entries in October 2016. Some of the corrections will address misspellings, and some are responding to the Wauja language community standardizing its official orthography to represent as "x" instead of "ty". Using "x" to represent  was formerly an alternate spelling, but recently has been adopted as standard. The Wauja language was unwritten a generation ago, and so the community is still working out a standard orthography across all four villages. Emi-Ireland (talk) 01:06, 23 January 2017 (UTC)

Also, the messages about errors that you've been leaving on talk pages are not really all that useful either, especially not once the erroneous page is deleted. Could you mark those talk pages for deletion as well? —CodeCat 00:46, 23 January 2017 (UTC)

 * Certainly I will remove them and not leave messages there in the future. I wanted to clarify why I was requesting the deletion. Should I put that information on the new page in future? Thanks for your help. Emi-Ireland (talk) 01:06, 23 January 2017 (UTC)

 * I believe I have marked all old pages (including talk pages) for deletion. Please let me know if I have overlooked something. Thanks. Emi-Ireland (talk) 01:11, 23 January 2017 (UTC)

Spelling change from "ty" to "x"
All the Wauja communities have now standardized on using "x" and not "ty" to spell the /tj/ sound. Therefore, I will modify certain Wauja words in the Wauja Wicktionary to conform with current Wauja orthographic standards. The Wauja are in the process of standardizing their orthography; we can expect that a small number of similar changes will be required in the future. Emi-Ireland (talk) 00:00, 14 February 2017 (UTC)
 * I wonder why they chose that. It's a bit counterintuitive to me. —CodeCat 00:06, 14 February 2017 (UTC)
 * Hi CodeCat!
 * SIL suggested it years ago. For some time, it was an alternate spelling. I personally preferred "ty" because the Wauja children also learn Portuguese, and the letter "x" in Portuguese never sounds like /tj/. But the communities met and decided using "x" instead of "ty" was convenient and that it was OK for their language to have an "x" that sounded unlike any "x" in Portuguese. Compared to English spelling, however, Wauja is overall very regular and predictable. Emi-Ireland (talk) 00:13, 14 February 2017 (UTC)
 * But if /tj/ is actually two phonemes, as you seem to indicate, then it would have been more in line with the one-letter-per-phoneme principle to write /tj/ with the letters for the phonemes /t/ and /j/. Now, instead, x stands for a sequence of two phonemes, much like it does in English (/ks/) which is not ideal IMO. Of course it's their choice, but I think I would have chosen differently! —CodeCat 00:54, 14 February 2017 (UTC)
 * I agree. I hope I can convince them to rethink using the acute accent over vowels to mark vowel length, which is phonemic. Because although long vowels are usually in the stressed syllable, they aren't always. Stress can also be also phonemic, so it seems it should be marked when it is the only way to distinguish a minimal pair. If the Wauja use an acute accent to mark long vowels, however, everything gets muddy. When a long vowels is not stressed but is marked with an acute accent, it looks very confusing to see the accent on the "wrong" syllable. I know that some languages use acute accents to mark vowel length, but I think it creates problems in Wauja. Emi-Ireland (talk)
 * Another possibility would be using a circumflex for a long vowel. I believe that convention was used in the 19th century, though I don't remember what language- Old English, perhaps? Chuck Entz (talk) 04:37, 14 February 2017 (UTC)
 * Thanks for that very practical suggestion. I'll discuss it with them. It would be a good solution, because circumflex is available on all standard keyboards. All the young schoolteachers who are guiding the orthography discussions were trained in the Portuguese-language school system. Since Portuguese does not recognize long vowels, the young Wauja scholars must "unlearn" certain rules that don't apply to their language. All in good time. Emi-Ireland (talk) 15:56, 14 February 2017 (UTC)

When should I add the "delete" template?
I am moving a few words to reflect a decision by the Wauja to use the letter "x" in their orthography. Should I add the "delete" template to the old page before I move it, or go back and add it after I move it? Because I'm afraid if I add it before, an admin might delete the old page before I move it. On the other hand, I just moved a word and then immediately went back to add the "delete" template to the old page akaintya, but couldn't find it. Did I follow the correct procedure? Thanks! Emi-Ireland (talk) 00:21, 14 February 2017 (UTC)
 * Move it, which turns the old name into a redirect to the new name. Then place on the old name. Normally, when you go to a page that redirects to another, you'll immediately be sent to the new page, which is the purpose of redirects. But when you actually want to go to the old page, rather than being redirected by it, you can click the link just below the page title that says "redirected from (old page)". —CodeCat 00:52, 14 February 2017 (UTC)
 * Ah, thank you! I was doing it the hard way. Emi-Ireland (talk) 00:58, 14 February 2017 (UTC)
 * Something to note, though, is that Wiktionary allows entries for obsolete spellings. If the ty-spellings have actually been used, then there could still be an entry at the old name. It would be like any other entry, except that the definition would just be: . This is not required, but can be useful in case someone happens to read a text written in the old spelling. —CodeCat 01:18, 14 February 2017 (UTC)
 * Thank you for drawing that to my attention. At this time, there are no texts printed in Wauja that I am aware of. There will be this year, though, and I expect that the orthography will continue to change a little bit after that. So this is good to know. Emi-Ireland (talk) 01:37, 14 February 2017 (UTC)

title: User talk:Emi-Ireland


text:
Îndonésie

Etymology
From +.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Îndonésie


text:
普通閒話

Noun

 * 1)  Standard Mandarin Chinese; Putonghua; Standard Chinese

title: 普通閒話


text: 普通言话

title: 普通言话


text: 广东言话

title: 广东言话


text:
廣東閒話

Noun

 * 1)  the Cantonese language

title: 廣東閒話


text:
Talk:pose

pose
Etymology 2, senses 5 & 6 belong under Etymology 3; and it appears there is some room for merging with existing senses there. I am on mobile and a copy-paste along with all translations is simply too difficult given my present device. Leasnam (talk) 02:30, 27 May 2014 (UTC)
 * There still seems to be an overlap between Etymology 2 and 3. Would you like to merge the duplicated senses? Einstein2 (talk) 17:08, 3 April 2018 (UTC)

English Etymology 2 - erroneous / missing etymology
The etymology pauso is not applicable to at least the following words listed in this section: These have the etymology pono. Maybe an additional Etymology 3 section should be added. RScheiber (talk) 18:08, 30 January 2019 (UTC)
 * impose
 * compose
 * propose

title: Talk:pose


text: Category:zh:Scientists

title: Category:zh:Scientists


text: 欧罗巴

title: 欧罗巴


text:
歐羅巴

Etymology
Formerly written as, which is borrowed from and first attested in   by.

Proper noun

 * 1)  Europa princess abducted to Crete by Zeus
 * 2)   Europe

title: 歐羅巴


text: Ōuluóbā

title: Ōuluóbā


text:
akara

Etymology
Borrowed from. .

Noun

 * 1)  A bean cake, made of fried black-eyed pea flour.

Noun

 * 1) macaw

Etymology 2
From.

Adjective

 * 1) cooked

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) a deep-fried bean cake

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) a kind of cake made from rice flour and banana

Noun

 * 1) fried banana slices

Etymology
Borrowed from.

Noun

 * 1) bean cake, fried bean flour

Noun

 * 1) a deep-fried ball made of beans

title: akara


text: Category:Hakka Chinese

title: Category:Hakka Chinese


text:
Talk:欧罗巴

Hakka
Can I ask what reference you used for that? I can't seem to find it anywhere. Wyang (talk) 03:32, 27 May 2014 (UTC)

 * I used this and checked individual characters. I can't link the entry, you'll have to search for it. The link (78) shows the scanned dictionary page where 歐羅巴 = Eu. lô pa. I normalised the spelling as in the site

 * 漢字	歐羅巴
 * 客語	eu-lô-pa
 * 解釋	Europe
 * 原圖掃描	78

--Anatoli (обсудить/вклад) 03:37, 27 May 2014 (UTC)

 * I see. The dictionary is from 1905 though - the period during which you would expect words like "Europe" to have just been translated into Chinese. Modern Hakka would be different - Êu-chû. Wyang (talk) 03:41, 27 May 2014 (UTC)

 * I have added "êu-chû" as the first reading for "歐洲". This is a modern site, though, they use "eu-lô-pa". Are you against using this site as a reference? Do you want to edit 歐羅巴? Modern Hakka is often written in hanzi, anyway, perhaps more than Min Nan. I saw a few Hakka song lyrics in Han characters.--Anatoli (обсудить/вклад) 03:50, 27 May 2014 (UTC)

 * The romanisation in that book is not POJ... For example, 花 in that dictionary is 'fa', whereas POJ is fâ. The romanisation this site gives seems to be POJ. Wyang (talk) 04:03, 27 May 2014 (UTC)
 * I had trouble adding any Hakka without "=poj". Our existing or new Hakka entries use poj= and a list of various transliterations, including numbered. If not POJ, what is it? --Anatoli (обсудить/вклад) 04:13, 27 May 2014 (UTC)

 * Gosh, I hate these different transcriptions. They are inherited from User:Bumm13's Template:hak-hanzi. I don't know what the "POJ" system is exactly, presumably it's the variant of Min Nan POJ used to write Hakka, although there doesn't seem to be any documentation in Wikipedia and it is confusingly also called "白話字" (same as Pha̍k-fa-sṳ). This dictionary doesn't seem to give Pha̍k-fa-sṳ or POJ, rather, as Pha̍k-fa-sṳ explains, it gives an old system that is not proper Pha̍k-fa-sṳ. Wyang (talk) 04:25, 27 May 2014 (UTC)
 * That means all Hakka poj instances need to be replaced with pfs or smth else? I see poj is no longer working. --Anatoli (обсудить/вклад) 05:30, 27 May 2014 (UTC)
 * If they are genuine PFS, which can be confirmed by this site. If it is copied from this dictionary, then it is not any of POJ, Guangdong, Hagfa Pinyim, PFS... Wyang (talk) 05:37, 27 May 2014 (UTC)

 * You probably want to first globally replace all our merged entries "=poj" to "=pfs" (for Hakka), otherwise Hakka terms lose displayed pronunciations and PoS categories. Gradually, we should fix to use correct PFS transliteration but it's harder when they are not visible. --Anatoli (обсудить/вклад) 05:40, 27 May 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:欧罗巴


text:
sôtchi-flima

Noun

 * 1) an old  into adulthood, during which a boy was flogged by his father’s friends

title: sôtchi-flima


text: Category:Principense nouns

title: Category:Principense nouns


text: Category:Principense language

title: Category:Principense language


text: Category:Sãotomense nouns

title: Category:Sãotomense nouns


text: Category:Sãotomense language

title: Category:Sãotomense language


text:
ninjette

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1)  A female ninja-like warrior or martial artist; a kunoichi.

Coordinate terms

 * a female ninja
 * a male ninja
 * a warrior that practices ninjitsu
 * /ninjitsu the martial art of a ninja
 * a female warrior or heavily muscled woman

title: ninjette


text: ninjettes

title: ninjettes


text: kunoichis

title: kunoichis


text:
Talk:race car

RFM discussion: May 2014
These are just alternative forms of the same word, right? So one of them should use /... - -sche (discuss) 08:55, 11 May 2014 (UTC)
 * ✅. — Ungoliant (falai) 19:27, 11 May 2014 (UTC)
 * Thanks! - -sche (discuss) 02:47, 12 May 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:race car


text:
Talk:racecar

RFM discussion: May 2014

 * See Talk:race car.

title: Talk:racecar


text:
Category talk:Wauja language

Hi, I am an anthropologist who speaks an endangered language, Wauja (ISO 639-3: wau; alternate spellings: Waura, Uaura, Aura) and who wants to contribute to this Wauja Wiktionary site.

I have several hundred Wauja terms that are on my PC, and I want to add them to the Wauja-English language site. However, the site uses the term "Waura," which is an outdated term, resulting from outsiders mispronouncing their name. The Wauja call themselves Wauja, not Waura. (Unfortunately, the Brazilian government currently issues official identity cards only with the old incorrect spelling, something young Wauja leaders have told me they would like to see changed.) Scholars who write about the Wauja are now using the correct spelling: https://www.google.com/search?q=arawak+languages+wauja&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8&aq=t&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&client=firefox-a&channel=sb

Wikipedia also has it right: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Waura&redirect=no It redirects readers from the "Waura" entry to the "Wauja" entry.

I would like to propose changing the name of this site from “Waura” to “Wauja.” I hope that this site will contribute to the Wauja community's pride in their language, and to a wider appreciation of their language and culture. The Wauja would be disappointed to see their name misspelled yet again. I would like to show respect for their language by spelling it properly.

Emi-Ireland (talk) 04:41, 27 May 2014 (UTC)

title: Category talk:Wauja language


text:
café society

Noun

 * 1) Especially from the late-19th century through the mid-20th century in Europe and America, a culture characterized by continual socializing in bistros, coffee shops, and nightclubs, sometimes extravagantly frivolous and sometimes intensely intellectual in nature but always high-spirited.
 * 2) * 1938 Sept. 19, "Books: Caf" (book review of The Happy Island by Dawn Powell), Time (retrieved 26 May 2014) :
 * Manhattan café society provokes a lot of writing, most of it about as enduring as a café socialite's hangover.

title: café society


text: cafe society

title: cafe society


text: kèjiā

title: kèjiā


text:
اتجاه

Noun

 * 1) a direction
 * 1) a direction

title: اتجاه


text:
leç

Etymology
From, accusative of.

Noun

 * 1) law

title: leç


text: disputatietje

title: disputatietje


text: disputatietjes

title: disputatietjes


text: dissociaties

title: dissociaties


text: districtje

title: districtje


text: districtjes

title: districtjes


text: doctoraten

title: doctoraten


text: doctoraatje

title: doctoraatje


text: doctoraatjes

title: doctoraatjes


text:
պատվանդան

Etymology
Borrowed from.

Noun

 * 1) pedestal, base, platform
 * 2) footstool, footrest
 * 3) windowsill
 * 4) trivet
 * 5)  position, post, height
 * 6)  base, foundation, support

title: պատվանդան


text: Category:Cantonese postpositions

title: Category:Cantonese postpositions


text: Category:Wu postpositions

title: Category:Wu postpositions


text: aegritude

title: aegritude


text: doctorsgraadje

title: doctorsgraadje


text: doctorsgraadjes

title: doctorsgraadjes


text: dodenwaken

title: dodenwaken


text: doedelzakken

title: doedelzakken


text: doedelzakje

title: doedelzakje


text: doedelzakjes

title: doedelzakjes


text: doejongs

title: doejongs


text: doejongetje

title: doejongetje


text: doejongetjes

title: doejongetjes


text: doeltjes

title: doeltjes


text: doeleindje

title: doeleindje


text: doeleindjes

title: doeleindjes


text:
татыулыҡ

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) harmony in personal relations

title: татыулыҡ


text: aasiantupsuhäntäpiikkisika

title: aasiantupsuhäntäpiikkisika


text:
wyrażać

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1)  to express, to articulate, to vocalise
 * 2)  to express oneself, to speak up

title: wyrażać


text:
wrażenie

Etymology
From. Compare.

Noun

 * 1)  impression, feeling, sensation
 * 1)  impression, feeling, sensation

title: wrażenie


text:
aasianvilliaasi

Noun

 * 1) kulan,

title: aasianvilliaasi


text: aasiankääpiöorava

title: aasiankääpiöorava


text:
aasimaisesti

Adverb

 * 1) asininely

title: aasimaisesti


text:
חד משמעי

Etymology
From ; hence literally “single-meaning-al”.

Adjective

 * 1) Unambiguous, clear.

title: חד משמעי


text:
연구원

Etymology 1
.

Noun

 * 1) researcher

Etymology 2
.

Noun

 * 1) research institute

title: 연구원


text: 硏究院

title: 硏究院


text:
itere

Etymology
From.

Adverb

 * 1) again, anew, once more, over again

title: itere


text:
indijar

Etymology
Borrowing from, , and.

Verb

 * 1)  to be destitute and in need of something

title: indijar


text:
indolentigar

Verb

 * 1)  to make indolent

title: indolentigar


text:
僭建

Verb

 * 1)  to add structures to a house illegally; to do unauthorised building works

title: 僭建


text:
industriigar

Verb

 * 1)  to industrialize

title: industriigar


text: 讲大话

title: 讲大话


text:
講大話

Verb

 * 1)  to tell a lie; to lie

title: 講大話


text:
infiltrigar

Verb

 * 1)  to infiltrate

title: infiltrigar


text:
inkizar

Verb

 * 1)  to ink

title: inkizar


text:
irgaloke

Adverb

 * 1) anywhere

title: irgaloke


text:
User:Seidenkäfer

German Wiktionary

title: User:Seidenkäfer


text: kartene

title: kartene


text:
aasiansininärhi

Noun

 * 1) dollarbird, dollar roller

title: aasiansininärhi


text:
Swiss Standard German

Proper noun

 * 1) The form of the German language used for publishing, broadcasting and writing in Switzerland and Liechtenstein, as distinguished from the Swiss German language used in speech.

Translations

 * Georgian: შვეიცარიული სტანდარტული გერმანული
 * German: Schweizerhochdeutsch

title: Swiss Standard German


text:
Talk:nom de Web

Shouldn't it be "nom de toile"? We don't say "nom de war" but "nom de guerre", so following on this same formation the term 'web' should be translated.

title: Talk:nom de Web


text:
kartar

Noun

 * 1)  (Etymology 1)

title: kartar


text: aasiankeisarikalastaja

title: aasiankeisarikalastaja


text:
kartane

Noun

 * 1)  (Etymology 1)

title: kartane


text: ruletten

title: ruletten


text: doelwitten

title: doelwitten


text: doelwitje

title: doelwitje


text: doelwitjes

title: doelwitjes


text:
aasiantoko

Noun

 * 1) grey hornbill bird of the genus

title: aasiantoko


text: doeriannetje

title: doeriannetje


text:
American longhair

Noun

 * 1)  (a breed of cat)

title: American longhair


text: doeriannetjes

title: doeriannetjes


text: American longhairs

title: American longhairs


text: dolletje

title: dolletje


text: dolheden

title: dolheden


text:
aasianpikkutikka

Noun

 * , syn.

title: aasianpikkutikka


text: dolheidje

title: dolheidje


text: dolheidjes

title: dolheidjes


text: double dip

title: double dip


text: domesticaties

title: domesticaties


text:
Stadtbummel

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) a stroll in town

title: Stadtbummel


text:
Zitronenschale

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) lemon peel

title: Zitronenschale


text:
maine coon

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) Maine Coon (cat)

title: maine coon


text:
Zitronenabrieb

Noun

 * 1) grated lemon zest

title: Zitronenabrieb


text:
budsjett

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) a budget

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) a budget

title: budsjett


text: domheden

title: domheden


text: domheidje

title: domheidje


text: domheidjes

title: domheidjes


text: aasiankirjotikka

title: aasiankirjotikka


text: aasiantöyhtötikka

title: aasiantöyhtötikka


text:
escaille

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) scale (flat, hard part of an outer coating)
 * 2) * Michel de Montaigne, Essais (Livre II), edition P. Villey et Saulnier, 1595
 * là où toutes les autres creatures, nature les a revestuës de coquilles, de gousses, d’escorse, de poil, de laine, de pointes, de cuir, de bourre, de plume, d’escaille, de toison, et de soye selon le besoin de leur estre
 * While all other creatures, natures has adorned them with shells, cloves, bark, fur, wool, spines, leather, hair, feathers, scales, fleeces or silk depending on what their being needs
 * 1) ring or plate of armor
 * 2) * Michel de Montaigne, Essais (Livre II), edition P. Villey et Saulnier, 1595
 * ce sont les escailles, dequoy nos ancestres avoient fort accoustumé de se servir
 * These are the armored plates our ancestors had the strong habit of using

Etymology
From, from ( > English ), from. .

Noun

 * 1) scale (flat, hard part of an outer coating)
 * 2) ring or plate of armor

title: escaille


text: aasianpalokärki

title: aasianpalokärki


text: budsjettet

title: budsjettet


text: budsjetter

title: budsjetter


text:
steely-nerved

Etymology
People who were always brave and collected in the face are said to have "nerves of steel".

Adjective

 * 1)  Having a hard, strong, and determined mindset, with very steady nerves; great patience and courage.

title: steely-nerved


text:
Gatter

Etymology
From, from.

Noun

 * 1) gate
 * 2) grating
 * 3) fence

title: Gatter


text: budsjetta

title: budsjetta


text: budsjettene

title: budsjettene


text:
Logikgatter

Noun

 * 1) logic gate

title: Logikgatter


text: 听日

title: 听日


text:
聽日

Etymology
Unclear. Two possible etymologies are as follows:
 * From elision of.
 * From, where the final -n in 天 has assimilated with 日, which used to have a *ȵ- initial.

Noun

 * 1)  tomorrow

title: 聽日


text: míngcháo

title: míngcháo


text: Míng cháo

title: Míng cháo


text: leathchúplaí

title: leathchúplaí


text: cúplaí

title: cúplaí


text:
Шүлгән

Etymology
Cognate with 🇨🇬.

Akhmetyanov suggests a derivation from.

Proper noun

 * 1) In Bashkir epic tales, a mythical ruler of the underwater world, Shulgan
 * 2) * Ural-batyr (Bashkir folk epic):

title: Шүлгән


text: escailles

title: escailles


text: prévalant

title: prévalant


text: scéithe

title: scéithe


text: sciatha

title: sciatha


text: ialtóige

title: ialtóige


text: ialtóga

title: ialtóga


text: portráidithe

title: portráidithe


text: portráide

title: portráide


text: kirkegårder

title: kirkegårder


text:
안녕히 계세요

Phrase

 * 1)  goodbye

title: 안녕히 계세요


text:
안녕히 가세요

Phrase

 * 1)  goodbye

title: 안녕히 가세요


text: nhref

title: nhref


text: thref

title: thref


text:
barnau

Etymology
From.

title: barnau


text: farnau

title: farnau


text: marnau

title: marnau


text:
User talk:Ollynjess

What is the name for a word which sounds like what it is describing, e.g. BANG sounds like a bang, BALL sounds like a ball?
 * Perhaps you mean onomatopoeia?
 * Please sign comments, guys. Renard Migrant (talk) 14:53, 27 May 2014 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ollynjess


text: tenshō

title: tenshō


text:
ardaloedd

Etymology
From.

title: ardaloedd


text: てんしょう

title: てんしょう


text: hardaloedd

title: hardaloedd


text:
UND-Gatter

Noun

 * 1)  AND gate, a logic gate performing a Boolean logic AND operation

title: UND-Gatter


text:
ODER-Gatter

Noun

 * 1)  OR gate, a logic gate performing a Boolean logic OR operation

title: ODER-Gatter


text:
NICHT-Gatter

Noun

 * 1)  NOT gate, a logic gate performing a Boolean logic NOT operation

title: NICHT-Gatter


text: bobl

title: bobl


text: mhobl

title: mhobl


text:
pobloedd

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) peoples
 * 1) peoples

title: pobloedd


text: bobloedd

title: bobloedd


text: mhobloedd

title: mhobloedd


text: phobloedd

title: phobloedd


text:
NAND-Gatter

Noun

 * 1)  NAND gate, a logic gate performing a Boolean logic NAND operation

title: NAND-Gatter


text: phobl

title: phobl


text:
NOR-Gatter

Noun

 * 1)  NOR gate, a logic gate performing a Boolean logic NOR operation

title: NOR-Gatter


text: naíolainne

title: naíolainne


text: naíolanna

title: naíolanna


text: heteroseksualiteten

title: heteroseksualiteten


text:
aasianharlekiini

Noun

 * 1) broadbill bird of the genus

Usage notes
In English, the term "broadbill" covers the 8 genera and 14 species of the family. In that sense its Finnish equivalent is.

title: aasianharlekiini


text:
XOR-Gatter

Noun

 * 1)  XOR gate, a logic gate performing a Boolean logic XOR operation

title: XOR-Gatter


text:
trefydd

Etymology
From.

title: trefydd


text:
XNOR-Gatter

Noun

 * 1)  XNOR gate, a logic gate performing a Boolean logic XNOR operation

title: XNOR-Gatter


text:
ów

Etymology
..

Pronoun

 * 1)  ; that

Etymology
.

Pronoun

 * 1)  that, the aforementioned
 * 2)   he
 * 1)   he

title: ów


text:
OR gate

Noun

 * 1)  a logic gate performing a Boolean logic OR operation

Translations

 * Finnish: OR-portti, TAI-portti
 * German: ODER-Gatter
 * Irish: geata OR

title: OR gate


text: ddigon

title: ddigon


text:
AND gate

Noun

 * 1)  a logic gate performing a Boolean logic AND operation

Translations

 * Finnish: AND-portti, JA-portti
 * German: UND-Gatter
 * Irish: geata AND

title: AND gate


text:
NOT gate

Noun

 * 1)  a logic gate performing a Boolean-logic NOT operation

Translations

 * Finnish: NOT-portti, Ei-portti
 * German: NICHT-Gatter
 * Irish: geata NOT, ciorcad NOT

title: NOT gate


text:
NAND gate

Noun

 * 1)  A logic gate performing a Boolean logic NAND operation.

Translations

 * Finnish: NAND-portti, JA-EI-portti
 * German: NAND-Gatter
 * Irish: geata NAND, geata NOT AND

title: NAND gate


text: glwb

title: glwb


text: chlwb

title: chlwb


text:
NOR gate

Noun

 * 1)  a logic gate performing a Boolean logic NOR operation

Translations

 * Finnish: NOR-portti, TAI-EI-portti
 * German: NOR-Gatter
 * Irish: geata NOR, ciorcad NOR

title: NOR gate


text: seirbhíse

title: seirbhíse


text: nghlwb

title: nghlwb


text: seirbhísí

title: seirbhísí


text:
XOR gate

Noun

 * 1)  a logic gate performing a Boolean logic XOR operation

Translations

 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin: 异或门, 異或門
 * Finnish: XOR-portti, ERI-portti
 * German: XOR-Gatter
 * Irish: geata XOR, geata eisiach OR

title: XOR gate


text: aasianviheltäjä

title: aasianviheltäjä


text:
XNOR gate

Noun

 * 1)  a logic gate performing a Boolean logic XNOR operation; an equivalence gate

Translations

 * Finnish: XNOR-portti, SAMA-portti
 * German: XNOR-Gatter
 * Irish: geata XNOR, geata eisiach NOR

title: XNOR gate


text:
equivalence gate

Noun

 * 1)  a logic gate performing a Boolean logic equivalence operation; an XNOR gate.

Translations

 * German: XNOR-Gatter

title: equivalence gate


text:
Talk:لا إله إلا الله محمد رسول الله

لا إله إلا الله محمد رسول الله
This phrase, although important to Islam, is not really dictionary material as it has no meaning beyond the literal. It would similar to including (Shema Yisrael) or. --WikiTiki89 23:39, 16 November 2013 (UTC)
 * Delete. Maybe we could find some way to work it into the entry at شهادة. Chuck Entz (talk) 23:58, 16 November 2013 (UTC)
 * Keep, it's a very common slogan and expression. Add to the phrasebook category, if you wish. --Anatoli (обсудить/вклад) 04:06, 17 November 2013 (UTC)
 * So are the other two things I pointed out above. Would you support adding those? By contrast, is actually used somewhat idiomatically as introducing speech. The shahada has no such idiomatic use (as far as I know). --WikiTiki89 05:39, 17 November 2013 (UTC)

 * I would say delete. The fact that a sentence is culturally significant does not automatically make it dictionary-worthy. I note that we do have quite a few of these, though, e.g. God Save the Queen, Happy New Year (probably for translation reasons). Equinox ◑ 22:37, 17 November 2013 (UTC)

 * We have quite a few English phrases. The sample English phrases given by Wikitiki89 are not used as complete slogans. Arabic "لا إله إلا الله محمد رسول الله" is used on its own and is usually included in Arabic and Islamic phrasebooks. Anyway, those English and Hebrew entries do not exist yet, so I am not voting for those, I voted "keep" on the phrase in question. --Anatoli (обсудить/вклад) 00:16, 18 November 2013 (UTC)

 * I added it as an example to شهادة in [//en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9&diff=24125871&oldid=23766810 diff]. - -sche (discuss) 03:42, 1 December 2013 (UTC)
 * Would a proper non-gloss definition make clear its discourse function? DCDuring TALK 17:32, 2 February 2014 (UTC)
 * It doesn't have a discourse function. --WikiTiki89 23:54, 24 March 2014 (UTC)

 * Keep. Pervasive in Arabic literature. —Stephen (Talk) 23:47, 24 March 2014 (UTC)
 * There's no doubt about its existence. The question here is whether it has any meaning beyond the literal. --WikiTiki89 23:54, 24 March 2014 (UTC)
 * I have converted the entry to phrasebook entry after the nomination. It's not as common as English "thank God" but nevertheless it is too frequent to be ignored. It's the shortest form of this shahada. --Anatoli (обсудить/вклад) 00:09, 25 March 2014 (UTC)
 * But thank God has an idiomatic meaning as a discourse particle other than the literal. The shahada does not. When it is said, it only has the literal meaning. --WikiTiki89 00:12, 25 March 2014 (UTC)

Kept, no consensus to delete. bd2412 T 15:41, 27 May 2014 (UTC)

لا إلہَ إِلَّا اللّٰہ محمد رسول ﷲ
There is no god but Allah, and Muhammad is the messenger of Allah.

اللہ کے سوا کوئی معبود نہیں، اور محمدﷺ اللہ کے رسول ہیں۔ Thelayaqatlone (talk) 05:43, 9 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:لا إله إلا الله محمد رسول الله


text:
TRUE

Adjective

 * 1)  one of two states of a Boolean variable; logic 1.

Usage notes
Boolean variables and states (,, , , etc.) are commonly written in all uppercase in order to distinguish them from the ordinary uses of the words.

title: TRUE


text:
FALSE

Adjective

 * 1)  one of two states of a Boolean variable; logic 0.

Usage notes
Boolean variables and states (,, , , etc.) are commonly written in all uppercase in order to distinguish them from the ordinary uses of the words.

title: FALSE


text: seksualiteten

title: seksualiteten


text: noitmige

title: noitmige


text: noitmigí

title: noitmigí


text:
clybiau

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1)  clubs
 * 1)  clubs

title: clybiau


text: glybiau

title: glybiau


text: chlybiau

title: chlybiau


text:
difference gate

Noun

 * 1)  a logic gate whose output is TRUE when the two inputs are different; a Boolean logic XOR gate.

Usage notes
A difference gate, when the term is used to mean the XOR function, is not the same function as difference in set operations. The former is $$\scriptstyle A \overline B + \overline A B$$ while the latter is $$\scriptstyle A \overline B$$

title: difference gate


text: nghlybiau

title: nghlybiau


text:
User:Jokullmusic/naftir

Noun
valne f (plural valner)

 * 1) wool
 * Meu peud valne fevan.
 * My coat is made of wool.

title: User:Jokullmusic/naftir


text: bunóice

title: bunóice


text: bunóca

title: bunóca


text: scréiche

title: scréiche


text: scréacha

title: scréacha


text:
hittittiskur

Etymology
From the term for the ; the  endonym being.

title: hittittiskur


text: Category:Faroese terms derived from Hittite


text: Category:Faroese terms derived from Anatolian languages


text:
User:Jokullmusic/чomestar

Noun
şinge f (plural şinger)

 * 1) hamster
 * Io şinger fan guḑ avean.
 * I like golden hamsters.

title: User:Jokullmusic/чomestar


text: oighearaoise

title: oighearaoise


text: oighearaoiseanna

title: oighearaoiseanna


text:
antimoniacal

Adjective

 * 1)  Pertaining to antimony.

Translations

 * Portuguese: antimonial

title: antimoniacal


text: féinseirbhíse

title: féinseirbhíse


text: féinseirbhísí

title: féinseirbhísí


text: suimeanna

title: suimeanna


text: jenten

title: jenten


text: spéise

title: spéise


text: spéiseanna

title: spéiseanna


text: féinphortráide

title: féinphortráide


text: féinphortráidí

title: féinphortráidí


text: jentene

title: jentene


text: féinchúise

title: féinchúise


text: féinchúiseanna

title: féinchúiseanna


text: imchuairte

title: imchuairte


text: imchuairteanna

title: imchuairteanna


text:
Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/þwerhaz

Etymology
Presumably from ; compare 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬. Kroonen assumes metathesis of Pre-Germanic to.

Adjective

 * 1) cross, adverse

title: Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/þwerhaz


text:
scuriosare

Etymology
From.

title: scuriosare


text: fótachóipe

title: fótachóipe


text: fótachóipeanna

title: fótachóipeanna


text:
buttare all'aria

Verb

 * 1) to rummage, jumble

title: buttare all'aria


text:
bottlefeeder

Noun

 * 1) One who feeds an infant or baby animal with a bottle.

title: bottlefeeder


text: leidhbe

title: leidhbe


text: leadhbanna

title: leadhbanna


text: leadhbóige

title: leadhbóige


text: leadhbóga

title: leadhbóga


text:
Talk:Χαλκηδών

Under the talk page of the Wikipedia article on Chalcedon, it says this word is (originally ) spelled with a kappa. 129.132.209.66 18:09, 27 May 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Χαλκηδών


text:
domed land snail

Noun

 * , a small cave-dwelling land snail of the family, discovered in 2013 in caves in Croatia.

title: domed land snail


text:
habu

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) Any of several venomous snake species of Asia.
 * 2) An  nicknamed for these snakes, the.
 * 3) A  of these aircraft.

Noun

 * 1) honey

Etymology
From. Cognates include 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) needle (of a pine tree)

title: habu


text: User:KevinKiran

title: User:KevinKiran


text:
User talk:KevinKiran

A welcome and a note
You've been adding a lot of stuff that doesn't belong and generally making a mess of things- I'm assuming because you don't know any better. I've given you our standard welcome template so you can avoid unintentionally trashing entries and getting your edits reverted all the time. Thanks! Chuck Entz (talk) 02:03, 28 May 2014 (UTC)

Thank you! So, I can't edit?

title: User talk:KevinKiran


text:
leaf-tailed gecko

Noun

 * , in the family, native to the Melville Range in Northeastern Australia.

title: leaf-tailed gecko


text:
ANDRILL anemone

Etymology
From ANDRILL + (sea) anemone: it was discovered by researchers associated with the project.

Noun

 * , a sea anemone of the family, found in the ice of the in Antarctica.

title: ANDRILL anemone


text: Category:Spanish entries that don't exist


text: ANDRILL

title: ANDRILL


text:
die Tage

Etymology
lit. 'the days”, “these days”, “those days'.

Adverb

 * 1)  in the coming days, in a few days
 * 2)  in the past days, a few days ago
 * 1)  in the past days, a few days ago
 * 1)  in the past days, a few days ago
 * 1)  in the past days, a few days ago

Usage notes

 * For non-idiomatic use see and . For example:

title: die Tage


text: shortser

title: shortser


text: shortsene

title: shortsene


text:
tinkerbell fairyfly

Noun

 * , a very small wasp (0.25 mm), of the family, found in the forests of Costa Rica, that lives off of the eggs of other insects.

title: tinkerbell fairyfly


text:
Talk:jean

Manx
All Manx verbs should be given in the standard ("verbal noun") form - many of the verbs on Wiktionary are given in imperative form for some strange reason.Danielquayle (talk)

jeans : fabric
[uncountable] (Sometimes jeans) a strong fabric, usually of cotton blue jean(s) material --Backinstadiums (talk) 10:07, 20 December 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:jean


text: attocandéla

title: attocandéla


text: décicandela

title: décicandela


text: exa-ampère

title: exa-ampère


text:
deciseconde

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1)  one tenth of a second

title: deciseconde


text:
decaseconde

Noun

 * : ten seconds

title: decaseconde


text: Wiktionary:Foreign Word of the Day/2014/May 28


text: attohms

title: attohms


text: femtohms

title: femtohms


text:
femtosteradiaal

Noun

 * : 10-15 of a steradian

title: femtosteradiaal


text: hectohms

title: hectohms


text:
kortbukse

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) shorts (short trousers)

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) shorts (short trousers)

title: kortbukse


text:
mega-ampère

Noun

 * : 106 amperes

title: mega-ampère


text: déca-ampères

title: déca-ampères


text:
microsteradiaal

Noun

 * : 10-6 of a steradian

title: microsteradiaal


text:
millisteradiaal

Noun

 * : one thousandth of a steradian

title: millisteradiaal


text:
megaseconde

Noun

 * : 106 seconds

title: megaseconde


text:
nanosteradiaal

Noun

 * : 10-9 of a steradian

title: nanosteradiaal


text:
peta-ampère

Noun

 * : 1015 ampere

title: peta-ampère


text: kortbuksa

title: kortbuksa


text:
petaseconde

Noun

 * : 1015 seconds

title: petaseconde


text:
tera-ampère

Noun

 * : 1012 amperes

title: tera-ampère


text:
Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/duskaz

Etymology
From Pre-Germanic, from. Cognate with 🇨🇬.

Adjective

 * 1) dark, dark-colored, dusky

title: Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/duskaz


text: kortbuksen

title: kortbuksen


text: kortbukser

title: kortbukser


text:
teraseconde

Noun

 * : 1012 seconds

title: teraseconde


text: kortbuksene

title: kortbuksene


text:
aasiantörmäpääsky

Noun

 * 1) pale sand martin,

title: aasiantörmäpääsky


text: resepsjonen

title: resepsjonen


text:
Dão

Etymology
From de + Adon, which later evolved into d'Om. Ultimately from, from , from.

title: Dão


text: resepsjoner

title: resepsjoner


text:
happy ever after

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1)  A happy ending; a good fate, life, or ending to a story.

title: happy ever after


text: happy ever afters

title: happy ever afters


text: resepsjonene

title: resepsjonene


text: resepsjonar

title: resepsjonar


text: resepsjonane

title: resepsjonane


text:
Template:R:DiscoverLife

at Discoverlife

title: Template:R:DiscoverLife


text:
Talk:turnover

What is the origin of this word's usage to mean revenue??????

title: Talk:turnover


text:
benzinstation

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) A gas station, petrol station, fuel station.

title: benzinstation


text:
resepsjonist

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) a receptionist

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) a receptionist

title: resepsjonist


text:
Template:R:DiscoverLife/documentation

Parameter 1 should be the search term for searching the DiscoverLife site, with the components of binomials, trinomials, etc linked with "+" without spaces.

Parameter 2 is optionally a name other than the pagename.

title: Template:R:DiscoverLife/documentation


text: Category:Norwegian Bokmål terms suffixed with -ist


text: Category:Norwegian Nynorsk terms suffixed with -ist


text:
bagagevogn

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) A luggage cart, luggage trolley.

title: bagagevogn


text:
brugerdiskussion

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1)  A user talk page, a page for discussion belonging to a user, the sister namespace to a user page.
 * 2)  Of or pertaining to the discussion of a user.

title: brugerdiskussion


text:
trafiklys

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) A traffic light.

title: trafiklys


text: odorometers

title: odorometers


text: folkehøjskolen

title: folkehøjskolen


text: folkehøjskoler

title: folkehøjskoler


text:
cholangiopancreatographic

Adjective

 * 1) Relating to cholangiopancreatography.

title: cholangiopancreatographic


text: cholangiopancreatographies

title: cholangiopancreatographies


text:
buzz saw

Noun

 * 1) A powerful, noisy, motorized saw, typically having a rotary blade with large teeth, sometimes portable and sometimes mounted into a table.

title: buzz saw


text: buzz-saw

title: buzz-saw


text:
cholangiopancreatography

Etymology
Analysable as.

Noun

 * 1) diagnostic imaging of the bile duct and pancreas

title: cholangiopancreatography


text:
cholangiopancreatogram

Noun

 * 1) A diagnostic image created by cholangiopancreatography.

title: cholangiopancreatogram


text: cholangiopancreatograms

title: cholangiopancreatograms


text:
deckside

Adjective

 * 1) On the deck of a vessel.

title: deckside


text: dichromatisms

title: dichromatisms


text:
fendered

Adjective

 * 1) Having a specified kind or number of fenders.
 * a one-fendered chassis

title: fendered


text: folkehøjskolerne

title: folkehøjskolerne


text:
fendering

Noun

 * 1) Material serving as a fender on a vessel.

title: fendering


text: fenderings

title: fenderings


text:
unfendered

Adjective

 * 1) Not equipped with a fender.

title: unfendered


text: folkehøjskoles

title: folkehøjskoles


text: folkehøjskolens

title: folkehøjskolens


text:
towmaster

Noun

 * 1) One who is employed to manage the towing of a vessel.

title: towmaster


text: towmasters

title: towmasters


text: folkehøjskolers

title: folkehøjskolers


text: folkehøjskolernes

title: folkehøjskolernes


text:
fueldraulic

Etymology
.

Adjective

 * 1) Being or relating to a fuel-based hydraulic system.

title: fueldraulic


text: resepsjonisten

title: resepsjonisten


text: resepsjonister

title: resepsjonister


text: resepsjonistene

title: resepsjonistene


text: resepsjonistar

title: resepsjonistar


text: resepsjonistane

title: resepsjonistane


text:
törmäpääsky

Noun

 * 1) sand martin, bank swallow,

title: törmäpääsky


text: aasiankalliopääsky

title: aasiankalliopääsky


text:
kalliopääsky

Noun

 * 1) Eurasian crag martin,
 * 2) crag martin bird of the genus

title: kalliopääsky


text: Category:Proto-Algic nouns

title: Category:Proto-Algic nouns


text: 副驾驶

title: 副驾驶


text:
副駕駛

Noun

 * 1) person who sits next to the driver (usually not maneuvering); co-driver; co-pilot

title: 副駕駛


text: aasianräystäspääsky

title: aasianräystäspääsky


text:
aasianpensaskiuru

Noun

 * 1) rufous-winged bushlark,

title: aasianpensaskiuru


text:
aasianrilli

Noun

 * 1) oriental white-eye,

title: aasianrilli


text:
Reconstruction:Proto-Algonquian/-xka·ti

Etymology
From the same root as 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) leg, foot

Usage notes

 * This term was (and in child languages remains) inalienable; it had to be preceded by a personal prefix such as, , or , as in.
 * č was an allophone of t before i, for which reason the term could just as well be written as -xka·či.

Descendants

 * Plains Algonquian
 * , as in
 * Central Algonquian:
 * Eastern Algonquian:
 * probably Abenaki (m)kôd
 * , as in
 * Eastern Algonquian:
 * probably Abenaki (m)kôd
 * , as in
 * , as in
 * , as in
 * , as in

title: Reconstruction:Proto-Algonquian/-xka·ti


title: User:Negative24/Navigator


text:
Tapuria

Proper noun

 * 1)  A former region on the southern coasts of the Caspian Sea.

Translations

 * Arabic: طبرستان
 * Middle Persian: pal
 * Persian: ,

title: Tapuria


text:
Tabaristan

Proper noun

 * 1)  A former region on the southern coasts of the Caspian Sea.

Translations

 * Arabic: طبرستان
 * French: Tabaristan
 * Middle Persian: pal
 * Ottoman Turkish: تبرستان
 * Persian: ,
 * Portuguese: Tabaristão
 * Tajik: Табаристон

title: Tabaristan


text: bottle-feeder

title: bottle-feeder


text: bottle feeder

title: bottle feeder


text: たがい

title: たがい


text: tagai

title: tagai


text:
کپسول

Noun

 * 1) capsule

title: کپسول