text:
Talk:-isation

RFD
On the cleanup discussion, WT:RFC, asked how many of the derived terms were derived from -ization, I said probably none, all from other languages or from verb ending in -ize then suffixed with -ation. This exists as a string of letters but not as a suffix, the same -ork exists as the final letters of a word (work, rework, overwork) but it's not a suffix. Mglovesfun (talk) 13:26, 2 June 2012 (UTC)

 * While I agree that the words on the page are probably not formed in that way, I believe that there are words that are. For example, pejoratives like "stupidization" get a CFI-worthy number of Google Books hits, (see also "moronization") and are almost certainly generated by appending "-ization" to "stupid" and "moron". Similarly, "Frenchization", although "Frenchise" is not a word. bd2412 T 14:56, 2 June 2012 (UTC)
 * See also: 2007, Dario Castiglione, Chris Longman, The Language Question in Europe and Diverse Societies, p. 250:
 * There has never been a Germanisation of Geneva analogous to the Frenchisation of Brussels or the Englishisation of Montréal.
 * bd2412 T 14:58, 2 June 2012 (UTC)
 * Let's get some real (attested) examples into the entry, then. They should serve to put this kind of affix in appropriate perspective. DCDuring TALK 16:01, 2 June 2012 (UTC)
 * How do we know that someone who attached -ization to a word did not really attach -ize and then immediately attach -ation to that? 16:43, 2 June 2012 (UTC)
 * Attestation, the same way we know anything around here. If X-ization is attested and X-ize isn't, then the suffix -ization was added to X, rather than -ation being added to X-ize. —Angr 17:41, 2 June 2012 (UTC)
 * But how do you know that? —Ruakh TALK 18:11, 2 June 2012 (UTC)
 * Here are some more examples:
 * 2012, Susanna Rostas, Carrying the Word: The Concheros Dance in Mexico City, p. 218:
 * The Mexica do not sing alabanzas, thus any recent Mexica-ization, or rather Aztecization, of existing alabanzas (or the newly written) is the result of the Concheros' increased interest in the Aztec past and their desire to celebrate it.
 * 2003, Kevin Featherstone, Claudio Maria Radaelli, The Politics of Europeanization, p. 27:
 * The chapter covers the domestic impact of the public policy of the European Union (EU), hence one could use the term 'EU-ization’ in this context.
 * Mexica-ize is not attested at all (note that this is a reference to the Mexica tribe, and not a misspelling of Mexico or Mexican), Aztecize might be (barely), but I see no connection between the few works using the -ize phrase and this use of -ization, and EU-ize is also not attested. bd2412 T 18:29, 2 June 2012 (UTC)

 * Keep. I see no reason for deletion. The comparison to "-ork" is absurd. —Ruakh TALK 18:11, 2 June 2012 (UTC)
 * The entry could use some clear attested examples that unambiguously show that a word ending in -ization/-isation preceded the corresponding word ending in -ize/-ise. But it is highly likely that we would find numerous instances on unattestable formations. I suspect that some of these compound suffixes, for which I have a visceral dislike, are in fact highly productive, although not always of attestable terms. Some author of a book on morphology that I read asserted that the existence of numerous rare terms formed in this way is the best evidence of the productiveness of an affix. DCDuring TALK 18:49, 2 June 2012 (UTC)
 * I still don't think this is really a suffix in itself, but a result of adding two suffixes where the middle result happens to have been skipped. If a word ends in -ages but the corresponding word ending in -age is not attested, do we conclude that -ages is a suffix to form 'plural abstract nouns'? I would prefer to conclude that it's simply the result of adding -age to a word, and then -s to the result. 18:58, 2 June 2012 (UTC)
 * The first stem I picked was dumb. A web search shows both dumbize and dumbisation. The earliest instances I found with dates were 2001 for dumbization and 2003 for dumbize. Dumbization is also apparently more common. You can satisfy yourself by selecting some similarly barbarous formations.
 * But what does that prove? 'dumbization' may be attested earlier but that doesn't mean it wasn't formed by first mentally creating 'dumbize' and then adding -ation to it. Nobody would have needed to actually use the word 'dumbize', yet it would be implicit in the formation. After all that's how back-formations tend to work, and that's probably what happened in this case too. So while we can't prove that 'dumbize' wasn't formed before 'dumbization', we also can't prove that it was. Attestations don't tell us much about the mental process that goes into word formation, especially not when an intermediate step is skipped because it's implicit. 19:39, 2 June 2012 (UTC)

Here's another example restricted to an "-ization" suffix: Cheers! bd2412 T 20:56, 2 June 2012 (UTC)
 * 2010, David Jenkins, Suharto and His Generals: Indonesian Military Politics, 1975-1983, p. 201:
 * In the view of such officers as Dharsono, the disproportionate number of Siliwangi officers was both a result of, and a protest against, a “de-Siliwangi-ization” process instigated by Suharto.
 * Keep. The intermediate stage with -ize is not necessary to form a new word with -ization. — T AKASUGI Shinji (talk) 00:04, 4 June 2012 (UTC)
 * Keep, sufficient evidence. Mglovesfun (talk) 10:21, 16 June 2012 (UTC)

Kept. — T AKASUGI Shinji (talk) 08:54, 4 July 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:-isation


text:
Talk:-ization

RFD
On the cleanup discussion, WT:RFC, asked how many of the derived terms were derived from -ization, I said probably none, all from other languages or from verb ending in -ize then suffixed with -ation. This exists as a string of letters but not as a suffix, the same -ork exists as the final letters of a word (work, rework, overwork) but it's not a suffix. Mglovesfun (talk) 13:26, 2 June 2012 (UTC)

 * While I agree that the words on the page are probably not formed in that way, I believe that there are words that are. For example, pejoratives like "stupidization" get a CFI-worthy number of Google Books hits, (see also "moronization") and are almost certainly generated by appending "-ization" to "stupid" and "moron". Similarly, "Frenchization", although "Frenchise" is not a word. bd2412 T 14:56, 2 June 2012 (UTC)
 * See also: 2007, Dario Castiglione, Chris Longman, The Language Question in Europe and Diverse Societies, p. 250:
 * There has never been a Germanisation of Geneva analogous to the Frenchisation of Brussels or the Englishisation of Montréal.
 * bd2412 T 14:58, 2 June 2012 (UTC)
 * Let's get some real (attested) examples into the entry, then. They should serve to put this kind of affix in appropriate perspective. DCDuring TALK 16:01, 2 June 2012 (UTC)
 * How do we know that someone who attached -ization to a word did not really attach -ize and then immediately attach -ation to that? 16:43, 2 June 2012 (UTC)
 * Attestation, the same way we know anything around here. If X-ization is attested and X-ize isn't, then the suffix -ization was added to X, rather than -ation being added to X-ize. —Angr 17:41, 2 June 2012 (UTC)
 * But how do you know that? —Ruakh TALK 18:11, 2 June 2012 (UTC)
 * Here are some more examples:
 * 2012, Susanna Rostas, Carrying the Word: The Concheros Dance in Mexico City, p. 218:
 * The Mexica do not sing alabanzas, thus any recent Mexica-ization, or rather Aztecization, of existing alabanzas (or the newly written) is the result of the Concheros' increased interest in the Aztec past and their desire to celebrate it.
 * 2003, Kevin Featherstone, Claudio Maria Radaelli, The Politics of Europeanization, p. 27:
 * The chapter covers the domestic impact of the public policy of the European Union (EU), hence one could use the term 'EU-ization’ in this context.
 * Mexica-ize is not attested at all (note that this is a reference to the Mexica tribe, and not a misspelling of Mexico or Mexican), Aztecize might be (barely), but I see no connection between the few works using the -ize phrase and this use of -ization, and EU-ize is also not attested. bd2412 T 18:29, 2 June 2012 (UTC)

 * Keep. I see no reason for deletion. The comparison to "-ork" is absurd. —Ruakh TALK 18:11, 2 June 2012 (UTC)
 * The entry could use some clear attested examples that unambiguously show that a word ending in -ization/-isation preceded the corresponding word ending in -ize/-ise. But it is highly likely that we would find numerous instances on unattestable formations. I suspect that some of these compound suffixes, for which I have a visceral dislike, are in fact highly productive, although not always of attestable terms. Some author of a book on morphology that I read asserted that the existence of numerous rare terms formed in this way is the best evidence of the productiveness of an affix. DCDuring TALK 18:49, 2 June 2012 (UTC)
 * I still don't think this is really a suffix in itself, but a result of adding two suffixes where the middle result happens to have been skipped. If a word ends in -ages but the corresponding word ending in -age is not attested, do we conclude that -ages is a suffix to form 'plural abstract nouns'? I would prefer to conclude that it's simply the result of adding -age to a word, and then -s to the result. 18:58, 2 June 2012 (UTC)
 * The first stem I picked was dumb. A web search shows both dumbize and dumbisation. The earliest instances I found with dates were 2001 for dumbization and 2003 for dumbize. Dumbization is also apparently more common. You can satisfy yourself by selecting some similarly barbarous formations.
 * But what does that prove? 'dumbization' may be attested earlier but that doesn't mean it wasn't formed by first mentally creating 'dumbize' and then adding -ation to it. Nobody would have needed to actually use the word 'dumbize', yet it would be implicit in the formation. After all that's how back-formations tend to work, and that's probably what happened in this case too. So while we can't prove that 'dumbize' wasn't formed before 'dumbization', we also can't prove that it was. Attestations don't tell us much about the mental process that goes into word formation, especially not when an intermediate step is skipped because it's implicit. 19:39, 2 June 2012 (UTC)

Here's another example restricted to an "-ization" suffix: Cheers! bd2412 T 20:56, 2 June 2012 (UTC)
 * 2010, David Jenkins, Suharto and His Generals: Indonesian Military Politics, 1975-1983, p. 201:
 * In the view of such officers as Dharsono, the disproportionate number of Siliwangi officers was both a result of, and a protest against, a “de-Siliwangi-ization” process instigated by Suharto.
 * Keep. The intermediate stage with -ize is not necessary to form a new word with -ization. — T AKASUGI Shinji (talk) 00:04, 4 June 2012 (UTC)
 * Keep, sufficient evidence. Mglovesfun (talk) 10:21, 16 June 2012 (UTC)

Kept. — T AKASUGI Shinji (talk) 08:54, 4 July 2012 (UTC)

RFC discussion: May 2012
Derived terms. How many of these are actually derived using this suffix rather than -ation or -ion? I'd certainly like something more than a set of bald assertions in the form of a list. DCDuring TALK 02:40, 5 May 2012 (UTC)
 * Most likely none... this probably doesn't exist. Not as a suffix anyway, only as a string of letters. Mglovesfun (talk) 15:05, 7 May 2012 (UTC)

From -ize + -ation
does it make sense to add this entry for words for which the intermediate form in -ize is attested? --Backinstadiums (talk) 16:44, 30 October 2019 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:-ization


text:
Rennellese

Adjective

 * 1) Of or relating to.

Proper noun

 * 1) A Polynesian language spoken in the Rennell and Bellona Province of the Solomon Islands.

title: Rennellese


text:
Talk:political party

political party
I hate to rfd something with so many incoming links, translations and interwikis, but I really can't tell how this isn't just a political party. --Itkilledthecat (talk) 14:13, 24 April 2012 (UTC)

 * Keep, although possibly reword. Not all parties that have political goals are political parties. Representation (or least seeking it, for small parties and parties in one-party dictatorships) is a key part of the definition. It's what separates Greenpeace from the Green Party, or the EDL from the BNP. I'd change the definition to something like "A political organization that subscribes to a certain ideology and seeks to attain political power through representation in government." Smurrayinchester (talk) 14:32, 24 April 2012 (UTC)
 * (As an aside, representation needs work - it should probably mention both the political and legal senses of the word. Edit I've had a quick go at putting them in.). Smurrayinchester (talk) 14:36, 24 April 2012 (UTC)

 * Keep: Purplebackpack89  (Notes Taken) (Locker) 18:54, 24 April 2012 (UTC)
 * Keep per Smurrayinchester. Also, to distinguish from a party (as in a festive event, gala, ball, etc.) thrown for political reasons, or exclusive to those holding a particular political philosophy. bd2412 T 20:27, 24 April 2012 (UTC)
 * Keep. Mglovesfun (talk) 20:59, 24 April 2012 (UTC)
 * Nice thinking, Smurray. Keep. —msh210℠ (talk) 21:45, 24 April 2012 (UTC)

 * Evidence please. No OneLook Dictionary has this. DCDuring TALK 23:54, 24 April 2012 (UTC)
 * Here's the website of the Iowa Secretary of State showing that, at least in Iowa, "political party" has a legal definition specifically based on its representation, and here's a similar definition from US federal law, and here's the official English version of the German electoral office's website, which again defines political parties specifically in terms of attempts to seek representation (since that's apparently a translation of German text, feel free to give that one less weight). Finally, here's an article in the Guardian which says that the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt is not legally a political party since it cannot elect representatives, but is a de facto political party by fielding independents. Smurrayinchester (talk) 08:56, 25 April 2012 (UTC)
 * That would put us on the track of including each different attestable legal term separately with a (different) legal context, ie, . We could be a little more artful about it, I suppose, and reference the fact of specific legal definitions in a usage note, but I would not expect that we would find it easy or worthwhile to attest any one specific English translation of an Egyptian Arabic legal definition. DCDuring TALK 11:52, 25 April 2012 (UTC)

 * Lemming test: Chambers has political animal, asylum, commissar, correctness, economy, geography, prisoner, science, status, and verse. Quite an eclectic bunch. It does not have political party. Equinox ◑ 00:21, 25 April 2012 (UTC)
 * Lemming test: Chambers has political animal, asylum, commissar, correctness, economy, geography, prisoner, science, status, and verse. Quite an eclectic bunch. It does not have political party. Equinox ◑ 00:21, 25 April 2012 (UTC)
 * Lemming test: Chambers has political animal, asylum, commissar, correctness, economy, geography, prisoner, science, status, and verse. Quite an eclectic bunch. It does not have political party. Equinox ◑ 00:21, 25 April 2012 (UTC)
 * Lemming test: Chambers has political animal, asylum, commissar, correctness, economy, geography, prisoner, science, status, and verse. Quite an eclectic bunch. It does not have political party. Equinox ◑ 00:21, 25 April 2012 (UTC)

Keep, per Smurrayinchester. Astral (talk) 01:27, 25 April 2012 (UTC)
 * Keep. It's not just one legal context, it seems to be a general pattern of usage. Even if you can find some cites with "political party" (and I don't really think political dinner party counts) where party is used in another sense, it still doesn't negate the fact that the vast majority of the time, that's not what political party means, and I suspect usage like that is intentionally at least a bit punny.--Prosfilaes (talk) 13:26, 25 April 2012 (UTC)
 * Nobody asserts that this is not a concept. In fact WordNet thinks it is a concept worth including in its semantic net. The issue is whether it is SoP. That no OneLook dictionary has the very common English wording for this very common concept suggests that they do not deem it to be a worthwhile lexicographic entry, apparently because in their opinion it is readily decoded. If encoding is the issue that would seem to be a matter for WT:BP and, ultimately perhaps, WT:VOTE. DCDuring TALK 15:01, 25 April 2012 (UTC)

 * I've now stricken my "keep" note above, not because I disagree with Smurray's point that Greenpeace is not a political party whereas the Green Party is: that's true. Rather, I stuck it because Greenpeace is also not a party whereas the Green Party is. In other words, undefined: is SOP, and the undefined: P (part) includes in it the distinction that Smurray notes exists between Greenpeace and the Green Party. Delete. —msh210℠ (talk) 21:23, 26 April 2012 (UTC)
 * Keep. Matthias Buchmeier (talk) 09:07, 27 April 2012 (UTC)
 * Why? DCDuring TALK 10:51, 27 April 2012 (UTC)
 * Although probably SOP it's an important concept, as evidenced by wikipedia articles in many languages. Therefore we should at least keep it as translation target. Matthias Buchmeier (talk) 11:00, 2 May 2012 (UTC)
 * In East Asian languages it has to be something like 政党, which literally means a "political party". Without the first word, the second part is only used as a suffix in collocations like Democratic party, Communist party, etc. --Anatoli (обсудить) 01:01, 11 May 2012 (UTC)
 * Keep. — T AKASUGI Shinji (talk) 00:04, 4 June 2012 (UTC)

Kept. — T AKASUGI Shinji (talk) 12:08, 21 June 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:political party


text:
Talk:hot sauce

hot sauce
Did I finally find the mother of all SOPs? The Wikipedia article says that hot sauce is a hot sauce made of chili or anything. --Hekaheka (talk) 02:19, 23 May 2012 (UTC)
 * Keep. No it doesn't, it says hot sauce is made of chili and other ingredients. Even if we stick to the relevant meaning of hot (= spicy), a sauce that's hot/spicy because it's made with wasabi or mustard rather than with chili peppers wouldn't be a hot sauce. Even the phonology of this phrase shows that it's a single concept: the primary stress is on hot, just as it is in hot dog. If this were just any sauce that's hot, the primary stress would be on sauce. —Angr 06:01, 23 May 2012 (UTC)
 * You mean that a very spicy sauce is not a hot sauce if there's no chili in it? --Hekaheka (talk) 08:18, 23 May 2012 (UTC)
 * Yes. At least, it may be a, but it isn't (the same day a domestic canine lying in the sun on a warm summer's day may be a [ dog], but isn't a hot dog). Also, being hot (spicy) isn't even a necessary condition for being hot sauce: "mild hot sauce" is not a contradiction in terms. —Angr 08:51, 23 May 2012 (UTC)
 * Keep. Ƿidsiþ 08:54, 23 May 2012 (UTC)
 * Keep "chili sauce" would be SOP, "hot sauce" isn't. Smurrayinchester (talk) 09:10, 23 May 2012 (UTC)
 * Keep. Mglovesfun (talk) 09:43, 23 May 2012 (UTC)
 * Keep. —Ruakh TALK 11:16, 23 May 2012 (UTC)

All right - case closed. --Hekaheka (talk) 12:03, 23 May 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:hot sauce


text:
Diĵono

Proper noun

 * 1) Dijon (capital of the Côte-d'Or department and of the Burgundy region)

title: Diĵono


text: Diĵonon

title: Diĵonon


text:
kiol

Etymology
From, from.

Noun

 * 1) keel
 * 2)  ship

Etymology
From, from. Cognate with 🇨🇬 (🇨🇬), 🇨🇬 (🇨🇬), 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) boat

title: kiol


text:
versija

Etymology
Via some other European language, from, from.

Noun

 * 1) version one of several different descriptions or explanations of a fact, event, etc.
 * 2) version one of several variants of a text, an object, etc.
 * 1) version one of several variants of a text, an object, etc.
 * 1) version one of several variants of a text, an object, etc.
 * 1) version one of several variants of a text, an object, etc.

title: versija


text: versijā

title: versijā


text: versiju

title: versiju


text: versijas

title: versijas


text: versijās

title: versijās


text: versijām

title: versijām


text: versijai

title: versijai


text:
saganaki

Etymology
Borrowed from, diminutive form of , from , from.

Noun

 * 1) Any of various Greek dishes cooked in a small frying pan, especially an appetizer of pan-seared cheese.

Translations

 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin: 油炸奶酪
 * Finnish: saganaki
 * German:
 * Greek:
 * Japanese: サガナキ
 * Korean: 사가나키
 * Portuguese:
 * Russian: сагана́ки

title: saganaki


text: anaglyphics

title: anaglyphics


text:
Citations:icedrake

Noun: "(fantasy) a dragon which breathes ice or has a freezing body temperature"

 * 1987 — Peter Morwood, The Dragon Lord, Daw Books (1987), ISBN 9780886772529, page 38:
 * Rearing back its awesome spined and crested head, the icedrake roared — in challenge, maybe, or in scorn of the little scraps of humankind who cowered beneath the shadow of its wings
 * 1989 — Thorearinn Gunnarsson, Revenge of the Valkyrie, Ace Books (1989), ISBN 9780441723591, page 2:
 * Thus, by her command, the spirit of Fafnir was restored to life in the form of a mighty icedrake,
 * 1989 — Richard A. Knaak, Ice Dragon, in Legends of the Dragonrealm [three-novel omnibus], Pocket Books (2009), ISBN 9781439107003, page 322:
 * Things grew even more puzzling when the four icedrakes marched forward and up the crumbling steps of the ruined Seeker structure.
 * 2004 — Mercedes Lackey & James Mallory, To Light a Candle, Tor Books (2004), ISBN 9780765341426, pages 492-493:
 * In the Haunted Places there are tracks upon the ground as if of giant serpents — you remember the songs I taught you as a child, Atroist, of the icedrake whose body is colder than the coldest ice, and whose breath is poison?

title: Citations:icedrake


text:
woodchipped

Adjective

 * 1) Covered with woodchip.
 * a woodchipped path

title: woodchipped


text:
icedrake

Noun

 * 1)  A dragon which breathes ice or has a freezing body temperature.

title: icedrake


text: icedrakes

title: icedrakes


text: variantā

title: variantā


text: variantam

title: variantam


text: canicides

title: canicides


text: variantus

title: variantus


text: pseudorecombinations

title: pseudorecombinations


text: variantu

title: variantu


text:
pseudorandomization

Noun

 * 1) The generation of pseudorandom values

title: pseudorandomization


text: variantos

title: variantos


text: variantiem

title: variantiem


text: scenical

title: scenical


text:
User:KYPark/hanbox

 * Encode

 * Decode

 * Encode

 * Decode

title: User:KYPark/hanbox


text: outcropped

title: outcropped


text: outcouples

title: outcouples


text: ralliers

title: ralliers


text:
delistable

Adjective

 * 1) Suitable for being delisted.

title: delistable


text:
nail varnish

Noun

 * 1)  A cosmetic lacquer applied to the fingernails or toenails.

title: nail varnish


text: nail varnishes

title: nail varnishes


text:
samārijs

Etymology
Named after the mineral samarskite, in turn named after 19th-century Russian mining engineer Vasili Samarsky-Bykhovets.

Noun

 * 1) samarium metallic chemical element, with atomic number 62.

title: samārijs


text: samāriju

title: samāriju


text: samārijam

title: samārijam


text: samārijā

title: samārijā


text: samārija

title: samārija


text:
eiropijs

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) europium metallic chemical element, with atomic number 63.

title: eiropijs


text:
gadolīnijs

Etymology
Named after Finnish chemist Johan Gadolin.

Noun

 * 1) gadolinium metallic chemical element, with atomic number 64.

title: gadolīnijs


text:
terbijs

Etymology
Named, like, and , after the Swedish village of Ytterby.

Noun

 * 1) terbium metallic chemical element, with atomic number 65.

title: terbijs


text: palaura

title: palaura


text:
gop

Etymology
From.

Etymology
From, from (compare 🇨🇬, obsolete 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬).

Noun

 * 1)  pussy, cunt

Adjective

 * 1) greedy, gluttonous

Noun

 * 1)  bullshit
 * 2)  fart, flatus

Noun

 * 1) flute

title: gop


text: paraura

title: paraura


text:
pigmí

Etymology
From, from.

Noun

 * 1) pygmy

title: pigmí


text:
disprozijs

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) dysprosium metallic chemical element, with atomic number 66.

title: disprozijs


text:
holmijs

Etymology
From, the name of the city of Stockholm, the hometown of Per Teodor Cleve, one of the discoverers of this metal.

Noun

 * 1) holmium metallic chemical element, with atomic number 67.

title: holmijs


text:
leatacht

Noun

 * 1) spreading, expansion, distribution, dilatation

title: leatacht


text:
erbijs

Etymology
Named, like, and , after the Swedish village of Ytterby.

Noun

 * 1) erbium metallic chemical element, with atomic number 68.

title: erbijs


text:
iterbijs

Etymology
Named, like, and , after the Swedish village of Ytterby.

Noun

 * 1) ytterbium metallic chemical element, with atomic number 70.

title: iterbijs


text: leata

title: leata


text:
ܬܓܪܘܡܬܐ

Etymology
Derived from.

Noun

 * 1) skeleton
 * 2) body, corpse, cadaver, carcass

title: ܬܓܪܘܡܬܐ


text: ܬܐܓܪܘܡܬܐ

title: ܬܐܓܪܘܡܬܐ


text:
leibideacht

Noun

 * 1) carelessness, slovenliness, slackness
 * 2) softness, foolishness, imbecility

title: leibideacht


text:
leibideach

Adjective

 * 1) slack, slovenly
 * 2) soft, foolish

title: leibideach


text:
leibide

Noun

 * 1) careless, slovenly person
 * 2) softy, fool

title: leibide


text:
tūlijs

Etymology
From Thule, the name for the northernmost location of the ancient world (from ), as a poetic way to say Scandinavia.

Noun

 * 1) thulium metallic chemical element, with atomic number 69.

title: tūlijs


text:
grerë

Alternative forms

 * (Avanitic)
 * Gheg: ,

Etymology
From, from (compare 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬).

Noun

 * 1) wasp
 * 2) hornet

title: grerë


text:
lutēcijs

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) lutetium metallic chemical element, with atomic number 71.

title: lutēcijs


text: eiropiju

title: eiropiju


text: eiropijam

title: eiropijam


text: eiropijā

title: eiropijā


text: eiropija

title: eiropija


text:
ܫܛܚܐ

Etymology
From the verb ; compare 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) surface, plane
 * 2) area, expanse, territory, plot, lot
 * 3)  area, measurement of extent
 * 1) area, expanse, territory, plot, lot
 * 2)  area, measurement of extent
 * 1)  area, measurement of extent

Etymology 1
From the root related to spreading out. Compare 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) surface, area, expanse, open space
 * 2) esplanade
 * 3) lot, property, courtyard (around a building)
 * 4) village
 * 5) pool, reach

Etymology 2
From the root related to spreading out.

Noun

 * 1) surface

title: ܫܛܚܐ


text:
good riddance to bad rubbish

Etymology
Possibly an elaboration of, contrasting the word with , and using the word  to form an alliteration with.

Interjection

 * : good riddance!

Noun

 * 1) An act of getting rid of someone or something whose departure is welcomed.

title: good riddance to bad rubbish


text: kreeftje

title: kreeftje


text: kreeftjes

title: kreeftjes


text:
grykë

Etymology
From, from , from. Compare 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) throat
 * 2) neck of a bottle or other object
 * 3) gulp
 * 4) mouth
 * 5) barrel of a gun
 * 6)  tonsils
 * 7) type of shirt
 * 8) collar (of a clothing)
 * 9) gorge
 * 10) mouth of a river
 * 11) gulf
 * 12) best part of a dish
 * 13)  beginning of an event, time

title: grykë


text:
kʼasdą́ą́ʼ

Adverb

 * 1) almost, nearly

title: kʼasdą́ą́ʼ


text:
lip liner

Noun

 * 1) Makeup used to outline the outer edge of the lips, generally to fill in uneven areas and create a smooth shape after applying lipstick.

title: lip liner


text: lip liners

title: lip liners


text: gadolīniju

title: gadolīniju


text: gadolīnijam

title: gadolīnijam


text: Category:Language attestation warning templates


text: gadolīnijā

title: gadolīnijā


text:
Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/smertaną

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1) to hurt

title: Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/smertaną


text: puor

title: puor


text: gadolīnija

title: gadolīnija


text:
Template:LDL-sense/documentation

This template is for what  is for. It accepts no parameters.

title: Template:LDL-sense/documentation


text:
leiceacht

Noun

 * 1) sickliness, delicacy

title: leiceacht


text:
haaʼí yeeʼ

Adverb

 * 1) let's see; show me

title: haaʼí yeeʼ


text:
Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/kutjaną

Etymology
Possibly related to. Also compare. For possible sense development, compare, which probably was originally "a piece of meat cut off".

Verb

 * 1) to cut

title: Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/kutjaną


text:
ܬܐܡܐ

Etymology
Compare 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬.

Adjective

 * 1) twin, double, geminate

Noun

 * 1) twin, double

Proper noun

 * 1)  Gemini (constellation and zodiac sign)

title: ܬܐܡܐ


text:
leice

Adjective

 * 1) sickly, delicate

Etymology
From.

title: leice


text: terbija

title: terbija


text: terbijā

title: terbijā


text: terbiju

title: terbiju


text: terbijam

title: terbijam


text:
Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/krāan

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1)  to crow, shout


text: disproziju

title: disproziju


text:
ܬܐܡܬܐ

Etymology
Compare 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) twin, double
 * 2)  valves, double doors

title: ܬܐܡܬܐ


text: disprozija

title: disprozija


text: disprozijā

title: disprozijā


text: disprozijam

title: disprozijam


text:
توأم

Etymology
Compare 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) one who was born of a multiple birth, i.e. a twin, triplet, quadruplet, etc.
 * 2)  a pair of twins two persons collectively
 * 1)  a pair of twins two persons collectively

title: توأم


text: holmijam

title: holmijam


text:
gjizë

Etymology
Either (1) from *gjir- (as in Arvanitic ) + collective -zë, from (compare 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬); or (2) from  + -zë, from  (modern ), from  (compare 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬), referring to the tying of the rennet bag in which the cheese is made.

Noun

 * 1) cheese curd
 * 2) pot cheese, dry and unsalted cottage cheese
 * 3) goat cheese

title: gjizë


text: holmiju

title: holmiju


text: holmijā

title: holmijā


text: holmija

title: holmija


text: erbiju

title: erbiju


text:
yläosaton

Adjective

 * 1) topless lacking a top
 * 2) topless naked from the waist up

title: yläosaton


text: erbija

title: erbija


text: erbijā

title: erbijā


text: erbijam

title: erbijam


text: tūliju

title: tūliju


text: tūlija

title: tūlija


text: tūlijā

title: tūlijā


text: tūlijam

title: tūlijam


text: iterbijam

title: iterbijam


text: iterbiju

title: iterbiju


text: iterbijā

title: iterbijā


text: iterbija

title: iterbija


text: lutēcijam

title: lutēcijam


text: lutēcija

title: lutēcija


text: lutēcijā

title: lutēcijā


text: lutēciju

title: lutēciju


text:
intergluteal cleft

Noun

 * 1)  The groove between the buttocks that runs from just below the sacrum to the perineum.

Synonyms

 * See also Thesaurus:gluteal cleft.

title: intergluteal cleft


text: intergluteal clefts

title: intergluteal clefts


text:
hafnijs

Etymology
From, the name of the city of Copenhagen.

Noun

 * 1) hafnium metallic chemical element, with atomic number 72.

title: hafnijs


text:
tantals

Etymology
A word derived by Swedish chemist Anders Gustaf Ekeberg in 1802, from  tantalus.

Noun

 * 1) tantalum metallic chemical element, with atomic number 73.

title: tantals


text:
pliiats

Etymology
From, from , which is compound of. See also: 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) pencil

title: pliiats


text:
baggage check

Noun

 * 1)  the part of a boarding pass, or a separate stub, that identifies the passenger's baggage and permits it to be collected at the destination.

title: baggage check


text:
intergluteal

Adjective

 * 1) Between the buttocks.

title: intergluteal


text:
tubli

Noun

 * 1) the

Adjective

 * 1) good, fine, fair.

Interjection

 * 1) Good for you!

title: tubli


text:
värv

Etymology
From,. Compare 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬. All derived from, from ,. Distant cognate with 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) color/colour
 * 2) paint liquid

title: värv


text: volframam

title: volframam


text: volframu

title: volframu


text: volframā

title: volframā


text: volframa

title: volframa


text:
ܬܐܢܬܐ

Etymology 1
From.

Noun

 * 1) fig (tree and fruit)
 * 2) * Peshitta, Matthew 7:16:
 * "syc"

- ܡܢ ܦܐܪ̈ܝܗܘܢ ܕܝܢ ܬܕܥܘܢ ܐܢܘܢ. ܠܡܐ: ܠܩܛܝܢ ܡܢ ܟܘܒ̈ܐ ܥܢܒ̈ܐ: ܐܘ ܡܢ ܩܘܪ̈ܛܒܐ ܬܐܢ̈ܐ.

 * 1)  hard red swelling

Etymology 2
From the root related to urinating, from.

Noun

 * 1) urine

Etymology 3
From the root related to being busy.

Noun

 * 1) handle, tieback
 * 2) * Peshitta, Exodus 26:4:
 * "syc"

- ܘܥܒܕ ܬܢ̈ܐܬܐ ܕܬܟܠܬܐ ܥܠ ܣܦܬܗ ܕܝܪܝܥܬܐ ܚܕܐ ܒܣܛܪܗ ܕܕܒܩܐ: ܘܗܟܢܐ ܬܥܒܕ ܠܣܦܬܗ ܕܝܪܝܥܬܐ ܡܢ ܣܛܪܐ ܕܕܒܩܐ ܐܚܪܢܐ.

title: ܬܐܢܬܐ


text: tantalu

title: tantalu


text: tantalam

title: tantalam


text: tantalā

title: tantalā


text: tantāls

title: tantāls


text:
ühendus

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) association, union
 * 2) commonwealth
 * 3) connection, contact, link

title: ühendus


text:
squailer

Noun

 * 1) A weighted stick used to throw, usually at small animals.

Usage notes

 * squalar a possible misspelling from William Morris, a Life for Our Time, Fiona MacCarthy, (1994, Faber & Faber, London):
 * The wilder boys [from Marlborough College] raged around the neighbourhood in gangs 'with knobbed sticks and squalars, with jackets buttoned tight up to their throat, and a look of pluck and determination on their faces'. The squalar was a ferocious home-made weapon consisting of a piece of lead the size and shape of a pear with an eighteen-inch cane handle'

title: squailer


text: tantālu

title: tantālu


text: tantālam

title: tantālam


text:
User talk:Chrdauph

--Lo Ximiendo (talk) 05:03, 27 July 2012 (UTC)

Part of speech header.
Every entry needs a part of speech header, such as ===Adjective=== or ===Noun===. I've fixed several of your entries that were missing such a header.

One entry that I couldn't figure out how to fix was mark. Could you fix it, please? (In the edit-window, look for the messages that I added using  {{attention|et . They will tell you what needs to be fixed.)

Thanks in advance!

—Ruakh TALK 12:19, 27 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the tips! I'm pretty new at this, but I've found a lot of words in a book I'm studying from that are either missing the genitive/partitive cases or definitions altogether. I fixed the one you mentioned, and I'll remember the header in the future.
 * Thank you!
 * {{unsigned|Chrdauph|15:33, 27 July 2012 (UTC)}}

 * Thanks. Could you clarify which senses of "mark" and "stamp" you have in mind? Right now the entry is very vague. Thanks again, —Ruakh TALK 15:39, 27 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Perfect, thank you! —Ruakh TALK 17:35, 27 July 2012 (UTC)

title: User talk:Chrdauph


text:
põhi

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) north
 * 2) base, foundation
 * 3) bottom
 * 4) bed (as in riverbed)

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) north
 * 1) north

title: põhi


text:
härra

Etymology
From either or.

Noun

 * 1) sir, mister (as a title)
 * 2) gentleman
 * 3) a wealthy or upper-class man
 * 4) man (in general)

title: härra


text: tantāla

title: tantāla


text:
proua

Etymology
From either Middle Low German, or German.

Noun

 * 1) ma'am, Mrs (as a title)
 * 2) a married woman
 * 3) a wealthy, upper-class or educated woman

Usage notes
In the military, proua is used as a title for all female soldiers, regardless of marital status.

title: proua


text: tantālā

title: tantālā


text:
dosë

Etymology
From, from.

Noun

 * 1) sow (female pig)

title: dosë


text:
rahvaarv

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) population number of people in a territory

title: rahvaarv


text:
laht

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) bay
 * 2) gulf

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) bay
 * 2) gulf

title: laht


text:
raekoda

Noun

 * 1) city hall, town hall

title: raekoda


text:
katedraal

Noun

 * 1) cathedral

title: katedraal


text:
nägu

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) face

Etymology
Related to Finnish.

Noun

 * 1) sight, vision

title: nägu


text: seismoloģijas

title: seismoloģijas


text: seismoloģijai

title: seismoloģijai


text: seismoloģiju

title: seismoloģiju


text: seismoloģijā

title: seismoloģijā


text: Category:lv:Seismology

title: Category:lv:Seismology


text:
ܬܝܢܬܐ

Etymology
From the root related to urinating, from.

Noun

 * 1) urine

title: ܬܝܢܬܐ


text:
ܬܝܢܐ

Etymology
From the root related to urinating, from.

Noun

 * 1) urine
 * 2)  oil of sulfur/sulphur; sulfuretted water

Noun

 * 1) urine
 * 2) liquid manure

title: ܬܝܢܐ


text:
too clever by half

Adjective

 * 1)  Shrewd but flawed by overthinking or excessive complexity, with a resulting tendency to be unreliable or unsuccessful.

Translations

 * German: oberschlau, eine Schnapsidee haben

title: too clever by half


text:
αστυνομική ταυτότητα

Noun

 * 1) ID card, identity card, identity document

title: αστυνομική ταυτότητα


text:
shpend

Alternative forms

 * (m.), (f.),  (f.),

Etymology
From. More at.

Noun

 * 1)  bird
 * 2) poultry, domestic fowl
 * 3)  gamebird, gamefowl

title: shpend


text: αστυνομικές ταυτότητες

title: αστυνομικές ταυτότητες


text:
ܬܘܢܐ

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) room division in a building
 * 2) bedroom, chamber
 * 3)  cardiac ventricle
 * 1) bedroom, chamber
 * 2)  cardiac ventricle

Usage notes

 * Some dialects treat this term as grammatically feminine.

Etymology 1
From the root related to staying.

Noun

 * 1) room, chamber
 * 2) garner
 * 3)  cardiac ventricle

Etymology 2
From the root related to urinating, from.

Noun

 * 1) urine

title: ܬܘܢܐ


text: ܬܐܘܢܐ

title: ܬܐܘܢܐ


text: ܬܘܘܢܐ

title: ܬܘܘܢܐ


text:
δελτίο αστυνομικής ταυτότητας

Noun

 * 1) ID card, identity card, identity document

title: δελτίο αστυνομικής ταυτότητας


text: δελτία αστυνομικής ταυτότητας

title: δελτία αστυνομικής ταυτότητας


text:
Talk:simplify

This entry is listed as a transitive verb, but it is also often used intransitively:

"I need to simplify." "I'm simplifying."

I don't want to edit it directly as I'm not a grammar expert.
 * Isn't that just the second sense (which is intransitive)? Also, remember to sign your posts with four tildes ( ~ ). --Μετάknowledge discuss/deeds 06:39, 27 July 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:simplify


text:
piscar

Etymology
From. Compare 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) fisher, fisherman

Etymology
Alteration of.

Verb

 * 1)  to pick at

Etymology
, from *pVsk- / *bVsk-. Compare 🇨🇬.

Verb

 * 1) to blink to close and reopen one or both eyes quickly

Verb

 * 1) to blink to close and reopen both eyes quickly
 * 2) to wink To blink with only one eye as a message, signal, or suggestion
 * 3) to flash To (cause to) shine intermittently

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) eel

title: piscar


text:
ܬܒܢܐ

Etymology 1
Possibly from, otherwise cognate to it. Compare 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) straw, hay, chaff

Etymology 2
Modified from above. Compare 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) baler

title: ܬܒܢܐ


text:
अमार

Adverb

 * 1) now

title: अमार


text:
kunnokas

Adjective

 * 1) fit

title: kunnokas


text:
haudikas

Noun

 * 1) A stewed root vegetable, potato etc.

title: haudikas


text: Category:raj:Days of the week

title: Category:raj:Days of the week


text:
linjakas

Adjective

 * 1) streamlined, graceful

title: linjakas


text:
अदीतवार

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) Sunday

title: अदीतवार


text: Category:raj:Time

title: Category:raj:Time


text:
luonnikas

Adjective

 * 1) natural, relaxed, easygoing, smooth

title: luonnikas


text:
luonteikas

Adjective

 * 1) lifelike

title: luonteikas


text:
lupsakas

Etymology

 * see

title: lupsakas


text:
nahikas

Etymology
, probably from, from

Noun

 * 1)  A mushroom of the genus.
 * 2) with a modifier, many agaric mushrooms with a leather-like skin

title: nahikas


text: paatoksekas

title: paatoksekas


text:
painokas

Adjective

 * 1) emphatic

Etymology
From. Akin to 🇨🇬.

Adjective

 * 1) heavy
 * 2)  stressed

title: painokas


text:
paistikas

Noun

 * 1) A stewed root vegetable, potato etc.

title: paistikas


text:
piilokas

Noun

 * 1) bean weevil, seed beetle in the subfamily  of the family  of beetles.

title: piilokas


text:
pistokas

Noun

 * 1)  cutting leaf, stem, branch, or root removed from a plant and cultivated to grow a new plant
 * 2) sandal

title: pistokas


text: ponnekas

title: ponnekas


text:
raamikas

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1) robust body shape

title: raamikas


text:
railakas

Adjective

 * 1) lively, sociable

title: railakas


text: railakka

title: railakka


text: saapikas

title: saapikas


text:
taiteikas

Adjective

 * 1) skillful

title: taiteikas


text:
ulotteikas

Etymology
(compare )

Adjective

 * 1)  multifaceted

title: ulotteikas


text: vivahduksekas

title: vivahduksekas


text:
खे

Etymology
From. Cognate with Hindustani /.

Noun

 * 1) dust
 * 2) ash

title: खे


text: hyväkäs

title: hyväkäs


text:
kärjekäs

Adjective

 * 1) pointed, sharp
 * 2)  stinging

Synonyms

 * pointed
 * figuratively

title: kärjekäs


text:
lemmekäs

Adjective

 * 1) amorous indicating love or sexual desire

title: lemmekäs


text:
ܬܓܐ

Etymology 1
From.

Noun

 * 1) crown, diadem, tiara
 * 2)  papal mitre
 * 3)  regal power

Etymology 2
Possibly from.

Pronunciation
Uncertain.

Noun

 * 1) ruler, king

title: ܬܓܐ


text: ܬܐܓܐ

title: ܬܐܓܐ


text:
pyrstökäs

Noun

 * 1) larvacean

title: pyrstökäs


text: sisällyksekäs

title: sisällyksekäs


text:
sisällökäs

Adjective

 * 1) rich in content

title: sisällökäs


text:
tyvekäs

Adjective

 * 1)  buttressed

title: tyvekäs


text:
paapero

Etymology
Possibly. Compare.

Noun

 * 1) toddler

title: paapero


text:
विस्वाघात

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) betrayal
 * 2) fraud

title: विस्वाघात


text: gemiyi

title: gemiyi


text: gemiler

title: gemiler


text: yelkeni

title: yelkeni


text: yelkenler

title: yelkenler


text: yelkenlerin

title: yelkenlerin


text: evlerin

title: evlerin


text: arabaların

title: arabaların


text: uçakların

title: uçakların


text:
विभाड़

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) destruction
 * 2) loss

title: विभाड़


text:
विख

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) poison

title: विख


text:
विजै

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) victory

title: विजै


text: yelkenleri

title: yelkenleri


text:
Rums

Noun

 * 1) a jolt, a biff, thud, an unsharp impact or sound
 * 2) fuckery, wass, jazz, a collection of matters serving ennui
 * 1) fuckery, wass, jazz, a collection of matters serving ennui

title: Rums


text:
akış

Etymology
Equivalent to.

Noun

 * 1) flow

title: akış


text: akışı

title: akışı


text: akışlar

title: akışlar


text:
User talk:210.195.64.146

Azul, labas dar-k! (I hope that is correct. I found it at English expression-Tashelhit (1).)

One of the administrators, User:Metaknowledge, told me you added a number of Tashelhit translations. That's exciting. I remember when I studied a little about Berber in linguistics. Berber is well known in linguistics because the consonants can act like vowels.

Anyway, I hope you will continue contributing to Wiktionary, and I would like to encourage you to create an account and put a Babel box on your page after you create the account.

You're welcome to leave questions on my talk page or on the community portals (link at left).

a-kk iεawn rbbi. --BB12 (talk) 08:19, 27 July 2012 (UTC)

title: User talk:210.195.64.146


text:
Citations:occupationless

Adjective: "having no occupation; jobless; idle"

 * 1857 — Henry A. Murray, Lands of the Slave and the Free, or, Cuba, the United States, and Canada, Chapter XVI:
 * and though there are no drones in a Yankee hive, so thoroughly did they dedicate themselves to my comfort and amusement, that a person ignorant of the true state of things might have fancied they were as idle and occupationless as the cigar-puffers who adorn some of our metropolitan-club steps, the envy of passing butcher-boys and the liberal distributors of cigar-ends to unwashed youths who hang about ready to pounce upon the delicious and rejected morsels.
 * 1898 — Mark Twain, Following the Equator: A Journey Around the World, The American Publishing Company (1898), Chapter LXV:
 * Protestant Missionary work is coldly regarded by the commercial white colonist all over the heathen world, as a rule, and its product is nicknamed "rice-Christians" (occupationless incapables who join the church for revenue only), but I think it would be difficult to pick a flaw in the work of these Catholic monks, and I believe that the disposition to attempt it has not shown itself.
 * 1903 — Frederic S. Isham, Under the Rose, The Bobbs-Merill Company (1903), Chapter XII:
 * In truth, the only dissatisfied onlookers were the quick-fingered spoilers and rovers who, packed as close as dried dates in a basket by the irresistible forward press of the people, found themselves suddenly occupationless, without power to move their arms, or ply their hands.
 * 1913 — F. M. Mayor, The Third Miss Symons, Chapter X:
 * There are fewer occupationless Englishmen abroad, but there is a fair supply—half-pay officers, consumptives, and mysterious creatures, who have no good reason for being there.

title: Citations:occupationless


text:
occupationless

Adjective

 * 1) Having no occupation; jobless; idle.

title: occupationless


text:
विजोग

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) separation

title: विजोग


text:
ar aba

Etymology
From, verbal noun of.

Preposition

 * 1)  on account of

title: ar aba


text:
iomaidh

Noun

 * 1) rivalry, competition

title: iomaidh


text:
वेलू

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) value

title: वेलू


text:
सबर

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) patience

title: सबर


text:
सनेस

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) message

title: सनेस


text:
qùerboun

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) coal

title: qùerboun


text:
भगत

Etymology
From. Cognate with Hindustani /.

Noun

 * 1) devotee
 * 2) follower
 * 3) fan

title: भगत


text:
tchaîse à reues

Noun

 * 1)  wheelchair

title: tchaîse à reues


text: reues

title: reues


text:
reue d'avo

Noun

 * 1)  steering wheel

title: reue d'avo


text: Rouoge Mé

title: Rouoge Mé


text:
negative space

Noun

 * 1)  The space around and between the subjects of an image.

title: negative space


text:
p'tite-fil'ye

Noun

 * 1)  granddaughter

title: p'tite-fil'ye


text: negative spaces

title: negative spaces


text:
भैण

Etymology
From, from. Cognate to 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) sister

Etymology
From. Cognate with Hindustani /.

Noun

 * 1) sister

title: भैण


text:
Citations:orchestrelle

Noun: "a player organ designed to mimic the sound of an orchestra, manufactured and used from the late 19th century to early 20th century"

 * 1912 — Albert Bigelow Paine, Mark Twain, A Biography: Volume III, Part 1: 1900-1907, Chapter CCXXXV:
 * He had the orchestrelle moved to Dublin, although it was no small undertaking, for he needed the solace of its harmonies;
 * 1912 — Will Levington Comfort, Fate Knocks at the Door, Chapter 7:
 * Time could not efface the humor evoked by the sight or sound of the magnificent orchestrelle.
 * 1925 — Theodore Dreiser, An American Tragedy, Rosetta Books (2002), ISBN 9780795307928, page 280:
 * Fox-trots and one-steps were being supplied by an orchestrelle of considerable size.

title: Citations:orchestrelle


text: yönü

title: yönü


text: yönler

title: yönler


text: yönüne

title: yönüne


text:
orchestrelle

Noun

 * 1)  A player organ designed to mimic the sound of an orchestra, manufactured and used from the late 19th century to early 20th century.

title: orchestrelle


text: yönüme

title: yönüme


text: orchestrelles

title: orchestrelles


text:
मंसूबौ

Etymology
From, from.

Noun

 * 1) desire
 * 2) will
 * 3) assumption
 * 4) scheme

title: मंसूबौ


text: ayarlar

title: ayarlar


text:
palette dé l'êpaule

Noun

 * 1)  shoulder blade

title: palette dé l'êpaule


text:
palette du g'nou

Noun

 * 1)  kneecap

title: palette du g'nou


text:
ayarlamak

Verb

 * 1) to adjust
 * 2) to arrange
 * 3) to budget
 * 4) to calibrate
 * 5) to draw up
 * 6) to justify
 * 7) to regulate
 * 8) to set
 * 9) to time

title: ayarlamak


text:
èrchette

Noun

 * 1)  recipe

title: èrchette


text:
मत्थौ

Etymology
Cognate with Hindustani /.

Noun

 * 1) head

title: मत्थौ


text:
süslemek

Etymology
Equivalent to.

Verb

 * 1) to adorn
 * 2) to beautify
 * 3) to budget
 * 4) to caparison
 * 5) to doll up
 * 6) to embellish
 * 7) to flourish
 * 8) to gild
 * 9) to ornament
 * 10) to tart up

title: süslemek


text:
yontmak

Etymology
From, causative of , from. The causative form took the place of the original verb.

Related to 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Verb

 * 1)  to shape sth. by cutting it; to chisel; to hew; to whittle; to dress (stone); to sculpt, sculpture
 * 2)  to point or sharpen

title: yontmak


text: yontar

title: yontar


text: süsler

title: süsler


text:
farche

Etymology
Cognate to 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1)  trick

title: farche


text:
Citations:vedder

Conjunction: "eye dialect spelling of whether"

 * 1914 — Bertrand W. Sinclair, North of Fifty-Three, Chapter XXXIV:
 * Und I dink der drouble iss largely dot der modern, high-bressure cifilization makes for der abnormal, vedder a man iss a millionaire or vorks in der brewery, contentment iss a state off der mind—und if der mind vorks mit logic it vill content find in der simple dings."

Noun: "eye dialect spelling of weather"

 * 1863 — R. M. Ballantyne, The Wild Man of the West, Chapter 8:
 * "Mais, monsieur," interposed Gibault with a rueful countenance; "you speak de trooth; but though hims be dangereux an' ver' bad for drink oftin, yet ven it be cold vedder, it doo varm de cokils of de hart!"
 * 1890 — William O. Stoddard, Crowded Out o' Crofield, or, The Boy Who Made His Way, Chapter XI:
 * De finest vedder in all the vorlt is een America,—and dere ees more vedder of all kinds."
 * 1903 — E. W. Hornung, No Hero, Chapter XII:
 * "Yes, sare," said the concierge, "the season end suddenly mit the bad vedder at the beginning of the veek.

title: Citations:vedder


text:
tartuntavaara

Noun

 * 1) risk of infection

title: tartuntavaara


text:
vedder

Usage notes

 * Used to mimic certain accents, such as German.

Adjective

 * 1) fore, front
 * veddre Bee
 * front leg

title: vedder


text:
tutkimuskäyttö

Noun

 * 1) scientific use

title: tutkimuskäyttö


text: tärinäraita

title: tärinäraita


text:
uittohaka

Noun

 * 1) pike pole used in log driving

title: uittohaka


text:
väriraita

Noun

 * 1) color strip

title: väriraita


text: sananraja

title: sananraja


text:
sanaraja

Noun

 * 1)  word boundary

title: sanaraja


text:
virheraja

Noun

 * 1) limit of error

title: virheraja


text:
vähimmäisraja

Noun

 * 1) minimum limit

title: vähimmäisraja


text:
êtchipe dé quéméreu

Noun

 * 1)  camera crew

title: êtchipe dé quéméreu


text:
yökkö

Noun

 * 1) bat appears in common names of many bats in at least eight genera of the families Rhinolopsidae and Vespertillonidae
 * 2)  night nurse

title: yökkö


text:
quéméreu

Etymology
Borrowed from.

Noun

 * 1)  camera

title: quéméreu


text:
User talk:Blanicky

Čechy
Dunno what to say really, you're doing it completely wrong. 'Bohemia' isn't a language, for instance. Mglovesfun (talk) 09:56, 27 July 2012 (UTC)

 * For an example of formatting, see Česko and Katze: the level-2 heading stands for the language of the word.
 * The "Čechy" entry has two senses: Bohemia, and Czechia. The latter sense is colloquial and deviates from strict usage, but this is how colloquial Czech often uses the word "Čechy", so Wiktionary documents the usage. --Dan Polansky (talk) 20:30, 27 July 2012 (UTC)

However simetimes used in wider meaning in Czech, it is simply incorrect usage. Čechy = Bohemia, Česko = Czechia. At the same time, it does not mean this usage in Czech is automatically transported into English. Česko = Čechy + Morava + Slezsko, thus Czechia = Bohemia + Moravia + Silesia. Ignorants can mixed up astronomy and agronomy, but the meaning remains the same and has not been changed by incorrect usage. Wiktionary documents nothing, they are a lot of mistakes, errors and bad explantions in Wikipedia, because it is created and administrated by amateurs.

title: User talk:Blanicky


text:
nelilö

Noun

 * 1)  block of four

title: nelilö


text: Category:Finnish terms suffixed with -lo


text:
tĕlu

Etymology
From, from , from , from , from.

Etymology
From.

Numeral

 * 1) three

title: tĕlu


text:
nälkäraja

Noun

 * 1) hunger limit

title: nälkäraja


text:
تلو

Preposition

 * 1) immediately after

Etymology
From, from , from , from , from.

Noun

 * 1) thorn
 * 2) bramble, briar

Noun

 * 1) totter

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) sole of a foot or heel

title: تلو


text:
nälkäkuuri

Noun

 * 1) fasting, starvation regimen

title: nälkäkuuri


text:
polskia

Etymology
From an root.

Verb

 * 1)  to splash

title: polskia


text:
Reconstruction:Proto-Malayic/təlu

Etymology
From, from.

Numeral

 * 1) three

Descendants

 * Malayan
 * Malayan

title: Reconstruction:Proto-Malayic/təlu


text:
fausse couoche

Noun

 * 1)  miscarriage

title: fausse couoche


text:
yrmeä

Etymology
Probably from the same root as.

Adjective

 * 1) morose, sullen

title: yrmeä


text: harhautuma

title: harhautuma


text:
env'loppe

Noun

 * 1)  envelope

title: env'loppe


text:
harhauma

Noun

 * 1) deviation e.g. sexual deviation

title: harhauma


text:
japaninlakka

Noun

 * 1) japan varnish

title: japaninlakka


text:
naivistinen

Adjective

 * 1)  naive, naivistic

title: naivistinen


text:
naukaisu

Noun

 * 1) meow

title: naukaisu


text:
tin bath

Noun

 * 1) A bathtub made from galvanised iron.
 * 2) A bath filled with molten tin, used in the manufacture of glass.
 * 3)  A bath made of tin.

title: tin bath


text:
تري

Etymology
From, from , from.

title: تري


text:
poretin

Noun

 * 1) a device that produces bubbles, turning a pool into a jacuzzi

title: poretin


text:
raivain

Noun

 * 1)  machine used in demining

title: raivain


text:
fielle dé zîn

Noun

 * 1)  corrugated iron

title: fielle dé zîn


text:
selustin

Noun

 * 1) harness saddle

title: selustin


text:
vastin

Noun

 * 1) counterpiece, support, stopper

title: vastin


text:
vihmin

Noun

 * 1)  aspergillum brush-like liturgical implement used to sprinkle holy water

title: vihmin


text:
väännin

Noun

 * 1) knob

title: väännin


text:
تري-

Etymology
From, from , from , from.

title: تري-


text:
zîn

Etymology
From, from , from , from , from.

Verb

 * 1) to see

Noun

 * 1)  zinc

title: zîn


text:
evidemment

Adverb

 * 1) evidently; obviously

title: evidemment


text: Category:Indonesian terms derived from Proto-Indo-European


text:
chator

Etymology 1
From, from , from.

title: chator


text:
Stoicien

Noun

 * 1) Stoic philosophy

title: Stoicien


text: Stoiciens

title: Stoiciens


text:
hayr

Etymology
.

Verb

 * 1) to hate

title: hayr


text:
nous mesmes

Pronoun

 * 1)  ourselves

title: nous mesmes


text:
dua ribu

Etymology
.

title: dua ribu


text:
Wiktionary:About Vulgar Latin

Vulgar Latin was the everyday form of Latin that was spoken by the common people (the ) of the Roman Empire. It was the language of soldiers, merchants, farmers, workers, rather than the language of scribes, poets, historians and politicians. As such, it differed somewhat from Classical (literary) Latin in vocabulary, pronunciation and grammar. Vulgar Latin is also the early vernacular language from which the Romance languages (like Spanish, French, Italian, Romanian) descended, and even in those early times it resembles them somewhat more than Classical Latin does. However, it was primarily a spoken language, while Classical Latin continued to be written, so that we do not have immediate evidence of these differences. Nevertheless, certain errors or corrections that begin to appear in texts show a glimpse of what was happening to the language in normal use. By the time the first texts were written in the vernacular around the 9th century, they were no longer recognizably Latin, but had already evolved to become the individual Romance languages in their early forms. Vulgar Latin can, however, be reconstructed through linguistic methods.

The form of Vulgar Latin that is considered in Wiktionary's entries starts from the latest common ancestor of the Romance languages, called Proto-Romance, spoken during the later days of the Roman Empire, the 3rd to 5th centuries. This time is more or less concomitant with the Late Latin period. During this time, some minor dialectal differentiation was already beginning to take place, but the language was still more or less unified, and remained so by the presence of the classical standard and the continuing existence of the Roman Empire. When the Empire split and the Western half began to fall apart, there was no longer a unifying force and Vulgar Latin fell apart along with the Empire that had helped spread it, yet the early descendants of Proto-Romance, including Proto-Balkan-Romance, Proto-Italo-Western-Romance, Proto-Western-Romance, Proto-Gallo-Romance, Proto-Ibero-Romance, and Proto-Italo-Romance, are still considered Vulgar Latin and concomitant with the early Medieval Latin period.

Only attested words are allowed in the main namespace in Wiktionary, including "vulgar" forms found in Late Latin or early Medieval Latin literature (up to 10th century). Because most Vulgar Latin words (barring a handful of "proscribed" or "spoken" words) are reconstructed, rather than attested, entries for unattested Vulgar Latin words should not be present in the main namespace. Instead, they are placed in the Reconstruction namespace, with all entries beginning with Reconstruction:Latin/.

Sound changes from classical Latin
Certain changes were already well underway even in classical times, but rarely made it into writing. Although spelling was not strictly standardized, the written form was still fairly rigid and subject to specific rules, which did not always reflect the reality of the day. Some examples:

 * Final -m > -n in monosyllables.
 * Remaining final -m was lost, nasalizing the preceding vowel. This happened sometime during the last centuries BCE.
 * Nasal consonants were lost before a fricative (f, s), nasalizing and lengthening the preceding vowel. This seems to have been common since Republican times, judging from certain spelling conventions, but there are some exceptions. Since many instances of nasals before fricatives (especially f) were due to compounding with or, in many cases the nasal was analogically restored.
 * Following these changes, the newly-created nasalized vowels merged with the corresponding oral vowels.
 * v became a fricative  in the early Empire.
 * h was lost everywhere already during the early Imperial period.
 * ph, th, and ch merged with f, t, and c respectively, but with some exceptions to the first, where it becomes p instead. In Vulgar speech, they may have never been distinguished.
 * -b- between vowels became a fricative and merged with -v-, probably around the 1st or 2nd century.
 * Some time after this, a new w developed from Germanic loanwords. In most areas, this developed to, though it is retained in parts of northwestern France (see Joret line).
 * h was also reintroduced from Germanic loanwords, which was then lost again but survives in French as the aspirated h.
 * Medial syllables ending in l or r were syncopated, dropping the vowel. Sometimes this triggered changes in the consonants as well (for example, tl > cl). Later languages syncopated other kinds of medial syllables as well, but in a dialect-dependent way.
 * In medial clusters of three consonants (some original, some due to syncopation), the middle consonant was typically lost.
 * oe monophthongized around the 1st century. It became long high-mid and therefore merged with long ē.
 * ae also monophthongized a century or two later. It became long low-mid, which did not occur elsewhere and therefore did not merge with anything. However, when long vowels were shortened (below), it merged with short e.
 * au remained, though a few words underwent early monophthongization to ō.
 * auku, augu dissimilated to aku, agu respectively.
 * y and ȳ merged with i and ī respectively. As with ph, th, and kh, they may not have ever been distinctive in Vulgar Latin.
 * e and i before a vowel merged, becoming consonantal.
 * During the Italo-Western period, affricated to.
 * (common in the suffix ) merged with everywhere.
 * became either (often subsequently strengthened to ) or  depending on dialect.

Important are also the changes in vowels. The original pronunciation of Latin included differences in both vowel quality and length. In Vulgar Latin, the differences in length began to disappear. All Romance languages merged short a and long ā. However, not all Romance languages show the same outcomes for the remaining four vowel pairs, which gives early evidence for dialectal differentiation:
 * The first languages to split off from the Vulgar Latin continuum were the "Southern Romance" languages, including Sardinian, the substrate of neighboring Italo-Romance languages, and possibly African Romance, around the 3rd century. The remaining four short vowels developed uniquely in these languages: they all merged with their long counterparts. They still preserve some other notable archaisms even today, such as the absence of palatalization of the velars (c and g) that is found in all the other Romance languages.
 * A century later, Eastern Romance, consisting today of Romanian, Aromanian, Megleno-Romanian, and Istro-Romanian, also began to evolve distinctly from the rest. Romanian did undergo palatalization, but shows a different development of vowels from the remaining languages: short i was lowered and merged with long ē, while short e remained distinct as . The other three pairs simply lost their length distinctions like Sardinian and merged with their long counterparts.
 * The Vulgar Latin dialects that remained after the previous two dialects split off are called the Italo-Western Romance languages. They lowered both short i and u, merging them into long ē and ō, while keeping short e  and o  distinct. A split then occurred in these dialects, resulting in three groups: Dalmatian, Italo-Romance (including Corsican, Italian, Neapolitan, and Sicilian), and Western Romance (French, Occitan/Catalan, Romansh, Spanish and Portuguese) on the other.
 * The Dalmatian and Italo-Romance groups still shared some affinities with Eastern Romance, and can be said to be in the middle of two extremes. Both share the palatalization of c before front vowels to postalveolar and the change of final s to i. In Dalmatian, which preserves velars before e instead, indirect evidence in the form of loanwords to Slavic suggests that the palatalization of velars occurred relatively late.
 * In the Western group, the result of palatalization was generally alveolar, merging with the outcome of . A more notable characteristic of this group is the chain shift of consonants between vowels, which changed voiceless stops into voiced stops, voiced stops into voiced fricatives, and doubled (geminated) stops into single stops. This change seems to have first begun in the 5th century, becoming more frequent in the following two centuries. Apparent retentions within the Pyrenees can be explained by devoicing of the voiced stops back into voiceless stops.

Unstressed vowels developed, initially, in much the same way as stressed ones. However, soon after, the low-mid and high-mid vowels merged, giving the simple five-vowel system that is found in many modern Romance languages like Spanish and Italian. There is evidence, however, that final -um developed uniquely into -u, rather than the expected -o, most prominently in Asturian. It was lowered to -o independently in later dialects, but not in all, and processes like metaphony in North Italian languages show the presence of an earlier high vowel.

Stress mostly remained on the same syllable as Classical Latin. However, syncope and changes in vowel length had an important effect on the rules of stress placement. While stress was originally determined by rules based on syllable weight, several changes acted to obscure this. Thus, position of the stress was no longer predictable from the phonetics of a word, but became an independent phonemic property of the word and of its inflectional class.

Some time after the loss of phonemic vowel length, during the Western Romance period, stressed vowels were lengthened in open syllables. While this remains purely phonetic in Italian, syncope of consonants and final vowels much later in the individual Romance languages occasionally produced new long vowels.

Spelling
The name of the entry should reflect, generally, the spelling of classical Latin (but not the pronunciation). In terms of vowels, this means that it represents the Sardinian vowel system, or alternatively the classical vowels without length marks (just like regular Latin entries). So, the 1st conjugation of verbs has -are, 2nd declension of nouns has -us, and so on, as usual. If different dialects had different vowels, the headword line should reflect this. So, while the 2nd declension of nouns would be -us in the entry's name, this would have actually been in Italo-Western Romance, but  in Sardinian and Eastern Romance. Inflection tables list these dialectal forms when applicable.

Grammar
Vulgar Latin differed from literary Latin not just in pronunciation, but also in grammar. Certain grammatical forms fell out of use, while new ones were formed as well. Overall, there was a general tendency towards regularization, by converting less frequent to more frequent forms.

Declension
The most striking difference between literary Latin and the later Romance languages is the loss of the case system; Proto-Romance itself shows only a nominative, accusative, and a combined genitive-dative. Already at the beginning of the vernacular literary period, only Old French, Old Occitan, and Rhaeto-Romance as well as Eastern Romance displayed any traces of case in nouns, and only Eastern Romance preserves noun cases up to the present day. The loss must have been quite gradual, however. It may have been helped by some of the sound changes noted above, but there was already a tendency towards the use of prepositions rather than cases in certain instances long before these changes took place. Cases were, however, generally preserved better in pronouns than elsewhere.

The ablative was already well on its way out during Imperial times, and was probably confined to set phrases in Vulgar Latin, much as the locative had been in literary Latin. One of these phrases was an innovated formation, where an adjective in the ablative was used with to create adverbs of manner. Additionally, the ablative of the gerund was often used as a present participle. Otherwise, the ablative mostly merged with the accusative, as it had become homophonous with it in the singular through sound change in four of the five declensions.

The vocative, which was already identical to the nominative in most declensions, was lost except for a few relic forms such as Spanish. The modern Romanian vocative is likely of Slavic origin.

The genitive and dative merged into a single genitive-dative case, but this process probably took longer, and a few scattered uses of the genitive still remain even today (Italian family names in -i and Spanish weekday names in -es, for example). This merged case was itself in danger of disappearing, and eventually vanished almost completely, except in pronouns and determiners (which would later become articles). Romanian still retains this situation, having articles with two cases, nominative-accusative and genitive-dative. Interestingly, it is the (pronominal) form of the old dative that survives in the singular, but the genitive in the plural. It is quite likely that the situation was similar in Vulgar Latin as well, as there are no traces of the old dative plural anywhere in Romance, while the genitive plural survives, outside Romanian, in pronouns like French, Italian.

Finally, in the Italo-Western period, the genitive-dative was lost, with the accusative was extended into a new oblique case. Eventually, the nominative singular was gradually lost in some dialects. While this was done differently in each dialect (and did not occur in Old French until the 13th century or so), typically the accusative singular displaced the nominative singular when they differed. As such, it is traditional in Romance linguistics to cite the Latin accusative (with or without final -m) for nouns and adjectives inherited from Latin. As with the vocative, a few nominative singulars were retained as relics (e.g. Old French ).

Adjectives were, as in Classical Latin, declined mostly identically to nouns. The Classical Latin comparative was discarded (though relics, especially from, are not uncommon) and replaced with or  before the adjective. The synthetic superlative was likewise discarded and replaced with the definite article plus the comparative.

The loss of final -m had a profound impact on second declension neuter nouns when the preceding u was lowered to o (especially with the loss of final -s in the east) and the feminine in the plural. This identity with the feminine plural was used to create new feminine singulars out of neuter plurals. The remainder were retained as "ambigeneric" nouns with masculine agreement in the singular and feminine in the plural, and this is the state preserved in Eastern Romance and some Italo-Romance languages. Elsewhere, the neuter was lost entirely except in Asturian and merged into the masculine except in pronouns, where it was used to refer to generic or unspecified objects.

First declension
Loss of final -m and loss of length distinctions caused the nominative, ablative and accusative singular to fall together. The genitive and dative were already identical. In the plural, the cases remained distinct, except for the dative and ablative, which were already identical in classical Latin.

Third declension
As in the first declension, the ablative and accusative singular merged through sound changes.

Fourth declension
The fourth declension was almost entirely lost in most Romance languages and even in Vulgar Latin itself, merging with the second declension. However, this merger was probably triggered primarily by the loss of the case system in most dialects, which left the remaining case forms (nominative and accusative) generally identical to their second declension counterparts. , as a high-frequency word, probably survived relatively long, and it still keeps its irregular gender (feminine, but masculine-looking) in many languages.

Fifth declension
The fifth declension was also mostly lost, already having been a rather small class in Classical Latin. By sound change alone, once the remaining cases had been eliminated, it merged into the third declension. However, because nearly all nouns in this declension were feminine, they were generally moved into the first declension instead, as that was the larger and more productive class for feminine nouns. In Ibero-Romance, this happened to the exceptionally masculine word (from, which could be either masculine or feminine in Classical Latin) as well.

Pronouns
At minimum, the nominative, accusative, and dative generally survived in personal pronouns. Forms of (or in some Occitano-Romance dialects and Sardinian from, both originally demonstratives) displaced  as third-person pronouns, and were also used as definite articles.

developed into an indefinite article, already during the Imperial period.

was lost; subsequently shifted to take its place. This left a gap that was typically filled by. Any or all of these demonstratives could be reinforced by compounding with or, originally "behold!".

Special clitic pronouns developed from personal pronouns in unstressed positions.

Conjugation
The system of conjugation was much less eroded than declension was. Most verbal categories remained intact, and a few new ones were even created.

The passive voice, with the exception of the passive participle, disappeared, and was replaced at first with reflexive constructions with. In Italo-Western Romance, this generally gave way to a combination of and the perfect participle. This was not in itself new, because such a formation had already existed for the perfect passive, but it was now extended into the present as well. Deponent verbs lost their passive inflection and became conjugated as active, often in the fourth conjugation (by adding -re to the passive infinitive).

The passive participle, on the other hand, was widely used to form various periphrastic forms (see below). was introduced as the regular passive participle ending for the second and third conjugations by analogy with perfects.

The merger of -b- and -v- had important consequences for conjugation: it made the perfect almost indistinguishable from the future. As a result the future fell out of use, and was replaced at first with the present (with implied future meaning). This present future survives in southern Italo-Romance and Sardinian; elsewhere, it was later reinforced or supplanted by a variety of periphrastic forms: Owing to its distinctiveness and irregularity,, the future of , was at first relatively immune to these changes, and survived into early medieval times in Western Romance and still remains in Spanish today. Eventually, however, it fell to analogy.
 * In Western Romance, a combination of the infinitive plus forms of prevailed. From this, an imperfect of the future or conditional was constructed from the infinitive plus  or.
 * In Eastern Romance, (regularized form of ) plus the infinitive was used, conforming to a general practice in the Balkan sprachbund of using a word of the “want” meaning for expressing the future. The conditional was formed from the infinitive plus, though with some irregularities.
 * Sardinian did not develop a synthetic future or conditional. In addition to the simple present as mentioned above, or  plus the infinitive were used to form the future.

The -v- that was present in many perfect forms was often extended to the remainder. However, at the same time, an opposing trend started to occur where -v- was dropped between vowels (found in the Appendix Probi). This contracted form survives into the later languages, rather than the original. This contraction also occurred in the subjunctive, causing the imperfect and perfect subjunctive to fall together. A consequence was that there were now many forms with -r- in the endings that were not clearly distinguished from one another, and most of these gradually fell out of use due to this confusion. This process was slow, and many forms still survived in the early Romance languages. They probably did still exist in Vulgar Latin. The pluperfect subjunctive survived intact, owing to its distinctive -ss-, and often came to be used as a simple past subjunctive.

A new perfect was constructed from plus the passive participle for certain verbs of motion or change of state and from  plus the passive participle for all other verbs. This new form competed with the old perfect (and, in the form + passive participle, with the pluperfect), which was frequently confined to the sense of a simple past, and occasionally ousted it even in that sense.

Another effect of sound change affected the second and third conjugations. With ē and i merging in almost all of Vulgar Latin, these two conjugations were now almost identical in the present tense. This helped to set in motion the gradual merger of these two conjugations, and often caused verbs to move from one to the other. The infinitive usually shows evidence of this process, as the infinitives of the two conjugations were distinct in stress as well as pronunciation. For example,, a third conjugation verb, was converted into of the second conjugation. This process was very much dialect-specific and different dialects tended to move verbs in different directions. Portuguese and Spanish, for example, tended to draw the infinitives into the second conjugation, eventually eliminating the unstressed -ere ending altogether. Catalan, meanwhile, went in the opposite direction, extending unstressed -ere and reducing -ére to only a handful of irregular verbs.

The second and third conjugations ceased to be productive. Existing second and third conjugation verbs were often shifted to the regular, learner-friendly first conjugation through the frequentative suffixes, , and , which subsequently lost their frequentative meaning. Third conjugation -iō verbs were generally moved to the fourth, an exception being.

A new variant of the fourth conjugation was created through the merger of inchoative verbs in with causatives in. Only relics of this conjugation are found in Ibero-Romance (e.g. Portuguese ), but nearly everywhere else, this conjugation grew until it became the only productive way to form new fourth conjugation verbs.

Syntax
Word order in Vulgar Latin was considerably more rigid and fixed than in Classical Latin. A new active-stative word order developed: a group of verbs expressing motion, location, or change of state (typically the same verbs that used as their perfect auxiliary) could come before their subjects, which were semantically patients (confer stare). In all other cases, subject-verb-object word order prevailed, and has generally gained ground at the expense of the aforementioned verb-subject order. Clitic pronouns (see above) preferentially attached to the end of the first word in a clause, creating apparent subject-object-verb order.

Subordinate clauses were invariably formed with or  followed by the indicative or subjunctive; the accusative and infinitive as well as forms with  disappeared.

Articles and numerals typically preceded their nouns, while adjectives generally followed. The use of suffixes for definite articles in Eastern Romance is due to membership in the Balkan sprachbund.

title: Wiktionary:About Vulgar Latin


text:
Citations:pewful

Noun: "an amount sufficient to fill a pew"

 * 1886 — Mary E. Wilkins, The Adventures of Ann, Chapter IV:
 * Up sprang the pewful of staunch Pennimans, father and sons, and made for the door in a great rush after John, who was out before the whisper had much more than left Ann's lips.
 * 1896 — Hubert Crackanthorpe, "Anthony Garstin's Courtship", The Savoy, July 1896:
 * The scanty congregation, who had been sitting, stolidly immobile in their stiff, Sunday clothes, shuffled to their feet, and the pewful of school-children, in clamorous chorus, intoned the final hymn.
 * 1898 — Richard Le Gallienne, The Romance of Zion Chapel, Chapter V:
 * At every service of every kind, and at all times, he was there, swelling out from a pewful of ruddy daughters, and endlessly beaming round at his fellow-worshippers, as much as to say, "Didn't I say he was the man for New Zion?"

title: Citations:pewful


text:
pewful

Noun

 * 1) An amount sufficient to fill a pew.

title: pewful


text: pewfuls

title: pewfuls


text:
Middelhoogduits

Etymology
From.

Proper noun

 * 1) Middle High German

Adjective

 * 1) Middle High German

title: Middelhoogduits


text:
Urbaniste

Etymology
The tree was found in the garden of the Urbanistes monastery in Mechelen, Belgium.

Noun

 * 1) A variety of large pear.

title: Urbaniste


text: Urbanistes

title: Urbanistes


text: ambrettes

title: ambrettes


text:
mahhon

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1) to make
 * 2) to do

Descendants

 * Alsatian: ,
 * Lusatian:
 * Alsatian: ,
 * Lusatian:
 * Lusatian:
 * Lusatian:
 * Lusatian:
 * Lusatian:
 * Lusatian:
 * Lusatian:
 * Lusatian:
 * Lusatian:

title: mahhon


text:
droictement

Etymology
.

Adverb

 * 1) right

title: droictement


text: guardants

title: guardants


text:
cheoir

Etymology
From, from , from.

Verb

 * 1) to fall

Noun

 * 1) fall (instance of falling)

Etymology
From, from.

Verb

 * 1) to fall
 * 2) to fall out (become detached)
 * 3)  to happen
 * 1)  to happen

title: cheoir


text: vedroes

title: vedroes


text: vedros

title: vedros


text: theosophers

title: theosophers


text:
buohha

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) A beech

title: buohha


text:
Citations:trenchful

Noun: "an amount sufficient to fill a trench"

 * 1906 — John Foreman, The Philippine Islands, T. Fisher Unwin (1906), page 490:
 * Sometimes a trenchful of the enemy would fire a volley and half of them disappear through gullies leading to other cover.
 * 1916 — Boyd Cable, Action Front, E. P. Dutton and Company (1916), page 113:
 * "Beg pardon, sir," said 'Enery Irving with lofty dignity, "but if I 'adn't started this row the 'ole trenchful o' Frenchies would 'ave been 'owling our 'Gawd Save.'
 * 1916 — Arthur Gleason & Helen Hayes Gleason, Golden Lads, McClelland, Goodchild & Stewart (1916), pages 95-96:
 * But when he tumbles in from a gusty night out of a trenchful of mud, with the patter from slivers of shell, then he turns to song and color, odd tricks with the knife, and the tales of an ancient adventure.

title: Citations:trenchful


text:
trenchful

Noun

 * 1) An amount sufficient to fill a trench.

title: trenchful


text: trenchfuls

title: trenchfuls


text:
seribu

Etymology
From, from , from. Equivalent to.

Etymology
. First attested in the, 683AD.

title: seribu


text:
satu ribu

Etymology
.

title: satu ribu


text: minutée

title: minutée


text: minutés

title: minutés


text:
trencherful

Noun

 * 1) Enough to fill a trencher; a plateful of food.

title: trencherful


text: trencherfuls

title: trencherfuls


text:
trilion

Etymology
From, from.

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) trillion

title: trilion


text: minutées

title: minutées


text:
trenchantness

Noun

 * 1) Quality of being trenchant.

title: trenchantness


text:
Talk:trencher

Etymology
If anyone cares that much, the second two senses seem to be, while the etymology for the first one seems correct (but I can check other dictionaries if anyone wants me to). Mglovesfun (talk) 12:23, 27 July 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:trencher


text: dioptra

title: dioptra


text: evolvents

title: evolvents


text:
trencherlike

Adjective

 * 1) Resembling or characteristic of a trencher (long plate).
 * a large trencherlike basin

title: trencherlike


text: ploughwrights

title: ploughwrights


text:
Reconstruction:Proto-Malayic/ratus

Etymology
From, from.

Numeral

 * 1) hundred

Descendants

 * Malayan
 * Malayan

title: Reconstruction:Proto-Malayic/ratus


text:
satu ratus

Etymology
.

title: satu ratus


text:
rotationality

Noun

 * 1) The quality of being rotational.
 * the rotationality of a motion

title: rotationality


text: rotationalities

title: rotationalities


text: paluli

title: paluli


text:
palulus

Etymology
Diminutive of.

title: palulus


text:
yuppiehood

Noun

 * 1) The condition or time of being a yuppie.

title: yuppiehood


text:
dua ratus

Etymology
, from, from , from.

title: dua ratus


text:
tiga ratus

Etymology
.

title: tiga ratus


text:
telu ratus

Etymology
, from, from , from.

title: telu ratus


text:
empat ratus

Etymology
, from, from , from.

title: empat ratus


text:
Citations:tunably

Adverb: "in a tunable manner; tunefully"

 * 1652 — Richard Brome, A Jovial Crew, Act I:
 * They can sing any thing most tunably, Sir, but Psalms.
 * 1884 — Charlotte M. Yonge, The Armourer's Prentices, Chapter 8:
 * I sang them the old hunting-song, and they said I did it tunably,
 * 1892 — Andrew Lang, Letters on Literature, Longmans, Green, & Co. (1892), pages 11-12:
 * But even the Grecian flute, as in the lay of the strife of Apollo and Marsyas, comes more tunably in the echo of Mr. Arnold's song, that beautiful song in "Empedocles on Etna," which has the perfection of sculpture and the charm of the purest colour.
 * 1896 — William Morris, The Well at the World's End, Chapter 21:
 * Then she laughed, and her laughter was as silver bells rung tunably, and she said: "But where is the cup for the drinking?"

title: Citations:tunably


text:
lima ratus

Etymology
, from, from , from.

title: lima ratus


text:
tunably

Adverb

 * 1) In a tunable manner; tunefully.

title: tunably


text:
enam ratus

Etymology
, from, from , from.

title: enam ratus


text:
tujuh ratus

Etymology
, from.

title: tujuh ratus


text:
pitu ratus

Etymology
, from, from , from.

title: pitu ratus


text:
lapan ratus

Etymology
.

title: lapan ratus


text:
interlocutional

Adjective

 * 1) Relating to interlocution; conversational.

title: interlocutional


text:
sembilan ratus

Etymology
.

title: sembilan ratus


text: hospitiums

title: hospitiums


text:
fizető

Adjective

 * 1) paying
 * 2)  pay, paid, nonfree requiring payment
 * 1)  pay, paid, nonfree requiring payment

Usage notes
Its meaning “pay, paid, nonfree (requiring payment)” occurs only in the compound. It retains its original sense of “paying” (someone who pays) in and in a related sense “where payment is possible” in some other compounds:, , , , and. In yet other compounds, it can express “of payment, payment-related”:, , and. See also and.

Noun

 * 1) payer one who pays

title: fizető


text: Sclav

title: Sclav


text: Sclavs

title: Sclavs


text:
Myxine

Etymology
, from

Hypernyms

 * ; - subfamily

Hyponyms

 * - type species; for other species see

title: Myxine


text: Dahomean

title: Dahomean


text: Dahomeans

title: Dahomeans


text:
minūte

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) minute unit of time, 1/60 of an hour
 * 2) minute of arc unit of angular measurement, 1/60 of a degree
 * 1) minute of arc unit of angular measurement, 1/60 of a degree
 * 1) minute of arc unit of angular measurement, 1/60 of a degree
 * 1) minute of arc unit of angular measurement, 1/60 of a degree

title: minūte


text: minūtē

title: minūtē


text:
Citations:syph

Noun: "(slang) syphilis"

 * 1951 — James Jones, From Here to Eternity, Open Road Integrated Media (2011), ISBN 9781453215111, unnumbered page:
 * Why, getting drunk and running wild is not only a soldier's nature, its [sic] almost his sacred duty: just like the way Ernest Hemingway said that syph was the occupational disease of bullfighters and soldiers.
 * 1963 — Ed Lacy, Two Hot to Handle, Prologue Books (2012), ISBN 9781440539190, unnumbered page:
 * There was this air of mourning about Roogona which spooked me, the Marquesas always effect me like this, as though the ghosts of the hundreds of thousands of islanders who died here of the popaas TB and syph', were looking down, or up, at us.
 * 1980 — James Herbert, The Dark, Pan Books (1994), ISBN 9780330376204, page 229:
 * But since Brother Martin, alias Marty Randall, had caught the syph three times in two years, his attitude had changed.
 * 1986 — L. Ron Hubbard, Mission Earth: Death Quest, Galaxy Press (2011), ISBN 9781592125920, unnumbered page:
 * And for that, after I shoot you, I'm going to rape your corpse and give it syph, clap and all!"
 * 1989 — Pete Hamill, Loving Women, Random House (1989), ISBN 9780307799661, unnumbered page:
 * A white draft dodger, a white murderer on parole, the head of the Mafia, a white hooker with the syph — they can all swim on the beach, but Bobby Bolden can't?
 * 1996 — Dan Savage, "Savage Love", Chicago Reader, 21 March 1996:
 * If your partner has HIV, syph, or any of the rest of the claps, a broken condom in either orifice could ruin, or significantly shorten, your life.
 * 2007 — Edward Lee, House Infernal, Dorchester Publishing (2007), ISBN 9781428517158, page 83:
 * Ruth had had a touch of gonorrhea and syph herself a few times.

title: Citations:syph


text:
chirograph

Etymology
From, from  +.

Noun

 * 1)  A kind of medieval document written in duplicate (or more) on a single piece of parchment, then cut across a single word, so that each holder of a portion can prove it matches the others.
 * 2)  A papal decree whose circulation, unlike an encyclical, is limited to the Roman curia.
 * 3)  The last part of a fine of land; the "foot of the fine".

Translations

 * French: ,
 * Old French: cyrografe
 * German: Chirograph, Teilurkunde
 * Italian:
 * Latin: chirographum
 * Polish:

title: chirograph


text: chirographs

title: chirographs


text:
syph

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1)  Syphilis.

title: syph


text:
Chiricahuan

Adjective

 * 1) Of or relating to the Chiricahua people.

title: Chiricahuan


text:
tiga puluh

Etymology
.

title: tiga puluh


text: minūti

title: minūti


text: Chiricahuas

title: Chiricahuas


text:
telu puluh

Etymology
, from, from , from.

title: telu puluh


text:
empat puluh

Etymology
, from, from , from.

title: empat puluh


text:
lima puluh

Etymology
, from, from , from.

Synonyms

 * gocap (Indonesia)

title: lima puluh


text:
enam puluh

Etymology
, from, from , from.

title: enam puluh


text:
tujuh puluh

Etymology
, from.

title: tujuh puluh


text:
pitu puluh

Etymology
, from, from , from.

title: pitu puluh


text: minūtes

title: minūtes


text:
lapan puluh

Etymology
.

title: lapan puluh


text:
sembilan puluh

Etymology
.

Etymology
.

title: sembilan puluh


text: minūtēs

title: minūtēs


text: minūšu

title: minūšu


text: minūtei

title: minūtei


text: minūtēm

title: minūtēm


text:
Scout

Noun

 * 1) A member of any of various scouting organizations.
 * 2) A member of one of several army units, such as the Selous Scouts or the Arunachal Scouts.

title: Scout


text: sekundi

title: sekundi


text: sekundes

title: sekundes


text: sekundēs

title: sekundēs


text: sekundē

title: sekundē


text: sekundei

title: sekundei


text: sekundēm

title: sekundēm


text: sekunžu

title: sekunžu


text: hafniju

title: hafniju


text: hafnijā

title: hafnijā


text: hafnija

title: hafnija


text: hafnijam

title: hafnijam


text:
rēnijs

Etymology
From, the name of the river Rhine.

Noun

 * 1) rhenium metallic chemical element, with atomic number 75.

title: rēnijs


text:
crossbite

Noun

 * 1)  An occlusal irregularity where a tooth (or teeth) has a more buccal or lingual position than its corresponding antagonist tooth in the upper or lower arcade.
 * 2)  A deception; a cheat.

Verb

 * 1)  To deceive; to trick.

title: crossbite


text: crossbites

title: crossbites


text:
osmijs

Etymology
From (because of the strong smell of its oxide).

Noun

 * 1) osmium metallic chemical element, with atomic number 76.

title: osmijs


text: osmiju

title: osmiju


text: osmijā

title: osmijā


text: osmija

title: osmija


text: caesti

title: caesti


text: osmijam

title: osmijam


text: rēniju

title: rēniju


text:
Lomography

Etymology
From LOMO (after the Lomo LC-A camera created by LOMO PLC of Saint Petersburg) and.

Noun

 * 1) An analog camera movement (or style of taking pictures) popular among photography enthusiasts and summarized by its motto "don't think, just shoot".

Translations

 * Hungarian:

title: Lomography


text:
bossies

Etymology 2
Diminutive of.

Adjective

 * 1)  bosbefok; shell-shocked

title: bossies


text: rēnija

title: rēnija


text: rēnijā

title: rēnijā


text: rēnijam

title: rēnijam


text: Komis

title: Komis


text: Mansis

title: Mansis


text:
cross-process

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1)  Across more than one process; crossing a process boundary.

Verb

 * 1)  To process film in a chemical solution intended for a different type of film.

title: cross-process


text: cross-processing

title: cross-processing


text:
irīdijs

Etymology
From, because of the bright colour of many iridium salts.

Noun

 * 1) iridium metallic chemical element, with atomic number 77.

title: irīdijs


text: irīdiju

title: irīdiju


text: irīdija

title: irīdija


text: dauberies

title: dauberies


text:
daubery

Noun

 * 1) A daubing; specious colouring; false pretenses.

title: daubery


text:
Talk:homeologous

This definition makes no sense. --Dan Bolser (talk) 14:34, 27 July 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:homeologous


text: irīdijā

title: irīdijā


text:
saltimbanque

Etymology
From, from , from +.

Noun

 * 1) Tumbler, street acrobat.
 * 2) * 1960,, Nexus, Obelisk Press, Chapter 13,
 * Another day my hands might wander over the keys with the felicity of a Borgia’s murderous paw. Choosing the staccato technique, I would ape the quibblers and quipsters of the Ghibellines. Or put it on, like a saltimbanque performing for a feeble-minded monarch.
 * Another day my hands might wander over the keys with the felicity of a Borgia’s murderous paw. Choosing the staccato technique, I would ape the quibblers and quipsters of the Ghibellines. Or put it on, like a saltimbanque performing for a feeble-minded monarch.

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) street entertainer

title: saltimbanque


text: amyloidal

title: amyloidal


text: saltimbanques

title: saltimbanques


text: irīdijam

title: irīdijam


text:
Hogarthian

Adjective

 * 1) Of or relating to  (1697–1764), English painter, printmaker, and editorial cartoonist, known for satirical political illustrations.

title: Hogarthian


text:
sandalette

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) sandal (with just straps covering the foot)

title: sandalette


text:
unsupportability

Noun

 * 1) the state or quality of being unsupportable

title: unsupportability


text: sandalettes

title: sandalettes


text:
sandow

Noun

 * 1) an elasticated cable used to secure luggage etc.

title: sandow


text:
santal

Etymology
From. Compare.

Noun

 * 1)  A colourless crystalline substance, isomeric with piperonal, but having weak acid properties. It is extracted from sandalwood.

Noun

 * , the only genus in the tribe, flowering plants in the family

Etymology 1
.

Noun

 * 1) sandalwood any of various trees in genus ; the aromatic wood of such trees

Usage notes
The plural was used until the 19th century, when it was superseded by.

Noun

 * 1) Santali Austroasiatic language of eastern South Asia

Noun

 * 1) sandalwood

title: santal


text:
saoudien

Adjective

 * 1) Saudi, Saudi Arabian

title: saoudien


text:
platīns

Etymology
Via some other European language, ultimately from, the diminutive form of , because platinum was found as an apparent impurity with silver.

Noun

 * 1) platinum metallic chemical element, with atomic number 78.

title: platīns


text: platīnu

title: platīnu


text: platīna

title: platīna


text: platīnā

title: platīnā


text: platīnam

title: platīnam


text:
sapinière

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) fir plantation

title: sapinière


text: Αθιγγανίδα

title: Αθιγγανίδα


text:
Αθίγγανη

Noun

 * 1) A gypsy, a Roma, a member of the Romani people.
 * 2)  Follower of the Christian sect of Melchizedek.

title: Αθίγγανη


text: あいかわらず

title: あいかわらず


text:
あいまい

Noun

 * 1)  dancing in unison

title: あいまい


text:
青白い

Etymology
+.

Adjective

 * 1) pallid, wan, pale
 * 2) bluish-white

title: 青白い


text:
Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/frijadōm

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1)  freedom


text:
呆れる

Verb

 * 1) be amazed, astonished

title: 呆れる


text:
sarclage

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) weeding

title: sarclage


text:
sarcloir

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) hoe (weeding implement)

title: sarcloir


text:
sardinerie

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) sardine cannery

title: sardinerie


text:
sardinier

Noun

 * 1) Sardinian inhabitant of Sardinia

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1)  sardine

Noun

 * 1) sardine fisher

Noun

 * 1) fishing boat

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) sardine fishing ship

Noun

 * 1) Sardinian person from Sardinia

title: sardinier


text:
あずかる

Verb

 * 1) take care of, hold on to
 * 2) be entrusted with

title: あずかる


text:
sarrois

Adjective

 * 1)  Saar, Saarland

title: sarrois


text:
satiété

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) satiety, fullness, repletion

title: satiété


text:
paserain

Etymology
From a derivative of, passerem. Compare 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) bird

title: paserain


text: 暖まる

title: 暖まる


text:
saupoudreuse

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) sprinkler, caster, dredger (for salt, sugar etc)

title: saupoudreuse


text:
sauterie

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) hop informal dance meeting
 * 2)  ceremony, do

Etymology
,, borrowed from , from. .

Noun

 * 1) A psaltery lute-like string instrument
 * 2)  The Biblical book of Psalms; the section of the Bible containing psalms.

title: sauterie


text:
sautillement

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) hopping, skipping
 * 2) hop, skip

title: sautillement


text:
sautoir

Etymology
1935-40; < ; see saltire

Noun

 * 1) A ribbon, chain, scarf, or the like, tied around the neck in such a manner that the ends cross over each other.
 * 2) A chain to which a pendant is attached, worn around the neck.

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) chain (long necklace of pearls)
 * 2)  saltire

title: sautoir


text:
dzīvsudrabs

Etymology
From, apparently a calque of 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) mercury, quicksilver liquid metallic chemical element, with atomic number 80.

title: dzīvsudrabs


text:
sauvagerie

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) savagery
 * 2) savagery, barbarity
 * 1) savagery, barbarity

title: sauvagerie


text:
Thread:User talk:CodeCat/Proto-Indo-European/reply (20)

Thanks!

In Icelandic "drottin" ("king"), "drottning" ("queen") and "drott" ("people"). It is actually complicated on whether these words descended from "*dʰer".

I recognized so that Kluge's law places a vowel between the plosive and the nasal infix in Proto-Germanic.

I summarize the correct spelling: ə = h₂ a = h₂e u = w

To form a noun from "*dʰer", are there substantivation suffixes that we can use?

Greetings HeliosX (talk) 16:13, 27 July 2012 (UTC)


text: zeltu

title: zeltu


text: zeltam

title: zeltam