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Wiktionary talk:About French/Archive 1

There is currently no consensus on which IPA symbol to use for the French . The following notes may be given:

 *  – the voiced uvular fricative – represents how  is pronounced in ‘standard’ French.  It is also used on French Wiktionary.  However,
 *   – the voiceless uvular fricative – is characteristic of a Parisian accent, and is therefore quite familiar/common on French TV broadcasts etc.  It is also the symbol used by all the major French print dictionaries, including the Robert and the Trésor de la Langue Française.

Which one should Wiktionary use to represent the phoneme?

Comments
For the record, I favour. Widsith 08:39, 15 July 2007 (UTC)

 * I prefer the character for the Standard French phone . I think the reason that the Trésor de la Langue Française, the Robert, and others use is that it looks less strange (just a majuscule ‘r’) than, so as they are both allophones (as are , , and ), they use the more familiar character (for the same reason that the COED uses  to represent ). I may, of course, be wrong, as these dictionaries may actually be prescribing the  phone in place of ; however, if this is the case, then it will probably be explained in one of their explanatory forewords, which I invite someone to cite and quote here if such is the case. † Raifʻhār Doremítzwr 13:40, 15 July 2007 (UTC)

I prefer for the reason that major print dictionaries use it — even if their reason is just that it looks more like 'R'. That said, I'd also be O.K. with trying to distinguish words that use from words that use  in the Parisian accent (so, parapluie as, but partie as ), if y'all think that could be tenable. (I haven't thought about it too deeply yet, so feel free to shoot me down on that point.) —RuakhTALK 16:36, 15 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Are and  separate phonemes in the Parisian accent? † Raifʻhār Doremítzwr 16:47, 15 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Not at all; to quote from Diane Dansereau, Savoir dire: Cours de phonétique et de prononciation, D. C. Heath and Company (1990), ISBN 0-669-20996-1, page 185:
 * La consonne française [r] est sonore si elle est suivie d’un son sonore, comme dans les mots «riz» et «rue». Mais si elle est suivie d’un son sourd, elle est aussi sourde, comme dans l’expression «par terre». La variante sonore est de loin la plus commune. Comme nous l’avons déjà indiqué, la consonne [r] est aussi une fricative.
 * The French consonant [r] is voiced (lit. sonorous) if it’s followed by a voiced sound, as in the words riz ("rice") and rue ("street"). But if it’s followed by an unvoiced (lit. deaf) sound, it’s also unvoiced, as in the expression «par terre» ("on the ground"). The voiced variant is by far the more frequent. As we have already indicated, the consonant [r] is also a fricative [not just a liquid].
 * Should we not have separate symbols for allophones? (I can see an argument either way.)
 * —RuakhTALK 17:18, 15 July 2007 (UTC)

 * We favour broad transcriptions in Wiktionary. Consonants in English are pronounced differently in initial, medial and final positions (see my postscript below) and sometimes depending on the following consonant: for example, "m" is pronounced differently in "comfort" (it is, , a labiodental nasal, that is, formed by putting the upper front teeth against the lower lip) from how it usually pronounced (by putting the lips together), as in "manage". We don't make these distinctions in Wiktionary, and, as far as I recall, the French monolingual dictionaries I have seen (Larousse, Hachette, Robert) do not make the distinction between the two sounds of the French "r" mentioned above. I don't think we should either. As for which is appropriate, presumably the contributors to the French wiktionary know what they are doing - they use the inverted R both initially ("rue") and before an unvoiced consonant ("par terre"). Perhaps we should take a poll of some modern French print dictionaries and go with the majority. — Paul G 08:39, 16 July 2007 (UTC)

 * PS: A further reply to Ruakh's point on using both R and inverted R: the test for whether distinct phones are needed is to look for minimal pairs (see also Minimal_pair). For example, the digraph "th" has two sounds in English: voiced (as in "the") and unvoiced (as in in "thing"). A minimal pair for these sounds is "thy"/"thigh". Different transcriptions are therefore needed for the two sounds (/ð/ and /θ/, respectively). English has aspirated and unaspirated consonants (compare "pin" and "spin") but no minimal pairs in this case; hence /p/ is used for both sounds. Likewise, I don't think there are any such minimal pairs in French as far as R or inverted R are concerned. So we should be using only one or the other. — Paul G 10:28, 16 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Re: "I don't think there are any such minimal pairs in French as far as R or inverted R are concerned.": Indeed not. As I said, they're context-selected allophones in dialects that have both. —RuakhTALK 16:06, 16 July 2007 (UTC)

 * By the way, lack of minimal pairs shouldn't be the only criterion. English has no minimal pairs between and, but I think we can all agree not to use a single symbol for both, because they're not just different phones, they're different phonemes. (I don't think  and  are comparable, mind; as they are the same phoneme. But it's important to be wary of simple-but-unreliable tests.) —RuakhTALK 16:17, 16 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Thanks for this page. I'm French, but I learn much from such discussions. I just want to add the following:

 * even Parisians associate R to the sound (in their mind, whatever the way they actually pronounce it)
 * using is never wrong, and not considered as strange, even in cases where  is usual
 * for years, I have considered that the standard French R was represented by . But the only reason was that my dictionary was using this symbol. Authors are not specialists of phonetics, and might share the same impression, for the same reasons... And almost nobody is aware of the fact that two different sounds may be used.
 * of course, a choice must be made (this is implied by the use of // instead of [])
 * in my opinion, the best choice is . My reasons should be clear enough. Lmaltier 17:50, 18 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Based on the consensus that seems to be emerging I have tried to codify this on the project page. Could we get a bot to replace all the existing ? Widsith 18:19, 18 July 2007 (UTC)
 * All participants to the above discussion should read the following document: http://venus.unive.it/canipa/pdf/HPr_04_French_fr.pdf (see 4.2.3.1 and 4.2.3.2). It makes things clear. However, note that, if you can understand the document without any problem, you must contribute to the Wiktionnaire... Lmaltier 17:50, 8 October 2007 (UTC)

 * I understand most of it (though I'm not familiar with a lot of the IPA symbols used in the detailed phonetic transcriptions, aside from what I could figure out from the text itself), but I'm not sure how worthwhile it is to our purposes here: we certainly can't use such detailed phonetic transcriptions, because most of our readers won't be able to read them, and the article doesn't really say much of note regarding broad phonemic transcriptions. Where it does have interesting things to say about broad phonemic transcriptions, I think we should be leery of defying common practice by following it instead; for example, given that nearly all current dictionaries write, do we really want to write instead? (Even so, it was a very interesting read; thanks for the link!) —Ruakh TALK 04:45, 9 October 2007 (UTC)

 * It was not a suggestion to follow it, of course, just an answer to questions raised in the discussion about R. Lmaltier 05:54, 9 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Oh, yes, O.K., sorry. Somehow I missed that you were pointing us to specific sections, and by the time I got to page ten I have to admit I was skimming a bit! I'm a bit confused, because that article says that denotes the voiced uvular "vibrant" (flap or trill), and in this discussion we've been assuming that it denoted the voiceless uvular fricative. I'm not familiar enough with how the IPA works to understand what's going on here; does the symbol actually have these two distinct meanings? Do we need to reboot this discussion in view of this? Sorry/thanks again. —Ruakh TALK 06:40, 9 October 2007 (UTC)
 * I cannot say anything about "voiceless uvular fricative" and this kind of things (I'm not a specialist). The specialist uses [ʀ] (and explains why), but finds [ʁ] more "legitimate". So, there is no real need for a new discussion, I think, but others might think otherwise. Lmaltier 16:52, 9 October 2007 (UTC)

I must inform you that this whole discussion is based on the wrong presumtions. People should check their sources, e.g. Image:IPA chart 2005.png, before introducing false statements as in the “notes” at the top of this discussion. In the IPA, [ʁ] does indeed represent the voiced uvular fricative, but [ʀ] stands for the uvular trill, not the voiceless uvular fricative, which is properly transcribed [χ]. There is only one r-phoneme in French, which may be realized as a trill (alveolar [r] or uvular [ʀ]) or an uvular fricative [ʁ], depending on dialect. It is fundamentally voiced, but in many, if not most, dialects it is systematically devoiced before voiceless consonants (p, t k, s, f), becoming [r̥], [ʀ̥], or [ʁ̥] (i.e. [χ]), respectively. In a phonemic representation of French, I believe the use of a single basic symbol for this single phoneme to be for the best, but indicating devoicing via diacritic seems a good idea. For this symbol, we have a choice from the symbols for the three different realizations: [r], [ʀ], and [ʁ]. Now, [ʁ] (along with its devoiced allophone [ʁ̥]) is arguably the most common realization of this phoneme, for which reason the scholar quoted by Lmaltier above finds its symbol the most “legitimate” in a general system. Both [r] and [ʀ] are less common, but may be found in certain dialects and in specialized usage such as singing. Arguments for these include simplicity, originality, or conformity with existing dictionaries (as noted by others above). In any case, none is distinguished from another in any French dialect, so it doesn’t really make any difference which is used. I’d be okay with any of them, although I would prefer /r/ or /ʀ/. This really is a very similar question to that of the representation of English r as /r/ or /ɹ/, which has previously been discussed. – Krun 16:35, 14 June 2009 (UTC)

Vowel length
I wanted to add a comment to the effect that we shouldn't bother showing vowel length since it's not phonemic in French. But do people feel particularly that we should differentiate between long and short vowels? I don't really hear a difference in French anyway - I mean, I can hear it but it doesn't mean anything. Thoughts? Widsith 18:19, 18 July 2007 (UTC)

 * In theory, I think it's good to distinguish them, because there are many forms of French (mostly historical ones) where they're phonemic. In practice, I don't think we have the expertise here to do so, short of stealing pronunciations from other dictionaries. —RuakhTALK 19:07, 18 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Interesting – I hadn't thought about that. Widsith 07:35, 19 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Like Widsith says, vowel length is not phonemic in French, so usually it is not shown in dictionaries. Ruakh, I don't think it is possible to "steal" pronunciations from other dictionaries: if we happen to represent the same variety of French as other dictionaries and use the same pronunciation scheme, then inevitably we will render pronunciations identically to those dictionaries and it will be impossible to say whether or not we copied them. No copyright lawyer would have a valid case (IANAL). — Paul G 13:37, 19 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Call me old-fashioned, but I think it's theft whether or not a copyright lawyer could prove it in court. (And, I'm not sure I'd agree that it's not usually shown in dictionaries; the dictionary I use most, TLFi – le Trésor de la langue française informatisé, freely accessible online via http://www.cnrtl.fr/lexicographie/, does show it, and I've seen it shown in other dictionaries as well.) —RuakhTALK 14:45, 19 July 2007 (UTC)

 * I think you're mistaken to say that pronunciations can be stolen from other works of reference. The pronunciation of (for example) "oui" is /wi/. Now, did I steal that or compose it from memory? If I stole it, can anyone say which dictionary I stole it from? If it matches the pronunciation given in ten different dictionaries, does it mean that I've stolen it from all of them? Is there a case for saying that a new dictionary has stolen all of its pronunciations from one previously published?

 * Clearly not, otherwise there would be lawsuit every time a new dictionary is published. The pronunciation of "oui" is /wi/, which is a fact, and facts cannot be copyrighted. Whether I remembered this or copied it from a book is both immaterial and unprovable. However, if I copied the definition of "oui" from a dictionary, that would indeed be copyright theft, as dictionary definitions are the expression of the authors' ideas, which are copyrightable. — Paul G 16:53, 20 July 2007 (UTC)

 * The issue is more complex: Vowel length directly correlates with some vowel quality pairs (/a/~/A/, /o/~/O/, /E/~/3/), and which of the element is phonemic from a linguistic POV does not seem to be quite settled. Fact is also that most dictionaries are France-produced, so that contrast maintained elsewhere are frequently not indicated: some dictionaries already mark /a/ and /A/ as /a/! Circeus 19:20, 19 August 2007 (UTC)

 * What about when vowel length is phonemic in some dialects (notably the Québec dialect)? Some speakers make a distinction between, for example, 'mettre' and 'maître' . —Internoob (Talk|Cont.) 21:30, 17 March 2009 (UTC)

 * The only reason "maître" is usually shown as is that there is no agreed symbol for the Quebec French, which is NOT just a long  (I made an habit of using  because it was suggested in a book I once read, which was written before that symbol was formalized for a different vowel). Vowel length is a relevant factor, but AFAIK only differenciates on its own where there is contraction:  -> "dans"  -> contraction of "dans la". Circeus 23:40, 17 March 2009 (UTC)

 * Should we indicate in our pronunciation sections, then? If so, how? —Internoob (Talk|Cont.) 21:14, 27 March 2009 (UTC)

 * Although it is not ideal, in the absence of a better recommendation is probably our bestoption, and it should of course only be indicated for Quebec pronunciations. Circeus 22:45, 27 March 2009 (UTC)

Conjugation notes
As mentioned at Beer parlour, I've edited to add conjugation notes. The notes differ a bit depending whether the linking page is rompre or another page, so please check out both rompre and interrompre and let me know what you think. (This is not a widely transcluded template, by the way — those are the only two pages that include it — so please be bold in making changes to it.) —Ruakh TALK 00:28, 19 August 2007 (UTC)

Naming convention
There's really not much pattern to the names of the various conjugation templates. This probably isn't a huge deal, and to some extent it's inevitable given the quirks of the various conjugations, but I think some approximation to consistency might be nice. Any thoughts? —Ruakh TALK 00:28, 19 August 2007 (UTC)

Le gérondif
How do we want to refer to le gérondif (e.g. "en faisant")? Currently we're usually referring to it as the "gerund", but there are a lot of problems with that designation. Other designations I've seen in English include "gerundive", "adverbial gerund", "adverbial gerundive", "en participle", "adverbial participle", and simply italicizing the French term. Personally, I'm partial to the last of these, though I'd also support mostly sidestepping the issue by not mentioning them except when necessary, seeing as they're a fairly straightforward sum of en and the present participle. Then, in the rare cases where we do have to mention them, we can write something like "the gérondif (the verbal adverb, sometimes called the 'gerund' or 'gerundive')". —Ruakh TALK 17:12, 21 August 2007 (UTC)

 * How about not including it in the table? It's not even a conjugated form to begin with, and I know of no native conjugation guides that use it. Circeus 20:27, 21 August 2007 (UTC)

 * As I said, I'd support that (though they are included in at least some native conjugation guides, such as Bescherelle's La Conjugaison pour tous). —Ruakh TALK 21:37, 21 August 2007 (UTC)

 * They are not in their Art de Conjuguer (only the bare present participle), though. I think there's been a drive to use "en" in the conjugation books because that's by far the most common use for that verb form, but that still doesn't make the "en" part of the conjugation. Circeus 01:24, 22 August 2007 (UTC)

 * So can I assume that you support my suggestion to simply not mention le gérondif except when necessary, and when we do have to mention them, to write something like "the gérondif (the verbal adverb, sometimes called the 'gerund' or 'gerundive')"? —Ruakh TALK 05:21, 22 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Yes. But an appendix is not even something that would work. The gerund is always en+présent participle. So just sending people to the gérondif entry (which I will write now) should be good enough. Circeus 15:17, 22 August 2007 (UTC)
 * I wrote an entry.Does it make sense? Circeus 15:48, 22 August 2007 (UTC)

 * k. :-) —Ruakh TALK 17:37, 22 August 2007 (UTC)

We should definitely include it in some way. Perhaps you could outline why gerund is so problematic? Widsith 08:20, 22 August 2007 (UTC)
 * The "gerund" does not belong in a French conjugation table because it's a) not a conjugated form (it's a syntactic construction based on present participle preceded with "en") and b) it corresponds to syntactic uses ("gérondif" =/= gerund) distinct from those of the English gerund. Examples:
 * Les miettes tombant de la table était récupérée par le chat. ("Bits falling from the table were caught by the cat")
 * This is a French participe présent, it works roughly like the English one.
 * Je me suis fait mal en tombant de la table. (I hurt myself by falling off the table.)
 * This is a French gérondif construction. It does not correspond to a gerund, which i English happens to be identical to the present participle; it's a construction inherited from Latin.
 * Circeus 15:10, 22 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Re: "Perhaps you could outline why gerund is so problematic?": Certainly. Gerund is problematic here because the only languages to which the term is applied consistently are English and Latin, and in both, it refers to verbal nouns. There are some writers who apply the term gerund to other languages, such as French, but even among these there's no consistency: some use it to refer to le participe présent, others use it to refer to certain uses of le participe présent, and yet others use it to refer to le gérondif. —Ruakh TALK 17:37, 22 August 2007 (UTC)

Yes I understand all that but still don't see quite why it's such a problem. But anyway, I have no problem with just removing that line from the table if that's what people want. Giving the present participle is surely enough. Widsith 15:29, 22 August 2007 (UTC)
 * That's exactly what I and Ruakh are saying above... Circeus 15:48, 22 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Gotcha. Let's do it.  Widsith 08:06, 23 August 2007 (UTC)

is modifying all the French conjugation templates to use. I think this is a good idea, except that I think there should be an intermediate stage: I think we should have a and a, and the templates should use one of those based on <tt></tt>. ( and would then use, but supplying the compound forms as well.) This way, we can replace the "Use the present tense of avoir or être followed by the past participle" things with actual forms, which IMHO will look much better and be somewhat more useful. Thoughts? —Ruakh TALK 01:57, 17 February 2008 (UTC)

 * But the compound forms have no more existence than the dozen or so compound you can form with any English verb, and we certainly do not list those... Circeus 02:55, 17 February 2008 (UTC)

 * I know; I'd actually prefer to omit them entirely. But if we're going to devote space to them, we might as well do so usefully. (I'm not suggesting that the forms be linkified, only that they be given.) And if we had English conjugation templates, I think they probably would include certain English compounds. —Ruakh TALK 05:35, 17 February 2008 (UTC)

hiatus
I've noticed that the symbol for glottal stop,, is commonly used to represent a hiatus, or an h aspiré. [1] [2] [3] This makes the transcription potentially ambiguous, since a glottal stop is not an h aspiré. Should we allow this? Isn't IPA supposed to be unambiguous? —Internoob (Talk|Cont.) 00:10, 21 May 2009 (UTC)
 * That's because the hiatus is unrepresentable at the word level: it is a phonological process (triggered by the stringing of words to form a sentence, in this case). As such, it will always be impossible to represent without ad-hoc systems in a phonemic representation of only one word. Circeus 01:51, 21 May 2009 (UTC)

 * But we should use an ad-hoc system that does not involve an actual IPA symbol. ( does not correspond to the normal pronunciation, and not everyone would agree that an underlying  is the correct phonemic representation). I would suggest instead creating a template for a  prefixed "*" (or other symbol) that links to an explanatory note and adds these words to something like  . I just had a look at the Wiktionnaire, and they seem to use haïr, homard, or nothing at all, so let's not follow their example. CapnPrep 15:20, 14 June 2009 (UTC)

 * Agreed. I think that we should create templates for both h aspiré and h muet; that way, people won't assume that if we don't use the template for h aspiré that it means that it's muet. —Internoob (Talk|Cont.) 20:42, 21 June 2009 (UTC)

 * As an added note, to represent a vowel hiatus, proper way is with a period cf haïr -> /a.iʀ/. But I don't think that is usual for consonants. Circeus 00:19, 22 June 2009 (UTC)

 * How do we like this template? I'll make another if we like it. —Internoob (Talk|Cont.) 18:38, 17 July 2009 (UTC)

 * I think it's kind of overkill. If anything, I'd rather just have a word or two (‘aspirated’, ‘non-aspirated’) which would perhaps link to a relevant explanation at About French.  But then, I actually like the use of .  < class="latinx">Ƿidsiþ</> 12:37, 18 July 2009 (UTC)

 * I made some changes. —Internoob (Talk|Cont.) 23:23, 22 July 2009 (UTC)

 * More changes. Now it looks more or less like fr:Modèle:h. —Internoob (Talk|Cont.) 18:57, 23 August 2009 (UTC)

 * We (the fr.wikt contributors) have just finished the final installation: fr:Modèle:h has been divided in fr:Modèle:h muet and fr:Modèle:h aspiré. Consequently I've created on the same template, to keep an interwiki similarity. JackPotte 04:48, 24 August 2009 (UTC)
 * Moreover, I suggest to rename the current Category:French_words_with_mute_h and Category:French_words_with_aspirated_h, by respectively Category:French_terms_with_mute_h and Category:French_terms_with_aspirated_h, because we also have some expressions like "haut-parleur" (loudspeaker). JackPotte 05:01, 24 August 2009 (UTC)
 * But "haut-parleur" is a (compound) word, not a "term"! Circeus 20:08, 24 August 2009 (UTC)
 * Dear, according to term (2) it's the both. JackPotte 06:56, 25 August 2009 (UTC)

I see 3 people in favour of the change, (me, CapnPrep and Jackpotte,) 1 against, (Widsith,) and 1 unclear (Circeus). Should we make a policy? —Internoob (Talk•Cont.) 00:57, 27 August 2009 (UTC)
 * Sorry for the short time but I've just added the 2 templates in About_French (in the same time as the fr.wikt corresponding policy). Apart from that I'm waiting for your confirmation concerning the 2 categories names. JackPotte 04:38, 27 August 2009 (UTC)

 * Okay. Now we can revoke the green notices from the templates. I have no opinion concerning the category names. —Internoob (Talk•Cont.) 00:33, 28 August 2009 (UTC)
 * Let's change it tonight (UTC), and add a "nocat" option to the templates. JackPotte 07:52, 28 August 2009 (UTC)
 * "Nocat option"? I'm sorry, but I don't know what that is. :X Maybe someone else should do it. —Internoob (Talk•Cont.) 17:24, 28 August 2009 (UTC)
 * "|nocat=yes" inside or  would not classify in their categories. It would permit to use them in policies but it's a detail. JackPotte 20:58, 28 August 2009 (UTC)
 * Done. I just learned how to do that, and I hope it's right. —Internoob (Talk•Cont.) 02:44, 29 August 2009 (UTC)
 * Thank you it's now working as the fr.wikt one, with the same categories names. Next step: deploy them into the hundreds of concerned pages. JackPotte 19:15, 29 August 2009 (UTC)
 * Apart from that, no news in Beer_parlour. JackPotte 02:38, 30 August 2009 (UTC)

Reflexive verbs

 * Continued from Beer parlour archive/2009/June.

My proposition is that reflexive verbs like se laver: should only have their own page if not sum of parts. For example, I'd say that se laver is, because it's to wash oneself (note the red link). However something like se passer: cannot be considered SoP (IMO) because it's usually translated by to happen. It can be SoP in other contexts: Ils se sont passés leurs notes (they exchanged notes, that is, passed them to each other). but the happen meaning is idiomatic. Mglovesfun 13:29, 19 June 2009 (UTC)
 * My general position is that simple pronominal (including all those that are found only as pronominal, such as s'arroger) can be dealt with at the verb with grammar labels, just as we do for e.g. impersonal verbs. When more words come in and we move into idiom territory, however, a separate entry with the pronoun is appropriate (évanouir, but s'évanouir dans la nature). This is consistent with the fact that there are virtually no verb that were pronominal from their inception. Virtually all started as non-pronominal verbs with only pronominal usage remaining today. Circeus 00:09, 22 June 2009 (UTC)

Accents and ligatures
Food for thought as it were. I'm gonna add siecle if we don't already have it, as most spellings with a grave accent and a lot of them with an acute are attestable in (early) Modern French. Is there any reason to exclude these, when they are spelt the same but an accent has been added later on. So decision and décision are the same word, the accent was added in the Modern French period (according to my sources). What do people think?

Ligatures it somewhat the opposite. As they're difficult to type, most of the time they miss them out. So cœur becomes coeur, and œil becomes oeil. This isn't just low quality sources either, I've seen them in hospitals and police stations and other "official" places. Note that the French Wiktionary no longer classes these as misspellings, but as 'typographical variants'. Do we want to do the same? Or we could go for redirects, but not for coeur because that's already got another language on it. Mglovesfun (talk) 12:16, 1 December 2009 (UTC)

 * I think we should have things arranged so that all hard-to-type correct forms can be found conveniently by someone typing without ligatures or accented characters. If it must take an extra click, OK. has a role because it enables a user to avoid necessarily having to pagedown to the French language section in some cases. Can a bot be designed to add such entries/redirects or to make a list of French entries that could use them? The idea would be to add those where the accent- and ligature-less spellings did the least violence to the spellings used in the language (or in modern editions of the language). French would be a good test case for the general problem. This must have been addressed before, but I'd not participated.
 * I suppose that there might be no reason to have more than a redirect in many cases. One of the biggest disadvantages to redirects is that they either discourage would-be new contributors or lead them to make their contribution under the wrong spelling, but we discourage them in so many other ways that this seems trivial. DCDuring TALK 12:43, 1 December 2009 (UTC)

 * See ; that sort of approach seems suitable here. †  ﴾(u):Raifʻhār (t):Doremítzwr﴿ 00:50, 2 December 2009 (UTC)

 * Good idea, I don't consider these misspellings. Mglovesfun (talk) 21:15, 3 December 2009 (UTC)

 * What would be good wording that did not tag these as non-standard? m2= ? It would be good to indicate that some these are less preferred in some contexts (because they run the risk of being misinterpreted) without requiring a full usage note. DCDuring TALK 22:17, 3 December 2009 (UTC)

 * Well, they’re non-standard in that they do not represent the standard; “defective spelling of” (which is used for Hebrew, for example) is an alternative. †  ﴾(u):Raifʻhār (t):Doremítzwr﴿ 23:44, 3 December 2009 (UTC)

 * NOOOOOOOOO!!!!!!!! "Defective" doesn't mean "non-standard", it means "using fewer vowel letters"! (It's the opposite of "excessive", which means "using more vowel letters".) The Hebrew analogue of your ligature-heavy writing style would probably have a very high proportion of defective spellings, whereas plebes like me are more inclined to excessive ones. —Ruakh TALK 23:55, 3 December 2009 (UTC)

 * ¿Qué? OK, so I misunderstood what “defective spelling” meant. However, wouldn’t txtspk be a better analogue of defective spelling in English, whereas pronunciatory respelling systems that use a lot of digraphs (like and ) would be a better analogue of excessive spelling? †  ﴾(u):Raifʻhār (t):Doremítzwr﴿ 10:01, 4 December 2009 (UTC)

 * If we're talking strictly about the writing system, not about any cultural context, then yes: defective spelling is somewhat like text-speak, and I suppose excessive spelling is somewhat like the use of -ue in "analogue" and -ugh- in "doughnut" and so on. But thousands of years ago, when the writing system were new, spellings were completely defective; and the shift to less defective, more excessive spellings has been going on almost continually ever since. (It's not been a perfectly uniform transition — for example, the Dead Sea Scrolls used some excessive spellings that were still uncommon centuries later; and when Modern Hebrew was revived as a spoken language of daily life, some people turned to the Bible, rather than to the literary tradition, for spellings — but the overall trend is clear.) So, broadly speaking, a more conservative speller will use more defective spellings, while a more innovative one will use more excessive ones. —Ruakh TALK 18:17, 4 December 2009 (UTC)

 * Understood; thanks. So, what do you suggest we should do with non-standard undiacriticked forms? †  ﴾(u):Raifʻhār (t):Doremítzwr﴿ 14:59, 7 December 2009 (UTC)

 * The [[m2]] approach works for me. Though I might prefer something like "representation" rather than "form". —Ruakh TALK 17:49, 7 December 2009 (UTC)

 * Representation / form / whatever; I’m fine with either. †  ﴾(u):Raifʻhār (t):Doremítzwr﴿ 17:59, 7 December 2009 (UTC)

 * Did I mention that I created . Mglovesfun (talk) 17:20, 7 December 2009 (UTC)

 * And IMO, that’s the best way of dealing with these variants. OTOH, you said that “most [of these undiacriticked] spellings…are attestable in (early) Modern French[; accents were] added in the Modern French period”, so mightn’t many of these be more legitimately marked as ? †  ﴾(u):Raifʻhār (t):Doremítzwr﴿ 17:59, 7 December 2009 (UTC)

 * More legitimate than what? Isn't that what I did with siecle? Mglovesfun (talk) 18:05, 7 December 2009 (UTC)

 * Yes, and than . †  ﴾(u):Raifʻhār (t):Doremítzwr﴿ 18:13, 7 December 2009 (UTC)

 * Right, sounds like a 'consensus' to me. Mglovesfun (talk) 20:24, 8 December 2009 (UTC)
 * I agree, these should be s. < class="latinx">Ƿidsiþ</> 10:22, 9 December 2009 (UTC)

Template:fr-conj again
I have a couple of suggestions to make about Template:fr-conj to make it more friendly to our readers.

The statement under Compound gerundive that says "Use the gerund of avoir or être followed by the past participle" is really quite superfluous. It would be far clearer to print the actual past gerundive form, as in which gives, for donner,
 * en ayant donné

or, for sortir,
 * en étant sorti

or, for a verb with no auxiliary specified (partir is just an example here),
 * en ayant parti or en étant parti

Also, why do we put the message saying "Use the ... tense of followed by the past participle" under compound verb tenses, rather than printing the actual forms? I notice that mentioned, in the discussion above, that we don't list English compound tenses in full. However, this comparison cannot be made directly. All good French dictionaries (at least bilingual ones), and the French Wiktionnaire, print these forms in full. English dictionaries don't even print verb tables (or, if they do, they contain only irregular past forms). And, of course, as they say on Wikipedia, Wiki is not paper.

Any thoughts? This, that and the other (talk) 09:49, 9 December 2009 (UTC)

 * I really don't see much need to include all the compound forms, but if we're going to, then I really think the current approach is the worst possible way. Printing the actual forms would be a huge improvement. —Ruakh TALK 03:33, 14 December 2009 (UTC)

Dots in IPA
For quite a while now, we've been using dots in our French IPA when copied from fr:, such as /lyk.se/ (luxer). Not that its of much importance, but is this a standard practice? on fr:WT:W they've been discussing getting a bot to run by and delete all of these as it's "nonstandard" - any opinions? I think it's of a very low priority. Mglovesfun (talk) 11:59, 19 December 2009 (UTC)

 * Those dots represent syllablic boundaries. Whilst rarely necessary, they are sometimes useful (as in the case of the Latin ), and are thus best retained. †  ﴾(u):Raifʻhār (t):Doremítzwr﴿ 21:24, 19 December 2009 (UTC)
 * Deal. Mglovesfun (talk) 10:47, 20 April 2010 (UTC)

Invariability debate
Yes, that old chestnut. What is a French invariable noun? There are at least two possible meanings. cinq cannot have a plural, or at the very least it's proscribed, while nez can have a plural, but it's nez. Do we really need Template:fr-noun-inv? Probably yes we do, if we can agree how to use it, as invariable and uncountable are not the same thing. But it needs some work, too. Mglovesfun (talk) 14:47, 21 December 2009 (UTC)

Dates
Per the French Wiktionary, I've marked the date for Modern French entries at 1600 (see fr:Modèle:=frm= which was not created by me, I should add). Similarly WT:AEN says English words have to be attested post 1500. Mglovesfun (talk) 22:55, 10 January 2010 (UTC)

About French/Todo
New "project" page for French, similar ones exist already for German and Spanish. Mglovesfun (talk) 13:25, 15 January 2010 (UTC)

Tea room
Input needed. Mglovesfun (talk) 10:59, 27 January 2010 (UTC)

-bt-
There's a very interesting theory that -bt- in words like is pronounced. I don't think it is, otherwise the first syllables of and  would be identical, and I don't think they are. In the audio file in obtenir, he seems to pronounce, but we have ! Mglovesfun (talk) 13:03, 19 April 2010 (UTC)

Names of languages
Names of languages (français, anglais et al.) behave like proper nouns but are in all lowercase. Can we consider them as proper nouns, just like Spanish does? See for an example. Mglovesfun (talk) 13:09, 19 April 2010 (UTC)

 * I don't know if they behave like proper nouns; you can't say *"j'aime anglais" or *"anglais se parle en angleterre", for example. —Ruakh TALK 13:56, 19 April 2010 (UTC)

 * I guess the argument (whether I endorse it or not) is that and  aren't uncountable, they're just always singular. Mglovesfun (talk) 10:46, 20 April 2010 (UTC)

 * To bear in mind, you also can't say "j'aime France" --Rising Sun talk? contributions 10:48, 20 April 2010 (UTC)
 * You can't say "I love United States" in English either (formerly, Congo, Sudan and Ukraine always took the article). In French most proper noun of countries are arthrous instead of anarthrous (the primary exception IIRC being masculine singular islands: Madagascar, Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon, Aruba, Cuba, Haïti), with the reverse being the case in English (Where the arthrous countries are plurals or collectives: United Kingdom, Comores, Soviet Union). Circeus 14:40, 21 April 2010 (UTC)

I don't agree to label any French language name as a proper noun because:
 * 1) w:Wikipedia:No_original_research: all French dictionary are already publishing them as some common nouns (1, 2 and 1 Quebec example).
 * All proper nouns have a capital letter in French (unless maybe the Unix commands).

Moreover, I've never heard about "les russes de Moscou et Saint-Pétersbourg sont différents" but "le russe" or "les accents russes". Hence we would need some serious attestations to introduce this countable concept. JackPotte 11:03, 21 April 2010 (UTC)
 * Sounds quite like a consensus. Yes, dictionaries always listed them as common nouns (or just nouns, if you want to be picky about it). Mglovesfun (talk) 14:42, 21 April 2010 (UTC)
 * Yes, they are considered as common nouns in French. Months, too, and days, and programming languages, and card games, and demonyms (despite the capitalization). Generally speaking, the sense of proper noun is the same in English and in French, but its application is slightly different (due to different traditions). Lmaltier 20:59, 28 June 2010 (UTC)

 * Late response, however, I am a little confused by what you mean by they behave like proper nouns. One cannot say « J'aime français. », one is forced to say « J'aime le français. », equally: « Je hais l'anglais. » in place of « Je hais anglais. ». However, one can say « Je parle français. », here, the 'le' is facultative. --Île flottante 05:13, 1 September 2010 (UTC)
 * In conclusion, one has to know French quite fluently to know how to deal with these subtleties. --Actarus (Prince d'Euphor) 22:07, 1 September 2010 (UTC)

Reflexive head words
Looking at marier (this version), it stops half way and puts a second head word se marier (the reflexive form of marier). I don't like this, it's the sort of thing they're slowly phasing out on Wiktionary. My personal preference is to put. I don't think you can assume the reader knows that the reflexive form is with se (or s') so it's good to put it. Does anyone have a preferred format? Mglovesfun (talk) 11:00, 28 June 2010 (UTC)
 * How can we do "se marier" when "se promener" isn't with this template? I agree to use it but we might respect a certain order ;). JackPotte 11:28, 28 June 2010 (UTC)
 * What template? Mglovesfun (talk) 11:30, 28 June 2010 (UTC)
 * indeed. JackPotte 16:57, 28 June 2010 (UTC)
 * I suspect the reason is unwarranted deference to the original creator of the page, who inappropriate used a convention common in fr:wikt. Circeus 01:33, 1 July 2010 (UTC)

title: Wiktionary talk:About French/Archive 1


text:
User:NjardarBot

This is the bot of Njardarlogar.

 * Global statistics
 * Page on the English Wikipedia.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:NjardarBot


text: haltes

title: haltes


text:
Template:nn-former reform

(former reform[s] only):

title: Template:nn-former reform


text:
Template:nn-former reform/documentation

This template is for for the synonyms section or similar and goes in front of words that are no longer part of official Nynorsk.

This template takes no parameters.

title: Template:nn-former reform/documentation


text:
мандариновый

Adjective

 * 1)  tangerine, mandarin

title: мандариновый


text:
аутентичный

Adjective

 * 1) authentic

title: аутентичный


text:
гулаг

Noun

 * : gulag

title: гулаг


text:
Template talk:xno

RFD debate
Per User talk:Mglovesfun. The entries and templates would be merged into ; the etymologies into. —Μετάknowledge discuss/deeds 04:54, 19 December 2012 (UTC)
 * How different are they? Did they have distinct literary traditions? Did they follow the same orthographical practices? — Ungoliant (Falai) 06:19, 19 December 2012 (UTC)
 * I actually started gathering evidence at Category talk:Anglo-Norman language, but only yesterday! Metaknowledge presumably didn't see that. See Appendix:Anglo-Norman spellings, which is all my own work so probably quite incomplete. I think w:Anglo-Norman language has more information. Was actually hoping to delay this nomination a bit. Still got my Leeds University Library card though it may have expired, as was going to go snooping in the Old French section to find evidence. Mglovesfun (talk) 10:30, 19 December 2012 (UTC)
 * Also w:Talk:Anglo-Norman language was requested to be moved to erm, something (proposer suggested a move, but not to what!) which was met with opposition, most of it with really dubious reasons, or no reason at all. "Anglo-Norman clearly had both an army and a navy" looks like a total misunderstanding of what was being proposed, "Continental French made changes not made in Britain (chief > chef, for instance). The older forms are well represented in English and must not be disregarded." This is the same point made by Widsith on Category talk:Anglo-Norman language. While true, how is it any less accurate to use, in the same way we don't consider American English, Canadian French, Late Latin and so on to be separate languages, but we do have Category:French terms derived from American English (and so on). Mglovesfun (talk) 10:47, 19 December 2012 (UTC)
 * Didn't Webster 1913 and Century have both Old French and Anglo-Norman tags? Did they have Old North French? I don't see why we would through away any distinction that sheds any light whatsoever on the origins of Middle English and Modern English words. If we don't understand the basis for the tags in these sources, then we should keep until we know for sure that there is no distinction of any validity whatsoever. DCDuring TALK 14:45, 19 December 2012 (UTC)
 * This won’t affect English etymology, because will be moved to . — Ungoliant (Falai) 15:24, 19 December 2012 (UTC)
 * As Ungoliant says, etymologies aren't affected, and we can distinguish entries with qualifier and context tags when necessary. It's just a question of whether or not they merit separate L2s. Also, IFYPFY. - -sche (discuss) 04:47, 20 December 2012 (UTC)
 * DCDuring is right but what he says does not seem to have any relevance to this debate. Mglovesfun (talk) 18:04, 20 December 2012 (UTC)
 * I've started compiling some evidence here. As you might imagine, it's not wholly straightforward. Mglovesfun (talk) 13:51, 30 December 2012 (UTC)
 * Also for long term purposes, that discussion is now at User talk:Mglovesfun/Archives/19 as section #50. Mglovesfun (talk) 13:12, 13 January 2013 (UTC)
 * @Ungoliant (trying to keep this thread alive) the languages are not standardized at all during this period, so two copies of the same text can be very different with respect to spelling. In fact even within the same text, within the same paragraph you might get quer and then cuer. Dictionaries treat them as the same; the Anglo-Norman On-Line Hub seems to include a lot of 'Parisian' Old French, and the Godefroy dictionary tags entries as Anglo-Norman in the same way it would tag them Normandie or Picardie. My question would be, if they're not the same language, how do you tell them apart? Mglovesfun (talk) 10:37, 24 January 2013 (UTC)
 * If you’re sure Wiktionary would benefit from merging both languages, then I support. — Ungoliant (Falai) 20:17, 24 January 2013 (UTC)
 * From what I've seen I'd fully support the merge. My one worry is all the stuff I've read is early Anglo-Norman, as pointed out Anglo-Norman continue into the early Middle French period. Some sources say it develops into a different language, some sources call it a dialect. I would suggest letting this debate continue. Mglovesfun (talk) 16:26, 3 February 2013 (UTC)
 * If Anglo-Norman literature is accurate, this text is from the 14th Century, it's the latest I've been able to get hold of and it is Old French. It has spelling differences with say, Le Voyage de Saint Brandon, one of the earliest Anglo-Norman texts such as instead of, but this doesn't justify a different language, just a progression. Delete. Mglovesfun (talk) 16:51, 3 February 2013 (UTC)
 * Actually if you go to the Anglo-Norman On-Line Hub list of quoted texts, it gives dates with the texts. I've looked at a few 15th Century texts and this confirms my interpretation that it's not a separate language. Also, it seems to exclude a lot of 'traditional' Anglo-Norman texts like Marie de France, la Chanson de Roland and Le Voyage de Saint Brandon, I can only assume it's because they're too early and the Anglo-Norman society considers them to be Old French not Anglo-Norman. Sticking with delete. Mglovesfun (talk) 17:04, 3 February 2013 (UTC)

 * Merge the lects per Mg. - -sche (discuss) 19:29, 3 February 2013 (UTC)
 * No comment for 10 days, any final objections? Mglovesfun (talk) 11:36, 13 February 2013 (UTC)
 * Failed, merge to come. Mglovesfun (talk) 23:15, 14 February 2013 (UTC)

A few more advantages
Mglovesfun (talk) 16:37, 17 February 2013 (UTC)
 * 1) Not having to find a way to tell whether something is Anglo-Norman or Old French. For example, it turns out all the stuff I entered as Anglo-Norman from Wace, Wace was educated in France not England so I got the language wrong.
 * 2) Most entries that have both Anglo-Norman and Old French, I just copied one entry wholesale from the other, changing only the header and the language codes. So merging them is simply a matter of removing the Anglo-Norman
 * 3) A lot of the requests in WT:RE:fro will be incidentally fulfilled when Anglo-Norman headers and categories are changed to Old French.
 * That's pretty funny, actually (about Wace). Tell me when you're ready to start deleting categories and I'll lend a hand. —Μετάknowledge discuss/deeds 16:38, 17 February 2013 (UTC)

Error reports
Special:WhatLinksHere/Template:xno should now all be uses of or not in the main namespace. If any aren't, please change them or tell me if it's more complicated than a simple replacement. Mglovesfun (talk) 13:10, 24 February 2013 (UTC)
 * Anglo-Norman is correct mind you. Mglovesfun (talk) 14:32, 24 February 2013 (UTC)
 * What about Template:xno/script? That should be deleted too, but it still has a few transclusions. 21:42, 28 February 2013 (UTC)
 * Ahá! Mglovesfun forget a bunch of non-mainspace transclusions, evidently. Mutatis mutandis, I have deleted it. —Μετάknowledge discuss/deeds 01:48, 1 March 2013 (UTC)

title: Template talk:xno


text:
klósigi

Noun

 * 1) cirrus type of cloud

title: klósigi


text:
bindig

Adjective

 * 1) cohesive

title: bindig


text:
biogeochemisch

Adjective

 * 1) biogeochemical

title: biogeochemisch


text:
geochemisch

Adjective

 * 1) geochemical

title: geochemisch


text:
Talk:obrigado

The Portuguese etymology is not complete. How did the word evolve from the Latin meaning "obliged, made liable, having been bound by obligation." to its current usage to mean "thank you"? When was it first used as "thank you"?

The latter question could settle the controversy over whether there is any relationship between this word and Japanese "arigatō". The Japanese word seems to have been in use before Portuguese traders arrived (see and arigatō), but was the word used as "thank you" by the Portuguese prior to 1542? - 70.171.38.165 16:10, 17 February 2013 (UTC)
 * There really was no semantic shift. In modern English, much obliged: is still used as a synonym for thank you:. There is no controversy about ; any competent Japanese linguist will be able to tell you that the two are unrelated. —Μετάknowledge discuss/deeds 16:15, 17 February 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:obrigado


text:
demonstriert

Adjective

 * 1) demonstrated

title: demonstriert


text:
derzeitig

Adjective

 * 1) current, present, prevailing

title: derzeitig


text:
disproportioniert

Adjective

 * 1) disproportional

title: disproportioniert


text:
dissoziieren

Verb

 * 1)  to dissociate

title: dissoziieren


text:
dunkelorange

Adjective

 * 1) dark-orange (coloured)

title: dunkelorange


text: dynamischer

title: dynamischer


text: dynamischerer

title: dynamischerer


text: dynamischere

title: dynamischere


text: dynamischeres

title: dynamischeres


text: dynamischeren

title: dynamischeren


text: dynamischerem

title: dynamischerem


text: dynamischster

title: dynamischster


text: dynamischste

title: dynamischste


text: dynamischstes

title: dynamischstes


text: dynamischsten

title: dynamischsten


text: dynamischstem

title: dynamischstem


text: dynamisches

title: dynamisches


text: dynamischen

title: dynamischen


text: dynamischem

title: dynamischem


text: befindlicher

title: befindlicher


text: befindliche

title: befindliche


text: befindliches

title: befindliches


text: befindlichen

title: befindlichen


text: befindlichem

title: befindlichem


text: bernsteinfarbener

title: bernsteinfarbener


text: bernsteinfarbene

title: bernsteinfarbene


text: bernsteinfarbenes

title: bernsteinfarbenes


text: bernsteinfarbenen

title: bernsteinfarbenen


text: bernsteinfarbenem

title: bernsteinfarbenem


text: bestimmbarer

title: bestimmbarer


text: bestimmbare

title: bestimmbare


text: bestimmbares

title: bestimmbares


text: bestimmbaren

title: bestimmbaren


text: bestimmbarem

title: bestimmbarem


text: bindiger

title: bindiger


text: bindige

title: bindige


text: bindiges

title: bindiges


text: bindigen

title: bindigen


text: bindigem

title: bindigem


text: biogeochemischer

title: biogeochemischer


text: biogeochemische

title: biogeochemische


text: biogeochemisches

title: biogeochemisches


text: biogeochemischen

title: biogeochemischen


text: biogeochemischem

title: biogeochemischem


text: geochemischer

title: geochemischer


text: geochemische

title: geochemische


text: geochemisches

title: geochemisches


text: geochemischen

title: geochemischen


text: geochemischem

title: geochemischem


text: demonstrierter

title: demonstrierter


text: demonstrierte

title: demonstrierte


text: demonstriertes

title: demonstriertes


text: demonstrierten

title: demonstrierten


text: demonstriertem

title: demonstriertem


text: derzeitiger

title: derzeitiger


text: derzeitige

title: derzeitige


text: derzeitiges

title: derzeitiges


text: derzeitigen

title: derzeitigen


text: derzeitigem

title: derzeitigem


text: disproportionierter

title: disproportionierter


text: disproportionierte

title: disproportionierte


text: disproportioniertes

title: disproportioniertes


text: disproportionierten

title: disproportionierten


text: disproportioniertem

title: disproportioniertem


text: bigotter

title: bigotter


text: bigottes

title: bigottes


text: bigotten

title: bigotten


text: bigottem

title: bigottem


text: bürgerlicher

title: bürgerlicher


text: bürgerliche

title: bürgerliche


text: bürgerliches

title: bürgerliches


text: bürgerlichen

title: bürgerlichen


text: bürgerlichem

title: bürgerlichem


text:
acarophobie

Noun

 * 1) acarophobia

title: acarophobie


text: acarophobies

title: acarophobies


text: elastomerer

title: elastomerer


text: elastomere

title: elastomere


text: elastomeres

title: elastomeres


text: elastomeren

title: elastomeren


text: elastomerem

title: elastomerem


text:
entkoppelt

Adjective

 * 1) uncoupled
 * 2) decoupled

title: entkoppelt


text:
entstellt

Adjective

 * 1) disfigured, distorted, maimed, deformed
 * 2) garbled

title: entstellt


text:
erfunden

Adjective

 * 1) invented, contrived
 * 2) fictional
 * 3) imaginary
 * 4) bogus

Usage notes
Often used in the word-combination frei erfunden to refer to something made from whole cloth, completely fictitious, i.e. that is a complete fabrication.

title: erfunden


text:
faserig

Adjective

 * 1) fibrous
 * 2) filamentous
 * 3) fuzzy

title: faserig


text: faszinierenderer

title: faszinierenderer


text: faszinierendere

title: faszinierendere


text: faszinierenderes

title: faszinierenderes


text: faszinierenderen

title: faszinierenderen


text: faszinierenderem

title: faszinierenderem


text: faszinierendster

title: faszinierendster


text: faszinierendste

title: faszinierendste


text: faszinierendstes

title: faszinierendstes


text: faszinierendstem

title: faszinierendstem


text: faszinierende

title: faszinierende


text: faszinierendes

title: faszinierendes


text: faszinierenden

title: faszinierenden


text: faszinierendem

title: faszinierendem


text:
fotometrisch

Adjective

 * 1) photometric

title: fotometrisch


text: geförderter

title: geförderter


text: geförderte

title: geförderte


text: gefördertes

title: gefördertes


text: geförderten

title: geförderten


text: gefördertem

title: gefördertem


text: gesteuerter

title: gesteuerter


text: gesteuerte

title: gesteuerte


text: gesteuertes

title: gesteuertes


text: gesteuerten

title: gesteuerten


text: gesteuertem

title: gesteuertem


text:
gewellt

Adjective

 * 1) corrugated
 * 2) wavy, curly
 * 3) undulating

title: gewellt


text:
妹分

Noun

 * 1) sworn younger sister

title: 妹分


text: entkoppelter

title: entkoppelter


text: entkoppelte

title: entkoppelte


text: entkoppeltes

title: entkoppeltes


text: entkoppelten

title: entkoppelten


text: entkoppeltem

title: entkoppeltem


text: entstellter

title: entstellter


text: entstellte

title: entstellte


text: entstelltes

title: entstelltes


text: entstellten

title: entstellten


text: entstelltem

title: entstelltem


text: erfundener

title: erfundener


text: erfundene

title: erfundene


text: erfundenes

title: erfundenes


text: erfundenen

title: erfundenen


text: erfundenem

title: erfundenem


text: faseriger

title: faseriger


text: faserigerer

title: faserigerer


text: faserigere

title: faserigere


text: faserigeres

title: faserigeres


text: faserigeren

title: faserigeren


text: faserigerem

title: faserigerem


text: faserigster

title: faserigster


text: faserigste

title: faserigste


text: faserigstes

title: faserigstes


text: faserigsten

title: faserigsten


text: faserigstem

title: faserigstem


text: faserige

title: faserige


text: faseriges

title: faseriges


text: faserigen

title: faserigen


text: faserigem

title: faserigem


text: fotometrischer

title: fotometrischer


text: fotometrische

title: fotometrische


text: fotometrisches

title: fotometrisches


text: fotometrischen

title: fotometrischen


text: fotometrischem

title: fotometrischem


text: gewellter

title: gewellter


text: gewellte

title: gewellte


text: gewelltes

title: gewelltes


text:
提げる

Verb

 * 1) to take with one, to carry, to hold, to wear

title: 提げる


text: gewellten

title: gewellten


text: gewelltem

title: gewelltem


text: endlicher

title: endlicher


text: endliche

title: endliche


text: endliches

title: endliches


text: endlichen

title: endlichen


text: endlichem

title: endlichem


text: göttlicherer

title: göttlicherer


text: göttlichere

title: göttlichere


text: göttlicheres

title: göttlicheres


text: göttlicheren

title: göttlicheren


text: göttlicherem

title: göttlicherem


text: göttlichster

title: göttlichster


text: göttlichste

title: göttlichste


text: göttlichstes

title: göttlichstes


text: göttlichstem

title: göttlichstem


text: göttliche

title: göttliche


text: göttliches

title: göttliches


text: göttlichen

title: göttlichen


text: göttlichem

title: göttlichem


text:
hantierend

Adjective

 * 1) plying

title: hantierend


text:
hieraus

Etymology
From

Adverb

 * 1) herefrom
 * 2) thereof

title: hieraus


text:
hochgiftig

Adjective

 * 1) highly toxic / poisonous

title: hochgiftig


text:
慌ただしい

Adjective

 * 1) busy
 * 2) hurried, rushed
 * 3) confused, unsettled (state)

title: 慌ただしい


text:
hydrolysieren

Verb

 * 1)  to hydrolyze / hydrolyse

title: hydrolysieren


text:
僧正

Noun

 * 1) Buddhist high priest

title: 僧正


text:
intrazellulär

Adjective

 * 1) intracellular

title: intrazellulär


text:
誘拐犯

Noun

 * 1) abductor kidnapper

title: 誘拐犯


text:
kettenförmig

Adjective

 * 1) catenary, chainlike
 * 2)  aliphatic

title: kettenförmig


text:
アブドラ

Proper noun

 * 1) Abdullah Muslim given name

title: アブドラ


text:
konform

Adjective

 * 1) compliant
 * 2) conformal

title: konform


text:
欠格

Noun

 * 1) abessive case

Noun

 * 1) disqualification
 * 2)  abessive case case used to express the lack of something
 * 1)  abessive case case used to express the lack of something

title: 欠格


text: kontinentaler

title: kontinentaler


text: kontinentale

title: kontinentale


text: kontinentales

title: kontinentales


text: kontinentalen

title: kontinentalen


text: kontinentalem

title: kontinentalem


text: hantierender

title: hantierender


text: hantierende

title: hantierende


text: hantierendes

title: hantierendes


text: hantierenden

title: hantierenden


text: hantierendem

title: hantierendem


text: hochgiftiger

title: hochgiftiger


text: hochgiftige

title: hochgiftige


text: hochgiftiges

title: hochgiftiges


text: hochgiftigen

title: hochgiftigen


text: hochgiftigem

title: hochgiftigem


text: intrazellulärer

title: intrazellulärer


text: intrazelluläre

title: intrazelluläre


text: intrazelluläres

title: intrazelluläres


text: intrazellulären

title: intrazellulären


text: intrazellulärem

title: intrazellulärem


text: kettenförmiger

title: kettenförmiger


text: kettenförmige

title: kettenförmige


text: kettenförmiges

title: kettenförmiges


text: kettenförmigen

title: kettenförmigen


text: kettenförmigem

title: kettenförmigem


text: konformer

title: konformer


text: konformerer

title: konformerer


text: konformere

title: konformere


text: konformeres

title: konformeres


text: konformeren

title: konformeren


text: konformerem

title: konformerem


text: konformster

title: konformster


text: konformste

title: konformste


text: konformstes

title: konformstes


text:
明日の百より今日の五十

Etymology
lit. 'today's 50 over tomorrow's 100'.

Proverb

 * 1) a bird in the hand is worth two in the bush

title: 明日の百より今日の五十


text: konformsten

title: konformsten


text: konformstem

title: konformstem


text: konforme

title: konforme


text: konformes

title: konformes


text: konformen

title: konformen


text: konformem

title: konformem


text: kompromissloser

title: kompromissloser


text: kompromissloserer

title: kompromissloserer


text: kompromisslosere

title: kompromisslosere


text: kompromissloseres

title: kompromissloseres


text: kompromissloseren

title: kompromissloseren


text: kompromissloserem

title: kompromissloserem


text: kompromisslosester

title: kompromisslosester


text: kompromissloseste

title: kompromissloseste


text: kompromisslosestes

title: kompromisslosestes


text: kompromisslosesten

title: kompromisslosesten


text: kompromisslosestem

title: kompromisslosestem


text: kompromisslose

title: kompromisslose


text: kompromissloses

title: kompromissloses


text: kompromisslosen

title: kompromisslosen


text: kompromisslosem

title: kompromisslosem


text:
bulgāru valoda

Noun

 * 1) Bulgarian language (lit. language of the Bulgarians)

title: bulgāru valoda


text: bulgāru valodu

title: bulgāru valodu


text: bulgāru valodā

title: bulgāru valodā


text: bulgāru valodas

title: bulgāru valodas


text: bulgāru valodai

title: bulgāru valodai


text: limitierender

title: limitierender


text: limitierende

title: limitierende


text: limitierendes

title: limitierendes


text: limitierenden

title: limitierenden


text: limitierendem

title: limitierendem


text:
bulgārs

Etymology
Probably via other European languages, ultimately from, from , itself from the self-designation of Bulgars, from , active noun/adjective of.

Noun

 * 1) a Bulgarian man, a man born in Bulgaria
 * 2)  Bulgarian; pertaining to Bulgaria and its people

title: bulgārs


text:
nichtleitend

Adjective

 * 1) nonconducting
 * 2) insulating

title: nichtleitend


text:
nichtmetallisch

Etymology
or

Adjective

 * 1) nonmetallic

title: nichtmetallisch


text:
bulgāriete

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) a (female) Bulgarian, a woman born in Bulgaria

title: bulgāriete


text:
nuklearmedizinisch

Etymology
or

Adjective

 * 1)  nuclear medicine

title: nuklearmedizinisch


text: optimalerer

title: optimalerer


text: optimalere

title: optimalere


text: optimaleres

title: optimaleres


text: optimaleren

title: optimaleren


text: optimalerem

title: optimalerem


text: optimalster

title: optimalster


text: optimalste

title: optimalste


text: optimalstes

title: optimalstes


text: optimalstem

title: optimalstem


text: optimalen

title: optimalen


text: optimalem

title: optimalem


text:
orthorhombisch

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1) orthorhombic

title: orthorhombisch


text:
phosphathaltig

Adjective

 * 1) phosphatic (containing phosphate)

title: phosphathaltig


text:
bulgārisks

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1) Bulgarian relating to the Bulgarian language; relating to Bulgarians or to Bulgaria

Usage notes
English “Bulgarian” as an attributive adjective usually corresponds in Latvian to, the genitive plural form of. The adjective is commonly used as a predicate (“this is Bulgarian”), or in its adverbial form.

title: bulgārisks


text: 詐る

title: 詐る


text:
phosphorhaltig

Adjective

 * 1) phosphoric, phosphorous (containing phosphorus)

title: phosphorhaltig


text:
maríutása

Noun

 * 1) cirrocumulus

title: maríutása


text: bulgārā

title: bulgārā


text: primärer

title: primärer


text: primärerer

title: primärerer


text: primärere

title: primärere


text: primäreres

title: primäreres


text: primäreren

title: primäreren


text: primärerem

title: primärerem


text: primärster

title: primärster


text:
述懐

Etymology
From. Compare modern 🇨🇬. Read as shukkai until the Edo period.

Noun

 * 1) an expression of one's thoughts or recollections, an opinion
 * 2) a complaint about unfairness or dissatisfaction

Derived terms

 * : service or employment while harboring complaints

Idioms

 * ; : "complaints about unfairness don't wait for one's body" ⇒ if one continues to work while unhappy about it, one's work suffers, and it may ultimately lead to losing one's health

Verb

 * 1) to express one's thoughts, to reminisce, to opine
 * 2) to complain about unfairness or dissatisfaction

title: 述懐


text: primärste

title: primärste


text: primärstes

title: primärstes


text: primärsten

title: primärsten


text: primärstem

title: primärstem


text: primäre

title: primäre


text: primäres

title: primäres


text: primären

title: primären


text: primärem

title: primärem


text: bulgāra

title: bulgāra


text:
reichhaltig

Adjective

 * 1) comprehensive
 * 2) ample, extensive, substantial
 * 3) rich

title: reichhaltig


text: bulgāru

title: bulgāru


text: bulgāram

title: bulgāram


text: bulgāri

title: bulgāri


text:
rotbraun

Adjective

 * 1) of a reddish brown or brownish red colour of any kind, e.g. maroon, auburn (hair), bay (horse), etc.

title: rotbraun


text: bulgārus

title: bulgārus


text: bulgāros

title: bulgāros


text:
magnolid

Adjective

 * 1) Resembling a magnolia or a taxonomic grouping for which Magnolia is the type.

title: magnolid


text:
maalialue

Noun

 * 1) goalmouth
 * 2)  goal area, goal crease
 * 3)  goal area

title: maalialue


text: schlagartiger

title: schlagartiger


text: schlagartigerer

title: schlagartigerer


text: schlagartigere

title: schlagartigere


text:
vaalialue

Noun

 * 1) electoral district

title: vaalialue


text: schlagartigeres

title: schlagartigeres


text: schlagartigeren

title: schlagartigeren


text: schlagartigerem

title: schlagartigerem


text: schlagartigster

title: schlagartigster


text: schlagartigste

title: schlagartigste


text: schlagartigstes

title: schlagartigstes


text: schlagartigsten

title: schlagartigsten


text: schlagartigstem

title: schlagartigstem


text: schlagartige

title: schlagartige


text: schlagartiges

title: schlagartiges


text: schlagartigen

title: schlagartigen


text: schlagartigem

title: schlagartigem


text:
cunnilinguo

Noun

 * 1)  cunnilinguist, one who gives cunnilingus

Noun

 * 1) cunnilingus

title: cunnilinguo


text: cunnilinguos

title: cunnilinguos


text: cunnilingui

title: cunnilingui


text:
Talk:polarized light

Suggesting "light" → "wave"
Although in a colloquial sense electromagnetic waves can be just "light", but also even gravitational waves can be polarized. Adding an entry for each one may get redundant. Should this then be polarized wave and the related entries, like plane polarized light, plane polarized wave? ~ Nelg (talk) 18:14, 17 February 2013 (UTC)
 * No. This entry is specifically about light. (p.s. Not convinced that gravitational waves could be polarized - are they transverse or longitudinal waves?) SemperBlotto (talk) 18:18, 17 February 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:polarized light


text: bulgāriem

title: bulgāriem


text:
schwefelhaltig

Adjective

 * 1) sulphurous / sulfurous (containing sulfur)

title: schwefelhaltig


text: bulgārietē

title: bulgārietē


text: cunilinguo

title: cunilinguo


text: cunilinguos

title: cunilinguos


text: bulgārietes

title: bulgārietes


text: bulgārietēs

title: bulgārietēs


text: bulgārietei

title: bulgārietei


text: bulgārieti

title: bulgārieti


text: bulgārietēm

title: bulgārietēm


text:
selbstentzündlich

Adjective

 * 1) self-igniting

title: selbstentzündlich


text: bulgāriešu

title: bulgāriešu


text: stetiger

title: stetiger


text: stetige

title: stetige


text: stetiges

title: stetiges


text: stetigen

title: stetigen


text: stetigem

title: stetigem


text:
不自然

Adjective

 * 1) unnatural; artificial
 * 2) contrived; strained

Etymology
Compound of.

Adjective

 * 1) abnormal, unnatural
 * 2) forced, strained
 * 3) artificial

Noun

 * 1) unnaturalness
 * 2) strain
 * 3) artificiality

title: 不自然


text: fellatios

title: fellatios


text: synthetischer

title: synthetischer


text: synthetischerer

title: synthetischerer


text: synthetischere

title: synthetischere


text: synthetischeres

title: synthetischeres


text: synthetischeren

title: synthetischeren


text: synthetischerem

title: synthetischerem


text: synthetischster

title: synthetischster


text: synthetischste

title: synthetischste


text: synthetischstes

title: synthetischstes


text: synthetischsten

title: synthetischsten


text: synthetischstem

title: synthetischstem


text: synthetisches

title: synthetisches


text: synthetischen

title: synthetischen


text: synthetischem

title: synthetischem


text: nichtleitender

title: nichtleitender


text: nichtleitende

title: nichtleitende


text: nichtleitendes

title: nichtleitendes


text: nichtleitenden

title: nichtleitenden


text: nichtleitendem

title: nichtleitendem


text: nichtmetallischer

title: nichtmetallischer


text: nichtmetallische

title: nichtmetallische


text: nichtmetallisches

title: nichtmetallisches


text: nichtmetallischen

title: nichtmetallischen


text: nichtmetallischem

title: nichtmetallischem


text: nuklearmedizinischer

title: nuklearmedizinischer


text: nuklearmedizinische

title: nuklearmedizinische


text: nuklearmedizinisches

title: nuklearmedizinisches


text: nuklearmedizinischen

title: nuklearmedizinischen


text: nuklearmedizinischem

title: nuklearmedizinischem


text: orthorhombischer

title: orthorhombischer


text: orthorhombische

title: orthorhombische


text: orthorhombisches

title: orthorhombisches


text: orthorhombischen

title: orthorhombischen


text: orthorhombischem

title: orthorhombischem


text: phosphathaltiger

title: phosphathaltiger


text: phosphathaltige

title: phosphathaltige


text: phosphathaltiges

title: phosphathaltiges


text: phosphathaltigen

title: phosphathaltigen


text: phosphathaltigem

title: phosphathaltigem


text:
능격

Noun

 * 1)  ergative

title: 능격


text: phosphorhaltiger

title: phosphorhaltiger


text: phosphorhaltige

title: phosphorhaltige


text: phosphorhaltiges

title: phosphorhaltiges


text: phosphorhaltigen

title: phosphorhaltigen


text: phosphorhaltigem

title: phosphorhaltigem


text: reichhaltiger

title: reichhaltiger


text: reichhaltigerer

title: reichhaltigerer


text: reichhaltigere

title: reichhaltigere


text: reichhaltigeres

title: reichhaltigeres


text: reichhaltigeren

title: reichhaltigeren


text: reichhaltigerem

title: reichhaltigerem


text: reichhaltigster

title: reichhaltigster


text: reichhaltigste

title: reichhaltigste


text: reichhaltigstes

title: reichhaltigstes


text: reichhaltigsten

title: reichhaltigsten


text: reichhaltigstem

title: reichhaltigstem


text: reichhaltige

title: reichhaltige


text: reichhaltiges

title: reichhaltiges


text: reichhaltigen

title: reichhaltigen


text: reichhaltigem

title: reichhaltigem


text: rotbrauner

title: rotbrauner


text: rotbraune

title: rotbraune


text: rotbraunes

title: rotbraunes


text: rotbraunen

title: rotbraunen


text: rotbraunem

title: rotbraunem


text: schwefelhaltiger

title: schwefelhaltiger


text: schwefelhaltige

title: schwefelhaltige


text: schwefelhaltiges

title: schwefelhaltiges


text: schwefelhaltigen

title: schwefelhaltigen


text: schwefelhaltigem

title: schwefelhaltigem


text: selbstentzündlicher

title: selbstentzündlicher


text: selbstentzündliche

title: selbstentzündliche


text: selbstentzündliches

title: selbstentzündliches


text: selbstentzündlichen

title: selbstentzündlichen


text: selbstentzündlichem

title: selbstentzündlichem


text: scheußlicher

title: scheußlicher


text:
soporífico

Etymology
From, from , from , from.

Adjective

 * 1) soporific tending to induce sleep

Noun

 * 1) soporific sleep-inducing agent

Etymology
, from, from , from.

Adjective

 * 1) soporific tending to induce sleep

title: soporífico


text: scheußlicherer

title: scheußlicherer


text: scheußlichere

title: scheußlichere


text: scheußlicheres

title: scheußlicheres


text: scheußlicheren

title: scheußlicheren


text: soporífica

title: soporífica


text: scheußlicherem

title: scheußlicherem


text:
妊娠中絶

Noun

 * 1) abortion induced abortion

title: 妊娠中絶


text: scheußlichster

title: scheußlichster


text: scheußlichste

title: scheußlichste


text: scheußlichstes

title: scheußlichstes


text: soporíficos

title: soporíficos


text: scheußlichsten

title: scheußlichsten


text: scheußlichstem

title: scheußlichstem


text: scheußliche

title: scheußliche


text: scheußliches

title: scheußliches


text: soporíficas

title: soporíficas


text: scheußlichen

title: scheußlichen


text: scheußlichem

title: scheußlichem


text: schwammartiger

title: schwammartiger


text: schwammartige

title: schwammartige


text: schwammartiges

title: schwammartiges


text: schwammartigen

title: schwammartigen


text: schwammartigem

title: schwammartigem


text: schwammiger

title: schwammiger


text: schwammigerer

title: schwammigerer


text: schwammigere

title: schwammigere


text: schwammigeres

title: schwammigeres


text: schwammigeren

title: schwammigeren


text: schwammigerem

title: schwammigerem


text: schwammigster

title: schwammigster


text: schwammigste

title: schwammigste


text: schwammigstes

title: schwammigstes


text: schwammigsten

title: schwammigsten


text: schwammigstem

title: schwammigstem


text: schwammige

title: schwammige


text: somnífera

title: somnífera


text: schwammiges

title: schwammiges


text: schwammigen

title: schwammigen


text: schwammigem

title: schwammigem


text:
terrestrisch

Adjective

 * 1)  terrestrial

title: terrestrisch


text: somníferos

title: somníferos


text: somníferas

title: somníferas


text:
tiefblau

Adjective

 * 1) deep / dark blue

title: tiefblau


text:
legable

Adjective

 * 1) Capable of being bequeathed.
 * In order for a business to be valuable, it must first be legable.
 * In order for a business to be valuable, it must first be legable.

title: legable


text:
tiefgrün

Adjective

 * 1) deep / dark green

title: tiefgrün


text:
要約

Verb

 * 1)  to restrict; to limit
 * 2)  to agree to a contract
 * 3)  to offer; to bid

Adjective

 * 1)  succinct; concise; brief

Verb

 * 1)  to guess; to estimate

Etymology
→

From. Compare modern 🇨🇬 reading yāoyuē.

Noun

 * 1) abridgment shortened version, summary
 * 2) a compact or contract, an agreement, a promise

Verb

 * 1) to sum up, to summarize
 * 2) to enter into compact or contract, to form an agreement, to make a promise

title: 要約


text:
génitoires

Etymology
From, with change of suffix.

Noun

 * 1)  testicles, genitories

title: génitoires


text:
膿瘍

Noun

 * 1)  abscess

Etymology
From. Compare modern 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) an abscess cavity filled with pus

title: 膿瘍


text:
unschädlich

Adjective

 * 1) harmless, innocuous

title: unschädlich


text: Category:Japanese terms spelled with 膿

title: Category:Japanese terms spelled with 膿


text:
acariciador

Noun

 * 1) caresser one who caresses

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1) which fondles, which caresses

Noun

 * 1) fondler; caresser

title: acariciador


text:
unterscheidend

Adjective

 * 1) distinguishing, distinctive, differential

title: unterscheidend


text: acariciadora

title: acariciadora


text: acariciadores

title: acariciadores


text: veralteter

title: veralteter


text: veralteterer

title: veralteterer


text: veraltetere

title: veraltetere


text: veralteteres

title: veralteteres


text: veralteteren

title: veralteteren


text: veralteterem

title: veralteterem


text: veraltetster

title: veraltetster


text: veraltetste

title: veraltetste


text: veraltetstes

title: veraltetstes


text: veraltetsten

title: veraltetsten


text: veraltetstem

title: veraltetstem


text: veraltetes

title: veraltetes


text: veraltetem

title: veraltetem


text:
special drawing right

Noun

 * 1) A monetary unit of account maintained by the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the value of which is based on a basket of major currencies, currently (since 2016) consisting of the US dollar, the euro, the renminbi, the Japanese yen, and the pound sterling.

Translations

 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin:
 * Dutch: speciaal trekkingsrecht
 * Finnish: erityisnosto-oikeus
 * German:
 * Japanese: 特別引出権

title: special drawing right


text:
verfasst

Adjective

 * 1) drafted, composed, written

title: verfasst


text:
ぼんやり

Adverb

 * 1) absent-mindedly absent in mind, vacantly
 * 2) dimly, faintly

Noun

 * 1) absent-mindedness

Verb

 * 1) be absent-minded, have blank or vacant eyes

title: ぼんやり


text:
verkohlt

Adjective

 * 1) charred, carbonized

title: verkohlt


text:
fromage à la pie

Noun

 * 1) soft cow's-milk cheese with herbs

title: fromage à la pie


text: vernachlässigbarer

title: vernachlässigbarer


text: vernachlässigbare

title: vernachlässigbare


text: vernachlässigbares

title: vernachlässigbares


text: vernachlässigbaren

title: vernachlässigbaren


text: vernachlässigbarem

title: vernachlässigbarem


text:
erityisnosto-oikeus

Noun

 * 1) special drawing right, SDR

title: erityisnosto-oikeus


text: verteilter

title: verteilter


text: verteiltes

title: verteiltes


text: verteiltem

title: verteiltem


text: toughsten

title: toughsten


text: toughesten

title: toughesten


text:
core eudicots

Hypernyms

 * , - clade

Hyponyms

 * (,, - basal orders in superasterids; );  ( - basal order in superrosids;  ( - basal order in rosids; , )) - clades; ,  - basal orders in core eudicots

Coordinate terms

 * (,, , - orders) - a paraphyletic grouping, not a clade

title: core eudicots


text:
絶対値

Etymology
. Compound of.

Noun

 * 1)  absolute value numerical value of a real number

title: 絶対値


text:
core eudicot

Noun

 * 1)  A plant or taxonomic grouping that is within the clade core eudicots.

title: core eudicot


text: toughster

title: toughster


text:
絶対零度

Etymology
Compound of.

Noun

 * 1)  absolute zero coldest possible temperature, -273.15° Celsius

title: 絶対零度


text: toughstem

title: toughstem


text: toughste

title: toughste


text: tougheren

title: tougheren


text: tougherer

title: tougherer


text: tougherem

title: tougherem


text: toughere

title: toughere


text: toughestem

title: toughestem


text: tougheste

title: tougheste


text: toughe

title: toughe


text: toughem

title: toughem


text: toughester

title: toughester


text:
絶対主義者

Etymology
Compound of, the latter a compound of +.

Noun

 * 1)  an absolutist, one who favors autocratic government
 * 2)  an absolutist, an adherent of absolutism, as opposed to relativism

title: 絶対主義者


text: applistructures

title: applistructures


text:
禁欲

Noun

 * 1) abstinence refraining from indulgence

Verb

 * 1) to be abstinent

title: 禁欲


text:
Category:km:Plants

ko:분류:식물(크메르어) ru:Категория:Растения/km

title: Category:km:Plants


text:
skýjakljúfur

Etymology
From, literally "sky-cleaver, sky-splitter".

Noun

 * 1) skyscraper

title: skýjakljúfur


text:
棄権

Noun

 * 1) giving up of one's rights;  abstention

Verb

 * 1) to give up of one's rights;  to abstain

title: 棄権


text:
抽象名詞

Noun

 * 1)  abstract noun

Etymology
Compound of.

Noun

 * 1)  abstract noun a noun that denotes an abstract concept

title: 抽象名詞


text:
差し控える

Verb

 * 1) abstain refrain from

title: 差し控える


text:
gowuł

Etymology
From, from.

Noun

 * 1) fork
 * 2) pitchfork
 * 3) prong

title: gowuł


text: gowułn

title: gowułn


text:
flugslóði

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) contrail

title: flugslóði


text:
抽象代数学

Etymology
Compound of.

Noun

 * 1)  abstract algebra

title: 抽象代数学


text: dirts

title: dirts


text:
意志欠乏

Noun

 * 1) abulia absence of will-power or decisiveness

title: 意志欠乏


text:
vatustaagi

Etymology
<

Noun

 * 1)  bobstay, gammon

title: vatustaagi


text: dirting

title: dirting


text: dirted

title: dirted


text:
馬鹿らしい

Etymology
Compound of.

Adjective

 * 1) absurd, ridiculous, foolish contrary to reason or propriety

title: 馬鹿らしい


text: yksisirkkaiset

title: yksisirkkaiset


text:
pelapatatas

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) potato peeler

title: pelapatatas


text:
pelapapas

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) potato peeler

title: pelapapas


text:
人文的

Adjective

 * 1) academic scholarly; literary or classical, in distinction from scientific

title: 人文的


text: magnolidit

title: magnolidit


text:
magnolidi

Etymology
(see 🇨🇬).

Noun

 * 1)  magnoliid

title: magnolidi


text:
chivar

Etymology
From, from. Compare 🇨🇬.

Verb

 * 1) to annoy
 * 2)  to snitch, tattle, rat, egg, squeal

title: chivar


text: kaksisirkkaiset

title: kaksisirkkaiset


text:
kwalm

Etymology
From, which most likely came from. Cognate with 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) steam, vapor, mist
 * 2) thick smoke, billow

title: kwalm


text:
acercar posturas

Verb

 * 1)  to build bridges, to come together

title: acercar posturas


text:
viva la Pepa

Phrase

 * 1) let the good times roll

title: viva la Pepa


text:
skír

Etymology
From, from or.

Adjective
or

 * 1) bright, clear
 * 2) pure
 * 3) innocent, virgin

Inflection
or

title: skír


text:
a sus anchas

Adjective

 * 1)  at home, at ease

title: a sus anchas


text:
grōwa

Etymology 1
From. Cognate with 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) ditch
 * 2) trench

Etymology 2
From, from. Cognate with 🇨🇬.

Verb

 * 1) To dig
 * 2) To burrow

title: grōwa