text:
Module:etymology languages/data

local m_lang = require("Module:languages") local m_langdata = require("Module:languages/data")

local u = require("Module:string utilities").char

local c = m_langdata.chars local p = m_langdata.puaChars local s = m_langdata.shared

local m = {}

-- Akan varieties

m["tw"] = { "Twi Akan", 36850,	"ak", aliases = {"Twi"}, }

m["tw-abr"] = { "Bono Twi", 34831,	"tw", aliases = {"Bono", "Abron", "Brong"}, }

m["tw-asa"] = { "Asante Twi", 19261685,	"tw", aliases = {"Asante", "Ashanti", "Ashante"}, }

m["tw-aku"] = { "Akuapem Twi", 31150449,	"tw", aliases = {"Akuapem", "Akuapim", "Akwapem Twi", "Akwapi"}, }

m["fat"] = { "Fante Akan", 35570,	"ak", aliases = {"Fante", "Fanti", "Fantse", "Mfantse"}, }

-- Albanian varieties

m["aln"] = { "Gheg Albanian", 181037,	"sq", aliases = {"Gheg"}, }

m["aae"] = { "Arbëresh Albanian", 1075302,	"als", aliases = {"Arbëreshë", "Arbëresh"}, }

m["aat"] = { "Arvanitika Albanian", 29347,	"als", aliases = {"Arvanitika"}, }

m["als"] = { "Tosk Albanian", 180937,	"sq", aliases = {"Tosk"}, }

-- Bantu varieties

m["bnt-cmn"] = { "Common Bantu", nil, "bnt-pro", }

-- Semitic varieties

-- Akkadian varieties

m["akk-old"] = { "Old Akkadian", nil, "akk", }

m["akk-obb"] = { "Old Babylonian", nil, "akk", }

m["akk-oas"] = { "Old Assyrian", nil, "akk", }

m["akk-mbb"] = { "Middle Babylonian", nil, "akk", }

m["akk-mas"] = { "Middle Assyrian", nil, "akk", }

m["akk-nbb"] = { "Neo-Babylonian", nil, "akk", }

m["akk-nas"] = { "Neo-Assyrian", nil, "akk", }

m["akk-lbb"] = { "Late Babylonian", nil, "akk", }

m["akk-stb"] = { "Standard Babylonian", nil, "akk", }

-- Arabic varieties

m["jrb"] = { "Judeo-Arabic", 37733,	"ar", }

-- Aramaic varieties

m["arc-bib"] = { "Biblical Aramaic", 843235,	"arc", family = "sem-are", }

m["arc-cpa"] = { "Christian Palestinian Aramaic", 60790119,	"arc", family = "sem-arw", aliases = {"Melkite Aramaic", "Palestinian Syriac", "Syropalestinian Aramaic"}, }

m["arc-imp"] = { "Imperial Aramaic", 7079491,	"arc", aliases = {"Official Aramaic"}, }

m["arc-hat"] = { "Hatran Aramaic", 3832926,	"arc", family = "sem-are", }

m["arc-jla"] = { "Jewish Literary Aramaic", 105952842,	"arc", }

m["arc-nab"] = { "Nabataean Aramaic", 36178,	"arc", }

m["arc-old"] = { "Old Aramaic", 3398392,	"arc", }

m["arc-pal"] = { "Palmyrene Aramaic", 1510113,	"arc", family = "sem-arw", }

m["tmr"] = { "Jewish Babylonian Aramaic", 33407,	"arc", family = "sem-ase", }

m["jpa"] = { "Jewish Palestinian Aramaic", 948909,	"arc", family = "sem-arw", aliases = {"Galilean Aramaic"}, }

-- Catalan varieties

m["ca-val"] = { "Valencian", 32641,	"ca", }

-- Central Nicobarese varieties

m["ncb-cam"] = { "Camorta", 5026908,	"ncb", aliases = {"Kamorta"}, }

m["ncb-kat"] = { "Katchal", 17064263,	"ncb", aliases = {"Tehnu"}, }

m["ncb-nan"] = { "Nancowry", 6962504,	"ncb", aliases = {"Nankwari"}, }

- --               Chinese varieties                -- -

- Old Chinese, Middle Chinese -

m["och-ear"] = { "Early Old Chinese", nil, "och", }

m["och-lat"] = { "Late Old Chinese", nil, "och", }

m["ltc-ear"] = { "Early Middle Chinese", nil, "ltc", }

m["ltc-lat"] = { "Late Middle Chinese", nil, "ltc", }

- Classical/Literary varieties -

-- FIXME: Temporary. m["lzh-cii"] = { "Ci", 1091366,	"lzh", }

-- FIXME: Temporary. m["lzh-yue"] = { "Classical Cantonese", nil, "lzh", }

-- FIXME: Temporary. m["lzh-cmn"] = { "Classical Mandarin", nil, "lzh", }

-- FIXME: Temporary. m["lzh-tai"] = { "Classical Taishanese", nil, "lzh", }

-- FIXME: Temporary. m["lzh-cmn-TW"] = { "Classical Taiwanese Mandarin", nil, "lzh-cmn", }

-- FIXME: Temporary. m["lzh-VI"] = { "Vietnamese Classical Chinese", 17034227,	"lzh", }

-- FIXME: Temporary. m["lzh-KO"] = { "Korean Classical Chinese", 10496257,	"lzh", ietf_subtag = "lzh-KR" -- KR = South Korea, as there is no code for Korea as a whole }

-- FIXME: Temporary. m["lzh-lit"] = { "Literary Chinese", nil, "lzh", }

-- FIXME: Temporary. FIXME: Do we need this? How does it differ from Old Chinese? m["lzh-pre"] = { "Pre-Classical Chinese", nil, "lzh", }

- Written Vernacular varieties -

-- FIXME: Temporary. m["cmn-wvc"] = { "Written vernacular Mandarin", 783605,	"cmn", }

-- FIXME: Temporary. FIXME: How does this differ from "Literary Cantonese"? m["yue-wvc"] = { "Written vernacular Cantonese", nil, "yue", }

-- FIXME: Temporary. m["zhx-tai-wvc"] = { "Written vernacular Taishanese", nil, "zhx-tai", }

- Mandarin varieties -

-- FIXME: Temporary. NOTE: The Linguist List assigns the "w:Beijing dialect" (Wikidata 1147606) the code "cmn-bej" and -- the larger "w:Beijing Mandarin (division of Mandarin)" dialect group (Wikidata 2169652; what we call "Beijingic -- Mandarin", after Glottolog) the code "cmn-bei". m["cmn-bei"] = { "Beijing Mandarin", 1147606,	"cmn-bec", }

-- FIXME: Temporary. m["cmn-bec"] = { "Beijingic Mandarin", 2169652,	"cmn", }

-- FIXME: Temporary. NOTE: The Linguist List uses the code cmn-zho. m["cmn-cep"] = { "Central Plains Mandarin", 3048775,	"cmn", aliases = {"Zhongyuan Mandarin"}, }

m["cmn-ear"] = { "Early Mandarin", 837169,	"cmn", ancestors = "ltc", }

-- FIXME: Temporary. m["cmn-gua"] = { "Guanzhong Mandarin", 3431648,	"cmn-cep", }

-- FIXME: Temporary. Appears to be a subdialect of Guiliu Mandarin, which in turn is a subdialect of Southwestern Mandarin. m["cmn-gui"] = { "Guilin Mandarin", 11111636,	"cmn", }

m["cmn-jhu"] = { "Jianghuai Mandarin", 2128953,	"cmn", aliases = {"Lower Yangtze Mandarin"}, }

-- FIXME: Temporary. m["cmn-lan"] = { "Lanyin Mandarin", 662754,	"cmn", }

-- FIXME: Temporary. m["cmn-MY"] = { "Malaysian Mandarin", 13646143,	"cmn", }

-- FIXME: Temporary. m["cmn-nan"] = { "Nanjing Mandarin", 2681098,	"cmn-jhu", }

-- FIXME: Temporary. m["cmn-noe"] = { "Northeastern Mandarin", 1064504,	"cmn", }

-- FIXME: Temporary. m["cmn-PH"] = { "Philippine Mandarin", 7185155,	"cmn", }

-- FIXME: Temporary. m["cmn-SG"] = { "Singapore Mandarin", 1048980,	"cmn", }

-- FIXME: Temporary. m["cmn-sow"] = { "Southwestern Mandarin", 2609239,	"cmn", }

-- FIXME: Temporary. Appears to be a subdialect of Jilu Mandarin. m["cmn-tia"] = { "Tianjin Mandarin", 7800220,	"cmn", }

-- FIXME: Temporary. NOTE: Wikidata also has Q4380827 "Taiwanese Mandarin", defined as "rare dialect of Standard Chinese -- (Mandarin) used in Taiwan, which is strongly influenced by Taiwanese Hokkien; mostly used by elderlies" and having no -- English Wikipedia article (but see w:zh:臺灣國語). m["cmn-TW"] = { "Taiwanese Mandarin", 262828,	"cmn", }

-- FIXME: Temporary. Appears to be a subdialect of Wu-Tian Mandarin, in turn a subdialect of Southwestern Mandarin. -- Given the code cmn-xwu in the Linguist List. m["cmn-wuh"] = { "Wuhan Mandarin", 11124731,	"cmn-sow", aliases = {"Wuhanese"}, }

-- FIXME: Temporary. Appears to be a subdialect of Lanyin Mandarin. m["cmn-xin"] = { "Xining Mandarin", nil, "cmn-lan", }

-- FIXME: Temporary. m["cmn-yan"] = { "Yangzhou Mandarin", nil, "cmn-jhu", }

- Cantonese varieties -

-- FIXME: Temporary. m["yue-gua"] = { "Guangzhou Cantonese", nil, "yue", }

-- FIXME: Temporary. Given the codes yue-yue or yue-can in the Linguist List. m["yue-HK"] = { "Hong Kong Cantonese", 5894342,	"yue", }

-- FIXME: Temporary. FIXME: How does this differ from "Written vernacular Cantonese"? m["yue-lit"] = { "Literary Cantonese", 2472605,	"yue", }

- Wu varieties -

m["wuu-han"] = { "Hangzhounese", 5648144,	"wuu", }

m["wuu-nin"] = { "Ningbonese", 3972199,	"wuu", }

-- FIXME: Temporary. m["wuu-nor"] = { "Northern Wu", 7675988,	"wuu", aliases = {"Taihu Wu"}, }

-- FIXME: Temporary? Subvariety of Taihu Wu. NOTE: "chm" stands for Chongming, the main dialect, to avoid a conflict -- with Shanghainese. m["wuu-chm"] = { "Shadi Wu", 6112340,	"wuu-nor", }

m["wuu-sha"] = { "Shanghainese", 36718,	"wuu-nor", }

m["wuu-suz"] = { "Suzhounese", 831744,	"wuu-nor", }

-- FIXME: Temporary. May be converted into a full language and/or split. m["wuu-wen"] = { "Wenzhounese", 710218,	"wuu", }

- Xiang varieties -

m["hsn-lou"] = { "Loudi Xiang", 10943823,	"hsn-old", }

m["hsn-hya"] = { "Hengyang Xiang", 20689035,	"hsn-hzh", }

m["hsn-hzh"] = { "Hengzhou Xiang", nil, "hsn", }

m["hsn-new"] = { "New Xiang", 7012696,	"hsn", aliases = {"Chang-Yi"}, }

m["hsn-old"] = { "Old Xiang", 7085453,	"hsn", aliases = {"Lou-Shao"}, }

- Hakka varieties -

-- FIXME: Temporary. m["hak-dab"] = { "Dabu Hakka", 19855566,	"hak", -- formerly hak-TW but seems to be spoken primary in Dabu County in Guangdong }

-- FIXME: Temporary. m["hak-eam"] = { "Early Modern Hakka", nil, "hak", }

-- FIXME: Temporary. m["hak-hai"] = { "Hailu Hakka", 17038519,	"hak", -- often considered a Taiwanese lect but also spoken in Shanwei, Guangdong }

-- FIXME: Temporary. m["hak-hui"] = { "Huiyang Hakka", 16873881,	"hak", }

-- FIXME: Temporary. m["hak-hui-MY"] = { "Malaysian Huiyang Hakka", nil, "hak-hui", }

-- FIXME: Temporary. Similar to and possibly the parent of Sixian Hakka in Taiwan. m["hak-mei"] = { "Meixian Hakka", 839295,	"hak", aliases = {"Moiyan Hakka", "Meizhou Hakka"}, }

-- FIXME: Temporary. m["hak-six"] = { "Sixian Hakka", 9668261,	"hak-TW", }

-- FIXME: Temporary. m["hak-TW"] = { "Taiwanese Hakka", 2391532,	"hak", }

-- FIXME: Temporary. m["hak-zha"] = { "Zhao'an Hakka", 6703311,	"hak", aliases = {"Zhangzhou Hakka"}, }

-- Southern Min varieties --

m["nan-anx"] = { "Anxi Hokkien", 97064149,	"nan-qua", }

m["nan-cha"] = { "Changtai Hokkien", nil, "nan-zha", }

m["nan-hou"] = { "Houlu Min", 19855492,	"nan-dat", }

m["nan-hui"] = { "Hui'an Hokkien", 16241797,	"nan-qua", }

m["nan-jin"] = { "Jinjiang Hokkien", 11089375,	"nan-qua", }

m["nan-kin"] = { "Kinmenese Hokkien", 56278342,	"nan-xia", aliases = {"Kinmen Hokkien"}, }

m["nan-med"] = { "Medan Hokkien", 6805114,	"nan-zha", }

m["nan-pen"] = { "Penang Hokkien", 11120689,	"nan-zha", }

m["nan-hbl-PH"] = { "Philippine Hokkien", 3236692,	"nan-qua", }

m["nan-qia"] = { "Qianlu Min", 19842517,	"nan-dat", }

m["nan-qua"] = { "Quanzhou Hokkien", 2251677,	"nan-hbl", aliases = {"Chinchew", "Choanchew"}, }

-- FIXME: Temporary? Derived from both Quanzhou and Zhangzhou Hokkien. m["nan-hbl-SG"] = { "Singapore Hokkien", 3846528,	"nan-hbl", }

m["nan-spm"] = { "Southern Malaysian Hokkien", 7570322,	"nan-qua", aliases = {"Southern Malaysia Hokkien", "Southern Peninsular Malaysian Hokkien", "Southern Peninsular Malaysia Hokkien"} }

m["nan-hbl-TW"] = { "Taiwanese Hokkien", 36778,	"nan-hbl", }

m["nan-ton"] = { "Tong'an Hokkien", nil, "nan-xia", }

m["nan-xia"] = { "Xiamen Hokkien", 68744,	"nan-hbl", aliases = {"Amoy", "Amoyese", "Amoynese", "Xiamenese"}, }

m["nan-yon"] = { "Yongchun Hokkien", 65118728,	"nan-qua", }

m["nan-zha"] = { "Zhangzhou Hokkien", 8070492,	"nan-hbl", aliases = {"Changchew", "Chiangchew", "Changchow"}, }

m["nan-zho"] = { "Zhao'an Hokkien", 65118728,	"nan-zha", aliases = {"Zhao'an", "Chawan", "Chawan Hokkien"}, }

m["nan-zhp"] = { "Zhangping Hokkien", 15937822,	"nan-zha", }

- Other Min varieties -

-- FIXME: Temporary. Affiliation within Min uncertain; some combination of Eastern and Southern. m["zhx-zho"] = { "Zhongshan Min", 8070958,	"zhx", }

- Other Chinese varieties -

-- FIXME: Temporary. Affiliation within Chinese uncertain; possibly Yue. m["zhx-dan"] = { "Danzhou Chinese", 2578935,	"zhx", }

- Chinese romanization varieties -

-- Information desk/2022/June -- Grease pit/2022/June

m["cmn-pinyin"] = { "Hanyu Pinyin", 42222,	"cmn", aliases = {"Pinyin"}, }

m["cmn-tongyong"] = { "Tongyong Pinyin", 700739,	"cmn", }

m["cmn-wadegiles"] = { "Wade–Giles", 208442,	"cmn", aliases = {"Wade-Giles", "Wade Giles"}, }

m["zh-postal"] = { "Postal Romanization", 151868,	"zh", }

-- Chinese cyrillization

m["cmn-palladius"] = { "Palladius", 1234239,	"cmn", aliases = {"Palladius system"}, }

- --                Coptic varieties                -- -

m["cop-akh"] = { "Akhmimic Coptic", nil, "cop", aliases = {"Akhmimic"}, }

m["cop-boh"] = { "Bohairic Coptic", 890733,	"cop", aliases = {"Bohairic", "Memphitic Coptic", "Memphitic"}, }

m["cop-ggg"] = { "Coptic Dialect G", nil, "cop", aliases = {"Dialect G", "Mansuric Coptic", "Mansuric"}, }

m["cop-jjj"] = { "Coptic Dialect J", nil, "cop", }

m["cop-kkk"] = { "Coptic Dialect K", nil, "cop", }

m["cop-ppp"] = { "Coptic Dialect P", nil, "cop", aliases = {"Proto-Theban Coptic", "Palaeo-Theban Coptic"}, }

m["cop-fay"] = { "Fayyumic Coptic", 1399115,	"cop", aliases = {"Fayyumic", "Faiyumic Coptic", "Faiyumic", "Fayumic Coptic", "Fayumic", "Bashmuric Coptic", "Bashmuric"}, }

m["cop-her"] = { "Hermopolitan Coptic", nil, "cop", aliases = {"Hermopolitan", "Coptic Dialect H", "Ashmuninic", "Ashmuninic Coptic"}, }

m["cop-lyc"] = { "Lycopolitan Coptic", nil, "cop", aliases = { "Lycopolitan", "Assiutic Coptic", "Asyutic Coptic", "Assiutic", "Asyutic", "Lyco-Diospolitan Coptic", "Lyco-Diospolitan", "Subakhmimic Coptic", "Subakhmimic" }, }

m["cop-old"] = { "Old Coptic", nil, "cop", }

m["cop-oxy"] = { "Oxyrhynchite Coptic", nil, "cop", aliases = {"Oxyrhynchite", "Mesokemic Coptic", "Mesokemic", "Middle Egyptian Coptic"}, }

m["cop-ply"] = { "Proto-Lycopolitan Coptic", nil, "cop", aliases = {"Coptic Dialect i", "Proto-Lyco-Diospolitan Coptic"}, }

m["cop-sah"] = { "Sahidic Coptic", 2645851,	"cop", aliases = {"Sahidic", "Saidic Coptic", "Saidic", "Thebaic Coptic", "Thebaic"}, }

- --                Dutch varieties                 -- -

m["nl-BE"] = { "Belgian Dutch", 34147,	"nl", aliases = { "Flemish", "Flemish Dutch", "Southern Dutch"}, }

- --              Low Saxon varieties               -- -

m["act"] = { "Achterhoeks", 153627,	"nds-nl", aliases = {"Achterhoek", "Achterhooks"}, }

m["drt"] = { "Drents", 2736709,	"nds-nl", aliases = {"Drèents", "Dreins", "Dreints", "Drints"}, }

m["frs"] = { "East Frisian Low German", 149208,	"nds-de", aliases = {"East Frisian", "East Frisian Low Saxon"}, }

m["gos"] = { "Gronings", 508854,	"nds-nl", aliases = {"Grunnegs", "Grönnegs"}, }

m["nds-lpr"] = { "Low Prussian", 33982,	"nds-de", }

m["sdz"] = { "Sallands", 3436668,	"nds-nl", aliases = {"Sallaans", "Sallaands"}, }

m["stl"] = { "Stellingwerfs", 506010,	"nds-nl", aliases = {"Stellingwarfs"}, }

m["twd"] = { "Twents", 497363,	"nds-nl", aliases = {"Tweants"}, }

m["vel"] = { "Veluws", 2484810,	"nds-nl", }

m["wep"] = { "Westphalian", 505655,	"nds-de", aliases = {"Westfalish", "Westphalien"}, }

- --              Egyptian varieties                -- -

m["egy-old"] = { "Old Egyptian", 447117,	"egy", }

m["egy-mid"] = { "Middle Egyptian", 657330,	"egy", aliases = {"Classical Egyptian"}, }

m["egy-nmi"] = { "Neo-Middle Egyptian", 123735278,	"egy", aliases = {"Égyptien de tradition", "Traditional Egyptian"}, }

m["egy-lat"] = { "Late Egyptian", 1852329,	"egy", }

- --               Elamite varieties                -- -

m["elx-old"] = { "Old Elamite", nil, "elx", }

m["elx-mid"] = { "Middle Elamite", nil, "elx", }

m["elx-neo"] = { "Neo-Elamite", nil, "elx", }

m["elx-ach"] = { "Achaemenid Elamite", nil, "elx", }

- --           English and Scots varieties          -- -

-- English varieties

m["en-AU"] = { "Australian English", 44679,	"en", }

m["en-GB"] = { "British English", 7979,	"en", }

m["en-GB-SCT"] = { "Scottish English", 44676,	"en-GB", }

m["en-GB-WLS"] = { "Welsh English", 44676,	"en-GB", }

m["en-IM"] = { "Manx English", 6753295,	"en-GB", }

m["en-aae"] = { "Australian Aboriginal English", 783347,	"en-AU", }

m["en-ear"] = { "Early Modern English", 1472196,	"en", ancestors = "enm", aliases = {"Early New English"}, }

m["en-geo"] = { "Geordie English", 653421,	"en", ancestors = "enm-nor", }

m["en-IE"] = { -- FIXME: "IE" doesn't cover Northern Ireland "Irish English", 665624,	"en", }

m["en-uls"] = { "Ulster English", 6840826,	"en-IE", }

m["en-GB-NIR"] = { "Northern Irish English", 6840826, -- actually the code for Ulster English "en-uls", }

m["en-NNN"] = { -- NA = Namibia; NNN is NATO 3-letter code for North America "North American English", 7053766,	"en", ietf_subtag = "en-021" -- 021 = UN M49 code for "Northern America" (i.e. North America wihout Central America or the Caribbean) }

m["en-US"] = { "American English", 7976,	"en-NNN", }

m["en-US-CA"] = { "California English", 1026812,	"en-US", }

m["en-CA"] = { "Canadian English", 44676,	"en-US", }

m["en-HK"] = { "Hong Kong English", 1068863,	"en", }

m["en-IN"] = { "Indian English", 1348800,	"en", }

m["pld"] = { "Polari", 1359130,	"en", }

-- Scots varieties

m["sco-osc"] = { "Early Scots", 5326738,	"enm", ancestors = "enm-nor", aliases = {"Old Scots"}, }

m["sco-smi"] = { "Middle Scots", 3327000,	"sco", ancestors = "sco-osc", }

m["sco-ins"] = { "Insular Scots", 16919205,	"sco", }

m["sco-uls"] = { "Ulster Scots", 201966,	"sco", }

m["sco-nor"] = { "Northern Scots", 16928150,	"sco", }

m["sco-sou"] = { "South Scots", 7570457,	"sco", aliases = {"Southern Scots", "Borders Scots"}, }

-- Middle English varieties

m["enm-nor"] = { "Northern Middle English", nil, "enm", ancestors = "ang-nor", aliases = {"Northumbrian Middle English"}, }

-- Old English varieties

-- Includes both Mercian and Northumbrian. m["ang-ang"] = { "Anglian Old English", nil, "ang", }

m["ang-ken"] = { "Kentish Old English", 11687485,	"ang", }

m["ang-mer"] = { "Mercian Old English", 602072,	"ang-ang", }

m["ang-nor"] = { "Northumbrian Old English", 1798915,	"ang-ang", }

-- m["ang-wsx"] = {	"West Saxon Old English",	nil,	"ang", }

- --    French and French-based creole varieties    -- -

m["fro-nor"] = { "Old Northern French", 2044917,	"fro", aliases = {"Old Norman", "Old Norman French"}, }

m["fro-pic"] = { "Picard Old French", nil, "fro", }

m["xno"] = { "Anglo-Norman", 35214,	"fro-nor", }

m["xno-law"] = { "Law French", 2044323,	"xno", }

m["fr-CA"] = { "Canadian French", 1450506,	"fr", }

m["fr-CH"] = { "Swiss French", 1480152,	"fr", }

m["fr-aca"] = { "Acadian French", 415109,	"fr", }

m["fr-lou"] = { "Louisiana French", 3083213,	"fr", }

m["fr-mis"] = { "Missouri French", 3083210,	"fr", }

m["frc"] = { "Cajun French", 880301,	"fr-lou", }

m["ht-sdm"] = { "Saint Dominican Creole French", nil, "ht", ancestors = "fr", }

-- Norman varieties

m["nrf-grn"] = { "Guernsey Norman", 56428,	"nrf", aliases = {"Guernsey"}, }

m["nrf-jer"] = { "Jersey Norman", 56430,	"nrf", aliases = {"Jersey"}, }

- --               Brythonic varieties              -- -

m["bry-ear"] = { "Early Brythonic", nil, "cel-bry-pro", }

m["bry-lat"] = { "Late Brythonic", nil, "cel-bry-pro", }

- --                Gaulish varieties               -- -

m["xcg"] = { "Cisalpine Gaulish", 3832927,	"cel-gau", }

m["xtg"] = { "Transalpine Gaulish", 29977,	"cel-gau", }

- --               Portuguese varieties             -- -

m["pt-BR"] = { "Brazilian Portuguese", 750553,	"pt", }

m["pt-PT"] = { "European Portuguese", 922399,	"pt", }

- --                 Spanish varieties              -- -

m["es-ear"] = { "Early Modern Spanish", 5364419,	"es", ancestors = "osp", }

m["es-AR"] = { "Rioplatense Spanish", 509780,	"es", }

m["es-CO"] = { "Colombian Spanish", 1115875,	"es", }

m["es-CU"] = { "Cuban Spanish", 824909,	"es", }

m["es-MX"] = { "Mexican Spanish", 616620,	"es", }

m["es-US"] = { "United States Spanish", 2301077,	"es", aliases = {"US Spanish"}, } --use label "US Spanish" to put Spanish terms in this category

m["es-PR"] = { "Puerto Rican Spanish", 7258609,	"es", }

m["es-VE"] = { "Venezuelan Spanish", 840017,	"es", }

- --                  Fula varieties                -- -

m["fuc"] = { "Pulaar", 1420205,	"ff", }

m["fuf"] = { "Pular", 3915357,	"ff", }

m["ffm"] = { "Maasina Fulfulde", 3915322,	"ff", }

m["fue"] = { -- no enwiki entry as of yet but frwiki and pmswiki have one "Borgu Fulfulde", 12952426,	"ff", }

m["fuh"] = { -- no enwiki entry as of yet but frwiki and pmswiki have one "Western Niger Fulfulde", 12952430,	"ff", }

m["fuq"] = { -- no enwiki entry as of yet but frwiki, hrwiki and pmswiki have one "Central-Eastern Niger Fulfulde", 12628799,	"ff", }

m["fuv"] = { -- no enwiki entry as of yet but dewiki, frwiki, hrwiki, pmswiki and swwiki have one "Nigerian Fulfulde", 36129,	"ff", }

m["fub"] = { -- no enwiki entry as of yet but dewiki, frwiki, hrwiki, pmswiki, ptwiki, swwiki and yowiki have one "Adamawa Fulfulde", 34776,	"ff", }

m["fui"] = { -- no enwiki entry as of yet but pmswiki and swwiki have one "Bagirmi Fulfulde", 11003859,	"ff", }

- --              German(ic) varieties              -- -

-- (modern) German varieties

m["de-AT"] = { "Austrian German", 306626,	"de", }

m["de-AT-vie"] = { "Viennese German", 56474,	"de-AT", }

m["de-CH"] = { "Switzerland German", 1366643,	"de", aliases = {"Schweizer Hochdeutsch", "Swiss Standard German", "Swiss High German"}, }

m["ksh"] = { "Kölsch", 4624,	"gmw-cfr", }

m["pfl"] = { "Palatine German", 23014,	"gmw-rfr", aliases = {"Pfälzisch", "Pälzisch", "Palatinate German"}, }

m["sli"] = { "Silesian East Central German", 152965,	"gmw-ecg", aliases = {"Silesian"}, }

m["sxu"] = { "Upper Saxon German", 699284,	"gmw-ecg", }

-- Old High German varieties

m["lng"] = { "Lombardic", 35972,	"goh", }

-- Proto-West Germanic varieties

m["frk"] = { "Frankish", 10860505,	"gmw-pro", aliases = {"Old Frankish"}, }

-- Alemannic German varieties

m["gsw-low"] = { "Low Alemannic German", 503724,	"gsw", }

m["gsw-FR-als"] = { "Alsatian Alemannic German", 8786,	"gsw-low", }

m["gsw-hig"] = { "High Alemannic German", 503728,	"gsw", }

m["gsw-hst"] = { "Highest Alemannic German", 687538,	"gsw", }

m["wae"] = { "Walser German", 680517,	"gsw-hst", }

- --              Old Norse varieties               -- -

m["non-grn"] = { "Greenlandic Norse", 855236,	"non-own", }

m["non-oen"] = { "Old East Norse", 10498031,	"non", ancestors = "non", }

m["non-own"] = { "Old West Norse", 10498026,	"non", ancestors = "non", }

- --              Old Swedish varieties             -- -

m["gmq-osw-lat"] = { "Late Old Swedish", 10723594,	"gmq-osw", ancestors = "gmq-osw", }

- --                 Greek varieties                -- -

m["qsb-grc"] = { "Pre-Greek", 965052,	"und", family = "qfa-sub", }

m["grc-aeo"] = { "Aeolic Greek", 406373,	"grc", aliases = {"Lesbic Greek", "Lesbian Greek", "Aeolian Greek"}, }

m["grc-arc"] = { "Arcadian Greek", nil, "grc-arp", }

m["grc-arp"] = { "Arcadocypriot Greek", 499602,	"grc", }

m["grc-att"] = { "Attic Greek", 506588,	"grc", }

m["grc-boi"] = { "Boeotian Greek", 406373,	"grc-aeo", }

m["grc-dor"] = { "Doric Greek", 285494,	"grc", }

m["grc-ela"] = { "Elean Greek", nil, "grc", }

m["grc-epc"] = { "Epic Greek", 990062,	"grc", aliases = {"Homeric Greek"}, }

m["grc-ion"] = { "Ionic Greek", 504165,	"grc", }

m["grc-koi"] = { "Koine Greek", 107358,	"grc", ancestors = "grc-att", aliases = {"Hellenistic Greek"}, }

m["grc-kre"] = { "Cretan Ancient Greek", -- to distinguish from Cretan Greek below nil, "grc-dor", }

m["grc-opl"] = { "Opuntian Locrian", nil, "grc", }

m["grc-ozl"] = { "Ozolian Locrian", nil, "grc", }

m["grc-pam"] = { "Pamphylian Greek", 2271793,	"grc", }

m["grc-ths"] = { "Thessalian Greek", 406373,	"grc-aeo", }

m["gkm"] = { "Byzantine Greek", 36387,	"grc", ancestors = "grc-koi", aliases = {"Medieval Greek"}, }

m["el-cyp"] = { "Cypriot Greek", 245899,	"el", aliases = {"Cypriotic Greek"}, }

m["el-pap"] = { "Paphian Greek", nil, "el", }

m["el-crt"] = { "Cretan Greek", 588306,	"el", }

m["el-kth"] = { "Katharevousa", 35961,	"el", ancestors = "gkm", aliases = {"Katharevousa Greek"}, }

m["el-kal"] = { "Kaliarda", nil, "el", }

- --                Hebrew varieties                -- -

m["hbo"] = { "Biblical Hebrew", 1982248,	"he", aliases = {"Classical Hebrew"}, }

m["he-mis"] = { "Mishnaic Hebrew", 1649362,	"he", ancestors = "hbo", }

m["he-med"] = { "Medieval Hebrew", 2712572,	"he", ancestors = "he-mis", }

m["he-IL"] = { "Israeli Hebrew", 8141,	"he", }

m["bsh-kat"] = { "Kativiri", 2605045,	"bsh", aliases = {"Katə́viri"}, }

m["xvi"] = { "Kamviri", 1193495,	"bsh", aliases = {"Kamvíri"}, }

m["bsh-mum"] = { "Mumviri", nil, aliases = {"Mumvíri"}, "bsh" }

- --                Inuit varieties                 -- -

m["esi"] = { "North Alaskan Inupiatun", nil, "ik" }

m["esk"] = { "Northwest Alaskan Inupiatun", 25559714,	"ik" }

- --                Iranian varieties               -- -

m["qsb-bma"] = { "the BMAC substrate", 1054850,	"und", family = "qfa-sub", }

-- Historical and current Iranian dialects

m["ae-old"] = { "Old Avestan", 29572,	"ae", aliases = {"Gathic Avestan"}, }

m["ae-yng"] = { "Younger Avestan", 29572,	"ae-old", aliases = {"Young Avestan"}, }

m["bcc"] = { "Southern Balochi", 33049,	"bal", aliases = {"Southern Baluchi"}, }

m["bgp"] = { "Eastern Balochi", 33049,	"bal", aliases = {"Eastern Baluchi"}, }

m["bgn"] = { "Western Balochi", 33049,	"bal", aliases = {"Western Baluchi"}, }

m["bsg-ban"] = { "Bandari", nil, "bsg", }

m["bsg-hor"] = { "Hormozi", nil, "bsg", }

m["bsg-min"] = { "Minabi", nil, "bsg", }

m["kho-old"] = { "Old Khotanese", nil, "kho", }

m["kho-lat"] = { "Late Khotanese", nil, "kho-old", }

m["peo-ear"] = { "Early Old Persian", nil, "peo", }

m["peo-lat"] = { "Late Old Persian", nil, "peo", }

m["pal-ear"] = { "Early Middle Persian", nil, "pal", }

m["pal-lat"] = { "Late Middle Persian", nil, "pal", ancestors = "pal-ear", }

m["ps-nwe"] = { "Northwestern Pashto", nil, "ps", }

m["ps-cgi"] = { "Central Ghilzay", nil, "ps-nwe", }

m["ps-mah"] = { "Mahsudi", nil, "ps-nwe", }

m["ps-nea"] = { "Northeastern Pashto", nil, "ps", }

m["ps-afr"] = { "Afridi", nil, "ps-nea", }

m["ps-bng"] = { "Bangash", nil, "ps-nea", }

m["ps-xat"] = { "Khatak", nil, "ps-nea", }

m["ps-pes"] = { "Peshawari", nil, "ps-nea", }

m["ps-sea"] = { "Southeastern Pashto", nil, "ps", }

m["ps-ban"] = { "Bannu", nil, "ps-sea", }

m["ps-kak"] = { "Kakari", nil, "ps-sea", }

m["ps-ser"] = { "Sher", nil, "ps-sea", }

m["ps-waz"] = { "Waziri", 12274473,	"ps-sea", }

m["ps-swe"] = { "Southwestern Pashto", nil, "ps", }

m["ps-kan"] = { "Kandahari", nil, "ps-swe", }

m["ps-jad"] = { "Jadrani", nil, "ps", ancestors = "ira-pat-pro" }

m["xme-azr"] = { "Old Azari", nil, "xme-ott", aliases = {"Old Azeri", "Azari", "Azeri", "Āḏarī", "Adari", "Adhari"}, }

m["xme-ttc-cen"] = { "Central Tati", nil, "xme-ott", }

m["xme-ttc-eas"] = { "Eastern Tati", nil, "xme-ott", }

m["xme-ttc-nor"] = { "Northern Tati", nil, "xme-ott", }

m["xme-ttc-sou"] = { "Southern Tati", nil, "xme-ott", }

m["xme-ttc-wes"] = { "Western Tati", nil, "xme-ott", }

m["xmn"] = { "Manichaean Middle Persian", nil, "pal-lat", }

m["fa-ira"] = { "Iranian Persian", 3513637,	"fa", aliases = {"Modern Persian", "Western Persian"}, translit = "fa-ira-translit", }

m["fa-cls"] = { "Classical Persian", 9168,	"fa", ancestors = "pal-lat", translit = "fa-cls-translit", }

m["prs"] = { "Dari", 178440,	"fa", aliases = {"Dari Persian", "Central Persian", "Eastern Persian", "Afghan Persian"}, translit = "fa-cls-translit", }

m["haz"] = { "Hazaragi", 33398,	"prs", translit = "fa-cls-translit", }

m["os-dig"] = { "Digor Ossetian", 3027861,	"os", aliases = {"Digoron", "Digor"}, }

m["os-iro"] = { "Iron Ossetian", nil, "os", aliases = {"Iron"}, }

m["sog-ear"] = { "Early Sogdian", nil, "sog", }

m["sog-lat"] = { "Late Sogdian", nil, "sog-ear", }

m["oru-kan"] = { "Kaniguram", 6363164,	"oru", }

m["oru-log"] = { "Logar", nil, "oru", }

m["oos-ear"] = { "Early Old Ossetic", nil, "oos", }

m["oos-lat"] = { "Late Old Ossetic", nil, "oos", }

m["xln"] = { "Alanic", 3658580,	"oos", }

m["rdb-jir"] = { "Jirofti", nil, "rdb", }

m["rdb-kah"] = { "Kahnuji", nil, "rdb", }

-- Southwestern Fars lects

m["fay-bur"] = { "Burenjani", nil, "fay", }

m["fay-bsh"] = { "Bushehri", nil, "fay", }

m["fay-dsh"] = { "Dashtaki", nil, "fay", }

m["fay-dav"] = { "Davani", 5228140,	"fay", }

m["fay-eze"] = { "Emamzada Esma’ili", nil, "fay", }

m["fay-gav"] = { "Gavkoshaki", nil, "fay", }

m["fay-kho"] = { "Khollari", nil, "fay", }

m["fay-kon"] = { "Kondazi", nil, "fay", }

m["fay-kzo"] = { "Old Kazeruni", nil, "fay", }

m["fay-mas"] = { "Masarami", nil, "fay", }

m["fay-pap"] = { "Papuni", nil, "fay", }

m["fay-sam"] = { "Samghani", nil, "fay", }

m["fay-shr"] = { "Shirazi", nil, "fay", }

m["fay-sho"] = { "Old Shirazi", nil, "fay", }

m["fay-sam"] = { "Samghani", nil, "fay", }

m["fay-kar"] = { "Khargi", nil, "fay", }

m["fay-sor"] = { "Sorkhi", nil, "fay", }

-- Talysh lects

m["tly-cen"] = { "Central Talysh", nil, "tly", }

m["tly-asa"] = { "Asalemi", nil, "tly-cen", }

m["tly-kar"] = { "Karganrudi", nil, "tly-cen", }

m["tly-tul"] = { "Tularudi", nil, "tly-cen", }

m["tly-tal"] = { "Taleshdulabi", nil, "tly-cen", }

m["tly-nor"] = { "Northern Talysh", nil, "tly", }

m["tly-aze"] = { "Azerbaijani Talysh", nil, "tly-nor", }

m["tly-anb"] = { "Anbarani", nil, "tly-nor", }

m["tly-sou"] = { "Southern Talysh", nil, "tly", }

m["tly-fum"] = { "Fumani", nil, "tly-sou", }

m["tly-msu"] = { "Masulei", nil, "tly-sou", }

m["tly-msa"] = { "Masali", nil, "tly-sou", }

m["tly-san"] = { "Shandarmani", nil, "tly-sou", }

-- Tafreshi lects

m["xme-amo"] = { "Amorehi", nil, "xme-taf", }

m["atn"] = { "Ashtiani", 3436590,	"xme-taf", wikipedia_article = "Ashtiani language", }

m["xme-bor"] = { "Borujerdi", nil, "xme-taf", }

m["xme-ham"] = { "Hamadani", 6302426,	"xme-taf", }

m["xme-kah"] = { "Kahaki", nil, "xme-taf", }

m["vaf"] = { "Vafsi", 32611,	"xme-taf", }

-- Kermanic lects

m["kfm"] = { "Khunsari", 6403030,	"xme-ker", wikipedia_article = "Khunsari language", }

m["xme-mah"] = { "Mahallati", nil, "xme-ker", }

m["xme-von"] = { "Vonishuni", nil, "xme-ker", }

m["xme-bdr"] = { "Badrudi", nil, "xme-ker", }

m["xme-del"] = { "Delijani", nil, "xme-ker", }

m["xme-kas"] = { "Kashani", nil, "xme-ker", }

m["xme-kes"] = { "Kesehi", nil, "xme-ker", }

m["xme-mey"] = { "Meymehi", nil, "xme-ker", }

m["ntz"] = { "Natanzi", 6968399,	"xme-ker", wikipedia_article = "Natanzi language", }

m["xme-abz"] = { "Abuzeydabadi", nil, "xme-ker", }

m["xme-aby"] = { "Abyanehi", nil, "xme-ker", }

m["xme-far"] = { "Farizandi", nil, "xme-ker", }

m["xme-jow"] = { "Jowshaqani", nil, "xme-ker", }

m["xme-nas"] = { "Nashalji", nil, "xme-ker", }

m["xme-qoh"] = { "Qohrudi", nil, "xme-ker", }

m["xme-yar"] = { "Yarandi", nil, "xme-ker", }

m["soj"] = { "Soi", 7930463,	"xme-ker", aliases = {"Sohi"}, wikipedia_article = "Soi language", }

m["xme-tar"] = { "Tari", nil, "xme-ker", }

m["gzi"] = { "Gazi", 5529130,	"xme-ker", wikipedia_article = "Gazi language", }

m["xme-sed"] = { "Sedehi", nil, "xme-ker", }

m["xme-ard"] = { "Ardestani", nil, "xme-ker", }

m["xme-zef"] = { "Zefrehi", nil, "xme-ker", }

m["xme-isf"] = { "Isfahani", nil, "xme-ker", }

m["xme-kaf"] = { "Kafroni", nil, "xme-ker", }

m["xme-vrz"] = { "Varzenehi", nil, "xme-ker", }

m["xme-xur"] = { "Khuri", nil, "xme-ker", }

m["nyq"] = { "Nayini", 6983146,	"xme-ker", wikipedia_article = "Nayini language", }

m["xme-ana"] = { "Anaraki", nil, "xme-ker", }

m["gbz"] = { "Zoroastrian Dari", 32389,	"xme-ker", aliases = {"Behdināni", "Gabri", "Gavrŭni", "Gabrōni"}, wikipedia_article = "Zoroastrian Dari language", }

m["xme-krm"] = { "Kermani", nil, "xme-ker", }

m["xme-yaz"] = { "Yazdi", nil, "xme-ker", }

m["xme-bid"] = { "Bidhandi", nil, "xme-ker", }

m["xme-bij"] = { "Bijagani", nil, "xme-ker", }

m["xme-cim"] = { "Chimehi", nil, "xme-ker", }

m["xme-han"] = { "Hanjani", nil, "xme-ker", }

m["xme-kom"] = { "Komjani", nil, "xme-ker", }

m["xme-nar"] = { "Naraqi", nil, "xme-ker", }

m["xme-nus"] = { "Nushabadi", nil, "xme-ker", }

m["xme-qal"] = { "Qalhari", nil, "xme-ker", }

m["xme-trh"] = { "Tarehi", nil, "xme-ker", }

m["xme-val"] = { "Valujerdi", nil, "xme-ker", }

m["xme-var"] = { "Varani", nil, "xme-ker", }

m["xme-zor"] = { "Zori", nil, "xme-ker", }

-- Ramandi lects

m["tks-ebr"] = { "Ebrahimabadi", nil, "tks", }

m["tks-sag"] = { "Sagzabadi", nil, "tks", }

m["tks-esf"] = { "Esfarvarini", nil, "tks", }

m["tks-tak"] = { "Takestani", nil, "tks", }

m["tks-cal"] = { "Chali Tati", nil, "tks", aliases = {"Chāli"}, wikipedia_article = "Tati language (Iran)", }

m["tks-dan"] = { "Danesfani", nil, "tks", }

m["tks-xia"] = { "Khiaraji", nil, "tks", }

m["tks-xoz"] = { "Khoznini", nil, "tks", }

-- Shughni dialects

m["sgh-bro"] = { "Bartangi-Oroshori", nil, "sgh", }

m["sgh-bar"] = { "Bartangi", nil, "sgh-bro", }

m["sgh-oro"] = { "Oroshori", nil, "sgh-bro", aliases = {"Roshorvi"}, }

m["sgh-rsx"] = { "Roshani-Khufi", nil, "sgh", }

m["sgh-xuf"] = { "Khufi", 2562249,	"sgh-rsx", aliases = {"Xufi", "Xūfī"}, wikipedia_article = "Khufi language", }

m["sgh-ros"] = { "Roshani", 2597566,	"sgh-rsx", aliases = {"Rushani", "Rōšāni"}, wikipedia_article = "Rushani language", }

m["sgh-xgb"] = { "Khughni-Bajui", nil, "sgh", }

m["sgh-xug"] = { "Khughni", nil, "sgh-xgb", }

m["sgh-baj"] = { "Bajui", nil, "sgh-xgb", }

-- Indo-Aryan varieties

m["inc-mit"] = { "Mitanni", 1986700,	"inc-pro", }

m["awa-old"] = { "Old Awadhi", nil, "awa", }

m["bra-old"] = { "Old Braj", nil, "bra", }

m["gu-kat"] = { "Kathiyawadi", nil, "gu", aliases = {"Kathiyawadi Gujarati", "Kathiawadi"}, }

m["gu-lda"] = { "Lisan ud-Dawat Gujarati", nil, "gu", aliases = {"Lisan ud-Dawat", "LDA"}, }

m["hi-mum"] = { "Bombay Hindi", 3543151,	"hi", aliases = {"Mumbai Hindi", "Bambaiyya Hindi"}, }

m["hi-mid"] = { "Middle Hindi", nil, "inc-ohi", ancestors = "inc-ohi", }

m["sa-bhs"] = { "Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit", 248758,	"sa", }

m["sa-bra"] = { "Brahmanic Sanskrit", 36858,	"sa", }

m["sa-cls"] = { "Classical Sanskrit", 11059,	"sa", }

m["sa-neo"] = { "New Sanskrit", 11059,	"sa", }

m["sa-ved"] = { "Vedic Sanskrit", 36858,	"sa", ietf_subtag = "vsn" -- should we make this the actual code? }

m["si-med"] = { "Medieval Sinhalese", nil, "si", aliases = {"Medieval Sinhala"}, }

m["kok-mid"] = { "Middle Konkani", nil, "kok", aliases = {"Medieval Konkani"}, }

m["kok-old"] = { "Old Konkani", nil, "kok", aliases = {"Early Konkani"}, }

-- Indian subcontinent languages

-- Dhivehi varieties

m["dv-mul"] = { "Mulaku Dhivehi", nil, "dv", aliases = {"Mulaku Divehi", "Mulaku Bas"}, }

m["dv-huv"] = { "Huvadhu Dhivehi", nil, "dv", aliases = {"Huvadhu Divehi", "Huvadhu Bas"}, }

m["dv-add"] = { "Addu Dhivehi", nil, "dv", aliases = {"Addu Divehi", "Addu Bas"}, }

-- Dravidian varieties

m["ta-mid"] = { "Middle Tamil", 20987434,	"ta", }

m["kn-hav"] = { "Havigannada", 24276369,	"kn", }

m["kn-kun"] = { "Kundagannada", 6444255,	"kn", }

-- Prakrits

m["pra-ard"] = { "Ardhamagadhi Prakrit", 35217,	"inc-pra", aliases = {"Ardhamagadhi"}, }

m["pra-hel"] = { "Helu Prakrit", 15080869,	"inc-pra", aliases = {"Elu", "Elu Prakrit", "Helu"}, }

m["pra-kha"] = { "Khasa Prakrit", nil, "inc-pra", aliases = {"Khasa"}, }

m["pra-mag"] = { "Magadhi Prakrit", 2652214,	"inc-pra", aliases = {"Magadhi"}, }

m["pra-mah"] = { "Maharastri Prakrit", 2586773,	"inc-pra", aliases = {"Maharashtri Prakrit", "Maharastri", "Maharashtri"}, }

m["pra-pai"] = { "Paisaci Prakrit", 2995607,	"pra-sau", aliases = {"Paisaci", "Paisachi"}, ancestors = "pra-sau" }

m["pra-sau"] = { "Sauraseni Prakrit", 2452885,	"inc-pra", aliases = {"Sauraseni", "Shauraseni"}, }

m["pra-ava"] = { "Avanti", nil, "inc-pra", aliases = {"Avanti Prakrit"}, }

m["pra-pra"] = { "Pracya", nil, "inc-pra", aliases = {"Pracya Prakrit"}, }

m["pra-bah"] = { "Bahliki", nil, "inc-pra", aliases = {"Bahliki Prakrit"}, }

m["pra-dak"] = { "Daksinatya", nil, "inc-pra", aliases = {"Daksinatya Prakrit"}, }

m["pra-sak"] = { "Sakari", nil, "inc-pra", aliases = {"Sakari Prakrit"}, }

m["pra-can"] = { "Candali", nil, "inc-pra", aliases = {"Candali Prakrit"}, }

m["pra-sab"] = { "Sabari", nil, "inc-pra", aliases = {"Sabari Prakrit"}, }

m["pra-abh"] = { "Abhiri", nil, "inc-pra", aliases = {"Abhiri Prakrit"}, }

m["pra-dra"] = { "Dramili", nil, "inc-pra", aliases = {"Dramili Prakrit"}, }

m["pra-odr"] = { "Odri", nil, "inc-pra", aliases = {"Odri Prakrit"}, }

-- Italian, Latin and other Italic varieties

m["roa-oit"] = { "Old Italian", 652,	"it", }

m["it-CH"] = { "Switzerland Italian", 672147,	"it", }

-- Latin varieties by period

m["itc-ola"] = { "Old Latin", 12289,	"la", }

m["la-cla"] = { "Classical Latin", 253854,	"la", }

m["la-lat"] = { "Late Latin", 1503113,	"la", ancestors = "la-cla", }

m["la-vul"] = { "Vulgar Latin", 37560,	"la", ancestors = "la-cla", }

m["la-med"] = { "Medieval Latin", 1163234,	"la", ancestors = "la-lat", }

m["la-eme"] = { "Early Medieval Latin", nil, "la-med", wikipedia_article = "Medieval Latin", }

m["la-ecc"] = { "Ecclesiastical Latin", 1247932,	"la", aliases = {"Church Latin"}, ancestors = "la-lat", }

m["la-ren"] = { "Renaissance Latin", 499083,	"la", ancestors = "la-med", }

m["la-new"] = { "New Latin", 1248221,	"la", aliases = {"Modern Latin"}, ancestors = "la-ren", }

m["la-con"] = { "Contemporary Latin", 1246397,	"la-new", }

-- other Italic lects

m["osc-luc"] = { "Lucanian", nil, "osc", }

m["osc-sam"] = { "Samnite", nil, "osc", }

m["xum-her"] = { "Hernician", nil, "xum", }

-- Malay and related varieties

m["ms-old"] = { "Old Malay", nil, "ms", }

m["ms-cla"] = { "Classical Malay", nil, "ms", ancestors = "ms-old", }

m["pse-bsm"] = { "Besemah", nil, "pse", }

m["bew-kot"] = { "Betawi Kota", nil, "bew", }

m["bew-ora"] = { "Betawi Ora", nil, "bew", }

m["bew-udi"] = { "Betawi Udik", nil, "bew", }

-- Mongolic lects

m["xng-ear"] = { "Early Middle Mongol", nil, "xng", }

m["xng-lat"] = { "Late Middle Mongol", nil, "xng", ancestors = "xng-ear", }

m["mn-kha"] = { "Khalkha Mongolian", 6399808,	"mn", aliases = {"Khalkha"}, }

m["mn-ord"] = { "Ordos Mongolian", 716904,	"mn", aliases = {"Ordos"}, }

m["mn-cha"] = { "Chakhar Mongolian", 907425,	"mn", aliases = {"Chakhar"}, }

m["mn-khr"] = { "Khorchin Mongolian", 3196210,	"mn", aliases = {"Khorchin"}, }

-- Japanese varieties

m["ja-mid"] = { "Middle Japanese", 6841474,	"ojp", ancestors = "ojp", }

m["ja-mid-ear"] = { "Early Middle Japanese", 182695,	"ja-mid", }

m["ja-mid-lat"] = { "Late Middle Japanese", 1816184,	"ja-mid", ancestors = "ja-mid-ear", }

m["ja-ear"] = { "Early Modern Japanese", 5326692,	"ja", ancestors = "ja-mid-lat", }

m["ojp-eas"] = { "Eastern Old Japanese", 65247957,	"ojp", }

-- Kartvelian varieties

m["ka-mid"] = { "Middle Georgian", nil, "ka", ancestors = "oge", }

-- Korean varieties

m["oko-lat"] = { "Late Old Korean", nil, "oko", }

m["okm-ear"] = { "Early Middle Korean", nil, "okm", }

m["ko-cen"] = { "Central Korean", nil, "ko", }

m["ko-gyg"] = { "Gyeonggi Korean", 485492,	"ko-cen", aliases = {"Seoul Korean"}, }

m["ko-chu"] = { "Chungcheong Korean", 625800,	"ko-cen", aliases = {"Hoseo Korean"}, }

m["ko-hwa"] = { "Hwanghae Korean", 16183706,	"ko-cen", }

m["ko-gan"] = { "Gangwon Korean", 11260444,	"ko-cen", aliases = {"Yeongdong Korean"}, }

m["ko-gys"] = { "Gyeongsang Korean", 488002,	"ko", aliases = {"Southeastern Korean"}, }

m["ko-jeo"] = { "Jeolla Korean", 11250166,	"ko", aliases = {"Southwestern Korean"}, }

m["ko-pyo"] = { "Pyongan Korean", 7263142,	"ko", aliases = {"Northwestern Korean"}, }

m["ko-ham"] = { "Hamgyong Korean", 860702,	"ko", aliases = {"Northeastern Korean"}, }

m["ko-yuk"] = { "Yukjin Korean", 16171275,	"ko", aliases = {"Yukchin Korean", "Ryukjin Korean", "Ryukchin Korean"}, }

-- Occitan varieties

m["oc-auv"] = { "Auvergnat", 35359,	"oc", aliases = {"Auvernhat", "Auvergnese"}, }

m["oc-gas"] = { "Gascon", 35735,	"oc", }

-- standardized dialect of Gascon m["oc-ara"] = { "Aranese", 10196,	"oc-gas", }

m["oc-lan"] = { "Languedocien", 942602,	"oc", aliases = {"Lengadocian"}, }

m["oc-lim"] = { "Limousin", 427614,	"oc", }

m["oc-pro"] = { "Provençal", 241243,	"oc", aliases = {"Provencal"}, }

m["oc-pro-old"] = { "Old Provençal", 2779185,	"pro", }

m["oc-viv"] = { "Vivaro-Alpine", 1649613,	"oc", }

m["oc-jud"] = { "Shuadit", 56472,	"oc", aliases = { "Chouhadite", "Chouhadit", "Chouadite", "Chouadit", "Shuhadit", "Judeo-Occitan", "Judæo-Occitan", "Judaeo-Occitan", "Judeo-Provençal", "Judæo-Provençal", "Judaeo-Provençal", "Judeo-Provencal", "Judaeo-Provencal", "Judeo-Comtadin", "Judæo-Comtadin", "Judaeo-Comtadin", }, }

-- Oromo varieties

m["hae"] = { "Harar Oromo", 5330355,	"om", aliases = {"Eastern Oromo"}, }

m["gax"] = { "Borana", 2910610,	"om", aliases = {"Southern Oromo"}, }

m["orc"] = { "Orma", 2919128,	"om", }

m["ssn"] = { "Waata", 3501553,	"om", }

-- Phillipine varieties

m["tl-old"] = { "Old Tagalog", 12967437,	"tl", }

m["tl-cls"] = { "Classical Tagalog", nil, "tl", }

-- Pre-Roman substrates

m["qsb-ibe"] = { "a pre-Roman substrate of Iberia", 530799,	"und", family = "qfa-sub", }

m["qsb-bal"] = { "Paleo-Balkan", 1815070,	"und", family = "qfa-sub", }

-- Sardinian varieties

m["sc-src"] = { "Logudorese", 777974,	"sc", aliases = {"Logudorese Sardinian"}, }

m["sc-nuo"] = { "Nuorese", nil, "sc-src", aliases = {"Nuorese Sardinian"}, }

m["sc-sro"] = { "Campidanese", 35348,	"sc", aliases = {"Campidanese Sardinian"}, }

-- Rwanda-Rundi varieties

m["rw-kin"] = { "Kinyarwanda", 33573,	"rw", aliases = {"Rwanda"}, }

m["rw-run"] = { "Kirundi", 33583,	"rw", aliases = {"Rundi"}, }

-- Slavic varieties

m["cs-ear"] = { "Early Modern Czech", nil, "cs", ancestors = "zlw-ocs" }

m["cu-bgm"] = { "Middle Bulgarian", 12294897,	"cu", ancestors = "cu" }

m["zle-mru"] = { "Middle Russian", 35228,	"ru", "Cyrs", ancestors = "orv", translit = "ru-translit", }

m["zle-obe"] = { "Old Belarusian", 13211,	"zle-ort", }

m["zle-ouk"] = { "Old Ukrainian", 13211,	"zle-ort", }

m["zlw-mpl"] = { "Middle Polish", 402878,	"pl", ancestors = "zlw-opl", entry_name = { remove_diacritics = c.acute, remove_exceptions = {"Ć", "ć", "Ń", "ń", "Ó", "ó", "Ś", "ś", "Ź", "ź"}, }, }

m["zle-ops"] = { "Old Pskovian", 4167885,	"zle-ono", }

-- Serbo-Croatian varieties

m["ckm"] = { "Chakavian Serbo-Croatian", 337565,	"sh", aliases = {"Čakavian"}, }

m["kjv"] = { "Kajkavian Serbo-Croatian", 838165,	"sh", }

m["sh-tor"] = { -- Linguist code srp-tor "Torlakian Serbo-Croatian", 1078803,	"sh", aliases = {"Torlak"}, }

-- Tibetic lects

m["adx"] = { "Amdo Tibetan", 56509,	"bo", }

m["kbg"] = { "Khamba", 12952626,	"bo", }

m["khg"] = { "Khams Tibetan", 56601,	"bo", }

m["tsk"] = { "Tseku", 11159532,	"bo", }

-- Tuareg lects

m["thv"] = { "Tamahaq", 56703,	"tmh", }

m["ttq"] = { "Tawellemmet", 56390,	"tmh", }

m["taq"] = { "Tamasheq", 4670066,	"tmh", }

m["thz"] = { "Tayert", 56388,	"tmh", }

m["tmh-ght"] = { "Ghat", 47012900,	"tmh", wikipedia_article = "Tamahaq language", }

-- Turkic lects

m["trk-cmn"] = { "Common Turkic", 1126028,	"trk-pro", }

m["trk-ogz-pro"] = { "Proto-Oghuz", 494600,	"trk-pro", family = "trk-ogz", aliases = {"Southwestern Common Turkic"}, }

m["crh-dbj"] = { "Dobrujan Tatar", 12811566,	"crh", aliases = {"Romanian Tatar"}, }

m["cv-ana"] = { "Anatri", nil, "cv", aliases = {"Anatri Chuvash"}, }

m["cv-mid"] = { "Middle Chuvash", nil, "cv", ancestors = "cv-old", }

m["cv-old"] = { "Old Chuvash", nil, "cv", ancestors = "xbo", }

m["cv-vir"] = { "Viryal", 4278332,	"cv", aliases = {"Viryal Chuvash"}, }

m["kjh-fyu"] = { "Fuyu Kyrgyz", 2598963,	"kjh", aliases = {"Fuyu Kirgiz", "Fuyu Kirghiz", "Manchurian Kyrgyz", "Manchurian Kirgiz", "Manchurian Kirghiz"}, }

m["klj-arg"] = { "Arghu", 33455,	"klj", }

m["otk-kir"] = { "Old Kirghiz", 83142,	"otk", }

m["qwm-arm"] = { "Armeno-Kipchak", 2027503,	"qwm", }

m["qwm-mam"] = { "Mamluk-Kipchak", 4279942,	"qwm", }

m["az-cls"] = { "Classical Azerbaijani", nil, "az", aliases = {"Classical Azeri"}, }

m["qxq"] = { "Qashqai", 13192,	"az", aliases = {"Qaşqay", "Qashqayi", "Kashkai", "Kashkay"}, }

m["tr-CY"] = { "Cypriot Turkish", 7917392,	"tr", }

-- Uralic lects

m["mns-eas"] = { "Eastern Mansi", 30311755,	"mns-cen", }

m["mns-wes"] = { "Western Mansi", 30311756,	"mns-cen", }

-- Other lects

m["alv-kro"] = { "Kromanti", 1093206,	"crp-mar", }

m["bat-pro"] = { "Proto-Baltic", 1703347,	"ine-bsl-pro", }

m["es-lun"] = { "Lunfardo", 1401612,	"es", }

m["fiu-pro"] = { "Proto-Finno-Ugric", 79890,	"urj-pro", }

m["gem-sue"] = { "Suevic", 155085,	"gmw-pro", aliases = {"Suebian"}, }

m["iro-ohu"] = { "Old Wendat", nil, "wdt", wikipedia_article = "Huron language", }

m["iro-omo"] = { "Old Mohawk", nil, "moh", }

m["iro-oon"] = { "Old Onondaga", nil, "ono", }

m["mis-idn"] = { "Idiom Neutral", 35847,	"und", -- or "vo" wikipedia_article = "Idiom Neutral", }

m["mis-tdl"] = { "Turduli", nil, "und", wikipedia_article = "Turduli", }

m["mis-tdt"] = { "Turdetani", nil, "und", wikipedia_article = "Turdetani", }

m["mis-xnu"] = { "Xiongnu", 10901674,	"und", wikipedia_article = "Xiongnu", }

m["okz-ang"] = { "Angkorian Old Khmer", 9205,	"okz", wikipedia_article = "Khmer language#Historical periods", }

m["okz-pre"] = { "Pre-Angkorian Old Khmer", 9205,	"okz", wikipedia_article = "Khmer language#Historical periods", }

m["mul-tax"] = { "taxonomic name", nil, "mul", }

m["qsb-pyg"] = { "a substrate language originally spoken by the Pygmies", nil, "und", family = "qfa-sub", wikipedia_article = "Classification of Pygmy languages#Original Pygmy language(s)", }

m["tai-shz"] = { "Shangsi Zhuang", 13216,	"za", }

m["tbq-pro"] = { "Proto-Tibeto-Burman", 7251864,	"sit-pro", }

m["urj-fpr-pro"] = { "Proto-Finno-Permic", nil, "urj-pro", }

m["woy"] = { "Weyto", 3915918,	"und", }

m["th-new"] = { "Hacked Thai", -- temporary for testing new translit/display methods nil, "th", translit = "User:Benwing2/th-scraping-translit", display_text = "User:Benwing2/th-scraping-translit", entry_name = "User:Benwing2/th-scraping-translit", preprocess_links = "User:Benwing2/th-scraping-translit", }

return m_lang.finalizeLanguageData(m_lang.finalizeEtymologyData(m_lang.addDefaultTypes(m, false, "etymology-only")))

title: Module:etymology languages/data


text:
Module:etymology languages/data/documentation

Contains data for language or language family codes that are used mainly in etymology templates (specifically foreign derivation templates) such as and.

Values

 * (required)
 * The canonical name.

 * The Wikidata item with the Q at the beginning removed.
 * The Wikidata item with the Q at the beginning removed.

 * (required)
 * The parent: the full language, etymology-only language, or language family that this etymology-only language is a subvariety of. For instance,  (English) is the parent of   (British English), and   (West Germanic) is the parent of   (Suevic).

 * These have the same meaning as they do in the data modules for the full languages; see Module:languages/data/2, Module:languages/data/2/extra.
 * These have the same meaning as they do in the data modules for the full languages; see Module:languages/data/2, Module:languages/data/2/extra.

 * The ancestor of this etymology-only language. Add this only if the etymology-only language is listed as an ancestor of a full language.
 * The ancestor of this etymology-only language. Add this only if the etymology-only language is listed as an ancestor of a full language.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text: Category:Japanese terms spelled with 供 read as きょう


text: Category:Japanese terms spelled with 与 read as よ


text:
մուր

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) soot
 * 2)  disrespect

Etymology
Usually derived from, from with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, etc. as cognates. But Martirosyan connects, and 🇨🇬 and prefers a European  origin for them, comparing especially 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) soot
 * 2) ink
 * 3)  black, dark, miserable

title: մուր


text: Category:Japanese terms spelled with kanji read as もつ


text:
Reconstruction:Proto-Balto-Slavic/mauˀras

Etymology
According to Martirosyan, belongs with Old Armenian and perhaps  and together with them may be treated as a European  word. According to Rejzek, ultimately from.

Noun

 * 1) mud

Descendants

 * East Baltic:


text:
Thread:User talk:CodeCat/Balto-Slavic glottal stop

What symbol should be used for the glottal stop in ? I got the reconstruction from Derksen.


text: Category:Japanese terms spelled with 具 read as ぐ


text: Category:Japanese terms spelled with kanji read as ぐ


text:
Thread:User talk:CodeCat/Balto-Slavic glottal stop/reply

I don't think the glottal stop is actually a phoneme in PBS although there is some disagreement on the exact interpretation. PIE laryngeals eventually led to the acute/circumflex distinction, so it's a matter of tone more than it is of actual phonemes. We don't normally include tones in entry names, mainly because there is still so much active research being done in that area. So I think the entry should be moved to and to indicate the tones in the entry itself.


text: Category:Japanese terms spelled with 心 read as こころ


text: Category:Japanese terms spelled with 細 read as ほそ


text: Category:Japanese terms spelled with kanji read as こころ


text: Category:Japanese terms spelled with kanji read as ほそ


text:
stoł

Etymology
From, from. Most Slavic cognates of this word mean rather than, except 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬. The fact that the Sorbian word means rather than  is probably due to the influence of 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) chair

title: stoł


text: Category:dsb:Furniture

title: Category:dsb:Furniture


text: Category:Japanese terms spelled with 懇 read as こん


text: Category:Japanese terms spelled with 談 read as だん


text:
Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/klasti

Etymology
Per LIV, from +, perhaps back-formed from the proto dʰi-imperative, ultimately from. Cognate with ye-presents 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬. Compare also 🇨🇬.

Dialectal Bulgarian also exhibits reflexes of athematic conjugation, of unclear diachronic origin (could be a contraction of ).

Verb

 * 1) to put, to lay, to set down
 * 2) to stack, to pile, to deposit
 * 3)  (+ ) to provide for, to feed (oneself)
 * 1)  (+ ) to provide for, to feed (oneself)
 * 1)  (+ ) to provide for, to feed (oneself)

Derived terms
Verbs:

Nouns:

Descendants
undefined
 * East Slavic:
 * South Slavic:
 * ; dial. ,
 * West Slavic:
 * South Slavic:
 * ; dial. ,
 * West Slavic:
 * West Slavic:
 * West Slavic:
 * West Slavic:
 * West Slavic:
 * West Slavic:
 * West Slavic:
 * Non-Slavic:

title: Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/klasti


text: Category:Japanese terms spelled with 祈 read as き


text: Category:Japanese terms spelled with 祈 read as いの


text: Category:Japanese terms spelled with kanji read as いの


text: Category:Japanese terms spelled with 祷 read as とう


text:
next-gen

Etymology
Shortening.

Adjective

 * 1)  next-generation

title: next-gen


text: Category:Japanese terms spelled with 請 read as せい


text:
Ungulata

Hyponyms

 * (odd-toed ungulates); (even-toed ungulates);  (aardvarks);  (hyraxes);  (dugongs and manatees), Proboscidea (elephants) - orders of former members of Ungulata.

title: Ungulata


text: Category:Japanese terms spelled with 職 read as しょく


text: Category:Japanese terms spelled with 文 read as もん


text:
Miðgarðr

Etymology
From or directly from. Cognate with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Proper noun

 * 1) the Earth,  Midgard, Middle Earth, the world that humans (mostly) live in

title: Miðgarðr


text: Category:Japanese terms spelled with 願 read as ねが


text: Category:Japanese terms spelled with kanji read as ねが


text:
Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/stolъ

Etymology
From, generally viewed as a derivative of. Analogous to 🇨🇬 (full-grade), whence 🇨🇬 via Old Norse or early Low German.

In the past, a relation to 🇨🇬, was considered (e.g. by Mladenov, Machek), with possible cognates 🇨🇬,. Nowadays, usually dismissed.

Noun

 * 1)  seat (chair or stool)
 * 2)  table, stall
 * 3) throne
 * 4) residence
 * 1) residence

Declension
In Czech, Polish:

Derived terms

 * Nouns:
 * Adjectives:
 * Adjectives:
 * Adjectives:
 * Adjectives:
 * Adjectives:
 * Adjectives:
 * Adjectives:
 * Adjectives:
 * Adjectives:
 * Adjectives:

Descendants
undefined
 * East Slavic:
 * South Slavic:
 * Old Church Slavonic:
 * Latin: ,
 * West Slavic:
 * Sorbian:
 * Latin: ,
 * West Slavic:
 * Sorbian:
 * Latin: ,
 * West Slavic:
 * Sorbian:
 * West Slavic:
 * Sorbian:
 * Sorbian:
 * Sorbian:
 * Sorbian:
 * Sorbian:
 * Non-Slavic:

title: Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/stolъ


text: Category:sla-pro:Furniture

title: Category:sla-pro:Furniture


text:
economale

Adjective

 * 1)  hardware, office supplies, etc.

title: economale


text:
hygge

Etymology
Borrowed from or.

Noun

 * 1)  Cosiness, comfort, contentment, conviviality.

Translations

 * Danish:
 * Dutch:
 * Finnish:
 * French:
 * German:, Wohligkeit
 * Italian:
 * Norwegian:
 * Bokmål:
 * Russian:
 * Serbo-Croatian:
 * Swedish:, , ,

Adjective

 * 1)  Cosy, convivial.

Usage notes

 * Used in Danish or Norwegian contexts.

Etymology
From, from , from. The modern meaning has been taken over from Norwegian in the 19th century.

Noun

 * 1) cosiness

Verb

 * 1)  to have a good time
 * 2)  to make it comfortable, cozy
 * 3)  to have a good time, enjoy oneself

Etymology 1
From.

Noun

 * 1) comfort, contentment

Noun

 * 1) an afterthought, consideration, attention

Etymology 2
From verb.

title: hygge


text:
extracomunale

Adjective

 * 1) unincorporated (not part of a commune or similar political division)

title: extracomunale


text: Category:Japanese terms spelled with 頭 read as とう


text: Category:Japanese terms spelled with 弾 read as だん


text:
inesecuzione

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1)  non-performance (failure to carry out a task)

title: inesecuzione


text: Category:Japanese terms spelled with 馬 read as ば


text: Category:Japanese terms spelled with kanji read as ば


text: Template:busy/documentation

title: Template:busy/documentation


text:
infraprocedimentale

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1)  subserviant to the normal legal proceedings

title: infraprocedimentale


text:
飛躍的

Adjective

 * 1) rapid

title: 飛躍的


text: Category:Japanese terms spelled with 助 read as たす


text: Category:Japanese terms spelled with kanji read as たす


text:
interruttivo

Adjective

 * 1) interruptive

title: interruttivo


text:
nuristani

Noun

 * 1) Nuristani

Adjective

 * 1)  Nuristani

title: nuristani


text: onoreficenza

title: onoreficenza


text:
ostativo

Adjective

 * 1)  prohibitive (being a legal impediment)

title: ostativo


text: pamiri

title: pamiri


text: Category:Japanese terms spelled with 輩 read as はい


text:
politico-administrative

Adjective

 * 1) Relating to both politics and administration (of the state)

Translations

 * Georgian: პოლიტიკურ-ადმინისტრაციული
 * Italian: politicoamministrativo

title: politico-administrative


text:
politicoamministrativo

Adjective

 * 1) politico-administrative

title: politicoamministrativo


text: Category:Japanese terms spelled with 本 read as もと


text:
precostituzione

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) pre-preparation
 * 2) preconception

title: precostituzione


text: Category:Japanese terms spelled with 倉 read as くら


text:
blido

Etymology
From, from.

Noun

 * 1) table

title: blido


text:
processualpenalistico

Adjective

 * 1)  criminal proceedings

title: processualpenalistico


text:
protocollazione

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1)  registration and logging of legal protocols

title: protocollazione


text:
provvedimentale

Adjective

 * 1) precautionary

title: provvedimentale


text: riallocando

title: riallocando


text: riallocante

title: riallocante


text: riallocato

title: riallocato


text:
riallocare

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1)  to reallocate (resources, funds, etc.)

title: riallocare


text: riallocati

title: riallocati


text: riallocata

title: riallocata


text: rialloco

title: rialloco


text: riallochi

title: riallochi


text: rialloca

title: rialloca


text: riallochiamo

title: riallochiamo


text: riallocate

title: riallocate


text: riallocano

title: riallocano


text: riallocavo

title: riallocavo


text: riallocavi

title: riallocavi


text: riallocava

title: riallocava


text: riallocavamo

title: riallocavamo


text: riallocavate

title: riallocavate


text: riallocavano

title: riallocavano


text: riallocai

title: riallocai


text: riallocasti

title: riallocasti


text: riallocò

title: riallocò


text: riallocammo

title: riallocammo


text: riallocaste

title: riallocaste


text: riallocarono

title: riallocarono


text: riallocherò

title: riallocherò


text: riallocherai

title: riallocherai


text: riallocherà

title: riallocherà


text: riallocheremo

title: riallocheremo


text: riallocherete

title: riallocherete


text: riallocheranno

title: riallocheranno


text: riallocherei

title: riallocherei


text: riallocheresti

title: riallocheresti


text: riallocherebbe

title: riallocherebbe


text: riallocheremmo

title: riallocheremmo


text: riallochereste

title: riallochereste


text: riallocherebbero

title: riallocherebbero


text: riallochiate

title: riallochiate


text: riallochino

title: riallochino


text: riallocassi

title: riallocassi


text: riallocasse

title: riallocasse


text: riallocassimo

title: riallocassimo


text: riallocassero

title: riallocassero


text:
ricanalizzazione

Etymology
From or.

Noun

 * 1) recanalization

title: ricanalizzazione


text: ricanalizzando

title: ricanalizzando


text: ricanalizzante

title: ricanalizzante


text: ricanalizzato

title: ricanalizzato


text:
ricanalizzare

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1) to recanalize

title: ricanalizzare


text: ricanalizzati

title: ricanalizzati


text: ricanalizzata

title: ricanalizzata


text: ricanalizzo

title: ricanalizzo


text: ricanalizzi

title: ricanalizzi


text: ricanalizza

title: ricanalizza


text: ricanalizziamo

title: ricanalizziamo


text: ricanalizzate

title: ricanalizzate


text: ricanalizzano

title: ricanalizzano


text: ricanalizzavo

title: ricanalizzavo


text: ricanalizzavi

title: ricanalizzavi


text: ricanalizzava

title: ricanalizzava


text: ricanalizzavamo

title: ricanalizzavamo


text: ricanalizzavate

title: ricanalizzavate


text: ricanalizzavano

title: ricanalizzavano


text: ricanalizzai

title: ricanalizzai


text: ricanalizzasti

title: ricanalizzasti


text: ricanalizzò

title: ricanalizzò


text: ricanalizzammo

title: ricanalizzammo


text: ricanalizzaste

title: ricanalizzaste


text: ricanalizzarono

title: ricanalizzarono


text: ricanalizzerò

title: ricanalizzerò


text: ricanalizzerai

title: ricanalizzerai


text: ricanalizzerà

title: ricanalizzerà


text: ricanalizzeremo

title: ricanalizzeremo


text: ricanalizzerete

title: ricanalizzerete


text: ricanalizzeranno

title: ricanalizzeranno


text: ricanalizzerei

title: ricanalizzerei


text: ricanalizzeresti

title: ricanalizzeresti


text: ricanalizzerebbe

title: ricanalizzerebbe


text: ricanalizzeremmo

title: ricanalizzeremmo


text: ricanalizzereste

title: ricanalizzereste


text: ricanalizzerebbero

title: ricanalizzerebbero


text: ricanalizziate

title: ricanalizziate


text: ricanalizzino

title: ricanalizzino


text: ricanalizzassi

title: ricanalizzassi


text: ricanalizzasse

title: ricanalizzasse


text: ricanalizzassimo

title: ricanalizzassimo


text: ricanalizzassero

title: ricanalizzassero


text:
Thread:User talk:CodeCat/Balto-Slavic glottal stop/reply (2)

Isn't it still appropriate to indicate the presence of the disputed phoneme using a capital H?


text:
Thread:User talk:CodeCat/Proto-Germanic reflex/reply (7)

Have you ever, for fun, hypothesized how the PIE phrase *déms pótis would have reflexed into Proto-Germanic? I tried applying the appropriate sound changes and eventually I wound up with Modern English **tivad/timfed/timbed.


text:
Thread:User talk:CodeCat/Balto-Slavic glottal stop/reply (3)

If it's a phoneme, yes. But even that is disputed. Certainly not everyone or even the majority would reconstruct a distinct phoneme in such words, and they would assume that laryngeals had already been converted to tonal distinctions.


text:
Thread:User talk:CodeCat/Proto-Germanic reflex/reply (8)

has a Germanic descendant,, so it's likely that that part of the compound would have remained recognisable. Seen as separate words, the two would have ended up as, assuming that the first word would have remained a consonant stem (which is somewhat unlikely). It's more likely, perhaps, that it had become a kind of cranberry morpheme attached to the still-recognisable second word, giving something like. That might have survived into Old English as, giving modern. Alternatively, the first part might have been reanalysed as a vowel stem, giving or. Either of those might have given the same outcome in Old English, but I don't know if the nasal spirant law would apply to a syncopated vowel in this way. In Old High German, the result would be, modern or similar. In Old Norse, the result would be.


text:
не ищи соринку в чужом глазу, не замечая бревна в своём

Etymology
From in the Bible. lit. 'do not look for the mote in another's eye, while not noticing the beam in one’s own'.

Proverb

 * 1) people who live in glass houses shouldn't throw stones


text:
unesme

Adverb

 * 1) firstly

title: unesme


text:
uverturo

Noun

 * 1)  overture

title: uverturo


text: uverturi

title: uverturi


text:
schalm

Etymology
From, ultimately from. Cognate to 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, and possibly 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) metal ring
 * 2) part of a chain; a link

title: schalm


text: Category:Ido terms suffixed with -aro

title: Category:Ido terms suffixed with -aro


text:
kuntara

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1) gross of weight

title: kuntara


text:
Talk:flashing light

flashing light
"lights [sic] used on police cars and other emergency vehicles". I think this is a specific example of how to use a flashing light, not what a flashing light is. A flashing light is a light which is flashing. Mglovesfun (talk) 13:30, 25 April 2013 (UTC)
 * Yes, delete, if only for the crap definition. SemperBlotto (talk) 14:43, 25 April 2013 (UTC)
 * Has potential as a translation target. — Ungoliant (Falai) 00:21, 26 April 2013 (UTC)

 * If the definition is right, as "emergency vehicle lighting", then keep, it's not any light that flashes. I didn't know it was called so, though. --Anatoli (обсудить/вклад) 00:39, 26 April 2013 (UTC)

 * Keep outside CFI as a translation target, for single-word non-compound translations such as Czech maják, Russian маячок, and мигалка, and for French gyrophare (notice French gyro-, and phare). German Rundumkennleuchte is a compound, but one that I could not guess at from "flashing light", as "flashing" does not translate to "Rundumkenn", so is lexicographically interesting as well. --Dan Polansky (talk) 18:44, 26 April 2013 (UTC)
 * In Google Books this seems to mean warning lights and not necessarily an emergency vehicle. Delete. DAVilla 23:31, 27 April 2013 (UTC)

 * "An ambulance siren gets louder and louder; the plate-glass window at the front of the shopping centre fills with blue flashing light." (Drawing with Light, Julia Green - 2010)
 * "Before too long I could see a flashing light from an ambulance waiting at the lift station." (A Farewell to Skiing, Kurt Larson - 2002)
 * "Ramming down the road at 50, Ronnie and the rider could see in the extreme distance, a quarter to a half mile away, the ambulance's flashing light coming in the opposite direction." (Texas Monthly, Vol. 2, No. 3 - Magazine)
 * "It had already begun when they stumbled out of the woods together: ambulances and police, firemen in a red car with a flashing light." (The Light of Falling Stars, J. Robert Lennon - 1999). --Anatoli (обсудить/вклад) 00:14, 28 April 2013 (UTC)

 * Delete. Might as well have an entry at green vegetable defined as "spinach". Equinox ◑ 00:19, 28 April 2013 (UTC)
 * Very funny but that was a bad example, green onion is a vegetable, flashing light is a device, which can also be any light that flashes, that's why it has . --Anatoli (обсудить/вклад) 00:56, 28 April 2013 (UTC)

 * Prove that that isn't just one example of a light flashing. Equinox ◑ 00:57, 28 April 2013 (UTC)

 * I have already said that it has both meanings - literal and idiomatic but when a police car races through the city with flashing lights on, this usage is idiomatic, because it means an electric warning device used on emergency vehicles, not just any light that flashes. --Anatoli (обсудить/вклад) 01:14, 28 April 2013 (UTC)
 * Delete: Here's some cites:
 * "“Call Dispatch back,” she ordered, switching on both lights and siren." 2003, J. A. Jance, Partner in Crime
 * "Other road users are required to give way to emergency service vehicles when the driver uses flashing blue lights." 2009, Alena Hoye, The handbook of road safety measures
 * "When the assailant has reached a safe distance and is no longer a threat to you, a deafening 120dB siren and flashing lights will force him to flee your car, letting you recover it safely." Popular Mechanics - May 1994
 * 2007, A. Hunsicker, The Fine Art of Executive Protection, says "Flashing warning lights and sirens... The installation and usage of flashing lights might require a special permit... Clear white, flashing LEDs ... cannot be mistaken as those of police or other emergency services"
 * "The flashing blue lights and siren send an unmistakable signal to every cell in your body, and dread settles down over your mind and emotions. You have been arrested by the long arm of the law." What a Man Wants, What a Woman Needs
 * "So I peek out the back window, and there's Officer Borsch's white car with his little portable flashing red light on top" Sammy Keyes and the Wedding Crasher
 * So flashing lights, light, flashing blue lights, flashing red light, they're all used for the thing on the emergency vehicle, and flashing lights is also used for things on cars that aren't emergency vehicles.--Prosfilaes (talk) 02:58, 28 April 2013 (UTC)

 * Delete per nom, I think. I do not subscribe to the notion that we need entries (translation targets!!1) for every unidiomatic English designation of every thing that any one of the world's several thousand languages happens to have an idiomatic term for. (Should I create an entry for three-year old buffalo and put native American languages' single-word terms for that creature in it?) - -sche (discuss) 03:53, 30 April 2013 (UTC)

 * [[Image:Blaulicht.gif|thumb|I'm a "[[flashing light]]", please don't delete me or give me a new name!]]. Your example is very rare and quite ridiculous. I don't know if you can actually find a few real examples like this. I see many people here are OK with deleting English terms for well-known items, just because they are not written solid (in one word). Very sad, indeed. I didn't know before but "flashing light" is one of the names for such an item, not as rare or silly as a "three-year old buffalo" or other silliness.
 * So, what's the English term/terms for the thing in the image here (or similar signalling item) and why should it not be included in this dictionary? The flashing may be annoying, will delete it later. (All other terms don't exist either - emergency vehicle lighting, blue light, revolving light, rotating light, flashing beacon, etc.) --Anatoli (обсудить/вклад) 04:12, 30 April 2013 (UTC)

 * I also don’t think we should have translation targets for every word that one language has an idiomatic name for, but flashing light already idiomatic translations for several languages. Not enough for me to oppose deletion yet, though. — Ungoliant (Falai) 21:18, 1 May 2013 (UTC)

 * What about the English language? Do you care that English (according to the English Wiktionary) doesn't have a word for this device? Why is white bear or green onion OK but flashing light is not? And how many languages should be enough for you to oppose deletion? --Anatoli (обсудить/вклад) 08:42, 4 May 2013 (UTC)
 * The English language doesn't have words for many things; do we need an entry for younger sister because it's lexicalized in many languages? We don't have a word for the lights that flash that happen to be on police cars because saying flashing lights is good enough, and if we need to be clear they're on a police car we say "police flashing lights" or "flashing lights on a police car". A black bear is a bear that is not a brown bear even though a large percentage of them are brown; you can't say the same for flashing lights, which are lights that flash.--Prosfilaes (talk) 09:34, 4 May 2013 (UTC)
 * Regarding: "Do you care that English (according to the English Wiktionary) doesn't have a word for this device?" not our job to coin new words for things. Mglovesfun (talk) 09:42, 4 May 2013 (UTC)
 * Since we are descriptivists, our job is not making sure English has words for everything, but describing everything it does have words for. A white bear is the name a specific species; if you paint a brown bear with white paint it’s still a brown bear and not a white bear. Same with green onions: a regular onion painted green is not a green onion. On the other hand, a flashing light is just a light that is flashing, whether it’s on top of a police car or in a nightclub or wherever. — Ungoliant (Falai) 13:25, 5 May 2013 (UTC)
 * The flashing light can be broken, switched off and painted over and it will still be called a flashing light. The fact that the term can be used in the night club or on a mobile phone or other places just tells me that there are other senses of the term. There are a few common synonyms, among them a "flasher". --Anatoli (обсудить/вклад) 02:51, 6 May 2013 (UTC)

 * Looking at the hits for "flashing lights" on Google Books, it seems flashing lights can also mean police and paparazzi, but someone will need to comb through the hits to find to cite these senses, and I can't be bothered. ---> Tooironic (talk) 01:00, 13 May 2013 (UTC)
 * Delete. When flashing light is used in the context of emergency vehicles it is implied that it is a flashing light of a particular type, and a particular colour dependent on the country and service referred to. However, I will take some convincing that police flashing light and disco flashing light are not referring to exactly the same object in different contexts.  In the UK identical green lights are used by doctors and orange ones as warnings on building sites and factories.  The term flashing light merely means a light that is flashing.  It's type and colour is either explicit in the text or implied by context, not by the term flashing light. Spinning Spark  02:24, 27 July 2013 (UTC)

deleted -- Liliana • 13:18, 29 July 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:flashing light


text: cunoscători

title: cunoscători


text: cunoscuți

title: cunoscuți


text: añoranzas

title: añoranzas


text: Category:Proto-Kartvelian nouns

title: Category:Proto-Kartvelian nouns


text:
тхьамыкӏ

Adjective

 * 1) poor (A person with little/no money or possessions)
 * Ахъщэ чӏэтыфэу тхьамыкӏэу тыхъужьыщт — While we are spending money, we will become poor.
 * Кӏалэр тхьамыкӏ — The boy is poor.
 * 1) poor (A person or animal to be pitied)
 * Лӏыжъы нэшъор зытхьамыкӏ — the blind old man is so poor.

Synonyms

 * (Shapsug dialect)
 * (Kabardian)

title: тхьамыкӏ


text:
тхьэмыщкӏь

Synonyms

 * (Standard Adyghe)
 * (Kabardian)

title: тхьэмыщкӏь


text:
Reconstruction:Proto-Kartvelian/naʒw-

Reconstruction
.

According to Fähnrich, 🇨🇬 suggests that should  be reconstructed instead. That would mean that 🇨🇬 is borrowed from 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬, a doublet of, must be a very ancient borrowing from 🇨🇬 for it to undergo change.

Noun

 * 1) spruce

Descendants

 * Proto-Georgian-Zan:
 * Zan:
 * Zan:

title: Reconstruction:Proto-Kartvelian/naʒw-


text:
abecher

Verb

 * 1) to feed to a baby

title: abecher


text:
attencheil

Noun

 * 1) dam on a stream

Related terms

 * attencher (l'rusai)

title: attencheil


text:
baire

Etymology
From, , from , ultimately from.

Verb

 * 1)  to drink

title: baire


text: cerejeiras

title: cerejeiras


text:
abid dijoolí

Noun

 * 1)  duodenum

title: abid dijoolí


text: śni

title: śni


text: liomsa

title: liomsa


text:
adiłgąshii

Etymology
From +.

Noun

 * 1) witch

title: adiłgąshii


text:
agizii

Noun

 * 1)  rheumatism

title: agizii


text:
ricomprendere

Verb

 * 1) to encompass, to subsume, to include

title: ricomprendere


text:
ashgish

Noun

 * 1) incision

title: ashgish


text: lęku

title: lęku


text:
buanseasamh

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) perseverance

title: buanseasamh


text: buanseasaimh

title: buanseasaimh


text:
buanchruth

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) fixed, stereotyped form

title: buanchruth


text: buanchruthanna

title: buanchruthanna


text: buanchrutha

title: buanchrutha


text:
achoʼ

Noun

 * 1)  scrotum and testes
 * 2)  male genitalia, external sex organs; penis

title: achoʼ


text:
achoʼ bizis

Noun

 * 1)  foreskin, prepuce
 * 2)  scrotum

title: achoʼ bizis


text:
buanfas

Etymology
Apparently a as the latter is attested earlier.

Noun

 * 1) durability

title: buanfas


text:
achʼozh

Noun

 * 1)  calf

title: achʼozh


text: buanfais

title: buanfais


text:
buanchuimhne

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) lasting remembrance

title: buanchuimhne


text: buanchuimhní

title: buanchuimhní


text:
etepetete

Etymology
. A reduplication of, dialectally ete, possibly influenced by 🇨🇬.

Adjective

 * 1)  hoity-toity, finical, affected, stilted

title: etepetete


text:
cuimhneachán

Etymology
From. Compare 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) commemoration
 * 2) memento, souvenir

title: cuimhneachán


text:
cuimhneach

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1) recollective
 * 2) reflective, thoughtful

title: cuimhneach


text: cuimhneacháin

title: cuimhneacháin


text:
cuimhnigh

Etymology 1
From. .

Verb

 * 1)  remember; consider, think
 * 2)  commemorate, remember
 * 3) remind
 * 4) remind
 * 5) conceive, form in mind
 * 1) remind
 * 2) conceive, form in mind
 * 1) conceive, form in mind
 * 1) conceive, form in mind

Conjugation

 * Alternative verbal noun:

title: cuimhnigh


text:
گیلانی

Noun

 * 1) Gilani a person from Gilan

Proper noun

 * 1) . Gilani

title: گیلانی


text:
حقیقی

Etymology
.

Adjective

 * 1) real, actual

Proper noun

 * , Haghighi, Haqiqi

title: حقیقی


text:
cuimhneamh

Etymology
From

Noun

 * 1) remembrance; recollection, thought
 * 2) conception, plan
 * 1) conception, plan

title: cuimhneamh


text: ساعتچی

title: ساعتچی


text:
تقوایی

Etymology
From.

Proper noun

 * , Taghvaei, Taghvayi

title: تقوایی


text:
انصاری

Etymology
From.

Proper noun

 * , Ansari

title: انصاری


text:
صادقی

Etymology
From.

title: صادقی


text:
ویسی

Proper noun

 * 1) . Veisi, Veysi

title: ویسی


text: búdaí

title: búdaí


text: Búdaithe

title: Búdaithe


text:
dwarf elder

Noun

 * 1) A small European herbaceous perennial elder, species.

Synonyms

 * ; walwort, walewort

Translations

 * Arabic: خَمَان صَغِير, خَمَان الأَرْض
 * Armenian:
 * Azerbaijani:
 * Bats: აჼწლ
 * Catalan: évol
 * Chechen: чӏижаргӏа
 * Czech: bez chebdí
 * Danish: sommer-hyld
 * Dutch:
 * Estonian: väike leeder
 * Finnish: ruohoselja
 * French:
 * Galician:
 * Gaulish: odocos
 * Georgian: ანწლი
 * German: Zwerg-Holunder
 * Greek:
 * Ancient: χαμαιάκτη
 * Hebrew:
 * Hungarian:
 * Ingush: чӏинжаргӏа
 * Irish: tromán
 * Korean:
 * Latin: ebulum
 * Laz: ინჭირი, ანწკლი
 * Mingrelian: ინჭირი
 * Old English: wealhwyrt
 * Ottoman Turkish: یر موروری, بودور مورور
 * Persian:
 * Polish: bez hebd
 * Portuguese: sabugueirinho,, ébulo
 * Romanian:
 * Russian: бузина́ травянистая
 * Serbo-Croatian:
 * Slovak: baza chabzdová
 * Slovene: smrdljivi bezeg
 * Spanish: ,
 * Svan: გა̈ნჭუ̂
 * Swedish: sommarfläder
 * Turkish: yer mürveri,, , hekimana
 * Turkmen:
 * Welsh: ysgawen Fair

title: dwarf elder


text:
conspóid

Etymology
Borrowed from, from +.

Noun

 * 1) argument, dispute; contention, controversy

Verb

 * 1) argue, dispute; contest

title: conspóid


text:
Capsicum annuum

Hypernyms

 * - order; - family;  - subfamily;  - tribe;  - genus

Hyponyms

 * , - varieties; for others of the numerous cultivars see

title: Capsicum annuum


text:
éascaí

Etymology
From, from. .

Adjective

 * 1) lunar

title: éascaí


text:
éasca

Etymology 1
From (compare 🇨🇬).

Noun

 * 1) moon

Etymology 2
From.

Adjective

 * 1) swift, nimble; free, fluent, easy; ready, prompt

title: éasca


text:
easca

Etymology
From, probably from (compare ).

Noun

 * 1) wet, sedgy bog
 * 2) depression, hollow

title: easca


text: eascaí

title: eascaí


text: Category:pl:Building materials

title: Category:pl:Building materials


text:
buanchónaí

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) permanent abode

title: buanchónaí


text: buanchónaithe

title: buanchónaithe


text:
buanfhírinne

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) eternal truth

title: buanfhírinne


text: buanfhírinní

title: buanfhírinní


text:
buanóglach

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) permanent soldier

title: buanóglach


text: buanóglaigh

title: buanóglaigh


text: buantairbhí

title: buantairbhí


text:
buantairbhe

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) lasting benefit

title: buantairbhe


text:
buanseilbh

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) fixity of tenure

title: buanseilbh


text: buanseilbhe

title: buanseilbhe


text:
User:Perhallstroem

Near-daily user of Wiktionary who has previously sporadically contributed anonymously through small additions, mostly in relation to CJKV characters. Currently learning Mandarin Chinese and in connection to that attempting to get a grasp of the writing system. As for CJKV characters, my interests are not only practical: it appears to be much easier for me to remember characters that are obscure or otherwise very different than commonly used ones. I am particularly amused by characters with multi-syllabic readings (such as 瓩 or 圕) and the fact that I am yet to meet any Chinese who have seen them before.

title: User:Perhallstroem


text:
medical out

Verb

 * 1)  To discharge (especially from a police force or military) for medical reasons; to discharge (a person) because they are not fit for duty.

title: medical out


text: medicaled out

title: medicaled out


text:
buanriail

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) standing rule

title: buanriail


text: medicalled out

title: medicalled out


text: buanrialach

title: buanrialach


text: buanrialacha

title: buanrialacha


text: rialach

title: rialach


text: rialacha

title: rialacha


text:
Centaurea cyanus

Synonyms

 * , ; bachelor's button

title: Centaurea cyanus


text: réaduimhreach

title: réaduimhreach


text: réaduimhreacha

title: réaduimhreacha


text:
buanuimhir

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) constant number

title: buanuimhir


text: buanuimhreach

title: buanuimhreach


text: buanuimhreacha

title: buanuimhreacha


text: zero hours

title: zero hours


text:
Thread:User talk:CodeCat/Old Norse pronunciation/reply (3)

Cheers!


text:
Phragmites australis

Hypernyms

 * - order; - family;  - subfamily;  - tribe;  - genus

Hyponyms

 * ,, - subspecies

title: Phragmites australis


text:
napapilkku

Noun

 * 1)  chalaza location where the nucellus attaches to the integuments

title: napapilkku


text: Category:Irish terms prefixed with buan-


text:
Gaultheria procumbens

Hypernyms

 * - order; - family;  - subfamily;  - tribe;  - genus;  - section

title: Gaultheria procumbens


text: buanbhlianachta

title: buanbhlianachta


text: buanchoistí

title: buanchoistí


text: buanmhaighnéid

title: buanmhaighnéid


text: buanordaithe

title: buanordaithe


text: buanorduithe

title: buanorduithe


text:
valkuaisnuora

Noun

 * 1)  chalaza spiral band which attaches to the yolk of an egg, suspending it in the white

title: valkuaisnuora


text: unreliable narrators

title: unreliable narrators


text:
julekʼ

Noun

 * 1) abyss

title: julekʼ


text:
takpoolil

Noun

 * 1) accusation

title: takpoolil


text:
púutsʼ

Noun

 * 1) needle

title: púutsʼ


text:
mejenilan

Noun

 * 1) godson

title: mejenilan


text: Category:Japanese terms spelled with 故 read as こ


text:
aiikʼ

Noun

 * 1) wing

title: aiikʼ


text: Category:Japanese terms spelled with 買 read as ばい


text: Category:Japanese terms spelled with 身 read as み


text: Category:Japanese terms spelled with 刀 read as とう


text:
Thread:User talk:CodeCat/Balto-Slavic glottal stop/reply (4)

Really? I didn't know that. I've only seen reconstructions giving *H rather than not on Wikipedia and Wiktionary.


text: Category:Japanese terms spelled with 刺 read as さ


text:
jaʼab

Noun

 * 1) year

title: jaʼab


text:
Thread:User talk:CodeCat/Balto-Slavic glottal stop/reply (5)

We have and, both of which are sourced.


text:
Thread:User talk:CodeCat/Proto-Germanic reflex/reply (9)

Would the second *-i- in *timiz have come in by analogy?

The idea of a cranberry morpheme is pretty interesting. That's what happened in Proto-Indo-Iranian, right?

I'm not very familiar with Old Norse. How do you think *timfaðr would have reflexed into Modern Norwegian, Danish, or Swedish?


text:
Thread:User talk:CodeCat/Proto-Germanic reflex/reply (10)

Probably more or less the same, except with the usual loss of -r and respelling ð as d. Danish and Norwegian also often convert unstressed vowels to e.


text: Category:Japanese terms spelled with 渾 read as こん


text: Category:Japanese terms spelled with 片 read as かた


text: Category:Japanese terms spelled with 独 read as どく


text: Category:Japanese terms spelled with 銃 read as じゅう


text:
-ny

Usage notes

 * Variants:
 *  is added to words ending in a vowel
 *  is added to back-vowel words ending in a consonant
 *  is added to back-vowel words ending in a consonant
 *  is added to unrounded front-vowel words ending in a consonant
 *  is added to rounded front-vowel words ending in a consonant

Etymology
.

Etymology
.

Etymology
, from.

title: -ny


text: Category:Japanese terms spelled with 近 read as ちか


text: Category:Japanese terms spelled with kanji read as ちか


text: Category:Japanese terms spelled with 献 read as けん


text: Category:Japanese terms spelled with 生 read as なま


text: Category:Japanese terms spelled with kanji read as なま


text: Category:Japanese terms spelled with 痩 read as そう


text:
highbush cranberry

Noun

 * 1) A shrub in the genus  having acidic red cranberry-like berries, belonging to the North American species, or to the related species  (European) or  (North American).

Translations

 * Alutiiq: amaryaq
 * Bashkir: балан
 * Inupiaq: uqpiŋñaq
 * Malecite-Passamaquoddy: ipiminaks
 * Russian:, кали́на кра́сная , кали́на обыкнове́нная , кали́на съедо́бная

title: highbush cranberry


text: Category:Japanese terms spelled with 肩 read as かた


text: Category:Japanese terms spelled with 技 read as ぎ


text: Category:Polish augmentative nouns

title: Category:Polish augmentative nouns


text: Category:Japanese terms spelled with 競 read as きょう


text: Category:Japanese terms spelled with 根 read as こん


text:
critically damped

Adjective

 * 1)  Possessing a damping ratio of exactly 1.

title: critically damped


text: Category:Japanese terms spelled with 妻 read as さい


text: Category:Japanese terms spelled with 夫 read as ふ


text: Category:Japanese terms spelled with 寸 read as すん


text: Category:Japanese terms spelled with kanji read as すん


text: Category:Japanese terms spelled with 闇 read as やみ


text: Category:Japanese terms spelled with kanji read as やみ


text: Category:Japanese terms spelled with 発 read as ほつ


text:
Module:sla-common

local export = {}

local m_links = require("Module:links") local m_table_tools = require("Module:table tools")

local lang = require("Module:languages").getByCode("sla-pro")

local u = mw.ustring.char local rfind = mw.ustring.find local rsubn = mw.ustring.gsub local rmatch = mw.ustring.match local rsplit = mw.text.split local ulower = mw.ustring.lower local uupper = mw.ustring.upper local usub = mw.ustring.sub

local AC = u(0x0301) -- acute = ́ local GR = u(0x0300) -- grave = ̀ local CFLEX = u(0x0302) -- circumflex = ̂ local TILDE = u(0x0303) -- tilde = ̃ local BREVE = u(0x0306) -- breve = ̆ local INVBREVE = u(0x0311) -- inverse breve = ̑ local DOUBLEAC = u(0x030B) -- double acute = ̋ local DOUBLEGR = u(0x030F) -- double grave = ̏ local MACRON = u(0x0304) -- macron = ̄ local CARON = u(0x030C) -- caron = ̌ local OGONEK = u(0x0328) -- ogonek = ̨

local stressed_accents = AC .. GR .. INVBREVE .. DOUBLEGR .. DOUBLEAC .. TILDE local stressed_accents_c = "[" .. stressed_accents .. "]" local accents = stressed_accents .. MACRON local accents_c = "[" .. accents .. "]" local vowels = "aeiouyьъěęǫ" local vowels_c = "[" .. vowels .. "]" local non_vowels_c = "[^" .. vowels .. "]" local short_vowels = "eoьъ" local short_vowels_c = "[" .. short_vowels .. "]" local long_vowels = "aiuyěęǫ" local long_vowels_c = "[" .. long_vowels .. "]" local cons_c = "[^" .. vowels .. accents .. "]" local iotated_cons = "čďjľňřšťž" local iotated_cons_c = "[" .. iotated_cons .. "]"

-- version of rsubn that discards all but the first return value local function rsub(term, foo, bar) local retval = rsubn(term, foo, bar) return retval end

function export.tag_form(form, tag) if form ~= "" then return "<" .. (tag or "span") .. " lang=\"sla-pro\" class=\"Unicode\">*" .. form .. ""	else return "—" end end

-- Make a link out of a form, or show a dash if empty. function export.link_form(form, tag) local SUBPAGENAME = mw.title.getCurrentTitle.subpageText if type(form) == "table" then if not form.notesym then local retval = {} for _, subform in ipairs(form) do				table.insert(retval, export.link_form(subform, tag)) end return table.concat(retval, ", ") else return m_links.full_link({ lang = lang, term = "*" .. form[1] }) .. m_table_tools.superscript_notes(form.notesym) end elseif form ~= "" then return m_links.full_link({ lang = lang, term = "*" .. form }) else return "—" end end

local recomposer = { ["e" .. CARON] = "ě", -- Latin e and E	["E" .. CARON] = "Ě", ["e" .. OGONEK] = "ę", -- Latin e and E	["E" .. OGONEK] = "Ę", ["o" .. OGONEK] = "ǫ", -- Latin o and O	["O" .. OGONEK] = "Ǫ", ["c" .. CARON] = "č", ["C" .. CARON] = "Č", ["d" .. CARON] = "ď", ["D" .. CARON] = "Ď", ["l" .. CARON] = "ľ", ["L" .. CARON] = "Ľ", ["n" .. CARON] = "ň", ["N" .. CARON] = "Ň", ["r" .. CARON] = "ř", ["R" .. CARON] = "Ř", ["s" .. CARON] = "š", ["S" .. CARON] = "Š", ["t" .. CARON] = "ť", ["T" .. CARON] = "Ť", ["z" .. CARON] = "ž", ["Z" .. CARON] = "Ž", }

-- Decompose acute, grave, etc. on letters into individivual character + -- combining accent. But recompose characters that we want to treat -- as units and get caught in the crossfire. function export.decompose(text) text = mw.ustring.toNFD(text) text = rsub(text, ".[" .. CARON .. OGONEK .. "]", recomposer) return text end

-- Decompose as in export.decompose, but also canonicalize circumflex to -- inverse breve in case it accidentally gets used. function export.canon_decompose(text) text = export.decompose(text) text = rsub(text, CFLEX, INVBREVE) return text end

function export.assert_decomposed(text) assert(not rfind(text, "[áéíóúýàèìòùỳãẽĩõũỹāēīōūȳȃȇȋȏȗȁȅȉȍȕÁÉÍÓÚÝÀÈÌÒÙỲÃẼĨÕŨỸĀĒĪŌŪȲȂȆȊȎȖȀȄȈȌȔ]")) end

function export.first_palatalization(stem) stem = rsub(stem, "...$", {["zdz"]="ždž"}) stem = rsub(stem, "..$", {["sk"]="šč", ["zg"]="ždž", ["dz"]="ž", ["sc"]="šč"}) stem = rsub(stem, ".$", {["k"]="č", ["g"]="ž", ["x"]="š", ["c"]="č", ["ś"]="š"}) return stem end

function export.second_palatalization(stem) return rsub(stem, ".$", {["k"]="c", ["g"]="dz", ["x"]="ś"}) end

function export.iotate(stem) stem = rsub(stem, "...$", {["zdz"]="ždž"}) stem = rsub(stem, "..$", {["sk"]="šč", ["zg"]="ždž", ["dz"]="ž", ["sc"]="šč"}) stem = rsub(stem, ".$", {		["b"]="bľ",		["c"]="č",		["d"]="ď",		["g"]="ž",		["k"]="č",		["l"]="ľ",		["m"]="mľ",		["n"]="ň",		["p"]="pľ",		["r"]="ř",		["s"]="š",		["ś"]="š",		["t"]="ť",		["v"]="vľ",		["x"]="š",		["z"]="ž",	}) if not rfind(stem, iotated_cons_c .. "$") then stem = stem .. "j" end return stem end

-- Check if word has a stress accent function export.is_stressed(word) export.assert_decomposed(word) return rfind(word, stressed_accents_c) end

-- Remove any stress accents from the word function export.make_unstressed(word) export.assert_decomposed(word) return rsub(word, stressed_accents_c, "") end

-- Check if word is nonsyllabic (has no vowels) function export.is_nonsyllabic(word) export.assert_decomposed(word) return rfind(word, "^" .. non_vowels_c .. "*$") end

-- Check if word is monosyllabic (has only one vowel) function export.is_monosyllabic(word) export.assert_decomposed(word) return rfind(word, "^" .. non_vowels_c .. "*" .. vowels_c .. non_vowels_c .. "*$") end

-- Set the accent in STEM to ACCENT, replacing any stressed accent already -- there. If there isn't such an accent already then: -- (1) If the accent is inverse breve (= old circumflex or short accent) or --    double grave (= old short accent), put it on the first syllable; -- (2) If the accent is tilde (= neoacute), put it on the last syllable; -- (3) If the accent is a single grave (= old acute), put it on the vowel if --    there's only one, otherwise don't add it as it can go anywhere. -- Placing the accent will replace any unstressed accent already there -- (specifically the macron). -- -- In addition, if the accent is tilde (= neoacute), we put the accent on the -- last syllable of the stem, regardless of any existing accent. The logic here -- is that, in nouns at least, a neoacute on the stem that we request (i.e. not -- already in the stem) is always retracted from the ending, and thus should -- go on the last syllable if there is more than one. FIXME: May not apply to -- verbs. -- -- Also apply certain conversions to the result: -- (1) Original short vowels e o ь ъ can't get a macron. Per Derksen 2008, --    this also includes liquid diphthongs, which normally behave like --    long vowels; cf. 'borzdà' "burrow" in class b, where you expect the --    preceding vowel to be long if possible. However, we go against --    Derksen in this respect when the first vowel is e or o because Czech, --    Slovak and Polish show clear length distinctions (or reflections thereof) --    in original pre-tonic syllables in class b vs. c. (Serbo-Croat reflects --     length in both classes but this can be a later development due to --     analogy.) Per Kortlandt, the metathesis of liquid diphthongs preceded --    Dybo's law and (probably) the shortening of pre-tonic vowels. -- (2) Original long vowels a i u y ě ę ǫ can't get a double grave, nor can --    liquid diphthongs; instead, convert to inverse breve (circumflex accent). -- (3) Original short vowels e o ь ъ not in liquid diphthongs can't receive a --    tilde (neoacute) per the May 2019 discussion in --     Wiktionary talk:About Proto-Slavic; --    instead we convert to single grave. function export.set_accent(stem, accent) export.assert_decomposed(stem) -- string containing a hyphen is the value of UNK = unknown, and removes -- all accents including macrons if accent == "-" then return rsub(stem, accents_c, "") end if accent == DOUBLEGR then error("Double grave should not be specified as an accent; use inverted breve instead") end if not export.is_stressed(stem) and accent ~= TILDE and (accent ~= GR or export.is_monosyllabic(stem)) then -- If no stressed accent, put one on the first syllable, removing any -- non-stress accent, i.e. macron (it doesn't matter which accent we put		-- as long as it's a stress accent, as it will be overwritten in the		-- next clause). But don't do this if accent is a tilde (no point, it		-- will be ignored and removed in the next clause), and if the accent is -- a grave, only do this if the stem is monosyllabic. stem = rsub(stem, "^(.-" .. vowels_c .. ")" .. accents_c .. "*",			"%1" .. INVBREVE) end if accent == TILDE then -- If a tilde, cancel out any existing stressed accent and put the tilde -- on the last syllable. (FIXME, might not apply to verbs.) Later on -- we will conver this to a single grave if it's on a short monophthong. stem = export.make_unstressed(stem) stem = rsub(stem, "^(.*" .. vowels_c .. ")" .. accents_c .. "*",			"%1" .. TILDE) else -- Otherwise just replace the stressed accent, if any, with the given -- accent. There will always be such an accent except in multisyllabic -- words where the accent is a single grave; in other circumstances -- we added an accent on the first syllable if it was missing. stem = rsub(stem, stressed_accents_c .. "+", accent) end if accent == MACRON then -- hack to handle liquid diphthongs: generate two macrons, since the -- following regex will remove one. stem = rsub(stem, "([eo])" .. MACRON .. "([lr]" .. cons_c .. ")",			"%1" .. MACRON .. MACRON .. "%2") stem = rsub(stem, "(" .. short_vowels_c .. ")" .. MACRON, "%1") end -- Convert inverse breve after short vowel not in liquid diphthong to -- double grave. if rfind(stem, short_vowels_c .. INVBREVE) and not rfind(stem, short_vowels_c .. INVBREVE .. "[lr]" .. cons_c) then stem = rsub(stem, INVBREVE, DOUBLEGR) end -- Convert tilde after short vowel not in liquid diphthong to single grave. if rfind(stem, short_vowels_c .. TILDE) and not rfind(stem, short_vowels_c .. TILDE .. "[lr]" .. cons_c) then stem = rsub(stem, TILDE, GR) end return stem end

-- Infer the accentual pattern for a given unstressed word and accent pattern. -- Return a list of possibilities (possibly empty if no accent could be inferred, -- possibly containing more than one entry if multiple accentual patterns are -- possible, e.g. with *voľa-type nouns), each of which is a three-entry list of -- {stem, desinence, final_accent}. local function infer_accent(word, ap) assert(not export.is_stressed(word)) local possible_accents = {} local stem, desinence, final_accent = export.split_stem_desinence(word) if ap == "a" then if export.is_monosyllabic(stem) then table.insert(possible_accents, {export.set_accent(stem, GR), desinence, final_accent}) end elseif ap == "b" then if export.is_nonsyllabic(stem) then table.insert(possible_accents, {stem, desinence, GR}) elseif desinence == "ь" or desinence == "ъ" then table.insert(possible_accents, {export.set_accent(stem, TILDE), desinence, final_accent}) else table.insert(possible_accents, {stem, desinence, GR}) if desinence == "a" and rfind(stem, iotated_cons_c .. "$") then -- *voľa-type accent table.insert(possible_accents, {export.set_accent(stem, TILDE), desinence, final_accent}) end end elseif ap == "c" then if export.is_nonsyllabic(stem) then table.insert(possible_accents, {stem, desinence, INVBREVE}) elseif desinence == "a" then table.insert(possible_accents, {stem, desinence, GR}) else table.insert(possible_accents, {export.set_accent(stem, INVBREVE), desinence, final_accent}) end end return possible_accents end

-- If WORD is unstressed, add the appropriate accent for the accent pattern AP -- if possible (it won't be possible with accent pattern a in words with a -- multisyllabic stem). If WORD is stressed, check that the accent on the word -- is appropriate for the accent pattern, and throw an error if not. In either -- case, return three values, STEM, DESINENCE and FINAL_ACCENT, which when -- concatenated together produce the original word. function export.auto_accent_and_check_accents(word, ap) local unstressed = not export.is_stressed(word) if unstressed then local possible_accents = infer_accent(word, ap) if #possible_accents == 0 then return export.split_stem_desinence(word) end local first = possible_accents[1] local stem, desinence, final_accent = first[1], first[2], first[3] return stem, desinence, final_accent else local uword = export.make_unstressed(word) local possible_accents = infer_accent(uword, ap) if #possible_accents == 0 then return export.split_stem_desinence(word) end local possible_words = {} for _, split_possible in ipairs(possible_accents) do			local stem, desinence, final_accent = split_possible[1], split_possible[2], split_possible[3] local possible_word = stem .. desinence .. final_accent if possible_word == word then return stem, desinence, final_accent end table.insert(possible_words, possible_word) end error("For accent pattern " .. ap .. ", accented lemma should look like " ..			table.concat(possible_words, " or ") .. " but is actually " .. word) end end

function export.split_stem_desinence(word) export.assert_decomposed(word) local stem, desinence, final_accent = rmatch(word, "^(.-)(.)(" .. accents_c .. "?)$")	if not stem or not desinence then error("Something wrong with '" .. word .. "', probably too short") end return stem, desinence, final_accent end

return export

title: Module:sla-common


text:
Module:sla-common/documentation

This module contains common helper functions for Proto-Slavic, that are needed by other modules.

title: Module:sla-common/documentation


text: Category:Japanese terms spelled with kanji read as ほつ