text:
Module:ru-common

--[[

Author: Benwing; some very early work by CodeCat and Atitarev

This module holds some commonly used functions for the Russian language. It's generally for use from other modules, not #invoke, although some functions can be invoked from a template (export.iotation, export.reduce_stem, export.dereduce_stem -- this was actually added to support calling from a bot script rather than from a user template). There's also export.main, which supposedly can be used to invoke most functions in this module from a template, but it may or may not work. There may also be issues when invoking such functions from templates when transliteration is present, due to the need for the transliteration to be decomposed, as mentioned below (all strings from Wiktionary pages are normally in composed form).

NOTE NOTE NOTE: All functions assume that transliteration (but not Russian) has had its acute and grave accents decomposed using export.decompose. This is the first thing that should be done to all user-specified transliteration and any transliteration we compute that we expect to work with. ]]

local export = {}

local lang = require("Module:languages").getByCode("ru")

local strutils = require("Module:string utilities") local m_table_tools = require("Module:table tools") -- Prevents an infinite require loop since ru-translit requires a different function in this module. local m_ru_translit = require("Module:utilities/require when needed")("Module:ru-translit")

local u = require("Module:string/char") local rfind = mw.ustring.find local rsubn = mw.ustring.gsub local ulen = mw.ustring.len local rmatch = mw.ustring.match local rsplit = mw.text.split local toNFD = mw.ustring.toNFD local ulower = mw.ustring.lower local uupper = mw.ustring.upper local usub = mw.ustring.sub

local AC = u(0x0301) -- acute = ́ local GR = u(0x0300) -- grave = ̀ local CFLEX = u(0x0302) -- circumflex = ̂ local BREVE = u(0x0306) -- breve ̆ local DIA = u(0x0308) -- diaeresis = ̈ local CARON = u(0x030C) -- caron ̌ local OGONEK = u(0x0328) -- ogonek ̨

local PSEUDOVOWEL = u(0xFFF1) -- pseudovowel placeholder local PSEUDOCONS = u(0xFFF2) -- pseudoconsonant placeholder

-- any accent export.accent = AC .. GR .. DIA .. BREVE .. CARON .. OGONEK -- regex for any optional accent(s) export.opt_accent = "[" .. export.accent .. "]*" -- any composed Cyrillic vowel with grave accent export.composed_grave_vowel = "ѐЀѝЍ" -- any Cyrillic vowel except ёЁ export.vowel_no_jo = "аеиоуяэыюіѣѵАЕИОУЯЭЫЮІѢѴ" .. PSEUDOVOWEL .. export.composed_grave_vowel -- any Cyrillic vowel, including ёЁ export.vowel = export.vowel_no_jo .. "ёЁ" -- any vowel in transliteration export.tr_vowel = "aeěɛiouyAEĚƐIOUY" .. PSEUDOVOWEL -- any consonant in transliteration, omitting soft/hard sign export.tr_cons_no_sign = "bcčdfghjklmnpqrsštvwxzžBCČDFGHJKLMNPQRSŠTVWXZŽ" .. PSEUDOCONS -- any consonant in transliteration, including soft/hard sign export.tr_cons = export.tr_cons_no_sign .. "ʹʺ" -- regex for any consonant in transliteration, including soft/hard sign, -- optionally followed by any accent export.tr_cons_acc_re = "[" .. export.tr_cons .. "]" .. export.opt_accent -- any Cyrillic consonant except sibilants and ц export.cons_except_sib_c = "бдфгйклмнпрствхзьъБДФГЙКЛМНПРСТВХЗЬЪ" .. PSEUDOCONS -- Cyrillic sibilant consonants export.sib = "шщчжШЩЧЖ" -- Cyrillic sibilant consonants and ц export.sib_c = export.sib .. "цЦ" -- any Cyrillic consonant export.cons = export.cons_except_sib_c .. export.sib_c -- Cyrillic velar consonants export.velar = "кгхКГХ" -- uppercase Cyrillic consonants export.uppercase = "АЕИОУЯЭЫЁЮІѢѴБДФГЙКЛМНПРСТВХЗЬЪШЩЧЖЦ"

-- version of rsubn that discards all but the first return value local function rsub(term, foo, bar) local retval = rsubn(term, foo, bar) return retval end

local function ine(x) return x ~= "" and x or nil end

-- this function enables the module to be called from a template; -- FIXME, does this actually work? function export.main(frame) -- FIXME: Not used. Consider deleting. if type(export[frame.args[1]]) == 'function' then return export[frame.args[1]](frame.args[2], frame.args[3]) else return export[frame.args[1]][frame.args[2]] end end

-- selects preposition о, об or обо for next phrase, which can start from -- punctuation function export.obo(phr) -- FIXME: Not used. Consider deleting. --Algorithm design is mainly inherited from w:ru:template:Обо local w = rmatch(phr,"[%p%s%c]*(.-)[%p%s%c]") or rmatch(phr,"[%p%s%c]*(.-)$") if not w then return nil end if string.find(" всей всём всех мне ",' '..ulower(w)..' ',1,true) then return 'обо' end local ws=usub(w,1,2) if ws==uupper(ws) then -- abbrev if rmatch(ws,"^[ЙУНФЫАРОЛЭСМИRYUIOASFHLXNMÖÜÄΑΕΟΥΩ]") then return 'об' else return 'о' end elseif rmatch(uupper(w),"^[АОЭИУЫAOIEÖÜÄΑΕΟΥΩ]") then return 'об' else return 'о' end end

-- Apply Proto-Slavic iotation. This is the change that is affected by a -- Slavic -j- after a consonant. function export.iotation(stem, tr, shch) local combine_tr = false -- so this can be called from a template if type(stem) == 'table' then stem, tr, shch = ine(stem.args[1]), ine(stem.args[2]), ine(stem.args[3]) combine_tr = true end stem = rsub(stem, "[сх]$", "ш") stem = rsub(stem, "ск$", "щ") stem = rsub(stem, "ст$", "щ") stem = rsub(stem, "[кц]$", "ч")

-- normally "т" is iotated as "ч" but there are many verbs that are iotated with "щ" if shch == "щ" then stem = rsub(stem, "т$", "щ") else stem = rsub(stem, "т$", "ч") end

stem = rsub(stem, "[гдз]$", "ж")

stem = rsub(stem, "([бвмпф])$", "%1л")

if tr then tr = rsub(tr, "[sx]$", "š") tr = rsub(tr, "sk$", "šč") tr = rsub(tr, "st$", "šč") tr = rsub(tr, "[kc]$", "č")

-- normally "т" is iotated as "ч" but there are many verbs that are iotated with "щ" if shch == "щ" then tr = rsub(tr, "t$", "šč") else tr = rsub(tr, "t$", "č") end

tr = rsub(tr, "[gdz]$", "ž")

tr = rsub(tr, "([bvmpf])$", "%1l") end

if combine_tr then return export.combine_russian_tr(stem, tr) else return stem, tr	end end

-- Does a set of Cyrillic words in connected text need accents? We need to -- split by word and check each one. function export.needs_accents(text) local function word_needs_accents(word) -- A word needs accents if it is unstressed and contains more than -- one vowel, unless it's a prefix or suffix return not rfind(word, "^%-") and not rfind(word, "%-$") and export.is_unstressed(word) and not export.is_monosyllabic(word) end local words = rsplit(text, "%s") for _, word in ipairs(words) do		if word_needs_accents(word) then return true end end return false end

-- True if either: -- (1) A vowel is marked with explicit primary stress. -- (2) The word has a single jo in it (which doesn't have secondary stress). -- This is because a word with multiple jos requires explicit stress to be -- marked, since we can't infer where primary stress lies. -- Jo can be ё, ѣ̈, or я̈ (e.g. сѣ̈дла, plural of сѣдло́). function export.is_stressed(word) if word:match(AC) then return true end word = toNFD(word) return (		select(2, rsubn(word, "[еѣяЕѢЯ]" .. DIA, "")) == 1 and		not rmatch(word, "[еѣяЕѢЯ]" .. DIA .. GR)	) end

-- True if a Cyrillic word requires explicit stress. function export.is_unstressed(word) return not export.is_stressed(word) end

-- True if Cyrillic word is stressed on the last syllable function export.is_ending_stressed(word) return rfind(word, "[ёЁ][^" .. export.vowel .. "]*$") or rfind(word, "[" .. export.vowel .. "][́̈][^" .. export.vowel .. "]*$") end

-- True if a Cyrillic word has two or more stresses (acute or diaeresis) function export.is_multi_stressed(word) word = rsub(word, "[ёЁ]", "е́") return rfind(word, "[" .. export.vowel .. "][́̈].*[" .. export.vowel .. "][́̈]") end

-- True if Cyrillic word is stressed on the first syllable function export.is_beginning_stressed(word) return rfind(word, "^[^" .. export.vowel .. "]*[ёЁ]") or rfind(word, "^[^" .. export.vowel .. "]*[" .. export.vowel .. "]́") end

-- True if Cyrillic word has no vowel. Don't treat suffixes as nonsyllabic -- even if they have no vowel, as they are generally added onto words with -- vowels. function export.is_nonsyllabic(word) return not rfind(word, "^%-") and not rfind(word, "[" .. export.vowel .. "]") end

-- True if Cyrillic word has no more than one vowel; includes non-syllabic -- stems such as льд- function export.is_monosyllabic(word) return not rfind(word, "[" .. export.vowel .. "].*[" .. export.vowel .. "]") end

local recomposer = { -- Cyrillic letters ["е" .. DIA] = "ё", ["Е" .. DIA] = "Ё", ["и" .. BREVE] = "й", ["И" .. BREVE] = "Й", ["і" .. DIA] = "ї", ["І" .. DIA] = "Ї", -- Latin letters ["c" .. CARON] = "č", ["C" .. CARON] = "Č", ["e" .. CARON] = "ě", ["E" .. CARON] = "Ě", ["o" .. CARON] = "ǒ", ["O" .. CARON] = "Ǒ", ["o" .. OGONEK] = "ǫ", ["O" .. OGONEK] = "Ǫ", ["s" .. CARON] = "š", ["S" .. CARON] = "Š", ["z" .. CARON] = "ž", ["Z" .. CARON] = "Ž", -- used in ru-pron: ["ж" .. BREVE] = "ӂ", -- used in ru-pron ["Ж" .. BREVE] = "Ӂ", ["j" .. CFLEX] = "ĵ", ["J" .. CFLEX] = "Ĵ", ["j" .. CARON] = "ǰ", -- no composed uppercase equivalent of J-caron ["ʒ" .. CARON] = "ǯ", ["Ʒ" .. CARON] = "Ǯ", }

-- Decompose acute, grave, etc. on letters (esp. Latin) into individivual -- character + combining accent. But recompose Cyrillic and Latin characters -- that we want to treat as units and get caught in the crossfire. We mostly -- want acute and grave decomposed; perhaps should just explicitly decompose -- those and no others. function export.decompose(text) text = toNFD(text) text = rsub(text, ".[" .. BREVE .. DIA .. CARON .. OGONEK .. "]", recomposer) return text end

function export.assert_decomposed(text) assert(not rfind(text, "[áéíóúýàèìòùỳäëïöüÿÁÉÍÓÚÝÀÈÌÒÙỲÄËÏÖÜŸ]")) end

-- Transliterate text and then apply acute/grave decomposition. function export.translit(text, no_include_monosyllabic_jo_accent) local jo_accent = not no_include_monosyllabic_jo_accent and "mono" or nil return export.decompose(m_ru_translit.tr(text, nil, nil, jo_accent)) end

-- Recompose acutes and graves into preceding vowels. Probably not necessary. function export.recompose(text) return mw.ustring.toNFC(text) end

local grave_decomposer = { ["ѐ"] = "е" .. GR, ["Ѐ"] = "Е" .. GR, ["ѝ"] = "и" .. GR, ["Ѝ"] = "И" .. GR, }

-- decompose precomposed Cyrillic chars w/grave accent; not necessary for -- acute accent as there aren't precomposed Cyrillic chars w/acute accent, -- and undesirable for precomposed ё and Ё function export.decompose_grave(word) return rsub(word, "[ѐЀѝЍ]", grave_decomposer) end

local grave_deaccenter = { [GR] = "", -- grave accent ["ѐ"] = "е", -- composed Cyrillic chars w/grave accent ["Ѐ"] = "Е", ["ѝ"] = "и", ["Ѝ"] = "И", }

local deaccenter = mw.clone(grave_deaccenter) deaccenter[AC] = "" -- acute accent

-- Remove acute and grave accents; don't affect composed diaeresis in ёЁ or -- uncomposed diaeresis in -ѣ̈- (as in plural сѣ̈дла of сѣдло́). -- NOTE: Translit must already be decomposed! See comment at top. function export.remove_accents(word, tr) local ru_removed = rsub(word, "[́̀ѐЀѝЍ]", deaccenter) if not tr then return ru_removed, nil end return ru_removed, rsub(tr, "[" .. AC .. GR .. "]", deaccenter) end

-- Remove grave accents; don't affect acute or composed diaeresis in ёЁ or -- uncomposed diaeresis in -ѣ̈- (as in plural сѣ̈дла of сѣдло́). -- NOTE: Translit must already be decomposed! See comment at top. function export.remove_grave_accents(word, tr) local ru_removed = rsub(word, "[̀ѐЀѝЍ]", grave_deaccenter) if not tr then return ru_removed, nil end return ru_removed, rsub(tr, GR, "") end

-- Remove acute and grave accents in monosyllabic words; don't affect -- diaeresis (composed or uncomposed) because it indicates a change in vowel -- quality, which still applies to monosyllabic words. Don't change suffixes, -- where a "monosyllabic" stress is still significant (e.g. -ча́т short -- masculine of -ча́тый, vs. -́чат short masculine of -́чатый). -- NOTE: Translit must already be decomposed! See comment at top. function export.remove_monosyllabic_accents(word, tr) if export.is_monosyllabic(word) and not rfind(word, "^%-") then return export.remove_accents(word, tr) else return word, tr	end end

local destresser = mw.clone(deaccenter) destresser["ё"] = "е" destresser["Ё"] = "Е" destresser["̈"] = "" -- diaeresis

-- Subfunction of split_syllables. On input we get sections of text -- consisting of CONSONANT - VOWEL - CONSONANT - VOWEL ... - CONSONANT, -- where CONSONANT consists of zero or more consonants and VOWEL consists -- of exactly one vowel plus any following accent(s); we combine these into -- syllables as required by split_syllables. local function combine_captures(captures) if #captures == 1 then return captures end local combined = {} for i = 1,(#captures-1),2 do table.insert(combined, captures[i] .. captures[i+1]) end combined[#combined] = combined[#combined] .. captures[#captures] return combined end

-- Split Russian text and transliteration into syllables. Syllables end with -- vowel + accent(s), except for the last syllable, which includes any -- trailing consonants. -- NOTE: Translit must already be decomposed! See comment at top. function export.split_syllables(ru, tr) -- Split into alternating consonant/vowel sequences, as described in -- combine_captures. Uses capturing_split, which is like rsplit -- but also includes any capturing groups in the split pattern. local rusyllables = combine_captures(strutils.capturing_split(ru, "([" .. export.vowel .. "]" .. export.opt_accent .. ")")) local trsyllables if tr then export.assert_decomposed(tr) trsyllables = combine_captures(strutils.capturing_split(tr, "([" .. export.tr_vowel .. "]" .. export.opt_accent .. ")")) if #rusyllables ~= #trsyllables then error("Russian " .. ru .. " doesn't have same number of syllables as translit " .. tr) end end --error(table.concat(rusyllables, "/") .. "(" .. #rusyllables .. (trsyllables and (") || " .. table.concat(trsyllables, "/") .. "(" .. #trsyllables .. ")") or "")) return rusyllables, trsyllables end

-- Split Russian word and transliteration into hyphen-separated components. -- Rejoining with table.concat(..., "-") will recover the original word. -- If the original word ends in a hyphen, that hyphen gets included with the -- preceding component (this is the only case when an individual component has -- a hyphen in it). function export.split_hyphens(ru, tr) local rucomponents = rsplit(ru, "%-") if rucomponents[#rucomponents] == "" and #rucomponents > 1 then rucomponents[#rucomponents - 1] = rucomponents[#rucomponents - 1] .. "-"		table.remove(rucomponents) end local trcomponents if tr then trcomponents = rsplit(tr, "%-") if trcomponents[#trcomponents] == "" and #trcomponents > 1 then trcomponents[#trcomponents - 1] = trcomponents[#trcomponents - 1] .. "-"			table.remove(trcomponents) end if #rucomponents ~= #trcomponents then error("Russian " .. ru .. " doesn't have same number of hyphenated components as translit " .. tr) end end return rucomponents, trcomponents end

-- Apply j correction, converting je to e after consonants, jo to o after -- a sibilant, ju to u after hard sibilant. -- NOTE: Translit must already be decomposed! See comment at top. function export.j_correction(tr) tr = rsub(tr, "([" .. export.tr_cons_no_sign .. "]" .. export.opt_accent ..")[Jj]([EeĚě])", "%1%2") tr = rsub(tr, "([žščŽŠČ])[Jj]([Oo])", "%1%2") tr = rsub(tr, "([žšŽŠ])[Jj]([Uu])", "%1%2") return tr end

local function make_unstressed_ru(ru) -- The following regexp has grave+acute+diaeresis after the bracket --	return rsub(ru, "[̀́̈ёЁѐЀѝЍ]", destresser) end

-- Remove all stress marks (acute, grave, diaeresis). -- NOTE: Translit must already be decomposed! See comment at top. function export.make_unstressed(ru, tr) if not tr then return make_unstressed_ru(ru), nil end -- In the presence of TR, we need to do things the hard way: Splitting -- into syllables and only converting Latin o to e opposite a ё. rusyl, trsyl = export.split_syllables(ru, tr) for i=1,#rusyl do		if rfind(rusyl[i], "[ёЁ]") then trsyl[i] = rsub(trsyl[i], "[Oo]", {["O"] = "E", ["o"] = "e"}) end rusyl[i] = make_unstressed_ru(rusyl[i]) -- the following should still work as it will affect accents only trsyl[i] = make_unstressed_ru(trsyl[i]) end -- Also need to apply j correction as otherwise we'll have je after cons, etc.	return table.concat(rusyl, ""), export.j_correction(table.concat(trsyl, "")) end

local function remove_jo_ru(word) return rsub(word, "[̈ёЁ]", destresser) end

-- Remove diaeresis stress marks only. -- NOTE: Translit must already be decomposed! See comment at top. function export.remove_jo(ru, tr) if not tr then return remove_jo_ru(ru), nil end -- In the presence of TR, we need to do things the hard way: Splitting -- into syllables and only converting Latin o to e opposite a ё. rusyl, trsyl = export.split_syllables(ru, tr) for i=1,#rusyl do		if rfind(rusyl[i], "[ёЁ]") then trsyl[i] = rsub(trsyl[i], "[Oo]", {["O"] = "E", ["o"] = "e"}) end rusyl[i] = remove_jo_ru(rusyl[i]) -- the following should still work as it will affect accents only trsyl[i] = make_unstressed_once_ru(trsyl[i]) end -- Also need to apply j correction as otherwise we'll have je after cons, etc.	return table.concat(rusyl, ""), export.j_correction(table.concat(trsyl, "")) end

local function make_unstressed_once_ru(word) -- leave graves alone return rsub(word, "([́̈ёЁ])([^́̈ёЁ]*)$", function(x, rest) return destresser[x] .. rest; end, 1) end

local function map_last_hyphenated_component(fn, ru, tr) if rfind(ru, "%-") then -- If there is a hyphen, do it the hard way by splitting into -- individual components and doing the last one. Otherwise we just do -- the whole string. local rucomponents, trcomponents = export.split_hyphens(ru, tr) local lastru, lasttr = fn(rucomponents[#rucomponents],			trcomponents and trcomponents[#trcomponents] or nil) rucomponents[#rucomponents] = lastru ru = table.concat(rucomponents, "-") if trcomponents then trcomponents[#trcomponents] = lasttr tr = table.concat(trcomponents, "-") end return ru, tr	end return fn(ru, tr) end

-- Make last stressed syllable (acute or diaeresis) unstressed; leave -- unstressed; leave graves alone; if NOCONCAT, return individual syllables. -- NOTE: Translit must already be decomposed! See comment at top. local function make_unstressed_once_after_hyphen_split(ru, tr, noconcat) if not tr then return make_unstressed_once_ru(ru), nil end -- In the presence of TR, we need to do things the hard way, as with -- make_unstressed. rusyl, trsyl = export.split_syllables(ru, tr) for i=#rusyl,1,-1 do		local stressed = export.is_stressed(rusyl[i]) if stressed then if rfind(rusyl[i], "[ёЁ]") then trsyl[i] = rsub(trsyl[i], "[Oo]", {["O"] = "E", ["o"] = "e"}) end rusyl[i] = make_unstressed_once_ru(rusyl[i]) -- the following should still work as it will affect accents only trsyl[i] = make_unstressed_once_ru(trsyl[i]) break end end if noconcat then return rusyl, trsyl end -- Also need to apply j correction as otherwise we'll have je after cons return table.concat(rusyl, ""), export.j_correction(table.concat(trsyl, "")) end

-- Make last stressed syllable (acute or diaeresis) to the right of any hyphen -- unstressed (unless the hyphen is word-final); leave graves alone. We don't -- destress a syllable to the left of a hyphen unless the hyphen is word-final -- (i.e. a prefix). Otherwise e.g. the accents in the first part of words like -- ко́е-како́й and а́льфа-лу́ч won't remain. -- NOTE: Translit must already be decomposed! See comment at top. function export.make_unstressed_once(ru, tr) return map_last_hyphenated_component(make_unstressed_once_after_hyphen_split, ru, tr) end

local function make_unstressed_once_at_beginning_ru(word) -- leave graves alone return rsub(word, "^([^́̈ёЁ]*)([́̈ёЁ])", function(rest, x) return rest .. destresser[x]; end, 1) end

-- Make first stressed syllable (acute or diaeresis) unstressed; leave -- graves alone; if NOCONCAT, return individual syllables. -- NOTE: Translit must already be decomposed! See comment at top. function export.make_unstressed_once_at_beginning(ru, tr, noconcat) if not tr then return make_unstressed_once_at_beginning_ru(ru), nil end -- In the presence of TR, we need to do things the hard way, as with -- make_unstressed. rusyl, trsyl = export.split_syllables(ru, tr) for i=1,#rusyl do		local stressed = export.is_stressed(rusyl[i]) if stressed then if rfind(rusyl[i], "[ёЁ]") then trsyl[i] = rsub(trsyl[i], "[Oo]", {["O"] = "E", ["o"] = "e"}) end rusyl[i] = make_unstressed_once_at_beginning_ru(rusyl[i]) -- the following should still work as it will affect accents only trsyl[i] = make_unstressed_once_at_beginning_ru(trsyl[i]) break end end if noconcat then return rusyl, trsyl end -- Also need to apply j correction as otherwise we'll have je after cons return table.concat(rusyl, ""), export.j_correction(table.concat(trsyl, "")) end

-- Subfunction of make_ending_stressed, make_beginning_stressed, which -- add an acute accent to a syllable that may already have a grave accent; -- in such a case, remove the grave. -- NOTE: Translit must already be decomposed! See comment at top. function export.correct_grave_acute_clash(word, tr) word = rsub(word, "([̀ѐЀѝЍ])́", function(x) return grave_deaccenter[x] .. AC; end) word = rsub(word, AC .. GR, AC) if not tr then return word, nil end tr = rsub(tr, GR .. AC, AC) tr = rsub(tr, AC .. GR, AC) return word, tr end

local function make_ending_stressed_ru(word) -- If already ending stressed, just return word so we don't mess up ё if export.is_ending_stressed(word) then return word end -- Destress the last stressed syllable word = make_unstressed_once_ru(word) -- Add an acute to the last syllable word = rsub(word, "([" .. export.vowel_no_jo .. "])([^" .. export.vowel .. "]*)$",		"%1́%2")	-- If that caused an acute and grave next to each other, remove the grave return export.correct_grave_acute_clash(word) end

-- Remove the last primary stress from the word and put it on the final -- syllable. Leave grave accents alone except in the last syllable. -- If final syllable already has primary stress, do nothing. -- NOTE: Translit must already be decomposed! See comment at top. local function make_ending_stressed_after_hyphen_split(ru, tr) if not tr then return make_ending_stressed_ru(ru), nil end -- If already ending stressed, just return ru/tr so we don't mess up ё if export.is_ending_stressed(ru) then return ru, tr	end -- Destress the last stressed syllable; pass in "noconcat" so we get -- the individual syllables back rusyl, trsyl = make_unstressed_once_after_hyphen_split(ru, tr, "noconcat") -- Add an acute to the last syllable of both Russian and translit rusyl[#rusyl] = rsub(rusyl[#rusyl], "([" .. export.vowel_no_jo .. "])",		"%1" .. AC) trsyl[#trsyl] = rsub(trsyl[#trsyl], "([" .. export.tr_vowel .. "])",		"%1" .. AC) -- If that caused an acute and grave next to each other, remove the grave rusyl[#rusyl], trsyl[#trsyl] = export.correct_grave_acute_clash(rusyl[#rusyl], trsyl[#trsyl]) -- j correction didn't get applied in make_unstressed_once because -- we short-circuited it and made it return lists of syllables return table.concat(rusyl, ""), export.j_correction(table.concat(trsyl, "")) end

-- Remove the last primary stress from the portion of the word to the right of -- any hyphen (unless the hyphen is word-final) and put it on the final -- syllable. Leave grave accents alone except in the last syllable. If final -- syllable already has primary stress, do nothing. (See make_unstressed_once -- for why we don't affect stresses to the left of a hyphen.) -- NOTE: Translit must already be decomposed! See comment at top. function export.make_ending_stressed(ru, tr) return map_last_hyphenated_component(make_ending_stressed_after_hyphen_split, ru, tr) end

local function make_beginning_stressed_ru(word) -- If already beginning stressed, just return word so we don't mess up ё if export.is_beginning_stressed(word) then return word end -- Destress the first stressed syllable word = make_unstressed_once_at_beginning_ru(word) -- Add an acute to the first syllable word = rsub(word, "^([^" .. export.vowel .. "]*)([" .. export.vowel_no_jo .. "])",		"%1%2́")	-- If that caused an acute and grave next to each other, remove the grave return export.correct_grave_acute_clash(word) end

-- Remove the first primary stress from the word and put it on the initial -- syllable. Leave grave accents alone except in the first syllable. -- If initial syllable already has primary stress, do nothing. -- NOTE: Translit must already be decomposed! See comment at top. function export.make_beginning_stressed(ru, tr) if not tr then return make_beginning_stressed_ru(ru), nil end -- If already beginning stressed, just return ru/tr so we don't mess up ё if export.is_beginning_stressed(ru) then return ru, tr	end -- Destress the first stressed syllable; pass in "noconcat" so we get -- the individual syllables back rusyl, trsyl = export.make_unstressed_once_at_beginning(ru, tr, "noconcat") -- Add an acute to the first syllable of both Russian and translit rusyl[1] = rsub(rusyl[1], "([" .. export.vowel_no_jo .. "])",		"%1" .. AC) trsyl[1] = rsub(trsyl[1], "([" .. export.tr_vowel .. "])",		"%1" .. AC) -- If that caused an acute and grave next to each other, remove the grave rusyl[1], trsyl[1] = export.correct_grave_acute_clash(rusyl[1], trsyl[1]) -- j correction didn't get applied in make_unstressed_once_at_beginning -- because we short-circuited it and made it return lists of syllables return table.concat(rusyl, ""), export.j_correction(table.concat(trsyl, "")) end

-- used for tracking and categorization local trailing_letter_type = { ["ш"] = {"sibilant", "cons"}, ["щ"] = {"sibilant", "cons"}, ["ч"] = {"sibilant", "cons"}, ["ж"] = {"sibilant", "cons"}, ["ц"] = {"c", "cons"}, ["к"] = {"velar", "cons"}, ["г"] = {"velar", "cons"}, ["х"] = {"velar", "cons"}, ["ь"] = {"soft-cons", "cons"}, ["ъ"] = {"hard-cons", "cons"}, ["й"] = {"palatal", "cons"}, ["а"] = {"vowel", "hard-vowel"}, ["я"] = {"vowel", "soft-vowel"}, ["э"] = {"vowel", "hard-vowel"}, ["е"] = {"vowel", "soft-vowel"}, ["ѣ"] = {"vowel", "soft-vowel"}, ["и"] = {"i", "vowel", "soft-vowel"}, ["і"] = {"i", "vowel", "soft-vowel"}, ["ѵ"] = {"i", "vowel", "soft-vowel"}, ["ы"] = {"vowel", "hard-vowel"}, ["о"] = {"vowel", "hard-vowel"}, ["ё"] = {"vowel", "soft-vowel"}, ["у"] = {"vowel", "hard-vowel"}, ["ю"] = {"vowel", "soft-vowel"}, }

function export.get_stem_trailing_letter_type(stem) local hint = ulower(usub(export.remove_accents(stem), -1)) local hint_types = trailing_letter_type[hint] or {"hard-cons", "cons"} return hint_types end

-- Reduce stem by eliminating the "epenthetic" vowel. Applies to -- nominative singular masculine 2nd-declension hard and soft, and -- 3rd-declension feminine in -ь (e.g. любовь). STEM should be the -- result after calling detect_stem_type, but with final -й if -- present. Normally returns two arguments (STEM and TR), but can be -- called from a template using #invoke and will return one argument -- (STEM, or STEM//TR if TR is present). Returns nil if unable to -- reduce. -- NOTE: Translit must already be decomposed! See comment at top. function export.reduce_stem(stem, tr, soft_n) local pre, letter, post local pretr, lettertr, posttr local combine_tr = false

-- test cases with translit: -- =p.reduce_stem("фе́ез", "fɛ́jez") -> фе́йз, fɛ́jz -- =p.reduce_stem("фе́йез", "fɛ́jez") -> фе́йз, fɛ́jz -- =p.reduce_stem("фе́без", "fɛ́bez") -> фе́бз, fɛ́bz -- =p.reduce_stem("фе́лез", "fɛ́lez") -> фе́льз, fɛ́lʹz -- =p.reduce_stem("феёз", p.decompose("fɛjóz")) -> фейз, fɛjz -- =p.reduce_stem("фейёз", p.decompose("fɛjjóz")) -> фейз, fɛjz -- =p.reduce_stem("фебёз", p.decompose("fɛbjóz")) -> фебз, fɛbz -- =p.reduce_stem("фелёз", p.decompose("fɛljóz")) -> фельз, fɛlʹz -- =p.reduce_stem("фе́бей", "fɛ́bej") -> фе́бь, fɛ́bʹ -- =p.reduce_stem("фебёй", p.decompose("fɛbjój")) -> фебь, fɛbʹ -- =p.reduce_stem("фе́ей", "fɛ́jej") -> фе́йй, fɛ́jj -- =p.reduce_stem("феёй", p.decompose("fɛjój")) -> фейй, fɛjj

-- so this can be called from a template if type(stem) == 'table' then stem, tr = ine(stem.args[1]), ine(stem.args[2]) combine_tr = true end

pre, letter, post = rmatch(stem, "^(.*)([оОеЕёЁ])́?([" .. export.cons .. "]+)$")	if not pre then return nil, nil end if tr then -- FIXME, may not be necessary to write the posttr portion as a		-- consonant + zero or more consonant/accent combinations -- when will -- we ever get an accent after a consonant? That would indicate a -- failure of the decompose mechanism. pretr, lettertr, posttr = rmatch(tr, "^(.*)([oOeE])́?([" .. export.tr_cons .. "][" .. export.tr_cons .. export.accent .. "]*)$")		if not pretr then return nil, nil -- should not happen unless tr is really messed up		end -- Remove any trailing j's on the translit stem which don't have a -- corresponding й on the Cyrillic stem. This avoids excess j's with -- cases like индонези́ец//indonɛzíjec, but retains multiple j's where -- necessary. pretr = rsub(pretr, "[jJ]+$", function(m)			return usub(m, 1, ulen(rmatch(pre, "[йЙ]*$")))		end) end if letter == "О" or letter == "о" then -- FIXME, what about when the accent is on the removed letter? if post == "й" or post == "Й" then -- FIXME, is this correct? return nil, nil end letter = "" else local is_upper = rfind(post, "[" .. export.uppercase .. "]") if rfind(pre, "[" .. export.vowel .. "]́?$") then letter = is_upper and "Й" or "й" elseif post == "й" or post == "Й" then letter = is_upper and "Ь" or "ь" post = "" if posttr then posttr = "" end elseif rfind(post, "[" .. export.velar .. "]$") and rfind(pre, "[" .. export.cons_except_sib_c .. "]$") or rfind(post, "[^йЙ" .. export.velar .. "]$") and rfind(pre, "[лЛ]$") or			soft_n and rfind(pre, "[нН]$") then letter = is_upper and "Ь" or "ь" else letter = "" end end stem = pre .. letter .. post if tr then tr = pretr .. export.translit(letter) .. posttr end if combine_tr then return export.combine_russian_tr(stem, tr) else return stem, tr	end end

-- Generate the dereduced stem given STEM and EPENTHETIC_STRESS (which -- indicates whether the epenthetic vowel should be stressed); this is -- without any terminating non-syllabic ending, which is added if needed by -- the calling function. Normally returns two arguments (STEM and TR), but -- can be called from a template using #invoke and will return one argument -- (STEM, or STEM//TR if TR is present). Returns nil if unable to dereduce. -- NOTE: Translit must already be decomposed! See comment at top. function export.dereduce_stem(stem, tr, epenthetic_stress) local combine_tr = false -- so this can be called from a template if type(stem) == 'table' then stem, tr, epenthetic_stress = ine(stem.args[1]), ine(stem.args[2]), ine(stem.args[3]) combine_tr = true end

if epenthetic_stress then stem, tr = export.make_unstressed_once(stem, tr) end

local pre, letter, post local pretr, lettertr, posttr -- FIXME!!! Deal with this special case --if not (z.stem_type == 'soft' and _.equals(z.stress_type, {'b', 'f'}) -- we should ignore asterix for 2*b and 2*f (so to process it just like 2b or 2f)	--		 or _.contains(z.specific, '(2)') and _.equals(z.stem_type, {'velar', 'letter-ц', 'vowel'})) -- and also the same for (2)-specific and 3,5,6 stem-types --then

-- I think this corresponds to our -ья and -ье types, which we	-- handle separately --if z.stem_type == 'vowel' then -- 1).	--	if _.equals(z.stress_type, {'b', 'c', 'e', 'f', "f'", "b'" }) then  -- gen_pl ending stressed  -- TODO: special vars for that	--		z.stems['gen_pl'] = _.replace(z.stems['gen_pl'], 'ь$', 'е́')	--	else	--		z.stems['gen_pl'] = _.replace(z.stems['gen_pl'], 'ь$', 'и')	--	end	--end

pre, letter, post = rmatch(stem, "^(.*)([" .. export.cons .. "])([" .. export.cons .. "])$")	if tr then pretr, lettertr, posttr = rmatch(tr, "^(.*)(" .. export.tr_cons_acc_re .. ")(" .. export.tr_cons_acc_re .. ")$")		if pre and not pretr then return nil, nil -- should not happen unless tr is really messed up		end end if pre then local is_upper = rfind(post, "[" .. export.uppercase .. "]") local epvowel if rfind(letter, "[ьйЬЙ]") then letter = "" lettertr = "" if rfind(post, "[цЦ]$") or not epenthetic_stress then epvowel = is_upper and "Е" or "е" else epvowel = is_upper and "Ё" or "ё" end elseif rfind(letter, "[" .. export.cons_except_sib_c .. "]") and rfind(post, "[" .. export.velar .. "]") or rfind(letter, "[" .. export.velar .. "]") then epvowel = is_upper and "О" or "о" elseif post == "ц" or post == "Ц" then epvowel = is_upper and "Е" or "е" elseif epenthetic_stress then if rfind(letter, "[" .. export.sib .. "]") then epvowel = is_upper and "О́" or "о́" else epvowel = is_upper and "Ё" or "ё" end else epvowel = is_upper and "Е" or "е" end assert(epvowel) stem = pre .. letter .. epvowel .. post if tr then tr = pretr .. lettertr .. export.translit(epvowel) .. posttr tr = export.j_correction(tr) end

if epenthetic_stress then stem, tr = export.make_ending_stressed(stem, tr) end if combine_tr then return export.combine_russian_tr(stem, tr) else return stem, tr		end end return nil, nil end

-- Parse an entry that potentially has final footnote symbols and initial * -- for a hypothetical entry into initial symbols, text and final symbols. function export.split_symbols(entry, do_subscript) local prefentry, finalnotes = m_table_tools.separate_notes(entry) local initnotes, text = rmatch(prefentry, "(%*?)(.*)$") return initnotes, text, finalnotes end

-- --                       Used for manual translit                      -- --

function export.translit_no_links(text) return export.translit(require("Module:links").remove_links(text)) end

function export.split_russian_tr(term, dopair) local ru, tr	if not rfind(term, "//") then ru = term else splitvals = rsplit(term, "//") if #splitvals ~= 2 then error("Must have at most one // in a Russian//translit expr: '" .. term .. "'") end ru, tr = splitvals[1], export.decompose(splitvals[2]) end if dopair then return {ru, tr} else return ru, tr	end end

function export.combine_russian_tr(ru, tr) if type(ru) == "table" then ru, tr = unpack(ru) end if tr then return ru .. "//" .. tr	else return ru	end end

local function concat_maybe_moving_notes(x, y, movenotes) if movenotes then local xentry, xnotes = m_table_tools.separate_notes(x) local yentry, ynotes = m_table_tools.separate_notes(y) return xentry .. yentry .. xnotes .. ynotes else return x .. y	end end

-- Concatenate two Russian strings RU1 and RU2 that may have corresponding -- manual transliteration TR1 and TR2 (which should be nil if there is no -- manual translit). If DOPAIR, return a two-item list of the combined -- Russian and manual translit (which will be nil if both TR1 and TR2 are -- nil); else, return two values, the combined Russian and manual translit. -- If MOVENOTES, extract any footnote symbols at the end of RU1 and move -- them to the end of the concatenated string, before any footnote symbols -- for RU2; same thing goes for TR1 and TR2. function export.concat_russian_tr(ru1, tr1, ru2, tr2, dopair, movenotes) local ru, tr	if not tr1 and not tr2 then ru = concat_maybe_moving_notes(ru1, ru2, movenotes) else if not tr1 then tr1 = export.translit_no_links(ru1) end if not tr2 then tr2 = export.translit_no_links(ru2) end ru, tr = concat_maybe_moving_notes(ru1, ru2, movenotes), export.j_correction(concat_maybe_moving_notes(tr1, tr2, movenotes)) end if dopair then return {ru, tr} else return ru, tr	end end

-- Concatenate two Russian/translit combinations (where each combination is -- a two-element list of {RUSSIAN, TRANSLIT} where TRANSLIT may be nil) by -- individually concatenating the Russian and translit portions, and return -- a concatenated combination as a two-element list. If the manual translit -- portions of both terms on entry are nil, the result will also have nil -- manual translit. If MOVENOTES, extract any footnote symbols at the end -- of TERM1 and move them after the concatenated string and before any -- footnote symbols at the end of TERM2. function export.concat_paired_russian_tr(term1, term2, movenotes) assert(type(term1) == "table") assert(type(term2) == "table") local ru1, tr1 = term1[1], term1[2] local ru2, tr2 = term2[1], term2[2] return export.concat_russian_tr(ru1, tr1, ru2, tr2, "dopair", movenotes) end

function export.concat_forms(forms) local joined_rutr = {} for _, form in ipairs(forms) do		table.insert(joined_rutr, export.combine_russian_tr(form)) end return table.concat(joined_rutr, ",") end

-- Given a list of forms, where each form is a two-element list of {RUSSIAN, TRANSLIT}, strip footnote symbols from the -- end of the Russian and translit. function export.strip_notes_from_forms(forms) local newforms = {} for _, form in ipairs(forms) do		local ru, tr = form[1], form[2] ru, _ = m_table_tools.separate_notes(ru) if tr then tr, _ = m_table_tools.separate_notes(tr) end table.insert(newforms, {ru, tr}) end return newforms end

-- Given a list of forms, where each form is a two-element list of {RUSSIAN, TRANSLIT}, unzip into parallel lists of -- Russian and translit. The latter list may have gaps in it. function export.unzip_forms(forms) local rulist = {} local trlist = {} for i, form in ipairs(forms) do		local ru, tr = form[1], form[2] rulist[i] = ru		trlist[i] = tr	end return rulist, trlist end

-- Given parallel lists of Russian and translit (where the latter list may have gaps in it), return a list of forms, -- where each form is a two-element list of {RUSSIAN, TRANSLIT}. function export.zip_forms(rulist, trlist) local forms = {} for i, ru in ipairs(rulist) do		table.insert(forms, {ru, trlist[i]}) end return forms end

local function any_forms_have_translit(forms) for _, form in ipairs(forms) do		if form[2] then return true end end return false end

-- Given a list of forms, where each form is a two-element list of {RUSSIAN, TRANSLIT}, combine forms with -- identical Russian, concatenating the translit with a comma in between. function export.combine_translit_of_duplicate_forms(forms) if #forms == 0 then return forms end

-- Optimization to avoid creating a new list in the majority case when no translit exists. if not any_forms_have_translit(forms) then return forms end

local newforms = {} table.insert(newforms, {forms[1][1], forms[1][2]}) for i = 2, #forms do		local found_duplicate = false for j = 1, #newforms do			-- If the Russian of the next form is the same as that of the last one, combine their translits and modify -- newforms[] in-place. Otherwise add the next form to newforms[]. Make sure to clone the form rather than -- just appending it directly since we may modify it in-place; we don't want to side-effect `forms` as passed -- in. if forms[i][1] == newforms[j][1] then local tr1 = newforms[j][2] local tr2 = forms[i][2] if not tr1 and not tr2 then -- this shouldn't normally happen else tr1 = tr1 or export.translit_no_links(newforms[j][1]) tr2 = tr2 or export.translit_no_links(forms[i][1]) if tr1 == tr2 then -- this shouldn't normally happen else newforms[j][2] = tr1 .. ", " .. tr2 end end found_duplicate = true break end end if not found_duplicate then table.insert(newforms, {forms[i][1], forms[i][2]}) end end return newforms end

-- Given a list of forms, where each form is a two-element list of {RUSSIAN, TRANSLIT}, split cases where two different -- transliterations have been packed into a single translit field by creating two adjacent term/translit pairs. This is -- the opposite operation of combine_translit_of_duplicate_forms. function export.split_translit_of_duplicate_forms(forms) if #forms == 0 then return forms end

-- Optimization to avoid creating a new list in the majority case when no translit exists. if not any_forms_have_translit(forms) then return forms end

local newforms = {} for _, form in ipairs(forms) do		local ru, tr = unpack(form) if not tr or not tr:find(",") or ru:find(",") then table.insert(newforms, form) else local split_trs = rsplit(tr, ",%s*") local default_tr = export.translit_no_links(ru) for _, split_tr in ipairs(split_trs) do				if split_tr == default_tr then split_tr = nil end table.insert(newforms, {ru, split_tr}) end end end return newforms end

function export.strip_ending(ru, tr, ending) local strippedru = rsub(ru, ending .. "$", "") if strippedru == ru then error("Argument " .. ru .. " doesn't end with expected ending " .. ending) end ru = strippedru tr = export.strip_tr_ending(tr, ending) return ru, tr end

function export.strip_tr_ending(tr, ending) if not tr then return nil end local endingtr = rsub(export.translit_no_links(ending), "^([Jj])", "%1?") local strippedtr = rsub(tr, endingtr .. "$", "") if strippedtr == tr then error("Translit " .. tr .. " doesn't end with expected ending " .. endingtr) end return strippedtr end

return export

title: Module:ru-common


text: 鿌

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: 鿌


text: Template:nn-verb-table

title: Template:nn-verb-table


text:
Reconstruction:Proto-Sino-Tibetan/ʔit

Etymology

 * Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *ʔjit (Coblin, 1986)
 * Proto-Tibeto-Burman: *ʔit (Matisoff, STEDT); *it (Benedict, 1972)

There is no single general root for in Sino-Tibetan languages, in sharp contradistinction to the cases of numerals 2-9, for each of which a single etymon overwhelmingly predominates. This root is only found at the periphery of the Sino-Tibetan area and may therefore be quite old. The more common root for is.

Benedict (1972) set up this etymon on the basis of only two forms: Kanawari and Written Burmese, and identified it as cognate to Old Chinese.

Matisoff (1997) posits *-i- ~ -ya- variational pattern in this etymon (akin to, *gip ~ gjap and perhaps , op. cit.) and considers this root to be etymologically cognate with.

Some Eastern Min dialects use as the colloquial word for the numeral one, e.g. ', '. Hokkien also has a similar-shaped word, e.g. .

Numeral

 * 1) one

Descendants

 * Old Chinese:
 * (in the oracle bone script) 一-oracle.svg
 * Middle Chinese:
 * Middle Chinese:

ja:付録:シナ・チベット祖語/ʔit zh:Reconstruction:原始漢藏語/ʔit
 * Mandarin
 * Beijing: yī,
 * Northeastern
 * Harbin:
 * Jilin:
 * Changchun:
 * Shenyang:
 * Jilu
 * Tianjin:
 * Jinan:
 * Jiaoliao
 * Qingdao:
 * Dalian:
 * Weihai:
 * Zhongyuan
 * Xi’an:
 * Zhengzhou:
 * Yinchuan:
 * Jin
 * Taiyuan:
 * Southwestern
 * Chengdu-Chongqing: yi2
 * Wuhan:
 * Guiyang:
 * Kunming:
 * Jianghuai
 * Nanjing: i5
 * Hefei:
 * Yangzhou:
 * Yue
 * Guangzhou-Hong Kong: jat1
 * Taishan:
 * Hakka
 * Meixian: yid5
 * Gan
 * Nanchang:
 * Xiang
 * Changsha:
 * Shuangfeng:
 * Wu
 * Shanghai: iq7
 * Suzhou: iq7
 * Ningbo: iq7
 * Hangzhou: iq7
 * Taizhou: iq7
 * Wenzhou: iai7
 * Min
 * Southern
 * Hokkien: it
 * Teoswa: ig4
 * Eastern
 * Hokchiu: ék
 * Northern
 * Jian’ou: ĭ
 * Himalayish
 * Tibeto-Kanauri
 * Western Himalayish
 * Mahakiranti
 * Kham-Magar-Chepang-Sunwar
 * Tangut-Qiang
 * Northern Tangut
 * Tangut: ;
 * Lolo-Burmese-Naxi
 * Lolo-Burmese
 * Burmish
 * Written (Benedict, 1976, RDWB)
 * Lolo-Burmese
 * Burmish
 * Written (Benedict, 1976, RDWB)

title: Reconstruction:Proto-Sino-Tibetan/ʔit


text:
человекообразная обезьяна

Noun

 * 1) ape animal

title: человекообразная обезьяна


text:
человекообразный

Adjective

 * 1) humaniform like a human or that of a human in form, seeming, or appearance

title: человекообразный


text:
防空壕

Noun

 * 1) air-raid shelter

Noun

 * 1) air-raid shelter

title: 防空壕


text: Category:Japanese terms spelled with 壕

title: Category:Japanese terms spelled with 壕


text:
грибок

Noun

 * : small mushroom
 * 1) fungus any member of the kingdom Fungi

title: грибок


text:
tsísʼnáyázhí

Etymology
+

Noun

 * 1) sweat bee ( spp.)

title: tsísʼnáyázhí


text: 芥川

title: 芥川


text:
千里の道も一歩より始まる

Etymology
.

The back-formation of this form in pseudo-kanbun would be 千里之道，自一步始.

Proverb

 * 1) a journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step

title: 千里の道も一歩より始まる


text:
雪花石膏

Etymology
Lit snowflake gypsum,

Noun

 * 1) alabaster variety of gypsum

title: 雪花石膏


text:
tsísʼná bighan

Etymology
+.

Noun

 * 1) beehive

title: tsísʼná bighan


text: мэткӏун

title: мэткӏун


text:
確言

Noun

 * 1) affirmation, assertion

Verb

 * 1) affirm, assert

title: 確言


text:
鉢巻

Noun

 * 1) hachimaki Japanese headband

title: 鉢巻


text:
мэсэн

Verb

 * 1) to be trained
 * кIалэр мэсагъ — The boy is trained.
 * кIалэр мэсагъэп — The boy is is not trained.
 * 1) to be taught how to behave well.
 * кIалэр мэсэрагъоп — The boy does not want to learn how to behave-well.
 * кIалэр мэсагъ — The boy taught how to behave-well.

title: мэсэн


text:
Niflheim

Etymology
From, ultimately from , from +.

Proper noun

 * 1)  In Germanic and Norse cosmology, the Norse underworld, location of the domain Hel and of the realm of Hel, the goddess of the dead.

Coordinate terms

 * ,, , , Múspellsheimr, Niðavellir, ,

title: Niflheim


text:
東芝

Proper noun

 * 1) Toshiba, a Japanese company

Etymology
A contraction of +, from the company's earlier name. More at

Proper noun

 * 1) Toshiba, a Japanese company

title: 東芝


text:
陸上

Noun

 * 1) ashore; on land

Noun

 * 1) ashore, on land

title: 陸上


text: 东芝

title: 东芝


text: мэшӏыкӏэен

title: мэшӏыкӏэен


text:
非点収差

Noun

 * 1) astigmatism defect of a lens

title: 非点収差


text:
非対称的

Adjective

 * 1) asymmetrical not symmetrical

title: 非対称的


text:
щыӏ

Noun

 * 1) exist

Noun

 * 1) exist

title: щыӏ


text:
friplåt

Noun

 * 1)  free ticket

title: friplåt


text:
шӏэн

Verb

 * 1) to know
 * 2) to do (an action)
 * 1) to do (an action)
 * 1) to do (an action)
 * 1) to do (an action)
 * 1) to do (an action)
 * 1) to do (an action)
 * 1) to do (an action)

Synonyms

 * (Natkhaia dialect)
 * (Kabardian)

title: шӏэн


text:
User talk:Michael Bednarek

interwikis
Interwikis are simply identical to the page name. There's no subjective element to them. Mglovesfun (talk) 12:56, 12 March 2013 (UTC)

title: User talk:Michael Bednarek


text: bééhonísin

title: bééhonísin


text:
望み通り

Noun

 * 1) the way one wishes, the way one had hoped, as you wish

Usage notes
Used sometimes in formal contexts with the honorific prefix or even with its hiragana reading, due in part to the complexity of the character.

title: 望み通り


text: bééhoniilzin

title: bééhoniilzin


text:
иптәш

Etymology
Cognate with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Possibly from *eb-täš, in which + mutuality suffix -täš.

Noun

 * 1) companion, mate, fellow; comrade, friend
 * 2) spouse; partner
 * 3) company; somebody beside you to share time, trouble, or experience with
 * 4)  fellow communist or socialist
 * 5)  comrade, tovarish
 * 1)  comrade, tovarish

title: иптәш


text: bééhonohsin

title: bééhonohsin


text: béédahoniilzin

title: béédahoniilzin


text: béédahonohsin

title: béédahonohsin


text: yéédahósin

title: yéédahósin


text:
σύμφωνος

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1) agreeing in sound, harmonious

Adjective

 * 1) agreed, in agreement
 * 2) coherent, congruent

title: σύμφωνος


text:
akpe

Interjection

 * 1) thanks

Noun

 * 1) thousand

title: akpe


text:
maʼii

Noun

 * 1) alternative form of

title: maʼii


text:
ἄπονος

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1) without toil or trouble, effortless
 * 2) painless; free from pain
 * 3)  workshy, lazy
 * 4) relieving pain, soothing

title: ἄπονος


text:
honeezkʼází

Etymology
.

Verb

 * 1) an area is cool

Conjugation
.

Related terms

 * (perfective form )

title: honeezkʼází


text:
æðisgenginn

Adjective

 * 1) mad, crazy, insane
 * 2) raging, violent
 * 3) terrific, fantastic

title: æðisgenginn


text:
æðiskast

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) fit of rage

title: æðiskast


text:
æðislegur

Adjective

 * 1) super, terrific, fantastic

title: æðislegur


text:
談話室

Noun

 * 1) lounge

title: 談話室


text:
æðra

Noun

 * 1) despondency, despair

title: æðra


text:
足を運ぶ

Verb

 * 1) go
 * 2) come

title: 足を運ぶ


text:
náádamóogo

Etymology
+ +

Adverb

 * 1) next week

title: náádamóogo


text:
æðrast

Verb

 * 1)  to despond, to lose heart

title: æðrast


text:
æðrufullur

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1) despondent

title: æðrufullur


text:
Talk:owie

If you want to see the cited Family Circus cartoon, there's a copy at The Plainview Daily Herald, p12. (p7 of the pdf, slow-loading) Choor monster (talk) 14:14, 12 March 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:owie


text:
æðrulaus

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1) undaunted, dauntless, fearless

title: æðrulaus


text:
æfur

Adjective

 * 1) fierce, raging, furious

title: æfur


text:
ágrip

Noun

 * 1) summary, outline

title: ágrip


text:
強壮

Adjective

 * 1) robust, athletic, strong

Noun

 * 1) strength, robustness

title: 強壮


text:
水虫

Noun

 * 1) athlete's foot

title: 水虫


text:
æfingagalli

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) tracksuit

title: æfingagalli


text:
συμπίπτω

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1) to fall together, meet violently
 * 2) to fall in with, meet with (especially with accidents, misfortunes)
 * 3) to fall upon, happen to
 * 4)  to happen, occur
 * 5) to coincide, agree or be in accordance with
 * 6) to fall together (i.e. fall in, especially of a house)
 * 7) to fall together, fall into the same line

title: συμπίπτω


text:
地図帳

Noun

 * 1) atlas bound collection of maps

title: 地図帳


text:
ægilegur

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1) awful, terrible

title: ægilegur


text:
συμπίνω

Etymology
From. Compare 🇨🇬.

Verb

 * 1) to drink together
 * 2) to absorb
 * 3) to soak
 * 1) to absorb
 * 2) to soak
 * 1) to absorb
 * 2) to soak
 * 1) to absorb
 * 2) to soak
 * 1) to absorb
 * 2) to soak
 * 1) to soak

title: συμπίνω


text:
やっと

Adverb

 * 1)  at last, finally, at length
 * 2)  narrowly, barely

title: やっと


text:
環礁

Noun

 * 1) atoll

Noun

 * 1) atoll

title: 環礁


text:
噴霧器

Noun

 * 1) atomizer; spray; nebulizer

Noun

 * 1) atomizer

title: 噴霧器


text:
屋根裏

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) an attic

title: 屋根裏


text:
ægilega

Etymology
From.

Adverb

 * 1) awfully, terribly

title: ægilega


text:
魅力的

Adjective

 * 1) charming; attractive, enthralling

title: 魅力的


text:
φωνέω

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1) to produce a sound or tone
 * 2) to speak loud or clearly; to speak, give utterance, voice
 * 3) to call by name, call
 * 4) to speak, tell of

title: φωνέω


text:
ægja

Etymology
From, from , causative of. Cognate with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Verb

 * 1)  to frighten
 * 2)  to be afraid, to fear
 * 3)  to become mixed up or jumbled

title: ægja


text:
䰱

Definitions

 * 1)  name of a god, a legendary spirit having the face of a man and the body of a beast

title: 䰱


text:
æki

Noun

 * 1) cartload

Etymology 2
Inflected form of.

title: æki


text:
監査役

Noun

 * 1) auditor one who audits bookkeeping accounts

title: 監査役


text:
聴診

Noun

 * 1) auscultation diagnosis by stethoscope or similar auditory device

Verb

 * 1) auscultate

title: 聴診


text:
θάμβος

Etymology
Often connected to such forms as, , and , and referred to. Beekes claims all are borrowed from non-Indo-European.

Noun

 * 1) amazement, astonishment
 * 2) awe of the divine

title: θάμβος


text:
lyx

Etymology
Borrowed from, from.

Noun

 * 1) luxury

title: lyx


text:
Falbe

Etymology
Originally a nominalisation of, then declined like a weak noun ( instead of ).

Noun

 * 1) claybank pale or dun-coloured horse; male or of unspecified sex

Noun

 * 1) claybank of female sex
 * 2)  blonde; fairheaded woman
 * 1)  blonde; fairheaded woman

title: Falbe


text:
Reconstruction talk:Proto-Germanic/sūz

Dutch has zeug and in dialects zog. Is that from a different stem because of the -g? If so what is the fao version doing here. It also has the -g. Jcwf (talk) 15:23, 12 March 2013 (UTC)
 * I've added a link to the form that is the ancestor of the Dutch word. The Faroese -gv is very different, it is a specific Faroese change that is also found in other words. 15:44, 12 March 2013 (UTC)
 * OK thanks! Jcwf (talk) 16:54, 12 March 2013 (UTC)

Forms
Kroonen gives the PIE paradigm as nom. , acc. , giving PGmc and (< ). He also mentions a "sporadic shift" of -w- to -g- between -u- and another high vowel, which gave with leveling. The root he states also gave Old Norse, giving Norwegian  and Elfdalian sugga, probably also Swedish  but he doesn't mention that one. Anglom (talk) 19:32, 20 June 2014 (UTC)
 * I have read Kroonen's reconstruction as well; however, I don't know how to translate it into the modified Don Ringe orthography standard for wiktionary. The sequence /uw/ is supposed to be written as /ū/ as in *būaną (to dwell, reside), but how would I write the sequence /uwu/? Was this sequence even valid in Proto-Germanic phonology? If the sequence /owo/ earlier in the history of Proto-Germanic contracted to /ō/, then would the same thing happen to the sequence /uwu/ contracting it to /ū/? In the word for eyebrow, Don ringe has *brūwō. What does this say about how to write the accusative case of *sūz?Nayrb Rellimer (talk) 00:18, 19 August 2014 (UTC)
 * We shouldn't assume that the PIE form would have been inherited directly. There would almost certainly have been analogical levelling. Purely phonologically, the inherited accusative would be *sūn, in which no nasal vowel had been formed because it had only one syllable (compare ). But that would be an unusual situation so it would most likely have been levelled to *sų̄ or perhaps *sūwų. Still it's hard to say. —CodeCat 00:24, 19 August 2014 (UTC)
 * After reading Don Ringe's list of sound changes again and comparing them with Kroonen's suggestion of "sporadic change of w to g between high vowels," as a solution to the alternate noun *sugō, the change of w to g seems analogical rather than phonologically regular. Ringe does however mention a change of /gʷ/ to /w/ or /g/, but never a change of /w/ to /g/ or vice versa.Nayrb Rellimer (talk) 00:46, 19 August 2014 (UTC)

title: Reconstruction talk:Proto-Germanic/sūz


text:
claybank

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) A dun-coloured horse.
 * 2) Dun; brownish-yellow.
 * 1) Dun; brownish-yellow.

Translations

 * German:

title: claybank


text:
æringi

Noun

 * 1) joker, wag
 * 2) rascal, scamp

title: æringi


text:
Fehlen

Noun

 * 1) absence, dearth; absenteeism
 * 2) default
 * 1) default

title: Fehlen


text:
Slawe

Alternative forms

 * See also the forms at.
 * See also the forms at.

Etymology
From, from. Distinguished from the doublet since the 18th century, probably influenced by descendants of. Also a.

Noun

 * 1) Slav member of a Slavic people, male or of unspecified gender

title: Slawe


text: Slawen

title: Slawen


text:
Ferritin

Noun

 * 1)  ferritin

title: Ferritin


text:
συμπότης

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) fellow-drinker, boon-companion, drinking buddy

title: συμπότης


text:
後光

Noun

 * 1) aureole circle of light or halo around the head of a deity

title: 後光


text:
çifte

Etymology 2
From, from , with some separate Ottoman developments from.

Noun

 * 1) a kick with two legs often for odd-toed ungulates
 * 2)  double-barrelled shotgun
 * 1)  double-barrelled shotgun

Adjective

 * 1) twofold duplicate
 * 2) two-armed
 * 3) double-barrelled
 * 1) two-armed
 * 2) double-barrelled

title: çifte


text: çiftte

title: çiftte


text:
flächig

Adjective

 * 1) flat, planar
 * 2) extensive

title: flächig


text: çiftim

title: çiftim


text: çiftin

title: çiftin


text: çifti

title: çifti


text:
Flächigkeit

Noun

 * 1) flatness

title: Flächigkeit


text: çiftler

title: çiftler


text:
自閉症

Etymology

 * used in Hong Kong and Taiwan since the 1970s, and in Mainland China since the late 1980s . In Mainland China, first attested in 1983.

Noun

 * 1)  autism neurological disorder

Usage notes
Proscribed by the, a Government-organized non-governmental organization in Mainland China.

Noun

 * 1) autism

title: 自閉症


text:
Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/jungilingaz

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) a young man, youngster


text:
自伝

Etymology
First attested in 1563.

Noun

 * 1)  an autobiography

title: 自伝


text: çiftten

title: çiftten


text:
自動化

Verb

 * 1) to automate

Noun

 * 1) automation

Verb

 * 1) automate

title: 自動化


text:
bärnsten

Etymology
From bernsten, based on bernen (to burn), i.e. "a fiery stone", cognate with 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) amber (gem)

title: bärnsten


text:
si fait

Interjection

 * 1)  certainly, yes (indeed), but of course

title: si fait


text:
Formung

Noun

 * 1) moulding, shaping
 * 2) forming

title: Formung


text: çiftem

title: çiftem


text: çiften

title: çiften


text: çiftesi

title: çiftesi


text: çifteyi

title: çifteyi


text:
秋分点

Noun

 * 1) autumnal equinox point

title: 秋分点


text: çiftenin

title: çiftenin


text: çifteler

title: çifteler


text:
ἀθάρη

Etymology
grc. An word according to Pliny. Has been connected to and with 🇨🇬, but these connections seem unconvincing.

Noun

 * 1) gruel, porridge

title: ἀθάρη


text: Funde

title: Funde


text: Fünde

title: Fünde


text: Funds

title: Funds


text: Fundes

title: Fundes


text: Funden

title: Funden


text:
山崩れ

Etymology
Compound of, noun stem of verb.

Noun

 * 1) a landslide, an avalanche (of rocks and soil, not snow)

Verb

 * 1) to landslide, to avalanche (of rocks and soil, not snow)

title: 山崩れ


text:
Füller

Noun

 * 1) fountain pen pen containing a reservoir of ink fed to a writing nib
 * 2) filler

title: Füller


text:
gebändert

Adjective

 * 1) banded, striped

title: gebändert


text:
slāvs

Etymology
A 19th-century borrowing from, itself a borrowing from languages, ultimately either from  (cf. 🇨🇬), or from an unattested verb  (present tense form ; cf. 🇨🇬).

Noun

 * 1) (male) Slav, a man belonging to one of the Slavic peoples
 * 2)  Slavic, pertaining to Slavic languages, Slavic peoples or their lands
 * 1)  Slavic, pertaining to Slavic languages, Slavic peoples or their lands
 * 1)  Slavic, pertaining to Slavic languages, Slavic peoples or their lands

title: slāvs


text:
Gefahrensymbol

Noun

 * 1) hazard symbol / icon / sign

title: Gefahrensymbol


text:
puhallusputki

Noun

 * 1)  blowpipe, blowtube
 * 2) blowgun, blowpipe weapon
 * 1) blowgun, blowpipe weapon

title: puhallusputki


text: gegossener

title: gegossener


text: gegossene

title: gegossene


text: gegossenes

title: gegossenes


text: gegossenen

title: gegossenen


text: gegossenem

title: gegossenem


text: gehörten

title: gehörten


text:
ανακτώ

Verb

 * 1) to regain, recover
 * 2)  to regain
 * 3)  to restore, recover
 * 1)  to restore, recover

title: ανακτώ


text:
slāviete

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) a (female) Slav, a woman belonging to a Slavic people or of Slavic descent

title: slāviete


text:
Geruchsstoff

Noun

 * 1) odorant (fragrant substance)

title: Geruchsstoff


text:
Talk:μορφή

Can we investigate the possibility of a PIE root ? 97.89.216.62 16:06, 12 March 2013 (UTC)

About etymology
The appearance of this word in Odyssey excludes the possibility for Latin roots, doesn't it?SoSivr (talk) 12:50, 13 April 2015 (UTC)
 * It'd be a cognate of forma, not derived from it. ObsequiousNewt (εἴρηκα|πεποίηκα) 13:04, 13 April 2015 (UTC)

Related to "mūrti"?
I was wandering if morphḗ could be related to Sanskrit mūrti (मूर्ति), also meaning "shape". LorenzoF06 (talk) 21:52, 15 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:μορφή


text:
拍手喝采

Noun

 * 1) clapping and cheering

Verb

 * 1) to clap and cheer

title: 拍手喝采


text: slāvietē

title: slāvietē


text: gesinterter

title: gesinterter


text: gesinterte

title: gesinterte


text: gesintertes

title: gesintertes


text: gesinterten

title: gesinterten


text: gesintertem

title: gesintertem


text: slāvietēs

title: slāvietēs


text: gewesener

title: gewesener


text: gewesene

title: gewesene


text: gewesenes

title: gewesenes


text: gewesenen

title: gewesenen


text: gewesenem

title: gewesenem


text: slāvietes

title: slāvietes


text: slāvieti

title: slāvieti


text:
inbear

Etymology
From, from ; equivalent to. .

Verb

 * 1)  To carry in; bring in; furnish; provide; supply; put forth.

title: inbear


text: slāvietei

title: slāvietei


text: gewöhnlicher

title: gewöhnlicher


text: gewöhnlicherer

title: gewöhnlicherer


text: gewöhnlichere

title: gewöhnlichere


text: gewöhnlicheres

title: gewöhnlicheres


text: gewöhnlicheren

title: gewöhnlicheren


text: gewöhnlicherem

title: gewöhnlicherem


text: gewöhnlichster

title: gewöhnlichster


text: gewöhnlichste

title: gewöhnlichste


text: gewöhnlichstes

title: gewöhnlichstes


text: gewöhnlichsten

title: gewöhnlichsten


text: gewöhnlichstem

title: gewöhnlichstem


text: gewöhnliche

title: gewöhnliche


text: gewöhnliches

title: gewöhnliches


text: gewöhnlichen

title: gewöhnlichen


text: gewöhnlichem

title: gewöhnlichem


text:
申し込む

Verb

 * 1) apply, submit an application
 * 2) reserve
 * 3) subscribe
 * 4) request
 * 5) propose marriage

title: 申し込む


text:
Grabbeigabe

Noun

 * 1) funerary object (grave goods)

title: Grabbeigabe


text:
lainaaja

Noun

 * 1) borrower
 * 2) lender
 * 3) quoter

title: lainaaja


text:
Beigabe

Noun

 * 1) addition, accompaniment, adjunct
 * 2) side dish

title: Beigabe


text:
lainanottaja

Noun

 * 1) borrower

title: lainanottaja


text:
αἶνος

Etymology
. Pokorny suggests.

Noun

 * 1) tale or story; story with a moral, fable
 * 2) praise

title: αἶνος


text:
lainanantaja

Noun

 * 1) lender

title: lainanantaja


text: slāviešu

title: slāviešu


text:
前菜

Noun

 * 1) appetizer; hors d'oeuvre; antipasto small, light first course

Noun

 * 1) appetizer, starter, hors d'oeuvre small, light first course

title: 前菜


text: slāvietēm

title: slāvietēm


text: Gräbern

title: Gräbern


text: slāvu

title: slāvu


text:
ossuaari

Etymology
(see 🇨🇬), ultimately from.

Noun

 * 1) ossuary place where bones of the dead are kept

title: ossuaari


text:
gusseisern

Adjective

 * 1) cast-iron

title: gusseisern


text: slāvā

title: slāvā


text: slāva

title: slāva


text: Falben

title: Falben


text: Fehlens

title: Fehlens


text: Ferritine

title: Ferritine


text: Ferritins

title: Ferritins


text: Flächigkeiten

title: Flächigkeiten


text: Füllers

title: Füllers


text: Gefahrensymbole

title: Gefahrensymbole


text: Gefahrensymbols

title: Gefahrensymbols


text: Geruchsstoffe

title: Geruchsstoffe


text: Geruchsstoffs

title: Geruchsstoffs


text: Grabbeigaben

title: Grabbeigaben


text: Beigaben

title: Beigaben


text: seimigerer

title: seimigerer


text: seimigere

title: seimigere


text: seimigeres

title: seimigeres


text: seimigeren

title: seimigeren


text: seimigerem

title: seimigerem


text: seimigster

title: seimigster


text: seimigste

title: seimigste


text: seimigstes

title: seimigstes


text: seimigstem

title: seimigstem


text:
㕅

Han character

 * 1) big
 * 2) extremely
 * 3) great
 * 4) vast
 * 5) extensive
 * 6) tall

title: 㕅


text: seimige

title: seimige


text: seimiges

title: seimiges


text: seimigen

title: seimigen


text: seimigem

title: seimigem


text: shiialaisuus

title: shiialaisuus


text: sämigerer

title: sämigerer


text: sämigere

title: sämigere


text: sämigeres

title: sämigeres


text: sämigeren

title: sämigeren


text: sämigerem

title: sämigerem


text: sämigster

title: sämigster


text: sämigste

title: sämigste


text: sämigstes

title: sämigstes


text: sämigstem

title: sämigstem


text: sämige

title: sämige


text: sämiges

title: sämiges


text: sämigen

title: sämigen


text: sämigem

title: sämigem


text: aufreibenderer

title: aufreibenderer


text: aufreibendere

title: aufreibendere


text: aufreibenderes

title: aufreibenderes


text:
㕆

Han character

 * 1) fine stone
 * 2) fine jade

title: 㕆


text: aufreibenderen

title: aufreibenderen


text: aufreibenderem

title: aufreibenderem


text: aufreibende

title: aufreibende


text: aufreibendes

title: aufreibendes


text: aufreibenden

title: aufreibenden


text: aufreibendem

title: aufreibendem


text: mühevollerer

title: mühevollerer


text: mühevollere

title: mühevollere


text: mühevolleres

title: mühevolleres


text: mühevolleren

title: mühevolleren


text: mühevollerem

title: mühevollerem


text: mühevollster

title: mühevollster


text: mühevollste

title: mühevollste


text: mühevollstes

title: mühevollstes


text: mühevollstem

title: mühevollstem


text: mühevolle

title: mühevolle


text: mühevolles

title: mühevolles


text: mühevollen

title: mühevollen


text: mühevollem

title: mühevollem


text: mühseligerer

title: mühseligerer


text: mühseligere

title: mühseligere


text: mühseligeres

title: mühseligeres


text: mühseligeren

title: mühseligeren


text: mühseligerem

title: mühseligerem


text: mühselige

title: mühselige


text: mühseliges

title: mühseliges


text: mühseligen

title: mühseligen


text: mühseligem

title: mühseligem


text: unnachgiebigerer

title: unnachgiebigerer


text: unnachgiebigere

title: unnachgiebigere


text: unnachgiebigeres

title: unnachgiebigeres


text: unnachgiebigeren

title: unnachgiebigeren


text: unnachgiebigerem

title: unnachgiebigerem


text: unnachgiebige

title: unnachgiebige


text: unnachgiebiges

title: unnachgiebiges


text: unnachgiebigen

title: unnachgiebigen


text: unnachgiebigem

title: unnachgiebigem


text: flächiger

title: flächiger


text: flächigerer

title: flächigerer


text: flächigere

title: flächigere


text: flächigeres

title: flächigeres


text: flächigeren

title: flächigeren


text: flächigerem

title: flächigerem


text: flächigster

title: flächigster


text: flächigste

title: flächigste


text: flächigstes

title: flächigstes


text: flächigsten

title: flächigsten


text: flächigstem

title: flächigstem


text:
㕇

Han character

 * 1) rocks collapsing (descriptive of sound)
 * 2) big pieces of rocks

title: 㕇


text: flächige

title: flächige


text: flächiges

title: flächiges


text: flächigen

title: flächigen


text: flächigem

title: flächigem


text: gebänderter

title: gebänderter


text: gebänderte

title: gebänderte


text: gebändertes

title: gebändertes


text: gebänderten

title: gebänderten


text: gebändertem

title: gebändertem


text: gusseiserner

title: gusseiserner


text: gusseiserne

title: gusseiserne


text: gusseisernes

title: gusseisernes


text: gusseisernen

title: gusseisernen


text: gusseisernem

title: gusseisernem


text: anständigerer

title: anständigerer


text: anständigere

title: anständigere


text: anständigeres

title: anständigeres


text: anständigeren

title: anständigeren


text: anständigerem

title: anständigerem


text: anständigster

title: anständigster


text: anständigste

title: anständigste


text: anständigstes

title: anständigstes


text: anständigstem

title: anständigstem


text: anständige

title: anständige


text: anständiges

title: anständiges


text: anständigen

title: anständigen


text: anständigem

title: anständigem


text: slāvam

title: slāvam


text: bebrillter

title: bebrillter


text: bebrillte

title: bebrillte


text: bebrilltes

title: bebrilltes


text: bebrillten

title: bebrillten


text: bebrilltem

title: bebrilltem


text: desaströser

title: desaströser


text: desaströserer

title: desaströserer


text: desaströsere

title: desaströsere


text: desaströseres

title: desaströseres


text: desaströseren

title: desaströseren


text: desaströserem

title: desaströserem


text: desaströsester

title: desaströsester


text: desaströseste

title: desaströseste


text: desaströsestes

title: desaströsestes


text: desaströsesten

title: desaströsesten


text: desaströsestem

title: desaströsestem


text: desaströse

title: desaströse


text: desaströses

title: desaströses


text: desaströsen

title: desaströsen


text: desaströsem

title: desaströsem


text: grammatikalischer

title: grammatikalischer


text: grammatikalischerer

title: grammatikalischerer


text: grammatikalischere

title: grammatikalischere


text: slāvus

title: slāvus


text: grammatikalischeres

title: grammatikalischeres


text: grammatikalischeren

title: grammatikalischeren


text: grammatikalischerem

title: grammatikalischerem


text: grammatikalischster

title: grammatikalischster


text: grammatikalischste

title: grammatikalischste


text: grammatikalischstes

title: grammatikalischstes


text: grammatikalischsten

title: grammatikalischsten


text: grammatikalischstem

title: grammatikalischstem


text: grammatikalische

title: grammatikalische


text: grammatikalisches

title: grammatikalisches


text: grammatikalischen

title: grammatikalischen


text: grammatikalischem

title: grammatikalischem


text:
㶠

Glyph origin
.

Definitions

 * 1)  water currents, flowing of water

title: 㶠


text: slāvos

title: slāvos


text: slāviem

title: slāviem


text:
ἄγγος

Etymology
Traditionally derived from, from the root. Alternatively from a stratum; many words for "vessel" are mentioned by Homer but are loaned from outside Indo-European, possibly one or more Near Eastern languages. If the latter, it may be cognate with 🇨🇬. Cognate to 🇨🇬 (attested only in plural).

Noun

 * 1) vessel (to hold liquids), vat, pitcher, bucket, pail, wine-bowl
 * 2) (for dry substances) cradle, cinerary urn, casket, coffin
 * 3) (of body parts) womb, stomach
 * 4) shell of the longhorn beetle
 * 5) cell of a honey-comb

title: ἄγγος


text:
προσαρτώ

Pronunciation

 * Old
 * Old
 * Old

Verb

 * 1) to annex
 * 2) to append, affix

title: προσαρτώ


text:
lukkeleg

Etymology
From, probably after.

Similar to 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬. Compare also 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬.

Adjective

 * 1) happy

title: lukkeleg


text: lukkelegaste

title: lukkelegaste


text: lukkelege

title: lukkelege


text: lukkelegare

title: lukkelegare


text: lukkelegast

title: lukkelegast


text: lykkeleg

title: lykkeleg


text: lykkelege

title: lykkelege


text: lykkelegare

title: lykkelegare


text: lykkelegast

title: lykkelegast


text: lykkelegaste

title: lykkelegaste


text:
Handelsblatt

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) trade journal

title: Handelsblatt


text:
Hauptanteil

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) majority, lion's share

title: Hauptanteil


text:
slāvisks

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1) Slavic relating to the Slavic peoples, their languages and cultures

Usage notes
English “Slavic” as an attributive adjective usually corresponds in Latvian to, the genitive plural form of. The adjective is commonly used as a predicate (“this is Slavic”), or in its adverbial form.

title: slāvisks


text:
hauptberuflich

Adjective

 * 1) fulltime (occupation)

title: hauptberuflich


text:
haupt-

Etymology
From, from , from , derived from the noun (whence German ). Cognate with 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬. More at.

Prefix

 * 1) head, chief, main, principal

Derived terms

 * See Category:German terms prefixed with haupt-

title: haupt-


text: 𠍁

title: 𠍁


text: Category:German terms prefixed with haupt-


text:
𧭜

Definitions

 * 1) to deceive

title: 𧭜


text:
nebagātināt

Verb

 * 1) to not enrich;

title: nebagātināt


text:
δρᾶσις

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) strength, efficacy
 * 2) sacrifice
 * 3)  active force of a verb

title: δρᾶσις


text:
nenabadzināt

Verb

 * 1) to not impoverish;

title: nenabadzināt


text: 𫛸

title: 𫛸


text:
nesargāt

Verb

 * 1) to not protect;

title: nesargāt


text: bagātinu

title: bagātinu


text: nebagātinu

title: nebagātinu


text:
δραστικός

Etymology
From, from , +.

Adjective

 * 1) efficient
 * 2) active
 * 3)  drastic

Adjective

 * 1) effective, efficacious, potent
 * 2)  drastic
 * 1)  drastic

title: δραστικός


text: nabadzinu

title: nabadzinu


text: nenabadzinu

title: nenabadzinu


text:
sargu

Etymology
From.

title: sargu


text: sargāju

title: sargāju


text:
𫛶

Han character

 * 1) a duck-like bird

title: 𫛶


text: nesargāju

title: nesargāju


text: nesargu

title: nesargu


text: bagātini

title: bagātini


text: nebagātini

title: nebagātini


text: 𫛞

title: 𫛞


text: nabadzini

title: nabadzini


text: nenabadzini

title: nenabadzini


text: nesargi

title: nesargi


text: sargā

title: sargā


text: nesargā

title: nesargā


text: bagātina

title: bagātina


text: nebagātina

title: nebagātina


text:
𪚩

Definitions

 * 1)  sound of shouting

title: 𪚩


text: nabadzina

title: nabadzina


text: nenabadzina

title: nenabadzina


text:
sarga

Etymology
Probably from a, itself taken from a root akin to Latin. .

Noun

 * 1) the
 * 2) a wicker cut from a bitter willow

Etymology 1
, possibly from, from , and thus a. Cf. also 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) twill

Etymology 2
Probably from a, itself taken from a root akin to Latin , and if so a.

Noun

 * 1) any of a number of plants

Etymology
..

Verb

 * 1) lacerate, wound

title: sarga


text: nesarga

title: nesarga


text:
ærlegur

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1) honest, honourable, decent, upright
 * 2) proper

title: ærlegur


text:
κεράννυμι

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1) to mix, mingle, blend
 * 2) to temper, cool by mixing
 * 3) to compound
 * 4)  to coalesce by crasis
 * 5) to multiply into

title: κεράννυμι


text:
vanda

Etymology
From the genus name.

Noun

 * 1) Any orchid of the genus .

Etymology
From.

Verb

 * 1) to do something with care and effort, to take pains over something

title: vanda


text:
bagātinām

Participle

 * 1) enriching;

title: bagātinām


text:
nebagātinām

Participle

 * 1) not enriching;

title: nebagātinām


text:
vandaður

Etymology
From the verb.

Adjective

 * 1) well-made, carefully crafted
 * 2) honest, honourable, upright, decent

title: vandaður


text:
nabadzinām

Participle

 * 1) impoverishing;

title: nabadzinām


text:
nenabadzinām

Participle

 * 1) not impoverishing;

title: nenabadzinām


text:
sargām

Participle

 * 1) protecting;

title: sargām


text:
nesargām

Participle

 * 1) protecting;

title: nesargām


text:
ζηλοτυπία

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) jealousy, rivalry, envy

title: ζηλοτυπία


text:
siðsamur

Adjective

 * 1) honourable, honest
 * 2) polite, courteous

title: siðsamur


text:
nesargājam

Participle

 * 1) not protecting;

title: nesargājam


text:
sargājam

Participle

 * 1) protecting;

title: sargājam


text:
ζηλότυπος

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1) jealous
 * 2) eager

title: ζηλότυπος


text:
prúðmenni

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) gentleman

title: prúðmenni


text: sargājat

title: sargājat


text:
ζηλωτής

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) emulator, zealous admirer or follower
 * 2) zealot

title: ζηλωτής


text: nesargājat

title: nesargājat


text:
Hautfett

Noun

 * 1) sebum

title: Hautfett


text:
prúður

Etymology
From, probably from. More at.

Adjective

 * 1) genteel, well-mannered
 * 2) gentle, kindly, amiable
 * 3) dignified, stately

title: prúður


text:
hervorgerufen

Participle

 * : caused

Adjective

 * 1) evoked, provoked, generated

title: hervorgerufen


text:
prúðmannlegur

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1) gentlemanly, noble

title: prúðmannlegur


text:
legill

Etymology
From, diminutive of earlier. Cognate with 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) keg

title: legill


text: Hexacyanoferraten

title: Hexacyanoferraten


text:
prúðmennska

Noun

 * 1) gentlemanliness

title: prúðmennska


text:
hierzu

Adverb

 * 1) hereto

title: hierzu


text:
Hochkultur

Noun

 * 1) high culture
 * 2) advanced civilization

title: Hochkultur


text:
къаплъэн

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) tiger

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) tiger

title: къаплъэн


text: Hochöfen

title: Hochöfen


text: Hochofens

title: Hochofens


text: Hochöfner

title: Hochöfner


text:
hochstehend

Adjective

 * 1) superior

title: hochstehend


text: hölzerner

title: hölzerner


text: hölzerne

title: hölzerne


text: hölzernes

title: hölzernes


text: hölzernen

title: hölzernen


text: hölzernem

title: hölzernem


text:
-p

Etymology
From. Cognates include 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬.

Usage notes

 * Used only after monosyllabic verbs, those following the same inflection patterns as and.

title: -p


text: Category:Latvian terms suffixed with -p

title: Category:Latvian terms suffixed with -p


text:
Hydrolyse

Noun

 * 1)  hydrolysis

title: Hydrolyse


text:
Häm

Etymology
From. Compare 🇨🇬, from which the back-formation.

Noun

 * 1)  haem / heme

title: Häm


text:
Hämatit

Noun

 * 1)  haematite / hematite

title: Hämatit


text:
Hämerythrin

Noun

 * 1)  haemerythrin / hemerythrin

title: Hämerythrin


text:
Hämochromatose

Noun

 * 1)  haemochromatosis / hemochromatosis

title: Hämochromatose


text:
Hämosiderin

Noun

 * 1)  haemosiderin / hemosiderin

title: Hämosiderin


text: Häufigkeiten

title: Häufigkeiten


text: Hülsenfrüchten

title: Hülsenfrüchten


text:
wahren

Etymology 1
From, , from , ultimately derived from. Related to, from. Compare 🇨🇬.

Verb

 * 1) to protect, to safeguard
 * 2) to maintain, to preserve
 * 1) to maintain, to preserve

title: wahren


text:
-ίζω

Etymology
From, from , from +. Cognate with 🇨🇬.

The suffix started in denominative verbs in *-id-yō (e.g. elpid-yō >, cf. ), but was later used on stems of all kinds to the number of many thousands.

Suffix

 * 1) adhere to the policy of the city
 * 2) mimicking the style and behaviour of the demonym
 * 1) adhere to the policy of the city
 * 2) mimicking the style and behaviour of the demonym

Suffix

 * 1) a suffix found with verbs
 * 2) formed from adjectives:
 * 3) formed from nouns giving an action or effect:
 * 4) used to alter an existing verb:
 * 1) formed from nouns giving an action or effect:
 * 2) used to alter an existing verb:
 * 1) used to alter an existing verb:
 * 1) used to alter an existing verb:

title: -ίζω


text:
антилопа-гну

Noun

 * 1) gnu, wildebeest

title: антилопа-гну


text:
heteroflexibility

Noun

 * 1) The state of being heteroflexible.

Translations

 * Spanish: heteroflexibilidad

title: heteroflexibility


text:
levebröd

Etymology
From, from + , equivalent to.

Noun

 * 1) livelihood, day job, the source of income one lives from

title: levebröd


text:
Citations:normopathy

 * 1988 Marion Michel Oliner, Cultivating Freud's Garden in France
 * Whether ultimately the psychodynamics they describe can be applied to the study of the survivor syndrome, normopathy (McDougall), faults within the personality, a totally new personality type, severe behavior disorders, or the dynamics of ...

 * 1992 "The concept of alexithymia: An empirical study using psychodynamic ratings and self‐reports", RM Weinryb, JP Gustavsson, M Åsberg… - Acta Psychiatrica …
 * ... Normopathy and regression in the service of the ego did, however, correlate inversely with the level of education. The subscale Normopathic traits focuses on conventionalism, and lack of originality and individuality, and the results suggest that with increasing education the ...

 * 1995 "Psychoanalysis and contemporary thought" - Volume 18 - Page 176
 * The concept of "normopathy" (McDougall, 1982-1983) is tangential to this, but with an emphasis on "over- adaptation" to reality and conformism (Ruesch, 1948). On the basis of, among other things, the manner in which the patient relates to his ...

 * 1995 Samuel M. Natale, Brian M. Rothschild, Joseph W. Sora, Values, Work, Education: The Meanings of Work
 * On the one hand, society encourages us to exclude our emotions when interacting with each other, thus reinforcing normopathic behavior. On the other hand, we know how vital it is to experience emotions in some real physical thoracic and ...

 * 2002 Gary Genosko, Félix Guattari: An Aberrant Introduction
 * Interdisciplinary activities were of little use to Guattari since they are indelibly stamped with the paradox of the between: subject to an institutional orthodoxization and normopathy that allows them to be valorized from an already established ...

 * 2007 "Karolinska psychodynamic profile", RM Weinryb, RJ Rössel - Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica
 * ... In normopathy, the range of emotional expression is severely limited - primarily due to the rigid, stereotype system of mores with which the individual identifies. Naturally, alexithymic traits may occur in conjunction with normopathic traits, giving rise to difficulty in expressing ...

title: Citations:normopathy


text:
توجه کردن

Verb

 * 1) to pay attention; to concentrate
 * استاد بهمون گفت که توجه کنیم.
 * Ostâd behemun goft ke tavajjoh konim.
 * The professor told us to pay attention.

title: توجه کردن


text:
normopathy

Noun

 * 1) The pursuit of conformity and societal acceptance at the expense of individuality.

Translations

 * French:
 * German:
 * Hungarian: normopátia

title: normopathy


text:
Thread:User talk:CodeCat/-ίζειν

Mglovesfun raised the question on whether -ίζειν should be listed as -ίζω. I didn't really have a verbal suffix entry from Latin or Ancient Greek to base it on, so I went with the infinitive. Should it be changed?

title: Thread:User talk:CodeCat/-ίζειν


text: normopathies

title: normopathies


text:
normopathie

Noun

 * 1) normopathy

title: normopathie


text:
Thread:User talk:CodeCat/-ίζειν/reply

As far as I know, for Latin and Greek verbs we use the first person singular present as the lemma form (the form which has the main definition, etymology and such). So it should probably be moved, yes.

title: Thread:User talk:CodeCat/-ίζειν/reply


text:
Thread:User talk:CodeCat/-ίζειν/reply (2)

Alright, thank you.


text:
παιδεραστία

Etymology
From (from  +, from ) +.

Noun

 * 1) love of boys, pederasty

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) pederasty
 * 2)  sodomy

title: παιδεραστία


text:
Citations:heteroflexibility

Noun: "the state of being heteroflexible"

 * 2002, Robert Goss, Queering Christ: Beyond Jesus Acted Up, Pilgrim Press (2002), ISBN 9780829814989, page 232:
 * Essig divides society into the categories of heteroflexibility and heterorigidity and homoflexibility and homorigidity.
 * 2007, Candace Moore, "Getting Wet: The Heteroflexibility of Showtime's The L Word", in Third Wave Feminism and Television: Jane Puts It in a Box (ed. Merri Lisa Johnson), I. B. Tauris & Co. (2007), ISBN 9781845112455, page 142:
 * The L Word banks on heteroflexibility as well as queer equivocation, through its cultivation of the touristic gaze, a gaze which immersed, identifies with, and distanced, desires.
 * 2010, Alison Rooke and Mónica G. Moreno Figueroa, "Beyond 'Key Parties' and 'Wife Swapping': The Visual Culture of Online Swinging", in Porn.com: Making Sense of Online Pornography (ed. Feona Attwood), Peter Lang (2010), ISBN 9781433102066, page 234:
 * Female same-sex sexuality is represented in ways which are circumscribed by the conventions of pornonormativity and heteroflexibility.
 * 2013, Heidi Hoefinger, Sex, Love and Money in Cambodia: Professional Girlfriends and Transactional Relationships, Routledge (2013), ISBN 9781317931249, unnumbered page:
 * It was unclear if the blatant display of her body was meant as a sexual advance or some other expression of heteroflexibility or homosociality.

title: Citations:heteroflexibility


text:
Citations:pornonormativity

Noun: "the phenomenon of human sexual expression being shaped by the conventions of mainstream pornography"

 * 2010, Alison Rooke and Mónica G. Moreno Figueroa, "Beyond 'Key Parties' and 'Wife Swapping': The Visual Culture of Online Swinging", in Porn.com: Making Sense of Online Pornography (ed. Feona Attwood), Peter Lang (2010), ISBN 9781433102066, page 234:
 * Female same-sex sexuality is represented in ways which are circumscribed by the conventions of pornonormativity and heteroflexibility.
 * 2010, Hastings Donnan & Fiona Magowan, The Anthropology of Sex, Berg (2010), ISBN 9781845201135, page 146:
 * Sadomasochism has been analyzed in recent times by sociologists, social psychologists and others in terms of 'pornonormativity', i.e. sexual scripts derived from images and narratives of porn
 * 2011, Susanna Paasonen, Carnal Resonance: Affect and Online Pornography, MIT Press (2011), ISBN 9780262016315, page 121:
 * Don Slater makes use of a similar term, "pornonormativity," when discussing the repetition of heterporn conventions in IRC porn exchanges. The aspects of "pornonormativity" include the recycling of sex acts, body types, fetishes, and kinks familiar from so-called mainstream porn, deeply gendered self-representatives ("young blonde bombshells and well-hung dudes"),

title: Citations:pornonormativity


text:
turiene

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1) a specific, definite place situated relatively far from the speaker

title: turiene


text: turieni

title: turieni


text: turienē

title: turienē


text: turienes

title: turienes


text: turienei

title: turienei


text:
Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/utraz

Etymology
From, from.

Noun

 * 1)  otter

title: Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/utraz


text: -ίζειν

title: -ίζειν


text: Category:Ancient Greek suffix forms

title: Category:Ancient Greek suffix forms


text:
for-chìs

Noun

 * 1) surcharge

title: for-chìs


text: for-chìse

title: for-chìse


text: for-chìsean

title: for-chìsean


text: Category:Faroese terms derived from Etruscan


text:
turpmāks

Etymology
From one of several dialectal variants of an original form, the comparative of : , , , reduced to → standard  with assimilation of p-n to p-m. The adjective form was later created by analogy.

Adjective

 * 1) next, further, coming, following, subsequent, future, of the next part, of the continuation located or happening after something else

title: turpmāks


text: Category:Faroese terms derived from Tyrsenian languages


text: Category:Icelandic terms derived from Tyrsenian languages


text: Category:Latin terms derived from Tyrsenian languages


text:
костница

Etymology
A calque of 🇨🇬. Morphologically equivalent to.

Noun

 * 1) charnel house, ossuary

Noun

 * 1) ossuary a place where the dead are buried

title: костница


text:
vintr

Etymology
From. Compare 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1)  winter

title: vintr


text:
двугорбый

Adjective

 * 1) two-humped

title: двугорбый


text:
անագապղինձ

Etymology
From.

Noun

 * 1)  bronze

title: անագապղինձ


text:
одногорбый верблюд

Etymology
lit. 'one-humped camel'. Compare.

Noun

 * 1) dromedary

title: одногорбый верблюд


text:
одногорбый

Adjective

 * 1) one-humped

title: одногорбый


text:
պղնձաձոյլ

Etymology
From.

Adjective

 * 1) copper-cast

title: պղնձաձոյլ


text:
պղնձաձույլ

Etymology
From ; see it for more.

Adjective

 * 1) copper-cast

title: պղնձաձույլ


text:
քանդակ

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) sculpture, carving, carved work

Etymology
From the same source as. Compare 🇨🇬.

Noun

 * 1) carving, sculpture

title: քանդակ


text:
задумчивый

Adjective

 * 1) pensive, thoughtful having the appearance of thinking

title: задумчивый


text: spirobacteria

title: spirobacteria


text:
spirobacterium

Noun

 * 1)  Any bacterium found in spiral filaments, such as the genus.

title: spirobacterium


text:
предприимчивый

Adjective

 * 1) enterprising, businesslike

title: предприимчивый


text: brandlin

title: brandlin


text: brandlins

title: brandlins


text:
ներգործական բայ

Noun

 * 1)  active voice verb

title: ներգործական բայ


text:
заклятый

Adjective

 * 1) implacable, sworn

title: заклятый


text:
antisubrogation

Adjective

 * 1) Opposing or preventing subrogation.

title: antisubrogation


text:
antimagnate

Adjective

 * 1) Opposing magnates.
 * the families penalized in the Florentine antimagnate ordinances of justice

title: antimagnate


text: Category:de:Mustelids

title: Category:de:Mustelids


text:
buckwheat coal

Noun

 * 1)  small-sized anthracite coal

title: buckwheat coal


text:
buckwheat cake

Noun

 * 1)  A pancake made using buckwheat flour.
 * 2) * 1850s, Dixie:
 * There's buckwheat cakes and Injun batter,
 * Makes you fat or a little fatter;

title: buckwheat cake


text: buckwheat cakes

title: buckwheat cakes


text: buckwheat coals

title: buckwheat coals


text:
Thread:User talk:CodeCat/Declension of kuža

Hi,

User:Rumpel77 has replied on my talk page, re: declension: User_talk:Atitarev.


text:
Thread:User talk:CodeCat/Declension of kuža/reply

Do you mind checking my Template:ru-decl-noun-see, which I modelled on your Slovene template, please? I want to make the words to be converted to Cyrillic script using. Not sure if it's done automatically. I've tried but it didn't work.


text:
turpināt

Etymology
, from. He also coined the derived term. At first referring only to the continuation of written texts (e.g., the continuation of stories printed in a magazine), this word soon had its meaning broadened to other areas.

Verb

 * 1) to continue, to go on doing (something), to not interrupt (something)
 * 2) to continue realizing (an event, action), making it (something) happen uninterruptedly; also, to continue after an interruption, to go to the next phase
 * 3)  to continue, to proceed to the following part, the next stage
 * 4) to continue to ensure that a tradition, a habit, etc. will not stop, will exist further on
 * 1) to continue realizing (an event, action), making it (something) happen uninterruptedly; also, to continue after an interruption, to go to the next phase
 * 2)  to continue, to proceed to the following part, the next stage
 * 3) to continue to ensure that a tradition, a habit, etc. will not stop, will exist further on
 * 1)  to continue, to proceed to the following part, the next stage
 * 2) to continue to ensure that a tradition, a habit, etc. will not stop, will exist further on
 * 1)  to continue, to proceed to the following part, the next stage
 * 2) to continue to ensure that a tradition, a habit, etc. will not stop, will exist further on
 * 1)  to continue, to proceed to the following part, the next stage
 * 2) to continue to ensure that a tradition, a habit, etc. will not stop, will exist further on
 * 1) to continue to ensure that a tradition, a habit, etc. will not stop, will exist further on
 * 1) to continue to ensure that a tradition, a habit, etc. will not stop, will exist further on
 * 1) to continue to ensure that a tradition, a habit, etc. will not stop, will exist further on
 * 1) to continue to ensure that a tradition, a habit, etc. will not stop, will exist further on
 * 1) to continue to ensure that a tradition, a habit, etc. will not stop, will exist further on

title: turpināt


text:
Thread:User talk:CodeCat/Declension of kuža/reply (2)

I've made some changes, but that should be all that's needed.


text:
neturpināt

Verb

 * 1) to not continue;

title: neturpināt


text: turpinu

title: turpinu


text: neturpinu

title: neturpinu


text:
близость

Noun

 * 1) nearness, proximity, closeness
 * 2) intimacy

title: близость


text: turpini

title: turpini


text:
antimonastic

Adjective

 * 1) Opposing monks or monasteries.
 * an antimonastic satire

Translations

 * Portuguese: antimonástico

title: antimonastic


text: neturpini

title: neturpini


text: neturpina

title: neturpina


text:
интимность

Noun

 * 1) intimacy feeling of closeness and openness towards someone else; especially, sexual

title: интимность


text: turpina

title: turpina


text:
turpinām

Participle

 * 1) continuing;

title: turpinām


text:
neturpinām

Participle

 * 1) not continuing;

title: neturpinām


text: Wiktionary:Foreign Word of the Day/2013/March 20


text: bagātināju

title: bagātināju


text: nebagātināju

title: nebagātināju


text: nabadzināju

title: nabadzināju


text: nenabadzināju

title: nenabadzināju


text: turpināju

title: turpināju


text: neturpināju

title: neturpināju


text: bagātināji

title: bagātināji


text: nebagātināji

title: nebagātināji


text: nabadzināji

title: nabadzināji


text: nenabadzināji

title: nenabadzināji


text: turpināji

title: turpināji


text: neturpināji

title: neturpināji


text:
antisaloon

Adjective

 * 1)  Opposing saloons (as places where alcohol is sold and drunk).

title: antisaloon


text: sargāji

title: sargāji


text:
Thread:User talk:CodeCat/Affirmatives/reply (9)

In my limited personal experience, はい can be used where English would say "sure" or "yessir", whereas そう is often better as a true affirmative, when all you're doing is agreeing with a statement. Is that right?


text: nesargāji

title: nesargāji


text: bagātināja

title: bagātināja


text: nebagātināja

title: nebagātināja


text:
桌布

Noun

 * 1) tablecloth
 * 2)  wallpaper; desktop background
 * 3)  rag; wiping cloth; cleaning cloth (especially for wiping tables)
 * 4)  person who is not good at anything but wants to help out in many things

title: 桌布


text: nabadzināja

title: nabadzināja


text: nenabadzināja

title: nenabadzināja


text: turpināja

title: turpināja


text: neturpināja

title: neturpināja


text: sargāja

title: sargāja


text: nesargāja

title: nesargāja


text:
Thread:User talk:CodeCat/Declension of kuža/reply (3)

Do the parameters get converted automatically? Thanks!


text:
Thread:User talk:CodeCat/Declension of kuža/reply (4)

What do you mean by "converted"?


text:
ложный друг

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) false friend a word in a foreign language that bears a deceptive resemblance to a word in one's own language, but has a different meaning

title: ложный друг


text:
tellier

Noun

 * 1) clothmaker

title: tellier


text:
ложный

Etymology
From. .

Adjective

 * 1) false untrue, not factual, wrong
 * 2) fallacious deceptive or misleading, mistaken

title: ложный


text:
toilier

Etymology
First attested in as, from.

Noun

 * 1) clothmaker

title: toilier


text:
telier

Etymology
.

Noun

 * 1) clothmaker

title: telier


text:
Thread:User talk:CodeCat/Declension of kuža/reply (5)

I mean, should it be or  as in Template:ru-decl-noun?


text:
Thread:User talk:CodeCat/Declension of kuža/reply (6)

Generally speaking, any non-English text should be enclosed in some kind of code that specifies the language, and non-Latin text also needs a CSS class for the script and font. I've already added that to your template now, so nothing else needs to be done. does it automatically, so only PAGENAME needs it. is actually incorrect because it only specifies the script, not the language, so that actually indicates "English in Cyrillic script", whatever that would be for...


text:
Template:ru-decl-noun-irreg/documentation

Base template for irregular Russian nouns, pronouns and numerals. Use this only for terms with irregular declension, otherwise use. See also for uncountable irregular nominals (singular-only, plural-only or where the number isn't relevant, as with numerals).

The entries are in the following order:

Each parameter can be one or more values separated by commas, or - to indicate no form. Each value can be a single Cyrillic entry or a combination Cyrillic//Latin with // separating the Cyrillic from its irregular transliteration.


text:
Thread:User talk:CodeCat/Affirmatives/reply (10)

Yes, both and  are basically akin to English  (per Usage note bullet # 2), meaning something more like "yep, I hear you, I'm listening," than any real solid "I agree with you, yes in the affirmative." This is, I think, partly why you'll often hear はい and in combination as はい、そうです (hai, sō desu) when the speaker wants to be clear that 1) they're listening, and 2) they agree.


text:
lf

Etymology
From.

Numeral

 * 1)  two

title: lf


text:
turpmāk

Adverb

 * 1) further;
 * 2) from now on, in the future

title: turpmāk


text:
Thread:User talk:CodeCat/Declension of kuža/reply (7)

Thanks again!


text:
с помощью

Preposition

 * 1) via, by dint of by (means of); using (a medium)

title: с помощью


text:
Thread:User talk:CodeCat/Affirmatives/reply (11)

Thanks! (I know a Japanese guy who is the bane of his teachers' existences by grunting or saying うん after every phrase when they lecture. He evidently never caught on the respectfulness usually inherent in a Japanese upbringing.)


text:
Talk:anlec

does this word lead to "onlook"? DerekWinters (talk) 23:38, 12 March 2013 (UTC)
 * the construction is certainly the same, however it is doubtful that onlook: is indeed the selfsame word as no intermediary Middle English form exists so far as I can tell. Leasnam (talk) 17:01, 13 March 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:anlec


text: kng

title: kng