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Wiktionary:Etymology scriptorium/2013/August

friend with benefits
RFV of the etymology. Seriously, coined by Alanis Morissette? I just find it hard to believe it's not older, but I haven't checked. —Μετάknowledge discuss/deeds 17:33, 5 August 2013 (UTC)
 * She may not have coined it, but she may well have popularized it. I'm having difficulty finding anything on b.g.c. that's from before 1995. This book from 1983 apparently uses it, but it doesn't appear in the visible snippet. This book from 1988 uses the phrase but it seems to have a different meaning there. —Angr 21:53, 7 August 2013 (UTC)
 * The above links were from searching for "friends with benefits". Searching for "friend with benefits" and "friendship with benefits" came up with nothing useful pre-1995 either. —Angr 22:03, 7 August 2013 (UTC)

ambidextrous
The etymology here confuses me a bit. It seems to imply that the Latin word was borrowed and the English affixes  and  were attached simultaneous with borrowing. That seems a little implausible somehow. Why is this not straightforwardly + ? There are other etymologies like this as well, where a word was borrowed and then immediately affixed, in English entries but also in other languages. 20:05, 6 August 2013 (UTC)

Here are some more: malencontre, protobrosis, bicameral, bithchron, orthoclase, orthoclastic, tree-chroamatagh, bicycle, fo-vasheengunn, bith-heirm, bruthimbrít, înfra-rouoge, multilîndgisme, fo-leftenant, iseanóimeacht, fo-note, neoplasma, réamaiteolaí, iseatóp, fo-hropickagh, bioturbation, pedoturbation. And there are probably more still. Some of these are more likely calques. Others were probably borrowed and then partially calqued; it seems very implausible that something like fo-vasheengunn did not have masheengunn as an intermediate stage considering the semantic connection. And some are just obvious borrowings, like iseatóp. 20:18, 6 August 2013 (UTC)

stoł
I've listed this, the Lower Sorbian word for "chair", as a loanword from Low German, but I wonder if it's actually an inherited word from Proto-Slavic (cf. Polish, Russian , etc.) with a semantic change under Germanic influence. Is there any way of finding out for sure? (I also see that OCS means "seat, throne" rather than "table", so maybe Sorbian has actually retained the oldest Slavic meaning.) —Angr 16:07, 10 August 2013 (UTC)
 * It's hard to know for sure. Sorbian could have easily retained the original meaning because of its continued proximity to Germanic speaking areas. Sorbian speakers must have been (and still generally are) bilingual in Sorbian and German, which would have prevented any semantic shift from occurring in any borrowed words. A kind of mini semantic sprachbund, so. On the other hand, if OCS had the word, it might be much older, but it could also be an independent East Germanic borrowing (like Gothic ).
 * There is also a phonetic argument, though. Proto-Slavic still preserved the Balto-Slavic vowel length distinctions, and the Germanic vowel ō was long, but the Slavic o was short. That would speak against a borrowing because in most borrowed words, long ō from various sources ends up as either a or y in Slavic, and also as u later on; a, y and u were all originally long. So if you start with the assumption that the short vowel is original, and that this is not a borrowing, then Sorbian does not preserve the original meaning but shifted the meaning towards that of the German equivalent. 16:19, 10 August 2013 (UTC)
 * ru:стол also mentions a Lithuanian cognate, also with a short vowel: short a became o in Slavic, so this is a perfect cognate. That means that the resemblance to the Germanic word is not a result of borrowing, but of a shared (post-)PIE inheritance. 16:24, 10 August 2013 (UTC)
 * So Proto-Slavic isn't a loanword, but Lower Sorbian  still could be, though the timing is crucial: it would have to be late enough that Germanic long ō is borrowed as Slavic short or duration-neutral o rather than as a, but early enough that Germanic l is borrowed as ł rather than as l; since German /l/ is always clear, and since Sorbian ł has shifted to [v~w], German l is always borrowed as l in relatively recent loanwords. In fact, the more I think about it, the more I think that the ł makes it most likely that this is an inherited word that either acquired or retained the meaning "chair" under Germanic influence rather than that it is a straight loanword from nds. —Angr 17:22, 10 August 2013 (UTC)
 * That's more or less what I'm saying. Its resemblance to the Low German word made it rather confusing for a word to mean "table" in one language and "chair" in another. A false friend, sure, but such false friends do have a tendency to be eliminated in multilingual speakers. Having been cut off from the other Slavic languages through German rule, there would not have been any pressure to maintain the "table" meaning, unlike what you might see in contact areas like Belgium or Switzerland where neither language is really isolated from its relatives. So the pressure from Low German eventually caused the Sorbian word to adopt the meaning of the Low German word which it resembled. 17:30, 10 August 2013 (UTC)
 * Either adopt it or retain it. Bulgarian did manage to retain the "chair" meaning without any significant influence from Germanic, so maybe Sorbian would have retained that meaning too even if no Germanic language had been anywhere around. Many linguistic changes (semantic as well as phonological) don't affect the periphery of a language area, so maybe the shift from "chair" to "table" just never reached the far northwest and southeast of the Slavic Sprachraum. —Angr 17:45, 10 August 2013 (UTC)
 * The Bulgarian (and OCS, which was written primarily in that area) meaning is strange, but I think that it would have to be an innovated meaning. Both the Lithuanian and the Prussian words mean "table" alone as far as I can tell. So that would have been the meaning in Balto-Slavic too, and thus the meaning that was inherited into all the Slavic languages. How it ended up changing in Bulgaria, so far from any Germanic influence, is strange, but I do think that it must have changed rather than retained. 17:53, 10 August 2013 (UTC)
 * But maybe Germanic influence wasn't so far away from OCS. Wasn't Gothic spoken in the area of modern Bulgaria? If Gothic and OCS were in contact, maybe OCS shifted the meaning of its word from "table" to "chair" under Gothic influence, and then Bulgarian retained that innovation. —Angr 18:02, 10 August 2013 (UTC)
 * It's possible, but the situation in Bulgaria was the opposite from the one in Germany. The Slavs were in the majority there, and the Goths were a minority without much cultural influence. 18:10, 10 August 2013 (UTC)

план
How does Russian handle nasal borrowings? Can I be sure that this is from English, or could it have come from French? —Μετάknowledge discuss/deeds 00:09, 21 August 2013 (UTC)

 * They put an -н after. This word is said to be from Latin planus, but that does rule out an intermediate language such as French. Russian has borrowed a great deal from French, rather less from Dutch and German, and only recently from English. —Stephen (Talk) 12:38, 22 August 2013 (UTC)

knish and books
Can anyone expand this etymology? Is it related to Ukrainian книга (Appendix:Proto-Slavic/kъniga)? DTLHS (talk) 21:55, 21 August 2013 (UTC)
 * That seems awfully unlikely, but I'm not convinced by the "from Turkic" currently there either, since AFAIK Turkic languages don't allow consonant clusters at the beginnings of words. —Angr 09:41, 22 August 2013 (UTC)

 * Vasmer says, Объяснение заимствованием из нем. Knitsch "anything compressed, crumpled" (Бернекер 1, 531) отвергает Брюкнер (KZ 45, 50), который видит в польск. слове заимств. из укр. и относит вост.-слав. слово к *kъnъ (см. кнея). Ошибочно предположение о заимствовании из греч. κνῖσα "жир" (Фасмер, Гр.-сл. эт. 90); нем. Knust "горбушка хлеба" тоже не может считаться источником, вопреки Горяеву. —Stephen (Talk) 12:42, 22 August 2013 (UTC)

 * I removed the "from Turkic" part. It was added by a contributor known for adding bad information to etymologies, and is suspiciously vague. Chuck Entz (talk) 12:51, 22 August 2013 (UTC)
 * Maybe the Brothers Grimm have heard of a German word Knitsch; Duden hasn't. —Angr 15:43, 22 August 2013 (UTC)

 * Dialect. They’ve heard of it in the Rhenish dictionary. —Stephen (Talk) 16:22, 22 August 2013 (UTC)

Indo-European and Semitic words for "earth"
Somebody told me recently that PSem and PIE  are cognate. I know that there are a few borrowings between the protolanguages, but is this real? (Our pages don't document it or refute it.) —Μετάknowledge discuss/deeds 03:31, 28 August 2013 (UTC)
 * The reconstruction PIE is uncertain, and its origin is obscure. Couldn't find anything on the Semitic borrowing hypothesis. --Ivan Štambuk (talk) 08:51, 28 August 2013 (UTC)

attorney
RFV of the etymology. Hello, I'm afraid the etymology you provide for attorney (namely, "Old French atornee, feminine past participle of atorner (to prepare, to ready), compare attorn") is both bizarre and wrong: Sorry, but the current attribution to a non-existent and feminine atornee is half nonsense. HTH, 62.147.9.253 21:11, 28 August 2013 (UTC)
 * The claim at atornee that is the "Feminine singular past participle of atorner" is flat-out wrong: French past participles of verbs in -er (Old and Modern) are always -é (masculine) and -ée (feminine), both pronounced the same. The whole page atornee should of course be atornée.
 * The claim at attorney that it would come from a feminine participle is both bizarre (women didn't hold offices then) and wrong. The actual origin is the Old French atorné, a participle that became a noun meaning "someone who has been prepared (to serve the State)", that is a civil servant or civil officer, and especially a civil judge. (In French, the old noun atorné has mostly been replaced with the current équivalent noun préposé.) It is that noun atorné that was later derived into attorney.


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Wiktionary:Etymology scriptorium/2013/July

Affixes by origin
Hello,

is there a way to get a list of affixes by etymology, more precisely by language of origin. I found list of words in general by language origin, and lists of non-word morphemes (apparently) without origin, but both are exaggerately wide compared to my search: I need the intersection.

My original search was for greek prefixes matching some english sense (apart, for the matter). Then, I guessed it would be very useful in general to have such lists: to search for affixes themselves and words composed on them, or to make words yourself (I often do that).

What do you think ? Denispir (talk) 10:26, 3 July 2013 (UTC)

 * FWIW, there's a way to find the intersection of two categories using AWB, and also IIRC using one or another of our "gadgets". - -sche (discuss) 15:21, 5 July 2013 (UTC)

Greek ἔντερον, Sanskrit अन्तर्
These two words are given as cognates, but in their etymology section a different history is told. Sanskrit अन्तर्, in its own etymology section, is derived from Proto-Indo-European *h₁énteros (“inner, what is inside”), an adjective formed from the adverb *h₁enter (“between”), whereas Greek ἔντερον is claimed to be from Proto-Indo-European *énteros, from Proto-Indo-European *én + *-teros (whence also -τερος (-teros, “comparative suffix”)). Leaving aside the missing laryngeal, the two stories might be compatible if e.g. *h₁énter = h₁én + ter, but that strikes me as a stretch. What is going on here? What's the true story? (This is, by the way, a good example of why it would be a good idea to source all etymological claims. In this case, we'd be able to compare the sources for validity and reliability.) --Pereru (talk) 08:09, 5 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Sanskrit preserves the original adjectival sense, comparing more nicely to the Greek word. Combining a preposition/adverb meaning "in" with a suffix forming comparative forms, in order to get the adjective meaning "interior, inner", doesn't really sound too stretchy to me.. I'm not sure if the laryngeal is just prosthetic or necessary (Balto-Slavic reflexes require zero-grade form, so it's perhaps to fit the canonical form of PIE root). --Ivan Štambuk (talk) 11:54, 5 July 2013 (UTC)

English sack, Greek σάκκος, Egyptian 𓆷𓈎𓄜
The etymology of English claims the Egyptian origin, as do the descendants currently listed at. OTOH some other sources (e.g. Beekes 2010, OED) claim that the Greek word originates from a Semitic source, with e.g. Common Semitic *undefined: > Akkadian 𒆭𒊓:, Hebrew שק:, Syriac ܣܩܐ: etc. Are there some newer sources corroborating the (ultimate or direct) Egyptian origin? Have the Ancient Egyptians invented sackcloth? --Ivan Štambuk (talk) 12:01, 5 July 2013 (UTC)
 * I thought ancient Egyptian was a Semitic language? -- Eiríkr Útlendi │ Tala við mig 02:38, 6 July 2013 (UTC)
 * No, but it's related. The Semitic languages are one branch of the Afro-Asiatic family, but Egyptian, Berber, and various sub-Saharan African languages form other branches. When you consider that Egyptian and Akkadian are among the very earliest-attested languages, but were even back then only distantly related, you get an idea of how far back this family goes. It's by far the oldest widely-accepted family of them all. Chuck Entz (talk) 04:02, 6 July 2013 (UTC)

pseudomacedonism
Is 'nyct-' from Ancient Greek, or Modern Greek? It was listed as modern, I changed it to Ancient, but then was unsure... - -sche (discuss) 17:29, 5 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Ditto 'octakis-' and 'pseudomacedonism'. - -sche (discuss) 17:30, 5 July 2013 (UTC)
 * I would say they are ancient. Modern Greek rarely serves as a source for scientific or literary words. 17:43, 5 July 2013 (UTC)
 * I've changed the entries accordingly. - -sche (discuss) 20:00, 5 July 2013 (UTC)

stab
Our entry says this word is from Scottish Gaelic, and we have a Scottish Gaelic word stob. Other dictionaries say stab is from Scots, though. Did Scots get it from Scottish Gaelic, or what's going on? - -sche (discuss) 19:51, 5 July 2013 (UTC)

 * I wonder if it might be instead that Scots Gaelic got it from Scots, from a northern variant of Middle English stubbe (< stubb?), in its sense of a sharp splinter or a short nail (senses e and f here).
 * I haven't found anything likely looking in Old Irish or Old English.
 * — Catsidhe (verba, facta) 00:13, 6 July 2013 (UTC)

 * ref stab:
 * (Origin uncertain; cp. stubben v. & EMnE stob to stab.)
 * (a) To thrust with a pointed weapon, stab; ~ thurgh, stab (sb.); (b) to thrust (a pronged implement into a person's body).
 * — Catsidhe (verba, facta) 00:47, 6 July 2013 (UTC)

theks
The etymology we give for Albanian theks (also listed under token) seems wrong, at least if the claim that this word is derived from thek (for which a completely different root is given) is correct. As the historical phonology also conflicts with the etymological connection, on the face of it (and no explanation for the discrepancy, namely the irregular sound correspondence, is offered), I am inclined to believe that the etymology is simply wrong. It could well be true that theks is derived from thek, whose etymology is phonologically plausible, and the derivation is, in principle, semantically plausible (either "something pierced", as in a mark in hard material, or "something burned", as in a brand mark on cattle), although I cannot judge the details of the derivation – Albanian historical grammar is not my forte. --Florian Blaschke (talk) 21:12, 6 July 2013 (UTC)

Hi there,

I inserted this etymology and, being an Albanian mother language speaker, I can say with some ammount of certainty that "theks" derives from "thek" 'to pierce, carve, burn' (cf."thik"-knife), with genitive "s" which si used in Albanian for deverbative nouns (like "kaps" from kap-to catch, hold, "vjedhes"-thief, from "vjedh"-to steal etc). Regarding phonology, I admit that the treatment of Albanian dental fricatives is a bit controversial, as they generally are considered to derive from older sybillants or affricates (the "dz" or "ts" clusters), and these to be reflections of PIE palatal stops, but this is not always the case. Some of them reflect indeed PIE sonorant dental stops. Comparing it to Germanic, we basically have Germanic *t-Albanian th or d, especially in final syllables. The examples are numerous: German Tanne (Eng.tan)-Alb.thane-crunberry shrub, Eng. token-Alb. thek-to pierce, carve, Eng. take-Alb.cek/thek-to touch, Germ. Rad-Alb. rath-wheel, yard-Alb. gardh-fence, herd-Alb.herdhe/çerdhe-nest etc. So, all this considered, I think theks could be a parallel to Engl. token or Islandic teikn. Of course, this remains open for debate! thanksEtimo (talk) 09:57, 8 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Being a native speaker can be a mixed blessing with regard to etymologies, given phenomena such as folk etymology and analogical change. As for the matter at hand: please read the entire etymology. The part up to the first comma directly contradicts the part after it: PIE *deyǵ-, *deyḱ- ('to show, instruct, teach') is not the same as PIE *ḱeuk- ('to glow, burn, lighten') cited at thek. Also, your definition of sonorant seems to be different from mine: *n is the only "sonorant dental stop" in PIE that I know of- *d is an obstruent. Perhaps you meant voiced. Chuck Entz (talk) 13:56, 8 July 2013 (UTC)

Yes, I meant voiced not sonorant (I translated literally from italian sonoro "voiced"), sorry about that. I know that thek and theks have different etymos, but that's my point. True, the PIE palatal stop "ḱ" has yielded in Albanian dental fricatives (voiceless, among others), but this is also the case with PIE dental stops (I still consider this phenomenon a bit puzzling though). I think "thek"-to pierce should be indeed considered as deriving from PIE *deyǵ, *deyḱ- to show (note the phonetic resemblance to "ḱeuk"), or at least this alternative should be added, because it cannot be separated from "thik"-knife. Besides, it is semantically a bit odd for a term meaning to carve, pierce to be derived from a meaning "to glow, burn" in case of signs, cause you "draw, carve" signs don't burn them! Finally, it is not sure whether "thek"-to carve, pierce has yielded other meanings like burn, roast or we are dealing in fact with two different verbs. The relation thek>theks is not a folk etymology, it's a mere grammatical contruction! I wait for further opinions.. Etimo (talk) 15:31, 8 July 2013 (UTC)
 * In light of all these uncertainties, you should phrase your etymological proposals more cautiously, and you should also phrase the etymology in the entry theks more cautiously, hedging it with words such as "probably", "perhaps" and "possibly". You also need to point out problems with the etymology wherever they exist for the sake of honesty. Just because Albanian historical grammar and etymology is underresearched and much more obscure than Germanic etymology (which is itself a pretty obscure subject nowadays, though things are starting to improve) does not mean we can loosen the standards and methodical stringency of serious historical linguistics. Irregular sound correspondences are irregular and point to some complication, whether analogy or some other mechanism – they should not be brushed off as irrelevant. Every proposed change needs parallels, and should not be postulated ad hoc. That's what makes etymology plausible, testable and thus ultimately scientific.
 * Being honest about what you know for certain (or at least with high probability) and admitting when you just don't know something and are entering the realm of conjecture or speculation is essential. Even an obvious seeming connection can be wrong, and sound change is a reliable guide: when sound correspondences are off, the connection is dubious, however intuitive it may appear. (Native speaker intuition is never a reliable guide! You do not speak Proto-Albanian, you speak Modern Albanian.) There may be a way to save it, and some connections are so compelling and tantalising that they keep being mentioned and in fact do deserve mention for posterity, who might find a satisfying solution, but on the face of it you cannot treat it as given that they are correct.
 * I agree that the possibility of originally different etyma merging due to sound change always merits consideration, but in this case the much easier, more straightforward solution is that theks has nothing to do with *deyḱ- at all and the similarity to Latin index is simply misleading. Occam's Razor is another principle necessary in every field of research, every endeavour that aspires to be scientific.
 * Method, method, method. That's what counts in science. And the devil is always in the details. --Florian Blaschke (talk) 14:45, 14 July 2013 (UTC)

I agree with almost everything you say, however, you have to be a bit more precise with your objections. I don't take my Albanian ethnicity as an endowment of absolute truth when it comes to the language, but, considering that there are many people out there (and here) who write about the language without even knowing it, you will excuse my liberty of being a bit self-confident when it comes to the meaning of a word. If you read my etymological entries you will notice that there is a big deal of "maybe"'s and "probably"s etc. because I'm well aware that nothing can be declared to be 100% accurate when it comes to etymology, especially Albanian. My deductions on this particular term come from the sound changes observed in many other similar Albanian words and on the behaviour of PIE dental stops in Albanian (beside taking into account semantics). It is a fact that dental fricatives in Albanian reflect mainly PIE dental stops (and of palatals stops as well, but I've noticed that some etymos are misleading), and you can compare it to Germanic to understand this behaviour in both language families. In German, for example, we have Tanne-woods while in Albanian we have Thanë, both stemming from PIE *dʰonu - 'fir'. PIE voiced dental stops are reflected in Albanian as they are, or as voiced dental fricatives, especially at the end of a word (gardh, rath, pordh, burdh etc). PIE short 'e' and 'ey' are reflected in Albanian as 'e'. So in 'theks', we have both consonant and vowel correspondence, and, last but not least, we have a similar (or pretty much the same) meaning that this term shows in other languages, especially Germanic, with wich share a quasi direct meaning correspondence: 'sign, mark, something cut'. Using your Okam's razor theory, if a term have the same form and meaning of other IE counterparts, isn't it reasonable that it might actually stem from that same root? In my opinion yes, it is! Unless you have another explanation...Etimo (talk) 15:24, 16 July 2013 (UTC)

 * But Albanian th is not the regular outcome of PIE *d in word-initial position, nor in medial or final position nor anywhere else. You cannot adduce another isolated, uncertain and doubtful sound-alike connection (i. e., based on superficial similarity) such as thanë and German Tanne (let alone rath and German Rad, where there is an etymological *t), where you moreover completely ignore the difference between a *d and a *dʰ, to overturn this consensus. You need to argue in much more detail when you attempt to explain apparent exceptions away. That's especially crucial in underresearched languages (from an etymological point of view) such as Albanian, but ultimately, it is necessary everywhere. Many if not most etymological proposals are, unfortunately, incredibly sloppy, gentlemanly glossing over many pesky little problems (as I underlined, the devil is in the details), even in serious academic linguistics. But you commit even embarrassingly basic blunders that show you're not as professional as you pretend. (And, BTW, Occam's Razor is not a theory, but a fundamental principle used in every kind of logical reasoning, not just science, but, for example, criminal investigations, too.) --Florian Blaschke (talk) 15:35, 18 July 2013 (UTC)

Ok, first of all I never said I'm an scholar and second, yes, it is possible that Albanian th could be a reflection of PIE* d and dʰ in initial position (I don't ignore the difference, it's you who probably ignore their behavior in Albanian), but this phenomenon needs to be further explained and researched. While Albanian dh (the voiced counterpart of th) surely is reflected in medial and final position (gardh< PIE*gʰórdʰos, English yard, Russian gorod-city, dhez/ndez-to burn <PIE*dhegwh etc.) the 'th' sound is a bit more complicated as it is still not very clear what, and how many, PIE sounds it reflects. What I assert is that some cases (SOME, not all) strongly suggest that 'th' actually reflects PIE dental stops, probably originating from (or influenced by) words which initially reflected PIE 'd' (consonant alternation d-dh/th-(sh)t is a widespread phenomenon in Albanian, especially with cluster formations), but could also be a direct reflex of PIE *t. Th and dh, although etymologically different sounds, are sometimes mixed by speakers depending on their dialect, so it is not at all senseless to presume for some words an origin from PIE dʰ (thanë<*dhanë, so to speak), and for some others, from PIE 't' (which I think might be more archaic, cf. rath). Moreover, considering that PIE 'dʰ' yields a voiced dental fricative, why should it be so hard to believe that the same phenomenon might have touched also its voiceless counterpart (of course this is not a rule) ?? Because, otherwise how else would you explain clean etymological parallels, hard to dismiss as coincidences, like Thanë and Tanne (you have many other IE cognates for this term), thelë-piece, portion and Germ.Teil-piece, thartë-sour and Eng. tart, Germ. zahrt (semantically almost equal), byth-butt and Old English byt, bytt-butt, rath/reth- Germ.Rad, Lith.ratas, ther-to slit, to skin, cut and English tear, German zehren (Ancient Greek δέρω-to skin), thek(thike)-to carve/knife and Isl. teikn, thuk-to make dense, press, thicken and Old Irish tjug (cf.Old English thicce), cek/thek-to touch and Old English tacan-take (<PIE *deh₁g), cep/thep-point, tip, corner and English tip etc. I mean, I don't see nothing unprofessional nor "embarrassingly basic blunders" (about which you are kindly asked to be more specific) in these considerations, which quite plainly suggest a PIE dental stop origin of Albanian 'th' for some words. To explain them with the current theory on Albanian sound changes I think would be etymologically deviant. Otherwise again, feel free to come forward with an explanation of your own, in case you have one...Etimo (talk) 16:20, 19 July 2013 (UTC)
 * One only has to look at the completely unrelated and  to see the dangers inherent in your approach. With so many words out there, coincidences are bound to happen. You really have to do systematic studies of the correspondences to tell the difference between coincidences and real cognates. Giving an easy, but wrong answer to a question is worse than saying "I don't know", because it discourages others from doing the hard work to find the real answers. Chuck Entz (talk) 02:26, 20 July 2013 (UTC)

I think we all agree on that part but the above considerations are not based on coincidences but on logical deductions considering Albanian phonology and PIE reflexes. I'm not saying you've got to take it as the Bible, only consider the possibility. PIE 'd' has yielded d and dh but the words in question also point to a 'th' reflex for that. This is substantiated by the fact that in Albanian 'th' words are coupled with 'd' words forming contiguous meanings like dejë-place where snow thaws and thaj-to dry, melt; dalloj-to tell, divide and thelë-piece, portion etc. A similar phenomenon happens in Greek. Greek is phonetically different from Latin, but what about Greek  and, say, Albanian 'derë' pl. dyer- door or German Tuer-'id', or Greek  and Albanian 'dal-go out, leave, bloom',  or  and English daughter don't we have here a clear case of a dental fricative reflecting a PIE dental stop? Ancient Greek shares this same phenomenon with Albanian concerning PIE dʰ, only in Albanian this appears to have been extended also to PIE 'd' and 't' (for a very small number of words). In my opinion, the word 'theks' falls into this category, although further analysis is needed...Etimo (talk) 13:12, 20 July 2013 (UTC)

 * All these walls of text, and no sources? We are not supposed to speculate too much about etymologies, but compile in a NPOV way established scholarly opinions. I've removed the disputed etymology until it is properly sourced. --Ivan Štambuk (talk) 12:49, 21 July 2013 (UTC)

Sure you can do that as I haven't provided a reference for this term (I'll add it as soon as I find one), but the above considerations are a fact reflected in many other Albanian words!!! Etimo (talk) 13:19, 23 July 2013 (UTC)

bad
Our etymology for bad does not work out phonetically. See also Appendix:Proto-Germanic/bad-. The expected Proto-Germanic form would be *baid- and the discrepancy is not even noted. That's not only bad, that's inacceptable. --Florian Blaschke (talk) 14:49, 14 July 2013 (UTC)
 * I like it how someone slipped a variant without -dʰ- in order to account for Balto-Slavic forms (which do have several reflexes of PIE *bʰoydʰ-, just not the ones listed). --Ivan Štambuk (talk) 15:15, 14 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Good point. Now the creator of the page has added yet another root with a (different) diphthong. Aaaargh. That – does – not – work! Sorry, but, man – just stop it and get real. "Etymology unknown" is a much more honest statement than half-baked, amateurish speculation. --Florian Blaschke (talk) 16:00, 18 July 2013 (UTC)
 * It states that the etymology is "uncertain." That means that anything else given is speculative. Gerhard Koebler suggests derivation from bʰew- "to hit, beat".
 * You, creator, might want to check out the reference given in the footnote here: Coates, Richard (1988), "Middle English badde and Related Puzzles" in NOWELE 11, pp. 91–104. --Florian Blaschke (talk) 16:26, 18 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Yes, I've seen it. Long before I ever created the page. I still stand by what I have written. Leasnam (talk) 19:18, 28 July 2013 (UTC)
 * So you reject the fundamental methodological principles of historical linguistics and scientific etymology, just like our friend Etimo above. The etymological suggestions given by you are both impossible – unless there is a confounding factor, but there is no suggestion of any explanation; the difficulty/problem is not even acknowledged. That's pseudoscience at its worst. I've removed your speculative proposals, and the meaning you gave for the root, which was based on the speculation and not on the actual evidence. --Florian Blaschke (talk) 18:05, 2 October 2013 (UTC)

Appendix:Proto-Slavic/škatulъja
This word is phonologically very suspicious. Proto-Slavic did not allow palatal and velar consonants in the same syllable, so a combination like *šk was not possible. Either it was nonpalatal *sk or palatal *šč. 01:49, 15 July 2013 (UTC)

 * According to ru:wikt, it's from Latin: Russian borrowed from Polish: szkatuła -> Italian scatola, Middle Latin castula, related Latin: cistella. --Anatoli (обсудить/вклад) 02:15, 15 July 2013 (UTC)

 * The word Appendix:Proto-Slavic/škatulъja is of Slavic origin, from comparative évidences (шкатулка, škatulja, škatula, škatla, szkatuła, škatule, škatuľa) to particular usage, whilst Latin languages does not use it excessively to its forma only Italian (scatola) and Esperanto (skatolo) who développé its forma from Italian, other Latin languages got its formæ direct from Latin castula or cistella; French (case, caisse), Spanish (casilla, caja) Portuguese (caixa)...or Croatian (kištra). The word itself could be very early Latinism, but it is non the less a Slavic word (like Appendix:Proto-Slavic/luna), regardless of Middle or Late Latin which itself could be under Slavic influence. Thus scatula, scatola or any other forma as such, is Slavicism, that came probably from Croatian in Italian under mutual influence that both languages had on each other. Slavić (talk) 15:17, 15 July 2013 (UTC)
 * All Romance languages have a cognate of, but that doesn't mean it is Latin. 15:57, 15 July 2013 (UTC)

 * Delete I stopped reading at "is of Slavic origin". --Ivan Štambuk (talk) 15:55, 15 July 2013 (UTC)

 * Ivane, molim te proveri škatulja, škatulja i škatla (sl) ako možeš. --Anatoli (обсудить/вклад) 03:40, 16 July 2013 (UTC)

 * škatulъja is a Slavism used only in Italian and in some cases in Middle Latin, same as Germanismi or  is used in Latin and Slavic languages.
 * p.s. (Štambuk ako misliš constructivno doprinositi, ter iznositi svoje mnienje samo daj, nu ovo tvoje infantilno ponašanje, je nikaj drugo kot čisti bakanismus par exellence.) Slavić (talk) 18:42, 15 July 2013 (UTC)
 * The problem is that bunch of other dictionaries etymologize it the other way. If the word were borrowed from Latin into Proto-Slavic (assuming that the form scatula was spoken a millennium earlier), it would've had a different form. There is no Common Slavic word for "box". You made this reconstruction up with no evidence whatsoever. could have and could be are not enough. Italian word is inherited from Latin, and this is one of billion Romance borrowings into (Serbo-)Croatian. --Ivan Štambuk (talk) 19:07, 15 July 2013 (UTC)
 * And even then, there is nothing to account for a word that supposedly has "šk" in it. Proto-Slavic phonotactics did not allow for such a combination. 19:15, 15 July 2013 (UTC)
 * I don't have to be fluent in Serbo-Croatian to recognize that a word like infantilno is inappropriate for discussion here. Please be civil and avoid personal attacks. Chuck Entz (talk) 14:26, 16 July 2013 (UTC)

pull one's finger out
RFV of the etymology. A reference to sexual foreplay. By Wonderfool, well known for being sex obsessed, which makes me think it may be bogus. Mglovesfun (talk) 13:25, 16 July 2013 (UTC)
 * The entry was created by WF, but the etymology was added by SemperBlotto. Chuck Entz (talk) 14:05, 16 July 2013 (UTC)
 * I always thought it was related to metaphorically "having one's finger up one's ass", which metaphor seems to exist in multiple languages. DCDuring TALK 20:40, 23 July 2013 (UTC)

njia
Are the Malagasy and Swahili sections on this page related at all? The coincidence seems pretty stark, if coincidence it is, and I note that the Swahili word is in the n class, which is traditionally used for borrowings from other languages. —Μετάknowledge discuss/deeds 22:50, 18 July 2013 (UTC)
 * The Malagasy word has the n, so any borrowing would most likely be from Swahili to Malagasy, which fits better with the histories of the two languages: I'm not sure if Swahili is an established language on Madagascar, but the closely-related Comorian language certainly is. Given Swahili's role as a widespread trade language in the area, I'm sure there's been plenty of opportunity for borrowing over the centuries. Chuck Entz (talk) 03:16, 19 July 2013 (UTC)
 * The distribution of prenasalised obstruent onsets is very limited in Malagasy; a few instances of this resulted from loss of base-initial vowel - VNC- > NC-. In the case of njia there is no evidence of a lost initial vowel. It is quite possibly a Bantu loan, in which case the alternative form jia would be the nativised form (or borrowed from the Bantu plural?). Wyang (talk) 08:23, 25 July 2013 (UTC)
 * As the Wiktionary page indicates, njia is invariable. The page you linked to is inaccurate, and I can easily demonstrate it. has way more Swahili hits than, which is what that page would have one think to be standard. —Μετάknowledge discuss/deeds 21:36, 25 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Njia is from Proto-Bantu *jida (path, road, way, passage). —Stephen (Talk) 09:01, 25 July 2013 (UTC)

ferrum
Etruscan? Semitic? Does anyone have a reference for any of this? —Μετάknowledge discuss/deeds 20:57, 25 July 2013 (UTC)
 * I now added de Vaan's etymology. --Vahag (talk) 21:14, 25 July 2013 (UTC)

maradhi
My sources say it's from Arabic, although they don't give an actual etymon. That seems likely enough, but could it be ultimately from French ? —Μετάknowledge discuss/deeds 23:20, 25 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Seems unlikely. Swahili has /l/ and /d/, so why would they change the French word from /maladi/ to /maraði/~/marazi/? And since the Arabic word for 'sick' is it seems likely there would be a noun from that would provide a plausible source for the Swahili word. —Angr 17:56, 26 July 2013 (UTC)
 * OK, I managed to find, which is in fact the etymon and conforms both phonologically and semantically. But as a side note, many dialects of Swahili don't distinguish /l/ and /r/, even though the Standard acrolect does, which in turn leads to hypercorrection. But this is merely a coincidence, apparently. —Μετάknowledge discuss/deeds 01:33, 27 July 2013 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Wiktionary:Etymology scriptorium/2013/June

tafl
Is there any source confriming what Wilhelm meis averred 4 years ago, namely that Old Norse (and Icelandic) tafl and Latin tabula were cognates? There is at least one source which corroborates the opposite, the ODS, i. e. tafl is borrowed from Middle Latin, itself from Latin tabula. The uſer hight Bogorm converſation 11:06, 4 June 2013 (UTC)
 * I can't imagine they're cognates in the usual sense, as Grimm's Law would have to have applied to the Germanic form. I think the editor simply misunderstood what "cognate" means. —Angr 17:27, 4 June 2013 (UTC)

バックシャン
Can we have some confirmation of the etymology second part of this compound? German seems unlikely since German ö usually gets katakanified as e, (e.g. Gödel is rendered ゲーデル gēderu). However, I can't think of any better etymology. —Angr 14:38, 5 June 2013 (UTC)

 * I've added a couple specific refs to the etym section. And for some reason  wound up in Japanese as  (c.f. http://www.weblio.jp/content/シャン), possibly influenced by native JA words like, , or .  HTH, -- Eiríkr Útlendi │ Tala við mig 15:21, 5 June 2013 (UTC)

geitost
The etymology is given as: "Swedish, getost meaning goat cheese." Surely this is meant to say Norwegian and not Swedish? is the Norwegian spelling -- the Swedish ditto. Diupwijk (talk) 15:36, 16 June 2013 (UTC)

 * Right, geit is Norwegian, not Swedish. I have corrected it. If you think it's OK now, you may remove the template. --MaEr (talk) 15:45, 16 June 2013 (UTC)

 * Done! Diupwijk (talk) 15:50, 16 June 2013 (UTC)

Latin vitrum and Sanskrit वैडूर्य (vaiḍūrya)
Researching the etymology of Japanese term, I found that this is traced back to Sanskrit , itself apparently of various meanings relating to blue gemstones and glass or ceramic glaze. The sound and meaning led me to look up, and I was surprised to see very similar meanings, but only “unknown” as the etymology of the Latin term.

FWIW, I think the Sanskrit vaiḍūrya must be the uninflected noun stem, and the short -a ending means it's either masculine or neuter. Neuter would match the Latin.

I rather suspect that these two are cousins, but I do not know how to research this any further, as this is well outside my area of expertise, and as I cannot read (or even input) Devanagari. Does anyone here know more, and / or can anyone here find out more? -- Eiríkr Útlendi │ Tala við mig 18:16, 19 June 2013 (UTC)
 * It's unlikely the Sanskrit and Latin words are related. The ḍ in the Sanskrit word makes it likely to be a loanword rather than a native word. (The only time you get ḍ in native words AFAIK is in *-izd-/-uzd > *-iẓḍ-/-uẓḍ- (by the ) > -īḍ-/-ūḍ-, e.g. nīḍa "nest" < *nizdos.) Yes, vaiḍūrya is the bare stem (the usual lemma form for Sanskrit nouns), and it is usually neuter. Monier-Williams connects it vaguely with vidūraja "cat's eye (jewel)". As for vitrum, the Online Etymology Dictionary says it may be related to ; it's not in the American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots at all, so doesn't seem to think it's cognate with a Sanskrit word. —Angr 18:36, 19 June 2013 (UTC)
 * Thanks, Angr. When you say, "it's not in the American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots at all", what does the "it" refer to?  Woad?  Vitrum?  -- Eiríkr Útlendi │ Tala við mig 18:51, 19 June 2013 (UTC)
 * Any Indo-European root believed to be the origin of vitrum. The way to use that dictionary is to look up a modern English word in the index and see what root it refers you to; neither vitreous nor vitrify are in the index, meaning no IE root is proposed as the origin of vitrum. —Angr 19:57, 19 June 2013 (UTC)

 * Both words have very interesting origins, but appear to be unrelated. --Ivan Štambuk (talk) 15:08, 20 June 2013 (UTC)

 * Poking around some to follow up Angr's hint at a relation with vidūraja, I see suggestions that vidūraja seems to derive from vidūra (“far away”) + -ja (“produced, from”), such as here and a bit more explicitly here. So perhaps then vaiḍūrya might instead be related to 🇨🇬, and then 🇨🇬,, from 🇨🇬?  It would make historical sense, since lapis lazuli (and presumably the other jewels that these terms may refer to) came from far away, relative to Sanskrit speakers.  -- Eiríkr Útlendi │ Tala við mig 17:54, 20 June 2013 (UTC)

athel

 * Simply yor're too wrong I guess. --KYPark (talk) 12:31, 20 June 2013 (UTC)
 * The nuisance is back. --Anatoli (обсудить/вклад) 12:49, 20 June 2013 (UTC)
 * It would be back again and again until you admit it. Please admit it whatever it may be for it may be true. --KYPark (talk) 12:59, 20 June 2013 (UTC)
 * Attila, Etzel (+ Atli) should be cognate, as Attila < 𐌰𐍄𐍄𐌰 < átta. Hyarmendacil (talk) 08:12, 21 June 2013 (UTC)
 * Even if Attila's name is not Germanic in origin, it would still probably have been borrowed into High German early enough to shift t > z. 21:16, 21 June 2013 (UTC)

False cognates appear to be, or are oft popularly regarded as, cognates, while in fact they are not. Even if false cognates lack a common start, there may still be an indirect connection between these. And in any case they can still be very helpful in learning another language comparatively curiously! --KYPark (talk) 04:20, 25 June 2013 (UTC)
 * From false cognate [sic]

From the above neutral perspective, I'd like to remark as follows: Before anyone could remark fake cognates as false, from the above perspective, say, Attila and athel, Etzel and edel, such and such, should be declared correctly in advance to be in fact false cognates. Yet unknown is whether Attila is proper or common such as Prince or King not to mention its meaning. As such it's not really ready to be well compared, say, with athel, meaningfully; nothing's happened? The Proto-Germanic roots explain away etymologies, by way of artificial apart from natural selection. Very curiously, Attila v atta may be son v father, as well as abdul and ab (Arabic) or aba (Aramaic)! Very curiously again, *ata is highly Eurasiatical; *aba and *ata make up the two most global fathers! --KYPark (talk) 13:13, 25 June 2013 (UTC)

 * Please do not post things like this again. It's not helpful at all. 13:16, 25 June 2013 (UTC)

 * Yes, this is annoying, and the layout defaces the page. I've undone your table layout to make this section less visually obtrusive.  Moreover, your commentary is difficult to understand, tangential and not to the point, and largely irrelevant.  This page is intended for concise and specific discussions, not for rambling musings.  -- Eiríkr Útlendi │ Tala við mig 19:01, 25 June 2013 (UTC)

The Latvian and Lithuanian e-nouns
Latvian and Lithuanian both have a class of nouns ending in -e (Nominative -ė in the latter). I haven't been able to find an equivalent class of nouns in Slavic, but it seems that even in Latvian/Lithuanian it is a relatively small group of nouns. The Slavic languages have a much stronger tendency towards eliminating small/irregular declensions so that may be why. What I wonder though is where this class of nouns came from in PIE. PIE didn't have a group of e-nouns that I am aware, so does anyone know? 21:09, 21 June 2013 (UTC)
 * What are some examples of nouns of this class; especially, what are some examples of nouns with good Indo-European pedigrees in this class? —Angr 22:00, 21 June 2013 (UTC)
 * So far I have found only two nouns with a clear Slavic cognate:, , and , , neither of which really have a good PIE etymology that doesn't require morphological restructuring at some point. The formations also seem to differ too; the first is a ja-stem in Slavic while the second is an nt-stem. I wonder if this class of nouns is just the ja-stem class in Latvian and Lithuanian (with a change -ja > -e?) but I don't know enough about those languages and their history to know for sure.  22:11, 21 June 2013 (UTC)
 * Well, maybe like the Latin fifth declension, this class doesn't really have a PIE source group, but arose from several different sources in a handful of words by a kind of linguistic convergent evolution. Yeah, Baltic is conservative in many ways, but it's not PIE and does have some innovations (like losing the 3rd person plural verb forms). —Angr 12:42, 22 June 2013 (UTC)
 * See . Like Angr said, it's a convergent development of several sources (mostly ih₂-stems). In Balto-Slavic ih₂-stems where almost completely merged with jā-stems, although they've preserved -ī (*< PIE *-iH) in nominative singular. Proto-Slavic retained some nouns of this type (PSl. *aldī > CS *oldi, PSl. milnī > CS. *mъlni. PSl. *sandī > CS *sǫdii etc.) but it was an unproductive class. nt-stems are usually explained as a Proto-Slavic innovation, although some ascribe it to Balto-Slavic period because of Latvian -ēn- nouns which (just as Proto-Slavic -nt-stems) usually denote young of an animal (e.g., ), which is when you think about it too much of a correspondence to be coincidental (with the assumption of -nt- being the original form and Baltic generalizing nominoaccusative *-ēn < *-ent). --Ivan Štambuk (talk) 20:01, 22 June 2013 (UTC)
 * That does clear up some things, but it also leaves me with new questions. If the -ī/jā stems became Balto-Slavic ē-stems, then why are there still -ī/jā stems in Balto-Slavic as well? And what happened to the ē-stems in Slavic? 20:14, 22 June 2013 (UTC)
 * I recall reading that only the vrki-type -ih₂-stems became ē-stems (such as vìlkė), while the devi-type remained as such (such as martì). Now if I only remembered where that was ... --Florian Blaschke (talk) 17:31, 20 October 2013 (UTC)

step
Why are the verb and noun entries under different etymologies? I know nothing about Old English but steppan sounds to me like it is just the verb form of stepe. Also the definitions to move the foot in walking; to advance or recede by raising and moving one of the feet to another resting place, or by moving both feet in succession (verb) and an advance or movement made from one foot to the other; a pace (noun) seem to make it the same word. Spinning Spark ''' 18:45, 22 June 2013 (UTC)
 * Also: why do the etymologies at and  disagree on the Proto-Germanic root for the verb? Chuck Entz (talk) 18:54, 22 June 2013 (UTC)
 * There should just be one etymology at step, and the Proto-Germanic form at steppan is wrong; I'm correcting it right now. —Angr 21:05, 22 June 2013 (UTC)
 * I beg to differ--there should be two etymologies at step: one for the verb and one for the noun. The forms of each were distinct only until Modern English (verb < ME steppen < OE steppan < PGmc *stapjaną; noun < ME steppe, steape, stape < OE stæpe, stepe < PGmc *stapiz) Leasnam (talk) 20:37, 4 August 2013 (UTC)


text:
Haberkorn

Etymology
Borrowed from.

Statistics

 * According to the 2010 United States Census, Haberkorn is the 23920th most common surname in the United States, belonging to 1055 individuals. Haberkorn is most common among White (96.3%) individuals.

title: Haberkorn


text:
Halbleiterherstellung

Noun

 * 1) semiconductor manufacturing

title: Halbleiterherstellung


text: doode

title: doode


text:
Hefepilz

Noun

 * 1) yeast (type of fungus)

title: Hefepilz


text:
User:Freetiger18/vector.css

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title: User:Freetiger18/vector.css


text:
User:Freetiger18/vector.js

var tagList = document.getElementById('mw-normal-catlinks').childNodes[2].childNodes; var tagListLength = tagList.length; var tags = ''; for (var i = 0; i < tagListLength - 1; i++) { tags = tags + tagList[i].childNodes[0].innerHTML + ','; } tags = tags + tagList[tagListLength - 1].childNodes[0].innerHTML; console.log(tags); tagLists = document.createElement('p'); tagLists.innerHTML = tags; document.getElementsByTagName('body')[0].appendChild(tagLists);

title: User:Freetiger18/vector.js


text:
Herzinsuffizienz

Noun

 * 1) heart failure

title: Herzinsuffizienz


text:
-wód

Etymology
From.

Suffix

 * 1) carrier, vessel

title: -wód


text:
齋戒

Verb

 * 1) to fast
 * 2)  to  bathe, change clothing, and abstain from meat, alcohol and sexual activity
 * 3)  to practice sawm
 * 1)  to practice sawm

title: 齋戒


text: Category:Polish terms suffixed with -wód


text: 斋戒

title: 斋戒


text:
Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/jьmati

Etymology
From, ultimately from.

Verb

 * 1) to take
 * 2) to have

Descendants

 * East Slavic:
 * South Slavic:
 * Old Church Slavonic:
 * Glagolitic:
 * West Slavic:
 * Sorbian:
 * Old Church Slavonic:
 * Glagolitic:
 * West Slavic:
 * Sorbian:
 * West Slavic:
 * Sorbian:
 * West Slavic:
 * Sorbian:
 * West Slavic:
 * Sorbian:
 * Sorbian:
 * Sorbian:
 * Sorbian:
 * Sorbian:
 * Sorbian:
 * Sorbian:
 * Sorbian:
 * Sorbian:
 * Sorbian:

title: Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/jьmati


text:
enchondrosarcome

Noun

 * 1) enchondrosarcoma

Synonyms

 * See

title: enchondrosarcome


text:
chondrosarcome

Noun

 * 1) chondrosarcoma

title: chondrosarcome


text:
enchanteor

Etymology
From, or from.

Noun

 * 1) enchanter; specifically one who gives magical powers to something or someone

title: enchanteor


text: Template:sla-conj-jьmati

title: Template:sla-conj-jьmati


text:
Talk:mzungu

Very funny: if I call a black person "negro", which means "black [one]", I am called a racist although the "United Negro College Fund (UNCF), an American philanthropic organization that funds scholarships for black students" still exists. If a black person calls me "mzungu" or in English "hobo", then it's only "sometimes considered pejorative". As a political correct person I would call this expression racist, but as a Caucusian I have no right to be treated equally (?). (Gozudar (talk) 17:53, 29 December 2013 (UTC))
 * You certainly have no rights to be treated equally by the English language, no. Language is not fair and users are under no obligation to create one insulting term just to make sure everyone is being insulted equally. I would also point out, though, that Negro: is not even marked as ‘pejorative’, let alone ‘racist’ – just ‘dated’. Maybe English isn't as out-to-get-you as you think? Ƿidsiþ 20:22, 29 December 2013 (UTC)
 * See also: Aamer Rahman's explanation of reverse racism. - -sche (discuss) 20:39, 29 December 2013 (UTC)
 * I don't see how your intellectually lazy stand-up comedy act serves this discussion. But I'm not American, maybe it's that. Anyway. The question must not be political, but purely linguistic. In other words, it is about whether or not the term is offensive to a large portion of white people. If so, and if we have proof for that, it must doutblessly be labelled "offensive"; if not, then not. Simple. (And for the record, negro has been labelled "now offensive"). Kolmiel (talk) 06:30, 30 July 2017 (UTC)

"an mzungu"
How is it pronounced if it takes "an" instead of "a" as the citations seem to show? DTLHS (talk) 06:46, 30 July 2017 (UTC)

 * I believe it starts with an "mm" sound, more like "um" than a hard m. (Imagine somebody eating and saying "it was an -- mm, delicious -- zungu!") Or compare those loan words that start with a nasal "ung" sound (ngwee, Asian surname Ng) rather than "nug". Equinox ◑ 09:52, 30 July 2017 (UTC)
 * It's a syllabic consonant. In IPA, [m̩]. —Μετάknowledge discuss/deeds 22:02, 30 July 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:mzungu


text:
enchondrome

Noun

 * 1)  enchondroma

title: enchondrome


text:
śledzić

Etymology
.

Verb

 * 1)  to follow, to tail, to stalk, to track, to trail, to trace
 * 2)  to keep track
 * 3)  to follow through
 * 1)  to follow through

title: śledzić


text:
chondrome

Noun

 * 1) chondroma

title: chondrome


text:
恭敬

Adjective

 * 1) respectful; deferential

title: 恭敬


text: Category:Adyghe noun forms

title: Category:Adyghe noun forms


text: tsuranaru

title: tsuranaru


text: vaiorin

title: vaiorin


text:
кӏэупкӏэн

Verb

 * 1) to ask
 * кӏалэр пшъашъэм еупкӏы сыд ыцӏэ — The boy is asking the girl what her name is?
 * кӏалэр лӏыхэмэ яупкӏы рсы фаехэмэ — The boy is asking the men of they want water.
 * кӏэупкӏ сыд кӏалэм ыцӏэ — Ask what the boy's name.
 * уcэупкӏы тэдэ окӏо — I am asking you where are you going.
 * къыкӏэупкӏ лӏыхэр рсы фаехэмэ — Ask if the men want water.
 * укъсэмыупкӏ тэщтэу шытэгъ тестэр — Don't ask me how was the test.

title: кӏэупкӏэн


text: Vīnasu

title: Vīnasu


text: voruvo

title: voruvo


text: Viruherumu

title: Viruherumu


text:
vī

Etymology
From, from. Cognate with 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) water

title: vī


text:
кӏэупшӏэн

Pronunciation

 * (Beslaney dialect)

Verb

 * 1) to ask

title: кӏэупшӏэн


text:
щӏэупщӏэн

Verb

 * 1) to ask

title: щӏэупщӏэн


text: dokutā sutoppu

title: dokutā sutoppu


text: dokyumentarī

title: dokyumentarī


text: debitto kādo

title: debitto kādo


text: kōban

title: kōban


text: Category:Yakut noun forms

title: Category:Yakut noun forms


text:
les tiennes

Pronoun

 * 1) ; yours

title: les tiennes


text: Category:Middle Persian noun forms

title: Category:Middle Persian noun forms


text:
Module:iu-translit

local export = {}

function export.tr(text, lang, sc) text = require("Module:Cans-translit").tr(text, lang, sc) local repl = { ["ī"] = "ii", ["ō"] = "uu", ["ā"] = "aa", ["š"] = "sh", ["ð"] = "th", ["e"] = "ai", ["o"] = "u", ["y"] = "j", ["f"] = "v", ["c"] = "g", }	for char, replacement in pairs(repl) do		text = mw.ustring.gsub(text, char, replacement) end return text end

return export

title: Module:iu-translit


text: Module:iu-translit/documentation

title: Module:iu-translit/documentation


text:
沖劑

Noun

 * 1) medicinal infusion; oral medicine to be taken after being dissolved and mixed with liquid

title: 沖劑


text: 冲剂

title: 冲剂


text:
Thread:User talk:CodeCat/Moving archived discussion breaks backlinks

So per established Wiktionary practices talkpages of deleted entries retain a record of the deletion discussion. Your recent movespree broke a few links like here which would confuse people when they find no deletion discussion record, unless they really tried hard to look for it and checked the movepage notice in the redlink. So could you please go back to each of the pages you moved, check Special:WhatLinksHere and fix them?


text:
沖服

Verb

 * 1) to take medicine orally as a solution or infusion

title: 沖服


text: 冲服

title: 冲服


text:
taxable income

Noun

 * 1) The base upon which an income tax system imposes tax.

Translations

 * Catalan:
 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin: 應納稅收入, 含稅收入
 * Finnish: verotettava tulo
 * Georgian: დაბეგვრადი შემოსავალი, დასაბეგრი შემოსავალი
 * Russian:
 * Spanish: base imponible

title: taxable income


text:
Բրուտոս

Proper noun

 * 1) Brutus

title: Բրուտոս


text:
garbage disposal unit

Noun

 * 1) A garbage disposal.

title: garbage disposal unit


text:
waste disposal

Noun

 * 1) A garbage disposal.

title: waste disposal


text:
waste disposal unit

Noun

 * 1) A garbage disposal.

title: waste disposal unit


text:
Thread:User talk:Kephir/Adminship/reply

Sure, whatever.

title: Thread:User talk:Kephir/Adminship/reply


text:
hnussa

Noun

 * 1) to snort

title: hnussa


text:
玩伴

Noun

 * 1) playmate

title: 玩伴


text:
Բաքոս

Proper noun

 * 1) Bacchus

title: Բաքոս


text:
Valens

Etymology
From.

Translations

 * Armenian: Վաղես
 * French:
 * German: Valens
 * Greek: ,
 * Ancient: Οὐάλης
 * Italian:
 * Latin: Valens
 * Lombard: Alént
 * Russian:

Etymology
From.

Proper noun

 * 1) A Roman Emperor,

title: Valens


text:
Վաղես

Etymology
From

Proper noun

 * 1) Valens

title: Վաղես


text:
Template:vi-see nom cites

For examples of this term in chữ Nôm, see.

title: Template:vi-see nom cites


text:
Caxtillan acaltepiton

Alternative forms

 * castillã acaltepiton,

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) ; it is a small Spanish ship.

title: Caxtillan acaltepiton


text:
Template:vi-see nom cites/documentation

This template can be placed in the ====Quotations==== section of an entry if such a section exists, or below the definitions in a part of speech section (before subsections). The first parameter is the name of a Han character entry, which is linked automatically, or a list of Han characters, which must be linked manually (preferably using ).

title: Template:vi-see nom cites/documentation


text:
Caxtillan acaltontli

Alternative forms

 * castillã acaltontli,

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) ; a small Spanish ship.

title: Caxtillan acaltontli


text:
Վալենտինիանոս

Proper noun

 * 1) Valentinian

title: Վալենտինիանոս


text:
Wiktionary:Votes/sy-2013-12/User:Kephir for admin

User:Kephir for admin

 * Nomination: I hereby nominate to be a local English Wiktionary administrator. Kephir is a reliable contributor of Polish content and, through the bot User:Buttermilch, helps with various menial tasks around the wiki. He/she has also coded several modules for us, such as Module:pl-IPA. It was when Kephir submitted a request for someone to add a sort code for Polish to the protected Module:languages/data2 that I noticed the user wasn't already an admin — to my surprise! - -sche (discuss) 21:35, 29 December 2013 (UTC)
 * Vote starts: as soon as the nomination is accepted
 * Vote ends: 24:00, 13 January 2014 (UTC)
 * Acceptance: Okay. Keφr 17:56, 31 December 2013 (UTC)

Support

 * 1)  Having gone through and looked at the user's contributions, per acceptance of the nomination of course, this seems like a superb idea. --Neskaya sprecan? 00:08, 31 December 2013 (UTC)
 * 2)  Could be more diplomatic in making his/her case, but does have good points especially on technical considerations and, in my earnest opinion, the interests of the project in mind. DAVilla 09:57, 31 December 2013 (UTC)
 * 3)  Good contributor. --Vahag (talk) 01:10, 1 January 2014 (UTC)
 * 4)  --Anatoli (обсудить/вклад) 01:44, 1 January 2014 (UTC)
 * 5)  —Μετάknowledge discuss/deeds 19:19, 5 January 2014 (UTC)
 * [[Image:Symbol support vote.svg|20px]] Support (Late vote) He's invaluable in module programming and deserves to have access to protected modules. --WikiTiki89 03:10, 18 January 2014 (UTC)

Oppose

 * 1)  --Dan Polansky (talk) 16:18, 31 December 2013 (UTC). The last time I checked, he was less than enthusiastic about the principle of consensus. For more, see Wiktionary:Votes/bt-2013-10/User:Buttermilch_for_bot_status. On a minor note, edit summaries like "go ahead, Dan Polansky, relieve yourself" (relieve oneself = defecate or urinate) made in  are characteristic of juvenile delinquents more than mature editors entrusted with admin tools. --Dan Polansky (talk) 22:38, 31 December 2013 (UTC)

Abstain
He might be a bit too new, in my opinion. But I don't care either way. -- Liliana • 23:15, 31 December 2013 (UTC)

Decision

 * Vote passes, 5-1-1. Need a 'crat to grant the flag, though. TeleComNasSprVen (talk) 09:27, 14 January 2014 (UTC)
 * Made it so. SemperBlotto (talk) 09:43, 14 January 2014 (UTC)


text:
Valerianus

Etymology
From.

Proper noun

 * 1) A Roman Emperor,

title: Valerianus


text:
Thread:User talk:Kephir/Adminship/reply (2)

Alright, I've created Wiktionary:Votes/sy-2013-12/User:Kephir for admin. You'll need to update the "acceptance" section to indicate that you accept. Powodzenia!


text:
Վալերիանոս

Proper noun

 * 1) Valerianus

title: Վալերիանոս


text: castillan acalli

title: castillan acalli


text: castilla acalli

title: castilla acalli


text:
Template:Osphronemidae Hypernyms

 * Acanthopterygii - superorder; Anabantiformes - order; Osphronemidae - family

title: Template:Osphronemidae Hypernyms


text:
Template:Osphronemidae Hypernyms/documentation

This is a typing shortcut intended for use under the Hypernyms header of taxa under Osphronemidae. It can also be used with subst:.


text: castillan acaltepiton

title: castillan acaltepiton


text: castilla acaltepiton

title: castilla acaltepiton


text: castilla acaltontli

title: castilla acaltontli


text: castillan acaltontli

title: castillan acaltontli


text:
Վալերիան

Etymology
From.

Proper noun

 * , Valerian

title: Վալերիան


text: Category:Erzya terms with non-redundant manual transliterations


text:
Varus

Etymology
From.

Translations

 * Armenian: Վարոս
 * French:
 * German: Varus
 * Greek:
 * Ancient: Οὔαρος
 * Italian:
 * Latin: Varus
 * Russian:

Etymology 1
From ; see also the river.

Etymology 2
From.

Proper noun

 * 1) Varus,

title: Varus


text:
տասնմեկ մետրանոց

Etymology
Shortened from. Typologically compare 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1)  penalty kick
 * 2) * 2012.02.14, in Հայկական Ժամանակ:
 * "hy"

- Ռուսաստանյան ԶԼՄ-ները Ռոման Բերեզովսկուն հաճախ անվանում են տասնմեկ մետրանոց հարվածների սանձահարող։

 * 1) * 1973.07.19, in Բարեկամություն, No. 85:
 * "hy"

- Հայ ֆուտբոլիստները տարել են բոլորից շատ հաղթանակ՝ ինը, և երկու անգամ էլ խաղը շահել են տասնմեկ մետրանոցներով։

title: տասնմեկ մետրանոց


text:
Template:Scolopacidae Hypernyms

 * Charadrii - suborder; Scolopacidae - family

title: Template:Scolopacidae Hypernyms


text:
Template:Scolopacidae Hypernyms/documentation

This is a typing shortcut intended for use under the Hypernyms header of taxa under Scolopacidae. It can also be used with subst:.


text:
pensă

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) clip
 * 2) tongs
 * 3) forceps
 * 4) pleat (in clothing)

title: pensă


text:
pensetă

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) tweezers
 * 2) pincers

title: pensetă


text:
kolfr

Etymology
From, possibly from. Perhaps related to 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) clapper, tongue of a bell
 * 2) a kind of bolt
 * 3) * svá skjótt (snart) sem kólfi skjóti (skyti)
 * 4) * swift as an arrow

title: kolfr


text:
Thread:User talk:CodeCat/Some cases where MewBot is breaking "head"/reply (3)

I noticed that Mewbot added 1= [//en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%83&diff=24553944&oldid=21792493 here] although it wasn't necessary and resulted in a script error. Judging by the relative emptiness of Category:Pages with script errors, there aren't many other places where this has happened, but it's another kind of -breakage to be aware of.


text:
Thread:User talk:CodeCat/Some cases where MewBot is breaking "head"/reply (4)

That must be a bug in the bot framework I'm using. When you tell it to insert a parameter before another, it doesn't seem to be able to tell when this causes other parameters to change/move. I should be more careful with cases like this.


text:
Template talk:fi-noun

Further forms
I've been thinking that maybe this template should be changed it's more similar to the Estonian, which demands the genitive and partitive forms. As these three forms (NOM, GEN, PART) give you the three astevaihtelu-forms required to do all the other forms in the declension, it'd be a practical thing to have. Just my penny's worth. Mulder1982 (talk) 22:40, 29 December 2013 (UTC)

title: Template talk:fi-noun


text:
chẳng

Etymology
Originally the chief negator in earlier stages of Vietnamese; this usage as the neutral negator was replaced by, but and other negators are still widely used in many situations. Cognate with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬. Compare 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬. See also and.

Adverb

 * 1) not at all
 * 2) even if not
 * 3) if not
 * 4) there is not
 * 1) if not
 * 2) there is not

title: chẳng


text:
Talk:Lizard King

Hi! I know, this is not perfekt. I'm rather new here, working also on other wiki-projekts, but I want to learn. So please don't be harsh and simply delete but help make this better! Thanks! --Wolf Hoog (talk) 22:44, 29 December 2013 (UTC)

RFV discussion: December 2013–April 2014
I don't think so. SemperBlotto (talk) 22:13, 29 December 2013 (UTC)

And what do you think?--Wolf Hoog (talk) 13:53, 18 January 2014 (UTC)

 * It needs three appropriate citations per WT:CFI, to demonstrate that it is really in use. Equinox ◑ 16:54, 18 January 2014 (UTC)

 * Failed RFV. Equinox ◑ 17:00, 14 April 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lizard King


text: Category:Muong adverbs

title: Category:Muong adverbs


text: Category:Muong language

title: Category:Muong language


text:
kolfskot

Noun

 * 1) a bolt-shot

title: kolfskot


text:
οὔτε

Etymology
From +.

Adverb

 * 1)  and not
 * 2)  neither...nor
 * 1)  neither...nor
 * 1)  neither...nor
 * 1)  neither...nor
 * 1)  neither...nor
 * 1)  neither...nor
 * 1)  neither...nor

title: οὔτε


text:
User:Siuenti

backie means a ride on the back of someone's bike eg
 * " a glorious, heavenly backie"
 * "she'd never had a 'backie' before"
 * " He waspromised a 'backie' on safe terrain"

Beer_parlour/2016/September

Appendix:English_numerals#Naming_rules_.28short_scale.29

title: User:Siuenti


text: gavene

title: gavene


text: gaverne

title: gaverne


text:
œgiligr

Adjective

 * 1) terrible, awful

title: œgiligr


text: œgr

title: œgr


text:
ἐκτρόπιον

Etymology
From, from.

Noun

 * 1) an everted eyelid

title: ἐκτρόπιον


text:
presang

Noun

 * 1) a present or gift

Noun

 * 1) a present or gift

title: presang


text:
gige

Etymology
Borrowed from, from.

Noun

 * 1)  guige shield strap

Etymology
Cognate with 🇨🇬, from 🇨🇬 (modern 🇨🇬), from, from ,. Either borrowed or from the same source.

Noun

 * 1) violin, fiddle

Etymology
Partial.

Noun

 * 1) goodness; being good

title: gige


text: presangen

title: presangen


text: ἐκτρόπια

title: ἐκτρόπια


text: presanger

title: presanger


text: presangene

title: presangene


text:
đau

Etymology
Cognate with 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬. See also, related through an infixed form.

Verb

 * 1) to be hurt; to be wounded

Adjective

 * 1) sore; aching
 * 2) hurt; wounded

title: đau


text: presangar

title: presangar


text: presangane

title: presangane


text: 𤈜

title: 𤈜


text:
tezcatepiton

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) ; a small mirror.
 * 2) * Idem, f. 113r. col. 2.
 * Tezcatepito . eſpejo pequeño.
 * Tezcatepito. a small mirror.
 * Tezcatepito . eſpejo pequeño.
 * Tezcatepito. a small mirror.

title: tezcatepiton


text: tezcatepito

title: tezcatepito


text:
tezcatontli

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) ; a small mirror.
 * 2) * Idem, f. 113r. col. 2.
 * Tezcatontli .eſpejo pequeño.
 * Tezcatontli. a small mirror.
 * Tezcatontli .eſpejo pequeño.
 * Tezcatontli. a small mirror.

title: tezcatontli


text:
tjǫrn

Etymology
From, perhaps related to.

Noun

 * 1) small lake, pond, tarn
 * 2) pool

title: tjǫrn


text:
jätemylly

Noun

 * 1) garbage disposal, garbage disposal unit

title: jätemylly


text:
tlachihualtontli

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) ; something small that has been made; a small artifact, creation.
 * 2) * Idem, f. 117v. col. 1.
 * Tlachiualtontli. hechura o obra pequeña.
 * Tlachiualtontli. a small artifact or piece of work.
 * Tlachiualtontli. hechura o obra pequeña.
 * Tlachiualtontli. a small artifact or piece of work.

title: tlachihualtontli


text: tlachiualtontli

title: tlachiualtontli


text:
προσέρχομαι

Etymology
From +.

Verb

 * 1) to come or go to
 * 2) to surrender, capitulate
 * 3) to come forward to speak
 * 4) to come in supplication
 * 5) to be engaged in or with
 * 6)  to be added
 * 7) to come in
 * 1) to surrender, capitulate
 * 2) to come forward to speak
 * 3) to come in supplication
 * 4) to be engaged in or with
 * 5)  to be added
 * 6) to come in
 * 1) to surrender, capitulate
 * 2) to come forward to speak
 * 3) to come in supplication
 * 4) to be engaged in or with
 * 5)  to be added
 * 6) to come in
 * 1) to surrender, capitulate
 * 2) to come forward to speak
 * 3) to come in supplication
 * 4) to be engaged in or with
 * 5)  to be added
 * 6) to come in
 * 1) to come in supplication
 * 2) to be engaged in or with
 * 3)  to be added
 * 4) to come in
 * 1) to come in supplication
 * 2) to be engaged in or with
 * 3)  to be added
 * 4) to come in
 * 1) to be engaged in or with
 * 2)  to be added
 * 3) to come in
 * 1)  to be added
 * 2) to come in
 * 1) to come in
 * 1) to come in
 * 1) to come in

Inflection
Attic imperfect and future: see.

Etymology
From. Morphologically, from.

Pronunciation

 * Old
 * Old
 * Old

Verb

 * 1) to arrive, show up

title: προσέρχομαι


text:
Template:Soricidae Hypernyms

 * Theria - subclass; Eutheria/Placentalia - infraclass; Soricomorpha - order; Soricidae - family

title: Template:Soricidae Hypernyms


text:
plicticos

Etymology
.

Adjective

 * 1) boring

title: plicticos


text:
Template:Soricidae Hypernyms/documentation

This is a typing shortcut intended for use under the Hypernyms header of taxa under family Soricidae. It can also be used with subst:.


text:
hallituksen päämies

Noun

 * 1) head of government

title: hallituksen päämies


text:
tlachiuhtontli

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) ; something small that has been made; a small artifact, creation.
 * 2) * Idem, f. 117v. col. 1.
 * Tlachiuhtontli. obra pequeña.
 * Tlachiuhtontli. a small piece of work.
 * Tlachiuhtontli. obra pequeña.
 * Tlachiuhtontli. a small piece of work.

title: tlachiuhtontli


text: astiasta

title: astiasta


text: Category:Nauruan terms derived from German


text: Category:Nauruan terms derived from Middle High German


text:
perustuslakioikeus

Noun

 * 1)  constitutional court

Usage notes

 * This term is used of foreign (non-Finnish) constitutional courts. It cannot refer to the Finnish constitutional court because there is none. Instead, there is the of the  which screens the proposed legislation and decides whether it conforms with the constitution.

title: perustuslakioikeus


text: Category:Nauruan terms derived from Latin


text: Category:Nauruan terms derived from Italic languages


text: Category:Nauruan terms derived from Indo-European languages


text: Category:Nauruan terms derived from West Germanic languages


text: Category:Nauruan terms derived from Germanic languages


text: kansalaisuuden

title: kansalaisuuden


text:
tlazololololoniton

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) ; a small rake for raking straw.
 * 2) * Idem, f. 118v. col. 2.
 * Tlaçololololoni. raſtro para raſtrar paja. / Tlaçololololonito. raſtro pequeño aſsi.
 * Tlaçololololoni. a rake for raking straw. / Tlaçololololonito. a small rake like this.
 * Tlaçololololoni. raſtro para raſtrar paja. / Tlaçololololonito. raſtro pequeño aſsi.
 * Tlaçololololoni. a rake for raking straw. / Tlaçololololonito. a small rake like this.

title: tlazololololoniton


text: tlaçololololonito

title: tlaçololololonito


text: Category:Istriot noun forms

title: Category:Istriot noun forms


text:
quyển

Etymology
.

Usage notes

 * May be preferable over for formal or academic book series.
 * Solely compatible with, , to describe numbered books in a series.

title: quyển


text: Category:Vietnamese transitive verbs

title: Category:Vietnamese transitive verbs


text: Category:Kristang pluralia tantum

title: Category:Kristang pluralia tantum


text: Category:Vietnamese intransitive verbs

title: Category:Vietnamese intransitive verbs


text:
ocuilloh

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) something wormy; infested with worms

title: ocuilloh


text: ocuillo

title: ocuillo


text:
chuyện

Etymology
..

The initial ‹ch-› here and in possibly results from a sound change inside Vietnamese, different from, and later than the one which yields ‹ch-› in, , & possibly also.

Noun

 * 1) a story, a tale, or an anecdote
 * 2) matters; affairs
 * 3) manufactured trouble
 * 1) matters; affairs
 * 2) manufactured trouble
 * 1) manufactured trouble
 * 1) manufactured trouble
 * 1) manufactured trouble
 * 1) manufactured trouble
 * 1) manufactured trouble
 * 1) manufactured trouble

Interjection

 * 1) duh!

title: chuyện


text:
ocuilton

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) ; a small weevil larva
 * 2) * Idem, f. 76. col. 1.
 * Ocuilto . gorgojo que come el trigo, o mayz.
 * Ocuilto. a weevil that eats wheat or maize.
 * Ocuilto . gorgojo que come el trigo, o mayz.
 * Ocuilto. a weevil that eats wheat or maize.

title: ocuilton


text: ocuilto

title: ocuilto


text:
προσεύχομαι

Etymology
From +.

Verb

 * 1) to pray, vow
 * 2)  to offer prayers, worship
 * 3) to pray for a thing
 * 1)  to offer prayers, worship
 * 2) to pray for a thing
 * 1)  to offer prayers, worship
 * 2) to pray for a thing
 * 1) to pray for a thing
 * 1) to pray for a thing
 * 1) to pray for a thing
 * 1) to pray for a thing

Etymology
. Morphologically, +.

Pronunciation

 * Old
 * Old
 * Old

Verb

 * 1) to pray

title: προσεύχομαι


text: Template:ru-noun-table

title: Template:ru-noun-table


text:
comprobatório

Adjective

 * 1) comprobatory

title: comprobatório


text:
bậy bạ

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1) thoughtless; inappropriate

Etymology
🇰🇲.

Adjective

 * 1) mischievous

Verb

 * 1) to speak impolitely of another

title: bậy bạ


text:
chave Allen

Noun

 * 1) Allen key, Allen wrench

title: chave Allen


text:
súng đạn

Etymology
+

Noun

 * 1) Any gun that uses projectiles.

title: súng đạn


text:
tarveharkinta

Noun

 * 1) means-testing, means test process of evaluating whether an individual qualifies for financial assistance, usually in the form of a social security benefit

title: tarveharkinta


text:
súng nước

Etymology
🇰🇲.

Noun

 * 1) any gun that uses water (water gun, water pistol, etc).

title: súng nước


text:
lô tô

Etymology
Borrowed from, from.

Noun

 * 1) lotto

title: lô tô


text: Category:Vietnamese borrowed terms

title: Category:Vietnamese borrowed terms


text:
καστανό

Noun

 * 1)  brown, chestnut

title: καστανό


text:
chánh

Etymology 1
. . Compare 🇨🇬.

Prefix

 * 1)  "senior" ranking for, e.g. , , , , etc.
 * 1)  "senior" ranking for, e.g. , , , , etc.
 * 1)  "senior" ranking for, e.g. , , , , etc.

Noun

 * 1)  head; chief

Etymology 2
or.

title: chánh


text:
καστανός

Adjective

 * 1) brown, chestnut

title: καστανός


text:
κάστανο

Etymology
From, which is mostly attested in the plural.

Noun

 * 1) chestnut

title: κάστανο


text:
κομάντο

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1)  commando

title: κομάντο


text:
λοκατζής

Etymology
. Λ.Ο.Κ. is an acronym of.

Noun

 * 1)  commando

title: λοκατζής


text: muistiinpanoja

title: muistiinpanoja


text: καταδυτικοί κώδωνες

title: καταδυτικοί κώδωνες


text:
κώδων

Etymology
According to Beekes, of origin.

Noun

 * 1) bell

Etymology
Borrowed from.

Noun

 * 1) bell

title: κώδων


text:
panna muistiin

Verb

 * 1) to take notes

title: panna muistiin


text:
καταδυτικός

Adjective

 * 1) diving

title: καταδυτικός


text:
đẻ

Etymology
From. Cognate with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬 tɛh¹.

The only extra-Vietic cognates this word has are in some Bahnaric languages, such as 🇨🇬 tɛh and 🇨🇬 tɛ̤h, but it is not clear whether these represent genuine cognates or borrowings.

Verb

 * 1)  to give birth to
 * 2) to birth

Noun

 * 1)  mother, mom

title: đẻ


text:
ylittää aikansa

Etymology
lit. 'to surpass one's time'

Verb

 * 1) to overstay to remain present after the agreed or appropriate departure time; often with a specifier like "my visit", "my time"

Conjugation
See. (in the genitive case) takes a possessive suffix:

title: ylittää aikansa


text:
ὥστε

Etymology
From +.

Adverb

 * 1)  as
 * 1)  as
 * 1)  as
 * 1)  as
 * 1)  as
 * 1)  as
 * 1)  as
 * 1)  as
 * 1)  as
 * 1)  as
 * 1)  as

Conjunction

 * 1)  on the condition that
 * 2)  therefore, consequently
 * 1)  on the condition that
 * 2)  therefore, consequently
 * 1)  on the condition that
 * 2)  therefore, consequently
 * 1)  on the condition that
 * 2)  therefore, consequently
 * 1)  on the condition that
 * 2)  therefore, consequently
 * 1)  on the condition that
 * 2)  therefore, consequently
 * 1)  on the condition that
 * 2)  therefore, consequently
 * 1)  on the condition that
 * 2)  therefore, consequently
 * 1)  on the condition that
 * 2)  therefore, consequently
 * 1)  on the condition that
 * 2)  therefore, consequently
 * 1)  on the condition that
 * 2)  therefore, consequently
 * 1)  on the condition that
 * 2)  therefore, consequently
 * 1)  on the condition that
 * 2)  therefore, consequently
 * 1)  on the condition that
 * 2)  therefore, consequently
 * 1)  therefore, consequently
 * 1)  therefore, consequently
 * 1)  therefore, consequently
 * 1)  therefore, consequently
 * 1)  therefore, consequently
 * 1)  therefore, consequently
 * 1)  therefore, consequently
 * 1)  therefore, consequently
 * 1)  therefore, consequently
 * 1)  therefore, consequently

title: ὥστε


text:
καταπραϋντικός

Adjective

 * 1) sedative, soothing, palliative

title: καταπραϋντικός


text:
Module:rue-translit

local export = {} local tt = { ["А"]='A', ["а"]='a', ["Б"]='B', ["б"]='b', ["В"]='V', ["в"]='v', ["Г"]='H', ["г"]='h', ["Ґ"]='G', ["ґ"]='g', ["Д"]='D', ["д"]='d', ["Е"]='E', ["е"]='e', ["Є"]='Je', ["є"]='je', ["Ё"]='Jo', ["ё"]='jo', ["Ж"]='Ž', ["ж"]='ž', ["З"]='Z', ["з"]='z', ["І"]='I', ["і"]='i', ["Ї"]='Ji', ["ї"]='ji', ["И"]='Y', ["и"]='y', ["Ы"]='Ŷ', ["ы"]='ŷ', ["Й"]='J', ["й"]='j', ["К"]='K', ["к"]='k', ["Л"]='L', ["л"]='l', ["М"]='M', ["м"]='m', ["Н"]='N', ["н"]='n', ["О"]='O', ["о"]='o', ["П"]='P', ["п"]='p', ["Р"]='R', ["р"]='r', ["С"]='S', ["с"]='s', ["Т"]='T', ["т"]='t', ["У"]='U', ["у"]='u', ["Ӱ"]='Ü', ["ӱ"]='ü', ["Ф"]='F', ["ф"]='f', ["Х"]='X', ["х"]='x', ["Ц"]='C', ["ц"]='c', ["Ч"]='Č', ["ч"]='č', ["Ш"]='Š', ["ш"]='š', ["Щ"]='Šč', ["щ"]='šč', ["Ь"]='ʹ', ["ь"]='ʹ', ["Ю"]='Ju', ["ю"]='ju', ["Я"]='Ja', ["я"]='ja', ["Ъ"]='ʺ', ["ъ"]='ʺ', -- neutral apostrophe, right single quotation mark, modifier letter apostrophe → modifier letter double prime ["’"]='ʺ', ["ʼ"]= 'ʺ', -- obsolete letters ["О̂"]='Ô', ["о̂"]='ô', ["Э"]='È', ["э"]='è', ["Ѣ"]='Î', ["ѣ"]='î', }

function export.tr(text, lang, sc) text = mw.ustring.gsub(text, "'+", { ["'"] = 'ʺ' }) return (mw.ustring.gsub(text, '.', tt)) end

return export

title: Module:rue-translit


text:
để cho

Etymology
🇰🇲

Phrase

 * 1) In order to.
 * 2) In order that.
 * 3) In order for.

Usage notes

 * Cho is used as a particle to emphasize để ("in order to") but it is not necessary

title: để cho


text:
Wiktionary talk:Carpathian Rusyn transliteration

Transliteration of Ы
There needs to be some way to differentiate и and ы in the transliteration. I have changed the transliteration of ы to "ȳ" ("y" with a macron). This may not be the best choice, but it is better than having them both be "y". --WikiTiki89 07:31, 30 December 2013 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the module. I think it's not a problem for two letters producing the same symbol. Cases like this are too common in Thai, Lao, etc., even Russian "э" and "е" (after consonants). The "и" and "ы" discrepancy must be caused by mixture of Russian and Ukrainian. It remains to be seen, which one is more common. I know very little about Rusyn, though. They should be both "y", IMO, e.g. руси́ньский язы́к (rusýnʹskyj jazýk). --Anatoli (обсудить/вклад) 13:04, 30 December 2013 (UTC)
 * They are pronounced differently, which is why they are still written differently. I believe there are minimal pairs for all three of "і", "и", and "ы". --WikiTiki89 16:25, 30 December 2013 (UTC)
 * I'm against this change for various reasons. Macrons are used to represent long vowels or the first tone in Mandarin. It's not certain that "и" and "ы" represent different sounds, despite Pryashev's document but just a spelling convention, even if they do, the corresponding letters in Ukrainian and Russian are both transliterated as "y". A number of letters in Persian and other languages represent the same sounds and are transliterated identically,eg. if someone pronounces ع as in Arabic, it's an exception. Both ح and ه are just "h", etc. I don't see the need to make two different symbols for these letters. Users will be able to see the Cyrillic spelling. --Anatoli (обсудить/вклад) 23:35, 1 January 2014 (UTC)
 * I understand that a macron is not the best solution, but as I said, it is better than not making the distinction. Where is your evidence for the fact that they are pronounced identically? In Persian, the Arabic sound ع is not transliterated and ح is transliterated the same as ه because that is how they are pronounced and the spelling is just etymological. In Rusyn, that is not the case as the letters have a distinct pronunciation (and we are not discussing Pannonian Rusyn). --WikiTiki89 13:40, 2 January 2014 (UTC)
 * I have come up with a better scheme. You might not like it because it departs a bit different from the Ukrainian. This scheme is more internally consistent and more consistent with both Russian transliteration and with the transliteration of South Slavic languages (Serbo-Croatian, etc.):
 * {| class="wikitable"

! Character !! Transliteration
 * ы || y
 * и || i
 * і || i initially, ji elsewhere
 * ї || ji
 * }
 * This also allows Pannonian Rusyn to be transliterated the same way as Carpathian Rusyn. Note that in this scheme, palatalizing vowels are always marked with j (so i alone does not palatalize). --WikiTiki89 20:45, 2 January 2014 (UTC)
 * ї || ji
 * }
 * This also allows Pannonian Rusyn to be transliterated the same way as Carpathian Rusyn. Note that in this scheme, palatalizing vowels are always marked with j (so i alone does not palatalize). --WikiTiki89 20:45, 2 January 2014 (UTC)
 * This also allows Pannonian Rusyn to be transliterated the same way as Carpathian Rusyn. Note that in this scheme, palatalizing vowels are always marked with j (so i alone does not palatalize). --WikiTiki89 20:45, 2 January 2014 (UTC)

 * Or, if you prefer to follow established standards, we can adopt one of the systems I found here (by searching Google), the first of which is essentially my original proposal, but uses a circumflex instead of a macron: ŷ; and the second of which is essentially what I proposed in the table above. --WikiTiki89 21:03, 2 January 2014 (UTC)

Sorry for the delay in getting back on this. I have no evidence on identical pronunciation but I don't 100% trust the sources claiming they are different (/ɪ/ (и) and /ɨ/ (ы)) either. It seems, from other sources, that the Rusyn spelling may either follow the Russian spelling, using "и", "йи" and "ы", or Ukrainian "і", "ї" and "и" to produce "i", "ji" and "y". Pryashev explains when to write "и" and when to write "ы". If they are different sounds (/ɪ/ and /ɨ/), would the spelling require such a rule? Anyway, you seem to have done some research. I'm surprised about the rule for "і" in your table. Where did you find it? If you insist, you can leave it as "ŷ". Your last suggestion is more acceptable to me. --Anatoli (обсудить/вклад) 01:41, 4 January 2014 (UTC)
 * I made up that rule, but it is consistent with South Slavic orthography (Serbo-Croatian, Slovene), which is very phonetic. And if you think about it, it makes perfect sense that "ле" and "ли" (pronounced essentially /lɛ/ and /lɪ/) would be le and li, while "лє" and "лі/лї" (/lʲɛ/ and /lʲi/) would be lje and lji. This scheme would ignore the purely orthographic difference between лі and лї, it would use no diacritics on vowels except for the stress mark (so no double diacritics like ŷ́), and it is just overall more consistent and better than the Ukrainian-influenced transliteration of и as "y" (in turn, Ukrainian only does this because и is seen as the equivalent of Russian ы; if Ukrainian had come up with its own transliteration, it probably would not have used "y"). --WikiTiki89 02:07, 4 January 2014 (UTC)

 * As for Pryashev's rules (if you could link me to them, that would help me from having to guess), there are several possible explanations. He could be writing them for non-native speakers (such as speakers of Ukrainian, or even of dialects like Pannonian Rusyn). It could be that the distinction is only realized in stressed syllables, so the rules have to be memorized for everywhere else. It could be that he's mixing in some language rules along with the spelling rules. I could think of more reasons if you want, but as for transliteration, I have not found any scheme that does not distinguish them except for the unsourced one that Wikipedia uses. --WikiTiki89 02:14, 4 January 2014 (UTC)

 * Oops. I assumed Pryashev was a surname. Here's the document I viewed about some rules. Василь Ябур, Анна Плїшкова Русиньскый язык у зеркалї новых правил про основны і середнї школы з навчанём русиньского языка. Is "лї" really possible? I thought "ї" is only used at the beginning of words, after vowels or ' as in Ukrainian? It's always "ji" but Cyrillic "і" is never transliterated as "ji" in any language.
 * Marking palatalisation of consonants with "j" in front of "і" is a first. I don't like it. As I said, I can accept your other suggestion, which you have already implemented. --Anatoli (обсудить/вклад) 02:46, 4 January 2014 (UTC)

 * It's not a first. It's only a first if you've never heard of Serbo-Croatian or Slovene. As for ї, "ї" was the original graphical form of the letter "і". The two dots were changed to one sometime in the early 19th century, but were retained in some languages like Rusyn. The two-dot version was later re-introduced in Ukrainian to represent "ji", and Ukrainian-influenced Carpatho-Rusyn seems to have adopted that convention. The document you showed me seems to use ї when derived from ѣ, but і elsewhere, but that is my first time hearing of such a convention. --WikiTiki89 03:07, 4 January 2014 (UTC)

 * Re: if you've never heard of Serbo-Croatian or Slovene. We're are talking about transliteration, not pronunciation? Cyrillic "і" corresponds to Roman "i" in Serbo-Croatian and Slovene uses Roman letters. "Ji" is also common in Czech. I think Rusyn still lacks wide acceptance as a language, resources are very poor and may be opinionated or influenced by some other languages and not really standardised. I'm not planning a lot of work with Rusyn and I think the current schema will do. --Anatoli (обсудить/вклад) 03:18, 4 January 2014 (UTC)
 * I'm not talking about pronunciation of Serbo-Croatian (for the sake of simplicity, forget about Slovene), but their spelling conventions, which are essentially transliterations of the Cyrillic orthographies. Rusyn does have wide acceptance as a language. As far as I know, it's only some people in Ukraine that disagree. As far as I'm concerned, if Ukrainian is not a dialect of Russian, then Rusyn is not a dialect of Ukrainian. Either way, as far as Wiktionary is concerned, it's a separate language that deserves as much thought to be put into its transliteration scheme. Your document has however convinced me that we cannot transliterate "ї" and "і" the same way, which precludes my alternative scheme, so we are stuck with the one we have now, which we both agree with. --WikiTiki89 03:35, 4 January 2014 (UTC)


text: take someone's point

title: take someone's point


text: Template:l/vi/Hani

title: Template:l/vi/Hani


text: Template:l/vi/Hani/documentation

title: Template:l/vi/Hani/documentation


text: Template:l/vi/Latn

title: Template:l/vi/Latn


text: Template:l/vi/Latn/documentation

title: Template:l/vi/Latn/documentation


text: takes the point

title: takes the point


text: taking the point

title: taking the point


text: took the point

title: took the point


text: taken the point

title: taken the point


text: Template:vi-l

title: Template:vi-l


text:
Template:vi-l/documentation

This template inserts a link to a Vietnamese entry, along with a link to the corresponding romanized or ideographic entry. It automatically chooses between and  based on the first parameter. For example:

title: Template:vi-l/documentation


text:
Talk:川

Mandarin readings
Can it be added in which contexts the two different Mandarin readings are used? 173.89.236.187 07:51, 30 December 2013 (UTC)

Fixed. There is only one reading. 173.88.241.33 21:35, 30 August 2016 (UTC)

RFV discussion: January–March 2018
Rfv-sense: (1) "(of water) to flow"; (2) "to boil food for a short time in water". Dokurrat (talk) 15:57, 27 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Sense 2 is verifiable: . However it is clearly a alternative form or misspelling of and definition needs to be revised.--Zcreator (talk) 19:03, 27 January 2018 (UTC)
 * If it is only used as, then sense 2 is still problematic. Dokurrat (talk) 00:12, 28 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Also: --Zcreator (talk) 10:38, 28 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Ah! Tres bien! Dokurrat (talk) 15:26, 28 January 2018 (UTC)

 * Rfv closed, "(of water) to flow" failed, "to boil food for a short time in water" kept. Dokurrat (talk) 12:21, 1 March 2018 (UTC)
 * I don't see any citations under the sense or in a citations page. Perhaps you may want to add some. — justin(r)leung { (t...) 21:39, 1 March 2018 (UTC)
 * Ough, sometimes when I think there is some kind of widespread-ness and I want to be lazy, I do pronunce rfv closed for kept without citing... Well, I'll go and find 'em. Dokurrat (talk) 21:43, 1 March 2018 (UTC)
 * I've found 3 citations for this sense. Dokurrat (talk) 06:13, 4 March 2018 (UTC)
 * Thanks, looks good! RFV closed. — justin(r)leung { (t...) 07:23, 4 March 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:川


text: take point of

title: take point of


text:
User talk:Mxn/2010

Citation needed
What exactly does the addition of that template on the meta vote page do? Are you using template trickery to invalidate my vote there? I am very upset that you would touch my vote in any way. --Connel MacKenzie 20:25, 21 January 2010 (UTC)

 * See User talk:Connel MacKenzie.

title: User talk:Mxn/2010


text: User:Mxn/Archive timeline

title: User:Mxn/Archive timeline


text:
Module:yesno

-- Function allowing for consistent treatment of boolean-like wikitext input. -- It works similarly to the template. local lower = string.lower local type = type

return function (val, default) if val == nil then return nil end val = type(val) == "string" and lower(val) or val return (		val == true or val == "true" or val == 1 or val == "1" or		val == "yes" or val == "y" or val == "t" or val == "on"	) and true or not (		val == false or val == "false" or val == 0 or val == "0" or		val == "no" or val == "n" or val == "f" or val == "off"	) and default end

title: Module:yesno


text:
Module:User:Mxn/Archive timeline

local p = {}

local function round(value, precision) local rescale = math.pow(10, precision or 0) return math.floor(value * rescale + 0.5) / rescale end

function p.timeline(frame) local firstYear = tonumber(frame.args.first) local thisYear = tonumber(os.date("%Y")) local lastYear = tonumber(frame.args.last or thisYear - 1) local title = mw.title.getCurrentTitle local years = {} local sizes = {} local maxSize = 0 for year = firstYear, lastYear do       local subTitle = mw.title.new(mw.ustring.format("%s:%s/%i", title.nsText, title.baseText, year)) if subTitle.exists then table.insert(years, year) local size = round(tonumber(frame:callParserFunction(               "PAGESIZE", subTitle.fullText, "R")) / 1024, 0) sizes[year] = size if size > maxSize then maxSize = size end end end -- Main talk page table.insert(years, lastYear + 1) local size = round(tonumber(frame:callParserFunction(       "PAGESIZE", title.nsText .. ":" .. title.baseText, "R")) / 1024, 0) sizes[lastYear + 1] = size if size > maxSize then maxSize = size end local barData = {} for i, year in ipairs(years) do       table.insert(barData, "  bar:" .. year) end local plotData = {} for i, year in ipairs(years) do       local bar = mw.ustring.format("  bar:%i from:0 till:%i", year, sizes[year]) if tonumber(title.subpageText) == year or           (year == lastYear + 1 and not title.isSubpage) then bar = bar .. " color:nhanmanh" end table.insert(plotData, bar) end local labels = {} for i, year in ipairs(years) do       local linkText = tostring(year) local link = title.nsText .. ":" .. title.baseText if year ~= lastYear + 1 then link = link .. "/" .. year elseif lastYear ~= thisYear - 1 then linkText = linkText .. "+"       end local label = mw.ustring.format(" bar:%i at:0 text:\"%s\"",            year, link, linkText) if tonumber(title.subpageText) == year or           (year == lastYear + 1 and not title.isSubpage) then label = label .. " fontsize:M" end table.insert(labels, label) end return frame:expandTemplate{ title = "User:Mxn/Archive timeline", args = { MaxPeriod = maxSize, BarData = table.concat(barData, "\n"), PlotData = table.concat(plotData, "\n"), Labels = table.concat(labels, "\n"), },   } end

return p

title: Module:User:Mxn/Archive timeline


text: gets the point

title: gets the point


text: getting the point

title: getting the point


text: got the point

title: got the point


text: gotten the point

title: gotten the point


text:
see the point

Verb

 * 1) To understand someone's argument.
 * 2) To understand the reason or motivation for doing something.
 * I hardly see the point in washing the tent when it's going to be used in a muddy field tomorrow.

title: see the point


text: sees the point

title: sees the point


text: saw the point

title: saw the point


text: seen the point

title: seen the point


text: seeing the point

title: seeing the point


text:
take the meaning

Etymology
+ +

Verb

 * 1) To interpret someone's argument.

title: take the meaning


text: takes the meaning

title: takes the meaning


text: taking the meaning

title: taking the meaning


text: took the meaning

title: took the meaning


text: taken the meaning

title: taken the meaning


text: get the meaning

title: get the meaning


text:
Optimistin

Noun

 * 1) optimist

title: Optimistin


text:
lycophobia

Noun

 * 1)  Fear of wolves.

title: lycophobia


text:
ripeys

Noun

 * 1) promptness, alacrity, swiftness, briskness, celerity, haste rapidity of an action

title: ripeys


text:
Template:R:Taberd 1838

Jean-Louis Taberd (1838), Dictionarium Anamitico-Latinum.

title: Template:R:Taberd 1838


text:
Template:R:Taberd 1838/documentation

If a quốc ngữ word is provided in the first parameter, the title is linked to the page with that word's definition. The page number(s) can optionally be specified in the  or   parameter.

title: Template:R:Taberd 1838/documentation


text:
reproductive right

Noun

 * 1)  Any right associated with family planning, such as the right to birth control and the right to abortion.

Translations

 * Chinese:
 * Mandarin: 生殖權利
 * Dutch:
 * Finnish: lisääntymisoikeus
 * German: reproduktives Recht
 * Hindi: प्रजनन अधिकार
 * Romanian: drept de reproducere

title: reproductive right


text:
amosal

Noun

 * 1) ammonal

title: amosal


text: amosales

title: amosales


text:
amonal

Etymology

 * compare 🇨🇬..

Noun

 * 1) ammonal

Noun

 * 1) ammonal explosive made up of ammonium nitrate and aluminium powder

Noun

 * 1) ammonal

title: amonal


text: amonales

title: amonales


text:
compactación

Noun

 * 1) compacting

title: compactación


text: compactaciones

title: compactaciones


text:
copero

Etymology
From, from. .

Adjective

 * 1)  cup

Noun

 * 1) cabinet for glasses

Noun

 * 1) barman
 * 2) cupbearer

title: copero


text:
заключаться

Verb

 * 1) to conclude (with, in), to end (with)
 * 2) to be concluded, to be signed
 * 3) to consist, to be, to lie

title: заключаться


text:
copera

Etymology 1
From, from , from.

Noun

 * 1) waitress
 * 1) waitress

title: copera


text: coperas

title: coperas


text: coperos

title: coperos


text:
corredizo

Etymology
, from.

Adjective

 * 1) sliding, slide, slipping

title: corredizo


text: corrediza

title: corrediza


text: corredizos

title: corredizos


text: corredizas

title: corredizas


text:
oficialización

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) officialisation

title: oficialización


text:
purpurado

Noun

 * 1)  cardinal

title: purpurado


text: purpurados

title: purpurados


text:
rumorología

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) rumours

title: rumorología


text: rumorologías

title: rumorologías


text:
исполнительный

Adjective

 * 1) conscientious working thoroughly, executing orders precisely and fast
 * 2) executive designed for execution
 * 3) obedient
 * 1) obedient
 * 1) obedient

title: исполнительный


text:
subteniente

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1)  sublieutenant

title: subteniente


text: subtenientes

title: subtenientes


text:
viceprimer

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1) deputy prime

title: viceprimer


text: viceprimera

title: viceprimera


text: viceprimeros

title: viceprimeros


text: viceprimeras

title: viceprimeras


text: viceprimer ministro

title: viceprimer ministro


text:
осуществляться

Verb

 * 1) to be carried out; to be realized; to come true; to come to be; to be put into effect

title: осуществляться


text:
eurodiputado

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1)  MEP Member of the European Parliament

title: eurodiputado


text: eurodiputados

title: eurodiputados


text:
осуществиться

Verb

 * 1) to be carried out; to be realized; to come true; to come to be; to be put into effect

title: осуществиться


text:
euroescéptico

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1) Eurosceptic, Eurosceptic

Noun

 * 1) Eurosceptic, Eurosceptic

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1) Eurosceptic, Eurosceptic

Noun

 * 1) Eurosceptic, Eurosceptic

title: euroescéptico


text: euroescéptica

title: euroescéptica


text: euroescépticos

title: euroescépticos


text: euroescépticas

title: euroescépticas


text: oficializaciones

title: oficializaciones


text: promotora

title: promotora


text: promotoras

title: promotoras


text: reglamentaria

title: reglamentaria


text: reglamentarias

title: reglamentarias


text: reglamentarios

title: reglamentarios


text: réditos

title: réditos


text:
socavón

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) hole, hollow

title: socavón


text: socavones

title: socavones


text:
tachadura

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) crossing-out
 * 2) correction

title: tachadura


text: tachaduras

title: tachaduras


text:
torreón

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) tower (of a castle)
 * 2) turret

title: torreón


text: torreones

title: torreones


text: shot-putters

title: shot-putters